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+{"token": "Fatigue life and endurance limit prediction of asphalt mixtures using energy-based failure criterion. Fatigue cracking is one of the major types of distress in asphalt mixtures and is caused by the accumulation of damage in pavement sections under repeated load applications. The fatigue endurance limit (EL) concept assumes a specific strain level, below which the damage in hot mix asphalt (HMA) is not cumulative. In other words, if the asphalt layer depth is controlled in a way that keeps the critical HMA flexural strain level below the EL, the fatigue life of the mixture can be extended significantly. This paper uses two common failure criteria, the traditional beam fatigue criterion and the simplified viscoelastic continuum damage model energy-based failure criterion (the so-called G(R) method), to evaluate the effect of different parameters, such as reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content, binder content, binder modification and warm mix asphalt (WMA) additives, on the EL value. In addition, both failure criteria are employed to investigate the impacts of these parameters in terms of the fatigue life of the study mixtures. According to the findings, unlike an increase in RAP content, which has a negative effect on the mixtures' fatigue resistance, a higher binder content and/or binder modification can significantly increase the EL value and extend the fatigue life as was proved before by other researchers, whereas WMA additives do not significantly affect the mixtures' fatigue behaviour. A comparison of the model simulation results with the field observations indicates that the G(R) method predicts the field performance more accurately than the traditional method.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Effective thermal management of a cylindrical MgH2 tank including thermal coupling with an operating SOFC and the usage of extended surfaces during the dehydrogenation process. The dehydrogenation behaviour of a cylindrical MgH2 metal hydride tank is examined by taking into account five different heat management scenarios. A three-dimensional mathematical model, validated with experimental results is utilized to simulate the dehydrogenation process of an up-scale cylindrical Mg metal hydride tank. The scope of this study is to examine the dehydrogenation kinetics of 100 g of H-2 that have been stored to the tank. Five different heat management scenarios are examined and compared to each other: a base case where the heat source for the dehydrogenation process is an external heater (external jacket) surrounding the tank. The second case examines the effect of the radiation heat transfer arising from an operating Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) to the metal hydride tank as a possible heat source for the dehydrogenation procedure. The third scenario takes into account the usage of internal heating tubes within the tank and the case of using 8-12-16-20 and 24 co-central tubes. For the fourth scenario, the optimum number of the co-central tubes from the previous case is used in combination with interior extended surfaces (fins). Finally, the last scenario involves the combination of the interior extended surfaces with the external jacket as a possible heat management technique. The results showed that when using the external heating jacket and the radiation heat from the SOFC the time for the hydride to release all the stored hydrogen (100 g) is greater than 15 min, while when using embedded heating tubes with oil as the flowing fluid the time is almost 7 min and when combine the embedded heating tubes with extended surfaces the time for the fully release of hydrogen can reduce more to 2 min. Finally, when combining the extended surfaces with the external heating jacket the total discharge time is less than 4 min. Copyright (C) 2016, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15]}
+{"token": "The Role of Consumer Self-Efficacy and Website Social-Presence in Customers' Adoption of B2C Online Shopping: An Empirical Study in the Indian Context. Trust has been empirically established as one of the key attributes in business to customer (B2C) e-commerce. The effect of measures to build and maintain trust in B2C Online Shopping is subject to customer-centric behaviour factors, which cannot be controlled by the business firm. The present study conducted in the Indian context explores the role of consumer self-efficacy and website social presence in customer's adoption of B2C online shopping mediated by trust, perceived usefulness, and perceived risk. The most significant outcome of the study is that the consumer self-efficacy and website social-presence affect trust, perceived usefulness and perceived risk in the online customers, and in turn positively influence the customer's intention to purchase products online. (C) 2007 by The Haworth Press. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Religious education for spiritual bricoleurs? the perceptions of students in ten Christian-ethos secondary schools in England and Wales. Religious Education (RE) in England and Wales functions within a post-secular culture. In the last fifty years, approaches characterised by academic rigour, impartiality, and professionalism have been prioritised. In this post-secular culture, the notion of bricolage aptly describes how some young people seek meaning, explore the spiritual dimension of life, with fragmented understandings of, experiences and encounters with the religious traditions. This paper draws on data from an empirical research project involving 350 students, to explore why students in ten Christian-ethos secondary schools in England and Wales recognised Religious Education (RE) as a significant contributor to their spiritual development. The analysis is illuminated by employing the concept of a narthical learning space (NLS) as the lens with which to examine young people's experiences. Three aspects of RE are explored: the debating of existential questions; opportunities to theologise and reflect; and encounters with the beliefs, practices, and opinions of others. This article argues that the concept of RE as a narthical learning space alongside the notion of young people as spiritual bricoleurs illuminates how the students in this study interpret the contribution of RE to their spiritual development.", "label": [3, 5, 53, 33]}
+{"token": "Cassava Peel-specimen Lye-digestion Process Optimization. In this study, dimensional changes were measured and applied to compute an index of cassava peel structural collapse (ICPSC) or deformation. 81 specimens (sample segments) of the peel of TME-419 cassava variety (12 months after harvest) were subjected to a factorially-designed-experimental protocol involving strip-immersion in 3 lye-concentrations at 5-temperatures over residence time-intervals between 2 and 60 minutes. Zero-order kinetic parameters (kT, Q10, and Ea) values were generated from the data collected. The results clearly demonstrate a pattern of systematic correlation (within 99 % confidence limit) of ICPSC-values with the sequential progression of the disintegrative breakdown of cassava peel from the inception of immersion in lye to total collapse, resulting in a totally liquified-digest-sludge or pulp, such that peel breakdown was just complete/adequate to ease total peel-removal from the root; peel breakdown was incomplete/inadequate for total peel-removal; and peel breakdown was excessive leading to the proportional loss of root starchy-flesh-tissue when the peel is on the root during actual lye-peeling proper.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Rise of intercultural Biblical exegesis in Africa. This article traces the rise and development of intercultural Biblical exegesis in Africa, especially with regard to New Testament interpretations. Different trends of Biblical exegesis practiced in Africa are explored, whereafter the different phases of intercultural exegesis are discussed. The focus falls on inculturation hermeneutic as an important method of interpreting the Bible in an African context. The different proponents of this method are discussed and differences in approach are noted and appraised as a healthy tension.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of outbreak-associated Corynebacterium diphtheriae in Thailand, 2012. Infections caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae remain endemic in many countries. Since the implementation of the DTP (Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis) vaccination program in 1977, only sporadic diphtheria cases have been reported in Thailand. In 2012, a diphtheria outbreak occurred in rural Thailand and 38 cases were reported, with the majority being adults (mean 22.1 years, range 5-72 years). The current study determined the genetic diversity of C. diphtheriae isolated from 83 individuals associated with either sporadic (n = 34) from 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2012, and 2018, or 2012 outbreak (n = 49) diphtheria occurrences in Thailand. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on 41/83 isolates using broth microdilution. All sporadic (n = 27) and epidemic (n = 14) C. diphtheriae isolates (41/41; 100%) were susceptible to erythromycin (<= 0.5 mu g/ml), clindamycin (<= 0.5 mu g/ml), gentamicin (<= 4 mu g/ml), ciprofloxacin (<= 1 mu g/ml), and vancomycin (2 mu g/ml), except tetracycline with a resistance rate of 34.1% (14/41 isolates). All isolates were intermediately resistant to penicillin (MIC range, 0.25-2 mu g/ml). Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) revealed 17 sequence types (STs) among 83C. diphtheriae isolates. For the 2012 outbreak isolates, the predominant ST was ST243 (n = 34/49; 69.4%), followed by ST245 (n = 5/49; 10.2%) and ST244 (n = 4/49; 8.1%), whereas the main STs among the sporadic isolates were ST248 (n = 15/34; 44.1%), followed by ST209 (n = 7/34; 20.6%) and ST258 (n = 3/ 34; 8.8%). The ST243 outbreak strain was a single-locus variant of sporadic ST258. Phylogenetic analysis using concatenated sequences of 7 MLST genes from 17 STs revealed that ST243, ST248, and ST258 were located in the same cluster and ST243 appeared to have evolved from ST258, an endemic strain. This study highlights the importance of epidemiological surveillance together with characterization of C. diphtheriae strains to help inform the future control and prevention of diphtheria.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "Grounding is necessary and contingent. Grounding is necessary just in case: if P grounds Q, then necessarily: if P, then Q. Many accept this principle. Others propose counterexamples. Instead of straightforwardly arguing for, or against, necessity, I explain the sense in which grounding is necessary and contingent. I argue that there are two kinds of grounding: what-grounding (which tells us what it is for things to be the case) and why-grounding (which tells us why things are the case), where the former kind is necessary while the latter is contingent.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
+{"token": "Blood flow in the internal jugular veins during the spaceflight - Is it actually bidirectional?. Recently intriguing results of the research performed on astronauts of the International Space Station have been published. Unexpectedly, in some crew members a stagnant and bidirectional flow in the internal jugular vein was found, and in one of the astronauts this vein seemed to be totally thrombosed. If it actually were the case that in the settings of weightlessness there is a substantial risk of jugular vein thrombosis, any long-term human space missions would be extremely dangerous. Yet, we interpret these findings differently. In our opinion, what has been explained as bidirectional flow, actually represented the flow separation, and what has been described as occluded vein was rather the vein with recirculating and low-velocity flow. In this paper, basing on physical laws governing the flow of fluids, we describe how the flow separation and recirculation can develop in a dilated internal jugular vein, how it can affect cerebral outflow through this vein, why such a phenomenon is more likely in the settings of microgravity and how future research on this topic should be directed.", "label": [4, 34, 42]}
+{"token": "Remote microscopy: a success story in Australian and New Zealand plant biosecurity. Rapid and accurate identification of organisms is crucial to many research and applied outcomes. Diagnostics is a critical first step in determining the significance of suspected biosecurity threats posed by emergency plant pests and other invasive pests and pathogens. Traditionally, the biological specimens needing identification are physically mailed to a dispersed community of taxonomic experts for determination. While effective, this is an expensive, labour-intensive and slow process, often taking days to receive a confirmed identification. Remote microscopy creates virtual, real-time networks of experts using web-based cameras mounted on microscopes that allow interactive access to real-time images of scientific specimens from anywhere in the world via the Internet. Trials conducted by the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service and the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Biosecurity New Zealand to test the efficacy of remote microscopy in plant quarantine settings showed that in Australia a diagnosis to a level at which realistic biosecurity decisions could be made occurred on 77% of occasions, while in New Zealand high impact exotic pest status was determined during 92% of the diagnostic events, and regulatory status was determined during 96% of events. These positive results are leading towards the expansion of remote microscopy throughout Australia, New Zealand and into South-East Asia, as well as widening its role as part of online diagnostic frameworks.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Bridging Optical and Far-infrared Emission-line Diagrams of Galaxies from Local to the Epoch of Reionization: Characteristic High [O III] 88 mu m/SFR at z > 6. We present photoionization modeling of galaxy populations at z similar to 0, 2, and >6 to bridge optical and far-infrared (FIR) emission-line diagrams. We collect galaxies with measurements of optical and/or FIR ([O III] 88 mu m and [C ii] 158 mu m) emission-line fluxes and plot them on the [O III ]lambda 5007/H beta-[N ii]lambda 6585/H alpha (BPT) and L([O III](88))/SFR-L([C ii](158))/SFR diagrams, where SFR is the star formation rate and L([O III](88)) and L([C ii](158)) are the FIR line luminosities. We aim to explain the galaxy distributions on the two diagrams with photoionization models that employ three nebular parameters: the ionization parameter U, hydrogen density n(H), and gaseous metallicity Z(gas). Our models successfully reproduce the nebular parameters of local galaxies, and then predict the distributions of the z similar to 0, 2, and >6 galaxies in the diagrams. The predicted distributions illustrate the redshift evolution on all the diagrams; e.g., [O III]/H beta and [O III](88)/[C II](158) ratios continuously decrease from z > 6 to 0. Specifically, the z > 6 galaxies exhibit similar to 0.5 dex higher U than low-redshift galaxies at a given Z(gas) and show predicted flat distributions on the BPT diagram at log[OIII]/H beta= z > 6 galaxies exhibit high L([O III](88))/SFR ratios. To explain these high ratios, our photoionization models require a low stellar-to-gaseous-metallicity ratio or bursty/increasing star formation history at z > 6. JWST will test the predictions and scenarios for the z > 6 galaxies proposed by our photoionization modeling.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of an Infant with Cholestasis and Congenital Hypopituitarism. We are reporting an infant with persistent abnormal liver function, neonatal jaundice, and intermittent hypoglycemia. Evaluation confirmed congenital hypopituitarism, in the absence of congenital anomalies and midline defect. His jaundice and abnormal liver function improved after treatment with Levothyroxine and hydrocortisone.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Chronic venous insufficiency in persons with a history of injection drug use. Persons with a history of injection drug use have many risk factors for the development of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), yet this phenomenon has not been studied systematically in this population. Persons (N= 204) with a history of injection drug use who were in enrolled in a treatment center were examined for clinical manifestations of CVI. The CVI clinical classification was graded on a 7-point scale for each leg. Most participants (n=179, 87.7%) exhibited clinical evidence of CVI. Significant predictors of CVI clinical manifestations were leg infections/cellulitis (p=.53); years injection in the veins of the groin, legs, and feet (p=.47); deep vein thrombosis (p=.37); and total years injection heroin (p=.27). There was a linear functional relationship between years of injection drug use and the CVI clinical classification, but only when the injections were in the veins of the groin, legs, or feet; otherwise, the specific mechanisms of this relationship were not evident. The findings indicate that CVI is a common occurrence in persons who have injected drugs. (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Spouse's Religious Commitment and Marital Quality: Clarifying the Role of Gender. Objective. Research on religion and marriage consistently finds a positive association between spousal religious commitment and more positive marital outcomes. But findings regarding the moderating influence of gender on this relationship have been mixed. This article clarifies whether returns to marital quality from having a devout spouse are greater for married women or men. Method. Drawing on data from the nationally representative 2006 Portraits of American Life Study, and utilizing 12 different measures of marital quality, I estimate ordinary least squares (OLS) and logistic regression models to test my hypotheses. Results. In analyses of the full sample, spouse's religious commitment generally predicts positive marital outcomes, net of controls for respondents' gender as well as their religious and sociodemographic characteristics. However, when models are estimated for women and men separately, the returns to marital quality from having a religiously committed spouse are much stronger and more consistent for women than for men. Conclusions. Findings suggest that, ceteris paribus, having a spouse who is more religious predicts positive marriage outcomes, but women benefit from having a religiously committed spouse more than men do. Possible explanations are discussed.", "label": [5, 54, 57]}
+{"token": "Entrepreneurs as saviours of socialism? The complicated relationship between East German state socialism and entrepreneurship. The economic policy agenda of the SED has often been described as extremely orthodox in nature and-with the exception of a short period in the 1960s-hostile to reform. It is often overlooked that the GDR entertained the largest private sector of any of the CMEA economies up till the early 1980s. Besides the official propaganda, the SED leadership at no point abolished private entrepreneurship completely in the GDR. In this article, I analyze the ambiguous relationship between the state party and private entrepreneurship. I focus particularly on the late 1980s and the role private entrepreneurs were supposed to play in reforming and saving socialism in East Germany.", "label": [5, 48, 52]}
+{"token": "Simple turn-off fluorescence sensor for determination of raloxifene using gold nanoparticles stabilized by chitosan hydrogel. It is essential to develop a simple, applicable, and reliable assay to anticancer drug raloxifene (RAF) because of its significant usage and side effect due to entering residue in the environment. Fluorescence sensors developed and widely used because of them high selectivity, fast-response, and highly-sensitivity. The gold nanoparticles using chitosan hydrogel was synthesized and applied as a fluorescence sensor to determine the trace amount of RAF. The characterization methods including DLS, FE-SEM, EDX, XRD, and FT-IR were performed to confirm the synthesized structure. This sensor turned off the fluorescent signals proportional to RAF concentrations at 400 nm. The RAF can be detected in the linear range from 5 x 10(-7) to 5 x 10(-5) M. Limits of detection and quantification were obtained as 34 x 10(-8) and 11 x 10(-7) M as well as the relative standard deviation calculated as 1.63% in RAF measuring. The effective parameters on quenching efficiency were studied by central composite design (CCD) with response surface methodology (RSM). The effective parameters in RAF determination, include analyte concentration, temperature, contact time, and pH, were obtained as 35 mu M, 30 ?, 8 min, and pH = 8.5. The sensor was applied to determine the RAF concentrations in biological and environmental samples with satisfactory recoveries between 97.5% and 109%.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "M. Foucault: Power, Perspective and Truth in Oedipus Rex by Sophocles. The paper is intended as an assessment of Foucault's reading of Oedipus Rex. Foucault basically focuses on the relationship between knowledge and power. His interpretation provides us with a symbolic conception of truth, the unveiling of which would follow the guidelines of what Foucault labels \\\\'the law of halves\\\\'. Both the manner and the times, in which the different fragments of truth appear, will be the centre of gravity of his essentially political interpretation. It is proposed, however, to take a step further from such an inviting view, in order to reflect on the different voices and perspectives of the text, and delve into the poet's voice and its possible philosophical meaning, beyond the mere political scope of the work, not only for the citizens of Sophocles' time, but for all of us.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "ONTOGENETIC VARIATION IN THE BONE HISTOLOGY OF CAYPULLISAURUS BONAPARTEI FERNANDEZ, 1997 (ICHTHYOSAURIA: OPHTHALMOSAURIDAE). ONTOGENETIC VARIATION IN THE BONE HISTOLOGY OF CAYPULLISAURUS BONAPARTEI FERNANDEZ, 1997 (ICHTHYOSAURIA: OPHTHALMOSAURIDAE). In order to explore the osteohistological ontogenetic variation in ichthyosaurs, we studied the bone microstructure of the ophtalmosaurid Caypullisaurus bonapartei Fernandez. The analyzed thin sections were obtained from three ribs belonging to different individuals (MLP85-I-15-1, 83-XI-15-1 and 83-XI-16-1), from the Vaca Muerta Formation (Tithonian, Late Jurassic), in the Neuquen Basin (Argentina). The ontogenetic stages of these specimens have previously been determined based on the morphology of the humerus and the sclerotic rings. The first specimen is composed entirely of finely spongy tissue distributed around the medullary cavity. Microscopically, the spongy bone is secondary, with abundant inner spaces delimited by bone trabeculae. There are numerous overlapping generations of lamellar bone. The second specimen (a juvenile) shows primary spongy bone surrounding the medullary cavity and Sharpey's fibers. The third specimen lacks a medullary cavity; instead, the medullary region is occupied by secondary spongy bone, uniformly distributed through the entire section. These results suggest that the macroscopic changes classically attributable to ontogeny have a correlation in bone microstructure. The bones of immature individuals show some primary bone, while the bones of the mature specimens are characterized by the exclusive presence of secondary bone. These features are easily identifiable, and provide an auxiliary criterion for the determination of ontogenetic stages in incomplete and fragmentary specimens.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "4Q147: An Amulet?. Among the tefillin and mezuzot edited by Jozef T. Milik in DJD 6 is 4Q147 (4QPhylactere T). Milik was unable to decipher this scroll, and it remains unpublished. This study offers a preliminary edition of 4Q147. Like many tefillin from the Judean Desert, it was written in a tiny semi-cursive script and folded. However, while tefillin contain passages from Exodus and Deuteronomy, 4Q147 features a non-scriptural text. Elaborating on God's generous provisions and evoking angelic names, this minuscule scroll might be an amulet.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Characterizing the ionospheric current pattern response to southward and northward IMF turnings with dynamical SuperMAG correlation networks. We characterize the response of the quiet time (no substorms or storms) large-scale ionospheric transient equivalent currents to north- south and south- north IMF turnings by using a dynamical network of ground-based magnetometers. Canonical correlation between all pairs of SuperMAG magnetometer stations in the Northern Hemisphere (magnetic latitude (MLAT) 50- 82 degrees) is used to establish the extent of near-simultaneous magnetic response between regions of magnetic local time-MLAT. Parameters and maps that describe spatial-temporal correlation are used to characterize the system and its response to the turnings aggregated over several hundred events. We find that regions that experience large increases in correlation post turning coincide with typical locations of a two-cell convection system and are influenced by the interplanetary magnetic field By. The time between the turnings reaching the magnetopause and a network response is found to be similar to 8-10 min and correlation in the dayside occurs 2-8 min before that in the nightside.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Fruit of the Earth and Work of Human Hands: Connecting the Eucharist and Regenerative Agriculture. Engaging the writings of Bernard Lonergan, Charles Massy, and Pope Francis, this article offers a systematic exposition of the relationship between the Eucharist and regenerative agriculture. First, it surveys the overlapping cultural malaises identified by Massy, Francis, and Lonergan at the root of modern industrial agriculture. Second, in response to this form of decline, it shows how the regenerative agricultural practices called for by Massy instantiate the integral ecology called for by Pope Francis; at the same time, it substantiates Massy's calls through the emergently probable worldview of Lonergan. Third, in a way that Massy does not show, such a worldview can elevate these agricultural concerns to a supernatural, redemptive plane. Not only does an emergently probable worldview show that right agricultural practices restore creation's capacity to praise, so too does it show that Christian praise-as made especially apparent in the Eucharist-depends upon just agricultural practices.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Low-power, high-linearity transconductor with a high tolerance for process and temperature variations. A novel scheme for tunable complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) transconductor robust against process and temperature (PT) variations is presented. The proposed configuration is a voltage controlled circuit based on a double negative channel-metal-oxide-semiconductor (NMOS) transistor differential pairs connected in parallel, which has low power and high linearity. The PT compensation is completed by two identical PT compensation bias voltage generators (PTCBVGs), which can guarantee the designed transconductor high tolerance for PT variations. A complete CMOS transconductor with PTCBVG has been designed and simulated using 0.18 mu m technology. The effectiveness of PT compensation technique is proved. The simulation results of post-layout are commensurate with pre-layout. Post-layout simulation results show that when temperature changes from - 40 to 85 degrees C for different process corners (TT, SS, SF, FS and FF), the transconductance varies from 91.8 to 123.6 mu S, the temperature coefficient is <1090 ppm/degrees C, the total harmonic distortion is from - 78 to -72dB at 1 MHz for 0.2 V-PP input signal, -3 dB bandwidth changes from 2.5 to 5 GHz, input-referred noise varies from 78.1 to 124.8 nV/sqartHz at 1 MHz and DC power is from 1.5 to 3.2 mW.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Prediction of glycan structures from gene expression data based on glycosyltransferase reactions. Results: First, we constructed a reaction pattern library consisting of bond-formation patterns of GT reactions and investigated the co-occurrence frequencies of all reaction patterns in the glycan database. This was followed by the prediction of glycan structures using this library and a co-occurrence score. A penalty score was also implemented in the prediction method. Then we examined the performance of prediction by the leave-one-out cross validation method using individual reaction pattern profiles in the KEGG GLYCAN database as virtual expression profiles. The accuracy of prediction was 81%. Finally, we applied the prediction method to real expression data. Using expression profiles from the human carcinoma cell, glycan structures with sialic acid and sialyl Lewis X epitope were predicted, which corresponded well with experimental results.Motivation: Glycan chains are synthesized by a combination of several kinds of glycosyltransferases (GTs). Thus, once we know the repertoire of GTs in the genome, in the transcriptome or in the proteome, it should in principle be possible to predict the repertoire of possible glycan structures in an organism or at a specific stage of the cell. Here, we show that a repertoire of glycan structures can be predicted from the set of GTs in the transcriptome. That is, using knowledge about glycan structure characteristics, we can predict glycan structures from incomplete or noisy data such as DNA microarray data.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 40, 41, 42]}
+{"token": "Microarray analysis of gene expression alteration in human middle ear epithelial cells induced by micro particle. Objectives: The primary aim of this study is to reveal the effect of particulate matter (PM) on the human middle ear epithelial cell (HMEEC).Methods: The HMEEC was treated with PM (300 mu g/ml) for 24 h. Total RNA was extracted and used for microarray analysis. Molecular pathways among differentially expressed genes were further analyzed by using Pathway Studio 9.0 software. For selected genes, the changes in gene expression were confirmed by real-time PCR.Results: A total of 611 genes were regulated by PM. Among them, 366 genes were up-regulated, whereas 245 genes were down-regulated. Up-regulated genes were mainly involved in cellular processes, including reactive oxygen species generation, cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell differentiation, inflammatory response and immune response. Down-regulated genes affected several cellular processes, including cell differentiation, cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis and cell migration. A total of 21 genes were discovered as crucial components in potential signaling networks containing 2-fold up regulated genes. Four genes, VEGFA, IL1B, CSF2 and HMOX1 were revealed as key mediator genes among the up-regulated genes. A total of 25 genes were revealed as key modulators in the signaling pathway associated with 2-fold down regulated genes. Four genes, including IGF1R, TIMP1, IL6 and FN1, were identified as the main modulator genes.Conclusions: We identified the differentially expressed genes in PM-treated HMEEC, whose expression profile may provide a useful clue for the understanding of environmental pathophysiology of otitis media. Our work indicates that air pollution, like PM, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of otitis media. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND MAIZE ROOT GROWTH IN AN ULTISOL UNDER CONTROLLED MACHINE TRAFFIC. Soil functions can be hampered by compaction induced by inadequate management. Some soil physical properties are indicators of the existence of compacted layers that can affect the root development of crops. Agricultural practices, e. g., planting of cover crops to improve soil properties, can mitigate the compaction-related problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical attributes of soil and plants, grown under controlled conditions. In an Ultisol under no-tillage with two winter cover crops (fallow and oat + vetch) and controlled machine traffic (no traffic - NT, before traffic - BT and after traffic - AT), we evaluated the pre-consolidation pressure, penetration resistance, soil bulk density, porosity, and average diameter of aggregates. Undisturbed soil samples were collected before and after traffic, filled into PVC pots and placed in a greenhouse. Three corn seeds were sown per pot and grown for 25 days under different conditions of water availability. After this period, the leaf area and the fresh and dry matter of corn shoots and roots were determined. Regardless of the layer, bulk density was not affected by the soil cover, but was influenced by machine traffic. Macroporosity in the fallow plot was affected by traffic to a depth of 0.10 m, indicating the reduced capacity of this system to resist disturbances, evidenced also by the lower pre-consolidation pressure. Resistance to penetration increased with depth, and was related to higher density, lower macroporosity and higher pre-consolidation pressure. Without water stress, maize root growth was positively influenced by machine traffic. Under the tested experimental conditions, no-tillage with crop rotation was more resilient to soil disturbances than the other system.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Complete genome sequence and Carbohydrate Active Enzymes (CAZymes) repertoire of Gilvimarinus sp. DA14 isolated from the South China Sea. Gilvimarinus sp. DA14, a putative new species isolated from mangrove sediment in the South China Sea (Beihai, Guangxi province), is an aerobic and heterotrophic agar degrading bacterium. Here, we present the complete genome sequence of strain DA14, which comprises 3.96 Mb sequences with 53.39% GC content. In total, 3391 CDSs, 6 rRNA genes and 44 tRNA genes were obtained. Genomic analysis of strain DA14 revealed that 218 CAZymes classes were identified and they were organized in 371 CAZymes in PULs involved in polysaccharides degradation, transport and regulation. Further, we performed the genome comparison among Gilvimarinus strains and analysis the diversity of CAZymes and PULs. Meanwhile, ability of agar and alginate degradation in strain DA14 were analyzed. This study represents a thorough genomic characterization of CAZymes repertoire of Gilvimarinus, provides insight into diversity of polysaccharide degrading enzymes existing in Gilvimarinus sp. DA14 and their biotechnological applications.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 45]}
+{"token": "What is Islamic law? A praxiological answer and an Egyptian case study. In this article, I first criticize commonly held assumptions about what Islamic law is. I suggest that it is at best useless and at worst wrong to start with a label like 'Islamic law' to describe something that is presumed to be an instance of such a label. I identify the source of confusion, i.e. the postulate that there must be a kind of genealogical continuity between what people refer to as Islamic law and Islamic law as it is found in the heterogeneous legacy of share'a and fiqh treatises. My contention is that Islamic law is what people consider as Islamic law, nothing more, nothing less, and that it is up to theologians, believers and citizens, not social scientists, to decide whether something does conform or not to some 'grand tradition'. Second, I argue that instead of looking at the hypothetical Islamic-law model, which something like Egyptian personal status law would be an instance of, the task of social scientists is, rather, to describe the situations, the mechanisms and the processes through which people orient themselves to something they call 'Islamic law'. This position is grounded on a principle of indifference that seeks to avoid any normative and evaluative engagement: the focus is put on the description of practices, not on their evaluation. Moreover, this position is based upon the refusal of any ironical standpoint. In other words, it denies that social scientists occupy any kind of overhanging position vis-a-vis the social that would allow them to 'reveal' to 'self-deceived people' the truth that is concealed from them because of their 'lack of critical distance', 'ignorance' and/or 'bad faith'. Third, I ground this praxiological re-specification in examples drawn from Egyptian judicial activity in the field of personal status.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "CARBOHYDRATE AND NITROGEN-SOURCES AFFECT RESPECTIVELY INVITRO GERMINATION OF IMMATURE OVULES AND EARLY SEEDLING GROWTH OF IMPATIENS-PLATYPETALA LINDL. In vitro germination of 20-day old immature ovules of Impatiens platypetala Liindl. was inhibited at concentrations as low as 50 mM sucrose or mannitol and 100 mM glucose. Younger ovules (12, 14, and 16 days old) were similarly inhibited at 100 mM sucrose.Inorganic nitrogen concentration did not affect germination regardless of ovule age, but seedling fresh weight was significantly less and abnormal development of seedlings was significantly increased by total inorganic nitrogen concentrations higher or lower than 30 mM (at a ratio of 20:10 mM NO3-: NH4+) in the culture medium.", "label": [0, 2, 19, 9]}
+{"token": "Assessing hepatitis B immunity using dried blood spot samples from HIV plus individuals. Highlights Evaluation of anti-HBs detection in DBS according to HIV status.Similar performance of anti-HBs detection from DBS independent of HIV status.Detection of anti-HBs in concentration up to 17 IU / mL in DBS.DBS could be a potential tool to increase identification of hepatitis B immunity.This study aims to evaluate the utility of an optimized enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to detect and quantify antibodies against hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) in dried blood spots (DBSs) within the context of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status. Serum and DBS samples were obtained from 56 HIV+ and 99 HIV- patients and subjected to EIA for the detection of anti-HBs, where sample volume and cut off value were modified for DBS testing. Sensitivities of anti-HBs detection in DBS were 79.8% and 76.8% in HIV- and HIV+ subjects, respectively. Concordant results for anti-HBs in serum and DBS presented high mean CD8 cell counts, HIV viral load and optical density (OD) values of anti-HBs. Anti-HBs titers were significantly higher in serum, whether or not anti-HBs titers were detected in DBS. It was possible to detect anti-HBs in DBS as low as 17.4 and 27.3IU/mL among HIV+ and HIV- subjects, respectively. In conclusion, DBS can be used to detect and quantify anti-HBs in HIV-infected individuals, which could increase access to diagnosis and vaccination.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Photochemical Generation of Nanometer-Sized Cu Particles in Octane. Irradiation with 350 nm photons of anhydrous, air-free octane or toluene solutions of copper(II) oleate containing benzophenone as a photosensitizer and oleoylsarcosine as a stabilizer resulted in metallic Cu particles with nanometer dimensions. Evidence is presented that implicates the hydrocarbon as the predominant H-atom donor in the generation of reductive benzophenon.e ketyl radicals and a kinetic model is constructed to rationalize the rate dependencies with respect to the Cu/Cu+ step. Rates of both Cu2+ consumption and Cu formation vary linearly with light intensity and exhibit a first-order dependence on benzophenone concentration but the latter step shows little dependence otherwise. The initial rate of reactant consumption decreases with increasing concentration of cupric ions or sarcosine. Quenching of the excited state of benzophenone by the stabilizer occurs with a rate constant of k(4) = 1.6 x 10(5) M(-1)s(-1) and is explained by the formation of a contact ion pair between the reduced chromophore and oxidized amine which ultimately decays by back electron transfer. The rate decrease induced by cupric ions results from the quenching of the excited state of benzophenone by the copper(II) complex with a rate constant of k(5) = 6.1 x 10(5) M(-1)s(-1) The resulting colloids proved to be stable in an anaerobic environment for at least a month and require more than 12 h to oxidize upon exposure to air. Upon removal of the octane solvent, the particles can be reclispersed in a variety of low-dielectric media such as chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, hexane, or toluene.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) control and tuber production with glyphosate and ALS-inhibiting herbicides. Greenhouse and field research evaluated yellow nutsedge growth, vegetative control, and tuber production after application of glyphosate, various acetolactase synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides, and tank mixtures thereof. Yellow nutsedge was controlled by the herbicides halosulfuron at 35 g ai/ha, chlorimuron at 12 g ai/ha, and imazethapyr-imazapyr at 62 g ai/ha (> 70% control); imazethapyr at 70 g ai/ha, glyphosate at 840 g ae/ha, cloransulam at 17.5 g ai/ha, and rimsulfuron at 17.5 g ai/ha (40 to 70% control); and imazamox at 45 g ai/ha (< 40% control). Compared with the untreated control, tuber fresh weight in the field was reduced 45 to 91%, and tuber density was reduced 33 to 90% by all herbicide treatments 42 wk after treatment (WAT) except imazamox and rimsulfuron. Tuber sprouting was reduced to 19% in plots treated with halosulfuron and pyrithiobac compared with untreated yellow nutsedge 42 WAT. Chlorimuron and imazethapyr-imazapyr controlled yellow nutsedge at least 90%, prevented particle formation, and reduced tuber density and fresh weight by 90% or more 14 WAT in the greenhouse. The addition of glyphosate to cloransulam or imazethapyr increased yellow nutsedge control and reduced tuber density and fresh weight when compared with either ALS-inhibiting herbicide or glyphosate applied alone. Tuber density data indicated that there were 8 tubers for every gram of tubers harvested. Yellow nutsedge height was 15 to 20 cm 4 to 5 wk after tillage, using growth analysis data. Long-term yellow nutsedge management L may be aided with treatments that reduce tuber production.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "ASSESSING MANAGEMENT INVOLVEMENT IN SAFETY ISSUES: THE CASE OF THE METAL PRODUCTS INDUSTRY IN IRAN. The concept of management involvement in safety refers to the extent to which top-and middle-level managers become personally involved in critical safety activities within the organisation. Occupational accidents and incidents are symptoms of low management involvement in safety issues because most accidents could be prevented. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate management involvement in safety issues (such as safety values, occupational safety management, and employee well-being) and to analyse differences in management involvement in the metal products industry in Guilan Province, Iran, with regard to company size. A total of 714 respondents from 14 companies participated in the survey. The results showed that management involvement in safety issues was not strong in the metal products industry in Guilan Province. A oneway ANOVA analysis was applied to understand employees' perspectives on management involvement in safety. The results revealed that there was a significant difference regarding management involvement in safety with respect to company size. Large companies had stronger management involvement in safety compared to smaller companies.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "No detection of parvovirus B19 or herpesvirus DNA in giant cell arteritis. Study design: Between January 1997 and March 2002, 147 consecutive temporal artery biopsies were performed in our center because of a clinical suspicion of GCA. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedures validated by the World Health Organization and employed routinely by our laboratory, we examined the paraffin-embedded specimens for DNA from parvovirus B 19, herpes simplex viruses (HSV) I and 2, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). We investigated positive results further with immunohistochemistry studies.Background: Compelling arguments exist for a role of infectious agent in giant cell arteritis (GCA). Parvovirus B 19 and several herpesviruses have focussed the attention in recent years, but the few studies to date have yielded inconsistent results.Conclusions: The results of our study do not support a role in the etiopathogenesis of GCA for either parvovirus B 19 or any of these six herpesviruses. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Objectives: To study the relationship between the presence of parvovirus B 19 DNA or major known herpesviruses and the histopathological features of GCA.Results: Fifty of the 147 temporal artery biopsies (34%) showed histological features of GCA. Three biopsies (2.5%) were initially PCR positive for parvovirus B19. None of the herpesvirus PCR assays were positive. Upon repeat testing by both PCR and immunohistochemistry, none of the three initially positive parvovirus B 19 assays were confirmed. The results of both positive and negative control assays in these studies validated these findings. We confirmed the presence of amplifiable DNA in the temporal artery biopsy specimens using PCR primers for beta-globin and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO).", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "On the implementation of the program for exploration of Solar System small bodies. The paper discusses two missions for studies of various typical Solar System small bodies. The first mission is intended to study the Martian satellites and will be completed by delivering soil samples to the Earth; the second will perform a comprehensive study of a small asteroid body and deliver a radio beacon to the latter. The similarity of the technological base for both missions that enables the use of a unified design baseline is analyzed. It is suggested that the missions be joined into an integrated program consisting of two stages and that their optimal sequence order be determined.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Natural prey of the crab spider Thomisus onustus (Araneae : Thomisidae), an extremely powerful predator of insects. The natural prey of the crab spider Thomisus onustus inhabiting Eryngium plants was studied in the Absheron Peninsula, Azerbaijan. The total percentage of specimens of T. onustus found while feeding was low (9.1%). However, solitary late instar and adult females exhibited a very high feeding percentage (29.9%). Other sex-age groups of T. onustus, including small juveniles, adult males, and females guarding egg sacs, were found feeding significantly less frequently. Investigation has shown that T. onustus is a polyphagous predator, with representatives of four arthropod orders found in its diet. The primary food of T. onustus was Diptera and Hymenoptera, which collectively accounted for 94.2% of total prey. Worker ants constituted about one-fifth of the prey, suggesting that T. onustus is a myrmecophagic spider. The length of prey killed by T. onustus ranged between 1.25 and 16.00mm (mean 6.21 mm) and constituted from 34.4 to 587.9% (mean 194.9%) of length of their captors. The most frequently captured were large arthropods, exceeding the size of the spiders (83.1%). Small and medium- sized juveniles captured considerably larger prey (in terms of prey-predator length ratio) than late instar and adult females. Over half of their prey constituted arthropods more than two- fold larger than the spiders.", "label": [4, 37, 39, 47]}
+{"token": "Migratory destinations of humpback whales that feed off California, Oregon and Washington. The migratory destinations of humpback whales that feed off California, Oregon and Washington were determined using photo-identification. Fluke photographs of 594 individuals were taken between 1981 and 1992 and compared to collections from 9 wintering regions in the North Pacific: Ogasawara (162) and Okinawa (17) islands of Japan; the Big Island and Maul (634 for both) and Kauai (384) of Hawaii; the Revillagigedo Archipelago (450), the mainland coast (383) and Baja Peninsula (471) of Mexico; and Central America (31). A total of 160 matches were found to 6 central and eastern North Pacific wintering regions, with most from Central America, Baja, and mainland Mexico. Of whales identified off Central America, 84% were resighted off California-Washington; this high rate of interchange suggests that whales in these tropical waters appear to be comprised entirely of animals from the California-Washington feeding aggregation. Humpback whales seen off Central America were resighted disproportionately off southern California while those from mainland Mexico tended to be seen off northern California-Washington. From 157 same-season migratory transits documented, the shortest were 29 d to Baja and 56 d to Costa Rica and the longest distance was 5322 km. Of the California-Washington whales with known sex, the proportion of males identified at a wintering region was significantly higher than females (2.2:1, p < 0.05).", "label": [4, 37, 45, 39]}
+{"token": "Court rituals.Triclinium of XIX Couches of the Great Palace of Constantinople. The present contribution aims at reviewing the available data on the Triclinium of the Nineteen couches. It is divided into three parts: the first is intended to overview the information that Byzantine authors have handed down to us about this great banquet hall; the second aims at proposing reconstructive hypotheses about its dimensions and architecture, as well as to investigate the material aspects related to the organisation of the banquet in late antiquity; the third part deals with the ceremonial functions that were performed in it. Contrary to what is usually assumed, the Triclinium was probably not a huge hall with nine apses on each side, but a rectangular hall with a final apse and akkoubita arranged along the perimeter walls. In terms of ritual, the Triclinium must have continued to be in use throughout the early Middle Ages, with a particular revival in the 10th century.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "First look at the topology of reionisation redshifts in models of the epoch of reionisation. Results. We can distinguish between EoR models with different sources using simple analyses of the number, shape, and size distributions of the reionisation redshift patches. For every model (of the semi-analytical and fully numerical simulations), we statistically show that these bubbles are rather prolate and aligned with the underlying gas filaments. Moreover, we briefly highlight that the percolation process of HII bubbles during the EoR can be followed by studying the reionisation redshift fields with different persistence thresholds. Finally, we show that fully numerical EMMA simulations can be made consistent with 21cmFAST models in this topological framework as long as the source distribution is diffuse enough.Methods. We used the framework of Morse theory and persistent homology in the context of the EoR, which was investigated via the DisPerSE algorithm on gas density and redshift of reionisation maps. We analysed different EoR scenarios with semi-analytical 21cmFAST and fully numerical EMMA simulations.Context. During the epoch of reionisation (EoR), the first stars and galaxies appeared while creating ionised bubbles that eventually percolated near z similar to 6. These ionised bubbles and percolation process are closely scrutinised today because observations of neutral hydrogen will be carried on in the next decade with the Square Kilometre Array radio telescope, for instance. In the meantime, EoR studies are performed in semi-analytical and fully numerical cosmological simulations to investigate the topology of the process, for instance.Aims. We analyse the topology of EoR models by studying regions that are under the radiative influence of ionisation sources. These regions are associated with peak patches of the reionisation redshift field, for which we measure the general properties such as their number, size, shape, and orientation. We aim to gain insights into the geometry of the reionisation process and its relation to the matter distribution, for example. We also assess how these measurements can be used to quantify the effect of physical parameters on the EoR models or the differences between fully numerical simulations and semi-analytical models.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Primary dorsal buccal mucosa graft urethroplasty for anterior urethral strictures in patients with lichen sclerosus. A total of 32 men with LS underwent BMG urethroplasty from January 2010 to September 2012. In 27 patients, stricture was limited to the penile urethra, while in five patients, both bulbar and penile urethra were involved. In these five patients, the entire anterior urethra was replaced with BMG. In nine (28.1 %) younger patients (mean age 38.2 years, range 33-45), with adverse local conditions and significant scarring, two-stage repair was done. The paired t test was performed on preoperative and postoperative Q (max) as well as on preoperative and postoperative post-void residual urine volume, and the Fisher exact test was used to assess success between treatment groups. The chi-squared test was used to compare categorical data.Buccal mucosa is the most reliable graft for repairing anterior urethral strictures in patients with LS. Minimal complications are observed, even in cases of long stenosis completely afflicting anterior urethra.The overall success rate was 90.6 %. Complications occurred in 9.4 % of the patients (3 of 32) including hematoma in two patients and fistula in one patient. In this cohort of patients, mean preoperative Q (max) was 6.2 ml per second (range 2.6-10.2) versus 18.2 (range 15.8-21.2) postoperatively (at 9 months), which was statistically significant (p < 0.002). Also, mean preoperative post-void residual urine volume was 110 ml (range 75-180) versus 19 ml (range 10-40) postoperatively at 9 months, which was statistically significant (p < 0.004).To report our ongoing experience with dorsal buccal mucosa graft (BMG) urethroplasty for the primary repair of anterior urethral strictures in patients with lichen sclerosus (LS).", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of single and joint toxic effects of diuron and its main metabolites on natural phototrophic biofilms using a pollution-induced community tolerance (PICT) approach. Our results reveal that the individual and combined presence of diuron and DCPMU in lotic ecosystems can have both short-term effects (as shown with bioassays) and long-term effects (as shown through the PICT approach) on phototrophic biofilms, whereas environmental concentrations of 3,4-DCA may not affect biofilm photosynthetic activity. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.This study assessed the single and joint acute toxicity of diuron and two of its metabolites (DCPMU and 3,4-DCA) on natural phototrophic biofilms using a PICT approach with photosynthesis bioassays. River biofilm communities were collected at three sampling stations exhibiting increasing concentrations of diuron, DCPMU and 3,4-DCA from upstream to downstream. Applied individually, the parent compound was more toxic than its metabolites, with DCPMU being more toxic than 3,4-DCA which only inhibited photosynthesis at very high concentrations (EC25 at about 5 mg/I). Sensitivity of biofilm communities to diuron and DCPMU decreased from upstream to downstream, revealing tolerance induction in contaminated sections of the river, as expected from the PICT concept. Nevertheless, PICT was not applicable for 3,4-DCA, which similarly affected upstream, intermediate and downstream biofilm communities. Chemical mixtures of diuron and DCPMU demonstrated additive effects whereas combinations with 3,4-DCA enhanced the observed effects.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 45]}
+{"token": "Dysphagia soon after off-pump coronary surgery: the single suture technique. We report a case of a 76-year-old man complaining of dysphagia for solid food associated with a weight loss following an off-pump double vessel coronary artery revascularization. Multislice spiral computed tomography showed a 6 cm x 2.5 cm solid formation next to the posterior wall of the left atrium, adjacent to the pericardium and the right anterolateral side of the esophagus. The mass was confirmed to be an intramural esophageal hematoma by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology. Injury to esophagus during the placement of deep pericardial sutures and postoperative infusion of heparin are claimed to be causes of this complication. (c) 2007 European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "THE PARTISAN DYNAMICS OF SUPREME COURT CONFIRMATION VOTING. A sizable literature has explored the growth of partisan polarization in Congress and its impact on legislative behavior. Using this lens, we provide empirical analysis of the role of parties in more than seven decades of Supreme Court confirmation voting and offer several original findings. First, we offer new evidence that the strength of the president's party in the state's electorate has significantly and increasingly affected senators' votes. We also find that, since the mid-1980s, partisanship and ideology have become dominant influences in confirmation voting, while nominee qualifications and presidential strength have declined in importance. Finally, our evidence shows that polarization has more strongly affected opposite-party senators and Republican senators, who have become much more inclined to unite against the judicial nominees of presidents belonging to the other party. We hope these findings contribute to a much-needed dialogue between the judicial politics and congressional behavior literatures and encourage a stronger scholarly focus on interbranch partisan strategies.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Reconstruction of Pagan Ritual and Ancient Irish Language from Lebor Gabala Erenn. This article uncovers links to pagan Irish springtime rites which can be deduced from the Irish epic, Lebor Gabala Erenn, as presented in the 12(th)-century Book of Leinster (Lebor na Nuachongbala). Specifically, we analyze poems LXIX & LXX, both attributed to Amairgin, archdruid of the invading Milesians, but likely composed during the O. Ir. period, 800-1200 A.D. Both of these poems contain embedded lists which, when rendered in an early preapocope form of the Irish language (here called Primitive Irish), yield poetry in this language exhibiting grammatical & prosodic features in common with Gaulish inscriptions datable to c. 0-300 A.D. discovered in France at Chamalieres & Rom. The Primitive Irish dialect of the poetry reconstructed below will be shown to date to the second century of the Common Era.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Barriers and Facilitators of Implementing Injury Prevention Practices by Massage Therapists. Objective: Massage therapy involves pervasive ergonomic hazards with the majority of massage therapists (MTs) experiencing adverse musculoskeletal health issues. A variety of barriers and facilitators exist that can impact the efficacy of safety programs. Methods: A longitudinal study to characterize individual and organizational barriers and facilitators that influence the implementation of self-care techniques designed to reduce musculoskeletal health issues. Results: MTs who reported time as abarrier implemented 0.9 fewer selfcare items despite wanting to make these changes (P = 0.003) and 1.4 fewer self-care items when management was identified as a barrier (P < 0.001). Almost 20% of the MTs reported switching jobs which was associated with implementing 1.1 fewer self-care items (P = 0.002). Conclusions: Our findings show that organizational factors plays a critical role in workplace safety which can be used to improve working conditions faced by MTs.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Being a Man, Being a Member: Masculinity and Community in Britain's Working Men's Clubs, 1945-1960. By 1960, there were more than 3,500 working men's clubs in Britain, with a combined membership of more than two million people. This article explores their post-war transformation from small homosocial enclaves for drinking and bar-games to larger family-oriented entertainment venues, while they continued to provide social, welfare and educational activities for local communities. Operating on the boundaries of public and private life, they remained alternative sites of domesticity to the home, in which men nurtured relations with both friends and family. Nevertheless, though women and children came to represent a significant presence in the clubs, their cultures remained largely patriarchal and discriminatory. I argue that working men's clubs provided important sources of agency, community and continuity for their members, during a period of rapid social and cultural change.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Mutations of DNAI1 in primary ciliary dyskinesia - Evidence of founder effect in a common mutation. Rationale: Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare, usually autosomal recessive, genetic disorder characterized by ciliary dysfunction, sino-pulmonary disease, and situs inversus. Disease-causing mutations have been reported in DNAI1 and DNAH5 encoding outer dynein arm (ODA) proteins of cilia. Objectives:We analyzed DNAI1 to identify disease-causing mutations in PCD and to determine if the previously reported IVS1 + 2_3insT (219+3insT) mutation represents a \\\\'founder\\\\' or \\\\'hot spot\\\\' mutation. Methods: Patients with PCD from 179 unrelated families were studied. Exclusion mapping showed no linkage to DNAI1 for 13 families,the entire coding region was sequenced in a patient from the remaining 166 families. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed on nasal epithelial RNA in 14 families. Results: Mutations in DNAI1 including 12 novel mutations were identified in 16 of 179 (9%) families; 14 harbored biallelic mutations. Deep intronic splice mutations were not identified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The prevalence of mutations in families with defined ODA defect was 13%; no mutations were found in patients without a defined ODA defect. The previously reported IVS1 +2_3insT mutation accounted for 57% (17/30) of mutant alleles, and marker analysis indicates a common founder for this mutation. Seven mutations occurred in three exons (13, 16, and 17); taken together with previous reports, these three exons are emerging as mutation clusters harboring 29% (12/42) of mutant alleles. Conclusions: A total of 10% of patients with PCD are estimated to harbor mutations in DNA11; most occur as a common founder IVS1 +2_3insT or in exons 13, 16, and 17. This information is useful for establishing a clinical molecular genetic test for PCD.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "A double-edged sword: How the dual characteristics of face motivate and prevent counterfeit luxury consumption. This research fills the void in the counterfeit literature by examining the role of the dual facets of face in deterring consumers from purchasing counterfeit luxury brands. It advances understanding of counterfeiting by clarifying how consumers' internal struggles with the desire to gain mian-zi versus the fear of losing lian predict their reactions to external branding cues, such as brand social power. Study 1, a survey research, examines the moderating role of face on the relationship between brand social power and purchase intentions, while Study 2, an experimental study, explores how the above-mentioned relationships are mediated by signaling effectiveness and consumers' perceived psychosocial risk associated with counterfeit purchases. This research contributes to marketing theory by shedding light on the dynamics among the intriguing dual facets of face. The findings help uncover means to fight counterfeiting by reducing demand, which should prove more efficient than attempting to cut the supply.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "A survivor population of wild colonies of European honeybees in the northeastern United States: investigating its genetic structure. There is a widespread belief that wild colonies of European honeybees have been eradicated in Europe and North America, killed by viruses spread by the introduced ectoparasitic mite, Varroa destructor. In reality, however, several populations of wild colonies of honeybees in Europe and North America are persisting despite exposure to Varroa. To help understand how this is happening, we tested whether the bees in one of these populations of wild colonies-those living in and around the Arnot Forest (NY, USA)-are genetically distinct from the bees in the nearest managed colonies. We found that the Arnot Forest honeybees are genetically distinct from the honeybees in the two apiaries within 6 km of the forest. Evidently, the population of Arnot Forest honeybees is not supported by a heavy influx of swarms from the nearest managed colonies, which implies that it is self-sustaining. These results suggest that if a closed population of honeybee colonies is allowed to live naturally, it will develop a balanced relationship with its agents of disease. Indeed, it is likely to become well adapted to its local environment as a whole. We suggest four ways to modify beekeeping practices to help honeybees live in greater health.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Behavioral shifts with urbanization may facilitate biological invasion of a widespread lizard. Understanding how novel environmental conditions presented by urbanization affect the ecology and behavior of species is an important component of global change biology. Behavior is the first way in which organisms respond to novel conditions. We investigated differences in habitat use, movement, and social behavior of invasive adult male Cuban brown anoles (Anolis sagrei) in natural and urban areas in Miami, FL. We observed that urban lizards used broader perches and frequented more artificial human-made substrates (e.g. walls) than lizards in a natural forest habitat. Extensive behavioral observations (ca. 1200min) revealed that urban A. sagrei also performed more dewlap displays, changed perches less, and jumped less. Our analysis of the structural environment revealed that urban areas are more open - in other words, have higher visibility at typical lizard perch heights, and have fewer and broader perches than natural areas. An increase in openness may explain why we observed a greater than two-fold increase in the frequency of dewlap displaying - the primary mechanism of visual communication in anoles. Similarly, less perch changes and fewer jumps - a form of locomotion frequently used in perch-perch movement when perches are close - is likely driven by a three-fold decrease in tree density. Understanding how behavior and ecology differ in urban vs. natural ecosystems provides insight into how species persist in urban landscapes, and how such behavioral shifts might facilitate biological invasions.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "The neuroprotective effects of polyphenols, their role in innate immunity and the interplay with the microbiota. Neurodegenerative disorders, particularly in the elderly population, represent one of the most pressing social and health-care problems in the world. Besides the well-established role of both oxidative stress and inflammation, alterations of the immune response have been found to be closely linked to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Interestingly, various scientific evidence reported that an altered gut microbiota composition may contribute to the development of neuroinflammatory disorders. This leads to the proposal of the concept of the gut-brain-immune axis. In this scenario, polyphenols play a pivotal role due to their ability to exert neuroprotective, immunomodulatory and microbiota-remodeling activities. In the present review, we summarized the available literature to provide a scientific evidence regarding this neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects and the interaction with gut microbiota of polyphenols and, the main signaling pathways involved that can explain their potential therapeutic application in neurodegenerative diseases.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 55]}
+{"token": "Usefulness of high-risk HPV early oncoprotein (E6 and E7) serological markers in the detection of cervical cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. We reviewed the literature on the importance of selected anti-high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) antibodies (namely, 16/18 and early oncoproteins E6 and E7) as potential serological markers for early detection of individuals at high risk of cervical cancer. We searched for studies in PubMed and Embase databases published from 2010 to 2020 on antibodies against HR-HPV E6 and E7 early proteins and cervical cancer. Pooled sensitivity and specificity for HPV16 and HPV18 antibodies were calculated using a bivariate hierarchical random-effects model. A total of 69 articles were identified; we included three studies with 1550 participants. For the three HPV16/18 E6 and E7 antibody tests, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based assays had a sensitivity of 18% for detecting CIN2+ (95% confidence interval [CI]: 15-21) and a specificity of 96% (95% CI: 92-98), for slot-blot, sensitivity was 28.9% (95% CI: 23.3-35.1) and specificity was 72% (95% CI: 66.6-77.0) for detecting CIN2+, and for multiplex HPV serology assay based on a glutathione S-transferase, sensitivity was 16% (95% CI: 8.45-28.6) and specificity was 98% (95% CI: 97-99) for detecting invasive cervical cancer. HR-HPV16/18 E6 and E7 serological markers showed high specificity, but sensitivity was suboptimal for the detection of cervical cancer in either population screening settings or as point-of-care screening tests.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Relationship between foramen magnum position and locomotion in extant and extinct hominoids. From the Miocene Sahelanthropus tchadensis to Pleistocene Homo sapiens, hominins are characterized by a derived anterior position of the foramen magnum relative to basicranial structures. It has been previously suggested that the anterior position of the foramen magnum in hominins is related to bipedal locomotor behavior. Yet, the functional relationship between foramen magnum position and bipedal locomotion remains unclear. Recent studies, using ratios based on cranial linear measurements, have found a link between the anterior position of the foramen magnum and bipedalism in several mammalian clades: marsupials, rodents, and primates. In the present study, we compute these ratios in a sample including a more comprehensive data set of extant hominoids and fossil hominins. First, we verify if the values of ratios can distinguish extant humans from apes. Then, we test whether extinct hominins can be distinguished from non-bipedal extant hominoids. Finally, we assess if the studied ratios are effective predictors of bipedal behavior by testing if they mainly relate to variation in foramen magnum position rather than changes in other cranial structures. Our results confirm that the ratios discriminate between extant bipeds and non-bipeds. However, the only ratio clearly discriminating between fossil hominins and other extant apes is that which only includes basicranial structures. We show that a large proportion of the inter-specific variation in the other ratios relates to changes in facial, rather than basicranial, structures. In this context, we advocate the use of measurements based only on basicranial structures when assessing the relationship between foramen magnum position and bipedalism in future studies. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 56, 42]}
+{"token": "Sexuality and uniparental inheritance of chloroplast DNA in the isogamous green alga Ulva compressa (Ulvophyceae). Ulva compressa L. is a heterothallic macroalga considered to be in the early evolutionary stage between isogamy and anisogamy. Two genetic lines of this species, each consisting of gametophytes with opposite mating types, were collected on the coasts of Ehime and Iwate prefectures: MGEC-1 (mt(+)) and MGEC-2 (mt(-)) from Ehime, and MGEC-5 (mt(+)) and MGEC-6 (mt(-)) from Iwate. Their relative gamete sizes (i.e., cell volumes) do not correspond to their mating types: MGEC-6 (19.8 mu m(3)) > MGEC-1 (18.6 mu m(3)) > MGEC-5 (17.0 mu m(3)) > MGEC-2 (10.1 mu m(3)). The pattern of organelle inheritance is an important sexual characteristic in many eukaryotes. We therefore investigated the relationship between gamete size and the inheritance of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA). Polymorphisms between the cpDNA of the two lines were used as markers. We found a 24 bp insertion between psbF and psbL, and the substitution of a StyI site (from CCAAGG to TCAAGG) in the intergenic region between petD and accD. Two interline crosses (MGEC-1 x MGEC-6 and MGEC-2 x MGEC-5) produced 42 and 38 zygotes, respectively. PCR and PCR-RFLP analyses showed that the cpDNA of the mt(+) gametes was consistently inherited in both crosses. The cpDNA is inherited from one parent only, and it depends not on gamete size but on being mt(+). The cpDNA was observed during crossing and in the zygotes 6 h after mating. In 6% of the zygotes, the cpDNA derived from the mt(-) gametes disappeared 3-4 h after mating. Preferential digestion of the cpDNA in the zygote's mt(-) gamete may form the basis for uniparental inheritance of cpDNA.", "label": [0, 4, 45, 9]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of sidewall air supply with the stratified indoor environment in a consultation room. To take advantage of both stratum ventilation and displacement ventilation, while breaking some of their limitations, the sidewall air supply is introduced. Computational fluid dynamics simulations of 16 cases are conducted, to assess the application of the sidewall air supply in a consultation room, referring to thermal comfort, indoor air quality and energy utilization. Two supply air terminal layouts of the sidewall air supply (i.e., singleside supply and double-side supply), four supply air temperatures within 20-26 degrees C, and five air change rates within 2.9-14.7 air changes per hour are applied. The results indicate that the sidewall air supply can provide satisfactory thermal comfort levels up to Category A in ISO 7730, with proper design. Using double-side supply reduces the draft rate by up to 25%, and improves the energy utilization coefficient and contaminant removal efficiency by up to 3.3 and 1.83, compared with the single-side supply. Additionally, for the single-side supply which achieves stratum ventilation, the closer the supply air jet center to the breathing zone, the higher the energy utilization coefficient and contaminant removal efficiency at the breathing zone are. Finally, the energy utilization coefficient and contaminant removal efficiency show a positive relationship for the sidewall air supply. This may be valid for the air distribution methods that provide stratified indoor environments. This study expands the application scenario of displacement ventilation and stratum ventilation, guides to obtain the best thermal comfort, energy utilization and contaminant removal performances simultaneously, while saving the measuring costs of indoor air quality.", "label": [1, 4, 17, 15, 39]}
+{"token": "Lanthanum (2162;? and Yttrium (2162;? Adsorption on Montmorillonite: The Role of Aluminum Ion in Solution and Minerals. Weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ores (WREO) are the most important mineral sources of the middle and heavy rare earth in the world, which are rare earth ions (RE3+) adsorbed on clay minerals, such as montmorillonite, kaolinite, etc. In this work, the adsorption mechanism of Lanthanum ion (La3+) and Yttrium ion (Y3+) on montmorillonite was studied to clarify the interaction between RE3+ and clay minerals. The effect of aluminum ion (Al3+) on the adsorption behavior of La3+ and Y3+ was discussed, for the first time, to probe the role of Al3+ in aqueous solution and released from clay minerals. With the addition of Al3+ in solution, the adsorption capacity of RE3+ becomes much lower than that in the single RE3+ adsorption system, which indicates the inhibiting effect of Al3+ on the RE3+ adsorption. No distinct variation on the adsorption capacity of RE3+, and hence the more adsorbing sites occupied by Al3+ than RE3+ were observed at different molar concentration ratio of RE3+:Al3+ in rare earth (RE)-aluminum (Al) system. Nevertheless, there is a convert of Al3+ from adsorption to release at the molar concentration ratio from 1:5 to 1:2 of RE3+:Al3+ in RE-Al system due to the increasing initial concentration of Al3+. Kinetic studies display that the pseudo second-order kinetic model can best describe the RE(3+)adsorption and the Al(3+)release, and the two processes are controlled by chemical reaction.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Stable isotope study of a new chondrichthyan fauna (Kimmeridgian, Porrentruy, Swiss Jura): an unusual freshwater-influenced isotopic composition for the hybodont shark Asteracanthus. Chondrichthyan teeth (sharks, rays, and chimaeras) are mineralized in isotopic equilibrium with the surrounding water, and parameters such as water temperature and salinity can be inferred from the oxygen isotopic composition (delta O-18(p)) of their bioapatite. We analysed a new chondrichthyan assemblage, as well as teeth from bony fish (Pycnodontiformes). All specimens are from Kimmeridgian coastal marine deposits of the Swiss Jura (vicinity of Porrentruy, Ajoie district, NW Switzerland). While the overall faunal composition and the isotopic composition of bony fish are generally consistent with marine conditions, unusually low delta O-18(p) values were measured for the hybodont shark Asteracanthus. These values are also lower compared to previously published data from older European Jurassic localities. Additional analyses on material from Solothurn (Kimmeridgian, NW Switzerland) also have comparable, low-O-18 isotopic compositions for Asteracanthus. The data are hence interpreted to represent a so far unique, freshwater-influenced isotopic composition for this shark that is classically considered a marine genus. While reproduction in freshwater or brackish realms is established for other hybodonts, a similar behaviour for Asteracanthus is proposed here. Regular excursions into lower salinity waters can be linked to the age of the deposits and correspond to an ecological adaptation, most likely driven by the Kimmeridgian transgression and by the competition of the hybodont shark Asteracanthus with the rapidly diversifying neoselachians (modern sharks).", "label": [4, 37, 38]}
+{"token": "An FPGA-based integrated environment for computer architecture. We present a new, integrated environment used in computer-architecture education. The environment consists of a hardware platform and GUI software running on a PC. The hardware platform is entirely implemented in Xilinx Spartan-3 FPGA. The main part of the hardware platform is a 32-bit pipelined RISC processor with a trace/debug unit. This trace/debug unit is a hardware unit that enables debugging and transfers the pipeline contents to the PC. It also enables communication between the GUI application on the PC and the microprocessor core. Such a system makes it possible to download the students' programs to the FPGA-based microprocessor and graphically depicts the processor's internal state on the PC. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 21: 2635, 2013", "label": [1, 4, 5, 53, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Two-way multi-scaling for predicting fatigue crack nucleation in titanium alloys using parametrically homogenized constitutive models. This paper develops a two-way (bottom-up or hierarchical and top-down) multi-scale modeling framework for predicting fatigue crack nucleation in structural components of Titanium alloys, e.g. Ti-7Al. Pure micromechanical analyses are deficient in this regard. A parametrically homogenized constitutive model (PHCM) and a parametrically homogenized crack nucleation model (PHCNM) are developed from computational homogenization of crystal plasticity finite element (CPFE) simulation results performed on microstructural statistically equivalent RVEs or M-SERVEs. Image-based CPFE of the M-SERVEs predict time-dependent plastic deformation, as well as location and time-dependent fatigue crack nucleation in the microstructure. Micromechanical analysis data is utilized by a machine learning code to derive functional forms of PHCM and PHCNM coefficients. Macroscopic FE models for Ti-7AI test specimens are created next, by matching correlation functions of the micro-texture and other microstructural variabilities in EBSD scans. Macroscopic simulations of dwell and cyclic loading are performed and nucleation hotspots are identified by PHCNM. Top-down simulations of the local M-SERVEs are then used to probe microstructural fatigue crack nucleation sites and cycles. The multi-scale simulations predict subsurface nucleation for a majority of dwell cracks, which is corroborated by fractography images. The computed nucleation cycles and spatial distributions across a range of loading conditions follow experimentally observed characteristics of dwell effect in Ti alloys. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Vanishing parameter for an optimal control problem modeling tumor growth. A distributed optimal control problem for a phase field system which physical context is that of tumor growth is discussed. The system we are going to take into account consists of a Cahn-Hilliard equation for the phase variable (relative concentration of the tumor) coupled with a reaction-diffusion equation for the nutrient. The cost functional is of standard tracking-type and the control variable models the intensity at which it is possible to dispense medication. The model we deal with presents two small and positive parameters which are introduced in previous contributions as relaxation terms. Here, starting from the already investigated optimal control problem for the relaxed model, we aim at confirming the existence of optimal control and characterizing the first-order necessary optimality condition, via asymptotic schemes, when one of the two occurring parameters goes to zero.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Synthetische Knochenersatzstoffe. ZusammenfassungKnochenersatzmaterialien werden bei Knochendefekten seit Langem in der Orthopadie und Unfallchirurgie erfolgreich eingesetzt. Es gibt jedoch Falle, insbesondere bei Knochendefekten kritischer Gro ss e, bei denen sich die Therapie kompliziert gestaltet. Es ist heutzutage eine Vielzahl an Knochenersatzmaterialien verfugbar. Autologe Spongiosa gilt bis heute als der Goldstandard unter den Knochenersatzmaterialien. Jedoch stellen die Morbiditat an der Entnahmestelle und die begrenzte Verfugbarkeit von autologer Spongiosa Limitationen fur deren Anwendung dar. Allogene Spongiosa wird ebenfalls seit Jahren erfolgreich zur Behandlung von Knochendefekten angewandt. Es wurden jedoch Infektionsraten von uber 10% bei der Anwendung von allogener Spongiosa beschrieben. Durch die Einfuhrung von synthetischen Knochenersatzstoffen stehen dem Anwender weitere Materialien zur Verfugung, um Knochendefekte individuell zu behandeln. Dieser Beitrag hat das Ziel, die Vor- und Nachteile verschiedener synthetischer Knochenersatzmaterialien zu demonstrieren. AbstractBone substitute materials have been successfully used for bone defects in orthopedics and trauma surgery for a long time; however, there are cases, especially in bone defects with a critical size, in which the treatment is complicated. Nowadays, multiple bone substitute materials are available. Autologous cancellous bone grafts remain the gold standard among the bone replacement materials; however, donor site morbidity and the limited availability of autologous cancellous bone represent restrictions for autologous bone grafting. Allogeneic cancellous bone grafts have also been successfully for years in the treatment of bone defects; however, infection rates of more than 10% have been described for the use of allogeneic cancellous bone. By introducing synthetic bone substitutes further alternatives are currently available to the user for the individual treatment of bone defects. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of various synthetic bone substitute materials.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "The role of NPOs and international actors in the national innovation system: A network-based approach. This paper conducts an explorative analysis of the UK's nanotechnology research collaboration network to understand the contributions of the different institutions in the development and generation of knowledge. Framed in the National Innovation System (NIS) and the Triple Helix (TH) model literature, this paper makes use of social network analysis (SNA) tools to identify the role and involvement of different institutional actors in the interactions and collaborations within the nanotechnology network. Building on the traditional university-industry-government three-helix interaction model, our paper includes two extra dimensions in the model to account for the increase in international collaboration and the increasingly important role of non-profit organizations (NPOs) in knowledge generation. In this way, our paper responds to recent calls to adapt the traditional NIS models to reflect the new realities of scientific collaboration.", "label": [5, 48, 52]}
+{"token": "ESTABLISHMENT OF A MULTI-PARTICLE EROSION MODEL BASED ON THE LOW-CYCLE FATIGUE LAW - AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF EROSION CHARACTERISTICS. In order to obtain a multi-particle erosion model for the prediction of the erosion law of plastic metal walls considering material hardening, the low-cycle fatigue theory and a single-particle erosion model are theoretically combined. In addition, a gas-solid jet experiment wherein the number of particle impacts can be controlled is performed to identify the variation in the material hardness and erosion rate with particle impact times. The experiment tests the change of surface hardness and material loss rate, and obtains the key coefficients in the model and critical impact times of material loss by varying the particle impact number and the impact velocity. Results show that the local yield strength of the material surface will increase because of the hardening effect exerted by the particle impact. Surface hardening results in a logarithmic reduction in the erosion rate with an increase in particle impact number. In addition, there is a critical particle time, which corresponds to material loss and nonlinearly decreases with the increase in the impact velocity, that leads to material loss.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Most and Least Meaningful Learning Experiences in Marriage and Family Therapy Education. Marriage and family therapy educators increasingly emphasize training competencies. What we know less about is what makes family therapy education meaningful to marriage and family therapy (MFT) graduate students and what does not. In this study, through an Internet survey, we explored the most and least meaningful learning experiences of 68 MFT graduate students and recent graduates of Commission on Accreditation for Marriage and Family Therapy Educationaccredited programs. We used thematic analysis to identify and illustrate resulting themes, which included the importance of experiential and personal components to learning, the professor-student alliance, tying theory to practice, and the experiences of students with their clients, among others. We discuss the implications of these findings to support family therapy education and offer tentative suggestions for formative discussions both within and across programs. .", "label": [5, 52, 55]}
+{"token": "Congress's own think tank: Learning from the legacy of the Office of Technology Assessment (1972-95). In 1972 the United States Congress established the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) as a small analytical agency to become better informed about implications of new and emerging technologies. OTA's principal products-technology assessments-were designed to inform congressional deliberations and debates about issues that involved science and technology dimensions but without recommending specific policy actions. OTA's unique governance by a bicameral and bipartisan board of House and Senate Members helped ensure that issues the agency addressed were tightly aligned with the congressional agenda and that assessments were undertaken with partisan and other stakeholder bias minimized. For 23 years OTA completed reports on virtually all science and technology subject faced by the Congress until the agency's annual appropriation of funds to operate was eliminated in 1995 as one of a series of budget austerity measures. This paper recaps the OTA experience and recent efforts to fill the gap since OTA's closure.", "label": [5, 50, 52, 51]}
+{"token": "Cross-talk-interaction-induced combustion instabilities in a can-annular lean-premixed combustor configuration. The prediction of self-excited combustion instabilities in a can-annular gas turbine combustion system is a significant challenge, mainly because the instabilities originate from the acoustic interactions between adjacent combustors via a cross-talk region upstream of the first stage turbine nozzles. Detailed characterization of these instabilities requires a thorough understanding of engine-level dynamics. Until now, a comprehensive experimental examination of such a can-annular configuration had not been conducted. Here we present new experiments using four lean fully-premixed swirl-stabilized combustors connected via a full-annular cross-talk section. We demonstrate that the global fluctuations at limit cycles are either in-phase interactions (push-push modes) or one of two different forms of out-of-phase interactions (push-pull modes), subject to uniform and non-uniform equivalence ratio combinations. Under certain symmetric conditions, the can-annular system undergoes in-phase synchronous modulations (Type I), giving rise to the formation of pressure antinodes at the inlets of the four combustors and in the cross-talk region. By contrast, out-of-phase interactions are sustained in the form of either an alternating pattern in four-coupled combustors (Type II) or a push-pull interaction in two opposite combustors only (Type III). The latter is dictated by strong out-of-phase fluctuations between two of the combustors and a pressure node-like condition - thermoacoustically decoupled from the global fluctuations - over the entire region of the other two combustors, experimentally demonstrating the existence of mode localization in can-annular thermoacoustic instabilities. We show that the mode clustering phenomenon is responsible for the excitation of closely-spaced multiple eigenmodes in the can-annular acoustic environment, and as a consequence the system can feature a mixed state with several distinct types of interaction patterns. By analyzing a large amount of experimental data acquired systematically for coupled two-combustor and four-can-annular configurations, we demonstrate that longitudinal-mode instabilities in a can-annular combustion system will preferentially emerge in the form of out-of-phase interactions. (C) 2020 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 15, 35]}
+{"token": "Daily Based Morgan-Morgan-Finney (DMMF) Model: A Spatially Distributed Conceptual Soil Erosion Model to Simulate Complex Soil Surface Configurations. In this paper, we present the Daily based Morgan-Morgan-Finney model. The main processes in this model are based on the Morgan-Morgan-Finney soil erosion model, and it is suitable for estimating surface runoff and sediment redistribution patterns in seasonal climate regions with complex surface configurations. We achieved temporal flexibility by utilizing daily time steps, which is suitable for regions with concentrated seasonal rainfall. We introduce the proportion of impervious surface cover as a parameter to reflect its impacts on soil erosion through blocking water infiltration and protecting the soil from detachment. Also, several equations and sequences of sub-processes are modified from the previous model to better represent physical processes. From the sensitivity analysis using the Sobol' method, the DMMF model shows the rational response to the input parameters which is consistent with the result from the previous versions. To evaluate the model performance, we applied the model to two potato fields in South Korea that had complex surface configurations using plastic covered ridges at various temporal periods during the monsoon season. Our new model shows acceptable performance for runoff and the sediment loss estimation (NSE >= 0.63, vertical bar PBIAS vertical bar <= 17.00, and RSR <= 0.57). Our findings demonstrate that the DMMF model is able to predict the surface runoff and sediment redistribution patterns for cropland with complex surface configurations.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Measurement of Multi-segment Foot Joint Angles During Gait Using a Wearable System. Usually the measurement of multi-segment foot and ankle complex kinematics is done with stationary motion capture devices which are limited to use in a gait laboratory. This study aimed to propose and validate a wearable system to measure the foot and ankle complex joint angles during gait in daily conditions, and then to investigate its suitability for clinical evaluations. The foot and ankle complex consisted of four segments (shank, hindfoot, forefoot, and toes), with an inertial measurement unit (3D gyroscopes and 3D accelerometers) attached to each segment. The angles between the four segments were calculated in the sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes using a new algorithm combining strap-down integration and detection of low-acceleration instants. To validate the joint angles measured by the wearable system, three subjects walked on a treadmill for five minutes at three different speeds. A camera-based stationary system that used a cluster of markers on each segment was used as a reference. To test the suitability of the system for clinical evaluation, the joint angle ranges were compared between a group of 10 healthy subjects and a group of 12 patients with ankle osteoarthritis, during two 50-m walking trials where the wearable system was attached to each subject. On average, over all joints and walking speeds, the RMS differences and correlation coefficients between the angular curves obtained using the wearable system and the stationary system were 1 deg and 0.93, respectively. Moreover, this system was able to detect significant alteration of foot and ankle function between the group of patients with ankle osteoarthritis and the group of healthy subjects. In conclusion, this wearable system was accurate and suitable for clinical evaluation when used to measure the multi-segment foot and ankle complex kinematics during long-distance walks in daily life conditions. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4006674]", "label": [1, 4, 15, 42]}
+{"token": "Organisational Drivers and Challenges in Circular Economy Implementation: An Issue Life Cycle Approach. Business is a significant cause of various global sustainability challenges addressed by the Circular Economy (CE), making companies instrumental in the transition from a linear economic model to a circular one. While drivers and challenges in corporate CE implementation have been researched on an organisational level, a more detailed understanding is needed regarding their contextual nature and interplay with the evolution of CE implementation in a company. Utilising issue life cycle theory, this study contributes to the literature on CE implementation in business by displaying differences in corporate CE implementation drivers and challenges, relating to the time since starting, and the degree of corporate CE implementation. Moreover, it makes a significant contribution to issue life cycle theory by demonstrating how drivers and challenges can shape the progression of a corporate response to an issue. This understanding is crucial in identifying the right support mechanisms for companies in different phases of CE implementation.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "Putative extinction of two sawfish species in Mexico and the United States. All species of sawfish are listed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as endangered or critically endangered. In fact, the smalltooth sawfish Pristis pectinata, and the largetooth sawfish Pristis pristis, have been declared to be regionally and locally extinct from the US Atlantic coast and the Gulf of California, Mexico, respectively, likely due to overfishing. However, here we dispute these claims by illustrating how lack of existence of a given species within a region can be misconstrued as evidence for extinction.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Neighbourhood Governance: Contested Rationales within a Multi-Level Setting-A Study of Manchester. 'Neighbourhood' is a long standing concept in local governance which was re-energised as part of the post-1997 New Labour policy paradigm. This paper builds on the work of Lowndes and Sullivan which identified four distinct rationales for neighbourhood working-civic, social, political and economic. The utility of the framework is explored through primary research in Manchester, UK. The research shows that different rationales are held by actors at different locations within the complex system of multi-level governance within which neighbourhood policy is made and implemented. Neighbourhood approaches to urban regeneration exist within a congested governance environment. In Manchester, regeneration has been strongly driven by the self-styled 'Team Manchester' who have provided an urban entrepreneurial vision for change in the city. Significantly, however, interventions at the neighbourhood level have shown potential for creating opportunities for citizen and community dissent and empowerment not subsumed with the narrative of the entrepreneurial city. Lowndes and Sullivan's framework provides important analytical building blocks and illuminating tools for understanding neighbourhood approaches. This research points to the merit of a dynamic approach recognising competing perspectives and contested agendas.", "label": [5, 52, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "Identifying international research cooperation capabilities in information and communication technologies. This paper presents a methodological approach to the identification of potential priority areas to support the creation of policies for research cooperation. The analysis of national research capabilities is an important prerequisite in the development of research policies, in particular for developing strategies for international collaboration. In the past, the identification of a country's research capabilities was often based on only a few indicators. Here a methodology is presented that takes a broad view of a country's research and technology base and applies it to Australia, New Zealand and Singapore. The methodology for the identification of research capabilities is based on a multi-dimensional approach that takes into account existing information and communication technologies research and technology development groups based on their size and quality, the interests of the researchers based on interviews and national industry characteristics to identify the economic collaboration potential in thematic areas.", "label": [5, 50, 52, 51]}
+{"token": "Heavy metals, welding fumes, and other occupational exposures, and the risk of kidney cancer: A population-based nested case-control study in three Nordic countries. Results: Overall, there was no or very little association between kidney cancer and exposures studied. The risk was elevated in individuals with high exposure to asbestos (OR 1.19, 95%CI 1.08-1.31). The risk was significantly decreased for individuals characterized with high perceived physical workload (OR 0.86, 95%CI 0.82-0.91), high exposure to ultraviolet radiation (OR 0.85, 95%CI 0.79-0.92), and high exposure to wood dust (OR 0.82, 95%CI 0.71-0.94). The risk of kidney cancer under the age of 59 was elevated in individuals with high exposure to nickel (OR 1.49, 95%CI 1.03-2.17). The risk of kidney cancer in age 59-74 years was elevated for individuals with high exposure to iron (OR 1.41, 95%CI 1.07-1.85), and high exposure to welding fumes (OR 1.43, 95%CI 1.09-1.89).Materials and methods: Nested case-control study among individuals registered in population censuses in Finland, Iceland, and Sweden in 1960-1990. A total of 59,778 kidney cancer cases, and 298,890 controls matched on sex, age, and country. Cumulative occupational exposures to metals (chromium (VI), iron, nickel, lead), welding fumes, and 24 other occupational exposure covariates, lagged 0, 10, and 20 years.Objectives: To determine whether occupational exposure to heavy metals (chromium (VI), iron, nickel, lead) and welding fumes is associated with the risk of kidney cancer and to describe whether other occupational exposures included in the Job Exposure Matrix of the Nordic Occupational Cancer (NOCCA) study are associated with the risk.Conclusions: The only markedly elevated risks of kidney cancer were seen for the highest exposures of nickel and iron/welding fumes in specific age strata.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "Biosemiotic aspects of consciousness - In search of signs of life and their connection to consciousness as a telonomical principle. As much as philosophy, science has wanted to explain human consciousness as the product of biological processes. Intelligence, intuition, knowledge, emotions, the ability to reason, perception, among other integrated capacities in our psycho-biological experience, accompany us ontogenetically and phylogenetically. But there is no consensus regarding the origin of consciousness. Whether understood from a scientific or philosophical point of view, it no longer seems possible to attribute consciousness solely to human beings, as if ethology were able to access organisms at the cellular and molecular levels and thereby establish a comparative ethology. We will occupy ourselves with the living being in its entirety in order to determine very concrete aspects of perceiving the surroundings,, the umwelt of Jacob von Uexkull. This article treats neural-biosemiotic features which can direct us to signs or signals that suggest consciousness or to characteristics which pertain to the transmission of information and their subsequent response. We will speak of modern biosemiotics, with regard to the signals that stimulate information in cellular machines, in order to transcend the sense of the cellular machine, when signs of perception exist, as much as for its self-organization as for its environment (the emergence of consciousness). For this we will focus on the biophysics of microtubules; (Hameroff- Penrose) and of the biophotons applied to the synaptic processes of the brain (Fritz Albert Popp).", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic waste over zeolite- and sodium-based catalysts for enhanced yields of hydrocarbon products. Ex-situ co-pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse pith and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was investigated over zeolite-based catalysts using a tandem micro-reactor at an optimised temperature of 700 degrees C. A combination of zeolite (HZSM-5) and sodium carbonate/gamma-alumina served as effective catalysts for 18% more oxygen removal than HZSM-5 alone. The combined catalysts led to improved yields of aromatic (8.7%) and olefinic (6.9%) compounds. Carbon yields of 20.3% total aromatics, 18.3% BTXE (benzene, toluene, xylenes and ethylbenzene), 17% olefins, and 7% phenols were achieved under optimal conditions of 700 degrees C, a pith (biomass) to PET ratio of 4 and an HZSM-5 to sodium carbonate/gamma-alumina ratio of 5. The catalytic presence of sodium prevented coke formation, which has been a major cause of deactivation of zeolite catalysts during co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastics. This finding indicates that the catalyst combination as well as biomass/plastic mixtures used in this work can lead to both high yields of valuable aromatic chemicals and potentially, extended catalyst life time. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 52]}
+{"token": "Characterisation of a potyvirus and a potexvirus from Chinese scallion. Molecular analyses of viruses infecting Chinese scallion (Allium chinense G. Don) showed that the plants did not contain any of the poty-, carla- or allexiviruses that are common in garlic plants in China. The complete sequences of a potyvirus and a potexvirus were determined and these were shown to represent different viruses from any in the databases. They could be transmitted mechanically to scallion but not to other Allium species (including garlic) or to Narcissus. The potyvirus, tentatively named Scallion mosaic virus, has a distant relationship (c. 62% nucleotide identity over the entire genome) to Turnip mosaic virus and Japanese),am mosaic virus, with which it grouped in phylogenetic analyses. Its genome is 9324 nts long, encoding a 341.3 kDa polyprotein of 3001 amino acids. The potexvirus, tentatively named Scallion virus X, has a genome 6987 nts long and its organisation was similar to that of the other potexviruses but with only 46.3-63.2% nucleotides identical to them. It is most closely related to Narcissus mosaic virus but phylogenetic analyses indicate that it should be considered a distinct species. Neither of the viruses have been detected in garlic, although the two host plants are closely related.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Limb Event Brightenings and Fast Ejection Using IRIS Mission Observations. The Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) of the recently commissioned NASA small explorer mission provides significantly more complete and higher resolution spectral coverage of the dynamical conditions inside the chromosphere and transition region (TR) than has been available ever before. High temporal, spatial () and spectral resolution observations from the ultraviolet IRIS spectra near the solar limb reveal high-energy limb event brightenings (LEBs) at low chromospheric heights at about 1 Mm above the limb. They can be characterized as explosive events producing jets. We selected two events showing spectra of a confined eruption just off or near the quiet-Sun limb, the jet part showing obvious moving material with short-duration large Doppler shifts in three directions that were identified as macrospicules on slit-jaw (SJ) images in Si iv and He ii 304 . The events were analyzed from a sequence of very close rasters taken near the central meridian and the South Pole limb. We analyzed the processed SJ images and the simultaneously observed fast spectral sequences, which have large Doppler shifts, with a pair of redshifted elements together with a faster blueshifted element from almost the same position. Shifts correspond to velocities of up to in projection on the plane of the sky. Erupting spicules and macrospicules from these regions are visible in images taken before and after the spectra. The cool low first ionization potential (FIP) element simultaneous line emissions of the Mg ii h and k resonance lines do not clearly show a similar signature because of optical thickness effects, but the Si iv broadband SJ images do. The bidirectional plasma jets ejected from a small reconnection site are interpreted to be the result of coronal loop-loop interactions that lead to reconnection in nearby sites.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Depletion of VOC in wastewater by vacuum membrane distillation using a dual-layer membrane: mechanism of mass transfer and selectivity. In this paper, volatile organic compound (VOC) removal by vacuum membrane distillation with a dual-layer membrane was studied. The mass transfer mechanism and VOC selectivity of the dual-layer membrane for VOC removal were compared with that of the PTFE membrane, for which the separation relied on the liquid-vapour equilibrium of VOCs in water. The VOC mass transfer across the dual-layer membrane could not be completely described by Raoult's law, which is applicable for the performance of the PTFE membrane. The maximum VOC selectivity of the dual-layer membrane was about 4.6 times that of the PTFE membrane. It is proposed that the increase of organic selectivity is related to the reduced water content in the hydrophilic polyurethane layer, in which organic adsorption decreased the hydrophilicity of the pores. The VOC selectivity of the dual-layer membrane declined as the vacuum pressure and/or temperature increased due to the linear/exponential increase of water flux and almost constant organic flux. The dual layer hydrophilic-hydrophobic membrane swelled slightly when in contact with the synthetic organic solution during the membrane distillation (MD) process but showed good resistance to wetting, which is an important feature for practical application of the membrane for treatment of wastewater containing volatile organic compounds.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Impacts of seawater desalination on the giant Australian cuttlefish Sepia apama in the upper Spencer Gulf, South Australia. With seawater desalination expanding rapidly, it is important that ecological studies are undertaken to determine the effects of brine discharge on the marine species in the area. The abundance of giant Australian cuttlefish (Sepia apama, Gray 1849) eggs and environmental data were recorded at nine sites near Point Lowly, Spencer Gulf, South Australia, an area where the largest desalination plant in the Southern hemisphere is proposed. In addition, the effects of different concentrations of desalination brine on the growth, Survival and condition Of Cuttlefish embryos were investigated. The primary egg-laying sites for the cuttlefish were in the vicinity of Stony Point (sites 4 and 3) and the area with the least egg abundance was on the eastern and western areas around Point Lowly (sites 9 and 7) where no eggs were found. The survival of embryos decreased with an increase in salinity, with no embryos surviving to full term in salinities greater than 50 parts per thousand. Mean weight and mantle length also decreased with increasing salinity. Besides elevated salinity, the brine also had increased concentrations of Ba, Ca, K, Sr and Mg relative to water near Point Lowly. Brine discharge from seawater desalination poses a potential threat to the unique spawning aggregation of the giant Australian Cuttlefish, in the upper Spencer Gulf, South Australia. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 22, 45, 52]}
+{"token": "On the Use of Animals in Contemporary Art: Damien Hirst's 'Abject Art' as a Point of Departure. Contemporary artists inclined to integrate animal elements into their works previously justified animal art as a means of reframing thought about life and ethics. But it is debatable whether the juxtaposition of animal and art is simply a gimmick. Damien Hirst's animal installations, for example, have garnered both widespread acclaim and controversy. Do Hirst's displays of animal carcasses amount, at best, to so-called \\\\'abject art,\\\\' or does the auratic perception they evoke serve to catalyze reflexive thoughts on ethics? Investigating Hirst's animal works, this paper not only seeks to arrive at a better understanding of his oeuvre but also discusses the function of animal death in contemporary art. In the first two sections, Lacanian gaze and Benjaminian aura are drawn upon to explore whether eye-catching art is particularly thought-provoking and more likely to stimulate ethical thinking. The third section inquires into whether some of Hirst's works are capable of evoking the auratic gaze; and if so, under what conditions do those works cease to be auratic and become abject? The last section compares the works of Hirst and Mark Fairnington to investigate how the auratic gaze emerging from artwork propels us to confront questions of life and ethics without remaining silent on the theme of animal concern.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "The Story of the Textbook by F.Ye. Vasilyuk Psychotechnique of Experiencing (A Cultural-Historical Essay). The article focuses on one of the first experiences of applying psychology to solving practical tasks, moreover on the scale of an entire country, in the framework of the project \\\\'Practical Psychology of Creativity\\\\', the idea of which originated in 1989. That was also the first experience of distance psychological counseling of several thousand people on the basis of specially designed for this course tutorials which included \\\\'Psychotechnique of Experiencing\\\\' by F.Ye. Vasilyuk and two more manuals: \\\\'Autogenic Training\\\\' by N. N. Petrov and \\\\'If the Situation Seems Irresolvable...\\\\' by V.K. Zaretsky. The objective of this article is to show through the analysis of less known episodes of F. Vasilyuk's biography the initial milestones of the movement towards overcoming the schism between academic psychology and psychological practice which was described by him later.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "The Need for Simulation in Complex Industrial Systems. We discuss the concept of simulation and its application in the resolution of problems in complex industrial systems. Most problems of serious scale, be it an inventory problem, a production and distribution problem, a management of resources or process improvement, all real world problems require a mix of generic, data algorithmic and Ad-hoc solutions making the best of available information. We describe two projects in which analytical solutions were applied or contemplated. The first case study uses linear programming in the optimal allocation of advertising resources by a major internet service provider. The second study, in a series of projects, analyses options for the expansion of the production and distribution network of mining products, as part of a sensitive strategic business review. Using the examples, we make the case for the need of simulation in complex industrial problems where analytical solutions may be attempted but where the size and complexity of the problem forces a Monte Carlo approach.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Comic relief: Subversion and catharsis in organizational comedic theatre. There has been a growth of interest in the role of humour in organizations from both practitioner and academic perspectives. Various claims for the functionality of humour have been made, ranging from stress reduction to helping form and cement corporate cultures. Latching on to these presumed benefits, businesses and consultants have begun to employ humour and comedy in a direct and explicit manner. However, there is a counterpoint, which suggests that humour cannot always be managed and in fact has subversive qualities. This article addresses the issue of the subversive potential of comedy in organizational contexts. It draws illustratively on the case of a successful corporate comedian to do so. The article argues, through an analysis of the case, the history and philosophy of comedy, and theories of the comedic, that while comedy has inherent subversive potential, it most often is contained. Indeed, it suggests that comedy works by intruding as a potential threat to mundane reality, but offers comic relief when it is apparent that the threat will not be actualized and the status quo ante prevails. Implications for using corporate comedy are drawn..", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Hemopure transfusion in a child with severe anemia. A 23-month-old girl presented with heart failure from extremely severe sickle cell anemia. The family refused blood transfusion on religious grounds ( Jehovah's Witness). Alternative options acceptable to this religion, such as iron, erythropoietin, or folic acid were rejected as useless in the particular situation of the child. The patient was transfused with Hemopure, a product that consists of polymerized bovine hemoglobin. This is the first case reported in the literature of a child transfused, in an emergency situation, with this product.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Use of an Extensile Posterior Approach to the Elbow Joint: Early Results of the Anconeus Approach. Commonly used surgical approaches to the elbow typically limit the surgeon to either medial or lateral exposure, can provide visualization limited by an intact radial head, and may not be extensile. We describe the use of a well recognized, but uncommonly used, extensile approach to the medial and lateral compartments of the elbow joint. This approach provides access to address pathology of the proximal radius, ulna, and the distal humerus and can be made extensile both proximally and distally. The anconeus approach is easy to perform and well tolerated by patients. A retrospective review of 42 patients is included.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 52]}
+{"token": "Heavenly Adam' and Jewish Kabbalah in the European religious and philosophical thought of the late 17th - early 18th centuries. The article analyzes various interpretations of the concept of the primordial archetypal man (Heb. Adam Kadmon), borrowed by European thinkers of the 17th - early 18th centuries from the tradition of Jewish mysticism (Kabbalah). The European authors who had acquainted themselves with this idea through contacts with kabbalists, their writings and translations of their works actively used it in developing their own views. Drawing a parallel between Adam Kadmon and the \\\\'eternal Christ\\\\', in the image of which the world and man were created, these thinkers sought to substantiate the idea of the unity of mankind and the Church, as well as the possibility of universal salvation. Adam Kadmon, or \\\\'the eternal Christ\\\\' is understood by them as \\\\'a single source, or the only reason for all creation\\\\', \\\\'the perfect reason for all perfect reasons\\\\'. The ideas adopted by European authors from Kabbalah had a significant impact on their understanding of the nature of the Trinity and its hypostases as modes of a single substance, as well as on a metaphysical explanation of the imperfection of the world and the meaning of the Incarnation as the restoration of the original perfect figure of the eternal Man.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Dynamics of lying. We propose a dynamic logic of lying, wherein a 'lie that ' (where is a formula in the logic) is an action in the sense of dynamic modal logic, that is interpreted as a state transformer relative to the formula . The states that are being transformed are pointed Kripke models encoding the uncertainty of agents about their beliefs. Lies can be about factual propositions but also about modal formulas, such as the beliefs of other agents or the belief consequences of the lies of other agents. We distinguish two speaker perspectives: (Obs) an outside observer who is lying to an agent that is modelled in the system, and (Ag) an agent who is lying to another agent, and where both are modelled in the system. We distinguish three addressee perspectives: (Cred) the credulous agent who believes everything that it is told (even at the price of inconsistency), (Skep) the skeptical agent who only believes what it is told if that is consistent with its current beliefs, and (Rev) the belief revising agent who believes everything that it is told by consistently revising its current, possibly conflicting, beliefs. The logics have complete axiomatizations, which can most elegantly be shown by way of their embedding in what is known as action model logic or in the extension of that logic to belief revision.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
+{"token": "Growth dynamics, climate sensitivity and water use efficiency in pure vs. mixed pine and beech stands in Trentino (Italy). Understanding to what extent species mixtures modify the growth of trees and their responses to climate, in comparison with pure stands, is important to support forest adaptation and mitigation strategies. In this sense, information stored in tree rings can be useful to evaluate whether the positive relationship between species diversity and tree productivity holds true under disturbance (e.g., drought). This paper aimed at assessing (i) how radial growth of trees responded to local variation in climate patterns (Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index; SPED, and (ii) whether there was a relationship with intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) and tree-ring 8180 in two important tree species, occurring in pure and mixed forest stands. Three sites with similar topographic and pedo-climatic conditions were identified in a single location in the Italian Alps. The first two are characterized by pure stands, respectively dominated by European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Scots pine (Pines sylvestris L.). The third site refers to a mixed stand of both previous species. In particular, in order to assess the annual changes in WUEi, we analysed delta C-18 in tree rings. The influence of the stomatal conductance was also investigated through delta O-18. Our results indicated that: (i) Basal Area Increments (BAI) consistently increased in all stands except for the pure Scots pine stand, in the 1994-2003 period; (ii) SPEI highlighted a drought period between 1991 and 2007 (62.2% of the average precipitation); and (iii) the WUEi values were generally higher in pure than in mixed stands, especially for European beech. The divergence between BAI and SPEI values in the 1990s and early 2000s could be a consequence of moderate thinning. We conclude that past forest management (namely thinning) can be more influential on tree growth than current climatic oscillations.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Coffee tourism in Portugal: an attraction case study. Purpose - This paper aims to demonstrate how attractions and experiences associated with coffee can contribute to dissemination and knowledge of its culture and to the development of coffee tourism in Portugal.Originality/value - This study contributes to expanding the knowledge on coffee tourism, an under-explored field of study, particularly in Portugal, where to the authors knowledge, there is no applied research within this scope.Findings - Results indicate that this type of attraction can be used to disseminate coffee culture by providing differentiating and enriching experiences to tourists, and most importantly, by developing tourism in a sustainable way.Design/methodology/approach - A case study methodology is applied, focusing on the Coffee Science Centre - Delta Interpretation, Scientific and Technological Promotion and Tourism Promotion Centre (CCC).", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "A novel method to measure the C-13 composition of intact bacteriohopanepolyols. We present a novel method to measure the C-13/C-12 isotope ratio (reported as delta C-13) of individual, intact bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs) using semi-preparative ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography (UPLC) followed by high temperature gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (HT-GC-IRMS). The method is reproducible, as indicated by the precision of delta C-13 values for bacteriohopanetetrol (BHT) extracted from R. palustris biomass and analyzed across an order-of-magnitude range of IRMS peak areas (delta C-13 = -33.4 +/- 0.6 parts per thousand VPDB, n = 94, +/- 1 sigma). To show that this method successfully separates individual BHPs from complex environmental matrices, we report delta C-13 values for BHT and the BHT stereoisomer (BHT-II) from a ca. 2.9 Ma, organic-rich Mediterranean Sea sediment sample. These analyses suggest that intact BHP delta C-13 measurements can greatly improve the interpretation of environmental signals by alleviating the need for side-chain cleavage which reduces BHP source-specificity. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Pathology of human malignant mesothelioma - Preliminary analysis of 1,517 mesothelioma cases. The author reviewed 1,517 human malignant mesothelioma cases from 1975 through August 2000, These mesothelioma cases were definite or probable in diagnostic certainty. Sources of these cases varied including asbestos insulation workers, UNARCO workers, Cancer and Leukemia B mesothelioma panel cases and random cases, Pathology materials consisted of autopsy, biopsy and rare cytology specimens. 92.3% of these patients were male, and 85.8% were between 50 and 79 years in age. The major primary site of the tumor was the pleura (73.1%). However, in a group of the asbestos insulation workers, the peritoneum was the more common primary site of malignant mesothelioma, compared to the pleura, Histologically, epithelial cell type was the majority (61.1%), followed by biphasic (22.1%) and fibrosarcomatous (16.4%). A double primary tumor (malignant mesothelioma associated with other cancer) was present in 32 of the 1,517 cases. These 32 cancers included lung cancers, renal cell carcinomas, colorectal cancers, pancreatic cancers and a cancer of the larynx, which are known to be at higher risk among asbestos insulation workers. The latency period of the vast majority (98.1%) of these mesothelioma cases were longer than 20 years. It is well accepted that cigarette smoking does not contribute to the induction of malignant mesothelioma, Indeed, the present study confirmed that 19.9% of these mesothelioma patients had never smoked cigarettes.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "Linear stability analysis of a time-divergent slamming flow. When a liquid slams into a solid, the intermediate gas is squeezed out at a speed that diverges when approaching the moment of impact. Although there is mounting experimental evidence that instabilities form on the liquid interface during such an event, understanding of the nature of these instabilities is limited. This study therefore addresses the stability of a liquid-gas interface with surface tension, subject to a diverging flow in the gas phase, where the liquid and the gas phase are both represented as potential fluids. We perform a Kelvin-Helmholtz-type linear modal stability analysis of the surface to obtain an amplitude equation that is subsequently analysed in detail and applied to two cases of interest for impact problems, namely, the parallel impact of a wave onto a vertical wall, and the impact of a horizontal plate onto a liquid surface. In both cases we find that long wavelengths are stabilised considerably in comparison with what may be expected based upon classical knowledge of the stability of interfaces subject to a constant gas flow. In the former case, this leads to the prediction of a marginally stable wavelength that is completely absent in the classical analysis. For the latter we find much resemblance to the classical case, with the connotation that the instability is suppressed for smaller disk sizes. The study ends with a discussion of the influence of gas viscosity and gas compressibility on the respective stability diagrams.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Causes of needlestick injuries in three healthcare settings: analysis of accident notifications registered six months after the implementation of EU Directive 2010/32/EU in Germany. Aims: To examine the epidemiology of NSIs among HCWs in hospitals, doctor's offices and in-and outpatient care; to collect information on the causes of the accidents when safetyengineered devices (SEDs) are used; and to compare the results with the main principles of TRBA 250.Methods: The survey was based on HCWs' compensation claims for NSIs, as notified within a four-week period in November 2014. Detailed information on the NSI was collected by telephone interview.Findings: In total, 533 HCWs participated. Subcutaneous needles were most often involved in NSIs, regardless of the healthcare setting (39% of all NSIs). Insulin pens were involved in 48% of NSIs in in-and outpatient care. Disposal of sharps devices accounted for 38% of the injuries. SEDs were used in 20% of NSIs. Lack of activation was the most important cause of failure when SEDs were used.Background: Needlestick injuries (NSIs) are the most common cause of sharps injuries and pose a serious risk to healthcare workers (HCWs). In 2014, `Technical rule for biological agents in healthcare and welfare facilities' (TRBA 250) was modified in Germany in order to promote the prevention of sharps injuries.Conclusion: Despite the binding recommendations of TRBA 250, more efforts are needed to increase the experience of HCWs in terms of working with SEDs. All professional groups must be encouraged to be more aware of the risks associated with sharps disposal. Safe handling practices for disposal of insulin pens are needed in in-and outpatient care settings. (C) 2016 The Healthcare Infection Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 25, 24]}
+{"token": "Who Violates The Principles of Political Liberalism?: Religion, Restraint, and the Decision to Reject Same-Sex Marriage. Recent debates in political theory have seen political liberals advocate and defend a doctrine of restraint, according to which citizens may not rely solely on religious reasons when supporting their favored public policies. This debate notwithstanding, very rarely have social scientists assessed the extent to which citizens actually violate this doctrine. This article evaluates the \\\\'political decision-making\\\\' model of political liberalism. Data from a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults are used to test this model for legalization of same-sex marriage. Our analyses show that while only a very small percentage of U.S. support this policy solely on the basis of their religious convictions, roughly a quarter oppose it for religious reasons alone. Furthermore, we find that higher levels of religious service attendance and importance of religious faith as well as affiliation with evangelical and black Protestantism significantly increase the likelihood of same-sex marriage opposition entirely on religious grounds.", "label": [3, 5, 54, 33]}
+{"token": "Assessment of interactions between components of fungicide mixtures against Monilinia fructicola. Mixtures of fungicides with different modes of action can exhibit synergism, i.e. an inhibition of pathogen growth above that expected from independent action of the mixture components. Two-way mixtures of commercial formulations of propiconazole with either benomyl, captan, chlorothalonil, cyprodinil or vinclozolin were evaluated in vitro for potential synergism in inhibiting Monilinia fructicola, the causal agent of blossom blight and brown rot of stone fruits. Propiconazole was emphasized because of its widespread use and the recent detection of isolates of M. fructicola with reduced sensitivity to this fungicide. Experiments included each active ingredient at low, medium and high concentrations in all possible pairwise combinations. Inhibition of radial growth of two isolates of M. fructicola was not significantly different (P > 0.01) from that predicted by a simple model of independent action for any of the fungicide-concentration combinations, indicating absence of synergism between active ingredients. Results were similar when mixtures of propiconazole with either benomyl, chlorothalonil or cyprodinil were evaluated on peach fruit treated with fungicide. While fungicide mixtures are useful in delaying the development of fungicide resistance, they are unlikely to be used in practice unless synergistic interactions allow for applications at reduced concentrations. The absence of synergism suggests little incentive exists for favoring propiconazole-based fungicide mixtures over a rotating schedule of fungicides for control of and resistance management in M. fructicola. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Hierarchy of human rights treaty: analysis jurisprudential from the method of cases. The Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile does not have a rule that establish which the hierarchy of treaties is in general and treaties about Human Rights in particular. For this reason, it should be determined the range by the interpretation of Article 5.2 of the Fundamental Charter. The task of interpretation is a work for all the organs of State but especially for the courts of justice. The national jurisprudence has been incorporating to the internal legal ordering the rules and principles from the International Human Rights Law, recognizing in the last time hierarchy supralegal and even constitutional to the Human Rights Treaties.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 54]}
+{"token": "Existence results for second order boundary value problems using the barrier strip technique. Using barrier strip type arguments we investigate the existence of solutions of the boundary value problem x '' = f(t, x), t is an element of (0, 1), x(0) = A, x' (1) = 0, where the scalar function f(t, x) may be singular at x = A.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Relativism-a Pervasive Feature of the Contemporary Western World?. What is relativism? Why should we (or should we not) adopt a relativistic stance towards what we and others hold to be true about the world? And how did relativism come to be such a pervasive feature of the contemporary Western world? These are questions which I address in this paper. To relativize is to maintain that what is true-and not merely what is taken to be true-is dependent upon (is relative to) group, community, society, culture and the like and is not simply true in a universal way; that is, the same everywhere and for everyone. This is the Relativist Thesis. This thesis, in combination with some of the other theses concerning relativism, in particular the Expansionist Thesis-the idea that the scope of what is relative is significantly greater than what has previously been thought-makes the refutation of relativism much harder than philosophers in general have commonly assumed.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 52, 32]}
+{"token": "Research on the Mechanism of Surfactant Warm Mix Asphalt Additive-Based on Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Warm mix asphalt (WMA) technology can bring certain environmental and technical benefits through reducing the temperature of production, paving, and compaction of mixture asphalt. Recent studies have shown that some WMA additives are able to reduce the temperature by increasing the lubricating properties of asphalt binder-based on the tribological theory, this paper studied the mechanism of adsorbing and lubricating film of base asphalt and WMA on the surface of stone by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation method, and the effect of surfactant WMA additive on the lubrication performance of the shear friction system of \\\\'stone-asphalt-stone \\\\'. The model of base asphalt lubricating film, including saturates, aromatics, resin and asphaltene, as well as the model of warm mix asphalt lubricating film containing imidazoline-type surfactant WMA (IMDL WMA) additive molecule, were established. The shear friction system of \\\\'stone-asphalt-stone \\\\' of base asphalt and warm mix asphalt was built on the basis of an asphalt lubrication film model and representative calcite model. The results show that the addition of IMDL WMA additive can effectively improve the lubricity of asphalt, reduce the shear stress of asphalt lubricating film, and increase the stability of asphalt film. The temperature in the WMA lubricating film rises, while the adsorption energy on the stone surface decreases with the increase of shear rate, indicating that the higher the shear rate is, the more unfavorable it is for the WMA lubricating film to wrap on the stone surface. In addition, the shear stress of the WMA lubricating film decreased with increasing temperature, while the shear stress of the base asphalt lubricating film increased first and then decreased, demonstrating that the compactability of the asphalt mixture did not improve linearly with the increase of temperature.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Quartz grains reveal sedimentary palaeoenvironment and past storm events: A case study from eastern Baltic. During drier and colder conditions, an influx of sand with aeolian imprint was delivered to the lake between 8500 and 7800 cal yr BR. Marine and terrestrial conditions alternated between 7800 and 6000 cal yr BR Storm-induced grains were likely deposited three times: at 7300 cal yr BP, 6600 6400 cal yr BP, and 6200-6000 cal yr BP. Overall stable marine environmental conditions prevailed between 6000 and 4000 cal yr BP except of the last portion of terrestrial-induced sediment at 4100 cal yr BP. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Sediment record collected from the coastal lake serves as a powerful tool for reconstructing changes in palaeoenvironment and understanding the potential signals of past storminess. In this study, we use several proxies from sediment of the Holocene Thermal Maximum at coastal Lake Lilaste, Latvia. We focus on surface texture of quartz grains from the mineral inorganic fraction as indicators of depositional environments. We then use this as a proxy for potential storm transport and combine with information on granulometry, diatom stratigraphy and chronology to answer the question whether flux of quartz grains in the lake originated from the sea or from the land. Analyses in a binocular and scanning electron microscope reveal that most of the investigated quartz grains originate from dwelling in the seawater and wave action in the nearshore zone. Grains representing very energetic subaqueous environment similar to storm events are also present. Terrestrial record is of minor significance and visible through occurrence of aeolian quartz grains.", "label": [4, 45, 39]}
+{"token": "Human Chances for Happiness: A Review of Freud's Civilization and Its Discontents. Sigmund Freud referred to his Civilization and Its Discontents (Freud 1930/1961) as an \\\\'inquiry concerning happiness.\\\\' In this article we discuss what he has to say about happiness. We focus on the reasons he gives for why lasting happiness is impossible to realize; his view that human beings tend to give precedence to the reduction of suffering over the desire for happiness; his suggestion that the best path to follow for what degrees of happiness are realizable depends on the individual; his view that pleasurable experiences are the basis for happiness and that no pleasures are comparable to that which occurs when one's love is reciprocated by the other; the importance he places on the conflict between genital love and aim-inhibited forms of libidinal connection; his view that civilization plays a doubtful role as far as the realization of personal happiness is concerned; and his view of the role that human aggression and the sense of guilt play in promoting the unhappiness of civilized people. We conclude by offering seven comments on Freud's views on the chance for human happiness.", "label": [3, 5, 55, 33]}
+{"token": "Selective separation of very fine particles at a planar air-water interface. Selective fine particle separation is a key unit operation in the mineral and related industries. In flotation, the capture of fine particles by bubbles is inefficient due to their low mass and momentum, which result in low particle-bubble collision efficiency. We demonstrate that it is possible to selectively separate a mixture of very fine hydrophobic graphite and hydrophilic quartz particles by direct contact with an air-water interface without a particle-bubble collision step involved, We demonstrate that it is possible to scale-up the process from a simple batch to a continuous process. Good selective separation of graphite from quartz gangue could be obtained under continuous conditions. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 13, 39]}
+{"token": "Locally uniformly rotund renormings of the spaces of continuous functions on Fedorchuk compacts. We show that C(X) admits an equivalent pointwise lower semicontinuous locally uniformly rotund norm provided X is a Fedorchuk compact of spectral height 3. In other words, X admits a fully closed map f onto a metric compact Y such that f(-1)(y) is metrizable for all y is an element of Y. A continuous map of compacts f : X -> Y is said to be fully closed if the intersection f (A) f (B) is finite for any disjoint closed subsets A, B subset of X. For instance, the projection of the lexicographic square onto the first factor is fully closed and all its fibers are homeomorphic to a closed interval. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Parental Communication, Engagement, and Support During the Adolescent Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Experience. Methods. We conducted 24 focus group discussions with parents/guardians of adolescents (N = 192) who agreed to be circumcised or were recently circumcised in South Africa, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. In addition, male adolescents (N = 1293) in South Africa (n = 299), Tanzania (n = 498), and Zimbabwe (n = 496) were interviewed about their VMMC experience within 7-10 days postprocedure. We estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) using multivariable Poisson regression with generalized estimating equations and robust standard errors.Background. Voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) is one of few opportunities in sub-Saharan Africa to engage male adolescents in the healthcare system. Limited data are available on the level of parental communication, engagement, and support adolescents receive during the VMMC experience.Results. Parents/guardians noted challenges and gaps in communicating with their sons about VMMC, especially when they did not accompany them to the clinic. Adolescents aged 10-14 years were significantly more likely than 15- to 19-year-olds to report that their parent accompanied them to a preprocedure counseling session (56.5% vs 12.5%; P < .001). Among adolescents, younger age (aPR, 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], .76-.99) and rural setting (aPR, 0.34; 95% CI, .13-.89) were less likely to be associated with parental-adolescent communication barriers, while lower socioeconomic status (aPR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.00-1.87), being agnostic (or of a nondominant religion; aPR, 2.87; 95% CI, 2.21-3.72), and living in South Africa (aPR, 2.63; 95% CI, 1.29-4.73) were associated with greater perceived barriers to parental-adolescent communication about VMMC. Parents/guardians found it more difficult to be involved in wound care for older adolescents than for adolescents <15 years of age.Conclusions. Parents play a vital role in the VMMC experience, especially for younger male adolescents. Strategies are needed to inform parents completely throughout the VMMC adolescent experience, whether or not they accompany their sons to clinics.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "The Eternity of the Triune God: Preliminary Considerations on the Relationship between the Trinity and the Time of Creation. How may we avoid falling into the traps of representations of God as wholly timeless or enmeshed in creaturely time? What may be needed is a Trinitarian account which, in the footsteps of Basil of Caesarea and Calvin's proposals, articulates God's atemporal, eternal presence in time (God the Father), God's eternally temporal presence (the Son), and God's eternally perfecting relationship to creation in its created time (the Holy Spirit). By construing the Trinity not just causally, but as a conversation in which we are made participants, we might gain a richer understanding of God's eternity which, far from excluding time, takes it up within God's own life.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Sensitivity Calibrations of K- and L-shell X-ray Lines for Elemental Analysis of Air Particulate Samples Using a Handheld XRF Spectrometer. The portability, ease of use, relative lower cost of procurement and simple maintenance of a handheld X-ray fluorescence analyzer makes it a potential alternative for air particulate analysis especially in highly polluted and economically disadvantaged regions of the world. Thus, this study assessed the performance of such analyzer in characterizing aerosol laden filters. Spectra of Certified Reference Materials (NIST 2783 CRM for aerosol filters) measured with a handheld X-ray fluorescence analyzer were calibrated and fitted using iterative nonlinear least-square fitting procedure provided by the International Atomic Energy Agency-Quantitative X-ray Analysis System. Elemental sensitivity calibration curves, method detection limits, uncertainty estimates of K- and L- X-ray lines in the elemental range 18 < Z < 39 and 47 < Z < 83 respectively were determined for four excitation conditions [High (Hi), Main (Ma), Light (Li) and Low (Lo)]. Signal counts for K alpha and beta (Ni, Zn, Se) and L alpha and beta (Pt, Te, Au) lines of the CRM's were used to validate the analytical method. Concentrations values were evaluated for trueness and precision. Hi excitation condition has the least sensitivity (5 times less than Ma, 30-40 times less than Lo and more than 100 times lower than Li) within varying range of atomic number. However, Hi (R-2 = 0.99) and Ma (R-2 = 0.96) condition had the best overall trueness and precision score within an acceptable relative standard deviation <= 6% for the six CRM's evaluated.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Optical and Near-Infrared UBVRIJHK Photometry for the RR Lyrae Stars in the Nearby Globular Cluster M4 (NGC 6121). We present optical and near-infrared UBVRIJHK photometry of stars in the Galactic globular cluster M4 (NGC 6121) based upon a large corpus of observations obtained mainly from public astronomical archives. We concentrate on the RR Lyrae variable stars in the cluster, and make a particular effort to accurately reidentify the previously discovered variables. We have also discovered two new probable RR Lyrae variables in the M4 field: one of them by its position on the sky and its photometric properties is a probable member of the cluster, and the second is a probable background (bulge?) object. We provide accurate equatorial coordinates for all 47 stars identified as RR Lyraes, new photometric measurements for 46 of them, and new period estimates for 45. We have also derived accurate positions and mean photometry for 34 more stars previously identified as variable stars of other types, and for an additional five non-RR Lyrae variable stars identified for the first time here. We present optical and near-infrared color-magnitude diagrams for the cluster and show the locations of the variable stars in them. We present the Bailey (period-amplitude) diagrams and the period-frequency histogram for the RR Lyrae stars in M4 and compare them to the corresponding diagrams for M5 (NGC 5904). We conclude that the RR Lyrae populations in the two clusters are quite similar in all the relevant properties that we have considered. The mean periods, pulsation-mode ratios, and Bailey diagrams of these two clusters show support for the recently proposed \\\\'Oosterhoff-neutral\\\\' classification.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "The Structural Neuroanatomy of Metacognitive Insight in Schizophrenia and Its Psychopathological and Neuropsychological Correlates. Lack of insight into illness is a multidimensional phenomenon that has relevant implications on clinical course and therapy compliance. Here, we focused on metacognitive insight in schizophrenia, that is, the ability to monitor one's changes in state of mind and sensations, with the aim of investigating its neuroanatomical, psychopathological, and neuropsychological correlates. Fifty-seven consecutive patients with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition, Text Revision) diagnosis of schizophrenia were administered the Insight Scale, and comprehensive psychopathological and neuropsychological batteries. They underwent a high-resolution T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging investigation. Gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volumes were analyzed on a voxel-by-voxel basis using Statistical Parametric Mapping 8. Reduced metacognitive insight was related to reduced GM volumes in the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and insula, and bilateral premotor area and putamen. Further, it was related to reduced WM volumes of the right superior longitudinal fasciculum, left corona radiata, left forceps minor, and bilateral cingulum. Increased metacognitive insight was related to increased depression severity and attentional control impairment, while the latter was related to increased GM volumes in brain areas linked to metacognitive insight. Results of this study suggest that prefrontal GM and WM bundles, all implied in cognitive control and self-reflection, may be the neuroanatomical correlates of metacognitive insight in schizophrenia. Further, higher metacognitive insight is hypothesized to be a risk factor for depression which may subsequently impair attention. This line of research may provide the basis for the development of cognitive interventions aimed at improving self-monitoring and compliance to treatment. (C) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "Structural Characterization of Cuta- and Tusavirus: Insight into Protoparvoviruses Capsid Morphology. Several members of theProtoparvovirusgenus, capable of infecting humans, have been recently discovered, including cutavirus (CuV) and tusavirus (TuV). To begin the characterization of these viruses, we have used cryo-electron microscopy and image reconstruction to determine their capsid structures to similar to 2.9 angstrom resolution, and glycan array and cell-based assays to identify glycans utilized for cellular entry. Structural comparisons show that the CuV and TuV capsids share common features with other parvoviruses, including an eight-stranded anti-parallel beta-barrel, depressions at the icosahedral 2-fold and surrounding the 5-fold axes, and a channel at the 5-fold axes. However, the viruses exhibit significant topological differences in their viral protein surface loops. These result in three separated 3-fold protrusions, similar to the bufaviruses also infecting humans, suggesting a host-driven structure evolution. The surface loops contain residues involved in receptor binding, cellular trafficking, and antigenic reactivity in other parvoviruses. In addition, terminal sialic acid was identified as the glycan potentially utilized by both CuV and TuV for cellular entry, with TuV showing additional recognition of poly-sialic acid and sialylated Lewis X (sLeXLeXLeX) motifs reported to be upregulated in neurotropic and cancer cells, respectively. These structures provide a platform for annotating the cellular interactions of these human pathogens.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Size and political trust: evidence from Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, and the United Kingdom. This paper deals with two questions on the relations between the size of political systems and political trust. First, does citizens' trust in national elected officials differ from their trust in local elected officials? Second, what is the relationship between citizens' trust in elected local government officials and the size of local government units? These questions were answered on the basis of survey data from Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway and the United Kingdom. We found that trust in local officeholders is typically and often considerably higher than trust in national politicians. Moreover, the evidence from these four countries suggests that size of municipality has a modest negative effect on political trust. Further evidence suggests that this negative effect is the result of a tendency of citizens in small municipalities to be more satisfied with their local government than residents in large units. This further evidence also shows that whatever its origins (intensive personal relations or a dense network of civil organisations) social trust is not vital for an adequate understanding of political trust.", "label": [5, 52, 51]}
+{"token": "Autism as Gradual Sensorimotor Difference: From Enactivism to Ethical Inclusion. Autism research is increasingly moving to a view centred around sensorimotor atypicalities instead of traditional, ethically problematical, views predicated on social-cognitive deficits. We explore how an enactivist approach to autism illuminates how social differences, stereotypically associated with autism, arise from such sensorimotor atypicalities. Indeed, in a state space description, this can be taken as a skewing of sensorimotor variables that influences social interaction and so also enculturation and habituation. We argue that this construal leads to autism being treated on a par with other sensorimotor atypicalities such as blindness or atypical height. This leads to our conclusion that, insofar there is an ethical call to inclusion in our public sphere regardless of contingent bodily difference, an enactivist take on autism naturally leads to extending such inclusion to autism. Moreover, our analysis suggests a concrete way forward to achieve inclusion of autistics: by being more attentive to autistic sensorimotor specifics.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "The complete mitochondrial genome of major malaria vector Anopheles anthropophagus (Diptera: Culicidae) in China. Anopheles anthropophagus (Xu and Feng 1975) is the major vector of malaria in Eastern and Southern China. The species An. anthropophagus is considered a synonym of An. lesteri (Baisas & Hu, 1936), although they differ in several key biological characteristics. Here, we report the complete mitochondrial genome of An. anthropophagus for the first time. The mitogenome of An. anthropophagus is a typical circular, double-stranded molecule with a total length of 15,413 base pairs, and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and an AT-rich control region. A phylogenetic analysis of the complete mitogenomes of 16 species of Anopheles (Culicidae) revealed that An. anthropophagus is closely related to An. sinensis (Wiedemann 1828), in the family Culicidae. The An. anthropophagus mitogenome provides new data for further taxonomic and phylogenetic studies of the genus Anopheles.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Exhibiting Growth: Producing State-Market Hybridity in China's Museum Industry. As China's growth slows, the government targets high-value-added services for development. These policies can surface in unexpected places. One is the booming museum industry where, as local governments build museums as part of development projects, museum production companies grow rapidly on government capital. For one design firm, the theme of 'growth' animated not only a history museum they designed, but also directors' stories about the firm, and rituals celebrating their IPO. I find that all these narratives of growth celebrated the enmeshment of state and market. The ethnography of state-market hybridity shows how market freedom is an ideology requiring constant maintenance. But in China markets are understood as tools for government caretaking, raising instead the question: when state-market hybridity is the explicit ideology, how is it maintained? I argue that 'exhibitions of growth' do this by claiming that this hybridity itself will drive growth and transform the economy.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Carbon exchange in an Amazon forest: from hours to years. In Amazon forests, the relative contributions of climate, phenology, and disturbance to net ecosystem exchange of carbon (NEE) are not well understood. To partition influences across various timescales, we use a statistical model to represent eddy-covariance-derived NEE in an evergreen eastern Amazon forest as a constant response to changing meteorology and phenology throughout a decade. Our best fit model represented hourly NEE variations as changes due to sunlight, while seasonal variations arose from phenology influencing photosynthesis and from rainfall influencing ecosystem respiration, where phenology was asynchronous with dry-season onset. We compared annual model residuals with biometric forest surveys to estimate impacts of drought disturbance. We found that our simple model represented hourly and monthly variations in NEE well (R-2 = 0.81 and 0.59, respectively). Modeled phenology explained 1% of hourly and 26% of monthly variations in observed NEE, whereas the remaining modeled variability was due to changes in meteorology. We did not find evidence to support the common assumption that the forest phenology was seasonally light-or water-triggered. Our model simulated annual NEE well, with the exception of 2002, the first year of our data record, which contained 1.2 MgCha(-1) of residual net emissions, because photosynthesis was anomalously low. Because a severe drought occurred in 1998, we hypothesized that this drought caused a persistent, multi-year depression of photosynthesis. Our results suggest drought can have lasting impacts on photosynthesis, possibly via partial damage to still-living trees.", "label": [4, 37, 38]}
+{"token": "Distinctiveness is key: How different types of self-other similarity moderate social comparison effects (Retracted article. See vol. 39, pg. 264, 2013). In relevant research to date, the impact of self-other similarity on the outcome of social comparison effects is not well understood. The authors argue that the extent to which this similarity is distinctive is a key to understanding such effects. In two experiments, they demonstrate that when self-other similarity is distinctive (unique), assimilation is more likely, whereas when self-other similarity is nondistinctive (common), contrast is more likely. These results suggest that what matters is the type rather than the quantity of similarity: Similarity on one distinctive dimension more readily leads to assimilation than similarity on numerous nondistinctive dimensions. Importantly, these assimilation effects are especially likely to occur when the comparison dimension is unimportant. Contrast is more likely to occur when the comparison dimension is important. Thus, these findings both replicate and extend Tesser's (1988) Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Molecular analysis of three new Cherry mottle leaf virus isolates reveals intra-species genetic diversity and inter-species gene transfer. Cherry mottle leaf virus (CMLV) is a pathogen of sweet cherry and several other plant species in the genus Prunus, but only two isolates of the virus were reported previously. Here we determined the complete genome sequences of three CMLV isolates that were collected during 1980s. The coat protein of the CMLV was estimated to be about 22 kDa by protein western blot assay, and agree with the size expected based on their genome sequences. The three isolates share 78.4 to 82.7 % identities at the nucleotide sequence level between each other and 78.7 to 84.3 % identities to the two previously published CMLV isolates SA1162-21 and 95CI215. The high genome sequence divergences among the CMLV isolates were supported by phylogeny analysis. Possible inter-species gene transfer between CMLV and the other species in the genus Trichovirus was revealed by the RDP recombination analysis algorithms.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 44, 9]}
+{"token": "Biological accumulation of tellurium nanorod structures via reduction of tellurite by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. The dissimilatory metal-reducing bacterium, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, reduced tellurite (Te( IV), TeO32-) to elemental tellurium under anaerobic conditions resulting in the intracellular accumulation of needle shaped crystalline Te(0) nanorods. Fatty acid analyses showed that toxic Te(IV) increased the unsaturated fatty acid composition of the lipid components of the cell membrane, implying a deconstruction of the integrity of the cellular membrane structure. The current results suggest that dissimilatory metal reducing bacteria such as S. oneidensis MR-1 may play an important role in recycling toxic tellurium elements, and may be applied as a novel selective biological filter via the accumulation of industry-applicable rare materials, Te(0) nanorods, in the cell. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 1, 2, 6, 19, 15]}
+{"token": "Macrodasyida (Gastrotricha): a cladistic analysis of morphology. A cladistic analysis based on 33 morphological characters was performed for the 31 genera currently assigned to the order Macrodasyida (Gastrotricha). Outgroup analysis indicated that the order is monophyletic and that it is defined by the structure of the pharynx and the complex distribution of duo-gland adhesive organs. Of the 6 currently recognized families in Macrodasyida, our analysis confirmed that 4 families are monophyletic: Dactylopodolidae, Macrodasyidae, Thaumastodermatidae and Turbanellidae. Dactylopodolidae was further confirmed as the most basal family within the order based on the retention of several plesiomorphies. The other three families have well-defined autapomorphies but will require further investigation to increase inter- and intrafamilial phylogenetic resolution. Planodasyidae appeared to be a paraphyletic taxon with no obvious autapomorphies; genera clustered among members of a polyphyletic family, Lepidodasyidae. We recommend that future research on macrodasyidan phylogeny focus on issues of comparative morphology and ultrastructure in lesser-known taxa such as the Dactylopodolidae, and on the taxa Lepidodasyidae and Planodasyidae.", "label": [4, 45, 47]}
+{"token": "Phason strain and structural perfection in the Zn-Mg-rare-earth icosahedral phases. The structural perfection of eight samples of icosahedral Zn-Mg-R (R=Y, Ho and Tb) single grains has been studied by high resolution X-ray diffraction, Four samples present a systematic peak shift proportional to Q(per) characteristic of a linear phason strain. Two other samples present a peak splitting proportional to Q(per). Only two samples had their Bragg peak position corresponding to the ideal one, with a width increasing linearly with Q(per). The perfection of one of these last two samples was investigated by synchrotron monochromatic X-ray topography. It was found to be a microstructure similar to the one exhibited by conventional crystals grown by the same technique (flux-growth). (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Functional Role of Feline Zona Pellucida Protein 4 Trefoil Domain: A Sperm Receptor or Structural Component of the Domestic Cat Zona Pellucida?. The trefoil domain (TFD) is a protein structure characterized by six cysteines, which form a typical three-loop structure by three disulphide bridges. It is assumed that two of these loops generate a hydrophobic groove, which could be a binding site for carbohydrate residues or proteins. The zona pellucida (ZP) protein, ZP4, contains such a TFD. The carbohydrate-/protein- binding property of TFD allows us to assume a potential sperm receptor function of this domain. Additionally, gastrointestinal trefoil peptides are stable against proteases; therefore, a structural role of TFD within the ZP might also be possible. We were able to show that the synthesized and natural folded feline TFD (fTFD) expresses the typical protease resistance that vanished under reducing conditions and after substitution of cysteine residues within the peptide. Furthermore, an antibody directed against the dirst loop of fTFD was almost unable to bind to intact in vitro mature cat oocytes. Pre-incubation of oocytes in the reducing agent (DDT), however, improved antibody binding substantially. Therefore, we suggest structural masking of the fTFD domain within the intact ZP. An interaction between fTFD and feline sperm cells was examined using several methods, including immunocytochemistry, immunoelectron microscopy, co-immunoprecipitation and far western blot, but we found no indication for an involvement of TFD in the primary sperm binding to the ZP. To summarize, there is increasing evidence that the TFD of fZP4 has a structural rather than a sperm-binding function.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 42, 10]}
+{"token": "Water leaching of boron from soda-ash-activated ludwigite ore. Water leaching of boron from ludwigite ore activated by soda ash under reductive, natural and oxidative atmospheres was investigated by evaluating the effects of roasting parameters (roasting atmosphere, temperature and time) and leaching parameters (leaching temperature, leaching time, liquid-to-solid mass ratio and feed particle size) on boron leaching. The presence of CO during soda-ash activation promoted boron leaching because of the reduction of iron-bearing minerals in the ore, whereby iron species within magnetite (Fe3O4) and ludwigite ( (Mg,Fe)(4)Fe-2[B2O6]O-4) transformed to metallic iron. This facilitated the reaction between B2O3 and soda ash, giving rise to the formation of water-soluble sodium metaborate. The boron of 92.7% could be extracted from the ore roasted in the presence of soda ash (25 wt.%) under the 100% CO atmosphere at optimized roasting and leaching conditions. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Humor in the Classroom Using Faculty Skits. The infusion of humor in the classroom through faculty-developed skits is a teaching-learning strategy that engages nursing students in the learning process. Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory for Adult Learners provides the framework for the use of humor as a strategy in higher education. Three exemplars are presented with a description of the specific strategy, an objective for each strategy, and the effect of the strategy on student engagement in nursing education. In the exemplars, the authors provide \\\\'ready to use\\\\' ideas with some \\\\'pearls of wisdom\\\\' for other faculty interested in developing similar learning activities.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Nb2OsB2, with a new twofold superstructure of the U3Si2 type: Synthesis, crystal chemistry and chemical bonding. The new ternary metal-rich boride, Nb2OsB2, was synthesized by arc-melting the elements in a water-cooled copper crucible under an argon atmosphere. The compound was characterized from single-crystal X-ray data and EDX measurements. It crystallizes as a new superstructure (space group P4/mnc, no. 128) of the tetragonal U3Si2-structure type with lattice parameters a=5.922(1) angstrom and c=6.879(2) angstrom. All of the B atoms are involved in B-2 dumbbells with B B distances of 1.89(4) angstrom. Structure relaxation using VASP (Vienna ab intio Simulation Package) has confirmed the space group and the lattice parameters. According to electronic structure calculations (TB LMTO ASA), the homoatomic B-B interactions are optimized and very strong, but relatively strong heteroatomic Os-B, Nb-B and Nb-Os bonds are also found: These interactions, which together build a three-dimensional network, are mainly responsible for the structural stability of this new phase. The density of state at the Fermi level predicts metallic behavior, as expected, from this metal-rich boride. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Is the white wing-stripe of male House Sparrows Passer domesticus an indicator of the load of Mallophaga?. Male House Sparrows Passer domesticas have a white wing stripe that is not present in females, and is displayed during courtship. Chewing lice eat white barbs preferentially, which suggests that the presence of white barbs depends on the presence and abundance of chewing lice. Therefore, the white wing stripe might be an indicator of the load of Mallophaga. In this work, albino birds appeared to have more chewing lice than non-albino birds, although differences were marginally significant. Moreover, males with longer wing stripes had lower Mallophaga load. Therefore, white plumage may be an honest signal of Mallophaga load. This might be used by females to choose mates that are more resistant to chewing lice.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Genetic structure and forensic parameters of 38 Indels for human identification purposes in eight Mexican populations. Insertion-deletions for human identification purposes (HID-Indels) offer advantages to solve particular forensic situations and complex paternity cases. In Mexico, admixed population known as Mestizos is the largest (similar to 90%), plus a number of Amerindian groups (similar to 10%), which have not been studied with HID-Indels. For this reason, allele frequencies and forensic parameters for 38 HID-Indels were estimated in 531 unrelated individuals from one Amerindian (Purepecha) and seven Mestizo populations from different regions of the country. Genotype distribution was in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg expectations in almost all loci/populations. The linkage disequilibrium (LD) test did not reveal possible associations between loci pairs in all eight Mexican populations. The combined power of discrimination was high in all populations (PD >99.99999999998%). However, the power of exclusion of the 38 HID-Indel system (PE >99.6863%) was reduced regarding most of autosomal STR kits. The assessment of genetic structure (AMOVA) and relationships between populations (F-ST) demonstrated significant differences among Mexican populations, mainly of the Purepecha Amerindian group. Among Mexican-Mestizos, three population clusters consistent with geography were defined: (i) North-West region: Chihuahua, Sinaloa, and Jalisco; (ii) Central-Southern region: Mexico City, Veracruz and Yucatan; (iii) South region: Chiapas. In brief, this report validates the inclusion of the 38 HID-Indel system in forensic casework and paternity cases in seven Mexican-Mestizo populations from different regions, and in one Mexican Amerindian group. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 3, 20, 29]}
+{"token": "The political and cultural profiles of capitalism on the background of the new media: K. Marx, E Engels, J. Baudrillard. A comparative analysis of the insights of K. Marx, F. Engels and J. Baudrillard of the capitalism and its scale of development has been made. The question about the difference between internationality and transnationality is raised. The relationship between the industrial international and postindustrial transnational cultures in their political aspect is discussed. It is maintained that the direct dependency of industrial production upon the empirical object, which is emphasized by K. Marx and F. Engels, and the decay of it on the background of postindustrial production which is based, according to J. Baudrillard, on reproduction, becomes essentially determinant for the contemporary cultural and political situation. There are considered the possible conditions of the present-day cultural homogenization, capitalist worldwide monoculture and its global measures. Although the tendencies of the rise of cultural homogenization and capitalist monoculture were discovered by K. Marx and F. Engels, while J. Baudrillard reduces any national differences to the comprehensive contemporary transnationality the author of the article is of the opinion that the motion of theoretical reduction by the latter thinker prevents from noticing the distinctive features of local cultures and politics, their interrelation and multiple reciprocity. It is concluded that, regardless of the increasing influence of the new media and the scale of their development, there still remain national cultures, local politics and their distinctions.", "label": [3, 5, 32, 57]}
+{"token": "Use of spreadsheets in environmental education: an application for solid waste. Spreadsheets have gained increasing popularity in engineering applications, used by both students and practicing engineers. In addition to their low cost, they are easy to learn, and provide the user with the flexibility to display different sets of results just upon changing the input data. This paper illustrates the use of an Excel spreadsheet for solid waste management practices. The program, which has been developed as part of the 'Solid Waste Management' course at the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, allows the user to determine the chemical composition of the waste and its corresponding gas generation potential which are directly linked to a module that allows the prediction of the temporal distribution of gas and leachate production from landfills. The data representing the waste composition and chemistry, gas and leachate production are then automatically plotted into a series of curves and bar charts that allow the decision maker and designer to point out important characteristics, trends and relationships among various parameters controlling solid waste management control systems and landfill operations.", "label": [1, 5, 53, 15]}
+{"token": "The Historical Importance and Architectonic Relevance of the 'Extinct' Arrabida Breccia. The Arrabida Breccia is a type of chromatic rock with a very unusual texture, appearing only in the current geographical area of the Natural Park of Arrabida, and thus, its extraction is definitively finished. Due to its petrographic nature, it is very sensitive to weathering, particularly to rainwater. It has had numerous uses for at least 2000years since the occupation of Iberia by the Romans, and which evolved over time from exterior to interior structures. Since the beginning of the Baroque, it is almost exclusively linked to the interior decorative arts, in polished finishing. Its use had a greater expression linked to the Gothic-Manueline style, closely associated with the epic Portuguese, roughly in the transition in fifteenth to sixteenth centuries particularly during the reign of King Manuel I who would have particular preference for this rock. Its use is characterised by being quite confined, especially as the resource has always been relatively scarce regarding known deposits. Although most of the known applications are located in Portugal, especially in the regions of Setubal and Lisbon, there are also examples of its application in other countries, namely in the Mediterranean Europe and Brazil, largely in buildings classified as of National Interest and in building classified as World Heritage or Architectural Heritage (UNESCO). Due to the above facts, the need to preserve some extracted but not used blocks is also discussed in this work both for the purposes of preservation and restoration of monuments as well as the valuation of the old mines for educational and recreational purposes.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "The involvement of the HLA-DQB1 alleles in the risk and the severity of Iranian coeliac disease patients. Coeliac disease (CD) is a highly prevalent autoimmune disorder that is triggered by the ingestion of wheat gluten and related proteins in genetically susceptible individuals. The CD is associated with human leucocyte antigen (HLA) genes particularly with HLA-DQ alleles encoding HLA-DQ2 and DQ8 proteins. To define risk and severity alleles for CD, a total of 120 definite CD patients and 100 healthy controls were genotyped for HLA-DQB1 gene. HLA-DQB1 genotyping was performed in all patients and controls using PCR-SSP technique, and to evaluate the clinical relevance of testing for HLA-DQB1 and determining absolute risk of disease, prevalence-corrected positive predictive value and prevalence-corrected negative predictive value (PcPPV and PcNPV) were calculated. Our results for a first time show that DQB1*02:00 and DQB1*03:02 alleles and DQB1*02:01/03:02 genotype very significantly associated with increased risk of patients with CD, and DQB1*03:01,4 allele provides protection against CD in Iranian patients. Furthermore, the PcPPV for DQB*02:01 and 03:02 alleles in CD were 0.014 and 0.012, respectively, and the highest absolute risk presented by DQB*0201/0302 genotype (PcPPV = 0.079) and 98% of patients with CD carried DQB1*02:01/xor DQB1*03:02/x genotype. The results also clearly demonstrated that the DQB1*02:01 allele significantly associated with severity of CD, while DQB1*03:02 allele associated with mild form of CD. These results suggest that clinically suspected individuals for CD and first-degree relatives of patients with CD to be screened for HLADQB*0201 and DQB*0302 alleles for possible early diagnosis and treatments.", "label": [2, 18, 20]}
+{"token": "Magic, Explanations, and Evil The Origins and Design of Witches and Sorcerers. In nearly every documented society, people believe that some misfortunes are caused by malicious group mates using magic or supernatural powers. Here I report cross-cultural patterns in these beliefs and propose a theory to explain them. Using the newly created Mystical Harm Survey, I show that several conceptions of malicious mystical practitioners, including sorcerers (who use learned spells), possessors of the evil eye (who transmit injury through their stares and words), and witches (who possess superpowers, pose existential threats, and engage in morally abhorrent acts), recur around the world. I argue that these beliefs develop from three cultural selective processes: a selection for intuitive magic, a selection for plausible explanations of impactful misfortune, and a selection for demonizing myths that justify mistreatment. Separately, these selective schemes produce traditions as diverse as shamanism, conspiracy theories, and campaigns against heretics-but around the world, they jointly give rise to the odious and feared witch. I use the tripartite theory to explain the forms of beliefs in mystical harm and outline 10 predictions for how shifting conditions should affect those conceptions. Societally corrosive beliefs can persist when they are intuitively appealing or they serve some believers' agendas.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Two-field formulations for isogeometric Reissner-Mindlin plates and shells with global and local condensation. In this paper, mixed formulations are presented in the framework of isogeometric Reissner-Mindlin plates and shells with the aim of alleviating membrane and shear locking. The formulations are based on the Hellinger-Reissner functional and use the stress resultants as additional unknowns, which have to be interpolated in appropriate approximation spaces. The additional unknowns can be eliminated by static condensation. In the framework of isogeometric analysis static condensation is performed globally on the patch level, which leads to a high computational cost. Thus, two additional local approaches to the existing continuous method are presented, an approach with discontinuous stress resultant fields at the element boundaries and a reconstructed approach which is blending the local control variables by using weights in order to compute the global ones. Both approaches allow for a static condensation on the element level instead of the patch level. Various numerical examples are investigated in order to verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the different approaches and a comparison to existing elements that include mechanisms against locking is carried out.", "label": [1, 4, 41, 12]}
+{"token": "Design and Validation of an Augmented Reality System for Laparoscopic Surgery in a Real Environment. Purpose. This work presents the protocol carried out in the development and validation of an augmented reality system which was installed in an operating theatre to help surgeons with trocar placement during laparoscopic surgery. The purpose of this validation is to demonstrate the improvements that this system can provide to the field of medicine, particularly surgery. Method. Two experiments that were noninvasive for both the patient and the surgeon were designed. In one of these experiments the augmented reality system was used, the other one was the control experiment, and the system was not used. The type of operation selected for all cases was a cholecystectomy due to the low degree of complexity and complications before, during, and after the surgery. The technique used in the placement of trocars was the French technique, but the results can be extrapolated to any other technique and operation. Results and Conclusion. Four clinicians and ninety-six measurements obtained of twenty-four patients (randomly assigned in each experiment) were involved in these experiments. The final results show an improvement in accuracy and variability of 33% and 63%, respectively, in comparison to traditional methods, demonstrating that the use of an augmented reality system offers advantages for trocar placement in laparoscopic surgery.", "label": [2, 18, 19]}
+{"token": "A cleavable molecular adapter reduces side effects and concomitantly enhances efficacy in tumor treatment by targeted toxins in mice. Two of the main problems associated with administration of receptor-targeted toxins in tumor therapy are severe systemic side effects and low transfer of the toxins into the cytosol after binding to the tumor cell surface. To improve chimeric toxins in this respect we have developed a molecular adapter that links the toxic moiety and ligand. The adapter is designed to improve cytosolic uptake, retain the toxin inside the cytosol and detoxify the drug after cell death. The plant toxin saporin linked either directly or via the adapter to epidermal growth factor (EGF) served to evaluate efficacy to inhibit tumor growth and reduce side effects in vivo. The lethal dose for BALB/c mice was three times less for the adapter-containing toxin (SAM) than for the adapter-free construct (SE). Furthermore, SE only reduced the average weight of induced tumors by 33% whereas SA2E-treated mice exhibited 71% reduction with an almost complete suppression in 60% of the cases. Additionally, severe side effects like hyperalgesia, alopecia and death were drastically reduced in SA2E-treated animals. Tumors without target receptor were only slightly affected by SAM and the reduction in side effects less pronounced indicating specific depletion from the blood by target receptor expressing cells. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 36, 22]}
+{"token": "Solovyov's Metaphysics between Gnosis and Theurgy. This article provides a reading of Vladimir Solovyov's philosophy as expressed in his Lectures on Divine Humanity' and The Meaning of Love'. It seeks to unpack his eclectic thought in order to answer the question of whether there is a Jewish Kabbalistic influence on the Russian thinker amidst his usual platonic, gnostic, and Schellengian tropes. Interested as a young man in Jewish Mysticism, Solovyov fluctuates in his Lectures on Divine Humanity' between a platonic reading of Schellengian Gnosticism and some elements of Kabbalistic origin. In The Meaning of Love', he develops a notion of love that puts him very close to what Moshe Idel calls theosophic-theurgical Kabbalah'. Showing how The Meaning of Love' completes the narrative of Lectures', we can affirm that there is a certain Christian Kabbalistic line in Solovyov's thought that culminates in his theurgical understanding of love. In this sense, Solovyov might be called a philosophical Marrano as he is certainly a heterodox theosopher that fluctuates between Christian Gnosis and Christian Kabbalah, never assuming a solid identity.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Report of Amblyomma sculptum in a House in a Rickettsia rickettsii Circulation Area. Amblyomma sculptum is a tick that has medical and veterinary importance as, in Brazil, it is the main vector of Rickettsia rickettsii, a disease affecting humans. The presence of ticks was observed outside a residence in a peri-urban area of the Atlantic Forest region in Brazil, as well as on two dogs that lived there. Eighteen A. sculptum adults were seen walking on a cemented pillar at the porch of the house and sheltering inside the pillar's crevices; meanwhile on the dogs, only Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato ticks were found. It is hypothesized that as the dogs circulated in the forest regions, they might have carried A. sculptum to the residence. This situation highlights the role of dogs as possible carriers of Brazilian spotted fever (BSF) tick vectors into human habitation. Strategies for the prevention and control of BSF should consider the hypothesis that ticks infected with R. rickettsii can be harbored in human dwellings in peri-urban areas.", "label": [2, 25, 24]}
+{"token": "Overt and covert customer data collection in online personalized advertising: The role of user emotions. Due to its immense popularity amongst marketing practitioners, online personalized advertising is increasingly becoming the subject of academic research. Although advertisers need to collect a large amount of customer information to develop customized online adverts, the effect of how this information is collected on advert effectiveness has been surprisingly understudied. Equally overlooked is the interplay between consumer's emotions and the process of consumer data collection. Two studies were conducted with the aim of closing these important gaps in the literature. Our findings revealed that overt user data collection techniques produced more favourable cognitive, attitudinal and behavioral responses than covert techniques. Moreover, consistent with the self-validation hypothesis, our data revealed that the effects of these data collection techniques can be enhanced (e.g., via happiness and pride), attenuated (e.g., via sadness), or even eliminated (e.g., via guilt), depending on the emotion experienced by the consumer while viewing an advert.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Diversity of archaeal and bacterial communities on exfoliated sandstone from Portchester Castle (UK). In this study exfoliated sandstone samples from Portchester Castle were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersion X-ray (EDX) analyses to observe stone surface colonisation, geomorphological structure and to assess damage. Archaeal and bacterial diversity were assessed using cultivation-dependent and cultivation-independent methods. SEM analysis showed that sandstone had high levels of stone decay. There was considerable weathering of the minerals associated with biofilms containing microbes with various cellular morphologies. Microorganisms were especially prevalent in pores, cavities and in the heavily decayed parts of the minerals, and some etching was seen. EDX analyses indicated microbes were associated with the sheet structures of aluminium-containing phyllosilicate minerals, most likely glauconite. Microbial colonisation was preferentially concentrated within specific sheets of the mineral structure. Isolation studies revealed the presence of Bacillus and Arthrobacter that appeared to be well adapted to \\\\'extreme\\\\' environments, specifically these isolates were tolerant to high salt, high UV and oligotrophic conditions. Cultivation-independent studies using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprinting of bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene fragments showed a more complex community. Chloroflexi, Actinobacteria, Deinococcus, alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Bacteroidetes and halophilic Archaea from the family Halobacteriaceae, were the predominant types of Bacteria and Archaea detected respectively. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 19, 52]}
+{"token": "Curve Number Approach to Estimate Monthly and Annual Direct Runoff. This paper establishes a novel approach to estimate monthly and annual direct runoff by combining the curve number method of the Natural Resources Conservation Service with an exponential distribution of rainfall depths. The approach was tested against observed rainfall and runoff for 544 watersheds throughout the contiguous United States. For more than half of the watersheds, the performance of the new approach is indistinguishable from the application of the method to daily rainfall when curve numbers are determined via calibration. For all watersheds, the uncertainty introduced by the approximation of the distribution of rainfall depths is far less than the uncertainty associated with the use of tabulated curve numbers based on soil and land-cover characteristics. The new approach does not appreciably increase the overall uncertainty associated with the application of the curve number method in ungauged watersheds. The approach provides reasonable estimates of monthly and annual direct runoff that can inform land-management decisions when daily rainfall records are unavailable.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Production of fine tantalum powder by electrochemical method. A fundamental study on producing fine tantalum powder by reducing electrochemically dissolved tantalum ions (Tan+) by dysprosium divalent ions (Dy2+) in molten salt was investigated in order to develop a new process for pulverizing a tantalum ingot to fine powder for electronic devices. A tantalum rod (anode) was immersed in the NaCl-KCl-MgCl2-DyCl2 molten salt at 1000 K, and it was anodically dissolved in this salt. The electrochemically dissolved Tan+ ions were subsequently reduced in situ by Dy2+ ions in the molten salt to produce tantalum powder. The reaction product, Dy3+ ions, generated during the production of tantalum powder, were reduced by either electrochemical or magnesiothermic reduction at the cathode (liquid Mg-Ag alloy) and regenerated to reductant Dy2+ ions. Fine and uniform tantalum powder with an average particle size of around 0.1 mu m was directly and successfully obtained front the bulk tantalum under a specific condition. A possible reaction pathway for the reduction of Tan+ ions by Dy2+ ions in the molten salt was discussed with the aid of an isothermal chemical potential diagram of the Ta-Dy-Cl system at 1000 K.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Role of polyamines in plant vascular development. Several pieces of evidence suggest a role for polyamines in the regulation of plant vascular development. For instance, polyamine oxidase gene expression has been shown to be associated with lignification, and downregulation of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase causes dwarfism and enlargement of the vasculature. Recent evidence from Arabidopsis thaliana also suggests that the active polyamine in the regulation of vascular development is the tetraamine thermospermine. Thermospermine biosynthesis is catalyzed by the aminopropyl transferase encoded by ACAULIS5, which is specifically expressed in xylem vessel elements. Both genetic and molecular evidence support a fundamental role for thermospermine in preventing premature maturation and death of the xylem vessel elements. This safeguard action of thermospermine has significant impact on xylem cell morphology, cell wall patterning and cell death as well as on plant growth in general. This manuscript reviews recent reports on polyamine function and places polyamines in the context of the known regulatory mechanisms that govern vascular development. (C) 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Tank Mix of Saflufenacil with Glyphosate and Pendimethalin for Broad-spectrum Weed Control in Florida Citrus. Citrus (Citrus spp.) is one of the most important crops in Florida agriculture. Weed control is a major component in citrus production practices. If not controlled, weeds may compete with citrus trees for nutrients, water, and light and may also increase pest problems. Herbicides are an important component of integrated weed management program in citrus. Saflufenacil, a new herbicide registered for broadleaf weed control in citrus, can be applied alone or in a tank mix with other herbicides to improve weed control efficacy. A total of six field experiments were conducted in 2008 and 2009 to evaluate the efficacy of saflufenacil applied alone or in a tank mix with glyphosate and pendimethalin for weed control. In addition, experiments were also conducted to evaluate phytotoxicity of saflufenacil applied at different rates and time intervals in citrus. The results suggested that saflufenacil applied alone was usually effective for early season broadleaf weed control; however, weed control efficacy reduced beyond 30 days after treatment (DAT) compared with a tank mix of saflufenacil, glyphosate, and pendimethalin. For example, control of weeds was <= 70% when saflufenacil or glyphosate applied alone compared with tank mix treatments at 60 and 90 DAT. Addition of pendimethalin as a tank mix partner usually resulted in better residual weed control compared with a tank mix of saflufenacil and glyphosate, and this herbicide mixture was comparable with grower's adopted standard treatment of a tank mix of glyphosate, norflurazon, and diuron and several other tank mix treatments. Saflufenacil applied once in a season at different rates or even in sequential applications did not injure citrus trees when applied according to label directions. It is concluded that with its novel mode of action, saflufenacil tank mixed with glyphosate and pendimethalin would provide citrus growers with another chemical tool to control broadleaf and grass weeds.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Electro-optical effect in films of azobenzene polycomplexes with cobalt. Polymeric films containing azobenzene fragments with donor and acceptor groups were produced as well as films of polycomplexes of these fragments with cobalt. Absorption spectra of these films before and during application of an external electric field were investigated. Electro-optical properties of the films are conditioned by spatial reorientation of dipole moments of azobenzene groups induced by polarized light in an external electric field. Increase in dipole moments of azobenzene groups reduces the influence of cobalt ions on the electro-optical properties of the polycomplex films. In the proposed phenomenological model, the electro-optical effect is explained by effect of induced forces upon azobenzene isomers and metallic ions. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Evaluating service user pedagogy in UK higher education: Validating the Huddersfield Service User Pedagogy Scale. Participants and Settings: 365 undergraduate students from health and social care departments in two universities.Results: A two correlated factor scale. Factor 1 - perceived presence of service users in the taught curriculum and factor 2 - professionals and service users working together (correlation between factor 1 and factor 2 - r = 0.32).Conclusions: The Huddersfield Service User Pedagogy Scale provides a valid instrument for educators to evaluate student learning. In addition, the tool can contribute to student reflections on their shifting professional identities as they progress through their studies.Design: Construction and validation of a new scale.Objectives: To generate and validate a psychometric instrument which will allow educators to evaluate service user pedagogy.Background: There is global recognition that the inclusion of service users in the education of health and social care students in higher education can lead to more compassionate professional identities which will enable better decision making. However, to date there is no systematic tool to explore learning and service user involvement in the curriculum.", "label": [2, 5, 53, 26]}
+{"token": "Song translation and AVT The same thing?. There is no doubt that music plays an important role in people's lives and, consequently, in different societies and cultures. Through music, the distinctive features of societies and cultures can be appreciated, while, at the same time, its condition of universal language acts as a means of communication among them. Translation Studies has recently started to pay attention to the relationship between translation and music. The study of the translation of songs, opera and other musical products is a subject that can enrich the field. In addition to this, owing to the peculiar nature of the musical text, the translation of music can be linked to other disciplines within Translation Studies, as is the case with AVT. In this work, we will analyse the similarities and differences between AVT and song translation. We will show that some of the translation strategies used in AVT can be applied to other types of multimodal translation, like song translation. We will also consider some cases in which song translation becomes part of AVT, as happens in the translation of TV series or films in which there are songs.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Best Practice Data Standards for Discrete Chemical Oceanographic Observations. Effective data management plays a key role in oceanographic research as cruise-based data, collected from different laboratories and expeditions, are commonly compiled to investigate regional to global oceanographic processes. Here we describe new and updated best practice data standards for discrete chemical oceanographic observations, specifically those dealing with column header abbreviations, quality control flags, missing value indicators, and standardized calculation of certain properties. These data standards have been developed with the goals of improving the current practices of the scientific community and promoting their international usage. These guidelines are intended to standardize data files for data sharing and submission into permanent archives. They will facilitate future quality control and synthesis efforts and lead to better data interpretation. In turn, this will promote research in ocean biogeochemistry, such as studies of carbon cycling and ocean acidification, on regional to global scales. These best practice standards are not mandatory. Agencies, institutes, universities, or research vessels can continue using different data standards if it is important for them to maintain historical consistency. However, it is hoped that they will be adopted as widely as possible to facilitate consistency and to achieve the goals stated above.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
+{"token": "Biofiltration of wastewater lift station emissions: evaluation of VOC removal in the presence of H2S. The capacity of biofilter systems to remove volatile organic compounds in the presence of high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide was investigated for applications in wastewater lift stations. The treatment system was an enclosed unit composed of a biotrickling filter coupled with a biofilter. The biofilter media were plastic hollow spherical balls filled with a compost mixture; and the biotrickling filter media was a structured plastic packing. The gases from the pumping station wet well were a mixture of H2S and low concentration aliphatic and aromatic VOCs, toluene being the most significant in concentrations of 41 ppb. The H2S concentration was 314 ppm with fluctuations of 100 ppm resulting from pumping cycles at the station. No inhibition effect was detected from the simultaneous biological removal of VOCs and H2S: toluene removal efficiency was 91% with the two sections contributing approximately equally to the pollutant removal; and the average removal of H2S was 74%. A traditional open-in-ground biofilter filled with wood chips and compost, existing in the site, attained similar removal efficiencies for toluene, but the elimination capacity of the biotrickling/biofilter system was 3.3-times higher than the open biofilter.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Hemizygosity for the COP9 signalosome subunit gene, SGN3, in the Smith-Magenis syndrome. Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a multiple congenital anomaly/mental retardation syndrome associated with an interstitial deletion of chromosome band 17p11.2. The critical region is extremely gene-rich and spans approximately 1.5-2.0 Mb of DNA. Here we report the localization and partial characterization of the gene for subunit 3 of the COP9 signalosome, SGN3. SGN3 maps to the distal portion of the SMS critical interval, between SREBF1 and cCI17-638. We assessed the potential effect of haploinsufficiency of SGN3 in SMS patient lymphoblastoid cell lines through transfection studies and western analysis, Our results indicate that the COP9 signalosome assembles properly in these cells and appears to have normal expression and a kinase function intact. However, because the role of the COP9 signalosome in embryogenesis or differentiation is still uncertain, we cannot rule out the involvement of this gene in the Smith-Magenis syndrome. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Unsuccessful air-enema reduction of intussusception: is a second attempt worthwhile?. Pneumatic reduction of idiopathic intussusception is successful in about 80% of cases, while 60% of the failures are reduced at surgery without resection. To determine whether delayed, repeated attempts at enema reduction of failures would reduce the need for operation in selected cases, over a 2-year period (1994-1996 inclusive), 17 infants with idiopathic intussusception underwent delayed repeat enemas 2-19 h following the first failed attempt at reduction. Clinical parameters and radiologic findings were evaluated with respect to outcome. Ten intussusceptions were successfully reduced after the second attempt in 9 and after the fourth attempt in 1. Seven children underwent a laparotomy, 5 because of failure of progressive reduction at air enema (AE). Two were taken to surgery early in the series, 1 because of perforation during a second attempt and 1 while awaiting a third reduction attempt. The 10 successful reductions all showed progressive movement of the intussusceptum on each AE; the 2 who perforated failed to show progressive reduction on their second AE. Because of these cases, the remaining 5 were referred to surgery because of failure of progressive reduction of the intussusceptum on the second attempt. At laparotomy, of the 7 unsuccessful reductions, 4 required resection and 3 had difficult manual reduction. The presence of vomiting, a mass, and/or bloody stools were not predictors of outcome. Failures had higher body temperatures (38.1 +/- 0.3 vs 37.4 +/- 0.1 degrees C, P = 0.07), heart rates (153.7 +/- 8 vs 136.9 +/- 2.1 min, P = 0.03), and longer duration of symptoms (36.8 +/- 4 vs 21.3 +/- 3.6 h; P = 0.01) than successes. Delayed repeat AEs may be safe and effective in selected cases of idiopathic intussusception, but should be considered only if significant movement of the intussusceptum is noted at each attempt. The ideal time for repeat AE reduction prior to surgery is not established, but 2-4 h appears appropriate. Pyrexia, tachycardia, and duration of symptoms greater than 36 h are relative contraindications to this course of management.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Humoral immunity through immunoglobulin M protects mice from an experimental actinomycetoma infection by Nocardia brasiliensis. An experimental model of infection with Nocardia brasiliensis, used as an example of a facultative intracellular pathogen, was tested. N. brasiliensis was injected into the rear foot pads of BAILB/c mice to establish an infection. Within 30 days, infected animals developed a chronic actinomycetoma infection. Batch cultures of N. brasiliensis were used to purify P61, P38, and P24 antigens; P61 is a catalase, and P38 is a protease with strong caseinolytic activity. Active and passive immunizations of BALB/c mice with these three purified soluble antigens were studied. Protection was demonstrated for actively immunized mice. However, immunity lasted only 30 days. Other groups of immunized mice were bled at different times, and their sera were passively transferred to naive recipients that were then infected with N. brasiliensis. Sera collected 5, 6, and 7 days after donor immunization conferred complete, long-lasting protection. The protective effect of passive immunity decreased when sera were collected 2 weeks after donor immunization. However, neither the early sera (1-, 2-, and 3-day sera) nor the later sera (30- or 45-day sera) prevented the infection. Hyperimmune sera with the highest levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) to N. brasiliensis antigens did not protect at all. The antigens tested induced two IgM peaks. The first peak was present 3 days after immunization but was not antigen specific and did not transfer protection. The second peak was evident 7 days after immunization, was an IgM response, was antigen specific, and conferred protection. This results clearly demonstrate that IgM antibodies protect the host against a facultative intracellular bacterium.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
+{"token": "Narrow entrance of short-tubed Aloe flowers facilitates pollen transfer on long sunbird bills. Trade-offs are considered a major factor in the evolution of ecological specialization, as organisms can rarely specialize on more than one niche. Here we ask whether flowers can be specialized for more than one pollinator group. We studied an outcrossing plant, Aloe kraussii (Asphodelaceae), whose floral morphology is intermediate between that of exclusively bird-and exclusively insect-pollinated aloes. Previous field experiments showed that bees effectively pollinate A. kraussii; while sunbirds are frequent visitors their effectiveness as pollinators was unknown, especially as their long bills prevent head feathers-the normal location of pollen transfer by birds-from touching A. kraussii's relatively short anthers and stigmas. We tested whether sunbirds can pollinate A. kraussii, and whether this might be facilitated by flowers' narrow corolla opening, which could increase pollen transfer via narrow sunbird bills. Aviary experiments showed that a Malachite sunbird's bill can successfully pick up and deposit A. kraussii pollen, so long-billed sunbirds can be effective pollinators despite the apparent mismatch between bill and corolla length. Flowers with experimentally widened corolla openings experienced lower pollen removal and deposition by sunbirds than unmanipulated flowers with narrow openings. Aloe kraussii's floral morphology therefore enables dual specialization on two divergent pollinator guilds; short corollas facilitate bee pollination by enabling access to nectar, while narrow corolla openings facilitate pollen transfer via sunbird bills. (C) 2019 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "DOUBLE-BLIND COMPARISON OF BROMOCRIPTINE AND PLACEBO IN COCAINE WITHDRAWAL. Twenty-nine cocaine-dependent male veterans without other drug dependence completed a double-blind controlled, randomly-assigned study examining the efficacy of bromocriptine versus placebo in the management of cocaine abstinence symptomatology. Serum prolactin (PL) and growth hormone (GK) levels were obtained prior to and after the study was completed. Patients were seen daily and completed several self-report questionnaires, including the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised, the Beck Depression Inventory, and a Cocaine Craving Report. The patients were also asked to rate a variety of cocaine withdrawal symptoms. Overall, there did not appear to be any advantage to receiving bromocriptine versus placebo during the first 3 weeks following cocaine use cessation with the possible exception of changes in activity and appetite level. The placebo group showed a statistically significant increase in activity level during the first week in treatment and a significant increase in appetite throughout the study. Patients in both groups showed significant improvement in the other areas assessed, with improvement appearing to progress according to length of treatment. Hyperprolactinemia or abnormal GH levels were not found in this patient sample as a group. Thirty-four of the original 63 patients dropped out of the study. Seventeen received bromocriptine, and 17 received placebo. There was no significant difference between drug groups in incidence of retaining patients in treatment. The high dropout rate may reflect the difficulty incurred in retaining cocaine-dependent patients in treatment.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 55]}
+{"token": "Perspectives on the leadership of chairs of nonprofit organization boards of directors: A grounded theory mixed-method study. Comparatively little empirical attention has been paid to the leadership of nonprofit board chairs. This article reports findings from a two-year mixed-method grounded theory research investigation exploring perceptions of board chair leadership and impact from the perspective of those who interact with chairs (board members, chief executives, and stakeholders). It provides a review of the literature on the leadership role and impact of board chairs and a conceptual framework for its study in nonprofit and voluntary organizations. We present and discuss findings from two phases of the research and offer theoretical perspectives on board chair leadership effectiveness and practical suggestions to increase it.", "label": [5, 50, 51]}
+{"token": "Taxonomy of Fissocantharis Pic (Coleoptera, Cantharidae) from Guangxi, China, with descriptions of six new species. A total of 17 species of Fissocantharis Pic is recorded from Guangxi, China. Six species are described new to science, F. sinensomima sp. n., F. sexcostata sp. n., F. basilaris sp. n., F. eschara sp. n., F. latipalpa sp. n. and F. biprojicientis sp. n., and two previously known species are redescribed, F. gracilipes (Pic, 1927) and F. sinensis (Wittmer, 1988). These species are presented with habitus of males, abdominal sternites VIII of females and genitalia of both sexes. Fissocantharis flavofacialis (Pic, 1926) is synonymized with F. angusta (Fairmaire, 1900); both were originally described in the genus Podabrus Westwood. Additionally, a key and a checklist of all the species of Fissocantharis from Guangxi are provided.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "LEAF PEROXISOMES ARE DIRECTLY TRANSFORMED TO GLYOXYSOMES DURING SENESCENCE OF PUMPKIN COTYLEDONS. After the functional transition of glyoxysomes to leaf peroxisomes during the greening of pumpkin cotyledons, the reverse microbody transition of leaf peroxisomes to glyoxysomes occurs during senescence. Immunocytochemical labeling with protein A-gold was performed to analyze the reverse microbody transition using antibodies against a leaf-peroxisomal enzyme, glycolate oxidase, and against two glyoxysomal enzymes, namely, malate synthase and isocitrate lyase. The intensity of labeling for glycolate oxidase decreased in the microbodies during senescence whereas in the case of malate synthase and isocitrate lyase intensities increased strikingly. Double labeling experiments with protein A-gold particles of different sizes showed that the leaf-peroxisomal enzymes and the glyoxysomal enzymes coexist in the microbodies of senescing pumpkin cotyledons, indicating that leaf peroxisomes are directly transformed to glyoxysomes during senescence.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
+{"token": "Obsessive slowness mimicking catatonia in an adolescent - A case report. Obsessive Slowness (OS) is an extremely rare clinical syndrome characterised by debilitating slowness of all voluntary adaptive movements and activities. It is a diagnosis of exclusion with management difficulties. We report a case of adolescent male presented with extreme slowness of all voluntary activities and associated catatonic signs like mutism, posturing, immobility, metgehen and ambitendency. Diagnosis of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) with OS was made after systematic neurological examination, extensive investigations and detailed psychiatric assessment. He has shown remarkable improvement with escitalopram 40 mg/day, clonazepam 2 mg/day, Intensive family-based Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and individualised psychosocial rehabilitation interventions. After 15 months of discharge, his improvement is sustained and is currently practicing home based Exposure Response Prevention (ERP) and has returned to school.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Spreadsheet Modeling of (Q, R) Inventory Policies. This teaching brief describes a method for finding an approximately optimal combination of order quantity and reorder point in a continuous review inventory model using a discrete expected shortage calculation. The technique is an alternative to a model where expected shortage is calculated by integration, and can allow students who have not had a calculus-based statistics course to better understand how uncertainty affects inventory decisions.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "RELIGIOUS CAPITAL AS A CENTRAL FACTOR IN COPING WITH THE COVID-19 CLUES FROM AN INTERNATIONAL SURVEY. Religious or spiritual capital has been described in terms of resources provided by religious organizations, and which individuals,purchase. through attendance, learning and commitment. The recent COVID-19 pandemic and its related experience of lockdown, loneliness and high uncertainty has offered a unique context in which the extent and effects of religious or spiritual capital could be tested against alternative attitudes or resources. An extensive survey undertaken by an international research team at the height of the pandemic in four European countries has provided data that allows for a better assessment of the extent to which the factor might be related to the way people cope and project meaning in critical times. The aim of the paper is to find out to what extent religious capital still holds among Europeans in their struggles to cope with harsh circumstances. The results point to the effective impact of religious capital and at the same time introduce nuances that help to better understand its complex dynamics.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Equation for predicting weight gain in very low-birthweight infants. I developed a single equation that simulated previously published growth charts for very low-birth-weight infants, using birth weight as the only variable. The intent of this study was to validate the equation using infants admitted to our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and to determine if this equation could be used as a research tool to compare weight gain among populations. All 171 surviving infants with birth weight less than or equal to 1500 g who received care in our NICU were studied retrospectively. The individual daily weights were compared with the predicted daily weights for each infant using the relative error of the prediction. The relative error of the prediction on all days for all infants was 0.45 +/- 0.13% (mean +/- SEM), and the maximum mean daily relative error of 2.73 +/- 0.90% occurred on Day 9. Black infants had a more positive relative error than white infants (p = 0.0001), due to faster weight gain. Twins gained faster than singletons (p = 0.023). Infants with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) gained more slowly than normal infants (p = 0.001) after an initial rapid weight gain. Infants with lung disease had initial rapid weight gain similar to infants with PDA, but subsequently were similar to infants without lung disease. This equation accurately predicts weight gain in our population of very low-birth-weight infants. The relative error of the prediction is a useful research tool for determining the effect of clinical conditions or interventions on weight gain.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "MASCULINITY AND THE MATRILINEAL PUZZLE. This article addresses traditional assumptions about male roles in matrilineal societies usually summarized under the concept of the \\\\'Matrilineal Puzzle\\\\' and introduces instead a different reading of the ethnographic record on matrilineal masculinity. Data dealing with matrilineal parenting, such as belief systems of reproduction, parenting styles, and patterns of So-Mo and So-Fa interaction, are used to elucidate the construction and functioning of masculinity in matrilineal societies. Also addressed is the issue of male aggression with the emphasis on rape in matrilineal systems. The potential value of matrilineal concepts for the development of policies with respect to female-headed families and domestic violence in the contemporary Western world is briefly considered.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Transcriptional regulation of glutathione biosynthesis genes, gamma-glutamyl-cysteine ligase and glutathione synthetase in response to cadmium and nonylphenol in Chironomus riparius. We characterized Chironomus riparius glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis genes, gamma-glutamyl-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (cr-gcl) and glutathione synthetase (cr-gs) and studied their expression after cadmium (Cd) and nonylphenol (NP) exposure. The full length cDNA of the Cr-GCL catalytic subunit was 2185 base pair (bp) in length containing an open reading frame of 1905 bp, a 13 bp 5' and 267 bp 3' untranslated regions. The theoretical molecular mass of the deduced amino acid sequence (633) was 72.65 kDa with an estimated pI of 5.42. The partial cDNA of Cr-GS was 739 bp in length consisting 221 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of Cr-GCL and Cr-GS cDNAs showed high conservation with homologs from other species. In phylogenetic analysis Cr-GCL and Cr-GS were grouped with equivalent genes from insects belonging to the dipteran order. The expression of cr-gcl and cr-gs was measured using quantitative real-time PCR after exposure to sub lethal concentrations of Cd (2, 10 and 20 mg/L) and NP (10, 50 and 100 mu g/L) for 12, 24, 48 and 72 h using real-time PCR methods. The mRNA expression of Cr-GCL and Cr-GS was significantly modulated after exposure to different concentrations of Cd and NP for different time periods. Total GSH levels showed a non-significant decrease after exposure to Cd for 24h. However, no change in GSH levels was observed after exposure to NP for 24h. These results suggest that Cr-GS and Cr-GCL expression is modulated by Cd and NP stress and may play an important role in detoxification of xenobiotics and antioxidant defense. We conclude that Cr-GS and Cr-GCL could be used as biomarkers of Cd and NP stress in aquatic environment for the studied species. (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 52]}
+{"token": "New insights into the systematics and evolution of the filmy fern genus Crepidomanes (Hymenophyllaceae) in the Mascarene Archipelago with a focus on dwarf species. The diversity of species belonging to the filmy fern genus Crepidomanes (Hymenophyllaceae) in the Mascarene archipelago was studied, based on morphological investigations and focusing especially on the most dwarf species that are easily confused in the field and in herbarium collections. Morphological potential clusters and discriminations were then compared with an rbcL phylogeny. As a result, we recognized at least eight morpho-species for the archipelago and defined characters for distinguishing the three smallest ones, Crepidomanes bonapartei, Crepidomanes minutum and Crepidomanes (Trichomanes) trinerve. Morphological evidence and molecules confirm the specific status for T trinerve (newly combined in Crepidomanes), the inclusion of Crepidomanes mannii into a C. minutum complex, and new records of C. bonapartei for Mauritius. The neotropical Polyphlebium pyxidiferum is found to be closely related to Afro-Madagascan Crepidomanes inopinatum and Crepidomanes melanotrichum species and so is newly combined in Crepidomanes. A key for the eight species of the genus in the archipelago, description of a new section clustering Crepidomanes frappieri and Crepidomanes longilabiatum, and new enhanced descriptions for two dwarf taxa (C. bonapartei and C. trinerve) are provided, and biogeographical origins of the genus in the Western Indian Ocean area are discussed.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Origins, memory, and identity: 'Villages' and the politics of nationalism in the Republic of Moldova. This article reconsiders the manifestation of nationalism in the Republic of Moldova during the late Soviet period and early 1990s. Whereas dominant approaches have focused on the ethnic dimensions of the national movement, I argue that rural-urban identities also played a significant role in shaping political events and outcomes of the recent past by drawing on ethnographic research among participants in the \\\\'folkloric movement\\\\' within the arts and performance world. This movement coincided with the broader national movement of the 1980s and demonstrates the centrality of \\\\'villages\\\\' in the construction of an anti-Soviet \\\\'national\\\\' identity among ethnic Moldovans. In conclusion, the politics of nationalism must be understood in a wider framework that also accounts for the importance of non-ethnic forms of collective identity, such as villages, and that investigates how individual origins and social memory shape civic and political participation.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "Recovering, Restoring, and Renewing the Foundations of American Public Administration: The Contributions of Herbert J. Storing. Public administration continues to face an identity crisis that turns on the question of whether the animating principles of the discipline are to be discovered in the political foundations of a given regime, or whether they are to be found in more universal and transcendent principles of scientific management. Herbert J. Storing reframed the identity crisis as a problem arising from America's constitutional system of governance. In doing so, he created an important role for public administration in democratic governance. This role took the form of \\\\'closet statesmanship\\\\' and, in practice, requires the exercise of prudential judgment that looks more like judicial decision making than scientific management. In summarizing Storing's writings, the authors convincingly argue that he has much to teach us about the ongoing debate regarding the role of the bureaucracy within America's 87,576 systems of government.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Elimination of Mass-Exchange Errors in the NRC Watt Balance. We report on the evaluation, correction, and subsequent elimination of the mass-exchange errors in the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada watt balance. Two effects arising from mass exchanges during the weighing phase initially produced significant systematic errors in the measurements of the Planck constant (h). These effects were estimated, and corresponding corrections were applied to measurements of h made at NRC between August and September of 2011. The effect due to the tilting of the beam required an estimated correction of (0.238 +/- 0.018) mu J . s/(J . s), and the effect due to the tilting of the flat, which supports the beam, required an estimated correction of (-0.636 +/- 0.056) mu J . s/(J . s). After the initial measurements were completed, we made several modifications to the balance which achieved a reduction of the two errors to negligible levels. A second set of measurements, made with the modified apparatus in May and June of 2012, shows very good agreement with the first measurements.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Entropy as a measure of the performance of phosphor materials used in medical imaging radiation detectors. In information theory, entropy expresses the information gain obtained after detection of a signal concerning the state of a parameter of interest. In this study, entropy has been expressed in terms of physical quantities (emitted optical fluence and MTF) related to the imaging performance of phosphor materials, which are employed in medical imaging radiation detectors. Four phosphor materials, used in the form of laboratory-prepared fluorescent layers (screens), were compared on the basis of their entropy performance. Measurements were performed using 30- and 80-kVp X-ray beams often employed in X-ray imaging. Results showed that phosphor materials with high density and effective atomic number exhibit high entropy performance, especially at the higher X-ray tube voltage of 80 kVp, Entropy values are also affected by the type of activator, which determines the intrinsic X-ray-to-light conversion efficiency, and the spectrum of emitted light. The proximity of the incident X-ray quanta energy to the energy of the K-shell threshold for photoelectric absorption is an additional important factor which increases entropy. This effect was more apparent in the performance of yttrium-based phosphors at the lower voltage of 30 kVp.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Morphological variation of Varroa destructor (Parasitiformes, Varroidae) in different seasons. Varroosis is one of the most dangerous and common diseases of honey bees (Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758) worldwide, caused by gamasid mites of the species Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman, 2000. This external parasite is widespread and adapted to the climate conditions of most countries of the world, and it can infect bees at any life stage. It parasites on worker bees, male and queen bees, larvae and pupae, feeding on their hemolymph and fat bodies, causing lower survival rates and lower density of bee colonies, decreasing the bees' life span. Here, we studied the specifics of the seasonal variation of female V. destructor mites, obtained from honey bees, by the morphological characters of mites belonging to the summer and winter generations, and their differences were established. Using the methods of multivariate statistics, we found significant differences between the summer (June-July) and winter (October-November) morphotypes of V. destructor mites. There are differences between the seasonal samples by 12 morphological characters of the parasite, namely the width of dorsal shield, width of dorsoventral shield, number of pores on sternal shield, length of tarsus and macrochaeta IV, and distances between setae of gnathosoma. Processing the seasonal samples of mites with discriminant analysis resulted in differences by 11 morphological characters including the length of dorsal shield, number of lancet setae, length and width of genitoventral shield, width of anal shield, number of setae and pores on sternal shield and distance between setae of gnathosoma. In general, the summer females are smaller and elongated compared to winter females, with larger genitoventral shield and shorter legs. The mites of summer and winter generations are adapted to different seasons: the summer mites to the reproductive period, the winter generation to overwintering on bees. The ratio of morphotypes in female V. destructor mites is observed to change during the year, from 20.2% winter morphotype in summer generation to 20.7% summer morphotype in winter mites. Studying the influence of acaricides on the distinguished morphotypes is a promising approach to improve pest control measures against varroosis of honey bees.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Experimental investigation of three-dimensional flame-front structure in premixed turbulent combustion - I: Hydrocarbon/air bunsen flames. OH concentrations and three-dimensional gradients of the reaction progress variable have been measured in turbulent liquefied petroleum gas/air and compressed natural gas/air premixed flames stabilized, on a Bunsen-type burner with a combined two-sheet Rayleigh scattering and planar LIF-OH imaging technique. The progress variable, is observed to undergo a transition from lamella-like to non-flamelet front structure with increasing turbulence. This is consistent with the recently proposed change of the combustion regimes from complex-strain to. turbulent flame front regime on a recently proposed premixed combustion diagram. The anisotropy of local flame-front orientation in three-dimensional space is explained by the forward propagation ability of the planar turbulent flame brush. Weighting functions have thus. been derived for the isotropic pdf distributions of the in-plane and out-of-plane orientation angles to agree better with the experimental data. A linear scaling is found between the overall flame surface area and the turbulence intensity normalized by the laminar burning velocity. However, flames with excess backward-facing flame fronts do not comply with this linear relationship, showing enhanced flame surface folding. The. thin-flame assumption breaks down When non-flamelet broadening effects become important, although the pdf's of the progress variable are still bimodal-like. Non-unity Lewis-number combined curvature effects are evident for LPG/air flames of-weak turbulence, in that the conditional mean scalar dissipation increases steadily from the unburnt to burnt side across the flame brush. A consistent correlation exists between the Favre-averaged scalar dissipation and progress variable variance. This implies that small-scale scalar dissipation of local flame-fronts. is linked to large-scale scalar fluctuations. Sub- or super-flamelet OH concentration is found in lean LPG/air or CNG/air premixed flames, respectively, and occurs in line with a positive or negative correlation between OH concentrations and magnitudes of the progress variable gradient. (C) 2002 by The Combustion Institute.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 15, 35]}
+{"token": "How convincing is a matching Y-chromosome profile?. The introduction of forensic autosomal DNA profiles was controversial, but the problems were successfully addressed, and DNA profiling has gone on to revolutionise forensic science. Y-chromosome profiles are valuable when there is a mixture of male-source and female-source DNA, and interest centres on the identity of the male source(s) of the DNA. The problem of evaluating evidential weight is even more challenging for Y profiles than for autosomal profiles. Numerous approaches have been proposed, but they fail to deal adequately with the fact that men with matching Y-profiles are related in extended patrilineal clans, many of which may not be represented in available databases. The higher mutation rates of modern profiling kits have led to increased discriminatory power but they have also exacerbated the problem of fairly conveying evidential value. Because the relevant population is difficult to define, yet the number of matching relatives is fixed as population size varies, it is typically infeasible to derive population-based match probabilities relevant to a specific crime. We propose a conceptually simple solution, based on a simulation model and software to approximate the distribution of the number of males with a matching Y profile. We show that this distribution is robust to different values for the variance in reproductive success and the population growth rate. We also use importance sampling reweighting to derive the distribution of the number of matching males conditional on a database frequency, finding that this conditioning typically has only a modest impact. We illustrate the use of our approach to quantify the value of Y profile evidence for a court in a way that is both scientifically valid and easily comprehensible by a judge or juror.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Post common envelope binaries from SDSS XIII. Mass dependencies of the orbital period distribution. Methods. We performed standard statistical tests to compare the orbital period distributions and to determine the confidence levels of possible relations.Results. The orbital periods of PCEBs containing He-core WDs are significantly shorter than those of PCEBs containing C/O-core WDs. While the He-core PCEB orbital period distribution has a median value of P-orb similar to 0.28 d, the median orbital period for PCEBs containing C/O-coreWDs is P-orb similar to 0.57 d. We also find that systems containing more massive secondaries have longer post-CE orbital periods, in contradiction to recent predictions.Conclusions. Our observational results provide new constraints on theories of CE evolution. However we suggest future binary population models to take selection effects into account that still affect the current observed PCEB sample.Aims. We here analyze the orbital period distributions of PCEBs containing He-and C/O-core WDs separately and investigate whether the orbital period of PCEBs is related to the masses of their stellar components.Context. Post-common-envelope binaries (PCEBs) consisting of a white dwarf (WD) and a main-sequence secondary star are ideal systems to constrain models of common-envelope (CE) evolution. Until very recently, observed samples of PCEBs have been too small to fully explore this potential, however the recently identified large and relatively homogenous sample of PCEBs from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) has significantly changed this situation.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Primary urethral cancer: treatment patterns and associated outcomes. Conclusions We found preliminary evidence that multimodal therapy, more commonly used in recent years, was of benefit in patients with primary urethral cancer. This finding should be confirmed in further studies involving multiple centres because of the low incidence of the disease.Patients and Methods After obtaining institutional review board approval we identified 165 patients treated for primary urethral cancer between 1956 and 2017. Treatment included monotherapy (surgery or radiation), dual therapy (surgery+radiation, surgery+chemotherapy, or chemotherapy+radiation) or triple therapy (surgery+radiation+chemotherapy). Rates of different treatments were described by treatment year. The association between treatment type and outcomes was evaluated with multivariable Cox regression models, adjusting for disease characteristics.Results The study cohort included 74 men and 91 women, with a median age of 61 years. Common histologies were squamous cell (36%), urothelial (27%) and adenocarcinoma (25%). At presentation, 72% of patients had invasive disease, 24% had nodal involvement, and 5% had metastases. Treatment included monotherapy (57%), dual therapy (21%), and triple therapy (10%). The use of monotherapy decreased over time, while rates of dual therapy remained consistent, and rates of triple therapy increased. The median follow-up was 4.7 years. Estimated 5-year local recurrence-free, disease-specific and overall survival were 51%, 48% and 41%, respectively. Monotherapy was associated with decreased local recurrence-free survival after adjusting for stage, histology, sex and year of treatment (P = 0.017). There was no evidence that treatment type was associated with distant recurrence, cancer-specific or overall survival.Objectives To evaluate treatment patterns and associated outcomes of patients with urethral cancer.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Bioactive glass functionalized chondroitin sulfate hydrogel with proangiogenic properties. Blood vessels play an important role in bone defect repair and growth, and a critical challenge of bone defect repair is the promotion of blood vessel formation. Most of the current methods promote vascularization by adding specific growth factors, which are costly and easy to inactivate. In this study, we developed a covalently cross-linked aminated bioactive glass nanoparticle-chondroitin sulfate methacrylate (ABGN-CSMA) organic-inorganic composite hydrogel with angiogenic properties. The amino groups of the ABGNs form covalent bonds with the carboxyl groups on CSMA. Surface amination modification of BGNs not only improved the dispersion of BGNs in CSMA but also significantly improved the mechanical properties of the composite hydrogel. The largest storage modulus (1200 Pa), the largest loss modulus (560 Pa) and the strongest resistance to deformation of the hydrogel are seen at 10% concentration of ABGNs. Simultaneously, the local pH stability and sustained ion release of the composite hydrogel are conducive to cell adhesion, proliferation, and angiogenesis. This work provides evidence for the development of covalently cross-linked organic-inorganic composite hydrogels with angiogenic properties.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Non-specific adsorption of serum and cell lysate on 3D biosensor platforms: A comparative study based on SPRi. Comparative study for non-specific adsorption of cell lysate and serum on recently developed biosensor surfaces is reported. Different surface chemistries including, polyethylene glycol (PEG), alpha-cyclodextrin (CD), hydrogel dextran and surface initiated polymerization (SIP) based gold surfaces were taken into account for this study. Various techniques including, surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS) technique to evaluate the surfaces with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for the confirmation of surface fabrication were used. A high non-specific adsorption response of cell lysate and serum was observed on these so-called non-fouling surfaces. The obtained results from this comparative study provided some hope to explore SIP and dextran surface as a universal platform for biosensor applications. SIP produced best result and showed high sensitivity and minimum non-specific adsorption. We believe that this comparative study will surely help the researchers to further upgrade these surfaces and especially SIP to make it more universal for biosensor microarray applications including biomarker discovery in high throughput format. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Adjunctive Taurine in First-Episode Psychosis: A Phase 2, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Results: 86 participants (n = 47 taurine; n = 39 placebo) were included in the final analysis. Taurine significantly improved symptomatology measured by the BPRS total score (95% CI, 1.8-8.5; P = .004) and psychotic subscale (95% CI, 0.1-1.5; P = .026) compared to placebo. Additionally, improvements were observed in the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (95% CI, 0.1-3.0; P = .047) and Global Assessment of Functioning (95% CI, 0.3-8.8; P = .04) scores. There was no group difference in composite cognitive score (95% CI, -1.7 to 1.0; P = .582). A significant group difference was found on one safety and tolerability item (psychic item 2, asthenia/lassitude/increased fatigability) of the Udvalg for Kliniske Undersogelser, with the taurine group showing a more favorable outcome (P = .006).Objective: Taurine is an inhibitory neuromodulatory amino acid in the central nervous system that activates the GABA-and glycine-insensitive chloride channel and inhibits the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. It also functions as a neuroprotective agent and has a role in neural development and neurogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of adjunctive taurine in improving symptomatology and cognition among patients with a DSM-IV first-episode psychotic disorder.Conclusions: Adjunctive taurine did not improve cognition, but it appears to improve psychopathology in patients with first-episode psychosis. The use of taurine warrants further investigation in larger randomized studies, particularly early in the course of psychosis. (C) Copyright 2016 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.Methods: 121 patients with first-episode psychosis, aged 18-25 years, attending early intervention services consented to participate in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted from January 2007 to May 2009. Patients taking low-dose antipsychotic medication were randomly assigned to receive once-daily taurine 4 g or placebo for 12 weeks. The coprimary outcomes were change in symptomatology (measured by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale [BPRS] total score) and change in cognition (measured by the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia [MATRICS] Consensus Cognitive Battery composite score) at 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes included tolerability and safety and additional clinical and functioning measures.", "label": [2, 5, 23, 55]}
+{"token": "The relative proportions of water group ions in Saturn's inner magnetosphere: A preliminary study. We present a technique to gather ion composition information in the form of relative abundances of the water group ion species in Saturn's inner magnetosphere, utilizing the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer's Straight-Through Time-of-Flight data from two orbits in 2011. We show that between 4.75 and 8 Saturn radii H2O+ ions dominate the water group species, and from 8 to 10 Saturn radii it is OH+ ions that dominate. Our results show that the relative proportion of H3O+ falls fastest with increasing distance, while the proportion of H2O+ decreases slowly. However, O+ and OH+ increase with distance, and O+ is the least dominant ion species out to eight Saturn radii outside of which it is comparable to H3O+. The relative abundance of H2O+ found here matches theoretical work based on Herschel telescopic data very well. These results are compared with other published work, and further improvements to the technique are discussed.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "A randomized trial of computer-based communications using imagery and text information to alter representations of heart disease risk and motivate protective behaviour. Design. A 2 x 2 x 4 factorial design was used to manipulate concrete imagery (imagery vs. no imagery) and conceptual information (text vs. no text) about heart disease risk in prevention-oriented programmes and assess changes in representations and behavioural motivations from baseline to 2 days, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks post-intervention.Methods. Sedentary young adults (N = 80) were randomized to view one of four programmes: imagery plus text, imagery only, text only, or control. Participants completed measures of risk representations, worry, and physical activity and healthy diet intentions and behaviours at baseline, 2 days post-intervention (except behaviours), and 2 weeks (intentions and behaviours only) and 4 weeks later.Objective. Advances in web-based animation technologies provide new opportunities to develop graphic health communications for dissemination throughout communities. We developed imagery and text contents of brief, computer-based programmes about heart disease risk, with both imagery and text contents guided by the commonsense model (CSM) of self-regulation. The imagery depicts a three-dimensional, beating heart tailored to user-specific information.Conclusion. The CSM-based programmes induced short-term changes in risk representations and behaviour motivation. The combination of CSM-based text and imagery appears to be most effective in instilling risk representations that motivate protective behaviour.Results. The imagery contents increased representational beliefs and mental imagery relating to heart disease, worry, and intentions at post-intervention. Increases in sense of coherence (understanding of heart disease) and worry were sustained after I month. The imagery contents also increased healthy diet efforts after 2 weeks. The text contents increased beliefs about causal factors, mental images of clogged arteries, and worry at post-intervention, and increased physical activity 2 weeks later and sense of coherence I month later.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Research and Application of Vibration Measurement While Drilling in the Undersea Coal Mine. In order to solve the problem of fine detection of complex geological structure in the mining process of undersea coal mine, the method of vibration measurement while drilling is put forward to realize the automatic and effective identification of lithology. In order to determine the feasibility of the method of vibration measurement while drilling on different engineering conditions, the time domain and frequency domain signals under different drilling conditions were analyzed. The various working conditions, such as static drill pipe, artificial drill pipe, rotated unbroken rock and rotated broken rock, were determined by the time domain signals collected from undersea coal mine. Combined with variance analysis, time-consuming analysis and high frequency signal in frequency domain in rock breaking time, the changes in frequency domain signals of different lithology during drilling and rock breaking are determined, thus determining the position of lithological changes during the drilling process. The method of vibration measurement while drilling provides technical guarantee for fine geological detection.", "label": [4, 5, 38, 52]}
+{"token": "TOWARDS A LEGACY OF THE SCOTTISH TRADITION: THE DEMOCRATIC INTELLECT IN AMERICA. This paper addresses one of the themes of the 2018 CSSP Conference: understanding the legacy of the Scottish tradition. In doing so I suggest that we find some Scottish heirlooms in early American education. To make this case I will start with a text that has been largely refuted and establish a starting point for a legacy of the Scottish tradition with what I believe to be the weakest case: the almost unknown Glaswegian philosopher George Jardine (1742-1827).", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Low temperature synthesis of nitrogen-rich biomass for high-performance removal of phosphate. Eutrophication in water bodies provokes the exploit of efficient tactics for phosphate removal from wastewaters. Herein, biowaste oil-tea shell (OTS) was adopted as a precursor. Through a facile two-step dipping method of nitric acid (HNO3) and polyethyleneimine (PEI), the functionalized OTS (denoted as NP-OTS) was prepared and applied for the efficient removal of phosphate in wastewater. Characterization using XRD, FTIR, SEM and XPS showed that the as-obtained NP-OTS were mainly cellulose with abundant N-containing groups. The effect of solution pH, adsorption dosage, contact time, initial concentration, and co-existing ions were systemically investigated. As a result, the adsorption behavior of phosphate on NP-OTS was in best pertinence with pseudo second-order kinetic model and Langmuir model, and the thermodynamics results suggested that the adsorption of the phosphate is spontaneous. The maximum uptake capacity of NP-OTS was 125.24 mg/g estimated by Langmuir model, which was about 4.4-fold higher than the pristine oil-tea shell (28.32 mg/g), and over 1.4-fold higher than either the HNO3 modified OTS (65.19 mg/g) or the PEI decorated OTS (83.94 mg/g) at 25 degrees C. The phosphate adsorbed NP-OTS was also easy to regenerate within five stable cycles. Furthermore, electrostatic adsorption and hydrogen bonding were revealed as the underlying adsorption mechanism. This work paves a new way for the high-value utilization of biowaste and the removal of phosphate in acid wastewater.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Promoting International Interoperability of Research Information Systems: VIVO and CERIF. Institutional repositories (IR) and Current Research Information Systems (CRIS) store and manage information on the context in which research activity takes place. Several models, standards and ontologies have been proposed to date as solutions to provide coherent semantic descriptions of research information. These present a large degree of overlap but also present very different approaches to modelling. This paper introduces a contrast of two of the more widespread models, the VIVO ontology and the CERIF standards, and provides guidance for mapping them in a way that enables clients to integrate data coming from heterogeneous sources. The majority of mapping challenges have risen from the representation of VIVO sub-hierarchies in CERIF as well as from the representation of CERIF attributes in VIVO. In addition, the paper illustrates features for linking data across the Web, for querying of geographically distributed data stores and for aggregating data described using different data models in a common store. These features are supported by semantic web technologies including RDF, OWL and SWRL.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Temporal and spatial distribution of malaria within an agricultural settlement of the Brazilian Amazon. Malaria has reemerged in tropical regions with rapid population growth and deforestation. The dynamics of malaria transmission in agricultural settlements of the Amazon have been poorly defined. We studied the spatial distribution of malaria incidence in Roraima, Brazil, using multi regression analysis on 12 parameters that described social, housing, and behavioral variables. Malaria cases were associated with the proximity of Anopheles darlingi breeding sites, the main vector in these areas. During the dry season, transmission was enhanced near a temporary river. Cases occurred throughout the year near fish-farming dams. Epidemiological models derived from urban or riverine malaria are probably inadequate for describing disease transmission in agricultural settlements, where cases are clustered near breeding sites, while the majority of the population remains unaffected. Identification of these areas, associated with residual insecticide spraying or surveillance, may considerably decrease the costs of control efforts. Journal of Vector Ecology 36 (1): 159-169. 2010.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations in Urban Chinese Cities, 2005-2016: A Systematic Review. Background: Particulate matter pollution has become a growing health concern over the past few decades globally. The problem is especially evident in China, where particulate matter levels prior to 2013 are publically unavailable. We conducted a systematic review of scientific literature that reported fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations in different regions of China from 2005 to 2016. Methods: We searched for English articles in PubMed and Embase and for Chinese articles in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). We evaluated the studies overall and categorized the collected data into six geographical regions and three economic regions. Results: The mean (SD) PM2.5 concentration, weighted by the number of sampling days, was 60.64 (33.27) g/m(3) for all geographic regions and 71.99 (30.20) g/m(3) for all economic regions. A one-way ANOVA shows statistically significant differences in PM2.5 concentrations between the various geographic regions (F = 14.91, p < 0.0001) and the three economic regions (F = 4.55, p = 0.01). Conclusions: This review identifies quantifiable differences in fine particulate matter concentrations across regions of China. The highest levels of fine particulate matter were found in the northern and northwestern regions and especially Beijing. The high percentage of data points exceeding current federal regulation standards suggests that fine particulate matter pollution remains a huge problem for China. As pre-2013 emissions data remain largely unavailable, we hope that the data aggregated from this systematic review can be incorporated into current and future models for more accurate historical PM2.5 estimates.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "Turkomans' Ceremony of Sixtythird Age: Ak Koyun Wedding. After acceptance of Islam, Turks, in order to address their loyalty, had indited lots of poems and mawlids praising prophet Mohammad and Islam. In Turkish literature, beyond poems and mawlids praising prophet Mohammad, there are also lots of pieces about his life. One aspect of such pieces is interpretations about prophet Mohammad's age at exit, which is sixtythree (63). As known, prophet Mohammad had died at age of sixtyone (61) in terms of the Gregorian calendar, which is sixtythree (63) with respect to the Hegira calendar. We initially observe the special meaning for 63 year old in Ahmet Yesevi's life, a Turkish Sufi (Muslim Mystic), as 63 year old is the death age of Hz. Muhammed's. As a result of his adherence to Hz. Muhammed when he reached 63 year old, Hoca Ahmet Yesevi built an underground cell in the yard of his dervish lodge and lived there till his death. This attitude, which shows his loyalty towards Hz. Muhammed, has had influences on Turkomans and become a ceremony called as 63 year old \\\\'toy\\\\'. The core of this study includes commemorative ceremonies regarding death of prophet Mohammad at the age of sixtythree, which being performed through Turkic communities, especially in Turkmenistan, and reflections of these in literary works. In first chapter, a brief information about life of a leading figure of Sufism, Hodja Ahmad Yasavi will be given. Then, wisdoms of Hodja Ahmad Yasavi about \\\\'sixtythird age\\\\' will be addressed in details. In second chapter, performance of \\\\'sixtythird age\\\\' ceremony which is endemic to Turkomans will be explained in parallel with scientific papers about this spesific topic and novel of a Turkoman writer, Berdinazar Hudaynazarov, namely \\\\'Sons of Karakum\\\\'. Aim of this study is to introduce this Turkoman endemic ceremony to all Turkic communities and to help transferring of religious and cultural values to next generations using this specific ceremony regarding death of prophet Mohammad.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Determinants of Respirable Quartz Exposure Concentrations Across Occupations in Denmark, 2018. Background High concentrations of respirable quartz have been reported from workers in construction, foundries, and quarries. Current exposure concentrations in prevalent but presumably lower exposed occupations have been less examined. We aimed to quantify current exposure concentrations of respirable dust and quartz across prevalent occupations and to identify determinants of respirable quartz exposure across these occupations. Methods One hundred and eighty-nine full-shift personal samples of respirable dust of workers within 11 occupations in Denmark were sampled during 2018. Respirable dust was determined gravimetrically and analysed for quartz content with infrared spectrometry. Determinants for respirable quartz exposure, i.e. use of power tools, outdoor or indoor location, and percentage of quartz in respirable dust, were analysed in linear mixed effect models. Results The overall geometric means (geometric standard deviations) for respirable dust and quartz were 216 mu g m(-3) (4.42) and 16 mu g m(-3) (4.07), respectively. The highest quartz concentrations were observed among stone cutters and carvers [93 mu g m(-3) (3.47)], and metal melters and casters [61 mu g m(-3) (1.71)]. Use of power tools increased exposure concentrations of quartz by a factor of 3.5. Occupations explained 27%, companies within occupations 28%, and differences between workers within companies within occupations 14% of the variability in quartz concentrations. Thirty percent was due to day-to-day variability in exposure concentrations. In total, 19% of the variation in quartz concentration could be explained by type of tool, indoor/outdoor location, and percentage of quartz in respirable dust. Conclusion Current exposure concentrations are generally low, but some occupations in this study had average exposure concentrations to respirable quartz above the ACGIH threshold limit value of 25 mu g m(-3). Preventive measures to lower excess risk of quartz-related diseases among these workers are still needed. In terms of preventive strategies, use of power tools and quartz content of used materials were identified as main determinants of exposure. Lowering of exposures will be most efficient when focussed on these major determinants, e.g. tool dust control with water, dust extraction, and use of low quartz content materials.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Genotyping of the c.1423C>T (p.P475S) polymorphism in the ADAMTS13 gene by APLP and HRM assays: Northeastern Asian origin of the mutant. ADAMTS13 is a von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease. The mutant types of p.P475S (c.1423C>T) polymorphism in ADAMTS13 have a reduced activity in comparison with the wild type. In the present study, we investigated the frequency of the C-to-T substitution in 2584 genomic DNA samples from 25 Asian, European, and African populations using APLP (amplified product length polymorphism) and/or HRM (high-resolution melting) assays. Allele T (ADAMTS13*T) was detected only in Asian populations and its frequency was observed to decrease gradually from north to south in 24 East Asian populations. Almost all ADAMTS13*T were associated with ABO*0. These results suggested that ADAMTS13*T had occurred on a chromosome with ABO*0 in a northern part of East Asia. This SNP is useful as an ancestry-informative marker, and the present genotyping techniques are applicable to the investigation of an association between this SNP and aortic dissection (Kobayashi et al., 2012). (C) 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 52]}
+{"token": "Semi-analytical solution of random response for nonlinear vibration energy harvesters. Due to the prominent broadband performance of nonlinear vibration energy harvester, theoretical evaluations for the mean square response to random excitations and the associated mean output power are of great interest. By employing the generalized harmonic transformation and equivalent nonlinearization technique, established here is a semi-analytical solution of random response for nonlinear vibration energy harvesters subjected to Gaussian white noise excitation. The semi analytical solution for stationary probability density of the system response is obtained by two iterative processes. Numerical results for a Duffing-type harvester demonstrate rapid convergence of the iterative processes and high evaluation accuracy for the mean square response and the mean output power. Furthermore, the influence of harvesting circuit on the mechanical subsystem can be converted to modified quasi linear damping and stiffness with energy-dependent coefficients, which is different from the traditional viewpoint on the equivalence of constant coefficient clamping and provides more comprehensive explanation on the influence of harvesting circuit. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Models for combining random and systematic errors. Assumptions and consequences for different models. It is concluded that there are at least three models for combining systematic and random variation/errors, each created for its own specific purpose, with its own assumptions and resulting in considerably different results. These models should be used according to their purposes.A series of models for handling and combining systematic and random variations/errors are investigated in order to characterize the different models according to their purpose, their application, and discuss their flaws with regard to their assumptions. The following models are considered 1. linear model, where the random and systematic elements are combined according to a linear concept (TE = \\\\\\\\bias\\\\\\\\ + z . sigma), where TE is total error, bias is the systematic error component, sigma is the random error component (standard deviation or coefficient of variation) and z is the probability factor; 2. squared model with two sub-models of which one is the classical statistical variance model and the other is the GUM (Guide to Uncertainty in Measurements) model for estimating uncertainty of a measurement; 3. combined model developed for the estimation of analytical quality specifications according to the clinical consequences (clinical outcome) of errors.The consequences of these models are investigated by calculation of the functions of transformation of bias into imprecision according to the assumptions and model calculations. As expected, the functions turn out to be rather different with considerable consequences for these types of transformations.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Molecular Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile Strains in Children Compared with That of Strains Circulating in Adults with Clostridium difficile-Associated Infection. Molecular analysis of Clostridium difficile (28 isolates) from children (n = 128) in Oxfordshire, United Kingdom, identified eight toxigenic genotypes. Six of these were isolated from 27% of concurrent adult C. difficile-associated infections studied (n = 83). No children carried hypervirulent PCR ribotype 027. Children could participate in the transmission of some adult disease-causing genotypes.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Targeting, cascading and indirect tax design. Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to address two fundamental issues in indirect tax design. It first revisits the case for reduced rates on items especially important to the poor, and then explores the welfare costs from cascading taxes.Findings - On the first issue, the paper establishes conditions under which even very crudely targeted spending measures better serve the interests of the poor than does the reduced taxation of particular commodities looming large in their consumption. On the second, it shows that these may actually be lower the wider the set of inputs that are taxed but, more to the point, may plausibly be large even at a low nominal tax rate and with relatively few stages of production: contrary to a common mantra, \\\\'a low rate on a broad base\\\\' is not always good policy.Originality/value - Both issues addressed in the paper are recurrent and central concerns in the design of indirect taxes in general, and the value-added tax (VAT)/general sales tax (GST) in particular. The author is unaware of other treatments that are at all comparable in perspective or results. The author hopes the analysis will prove useful in many contexts where these issues arise - not least in India, where these issues are central to discussions of VAT/GST reform.Design/methodology/approach - Applied theory was used in this paper.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Physical Activity Interferes with the Immunomodulatory Effect of the Antineoplastic Drug NSC631570. Objective: the aim of the work was to evaluate the effect of moderate physical exercise on the response of circulating phagocytes to the antineoplastic drug NSC 631570. Methods: Eight healthy adult men aged 23 +/- 2 years were recruited to participate in the study; NSC 631570 was administered i.v. in a single therapeutic dose; blood samples were collected before and after the drug administration; the moderate physical exercise programme included 50 slow squats; total leukocyte, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts were determined using the haematological analyser; intracellular ROS generation and phagocytic activity of circulating monocytes and granulocytes were analysed by flow cytometry; PPAR-gamma protein expression was evaluated by Western blot. Results: introduction of NSC 631570 in an inpatient setting was associated with a decrease in phagocyte endocytic activity along with an increase in ROS generation. Drug injection in an outpatient setting was accompanied by a significant increase in monocyte and granulocyte phagocytosis along with a decrease in the daily mean of ROS generation as well as by a decrease in monocyte reactivity reserve after stimulation in vitro. PPAR-gamma. expression in circulating monocytes was significantly decreased after the drug administration in an inpatient setting and was slightly increased in active participants after the drug injection. Conclusion: NSC 631570 causes M1 (N1) shift of phagocytes after in vivo introduction. Moderate physical exercise exerts a negative effect on the immunomodulatory action of NSC 631570 by abrogating M1 (N1) shift of circulating phagocytes. One of the reasons for such an effect could be an increase in PPAR-gamma expression by phagocytes.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 42]}
+{"token": "Femininity, patriarchy and resistance in the postwar Bosnia and Herzegovina. Acknowledging that womanhood in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) has traditionally meant complying with the more or less rigid patriarchal norm, especially when a war came to an end, this paper seeks to contextualize current female identities in the postwar BiH by assessing women's discourses with respect to femininity-in-patriarchy and perceived resistance mechanisms. After WWII, modernity and industrialization of the ex-Yugoslav society resulted in a greater equality and emancipation of women only to be reversed by the increased retraditionalization, repatriarchalization and poverty that ensued after the 1992 - 1995 Bosnian conflict. Such a situation only made it worse for all women in BiH irrespective of their ethnicity or religion and suggested that social class is a more important determinant in coping with the patriarchal legacies and emancipatory demands. Presuming discourse to be both socially determined and socially determinative when it comes to attitudes, identities and agency, this triangulated study combined available data from previous social research on women in the region with six focus groups of BiH women of different social status. The obtained transcripts were then analyzed in the manner of critical discourse analysis (CDA) in order to see what resistance discourses and strategies they used on a day-to-day basis when it came to surviving under and subverting the conditions of oppression.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Social Exclusion, Resilience and Social Worker Preparedness: Providing Services to Gay and Bisexual Men Who Party-N-Play. Party-n-Play (PNP) refers to sex between gay and bisexual men that occurs under the influence of drugs. Growing evidence suggests gay and bisexual men who PNP experience significant stigma and social exclusion. Less is known about the resilience of this population. Utilising critical discourse analysis, this study examined how gay and bisexual men who PNP talk about social exclusion and resilience in their lives. In-depth one-hour interviews were conducted with forty-four gay and bisexual men who lived in Toronto, and who used various drugs before or during sex with another man in the previous month. Study findings revealed that social exclusion was perpetuated through discourses of stigma, deviance, morality, heteronormativity, homophobia, racism, classism, risk and policing. These discourses also negatively affected participants' interactions with health care providers. However, many participants evoked resilience discourses and described social bonds, friendships and relations of care in their networks. Social work professionals would benefit from examining the roles of social exclusion, as well as stigmatising and pathologising discourses in their practice. These findings also underscore the need for culturally sensitive social work interventions for this population that address social exclusion and foster resilience.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "PERCEPTIONS AND SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF POVERTY. Poverty has been over time a theme and also inspiration reasons and analysis for all areas. The subject is discussed in History, Sociology, Political science, Economics and Theology. Various writings and generous approaches finally find their explanatory refuge in the socio-cultural register. Sociological concerns of recent times on this issue have focused on two directions: one relates to self-perception of poor and the perception of others on the poor persons. Things have also affected the theory, some theories attributing the poverty to the individual and some to the social element. Perceptions and social representations of poverty and theoretical and explanatory guidelines accompanying this topic show that the phenomenon is complex, having an important socio-cultural component.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Two-step aggregation of gold nanoparticles based on charge neutralization for detection of melamine by colorimetric and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy platform. A colorimetric and surface-enhanced Raman scat-tering (SERS) signal amplification platform based on 2-step aggregation of gold nanoparticles (AuNP) was constructed for the sensitive detection of melamine. In this study, the positively charged SYBR Green I was used for the first step of aggregation of AuNP, via charge neutralization, to obtain small-sized AuNP aggregates. The positively charged SYBR Green I de-creased the negative charges of the surface of AuNP, which was beneficial to the aggregation of AuNP. In addition, the melamine could aggregate AuNP by de-creasing the negative charges of the surface of AuNP and self-assemble with each other on the surface of AuNP by hydrogen bonds. Therefore, the second effi-cient aggregation of small-sized AuNP aggregates could be achieved with melamine at low concentration, re-sulting in significant signal changes of color and SERS. The sensitivity of a colorimetric (0.60 mg/L) and SERS (0.089 mg/L) platform, based on 2-step aggregation of AuNP, was 15 and 2.2 times higher than that based on 1 of AuNP for melamine.", "label": [0, 6, 8]}
+{"token": "'Of guns and laws': a South African perspective in light of United Kingdom and United States gun laws. The purpose of this paper is to examine the challenges the South African government will face implementing the Firearms Control Act 60 of 2000 in light of the existing gun culture in South Africa. The paper begins with a description of the prior firearms control regime and the promulgation of the new law. It compares the mechanisms for gun control provided in the predecessor statute - the Arms and Ammunition Act 75 of 1969 - to the current mechanisms, critically analyzing whether the new legislation corrects the problems of the old. The paper then compares how the United Kingdom and the United States, two jurisdictions with similar gun cultures, handle arms control and what lessons South Africa can gain in order to foster future law reform efforts.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Optimizing arousal to manage aggression: A pilot study of sensory modulation. The dominant model that informs clinical training for preventing violence and managing aggression posits arousal as mediated downwards from higher cortical structures. This view results in an often-misplaced reliance on verbal and cognitive techniques for de-escalation. The emergence of sensory modulation, via the Six Core Strategies, is an alternative or complementary approach that is associated with reduced rates of seclusion and restraint. Sensory-based interventions are thought to promote adaptive regulation of arousal and emotion, but this connection has had limited theoretical and empirical development. This paper presents results of a pilot trial of sensory-based interventions in four inpatient mental health units in New Zealand. Narrative analysis of interview and focus group data suggest that modifications to the environment and the use of soothing stimuli moderate or optimize arousal and promote an ability to adaptively regulate emotion. Findings are discussed in light of recent advances in the neurophysiology of emotional regulation and the General Aggression Model that posits arousal and maladaptive emotional regulation as precursors to aggression.", "label": [2, 26, 23]}
+{"token": "Fundamental Cause Theory, Technological Innovation, and Health Disparities: The Case of Cholesterol in the Era of Statins. Although fundamental cause theory has been highly influential in shaping the research literature on health disparities, there have been few empirical demonstrations of the theory, particularly in dynamic perspective. In this study, we examine how income disparities in cholesterol levels have changed with the emergence of statins, an expensive and potent new drug technology. Using nationally representative data from 1976 to 2004, we find that income gradients for cholesterol were initially positive, but then reversed and became negative in the era of statin use. While the advantaged were previously more likely to have high levels of cholesterol, they are now less likely. We consider our case study against a broader theoretical framework outlining the relationship between technology innovation and health disparities. We find that the influence of technologies on socioeconomic disparities is subject to two important modifiers: (1) the nature of the technological change and (2) the extent of its diffusion and adoption.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 55, 24, 57]}
+{"token": "On the applicability of solventless and solid-state reactions to the meteoritic chemistry. Most chemical reactions on asteroids, from which meteors and meteorites originate, are hypothesized to occur primarily in the solid mixtures. Some secondary chemical reactions may have occurred during the periods of the aqueous alteration of the asteroids. A myriad of organic compounds have been isolated from the meteorites, but the chemical conditions during which they were formed are only partially elucidated. In this paper, we propose that numerous meteoritic organic compounds were formed by the solventless and solid-state reactions that were only recently explored in conjunction with the green chemistry. A typical solventless approach exploits the phenomenon of the mixed melting points. As the solid materials are mixed together, the melting point of the mixture becomes lower than the melting points of its individual components. In some cases, the entire mixture may melt upon mixing. These reactions could then occur in a melted state. In the traditional solid-state reactions, the solids are mixed together, which allows for the intimate contact of the reactants, but the reaction occurs without melting. We have shown various examples of the known solventless and solid-state reactions that are particularly relevant to the meteoritic chemistry. We have also placed them in a prebiotic context and evaluated them for their astrobiological significance. Received 16 August 2011, accepted 21 October 2011, first published online 18 November 2011", "label": [4, 34, 38, 42]}
+{"token": "Comment on 'Electron and gamma background in CRESST detectors. The analysis of the background of CaWO(4) detectors used in the CRESST experiment [1] is commented upon. We explore the possible contribution of the Bi-210 beta-radiation and its bremsstrahlung to the background spectra. We find that the bremsstrahlung from the external Bi-210 might satisfactorily account for most part of the continuous background spectrum in the 100-600 keV region, and that the detectors might thus come out practically free of the unpleasant Sr-90 contamination. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "Ground detection of terrestrial gamma ray flashes from distant radio signals. Terrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGFs) are brief bursts of energetic gammy-ray photons generated during thunderstorms, which have been detected almost exclusively by satellite-based instruments. Here we present three lines of evidence which includes the three out of three simultaneously observed pairs, the same occurrence contexts, and the consistent estimated occurrence rate, which indicate a direct relationship between a subset of TGFs and a class of energetic radio signal easily detectable by ground-based sensors. This connection indicates that these gamma ray and radio emissions are two views of the same phenomenon and further enable detection of these TGFs from ground distant radio signals alone. Besides dramatically increasing the detection rate of TGFs, this ground detection approach can identify TGFs in continental and coastal areas that are at latitudes too high for present TGF-detecting satellites and will provide more insights into the mechanism of TGF production.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Padauk (Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub.) extracts: An ecological solution for improving the natural water durability of welded wood. This study evaluates the effect of Padauk extracts on the natural cold water durability of welded beech wood. Wood specimens of 70 x 50 x 25 mm(3) with initial moisture content of 12% were treated with Padauk extracts by capillary action for 7 days and further welded by high-speed dowel rotation wood welding. Water resistance test was performed by consecutive soaking (2 and 4 h) of treated and untreated specimens in two separate soaking tanks containing distilled water from 10 degrees C to 20 degrees C, then linear tensile and tensile shear tests were performed. Non-water leachable oligomers were determined using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF/MS) analysis. Internal adhesion level of the weld line was assessed through vertical density profiles of treated and untreated specimens. The results showed that the use of Padauk extracts improve the beech wood water resistance and the natural water durability of its welded joints. The respective tensile strengths obtained for the specimens treated at 0, 2 and 4 h of immersion in cold water were 2.34 KN, 1.56 KN and 0.86 KN. MALDI-TOF/MS analysis shows an abundance of molecules with aromatic methoxy groups (OCH3) which leach slowly in cold water, such as santalin B at 596 Da and santalin A at 583 Da which has an additional -CH3 group. X-ray densitometry confirmed a high densification (776.45 kg/m(3)) of the weld lines of the treated specimens and a peripheral densification of 762.74 kg/m(3) compared to the 754.60 kg/m(3) of the untreated specimens. These differences could be due to the chemical composition of the natural Padauk extracts, which justifies their water repellent potential on the treated beech wood.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
+{"token": "How are visemes and graphemes integrated with speech sounds during spoken word recognition? ERP evidence for supra-additive responses during audiovisual compared to auditory speech processing. Both visual articulatory gestures and orthography provide information on the phonological content of speech. This EEG study investigated the integration between speech and these two visual inputs. A comparison of skilled readers' brain responses elicited by a spoken word presented alone versus synchronously with a static image of a viseme or a grapheme of the spoken word's onset showed that while neither visual input induced audiovisual integration on N1 acoustic component, both led to a supra-additive integration on P2, with a stronger integration between speech and graphemes on left-anterior electrodes. This pattern persisted in P350 time-window and generalized to all electrodes. The finding suggests a strong impact of spelling knowledge on phonetic processing and lexical access. It also indirectly indicates that the dynamic and predictive value present in natural lip movements but not in static visemes is particularly critical to the contribution of visual articulatory gestures to speech processing.", "label": [2, 3, 5, 18, 28, 55]}
+{"token": "Anaesthesia and airway management in mucopolysaccharidosis. This paper provides a detailed overview and discussion of anaesthesia in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS), the evaluation of risk factors in these patients and their anaesthetic management, including emergency airway issues. MPS represents a group of rare lysosomal storage disorders associated with an array of clinical manifestations. The high prevalence of airway obstruction and restrictive pulmonary disease in combination with cardiovascular manifestations poses a high anaesthetic risk to these patients. Typical anaesthetic problems include airway obstruction after induction or extubation, intubation difficulties or failure [can't intubate, can't ventilate (CICV)], possible emergency tracheostomy and cardiovascular and cervical spine issues. Because of the high anaesthetic risk, the benefits of a procedure in patients with MPS should always be balanced against the associated risks. Therefore, careful evaluation of anaesthetic risk factors should be made before the procedure, involving evaluation of airways and cardiorespiratory and cervical spine problems. In addition, information on the specific type of MPS, prior history of anaesthesia, presence of cervical instability and range of motion of the temporomandibular joint are important and may be pivotal to prevent complications during anaesthesia. Knowledge of these risk factors allows the anaesthetist to anticipate potential problems that may arise during or after the procedure. Anaesthesia in MPS patients should be preferably done by an experienced (paediatric) anaesthetist, supported by a multidisciplinary team (ear, nose, throat surgeon and intensive care team), with access to all necessary equipment and support.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 20]}
+{"token": "Spray drift review: The extent to which a formulation can contribute to spray drift reduction. Mitigation of risk arising from spray drift in Europe is achieved mostly by implementation of no-spray buffer zones and the use of approved drift-reducing techniques. Although physicochemical properties of spray solutions are known to influence spray drift, they are not yet incorporated into regulatory risk assessments at the European level. In this review we give a systematic report on the relevant physical properties of agricultural spray liquids and how these influence spray characteristics. According to the data reported in literature, it can be concluded that not only spray-mix additives but also certain formulation types can be used to reduce spray drift. To complete the picture, existing drift mitigation techniques and conditions have been reviewed along with measuring equipment which is commonly used to characterize agricultural sprays and the droplet size-related biological aspects of the application process. In a final step, we discuss the possibility of estimating drift risk based on the physicochemical properties of spray liquids induced by different formulation types. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "'Party Principles' in Scottish Political Culture: Roxburghshire, 1832-1847. In this article it is argued that everyday processes and rituals entrenched political identities in post-reform political culture. The intensification of formal party allegiances-that is, deep and enduring loyalties towards factions within the established partisan structure-was not solely a result of ideology. Allegiances were also strengthened by the local activities of parties and by the infrastructure enhanced (and to an extent imported) by the Scottish Reform Act. These two factors reinforced each other, encouraging a vibrant, and at times violent, set of election rituals. From particular analysis of the constituency of Roxburghshire, it is clear that local party organisations were more autonomous, flexible and deeply rooted in broader society than might be assumed. Moreover, the rituals and processes of electioneering were very closely linked to formal parties and party allegiance. Indeed, the phenomenon of electoral violence, thus far assumed to be practically non-existent in Scotland, was closely related to election rituals and parties. This all suggests that formal partisan identities were more developed, and at an earlier stage, in Scotland than elsewhere in the UK. These identities would go on to play a notable role in shaping the development of mid-and late Victorian Scottish society.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Looking into the black box: simulating the role of self-fertilization and mortality in the genetic structure of Macrocystis pyrifera. Patterns of spatial genetic structure (SGS), typically estimated by genotyping adults, integrate migration over multiple generations and measure the effective gene flow of populations. SGS results can be compared with direct ecological studies of dispersal or mating system to gain additional insights. When mismatches occur, simulations can be used to illuminate the causes of these mismatches. Here, we report a SGS and simulation-based study of self-fertilization in Macrocystis pyrifera, the giant kelp. We found that SGS is weaker than expected in M.pyrifera and used computer simulations to identify selfing and early mortality rates for which the individual heterozygosity distribution fits that of the observed data. Only one (of three) population showed both elevated kinship in the smallest distance class and a significant negative slope between kinship and geographical distance. All simulations had poor fit to the observed data unless mortality due to inbreeding depression was imposed. This mortality could only be imposed for selfing, as these were the only simulations to show an excess of homozygous individuals relative to the observed data. Thus, the expected data consistently achieved nonsignificant differences from the observed data only under models of selfing with mortality, with best fits between 32% and 42% selfing. Inbreeding depression ranged from 0.70 to 0.73. The results suggest that density-dependent mortality of early life stages is a significant force in structuring Macrocystis populations, with few highly homozygous individuals surviving. The success of these results should help to validate simulation approaches even in data-poor systems, as a means to estimate otherwise difficult-to-measure life cycle parameters.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
+{"token": "Theology and the research on Spirituality and Health: a pilot study among health professionals and chaplains. In Brazil the relationship between religiosity/spirituality and health has been mainly studied by medicine and nursing. There are few studies on the behavior and beliefs of health professionals and chaplains. This study aims to find out how the dimension of religiosity/spirituality is understood and integrated (or not) by health professionals and chaplains in health care in a hospital in Curitiba-PR. The research method is a quantitative survey, cross-sectional and descriptive. The applied instrument consists of a questionnaire with 35 closed questions and 1 semi-structured question. Participants are n = 100 health professionals: nurses, technicians and nursing assistants, psychologists, social workers, physiotherapists, phonoaudiologists, pharmacists, clinical nutritionists and chaplains. The results indicate that most of these professionals believe that religiosity/spirituality affects health outcomes and they believe it is important to be aware of this relationship. However, only few of them report that they integrate spirituality into their care practice as they lack (in) formation on these issues. We conclude that theology can contribute to a theoretical reflection on spirituality and health, and also to the training of these professionals about the subject, in collaboration with other disciplines.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Salt marsh canopy architecture differs with the number and composition of species. To apply our results, manager,, would assess height and layering, not just vegetation cover. Salt marsh restorationists would establish species-rich assemblages in newly graded sites to accelerate the development of canopy height and layering. Monitoring efforts would continue until canopy architecture matches that of reference system (>4 yr for Californian marshes planted oil coarse, nutrient-poor soils). Finally, research on wildlife habitat quality (e.g., nesting potential for the endangered Belding's Savannah Sparrow [Passerculus sandwichensis beldingi]) would determine critical levels of canopy layering and height for nesting, feeding, and perching to defend territories.In response to the debate about how ecosystem functions are affected by species richness vs. species composition, we explored canopy architecture (plant cover, height, and layering) in three contexts: a reference marsh, a field experiment, and a greenhouse experiment. Species-rich canopies (five or more species) in the reference marsh were taller and had more ( 13 vs. 7) layers than monotypes of Salicornia virginica, although both had 100% cover. Cover and layering were greater for three- and six-species plots, than for one-species plots in both the field experiment (70 2 X 2 m plots, eight herbaceous halophytes) and greenhouse (,same treatments). Cover (80-95%) and heights were similar among field experimental treatments after two growing seasons (18 mo after planting seedlings in April 1997). In years 3-4, heights (similar to0.5 m) and cover (similar to100%) were similar to those of the 1998 reference marsh data. but only 1-3 canopy layers had developed. Species effects became evident when assemblages were replicated in the greenhouse. The eight one-species treatments differed in cover. height. and layering, and complementary traits produced more layers in multispecies canopies than monotypes. Within the three- and six-specie, canopies, attribute were similar for most assemblages. but there was a slight height effect with S. virginica, as in the field. In general, the effects of individual species were best distinguished by heights, and species-richness effects by layering. Of relevance to the larger diversity debate is our finding that the attribute examined influenced perceptions of the importance of species number vs. species composition.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 52]}
+{"token": "The influence of the progamic phase for fruiting in the apple tree. Final fruit production is the result of a number of processes, over which several environmental circumstances interact. But it is often difficult to disentangle the part played by each of these factors in the final crop. The aim of this work is to evaluate the influence of the progamic phase for fruiting in the apple tree. For this purpose we track back the process that goes from flower to fruit, identifying the inflection points where the final crop is reduced. We evaluate early versus late fruit development, pollination versus non-pollination, and the effect of the progamic phase that goes from pollination to fertilization. From flowers to fruits 15 weeks elapsed, but the final fruit set settled 8 weeks after flowering, and the main flower-fruit drop occurred 3-4 weeks after flowering. Differences between dropped fruits and those that remained in the tree emerged earlier, and the onset of fruiting started 7 days after pollination. This time was coincident with the time lapse of the progamic phase. These results show that fruiting gets established well ahead of cropping, but also that the progamic phase is the main determinant of the final fruit set in apple trees.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Neurobehavioral impact of sickle cell disease in early childhood. The physical effects of sickle cell disease (SCD) begin in infancy or early childhood, yet most behavioral studies have focused on school-age children. We evaluated the impact of higher versus lower neurologic risk on language, motor abilities, executive functions, and temperament in toddlers and early preschoolers with SCD. Thirty-nine children with higher risk SCD were compared to 22 children with lower risk SCD. Language and motor abilities were lower in older compared with younger children but were unrelated to sickle cell subgroups. Executive functions, particularly working memory, were poorer in children with higher risk SCD regardless of age. Parent-reported activity level was also lower in children with higher risk. Specific behavioral influences of SCD are evident early in childhood and include working memory decrements. Executive function deficits in SCD call emerge early in life and may be an important context for other areas of cognitive and behavioral development.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 22, 23, 55]}
+{"token": "Mediations of Cloth: Tapa and Personhood among the Maisin in PNG. Tapa (or barkcloth), which is made from the outer bark of specific trees, is intimately interwoven with past and present socialities across Oceania. The cloths have been used to decorate, wrap, cover, protect, and carry the human body, as exchange valuables and commodities, in land claims, and as indexes and embodiments of ancestral power. This article explores the complexities of personhood in Oceania by focusing on the making and ceremonial use of tapa among the Maisin of Collingwood Bay, Papua New Guinea. It elucidates dynamics of the intimate correspondence between people and things, and, in particular, how people's gendered identities are mediated: that is shaped, reproduced, and contested through the cloth's specific materiality and design. Ultimately, it reveals the mutual growth of people and things and how they are part of each other's substance, thereby dissolving the subject-object dichotomy.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "From Low-Quality Olive Oils to Valuable Bioactive Compounds: Obtaining Oleacein and Oleocanthal from Olive Oils Intended for Refining. The aim of this work was to recover phenolic compounds such as oleacein and oleocanthal from low commercial value olive oils destined for refining [lampante olive oil (LOO)]. For this, the ability of three extraction systems of phenols from oils was evaluated. A new quick and simple extraction method (NM) for obtaining phenols was developed, consisting of the acidified mixture MeOH/H2O (50:50) (v/v) 0.1% formic acid, and it was compared to a conventional method (CM) widely used for the analytical determination of phenolic compounds in olive oil using MeOH: H2O (80:20) (v/v). NM showed a higher yield for the extraction of oleacein with an increase of 14% compared to CM; no significant differences were observed in the extraction of oleocanthal between the two methods. The third method, using two formulations of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) based on ChCl, showed higher extractive efficiency for the two secoiridoids than CM and NM when DES consisted of ChCl and xylitol. On the other hand, the concentrations of oleacein and oleocanthal were determined in 14 samples of blended oils that were previously classified as extra virgin olive oil and LOO according to EU regulation. LOO contained amounts up to 109.89 and 140.16 mg/kg of oleacein and oleocanthal, respectively. Oleacein (>98%) and oleocanthal (>95%) were successfully recovered from phenolic extracts obtained from LOO oils through chromatographic separation and purification by semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Therefore, these low-quality oils are an inexpensive source of bioactive substances.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 36, 8]}
+{"token": "Protection of the Rights of Employees in Insolvency Law: A Zimbabwean Perspective. Until recently, Zimbabwean insolvency law was unconcerned with rights of employees on insolvency of the employer. The new Insolvency Act points in a different direction. It guarantees limited rights of workers in their capacity as creditors and as employees. There is a convergence of insolvency law and labour law. These are legal disciplines with contradictory philosophies. This contribution analyses the rights of employees on insolvency in Zimbabwe. The review is informed by international best practices. The article establishes that Zimbabwe follows the \\\\'model two: bankruptcy preference approach\\\\'. It brings to the fore fundamental weaknesses inherent with this approach in the Zimbabwean context. The article argues that the protection of employees' rights on insolvency can be enhanced if Zimbabwe follows the \\\\'pro-employee approach\\\\' and the \\\\'bankruptcy priority-guarantee fund approach\\\\'. It concludes by advocating for the alignment of the Insolvency Act with international best practices, the constitution and labour legislation.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "ANDREW DICKSON WHITE AND THE HISTORY OF A RELIGIOUS FUTURE. Andrew Dickson White played a pivotal role in constructing the image of a necessary, and even violent, confrontation between religion and science that persists to this day. Though scholars have long acknowledged that his position is more complex, given that White claimed to be saving religion from theology, there has been no attempt to explore what this means in light of his overwhelming attack on existing religions. This essay draws attention to how White's role as a historian was decisive in allowing him to posit a future for religion purified of dogma by science. It argues, furthermore, that this effort is better understood as religious innovation, rather than a plea for strictly secular science. In so doing it hopes to lay the foundation for a more fruitful historical treatment of White, and a range of other figures whose devotion to science has otherwise been difficult to grasp.", "label": [3, 5, 33, 57]}
+{"token": "Fluid seepage at the continental margin offshore Costa Rica and southern Nicaragua. 1] A systematic search for methane-rich fluid seeps at the seafloor was conducted at the Pacific continental margin offshore southern Nicaragua and northern central Costa Rica, a convergent margin characterized by subduction erosion. More than 100 fluid seeps were discovered using a combination of multibeam bathymetry, side-scan sonar imagery, TV-sled observations, and sampling. This corresponds, on average, to a seep site every 4 km along the continental slope. In the northwestern part of the study area, subduction of oceanic crust formed at the East Pacific Rise is characterized by pervasive bending-induced faulting of the oceanic plate and a relatively uniform morphology of the overriding continental margin. Seepage at this part of the margin typically occurs at approximately cone-shaped mounds 50 - 100 m high and up to 1 km wide at the base. Over 60 such mounds were identified on the 240 km long margin segment. Some normal faults also host localized seepage. In contrast, in the southeast, the 220 km long margin segment overriding the oceanic crust formed at the Cocos-Nazca Spreading Centre has a comparatively more irregular morphology caused mainly by the subduction of ridges and seamounts sitting on the oceanic plate. Over 40 seeps were located on this part of the margin. This margin segment with irregular morphology exhibits diverse seep structures. Seeps are related to landslide scars, seamount-subduction related fractures, mounds, and faults. Several backscatter anomalies in side-scan images are without apparent relief and are probably related to carbonate precipitation. Detected fluid seeps are not evenly distributed across the margin but occur in a roughly margin parallel band centered 28 +/- 7 km landward of the trench. This distribution suggests that seeps are possibly fed to fluids rising from the plate boundary along deep-penetrating faults through the upper plate.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Commentary: Food regime for thought. This essay engages with Henry Bernstein's critical survey of food regime analysis, focusing on the claim that my interpretation of the food regime takes a misguided 'peasant turn'. I argue Henry's representation loses sight of my reformulation of the 'agrarian question', as more than analysis of the uneven process by which capital subordinates landed property, and therefore of the class fate of the peasantry, as such. Rather it is about social and ecological fate on a global scale, involving questions of ecosystem survival, precarious labor circuits, urban slum proliferation, privatization of states, financialization, intellectual (property) rights, climate change mitigation and so on. Significantly, global recognition of these connections to processes of agro-industrialization and enclosure was informed by a 'peasant' mobilization that would be unthinkable within the terms of the classical agrarian question. Peasant organizations catalyzed challenge to the neoliberal food order institutionalized in the World Trade Organization (WTO) regime, in a time of massive dispossession. Politicizing neoliberal 'food security' as an agribusiness project, the 'food sovereignty' counter-movement used a politics of strategic essentialism to unmask the undemocratic and impoverishing architecture of the 'free trade' regime privileging corporate rights over state and citizen rights. In effect, this counter-movement performed a food regime analysis from within, importantly reaching beyond a peasant project. This essay revisits the comparative-historical method by which the food regime trajectory can be understood, as a contradictory set of interacting forces and relations that complicate and shape and reshape its politics, and yet allow identification of emergent possibilities.", "label": [5, 56, 57]}
+{"token": "Residues from low-order energetic materials: The comparative performance of a range of sampling approaches prior to analysis by ion chromatography. A quantitative study of common forensic evidence collection devices for the recovery of low-explosive residues from non-porous glass and plastic is presented herein. Swabbing materials including cotton, rayon, Nomex (R) (poly(isophthaloylchloride/m-phenylenediamine)), Teflon/Teflon-coated fibreglass (polytetrafluoroethylene) and adhesive-coated tapes were used to collect known quantities of up to 14 forensically relevant inorganic and organic anion and cation species from both surfaces. Analysis was performed using two validated ion chromatography methods. This study revealed that all swabs and surfaces contributed highly variable levels of interfering ionic species and that swabbing materials showed variance in the quantities and total number of analytes recovered from both surfaces. Teflon and Nomex (R) materials demonstrated the most promise due to their ability to collect and release analytes into simple extraction solvents as well as displaying relatively low endogenous interference. In parallel, the ability to extract residue directly from both surfaces via the addition of a suitable extraction solvent was investigated instead of swabbing. This work highlights that direct solvent extraction from a surface should be considered as an alternative approach, especially for small areas or objects. To the best of our knowledge, this work represents the most comprehensive study of the efficiencies of sample collection technologies for low-explosive residues prior to analysis by ion chromatography. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Editing Public Opinion Quarterly, 1972-1986. This article reviews the history of Public Opinion Quarterly from 1972 through 1986, with brief discursions on its prehistory at Princeton and Columbia universities and some reflections on its present and future.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "PERCEIVING THE ADVERTISING IN GENDER-GENERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS. As a primary objective of this study, data were evaluated in the areas of advertising perception and the relationship between gender-generational characteristics was pointed out (generation Y and Z), moreover the selected types of advertising were mentioned. The types of advertising (advertising on TV, social networks, etc.) can acquire various forms (most annoying, most trusted, etc.) in gender-generational characteristics, which can affect the reputation of the organization. The data were obtained through a questionnaire research. The sample consisted of 296 responses. The data collection was implemented in early 2018. A significant difference was found in the perception of advertising in all dimensions among the categories of gender-generational characteristics except the 'most memorable'. Differential analysis was carried out, where significant differences occurred in a number of cases. Furthermore, a correspondent analysis was applied, in which the areas of perceptions of advertising had shown very close relations in several cases. The disadvantage of the research is that it is realized only in Slovakia.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Molecular evolution of the Slc15 family and its response to waterborne copper and mercury exposure in tilapia. The solute carrier 15 family (Slc15), also called oligopeptide transporter family (Pept), was well-known for its role in the cellular uptake of di/tripeptides and peptide-like molecules. Our understanding of Slc15 family has already been enlarged since the rapid increasing of genome information; however, efforts are still expected to reveal the diversification of the family in an evolutionary manner. In the study, the sequence information were collected and analyzed through eleven eukaryotic organism representatives, especially in fish species. Gene expansion was observed through the evolution of the family. Further study was carried out with the representative species-Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Tissue expression profiles were compared among members of the Slc15 family. Generally, they were all highly expressed both in the intestine and stomach, however, different members possessed its special tissue expression pattern. The mRNA levels of all the members (except Slc15a4) decreased after fasting while refeeding could restore the expression level. The recovery ability was impaired after exposure to environmental relevant concentration of copper (Cu2+, 160 nmol/L). By contrast, mercury (Hg2+, 25 nmol/L) did not exert significant impact on the recovery ability. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 45]}
+{"token": "Associations between older adults' parental bereavement and their health and well-being: Evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study. Discussion Future longitudinal prospective research is expected to examine the causal relationship and explore the attributes of child death and its effects on parental health. Interventions to improve the health and well-being of the older bereaved population are warranted, particularly for those who are male and under 60 years of age.Methods: This research used data from the 2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). A total number of 11,507 participants age 45 and older were enrolled in the analysis, including 1,758 bereaved adults who had experienced a child's death and 9,749 non-bereaved counterparts. Multivariate linear and logistic regression models were used to examine the effect of bereavement and its interaction effect by sex and age.Objectives: Few studies have investigated the association between losing a child and parental health and well-being, especially among older Chinese bereaved parents. This study examined depressive symptoms, life satisfaction, and self-rated health of older Chinese bereaved parents to estimate the health and well-being of this group.Results: Multivariate analyses revealed that the death of a child is associated with an increasing likelihood of experiencing depressive symptoms (adjusted OR = 1.425, p < 0.001), and a reduced probability of a high level of life satisfaction (adjusted OR = 0.725, p < 0.05), whereas experiencing a child's death is not significantly associated with self-reported health status. The effects of bereavement on health and well-being were found to have a much greater impact among participants who were males (compared to females) and who aged < 60 years (compared to those >= 60 years).", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
+{"token": "Supplementary descriptions of seven eriophyoid mite species (Acari: Eriophyoidea) recovered from the Viennese Nalepa collection and comparison with Japanese species. The reason for this study was to compare the morphology of mites from three Japanese samples with topotypes from the Nalepa collection, in order to correctly identify them. With this purpose eriophyoid specimens were recovered from five vials of the Nalepa mite collection in the Natural History Museum of Vienna. We identified seven species and a new combination is established for one of them -Aceria thomasi and Aculops thymi, from two vials labeled Thymus serpyllum (Lamiaceae); Eriophyes spiraeae from a vial labeled Spiraea crenifolia (Rosaceae); and Peralox longirostris n. comb., Shevtchenkella ulmi, Aceria filiformis and Aculus mastigophorus from two vials labeled Ulmus campestris (Ulmaceae). A supplementary description is presented for these species. The Japanese samples were collected from 'Shiso', Perilla frutescens var. crispa (Lamiaceae), from Spiraea thunbergia (Rosaceae) and from Juglans mandshurica (Juglandaceae). The mites collected from 'Shiso' were identified as A. thymi, but the other two Japanese samples did not match the topotypes. These two samples may be new species and require further taxonomic studies.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Fast Neighborhood Rendezvous. In the rendezvous problem, two computing entities (called agents) located at different vertices in a graph have to meet at the same vertex. In this paper, we consider the synchronous neighborhood rendezvous problem, where the agents are initially located at two adjacent vertices. While this problem can be trivially solved in O(Delta) rounds (Delta is the maximum degree of the graph), it is highly challenging to reveal whether that problem can be solved in o(Delta) rounds, even assuming the rich computational capability of agents. The only known result is that the time complexity of O(root n) rounds is achievable if the graph is complete and agents are probabilistic, asymmetric, and can use whiteboards placed at vertices. Our main contribution is to clarify the situation (with respect to computational models and graph classes) admitting such a sublinear-time rendezvous algorithm. More precisely, we present two algorithms achieving fast rendezvous additionally assuming bounded minimum degree, unique vertex identifier, accessibility to neighborhood IDs, and randomization. The first algorithm runs within (O) over tilde( root n Delta/delta + n/delta) rounds for graphs of the minimum degree larger than root n, where n is the number of vertices in the graph, and delta is the minimum degree of the graph. The second algorithm assumes that the largest vertex ID is O(n), and achieves (O) over tilde (n/root delta)-round time complexity without using whiteboards. These algorithms attain o(Delta)-round complexity in the case of delta = omega(root n log n) and delta = omega(n(2/3) log(4/3) n) respectively. We also prove that four unconventional assumptions of our algorithm, bounded minimum degree, accessibility to neighborhood IDs, initial distance one, and randomization are all inherently necessary for attaining fast rendezvous. That is, one can obtain the Omega(n)-round lower bound if either one of them is removed.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "The impact of disturbance from photographers on the Blue-crowned Laughingthrush (Garrulax courtoisi). Human disturbance may cause significant declines in animal populations. The Blue-crowned Laughingthrush (Garrulax courtoisi) is critically endangered and restricted to a small area in Wuyuan, Jiangxi Province, China. Disturbance from photographers in the main breeding sites were severe in the past few years. We studied nest-site selection in nine breeding colonies in relation to disturbance by bird photographers. We compared the nest tree species and nest height above ground in Shimen (SM), the largest and most disturbed site, with the other eight sites. Birds in SM were more selective in nest tree species than in the other sites, they also nested much further from the nearest village building. Nest height above ground at SM was greater than at the other sites and itself in 2004 when there were almost no visitors. These results suggest that disturbance from birding visitors may exacerbate the endangered status of this bird. Management of bird visitors in a small breeding area of endangered species should be considered.", "label": [4, 37, 46, 39]}
+{"token": "Necessary, But Not Sufficient: Critiquing the Role of Information and Communication Technology in Putting Knowledge into Use. Originality/value: The article manifests the necessity for ICT based initiatives to be embedded into the renewed understanding of communication and innovation and it moves ICT related debates from merely a success story to a pragmatic world of communication and innovation process.Purpose: This article reviews the experience of ICT applications as a tool for putting research derived knowledge into use for innovation in South Asia.Findings: The findings from this study suggest that ICTs in general have not contributed effectively to the challenge of putting new knowledge into use as they are mostly used to support traditional communication tasks - such as information dissemination and training. The article argues that this under-utilisation of the potential of ICTs could be due to: a lack of appreciation of the new communication-intermediation tasks required for innovation, underestimation of the roles of intermediaries and their capacities for innovation and lack of networks needed for communities to make use of the information provided through ICTs.Design/methodology/approach: The article uses the contemporary understanding of communication and innovation in reviewing the experience of ICTs in putting new knowledge into use in South Asia.Practical implications: Although the understanding of communication, innovation and extension has changed substantially in the past two decades, there is still a big gap between theory and practice. This article contends that this gap needs to be bridged if ICTs are to effectively contribute to putting new knowledge into use.", "label": [5, 53, 52]}
+{"token": "A transcriptomics-based biological framework for studying mechanisms of endocrine disruption in small fish species. This study sought to construct a transcriptomics-based framework of signal transduction pathways, transcriptional regulatory networks, and the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis in zebrafish (Danio rerio) to facilitate formulation of specific, testable hypotheses regarding the mechanisms of endocrine disruption in fish. For the analyses involved, we used data from a total of more than 300 microarrays representing 58 conditions, which encompassed 4 tissue types from zebrafish of both genders exposed for 1 of 3 durations to 10 different test chemicals (17 alpha-ethynyl estradiol, fadrozole, 17 beta-trenbolone, fipronil, prochloraz, flutamide, muscimol, ketoconazole, trilostane, and vinclozolin). Differentially expressed genes were identified by one class t-tests for each condition, and those with false discovery rates of less than 40% and treatment/control ratios >= 1.3-fold were mapped to orthologous human, mouse, and rat pathways by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to look for overrepresentation of known biological pathways. To complement the analysis of known biological pathways, the genes regulated by approximately 1800 transcription factors were inferred using the ARACNE mutual information-based algorithm. The resulting gene sets for all transcriptional factors, along with a group of compiled HPG-axis genes and approximately 130 publicly available biological pathways, were analyzed for their responses to the 58 treatment conditions by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and its variant, Extended-GSEA. The biological pathways and transcription factors associated with multiple distinct treatments showed substantial interactions among the HPG-axis, TGF-beta, p53, and several of their cross-talking partners. These candidate networks/pathways have a variety of profound impacts on such cellular functions as stress response, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 45]}
+{"token": "The borrowers Researching the cognitive aspects of translation. The paper considers the interdisciplinary interaction of research on the cognitive aspects of translation. Examples of influence from linguistics, psychology, neuroscience, cognitive science, reading and writing research and language technology are given, with examples from specific sub-disciplines within each one. The breadth of borrowing by researchers in cognitive translatology is made apparent, but the minimal influence of cognitive translatology on the respective disciplines themselves is also highlighted. Suggestions for future developments are made, including ways in which the domain of cognitive translatology might exert greater influence on other disciplines.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "SERUM AND URINE BIOCHEMICAL DIVERSITY AMONG WILD-CAUGHT AND COLONY-BORN AOTUS-NANCYMAE. Serum and urine analytes were compared between adult wild-caught and adult colony-born owl monkeys (Aotus nancymae), to determine if normative clinical pathology data were similar. Significant differences (P less-than-or-equal-to 0.05) were noted in serum protein, glucose, sodium, urine calcium, calcium clearance, and fractional clearance of calcium between the two groups. The results suggest that reference data for feral owl monkeys is not completely applicable to colony-born animals, however, the differences are too small to be of clinical significance.", "label": [0, 4, 10, 47]}
+{"token": "MicroRNA analysis from acute to convalescence in Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever. Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is one of the most important viral infections and is caused by Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus (CCHFV). Severity of CCHF can vary from a mild and nonspecific illness to a severe disease with fatal outcomes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have an increasing impact on the different pathways of viral infections. Within the transition process from acute phase to convalescence with 18 CCHF patients, we investigated the impacts on miRNA via microarray for the first time. We also compared miRNA gene expression in 16 severe and 15 mild cases. We identified Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) pathways associated with significant miRNAs utilizing DIANA TOOLS mirPath v.3. In this study, miR-15b-5p and miR-29a-3p were significantly downregulated in statistical terms; miR-4741, miR-937-5p, miR-6068, miR-7110-5p, miR-6126, and miR-7107-5p were upregulated in acute cases in comparison with convalescent patients (p <= .05). In total, 28 miRNAs (8 downregulated, 20 upregulated) were differentially expressed in severe CCHF patients as compared with mild cases (p <= .05). Whereas miR-6732-3p, miR-4436b-5p, miR-483-3p, and miR-6807-5p had the highest downregulation, miR-532-5p, miR-142-5p, miR-29c-3p, and let-7f-5p had the highest upregulation in severe patients in comparison with mild cases. Consequently, we determined that CCHF-induced miRNAs are associated with antiviral and proinflammatory pathways in acute and severe cases. In comparison with convalescence, these miRNAs in acute period may be therapeutic targets.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "INTRATRACHEAL AEROSOLIZATION OF ENDOTOXIN IN THE RAT - A MODEL OF THE ADULT RESPIRATORY-DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS). a technique is described for the intratracheal aerosolization of endotoxin into the rat. Using a miniaturized nozzle within the tracheal lumen to optimize uniform distribution 0.5 ml of an endotoxin solution (7 mg/kg) was aerosolized and dispersed throughout the lung. Time course studies of pulmonary function and histological changes revealed marked functional and morphological changes by 24 h. Histopathologic changes consisted of widespread pulmonary oedema and a diffuse neutrophilic alveolitis. At the same time, there were significant decreases in tidal volume, minute ventilation and lung compliance. Haematologic changes were also seen, including profound thrombocytopaenia and leukopaenia together with an increased haematocrit, indicating systemic effects in this model. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) at 24 h revealed significant increases in BAL protein, erythrocytes and neutrophils. The functional, cytological and histological changes observed after endotoxin challenge mimic those seen in the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome in humans and can thus be used as a model to compare the efficacy of a variety of therapeutic interventions for this syndrome.", "label": [0, 4, 10, 47]}
+{"token": "Scientific Global Nursing Hackathon Experience. Background: Hackathons are organized to bring together both experienced and novice individuals from a variety of backgrounds to brainstorm creative solutions to complex issues. Hackathons may last from a few hours to a few days and may provide rewards for winning entries.Purpose: In this article, we describe an experience with a scientific hackathon at an international nursing research congress in Calgary, Canada. We discuss the purpose, process, benefits, and challenges of this hackathon.Approach: For this article, we have used a descriptive approach.Outcomes: The scientific hackathon experience united international nursing scholars unity with a common focus enabling the continuation of mutual, future endeavors.Conclusion: Hackathons are a means of connecting novices and experts from different backgrounds to develop technology-based solutions for health care issues. The ideas generated at hackathons may be further developed to bring the project to fruition to positively impact health care.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Reanalysis of relationships among eye color, age and sex in the Cooper's Hawk. Eye color of 370 breeding Cooper's Hawks (Accipiter cooperii) trapped and recaptured from 1980-95 in Wisconsin was examined in relation to age and sex. In both sexes, eye color showed a change from lighter shades of yellow to darker shades of orange or red in older birds. One-yr-old males usually had light orange eyes, while 1-yr-old females typically had yellow eyes. Males greater than or equal to 2 yr of age always showed darker eye color scores than females of the same relative age. Eye color cannot be used to age individual Cooper's Hawks with accuracy in Wisconsin because individual birds, especially females, show considerable variation. A test of a possible relationship between male fitness (e.g., clutch size and/or brood size) and eye color did not support the proposition that eye color serves as a signal of male quality.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Combination of Biological Screening in a Cellular Model of Viral Latency and Virtual Screening Identifies Novel Compounds That Reactivate HIV-1. Although highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has converted HIV into a chronic disease, a reservoir of HIV latently infected resting T cells prevents the eradication of the virus from patients. To achieve eradication, HAART must be combined with drugs that reactivate the dormant viruses. We examined this problem in an established model of HIV postintegration latency by screening a library of small molecules. Initially, we identified eight molecules that reactivated latent HIV. Using them as templates, additional hits were identified by means of similarity-based virtual screening. One of those hits, 8-methoxy-6-methylquinolin-4-ol (MMQO), proved to be useful to reactivate HIV-1 in different cellular models, especially in combination with other known reactivating agents, without causing T-cell activation and with lower toxicity than that of the initial hits. Interestingly, we have established that MMQO produces Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) activation and enhances the T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 stimulation of HIV-1 reactivation from latency but inhibits CD3-induced interleukin-2 (IL-2) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) gene transcription. Moreover, MMQO prevents TCR-induced cell cycle progression and proliferation in primary T cells. The present study documents that the combination of biological screening in a cellular model of viral latency with virtual screening is useful for the identification of novel agents able to reactivate HIV-1. Moreover, we set the bases for a hypothetical therapy to reactivate latent HIV by combining MMQO with physiological or pharmacological TCR/CD3 stimulation.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Edge-swapping algorithms for the minimum fundamental cycle basis problem. We consider the problem of finding a fundamental cycle basis with minimum total cost in an undirected graph. This problem is NP-hard and has several interesting applications. Since fundamental cycle bases correspond to spanning trees, we propose a local search algorithm, a tabu search and variable neighborhood search in which edge swaps are iteratively applied to a current spanning tree. We also present a mixed integer programming formulation of the problem whose linear relaxation yields tighter lower bounds than other known formulations. Computational results obtained with our algorithms are compared with those from the best available constructive heuristic on several types of graphs.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 41]}
+{"token": "Most photometry and DDO spectroscopy of the eclipsing (white dwarf plus red dwarf) binary V471 TAU. The Hyades K2 V + WD system 471 Tau is a prototype post-common envelope system and a likely cataclysmic binary progenitor. We present 10 days of nearly continuous optical photometry by the MOST (Microvariability and Oscillations of Stars) satellite and partly simultaneous optical spectroscopy from DDO (David Dunlap Observatory) of the binary. The photometric data indicate that the spot coverage of the K dwarf component was less than observed in the past, suggesting that we monitored the star close to a minimum in its activity cycle. Despite the low spot activity, we still detected seven flarelike events whose estimated energies are among the highest ever observed in V471 Tau and whose times of occurrence do not correlate with the binary orbital phase. A detailed O - C analysis of the times of eclipse over the last similar to 35 years reveals timing variations which could be explained in several ways, including perturbations by an as-yet-undetected third body in the system or by a small orbital eccentricity inducing slow apsidal motion. The DDO spectra result in improved determinations of the K dwarf projected rotation velocity, V-K sin i = 92 km s(-1), and the orbital amplitude, K-K = 150.5 km s(-1). The spectra also allow us to measure changes in H alpha emission strength and radial velocity variations. We measure a larger H alpha velocity amplitude than found previously, suggesting that the source of the emission in V471 Tau was less concentrated around the sub-white dwarf point on the K star than had been observed in previous studies.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "THE TECHNOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION OF HUNTER-GATHERERS POTTERY. NORTH COAST OF CHUBUT PROVINCE (PATAGONIA ARGENTINA). This paper explores the variability of archaeological ceramics from the north coast of Chubut province and discusses the role of this technology within hunter-gatherers groups. Based on the principles of the technological organization model (Nelson 1991) we present the provisioning strategies, manufacture technics, use and disposal of pottery in the area. The materials were submitted to macroscopic, microscopic, X-ray diffraction and medical imaging (X-ray) studies. In addition, analyses of gaseous chromatography and of stable isotopes in food residues were conducted. The results indicate that most of the vessels were made locally, although the import or exchange of raw materials, ideas or pots could have existed. The production was orientated to multifunctional containers that meet a wide variety of domestic needs. Specialized analyzes reveal the use of plants, and less systematically, terrestrial proteins and marine fish.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Central and Peripheral Vision Loss Differentially Affects Contextual Cueing in Visual Search. Visual search for targets in repeated displays is more efficient than search for the same targets in random distractor layouts. Previous work has shown that this contextual cueing is severely impaired under central vision loss. Here, we investigated whether central vision loss, simulated with gaze-contingent displays, prevents the incidental learning of contextual cues or the expression of learning, that is, the guidance of search by learned target-distractor configurations. Visual search with a central scotoma reduced contextual cueing both with respect to search times and gaze parameters. However, when the scotoma was subsequently removed, contextual cueing was observed in a comparable magnitude as for controls who had searched without scotoma simulation throughout the experiment. This indicated that search with a central scotoma did not prevent incidental context learning, but interfered with search guidance by learned contexts. We discuss the role of visuospatial working memory load as source of this interference. In contrast to central vision loss, peripheral vision loss was expected to prevent spatial configuration learning itself, because the restricted search window did not allow the integration of invariant local configurations with the global display layout. This expectation was confirmed in that visual search with a simulated peripheral scotoma eliminated contextual cueing not only in the initial learning phase with scotoma, but also in the subsequent test phase without scotoma.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Transplanted Factories? (De-) Localization on Cotton Processing in Flanders at the end of the XIXth century. Between 1881 and 1899, several weavers from Gent transfer their factories to the neighbouring countryside. Wages, peaceful industrial relations and work on four looms are quoted as justifications for these departures. The paper examines the scope and the causes of the removals, the economic conditions in which they took place, their mental and political aspects. It touches on the industrialization of the Flemish countryside, on the part played by Gent's manufacturers and the reaction of the workers in town and in the countryside. The conclusion stresses the importance of the psychological aspects in the process of deciding an industrial transfer.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Putting participation on stage: examining participatory theatre as an alternative site for political participation. Participation, it has been said, is a central lynchpin of citizenship and democracy. Unfortunately, studies have shown for some time that political participation is on the decline in most Western democracies. Particularly for scholars and policy analysts who define political participation in democracy purely as voting, party membership or in terms of a narrow arena' definition of politics, the conclusion is clear: levels of political illiteracy are rising, while political participation is declining. Yet, the turn away from formal democratic politics and conventional forms of political participation is only one part of the picture. There is now an extensive literature suggesting a proliferation of new developments and alternative forms of political participation. But even as scholars have become more attuned to these new forms of political participation, the focus remains too narrow. Responding to Iris Marion Young's call to encourage alternative communicative forms in political participation, this article explores the capacity of participatory theatre to be an alternative site of political participation. By surveying three applications of participatory theatre, Jana Sanskriti, Journey of Asylum - Waiting and Betrayed - the article shows how theatre premised on spect-actors set against a communal backdrop can prefigure a more participatory political community.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Ripe for reassessment: A synthesis of available molecular data for the speciose diatom family Bacillariaceae. The Bacillariaceae is a very species-rich family of raphid diatoms and includes the large and taxonomically difficult genus Nitzschia, whose species are often small-celled and finely structured and have few discrete morphological characters visible in the light microscope. The classification of Nitzschia is still mostly based on one developed in the second half of the 19th century by Grunow, who separated the genus into a series of sections largely on cell shape and symmetry, the position of the raphe, transverse extension of the fibulae, and folding of the valve. We assembled and analysed single-gene and concatenated alignments of nSSU, nLSU, rbcL, psbC and cox1 to test Grunow?s and subsequent classifications and to examine selected morphological characters for their potential to help define monophyletic groups. The maximum likelihood trees were equivocal as to monophyly of the family itself but showed good support for each of eight main clades of Bacillariaceae, three of which corresponded more or less to existing genera (Hantzschia, Cylindrotheca and Bacillaria). The other five main clades and some subclades comprised groups of Nitzschia species or assemblies of Nitzschia species with other genera (Pseudo-nitzschia, Fragilariopsis, Neodenticula, Tryblionella, Psammodictyon). Relationships between most of the eight main clades were not resolved robustly but all analyses recovered Nitzschia as non-monophyletic. The Grunowian classification of Nitzschia into sections was not supported, though in some respects (e.g. treatment of sigmoid species) it is better than subsequent reclassifications. Several of the main clades and subclades are cryptic (lacking morphological synapomorphies) and homoplasy is common in both light microscopical and ultrastructural characters (to the extent that organisms initially assigned to the same species sometimes prove to belong to a different main clade). Nevertheless, some characters, including the structure of the raphe canal and girdle, seem to be sufficiently conservative evolutionarily to give a provisional estimate of relationships if mo-lecular data are unavailable. No new formal classifications are proposed but various options are explored and research needs identified.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "Light and nutrient control phytoplankton biomass responses to global change in northern lakes. Global change affects terrestrial loadings of colored dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nutrients to northern lakes. Still, little is known about how phytoplankton respond to changes in light and nutrient availability across gradients in lake DOC. In this study, we used results from whole-lake studies in northern Sweden to show that annual mean phytoplankton biomass expressed unimodal curved relationships across lake DOC gradients, peaking at threshold DOC levels of around 11 mg/L. Whole-lake single nutrient enrichment in selected lakes caused elevated biomass, with most pronounced effect at the threshold DOC level. These patterns give support to the suggested dual control by DOC on phytoplankton via nutrient (positively) and light (negatively) availability and imply that the lakes' location along the DOC axis is critical in determining to what extent phytoplankton respond to changes in DOC and/or nutrient loadings. By using data from the large Swedish Lake Monitoring Survey, we further estimated that 80% of northern Swedish lakes are below the DOC threshold, potentially experiencing increased phytoplankton biomass with browning alone, and/or combined with nutrient enrichment. The results support the previous model results on effects of browning and eutrophication on lake phytoplankton, and provide important understanding of how northern lakes may respond to future global changes.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Influence of Photoperiod on Hydrogen Peroxide Metabolism during Diapause Induction in Cotesia vestalis (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Hydrogen peroxide is a toxic metabolite of oxidative metabolism, but may also serve as a broad spectrum signaling molecule controlling a variety of essential physiological processes. Photoperiod influences diapause beyond the maternal generation in Cotesia vestalis and we speculated that intracellular hydrogen peroxide was a possible signal mediating this generational effect. To investigate the signaling functions of hydrogen peroxide in diapause induction in C. vestalis, hydrogen peroxide and activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase were measured at diapause, and in maternal non-diapausing prepupa, adult, and offspring egg stages form the cultures reared at 25 C under the photoperiods of 8:16, 12:12, and 16:8 (L:D) h. The hydrogen peroxide contents and activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase in maternal non-diapausing prepupae and adults declined as the light period was reduced, whereas catalase activity increased significantly. Compared to diapausing prepupae, maternal non-diapausing prepupae under 8 h short light had significantly higher superoxide dismutase, lower catalase, and similar peroxidase activities. Under the three photoperiods, the variation trends of protective enzyme activities in offspring eggs were similar to the trends in maternal prepupae and adults. The variation trends of hydrogen peroxide in eggs were opposite to the trends in maternal prepupae and adults. Peroxidase and catalase activities in eggs were significantly higher after oviposition than before oviposition. These findings indicate that hydrogen peroxide plays an important role in signal transduction between two generations.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Future education in ecological agriculture and food systems: A student-faculty evaluation and planning process. Three graduate-level short courses on ecological agriculture and food systems were held in 1995-1997 in Norway to introduce systems thinking, creative research methods, and innovative learning approaches. In 1999, a three-day evaluation and planning workshop was held to assess course impacts, to determine relative importance of content areas, to compare learning methods with special attention to case studies, and to vision and develop action plans fur future education in the region. Students and faculty agreed that soft systems research methods and varied learning processes in the course were more valuable than specific technical content that can be learned in other venues. Nine priority education areas were identified for ecological agriculture: (1) systems thinking, (2) research methods, (3) farmer/stakeholder participation, (4) improving production methods, (5) relating agriculture to ti,od systems, (6) learning about learning, (7) values and ethics, (8) faculty development and institutional change, and (9) agricultural and food policy. We explored current knowledge and future educational importance of each area, and found that case studies can integrate many of these topics. Four specific priority educational needs were identified through visioning toward an action plan fur the region: (1) publish a Nordic teaching text in ecological agriculture, (2) expand the network of educators and researchers with a short course for faculty, (3) broaden the focus from farm production to food systems by including additional disciplines and themes, and (4) coordinate thesis research activities in ecological agriculture among universities. Evaluation and planning were efficient and productive in this short workshop, due to prior organization and creating ownership in the process and the future education plans, and all participants were involved in writing this final document.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Uptake, Translocation, and Stability of Oxytetracycline and Streptomycin in Citrus Plants. Huanglongbing (HLB), or citrus greening, is the most destructive disease to the citrus industry. In Florida, it is caused by the bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) and is transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri. Recent studies suggested that antibiotics could inhibit the growth of the CLas pathogen in planta. In the current study, we investigated the uptake and translocation of oxytetracycline and streptomycin in citrus seedlings. Oxytetracycline and streptomycin were delivered via root and stem and their level in various tissues was monitored using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Oxytetracycline and streptomycin were detected in the leaves, xylem, phloem, and root after root drench and stem delivery. High levels of antibiotics were detected in the roots after root drench, whereas high levels of antibiotics were detected in the canopy after stem delivery. The level of oxytetracycline detected in the phloem, xylem, and leaves after root drench was higher than that of streptomycin. Whereas the level of streptomycin in root was higher than that of oxytetracycline, indicating that streptomycin was bound to the xylem tissues. Oxytetracycline and streptomycin were detected in the phloem, xylem, leaves, and root tissues thirty-five days after the root incubation in 200 mu gmL(-1) solution. These results demonstrated that oxytetracycline and streptomycin were relatively stable and could inhibit CLas growth for a couple of months in citrus trees. Observations reported in this study regarding the distribution and stability of oxytetracycline and streptomycin in citrus plants could be useful for designing an effective program for the control of HLB disease using antibiotics.", "label": [2, 22, 25]}
+{"token": "Adaptation of the Rist Operating Diagram as a Graphical Tool for the Direct Reduction Shaft. The blast-furnace operating diagram proposed by Rist was revised to direct reduction and was specifically applied to the Midrex NG(TM) process. The use of this graphical tool in the study of an industrial process highlighted the staggered nature of the reduction in the shaft furnace with, in particular, the existence of a prereduction zone in the upper part where metallization is thermodynamically impossible. A sensitivity study also showed the impact of the in situ reforming rate on the ability of the gas to completely reduce iron oxides. Finally, we graphically defined the minimum quality required for the top gas to produce direct-reduced iron.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Use, Location, and Timeliness of Clinical Microbiology Testing in Georgia for Select Infectious Diseases. Objective: Although clinical microbiology testing facilitates both public health surveillance of infectious diseases and patient care, research on testing patterns is scant. We surveyed hospital laboratories in Georgia to assess their diagnostic testing practices. Methods: Using e-mail, all directors of hospital laboratories in Georgia were invited to participate. The survey focused on timing and location of diagnostic testing in 2006 for 6 reportable diseases: giardiasis, legionellosis, meningococcal disease, pertussis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and West Nile virus disease. Results: Of 141 laboratories, 62 (44%) responded to the survey. Hospitals varied widely in their use of diagnostic testing in 2006, with 95.1% testing for meningococcal disease, but only 66.1% and 63.3% testing for legionellosis and West Nile virus disease, respectively. Most laboratories (91%) performed gram stain/culture to diagnose meningococcal disease in-house and 23% performed ova and parasite panels for giardiasis were conducted in-house. Fewer than 11% of laboratories performed in-house testing for the remaining diseases. Laboratories affiliated with small hospitals (<= 100 beds) were more likely to send specimens for outside testing compared with laboratories associated with large hospitals (>250 beds). Median turnaround time for ova and parasite panel testing for giardiasis was significantly shorter for in-house testing (1.0 days) than within-system (2.25 days) or outside laboratory (3.0 days) testing (P = .0003). No laboratories reported in-house testing for meningococcal disease, pertussis, or Rocky Mountain spotted fever using polymerase chain reaction. Conclusion: Many hospitals did not order diagnostic tests for important infectious diseases during 2006, even for relatively common diseases. In addition, hospital laboratories were unlikely to perform diagnostic testing in-house; sending specimens to an outside laboratory may result in substantial delays in receiving results. These unsettling findings have adverse implications for both patient care and public health surveillance; they indicate an immediate need to study nationally the use and timeliness of clinical microbiologic testing.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Politics of Disclosure: Organizational Transparency as Multiactor Negotiation. Transparency is in vogue, yet it is often used as an umbrella concept for a wide array of phenomena. More focused concepts are needed to understand the form and function of different phenomena of visibility. In this article, the authors define organizational transparency as systematic disclosure programs that meet the information needs of other actors. Organizational transparency, they argue, is best studied as an interorganizational negotiation process on the field level. To evaluate its merit, the authors apply this framework to a case study on the introduction of open data in the Berlin city administration. Analyzing the politics of disclosure, they consider the similarities and differences between phenomena of visibility (e.g., open data, freedom of information), explore the transformative power of negotiating transparency, and deduce recommendations for managing transparency.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Comparison of in vivo effects of nitroglycerin and insulin on the aortic pressure waveform. Background Individuals whose platelets are resistant to the antiaggregatory effects of insulin in vitro are also resistant to the antiaggregatory effects of nitroglycerin (GTN). We have previously shown that insulin acutely diminishes central wave reflection in large arteries and that this action of insulin is blunted in insulin-resistant subjects. However, as yet, no studies have compared the haemodynamic effects of insulin and GTN on large arterial function in the same group of subjects. The aim of this study was to determine whether resistance to the haemodynamic effects of insulin is a defect specific to insulin or whether individuals resistant to the vascular actions of insulin are also resistant to GTN.<LF>Design and results Dose-response characteristics of insulin and GTN on the aortic waveform were determined using applanation tonometry and pulse wave analysis (PWA) in seven healthy men (age 26 +/- 1 year, BMI 25 +/- 2 kg m(-2)). Three doses of sublingual GTN (500 mug for 1, 3 or 5 min) and insulin (0.5, 1 or 2 mU kg(-1) min(-1) for 120 min) were administered on three separate occasions. Both agents dose-dependently decreased central pulse pressure and the augmentation index (AIx) without changing brachial artery blood pressure. We next compared responses to insulin (2 mU kg(-1) min(-1) for 120 min) and sublingual GTN (500 mug for 5 min) in 20 nondiabetic subjects (age 50 +/- 2 year, BMI 21.0-36.3 kg m(-2)). Again, both agents significantly decreased AIx. Although the vascular effects of insulin and GTN vascular were positively correlated [Spearman's r = 0.92 (95% confidence interval 0.81-0.97), P < 0.0001], the time-course for the action GTN was faster than that of insulin. Brachial systolic blood pressure remained unchanged during the insulin infusion (122 +/- 3 vs. 121 +/- 3 mmHg, 0 vs. 120 min) but aortic systolic blood pressure decreased significantly by 30 min (111 +/- 3 vs. 107 +/- 3 mmHg, 0 vs. 30 min, P < 0.01). Similarly, GTN decreased aortic systolic blood pressure from 119 +/- 4 to maximally 112 +/- 3 mmHg (P < 0.001) without significantly decreasing systolic blood pressure in the brachial artery.Conclusions The effects of insulin and GTN on large arterial haemodynamics are dose-dependent and significantly correlated. The exact mechanisms and sites of action of insulin and GTN in subjects with insulin resistance remain to be established.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "The Coexistence of Different Welfare Regimes in the Same Country: A Comparative Analysis of the Brazilian Municipalities Heterogeneity. This paper demonstrates that heterogeneous countries such as Brazil have vast differences in welfare arrangements at the sub-national level. A number of social policies (social insurance, education, health and social assistance) were analysed in 5,565 Brazilian municipalities along five dimensions: expenditure, coverage, share of private spending, family structure and poverty. The grade of membership method was used to cluster municipalities and identify the main differences in their welfare regimes. Factor analysis was also used to explore which dimensions are most relevant in characterizing these sub-national regimes. The results show highly heterogeneous institutional forms of social protection across municipalities, which are classified as social assistance, quasi-social assistance, corporative, quasi-corporative, family insurance and intermediary welfare regimes.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Responses to extra virgin olive oils in consumers with varying commitment to oils. The present study investigated the impact of consumer commitment to extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) on liking and product categorisation. Seventy-four Finnish subjects with a background in culinary preparation and in food science were divided into three clusters, based on involvement with and subjective knowledge of olive oil, and knowledge of the sensory descriptors appropriate for EVOOs. They were presented with four Italian or Italian branded EVOOs (two excellent, two regular quality) as such and paired with salad. Subjects rated their overall liking and the extent to which each product met their expectation regarding the appearance and overall sensory properties. Sensory profiles of the target oils were defined in a separate trained panel. On average, the subjects disliked the deep green colour of one of the excellent oils. When presented with salad, liking for the colour of this oil increased in all clusters, but the overall liking of all oils remained unaffected. One of the two regular quality oils was best liked by the subjects. Its overall sensory properties highly matched the expectations of EVOO. Similarly to other groups, the most committed cluster also considered the least bitter and pungent regular oil as the most 'typical' EVOO, and failed to accept the oils with excellent quality. In conclusion, commitment to or involvement with a product category does not guarantee the appreciation of a high quality product. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Combined tibial plateau levelling osteotomy and tibial tuberosity transposition for treatment of cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency with concomitant medial patellar luxation. Results: Fifteen stifle joints in 11 dogs were identified; 13 stifles were available for inhospital follow-up. All 13 achieved union (3 with grade III/IV and 10 with grade IV/IV radiographic healing scores); mean time to healing was 10.6 (+/- 2.9) weeks. Patellar ligament thickening was also identified radiographically in seven of the 13 of stifle joints. All dogs were reported to have mild or no lameness at their last follow-up examination. No catastrophic or major postoperative complications occurred that required additional surgery. Patellar re-luxation did not occur in any of the 13 stifles available for in-hospital follow-up.Objectives: To describe the surgical technique and report short-term outcome for combined tibial plateau levelling osteotomy and tibial tuberosity transposition (TPLO-TTT) as an option in the treatment of cranial cru-ciate ligament insufficiency with concomitant medial patellar luxation.Methods: Medical records were reviewed (2011-2013) of dogs that underwent a standard tibial plateau levelling osteotomy followed by a tibial tuberosity transposition in the frontal plane and stabilized with pin and tension-band wire fixation as a component of surgical treatment for combined cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency and medial patellar luxation. Signalment, fixation method together with any ancillary procedures, function at the in-hospital follow-up examinations, and any complications were recorded. Healing was assessed retrospectively based on the grading criteria of the International Society of Limb Salvage.Clinical significance: The TPLO-TTT was found to be a reliable and effective technique when used as a part of the treatment of combined cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency with concomitant medial patellar luxation in this series of dogs.", "label": [0, 4, 10, 47]}
+{"token": "Dynamic coupling effects in frictional geomaterials - Stochastic resonance. Nonlinear, dynamic coupling effects and the manifestation of stochastic resonance are explored in the context of frictional geomaterials. The first experiment is designed to study a single interface between two mineral surfaces. Results demonstrate that as the amplitude of the driving signal approaches the threshold of static frictional resistance, the noise level required to cause slippage decreases and the peak output signal-to-noise ratio increases, inducing stochastic resonance. The second experimental study is conducted with sand specimens. While the classical signature of stochastic resonance is not observed in these multiinterface systems, nonlinear energy coupling effects appear. The effect of signal interaction through the nonlinear behavior of the medium is further studied by simultaneously exciting the specimen with two sinusoidal signals of different frequencies. The output response at the frequency of the primary driving signal increases as the amplitude of the secondary \\\\'noise\\\\' signal increases. Coupling increases as the driving signal brings the specimen to its nonlinear regime. The results highlight the interaction between friction and vibration in geomaterials, and suggest potential implications to experimental studies, construction operations, and dynamic phenomena such as seismic response and landslides.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 38]}
+{"token": "Languages and language use. Numerous difficulties arising in connection with developing an ontology for linguistic entities can be thought of as manifestations of a more general problem, aptly characterized by David Lewis (1975) as a tension between two conflicting conceptions of language. On the one hand, our best theories model languages as abstract semantic systems-roughly, functions assigning meanings to expressions. On the other hand, we think of languages as contingent and changing social constructs-both grounded in, and grounding, various social relations and institutions of human beings. There are various ways in which these conceptions appear to be in conflict. For instance, if languages are set-theoretical entities-as our best logical and linguistic theories would have it-how do we account for the fact that they change? Or that they could have been different in various respects? And how do we provide principled and noncircular conditions for set-membership, when there appears to be nothing in common to all tokens of the same expression other than belonging to the same type? This paper aims to develop an ontology of linguistic entities-specifically, of languages and linguistic communities-that can resolve these apparent tensions.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Depression, anxiety, stress, and suicidal behavior among Bangladeshi undergraduate rehabilitation students: An observational study amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: The result shows a high prevalence of moderate to very severe CMHS and a higher risk of suicidal ideation among rehabilitation students. Sociodemographic factors, illness, behavior, institution, and subject-related issues were identified as the predicting factors of CMHS and suicidal behavior. The students suffering from mental health symptoms reported suicidal ideation and attempted at a significantly higher rate.Methods: This cross-sectional study included data from 731 participants. Descriptive analyses estimated prevalence, and multivariate logistic regression models identified the factors associated with CMHS and suicidal behavior after adjusting the confounders.Background and Aims: Common mental health symptoms (CMHS) like depressive moods, anxiety, and stress are the underlying causes of suicidal behavior. The incidence of suicide is higher among Bangladeshi students. Due to the pandemic, students of health/rehabilitation sciences are at the most significant risk. This study aimed to measure the prevalence rate and predicting factors for depression, anxiety and stress, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts in Bangladeshi undergraduate rehabilitation students.Conclusion: To deal with CHMS and suicide risk, a holistic, supportive approach from government and academic institutions are essential for minimizing the predicting factors identified by this study. The study is helpful for the government regulatory body and policymakers to take immediate steps for preventing CMHS and suicidal behavior among rehabilitation students in Bangladesh.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Place and Space in the Song of Songs. The article investigates the role of space in the Song of Songs. Taking recent theoretical insights into spatiality (M. Foucault, E. Soja, H. Lefebvre) as a starting point for an exegesis of selected passages from Song of Songs (Cant 4,12-5,1; 6,2 f.) it is argued that by using the imagery of the garden and the vineyard, Song of Songs creates spaces that are in between the enclosed world of city and house and the wide-open countryside. Since the protagonists of the Song of Songs move and operate in all of these three spaces, binary opposites are only of a limited usefulness when explaining the structure of social and spatial relationships in the Song. The creation of alternative spaces beyond the public and private or town and countryside dichotomy enables the man and the woman of Song of Songs to contest and re-negotiate boundaries and cultural identity. In a further interpretative step the imagery of garden and vineyard is supplemented by comparative material from the Greek world.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Analysis on degradation mechanisms of normally-off p-GaN gate AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistor*. The degradation mechanisms of enhancement-mode p-GaN gate AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistor was analyzed extensively, by means of drain voltage stress and gate bias stress. The results indicate that: (i) High constant drain voltage stress has only a negligible impact on the device electrical parameters, with a slightly first increase and then decrease in output current; (ii) A negative shift of threshold voltage and increased output current were observed in the device subjected to forward gate bias stress, which is mainly ascribed to the hole-trapping induced by high electric field across the p-GaN/AlGaN interface; (iii) The analyzed device showed an excellent behavior at reverse gate bias stress, with almost unaltered threshold voltage, output current, and gate leakage current, exhibiting a large gate swing in the negative direction. The results are meaningful and valuable in directing the process optimization towards a high voltage and high reliable enhanced AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistor.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "The impact of polymer additive for N95 masks on gamma-ray attenuation properties. This article explores the effectiveness of gamma rays attenuation of various N95 respirator samples by analysing several theoretical parameters such as the Effective Atomic Numbers (Z(eff)), Half Value Layer (HVL), Mean Free Path (MFP), Mass Attenuation Coefficients (MAC), Tenth Value Layer (TVL), Exposure Build Up Factors (EBF) and Energy Absorption Build Up Factors (EABF). For the selected N95 mask samples, the MAC values corresponding to the energy levels between 0.015 and 20 MeV are measured using the WinXCOM software and the MATLAB code. The parameters including Z(eff), TVL, HVL, and MFP are computed using the MAC values derived from the WinXCOM program. EBF and EABF are computed in relation to the penetration depth and incident photon energy by using the (G-P) fitting approximation in estimating the photon build-up factor. The findings showed that having the lowest TVL, HVL, and MFP, the N2 sample has the best output in terms of radiation attenuation purposes. In conclusion, the N2 sample which outperforms other samples is the most promising mask sample when it comes to gamma-ray attenuation features.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Socio-Cultural Child's Image (Soviet and Russian Movies' Analysis). The current situation of studies of childhood goes back to the classical psychological theories, in Russian psychology to cultural-historical theory. These theories were developed as a generalization and comprehension of the realities of childhood, which were typical at the time of the creation of these theories. Rapid social changes, especially in recent decades, led to the emergence of a wide range of sources that emphasize the changing daily life of childhood - childhood changed from epoch to epoch, there was even the metaphor of a \\\\'disappearance of childhood\\\\'. The article describes a gradual change of child's image in relation to an adult, and the Soviet and Russian films of the 40-ies - 2000-ies were used as a material of analysis. Study is based on the assumption that a consistent analysis based on a theory of text structure M. Lotman, demonstrates the changing image of the child. In the 40s - 50s the child appears immature, pre-adult, and the adult - the embodiment of ideal forms, and the main conflict - a manifestation of the child's immaturity/Then gradually from decade to decade more and more the main characters - the child and the adult - appear as different personalities; and the child (teenager) sometimes acquires a pronounced negative features. The very dichotomy of child-adult loses its value.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "The parent disclosure interview. As the number of HIV-infected women and children in the USA has increased, clinicians and researchers have debated the benefits and risks of disclosure of parental HIV status to children. Disclosure is usually ascertained through interviews of unknown reliability. Given the need to advance Knowledge regarding the benefits and risks of disclosure of parental HIV status to children, a reliable and comprehensive disclosure interview is needed. The Parent Disclosure Interview (PDI) was developed for this purpose. In order to study its reliability, 29 HIV-infected mothers were administered the PDI twice, on average one week apart, by two different female interviewers. Kappa statistics indicate that the PDI is highly reliable in most content areas. Researchers may use the interview for comparing the prevalence of disclosure among different groups of HIV-infected parents. Practitioners who assist parents in making decisions about disclosure of HIV status to children may use the interview to obtain a baseline assessment of the clients' disclosure history and attitudes towards disclosure.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 52, 55, 24]}
+{"token": "Red Tide Detection Method for HY-1D Coastal Zone Imager Based on U-Net Convolutional Neural Network. Existing red tide detection methods have mainly been developed for ocean color satellite data with low spatial resolution and high spectral resolution. Higher spatial resolution satellite images are required for red tides with fine scale and scattered distribution. However, red tide detection methods for ocean color satellite data cannot be directly applied to medium-high spatial resolution satellite data owing to the shortage of red tide responsive bands. Therefore, a new red tide detection method for medium-high spatial resolution satellite data is required. This study proposes the red tide detection U-Net (RDU-Net) model by considering the HY-1D Coastal Zone Imager (HY-1D CZI) as an example. RDU-Net employs the channel attention model to derive the inter-channel relationship of red tide information in order to reduce the influence of the marine environment on red tide detection. Moreover, the boundary and binary cross entropy (BBCE) loss function, which incorporates the boundary loss, is used to obtain clear and accurate red tide boundaries. In addition, a multi-feature dataset including the HY-1D CZI radiance and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is employed to enhance the spectral difference between red tides and seawater and thus improve the accuracy of red tide detection. Experimental results show that RDU-Net can detect red tides accurately without a precedent threshold. Precision and Recall of 87.47% and 86.62%, respectively, are achieved, while the F1-score and Kappa are 0.87. Compared with the existing method, the F1-score is improved by 0.07-0.21. Furthermore, the proposed method can detect red tides accurately even under interference from clouds and fog, and it shows good performance in the case of red tide edges and scattered distribution areas. Moreover, it shows good applicability and can be successfully applied to other satellite data with high spatial resolution and large bandwidth, such as GF-1 Wide Field of View 2 (WFV2) images.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 38, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Perceptual difference of urban public spaces between design professionals and 'laypersons': Evidence, health implications and ready-made urban design templates. Urban Public Spaces (UPS) are important arenas for human interaction and social activities, and ensuring their quality and functionality is crucial for a successful urban design with public health benefits. However, mostly for insufficient public participation, user experiences of UPS are usually not what the designers were expecting. Therefore, the urgent need to investigate the difference in UPS perception between design professionals and 'laypersons', that is, non-professional users, has been increasingly highlighted. In this paper, we utilize Immersive Virtual Environment (IVE) and physiological measurement tools to obtain empirical observations on the psychological and physiological responses, as well as environmental preferences on UPS of the two groups, compare their perceptual similarities and differences, and consequently analyze the influencing factors and potential mechanisms. We find that the environmental perception of the two groups do differ, with design professionals showing a higher degree of 'intolerance' in the quality rating of UPS, and being more sensitive to scene features related to necessary than spontaneous and social activities. The findings reveal structural differences for the two groups in the mechanisms by which environmental features trigger perceptual differences, thus providing new support for designers to prepare ready-made UPS design templates that are evidence-based.", "label": [1, 2, 17, 15, 24]}
+{"token": "'Layin' low and sayin' nuffin': Australia's policy towards Britain's second bid to join the European Economic Community (1966-67). This article examines the problems and challenges, which confronted the Australian government in its response to Britain's second attempt to join the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1967. While an adequate body of literature exists on Australia's policy towards Britain's first application to the EEC (1961-63), the Australian government's response to the 1967 bid has been completely ignored by historians. This article, therefore, aims to make a historical contribution to the understanding of Australia's policy towards Britain's 'turn to Europe'.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
+{"token": "Recent Texts in the Philosophy of Science. Given the significance of developments in the philosophy of science over the course of the twentieth century and their centrality to philosophy in general, the appeal of teaching the philosophy of science at the introductory level is compelling. But given the abstract and sometimes technical nature of its problems and approaches, teaching this curriculum at the introductory level is bound to be challenging. This challenge has been admirably taken on by a number of authors in recent years. In this article I will examine four recent introductory texts in the philosophy of science. While the philosophy of science has a fairly stable core curriculum, we will find that it admits of a variety of approaches.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "The Relationship Between Self-Interest vs. Other-Interest and Business Students' Perceptions of Cheating Ethics. College cheating is an epidemic that has received considerable attention in the education and psychology literature. The current study examines the relationship between students' self-interest vs. other-interest and their perceptions of different cheating actions. A sample of 350 business students indicated that students scoring higher on self-interest perceived cheating actions as less unethical compared to those scoring higher on other-interest. Since business students represent future business professionals, it is imperative for instructors to sensitize business students to the pitfalls of self-interest and increase their awareness of other-interest.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Controllable Synthesis of Silver Dendrites via an Interplay of Chemical Diffusion and Reaction. Here we report a study on the role of chemical diffusion and reaction on the morphology evolution of silver particles. Electrochemical reaction is employed to synthesize silver particles. The reaction rate is regulated by current density while the diffusion rate of silver ions is regulated by the viscosity of solution. Silver dendritic particles are largely synthesized at various diffusion and reaction conditions. At a high reaction rate, silver dendrites are formed at the medium diffusion rates of silver ions while the dendritic structures are only formed at an extremely low diffusion rate of silver ions when the reaction proceeds slowly. Therefore, the interplay of diffusion and reaction plays a key role on the structure development of dendrites because the interplay determines the chemical distribution on the growth front of crystals. Once a chemical concentration gradient is established at the growth front, the dendritic structures is triggered.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Gizzard vs. teeth, it's a tie: food-processing efficiency in herbivorous birds and mammals and implications for dinosaur feeding strategies. Particle size reduction is a primary means of improving efficiency in herbivores. The mode of food particle size reduction is one of the main differences between herbivorous birds (gizzard) and mammals (teeth). For a quantitative comparison of the efficiency of food comminution, we investigated mean fecal particle sizes (MPS) in 14 herbivorous bird species and compared these with a data set of 111 non-ruminant herbivorous mammal species. In general MPS increased with body mass, but there was no significant difference between birds and mammals, suggesting a comparable efficiency of food processing by gizzards and chewing teeth. The results lead to the intriguing question of why gizzard systems have evolved comparatively rarely among amniote herbivores. Advantages linked to one of the two food comminution systems must, however, be sought in different effects other than size reduction itself. In paleoecological scenarios, the evolution of \\\\'dental batteries,\\\\' for example in ornithopod dinosaurs, should be considered an advantage compared to absence of mastication, but not compared to gizzard-based herbivory.", "label": [4, 37, 42, 39]}
+{"token": "Potential therapeutic targets of Klebsiella pneumoniae: a multi-omics review perspective. The multidrug resistance developed in many organisms due to the prolonged use of antibiotics has been an increasing global health crisis. Klebsiella pneumoniae is a causal organism for various infections, including respiratory, urinary tract and biliary diseases. Initially, immunocompromised individuals are primarily affected by K. pneumoniae. Due to the emergence of hypervirulent strains recently, both healthy and immunocompetent individuals are equally susceptible to K. pneumoniae infections. The infections caused by multidrug-resistant and hypervirulent K. pneumoniae strains are complicated to treat, illustrating an urgent need to develop novel and more practical approaches to combat the pathogen. We focused on the previously performed high-throughput analyses by other groups to discover several novel enzymes that may be considered attractive drug targets of K. pneumoniae. These targets qualify most of the selection criteria for drug targeting, including an absence of its homolog's gene in the host. The capsule, lipopolysaccharide, fimbriae, siderophores and essential virulence factors facilitate the pathogen entry, infection and survival inside the host. This review discusses K. pneumoniae pathophysiology, including its virulence determinants and further the potential drug targets that might facilitate the discovery of novel drugs and effective treatment regimens shortly.", "label": [2, 19, 20]}
+{"token": "A clean process of lead recovery from spent lead paste based on hydrothermal reduction. An innovative process was proposed for recovering lead from spent lead paste, and it produced less pollution and used less energy than the traditional process. First, lead dioxide in lead paste was reduced by glucose under hydrothermal conditions. The effects of the reaction time, glucose excess coefficient, temperature and pH on the hydrothermal reduction were systematically investigated. Under the optimized reduction conditions (i.e., temperature of 175 degrees C, time of 120 min, glucose excess coefficient of 3.0 and pH of 5.5), 99.9% reduction ratio of lead dioxide is achieved, and only the PbO center dot PbSO4 and PbSO(4 )phases are observed in the reducing residue. Subsequently, the reducing residue is desulfurized in a NaOH solution, and approximately 99.40% of the sulfur is removed. The main lead phase in the desulfurization residue is 3PbO center dot H2O.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "POLYFEPAN ENTEROSORBENT IN COMBINED THERAPY OF DERMATOLOGICAL PATIENTS. Polyfepan, an enterosorbent, was used in the treatment of 96 dermatologic patients.  The treatment proved to be effective in those with toxicoderma, secondary xanthomatosis, porphyria cutanea tarda, skin itching, and urticaria, particularly in the cases when toxic exposures and gastrointestinal conditions contributed to the disease pathogenesis.  Polyfepan enterosorption is harmless, well tolerated, and simple.", "label": [2, 22, 25]}
+{"token": "Religious Practices Among Islamic Immigrants: Moroccan and Turkish Men in Belgium. This study examines the religious participation of Islamic immigrants in Belgium using data from the Migration History and Social Mobility Survey collected in 1994-1996 from 2,200 men who had immigrated from Turkey and Morocco. Religious participation is measured as mosque attendance, fasting during Ramadan, and sacrificing a sheep at the Festival of Sacrifice. Results show that the religious participation of Islamic immigrants depends on both premigration and postmigration characteristics. Religious participation is higher among immigrants who: (1) attended a Koranic school in their country of origin, (2) were socialized in a religious region of their home country, (3) received little schooling, (4) currently live in an area of Belgium with a greater number of mosques, and (5) associate with a high number of co-ethnics. These results suggest that the religious participation of Islamic immigrants in Belgium is an outcome of characteristics unique to immigrants as well as processes common among the general population.", "label": [3, 5, 33, 57]}
+{"token": "Immunomodulation By Therapeutic Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSC) Is Triggered Through Phagocytosis of MSC By Monocytic Cells. Mesenchymal stem or stromal cells (MSC) are under investigation as a potential immunotherapy. MSC are usually administered via intravenous infusion, after which they are trapped in the lungs and die and disappear within a day. The fate of MSC after their disappearance from the lungs is unknown and it is unclear how MSC realize their immunomodulatory effects in their short lifespan. We examined immunological mechanisms determining the fate of infused MSC and the immunomodulatory response associated with it. Tracking viable and dead human umbilical cord MSC (ucMSC) in mice using Qtracker beads (contained in viable cells) and Hoechst33342 (staining all cells) revealed that viable ucMSC were present in the lungs immediately after infusion. Twenty-four hours later, the majority of ucMSC were dead and found in the lungs and liver where they were contained in monocytic cells of predominantly non-classical Ly6C(low) phenotype. Monocytes containing ucMSC were also detected systemically. In vitro experiments confirmed that human CD14(++)/CD16(-) classical monocytes polarized toward a non-classical CD14(++)CD16(+)CD206(+) phenotype after phagocytosis of ucMSC and expressed programmed death ligand-1 and IL-10, while TNF- was reduced. ucMSC-primed monocytes induced Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell formation in mixed lymphocyte reactions. These results demonstrate that infused MSC are rapidly phagocytosed by monocytes, which subsequently migrate from the lungs to other body sites. Phagocytosis of ucMSC induces phenotypical and functional changes in monocytes, which subsequently modulate cells of the adaptive immune system. It can be concluded that monocytes play a crucial role in mediating, distributing, and transferring the immunomodulatory effect of MSC.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 22, 42]}
+{"token": "What does sustainability demand? An institutionalist analysis with applications to China. In this paper we discuss if existing political and economic institutions can ensure sustainable futures. We do so by combining a global outlook with more specifically examining the situation in China. Present institutions foster growth, they are however weak at motivating actions that keep economies within an environmentally safe and socially just space. We especially note the challenges that strong focus on growth combined with ex post environmental regulations create for natural systems with tipping-points. In this situation, there is a need to change institutions to ensure strong emphasis on long-term sustainability as opposed to short term economic surplus. Regarding political decision-making, we discuss ways to break short-termism through strengthening public deliberation as well as formalizing political responsibility for the future. Regarding economic institutions, we emphasize the need to widen the goals of firms including responsibilities for environmental qualities. The latter may demand changes in ownership structures.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "Control of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis infection in agricultural species. Successful prevention and central depends on animal health authorities and livestock industries acquiring a good understanding of the nature and epidemiology of infection, and of the application of tools for diagnosis and control. Building support for control programmes under the leadership of the affected livestock industries is critical, as programmes are unlikely to be successful without ongoing political will, supported by funding for research, surveillance and control.Paratuberculosis or Johne's disease is a chronic intestinal disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, which continues to spread in agricultural species;. Control of paratuberculosis is challenging and should not be underestimated. Due to the long incubation period of the infection, disease is largely subclinical in domesticated livestock. Hence, direct effects on animal productivity and welfare are often masked and may appear insufficient to justify large investments in control programmes by individual farmers, livestock industries or governments. Furthermore, in some countries the main effects of the disease are indirect, resulting from the impact of market discrimination against herds and flocks known to be infected, or from the control measures enforced to reduce transmission. In such circumstances, producers may be unwilling to co-operate with surveillance that may detect infection in herds or flocks. As control programmes are rarely successful in eliminating the infection from a herd or flock in the short term without an aggressive and costly programme, financial and community support assists producers to deal with the challenge.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Identification of human papillomavirus-16 E6 variation in cervical cancer and their impact on T and B cell epitopes. The infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) is the most important risk factor for development of cervical cancer. The intra-type variations of HPV have different biological and pathological consequences with respect to disease progression. In the present study, six major Indian variants were experimentally identified in E6 gene of HPV-16 and showed their impact on immunogenicity by in silico methods. Four different phylogenetic lineages were observed in sequences including European (E) prototype, European variant, Asian and American Asian variant classes and complete absence of African phylogenetic lineages. On the prediction of B- and T-cell epitopes, 18 and 23 potent epitopes for MHC-II alleles, 10 potent MHC-I and 15 B-cell epitopes in each reference and variant sequence were identified. Interestingly, the presence of variation H78Y and L83V result in creation of four new epitopes for the HLA-DQA1*0101/DQB1*0501. Out of 15 B-cell predicted epitopes, three most potent epitopes were identified in both reference and variant sequence. Notably the amino acid stretch from amino acid 16-60 and 76-94 are very important for the immunological properties of E6 protein because these regions contain majority of the predicted epitopes. In future, this could control the cervical cancer by targeting these amino acid stretches for the development of HPV-16 vaccine. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42, 21]}
+{"token": "HYBRID BREAKDOWN AND CELLULAR-DNA CONTENT IN A CONTACT ZONE BETWEEN 2 SPECIES OF POCKET GOPHERS (GEOMYS). DNA content and coefficients of variation surrounding mean values were examined in 35 individuals from a contact zone between Geomys bursarius major and G. knoxjonesi in New Mexico. Three classes of individuals (parental types and hybrids) from the contact zone were compared to reference samples from outside the contact zone. No significant differences were found in either DNA content or in individual coefficients of variation among any of the five classes examined. Comparison of data from Peromyscus leucopus and pocket gophers documents that hybrid breakdown in cellular-DNA content is not correlated with magnitude of chromosomal, allozymic, and mitochondrial-DNA, or ribosomal-DNA differentiation that distinguishes parental types. Mechanisms that maintain the integrity of the respective gene pools of G. b. major and G. knoxjonesi are not associated with differences in mean DNA content or with variation in quantity of DNA among cells of an individual.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Development of barrier system for disinfected products: cooperation between industry and service. Background and Objective: There are many studies on Sterile Barrier System (SBS) and preservation of sterility, however there is a difficulty of presenting data on the preservation of disinfection. This attaches to the lack of supply in the barrier system market (BS) specific for this purpose. During the search for validation of the preservation of the thermal disinfection process, it became evident the absence of SB available. This study had as objective to validate the BS developed by the industry, as the service requirements for the preservation of the thermal disinfection Products for Health (PFH) semi-critical used in respiratory care. Method: laboratory experimental study conducted in technological cooperation between services of a Health Care Establishment of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, and an industry of Sao Paulo, Brazil, to develop a BS to preserve the thermal disinfection. Thermal disinfection was carried out of semi-critical pediatric PFH, with all subsidiaries steps, analyzed 204 samples submitted for microbiological studies, between October 2013 and June 2014. Results: Quantitative and qualitative microbiological analyzes showed no growth of pathogens and epidemiological relevance for the 49 days storage period of PFH thermal disinfected and packed with BS. Conclusion: The study concluded that the BS developed fulfilled its protective function, preventing cross-contamination of PFH.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "PAINTING OR WRITING SPEECHES? PLATO, ALCIDAMAS, AND ISOCRATES ON LOGOGRAPHY. Painting or Writing Speeches? Plato, Alcidamas, and Isocrates on Logography. In the two best known surviving accounts we have of the polemic against written speeches in 4th century Athens, Plato's Phaedrus and Alcidamas' discourse On the Authors of Written Speeches or On the Sophists, the main argument rests on the comparison with the figurative arts. In the Phaedrus, Socrates equates writing with the painting of living beings, and written logos is defined as a voiceless image or phantom of living, animate speech. Similarly, in Alcidamas' work, written speeches are compared with painting and sculpture. As the speech On the Sophists is generally dated some fifteen or twenty years before the Phaedrus, between Isocrates' Against the Sophists (390) and the Panegyricus (380), the polemic against written speeches would have lasted, with little change, about twenty to thirty years. Yet, if we do not assume a chronological gap between the two texts, and if we consider them as the only remaining evidence of this polemic, the repetition of the same words could mean we are right at the heart of a polemic against one and the same adversary. Among the contemporary texts still available to us, only the new conception of speech apparent in Isocrates' Evagoras is likely to match these criteria. The new conception of written speech in the Evagoras may well be the Phaedrus' main target. Much more than one echo is also to be found between the Evagoras and the Antidosis and Alcidamas' On the Sophists. Juxtaposing these three texts induces us to ascribe Alcidamas' speech to a later date and to give a new interpretation of Plato's Phaedrus.", "label": [3, 31, 28]}
+{"token": "Perfectionism and eating disorders: Current status and future directions. The literature examining the relation between perfectionism and eating disorders was reviewed and content and methodological comparisons were made with the perfectionism literature in anxiety disorders and depressive disorders. A PsychInfo search using the key words \\\\'perfectionism/ perfect/ perfectionistic,\\\\' \\\\'anorexia,\\\\' \\\\'bulimia,\\\\' and \\\\'eating disorders\\\\' was performed and the generated list of papers was supplemented based on a review of reference lists in the papers. A total of 55 papers published between 1990 and 2005 were identified that assessed perfectionism among individuals with diagnosed eating disorders. The key research questions were distilled from these publications and empirical findings were summarized for each question, followed by a comparison with perfectionism papers in the anxiety and depressive disorder literatures. Also, key research design methodological parameters were identified and comparisons made across the three literatures: eating disorders, anxiety disorders, depressive disorders. The current review concludes with conceptual and methodological recommendations for researchers interested in perfectionism and eating disorders. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Cellulose nanocrystals extracted from rice husks as a reinforcing material in gelatin hydrogels for use in controlled drug delivery systems. Hydrogels with remarkable sensitivity toward changes in pH were prepared using gelatin reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Glutaraldehyde was used as a crosslinker because of its high chemical reactivity toward the NH2 group on gelatin. CNC ratios of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% were chosen to study the effects of CNCs on the dynamic mechanical properties and swelling behavior of gelatin-based hydrogels. Crosslinking between gelatin monomers was confirmed by the presence of a C=N stretching group at 1630 cm(-1) in the FTIR spectrum of gelatin hydrogels. The overall crystallinity and dynamic mechanical properties of gelatin hydrogels increased as the CNC content increased. The increase in the overall crystallinity improved the storage modulus of the CNC-gelatin hydrogel from 122 Pa to 468 Pa by the addition of 25% CNC. From the swelling test, CNC-gelatin hydrogels showed excellent pH sensitivity with a maximum swelling ratio at pH 3. The ability of the CNC-gelatin hydrogel to respond to different pH values along with its high dynamic mechanical stability suggested that CNC-gelatin hydrogels are promising candidates as drug carriers. Theophylline was used in this research as a model drug to further evaluate the potential of these CNC-gelatin hydrogels to act as drug carriers. Drug loading efficiency and drug release profiles of the CNC-gelatin hydrogels were studied. The findings suggest that gelatin hydrogels reinforced with 15% CNC are the best potential candidates for controlled drug delivery system. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
+{"token": "Local effects induced by dynamic load self-heating in NiTi wires of shape memory alloys. The use of shape memory alloys wires in dampers devices for Civil Engineering applications is well documented in the literature. This paper develops a critical discussion on the wire macroscopic behavior and on the associated temperature effects with emphasis on the wire diameter. Vibration damping requires the absorption of mechanical energy and its conversion to heat via the action of hysteresis cycles. The experimental study is carried out on NiTi wires of different diameters. The flat cycles shown by thin wires (i.e., 0.5mm of diameter or less) and the nonclassical S-shaped cycles (e.g., for diameter 2.46mm) establish clear differences in the response of the samples. For this reason, a supplementary investigation is here reported to show that the flat cycles are coherent with the classical treatment of shape memory alloys as a first-order phase transition, but the S-shaped cycles of thick wires can be associated to an anomaly in the heat capacity.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "Aquinas on Free Will and Intellectual Determinism. From the early reception of Thomas Aquinas up to the present, many have interpreted his theory of liberum arbitrium (which for Aquinas is free will specifically as the power to choose among alternatives) to imply intellectual determinism: we do not control our choices, because we do not control the practical judgments that cause our choices. In this paper we argue instead that he rejects determinism in general and intellectual determinism in particular, which would effectively destroy liberum arbitrium as he conceives of it. We clarify that for Aquinas moral responsibility presupposes liberum arbitrium and thus the ability to do otherwise, although the ability to do otherwise applies differently to praise and blame. His argument against intellectual determinism is not straightforward, but we construct it by analogy to his arguments against other deterministic threats (e.g., the one posed by divine foreknowledge). The non-determinism of the intellect's causality with respect to the will results from his claims that practical reasoning is defeasible and that the reasons for actions are not contrastive reasons.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Rapid purification of photosystem I chlorophyll-binding proteins by differential centrifugation and vertical rotor. Photosystem I (PSI), which consists of a core complex and light-harvesting complex I (LHCI), is an important multisubunit pigment-protein complex located in the photosynthetic membranes of cyanobacteria, algae and plants. In the present study, we described a rapid method for isolation and purification of PSI and its subfractions. For purification of PSI, crude PSI was first prepared by differential centrifugation, which was applicable on a large scale at low cost. Then PSI was purified by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation in a vertical rotor to reduce the centrifugation time from more than 20 h when using a swinging bucket rotor to only 3 h. Similarly, for subfractionation of PSI into the core complex and light-harvesting complex I, sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation in a vertical rotor was also used and it took only 4 h to obtain the PSI core, LHCI-680, and LHCI-730 at the same time. The resulting preparations were characterized by sodium dodecyl-sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), absorption spectroscopy, and 77 K fluorescence spectroscopy. In addition, their pigment composition was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and the results showed that each Lhca could bind 1.5-1.6 luteins, 1.0 Violaxanthins, and 0.8-1.1 beta-carotenes on average, demonstrating that fewer carotenoids were released than with the slower traditional centrifugation. These results showed that the rapid isolation procedure, based on differential centrifugation and sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation in a vertical rotor, was efficient, and it should significantly facilitate preparation and studies of plant PSI. Moreover, the vertical rotor, rather than the swinging bucket rotor, may be a good choice for isolation of some other proteins.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Analysis of Massive MIMO Performance in an Indoor Picocell With High Number of Users. This paper presents an analysis of the massive multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) channel in an indoor picocell with a high number of active user terminals and a base station consisting of a virtual array with up to one hundred elements. The analysis is based on the results of a measurement campaign carried out in the 3.2 to 4 GHz band in a scenario of reduced size and with a symmetrical geometry, in which users are also placed in an orderly manner. The channel meets the condition of favorable propagation depending on several factors, one of the most important being the spatial distribution of users. Results concerning the inverse condition number as well as the channel sum capacity are included. Another factor that determines the performance of massive MIMO systems when operated in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) framework is the frequency selectivity of the channel that limits the size of the coherence block (ChB). Focusing on the most significant results achieved, it can be concluded that the channel reaches a capacity of 89& x0025; with respect to an i.i.d. Rayleigh channel. Concerning the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the sum capacity, it can also be observed that the tails are not very pronounced, which indicates that a homogeneous service can be given to all users. Regarding the number of samples that make up the ChB, although it is high in all cases (of the order of tens of thousands), it strongly depends on the degree of correlation used to calculate the coherence bandwidth.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Design of rotational inverted pendulum control based on second-order sliding mode. Rotational Inverted Pendulum is a typical nonlinear, unstable and strong coupling system. How to design a control system to restore the equilibrium state quickly and stably is a problem worth studying. High order super twisting sliding mode system has the advantages of traditional sliding mode control system. Super twisting system can elimination control chatter due to the discontinuities of control variable which contain in traditional sliding mode system. The super twisting system is designed. The saturation function replaces the sign function in the super twisting control function to improve the smoothness of the control variable. The simulation shows that this design has excellent precision. Inverted pendulum has smaller movement stroke than traditional super twisting system. Control chatter is also smaller than traditional super twisting system.", "label": [1, 5, 53, 14]}
+{"token": "New record of Brontocoris tabidus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) attacking larvae of Heteroperreyia hubrichi (Hymenoptera: Pergidae). Brazilian peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi; Anacardiaceae) is a perennial tree native to Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Brazilian peppertree is one of the most aggressive and widespread invasive species in Florida, Hawaii, and Texas (USA). The defoliating sawfly, Heteroperreyia hubrichi Malaise (Hymenoptera: Pergidae), is a potential biological control agent for S. terebinthifolia. During surveys of plant use under natural conditions in the S. terebinthifolia native range, nymphs and adults of Brontocoris tabidus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) were found attacking H. hubrichi and Heteroperreyia n.? sp. larvae feeding on S. terebinthifolia in Argentina (Misiones Province) and Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) respectively. The attack by B. tabidus on Heteroperreyia species constitutes new records.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Seabed erodibility variations on the Louisiana continental shelf before and after the 2011 Mississippi River flood. A total of 106 sediment cores were collected on the Louisiana shelf during five cruises in 2010 and 2011, and a new dataset was used to evaluate the response of the seabed to the recent conditions. The localized flood deposit was mainly within tens of kilometers of river sources, and little sediment accumulated on the middle Louisiana shelf. Seabed erodibility was measured using a dual-core Gust Erosion Microcosm System. The erodibility of sediment collected in April 2011 exceeded that for August 2010 and August 2011. The springtime increase in erodibility seemed to be related to the recent presence of energetic waves that mobilized the seabed. Erodibility was highest on the inner shelf southwest of Atchafalaya Bay, intermediate on the middle shelf, lowest in the Mississippi Canyon, and highly variable on the Mississippi subaqueous delta. These spatial patterns were influenced by proximity to river sources, flood-deposit thicknesses, intensity of wave-driven bed stresses, and bioturbation. The flood-deposit thickness itself, however, was not sufficient to explain all the spatial variations of erodibility after the peak of the Mississippi flood. Comparing values to published data, the depth-varying erodibility on the Louisiana shelf was close to the \\\\'low erodibility\\\\' level for the York River of Virginia, and similar to the data collected from Baltimore Harbor in Maryland and the main stem of upper Chesapeake Bay. Our findings promote understanding of the resuspension of fluffy organic-rich layer at the water-sediment interface, which influences sediment oxygen demand on the Louisiana shelf. This dataset is also valuable to observational and modeling studies of large river sediment dispersal systems worldwide. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Erodibility is critical to the sediment resuspension process but has not been measured systematically in large river-dominated muddy continental shelves before. During early summer of 2011, the Mississippi River experienced a major flood event. This flood provided a unique opportunity to examine how shelf seabed erodibility responded to a large river flood, and the ultimate fate of flood deposition is important to geological and biogeochemical processes (e.g., stratal formation, carbon sequestration).", "label": [4, 45, 39]}
+{"token": "The 'solar eye' of vision - Emergence of the skyscraper-viewer in the discourse on heights in New York City, 1890-1912. This article explores the social and urban circumstances that made it possible for Alvin Langdon Coburn, the celebrated American Pictorialist photographer, to turn his camera upon Madison Square in 1912 from the vantage point of the Metropolitan Life Tower, and thus to create the first abstraction of a city viewed from above. The papers define how the birth of the modern skyscraper-viewer corresponded to a period of urban transformation in New York City between 1890 and 1920. By extrapolating the terms of discourse regarding the skyscraper-viewer that appeared in range of cultural, industrial, and architectural journals, we are able to discern how periods of social upheaval affect individualism and mass identity, which in turn conditions the way artists and writers define their artistic vision in relation to daily life in the city. This rudimentary discourse on heights and everyday life was later taken up by writers such as Michele de Certeau and Roland Barthes, who wrote about seeing a city from great heights and how this vision creates the illusion of power and knowledge in the observer.", "label": [1, 17]}
+{"token": "Simplex Mesh Diffusion Snakes: Integrating 2D and 3D Deformable Models and Statistical Shape Knowledge in a Variational Framework. In volumetric medical imaging the boundaries of structures are frequently blurred due to insufficient resolution. This artefact is particularly serious in structures such as articular joints, where different cartilage surfaces appear to be linked at the contact regions. Traditional image segmentation techniques fail to separate such erroneously linked structures, and a sensible approach has been the introduction of prior-knowledge to the segmentation process. Although several 3D prior-knowledge based techniques that could successfully segment these structures have been published, most of them are pixel-labelling schemes that generate pixellated images with serious geometric distortions. The Simplex Mesh Diffusion Snakes segmentation technique presented here is an extension of the two dimensional Diffusion Snakes, but without any restriction on the number of dimensions of the data set. This technique integrates a Simplex Mesh, a region-based deformable model and Statistical Shape Knowledge into a single energy functional, so that it takes into account both the image information available directly from the data set, and the shape statistics obtained from a training process. The resulting segmentations converge correctly to well defined boundaries and provide a feasible location for those removed boundaries. The algorithm has been evaluated using 2D and 3D data sets obtained with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and has proved to be robust to most of the MRI artefacts, providing continuous and smooth curves or surfaces with sub-pixel resolution. Additionally, this novel technique opens a wide range of opportunities for segmentation and tracking time-dependent 3D structures or data sets with more than three dimensions, due to its non-restrictive mathematical formulation.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "On the photoreactivity of oxirane-terminated polydimethylsiloxanes. The paper deals with the synthesis of oxirane-terminated polydimethylsiloxanes of different molecular weights by the hydrosilation of 2-methyl-2-vinyl oxirane with hydro-terminated polysiloxanes. The side reactions of the hydrosilation process are discussed on the basis of H-1-NMR analysis of a low molecular weight model compound. The photoreactivity of the synthesized functional polysiloxanes in the presence of aryl sulfonium and iodonium hexafluoroantimonates was followed by differential scanning photocalorimetry. The dependence of the photoreactivity parameters (photopolymerization rate, conversion, activation energy) on the molecular weight of the polysiloxane chains and on polysiloxane-photoinitiator compatibility is evidenced.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Morphodynamic controls on redox conditions and on nitrogen dynamics within the hyporheic zone: Application to gravel bed rivers with alternate-bar morphology. Hyporheic flows, which stem from the interaction between stream flow and bedform, transport solute-laden surface waters into the streambed sediments, where reactive solutes undergo biogeochemical transformations. Despite the importance of hyporheic exchange on riverine ecosystem and biogeochemical cycles, research is limited on the effects of hyporheic fluxes on the fate of reactive solutes within the hyporheic zone. Consequently, we investigate the controls of hyporheic flowpaths, which we link to stream morphology and streamflow, on prevailing hyporheic redox conditions and on biogeochemical transformations occurring within streambeds. We focus on the dissolved inorganic reactive forms of nitrogen, ammonium and nitrate, because nitrogen is one of the most common reactive solutes and an essential nutrient found in stream waters. Our objectives are to explore the influence of stream morphology, hyporheic water temperature and relative abundance of ammonium and nitrate, on transformation of ammonium, removal of nitrates and production of nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas. We address our objectives with analytical solutions of the Multispecies Reactive Advection-Dispersion Equation coupled with linearized Monod's kinetics and analytical solutions of the hyporheic flow for alternate-bar morphology. We introduce a new Damkohler number, Da, defined as the ratio between the median hyporheic residence time and the time scale of oxygen consumption, which we prove to be a good indicator of where aerobic or anaerobic conditions prevail. In addition, Da is a key index to quantify hyporheic nitrification and denitrification efficiencies and defines a new theoretical framework for scaling results at both the morphological-unit and stream-reach scales.", "label": [4, 5, 38, 52]}
+{"token": "FEEDING ECOLOGY OF THE LONG-LEGGED BUZZARD AND DIET OVERLAP WITH SYMPATRIC BONELLI'S EAGLE ON CYPRUS. Interspecific competition occurs when two sympatric species utilize the same limited supply of a basic resource, such as food; the degree of diet overlap is an essential metric for examining potential competition between the species. The Long-legged Buzzard (Buteo rufinus) is a relative newcomer to the island of Cyprus, where it is sympatric with the larger Bonelli's Eagle (Aquila fasciata), a potential competitor for both food and space (nesting territories). We studied the diet of the Long-legged Buzzard in the 2005, 2006, and 2018 nesting seasons through analysis of pellets and prey remains collected at 38 sites. The most abundant prey class was mammals (68.8% frequency, 58.9% biomass), followed by reptiles (16.8% frequency, 36.3% biomass), and birds (4.3% frequency, 4.6% biomass). The most numerous prey species were black rats (Rattus rattus), starred agamas (Stellagama stelio), house mice (Mus musculus), and large whip snakes (Dolichophis jugularis), but in terms of biomass, the most important prey items were black rats, large whip snakes, long-eared hedgehogs (Hemiechinus auritus dorotheae), and starred agamas. We compared the diet of the Long-legged Buzzard to that of the Bonelli's Eagle, whose diet was dominated by birds (62.1% frequency, 76.1% biomass) and to a lesser degree by mammals (29.5% frequency, 21.9% biomass). The mean prey biomass for the Long-legged Buzzard was estimated as 167 g, compared to 350 g for the Bonelli's Eagle; this difference reflected the almost two-fold difference in mass between females of the two species. Diet overlap measured with Pianka's index was <0.5, suggesting an intermediate niche overlap mainly due to utilization of an abundant prey resource, such as the black rat. Niche breadth for the Long-legged Buzzard measured using Levins' index ranged from 0.485 in 2005 to 0.081 in 2018. This decrease in niche breadth over time in a generalist species can occur when there is a superabundance of a particular prey. The mean Levins' index for the Bonelli's Eagle was also low, 0.271 (1999-2001). Based on the diet comparison, we concluded that there was no evidence for interspecific competition in terms of food.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Mucinous Pleural Effusion in a Dog with a Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma and Carcinomatosis. An 11 yr old castrated male greyhound presented to the Washington State University's Veterinary Teaching Hospital (WSU VTH) for evaluation of a 4 day history of pleural effusion. The pleural effusion had a gelatinous appearance, suggestive of mucus, and was characterized cytologically as a pyogranulomatous exudate with some features suggestive of a carcinoma. Postmortem examination identified a pulmonary mass with evidence of carcinomatosis. Pulmonary papillary adenocarcinoma with carcinomatosis was the histologic diagnosis. Abundant mucin production was present, consistent with a mucinous pulmonary adenocarcinoma. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a mucinous pulmonary adenocarcinoma with mucus pleural effusion in a dog.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Demonstrating the potential of CO2 hydrate self-sealing in Svalbard, Arctic Norway. Here we report the potential self-sealing properties of CO2 hydrate for the Longyearbyen CO2 Lab's shallow aquifer in Svalbard, Arctic Norway, through hydrate formation experiments. The experiments were conducted on a 9 cm long core plug of a fluvio-deltaic sandstone of the Barremian Helvetiafjellet Formation recovered from a fully-cored research well in Adventdalen in Svalbard at a depth of 187 m. CO2 injection into the brine-filled (1.0 wt.% NaCl) core plug was conducted at realistic reservoir conditions; the pore pressure was 20 bar and the temperature was 0.1 degrees C. Solid CO2 hydrate formed in the core plug after injecting 0.40 pore volumes (frac.) of CO2 and immediately reduced the apparent permeability to zero. A differential pressure across the core plug of 18 bar (200 bar/m) was sustained for 250 h without producing any CO2 from the core plug. This demonstrates the potential of CO2 hydrate formation as a secondary seal in settings with favorable CO2 hydrate formation conditions in or above the reservoir. The results further indicate that the self-sealing nature of CO2 hydrate should be considered while characterizing carbon sequestration reservoirs in both marine and permafrost-affected settings.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 15, 39]}
+{"token": "Environmental Factors That Distinguish between Clinical and Healthy Samples with Childhood Experiences of Abuse and Neglect. Background: Childhood maltreatment is associated with a wide range of problems in adulthood. However, specific environmental factors (either positive or negative) influence mental health outcomes in maltreated children. The present study investigated the effect of environmental factors by comparing a group of clinical participants with experiences of abuse/neglect with a healthy group with similar patterns of experiences. Environmental factors selected were: separation from parents, financial hardship, parental psychiatric disorders, and low social involvement. Method: The study included 55 mixed clinical participants and 23 healthy participants. All participants were investigated using the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse (CECA) interview. The two groups were specifically matched with regard to patterns of childhood maltreatment. Results: The findings indicated that psychopathological outcome was associated with a greater presence of negative environmental factors (p < 0.001). In particular, lack of social support seemed to be the only one predictor (OR = 27.86). Conclusion: This study is the first to investigate the influence of specific environmental factors in two groups with similar childhood experiences of abuse/neglect but different mental health outcomes. These findings suggest that efforts should be made to incorporate both familial and external sources of social support in promoting mental health for maltreated children. (C) 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Improving security by utilizing hybrid deterministic phase mask and orthogonal encoding. An asymmetric double image encryption system has been suggested to safeguard the algorithm in Fresnel Transform (FrT) from intruders by using Hybrid Deterministic Phase Masks, Structured Phase Mask (SPM) and Orthogonal encoding technique. The original DRPE technique used random phase masks which is not very strong against many attacks. In comparison to novel Phase Truncated Fourier Transform based scheme, safety of encryption and decryption is elevated with applying the dissimilar types of masks in Fresnel domain which in turn enhances the robustness of DRPE scheme. SPM helps in increasing the key length and the deterministic phase masks (DM) helps to transport key components with condensed size, improved performance and inferior intricacy. The ciphered images are further encoded using Hadamard matrix that has orthogonal property. The orthogonal encoding system aids in refining the security of the DRPE lined operations. Further, the simulation result visibly validates that the DRPE using orthogonal encoding is much more protected. Numerical outcomes help in verifying that our scheme is susceptible to numerous attacks. Security potential of planned scheme is resolute by the computational examination and safety investigation using histograms and Occlusion.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
+{"token": "Night-time responses to water supply in grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) under deficit irrigation and partial root-zone drying. Night-time water uptake (S-n) mainly corresponds to stem and organ rehydration and transpiration, the latter through stomata and cuticle. Nocturnal transpiration is uncoupled from photosynthesis, therefore it contributes to reduce water use efficiency (WUE). Night-time grapevine physiology was measured on field grown grapevines (cv. Shiraz) under partial root-zone drying (PRD) and deficit irrigation (Exp. 1), on potted vines (cv. Tempranillo) (Exp. 2) and on potted vines (cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) on a progressive drought treatment in the glasshouse (Exp. 3). Sap flow probes using the compensated heat pulse method (cHP) were installed in vines (Exp. 1 and 3). Night-time gas exchange measurements were performed for Exp. 3. Other vine water status monitoring methods used were: midday stem water potential (Psi(s)) for all experiments, and abscisic acid (ABA) concentration monitored from leaf sap for Exp. 3. Results showed that Sr, was parabolically correlated to Psi(s) measured on the previous day for all treatments and cultivars. Two distinct zones where vines exhibit different night-time behaviour within the Psi(s) vs S-n parabolic relationships were identified for all experiments. The differences between the two identified areas were related to the water status conditions of the vines: (i) non-water stress conditions (0 < Psi(s) < -1.0 MPa); (ii) water stress conditions (-1.0 MPa < Psi(s) < -2.0 MPa). Furthermore, levels of water stress were negatively correlated to concentrations of leaf sap ABA, which helped to explain the parabolic curve found for cv. Cabernet Sauvignon. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 39]}
+{"token": "Characterization of Cellular Immune Responses in Thai Individuals With and Without HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) remains a challenge despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), and has been linked to monocyte/macrophage (M/M) migration to the brain. Due to the potential impact of T cell effector mechanisms in eliminating activated/HIV-infected M/M, T cell activation may play a role in the development of HAND. We sought to investigate the relationship between cognition and both CD8(+) T cell activation (HLA-DR+/CD38(+)) and HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell responses at the time of HIV diagnosis and 12 months postinitiation of ART. CD8(+) T cell activation was increased in HAND compared to cognitive normal (NL) individuals and correlated directly with plasma viral load and inversely with the cognitive status. In addition, Gag-specific cytolytic activity (CD107a/b(+)) was decreased in HAND compared with NL individuals and correlated with their neurological testing, suggesting a potential role of cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells in the mechanism of HAND development.", "label": [2, 18, 25, 21]}
+{"token": "Relationships between teachers' background, their subject knowledge and pedagogic efficacy, and pupil achievement in primary school mathematics in Hong Kong: An indicative study. This study investigates how teacher background, subject knowledge and pedagogic efficacy affect Grade 4 children's (aged 9-10) mathematical achievement in 10 primary schools in Hong Kong. Mathematics teachers were selected for their strong commitment to teaching mathematics and their pupils' consistently high international mathematics performance. Teacher measures (i.e. level of mathematics education, teaching experience, mathematics subject knowledge, performance in mathematical operations and pedagogic efficacy) were checked for factor consistency and assessed against age-appropriate pupil mathematical achievement. The results showed that teachers were secure in their subject knowledge, and that such knowledge was related to their performance of mathematical operations, but it was high levels of pedagogic efficacy and the ability to perform age-appropriate mathematics operations (rather than subject knowledge) that positively affected their pupils' achievement. These findings contradict ongoing international calls for the enhancement of primary school teachers' mathematical subject knowledge, as they show pedagogic efficacy to be more strongly associated with pupil achievement. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Simulation Models on the Ecology and Management of Arable Weeds: Structure, Quantitative Insights, and Applications. In weed science and management, models are important and can be used to better understand what has occurred in management scenarios, to predict what will happen and to evaluate the outcomes of control methods. To-date, perspectives on and the understanding of weed models have been disjointed, especially in terms of how they have been applied to advance weed science and management. This paper presents a general overview of the nature and application of a full range of simulation models on the ecology, biology, and management of arable weeds, and how they have been used to provide insights and directions for decision making when long-term weed population trajectories are impractical to be determined using field experimentation. While research on weed biology and ecology has gained momentum over the past four decades, especially for species with high risk for herbicide resistance evolution, knowledge gaps still exist for several life cycle parameters for many agriculturally important weed species. More research efforts should be invested in filling these knowledge gaps, which will lead to better models and ultimately better inform weed management decision making.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "FtsH2 and FtsH5: two homologous subunits use different integration mechanisms leading to the same thylakoid multimeric complex. P>The Arabidopsis thylakoid FtsH protease complex is composed of FtsH1/FtsH5 (type A) and FtsH2/FtsH8 (type B) subunits. Type A and type B subunits display a high degree of sequence identity throughout their mature domains, but no similarity in their amino-terminal targeting peptide regions. In chloroplast import assays, FtsH2 and FtsH5 were imported and subsequently integrated into thylakoids by a two-step processing mechanism that resulted in an amino-proximal lumenal domain, a single transmembrane anchor, and a carboxyl proximal stromal domain. FtsH2 integration into washed thylakoids was entirely dependent on the proton gradient, whereas FtsH5 integration was dependent on NTPs, suggesting their integration by Tat and Sec pathways, respectively. This finding was corroborated by in organello competition and by antibody inhibition experiments. A series of constructs were made in order to understand the molecular basis for different integration pathways. The amino proximal domains through the transmembrane anchors were sufficient for proper integration as demonstrated with carboxyl-truncated versions of FtsH2 and FtsH5. The mature FtsH2 protein was found to be incompatible with the Sec machinery as determined with targeting peptide-swapping experiments. Incompatibility does not appear to be determined by any specific element in the FtsH2 domain as no single domain was incompatible with Sec transport. This suggests an incompatible structure that requires the intact FtsH2. That the highly homologous type A and type B subunits of the same multimeric complex use different integration pathways is a striking example of the notion that membrane insertion pathways have evolved to accommodate structural features of their respective substrates.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "DENOMINATIONAL DIFFERENCES IN CONGREGATION YOUTH MINISTRY PROGRAMS AND EVIDENCE OF SYSTEMATIC NON-RESPONSE BIASES. This paper provides a descriptive analysis of congregationally-based youth programs in one geographically specified area in northern Indiana. A response rate of 98.9 percent (N=269) from congregations to a survey and 42 additional in-person interviews with youth ministers were conducted to compile data on the characteristics of congregations, youth attendance, youth groups, and youth ministers across denominational categories. Results of the study support the hypothesis that youth programming differs across denominations. Findings also highlight the need for high response rates and representative sampling methodologies to provide a valid view of congregationally-based youth programming.", "label": [3, 5, 33, 57]}
+{"token": "Involvement of matrix metalloproteinases in human immunodeficiency virus type I-induced replication by clinical Mycobacterium avium isolates. The role of Mycobacterium avium isolates in modulating human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication was examined by use of an in vitro, resting T cell system. Two human clinical isolates (serotypes 1 and 4) but not an environmental M. avium isolate (serotype 2) enhanced HIV-1 replication. The M. avium-induced HIV-1 replication was not associated with cell activation or differential cytokine production or utilization. Addition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors and their in vivo regulators, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases-1 and -2, abrogated M. avium-induced HIV-1 replication 80%-95%. The MMP inhibitors did not have any effect on the HIV-1 protease activity, suggesting that they may affect cellular processes. Furthermore, MMP-9 protein was differentially expressed after infection with clinical M. avium isolates and paralleled HIV-1 p24 production. Collectively, these data suggest that M. avium-induced HIV-1 replication is mediated, in part, through the induction of MMP-9.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "The significance of Lactobacillus crispatus and L-vaginalis for vaginal health and the negative effect of recent sex: a cross-sectional descriptive study across groups of African women. Background: Women in sub-Saharan Africa are vulnerable to acquiring HIV infection and reproductive tract infections. Bacterial vaginosis (BV), a disruption of the vaginal microbiota, has been shown to be strongly associated with HIV infection. Risk factors related to potentially protective or harmful microbiota species are not known.Methods: We present cross-sectional quantitative polymerase chain reaction data of the Lactobacillus genus, five Lactobacillus species, and three BV-related bacteria (Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae, and Prevotella bivia) together with Escherichia coli and Candida albicans in 426 African women across different groups at risk for HIV. We selected a reference group of adult HIV-negative women at average risk for HIV acquisition and compared species variations in subgroups of adolescents, HIV-negative pregnant women, women engaging in traditional vaginal practices, sex workers and a group of HIV-positive women on combination antiretroviral therapy. We explored the associations between presence and quantity of the bacteria with BV by Nugent score, in relation to several factors of known or theoretical importance.Results: The presence of species across Kenyan, South African and Rwandan women was remarkably similar and few differences were seen between the two groups of reference women in Kenya and South Africa. The Rwandan sex workers and HIV-positive women had the highest Gardnerella vaginalis presence (p = 0.006). Pregnant women had a higher Lactobacillus genus mean log (7.01 genome equivalents (geq)/ml) compared to the reference women (6.08 geq/ml). L. vaginalis (43%) was second to L. iners (81.9%) highly present in women with a normal Nugent score. Recent sexual exposure negatively affected the presence of Lactobacillus crispatus (<0.001), L. vaginalis (p = 0.001), and Lactobacillus genus (p < 0.001). Having more than one sexual partner in the last three months was associated with an increased prevalence of Gardnerella vaginalis (p = 0.044) and L. iners (p = 0.001).Conclusions: Although the composition of species across the studied African countries was similar, the presence of protective species i.e. Lactobacillus crispatus and L. vaginalis in women with a normal Nugent score appeared lower compared to non-African studies. Furthermore, Lactobacillus species were negatively affected by sexual behavioural. Strategies to support protective Lactobacillus species are urgently needed.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "Hypermetabolism and Nutritional Support in Sepsis. Background: Surgical metabolism has been a founding field of investigation in surgery without which the boundaries of critical care, trauma, and surgical oncology could not have advanced. Traditionally, understanding the shifts in electrolytes, carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids that could explain the rapidly evolving proteolysis after catabolic stress and tumor growth has been a major focus of research that led to our current approach to maintaining homeostasis over the course of major surgical intervention and injury. Method: Review of the English-language literature. Results: With the emerging field of inflammation and the discovery of cytokines and chemokines, surgical metabolism has taken a second seat in the surgical research arena. Yet central to all patient management after injury is an understanding of how catabolic stress erodes vital organ function and how current approaches can support metabolism through the most physiologically stressful perturbations known to man, for which there is no evolutionary precedent. Although it is well accepted that unabated proteolysis is not a sustainable physiologic state, in the era of modern medicine, precisely how to manipulate the body nutritionally to drive a recovery-directed immune response remains highly debated. This review incorporates multiple lines of inquiry in surgical metabolism, with a particular focus on sepsis. Conclusion: The changing landscape of previous paradigms in the field is discussed. Finally, how next-generation technology might spark renewed interest in this field among surgical investigators is considered.", "label": [2, 22, 25]}
+{"token": "BUILDING ALTERITIES BODIES IN HANDICAP SITUATION. THE BODY, little debated from the different epistemes, takes a place of configuration with the different technical-political devices of attention to the people in handicap situation, approaching a conception of the hegemonic medical paradigm. This body, those invidivual body, wich one of the deficit, of the handicap, interrupt in others bodies in the interaction with the body in relation with social body. The existence of this natural and biological fact, inexorably occurs but at the same time requires signification to become a body, to transcend the organic. Biological marks are socially instituted by practices and discourses that signify them, and at the same time there are social representations to support those marks. The social marks that institute the moments of life and the attributed meanings, define a subject. This article explores certain reflections about the conceptions of Body, since differents authors perspectives, which at the same time are linked in the attempt to build the borders between the body of nature-culture, the body of normal-anormal, the body of organic-social, b del cuerpo normal-anormal, del cuerpo organico-social, in sense paradoxes about bodily alterities built on disability.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "New species of Tricyphona crane flies (Diptera : Pediciidae) from Baltic amber (Eocene). Three new species of fossil crane flies are described from Baltic amber (Eocene). Their affinities to other recent and fossil species of the family Pediciidae are discussed.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
+{"token": "The interaction of market and technology in radical transformation The case of Telecom New Zealand. Purpose - This study aims to demonstrate the interaction of the regulatory environment and market forces with rapid technological change in the transformation of SOEs, as exemplified by Telecom NZ.Findings - It is demonstrated that resource dependencies on technology and capital, market forces, and the institutionalization of new structures and relationships, are as important as regulatory changes in the analysis of SOE restructuring. It is also documented that the regulatory transitions are not as clear-cut as the legislative dates and economic analyses suggest.Research limitations/implications - The research focuses on a single exemplar to explicate key interactions. While generalizable to theory, the use of in-depth case studies is context-specific.Practical implications - Both technology and market forces must be incorporated in models of public sector transformations to fully capture resource dependence and institutional effects.Originality/value - The value of the paper to academics is its integration and application of institutional theory and resource dependence theory to issues that have previously been explored primarily through economic lens. Methodologically, this paper provides an original insight into organisational change. The content analysis of annual reports, supported by interview records, reflects the importance of certain themes in organisational documents for organisational actors. To practitioners, this presents an in-depth \\\\'portrait\\\\' of one of the largest and most successful public sector transformations of its era.Design/methodology/approach - This case study analysis explicates resource dependency and institutional forces in the process of SOE privatisation, in the first ten years of transformation, through textual analysis of data collected from company annual reports and interviews.", "label": [5, 50, 51]}
+{"token": "Decentralization in Tanzania: Design and Application in Planning Decisions. Every state copes with the question of which level of government should bear responsibility for social services such as health care and education. Tanzania is no exception. The current government infrastructure of Tanzania is based on the principle of Decentralization by Devolution (DbyD) and can be seen as a reaction to previous structures based on centralized de-concentration. This article reviews the decentralization as designed in the DbyD policy and its application in planning decisions by assessing the involvement of local communities in decision making, based on a case study in two primary facilities. The conclusion is that even though policy states a strong decentralized government, in reality central preferences dominate the decision-making. Wishes expressed in local plans are ignored in the planning procedure. The article identifies the factors that contribute to this central influence and concludes with reviewing the value of decentralization policy in Tanzania and other developing countries.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Molecular testing of 163 patients with Morquio A (Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA) identifies 39 novel GALNS mutations. Morquio A (Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA; MPS IVA) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by partial or total deficiency of the enzyme galactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase (GALNS; also known as N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase) encoded by the GALNS gene. Patients who inherit two mutated GALNS gene alleles have a decreased ability to degrade the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) keratan sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate, thereby causing GAG accumulation within lysosomes and consequently pleiotropic disease. GALNS mutations occur throughout the gene and many mutations are identified only in single patients or families, causing difficulties both in mutation detection and interpretation. In this study, molecular analysis of 163 patients with Morquio A identified 99 unique mutations in the GALNS gene believed to negatively impact GALNS protein function, of which 39 are previously unpublished, together with 26 single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Recommendations for the molecular testing of patients, clear reporting of sequence findings, and interpretation of sequencing data are provided. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 20]}
+{"token": "The inhibition of gamma ' martensite in beta <-> beta '+gamma ' cycling in Cu-Al-Ni single crystals. The successive stress or temperature induced martensitic transformations of the mixed beta <-> beta' + gamma' type in Cu-Al-Ni single crystals, cause progressive inhibition of gamma' martensite as the number of cycles increases. The interaction between dislocations generated during cycling and the twinned structure of the gamma' martensite could be the key for understanding the origin of the inhibition effect. A first approach concerning the generation of stacking faults is introduced in this paper. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Development of The Integration Profile (TIP) Faith and Work Integration Scale. The emergence and scope of personal and collective efforts to integrate faith into workplaces is a social movement that includes and extends beyond personal ethics. This paper discusses the development of The Integration Profile (TIP) Faith and Work Integration Scale, which is designed to measure the multidimensional nature of faith expressions within workplace settings. TIP measures the manifestations of faith, religion, and spirituality at the individual level. Earlier research theorized that individuals tend to manifest or live out their faith in one of four ways (Miller in God at work: the history and promise of the faith at work movement, Oxford University Press, New York, 2007); TIP expands this to assess eight sub-orientations, nested within the four main manifestations of faith-work integration. The development of the 24-item TIP scale involved exploratory analyses in a sample of 512 employees of a for-profit palliative care organization and a hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis in a sample of 4463 employees in an American multinational food processing organization. Additional analyses were conducted in a third sample of 266 working adults to assess the convergent and discriminant validity of the eight sub-orientations with other faith variables as well as associations with work outcomes.", "label": [3, 5, 48, 30]}
+{"token": "The Hybridity of Inclusive Innovation Narratives Between Theory and Practice: A Framing Analysis. Inclusive innovation remains an under-conceptualised and ambiguous concept despite garnering political and academic interest in recent decades. This paper explores the narratives of inclusive innovation that exist in literature and how these are framed in practice, using a case study of the Kenyan agricultural sector. Findings indicate that while there is significant similarity between the theoretical and empirical framing of the concept, there are also stark differences. In addition, different actors such as the state, development agencies, the private sector or universities do not fully ascribe to any of the existing theoretical narratives on inclusive innovation. Instead, they frame it based on their own contexts, mandate and interests using concepts borrowed from existing theoretical narratives. This indicates that instead of a grand theory of inclusive innovation that applies universally, there are several ways of enacting inclusive innovation. This also limits the transferability of a one-size-fits-all model of inclusive innovation.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Growth. Individual growth rates of living coleoid cephalopods are relatively high in both laboratory and field conditions. The high growth rate is sustained by high feeding rates and an exceptionally efficient conversion of food into somatic growth. Measurements of growth are expressed by mantle length (preferred for squid and fishery studies) or weight. Methods for the ageing of squid from daily incremental lines in the statoliths provide the main tool for the assessment of growth in field populations. The length of the squid gladius is virtually the same as the mantle length, and the measurement of incremental lines on the gladius provides an additional means of reading the growth history of individuals. Such methods are not generally available for cuttlefish and octopus. Age-length keys for cephalopods are unreliable, and demographic methods of estimating the growth of populations in the field are subject to biases of immigration-emigration and of gear selectivity. Growth studies in culture conditions have shown that coleoid cephalopod growth can be modelled as a two-stage process, an exponential phase followed by a logarithmic phase. The size at which the transition takes place, and its timing in the life cycle, is variable and not well defined. With some exceptions, such as the cirromorph octopods, growth is concluded by sexual maturation. Growth rate is strongly influenced by temperature. A consequence of this is that later-hatched broods of paralarvae may grow faster and overtake those already hatched. The interaction between the timing of hatching and the optimum conditions for growth is therefore a critical factor determining recruitment success. Allometric growth relationships between somatic, reproductive and digestive components change during ontogeny owing to relative states of maturity development or nutritional status.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
+{"token": "Metals release from stainless steel knives in simulated food contact. The release of chromium, nickel, and manganese from knives stainless steel produced in Italy and People's Republic of China was investigated with the aim to check their quality and compliance with Italian Ministerial Decree 21.03.73, which is the most detailed text for the hygiene regulation of packaging, containers, and tools intended for food contact. Temperature effect on metal release is investigated in 18 sets of knives. Tests are performed by simulating discontinuous contact using a 3% glacial acetic acid solution in distilled water at 50 degrees C and 100 degrees C. Chromium, nickel, and manganese quantification is performed by total reflection X-Ray fluorescence. Chemical composition highlights low sulphur content, and most of them belong to the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) 420 type A stainless steel group. Tests performed at 100 degrees C revealed higher concentration of released metals. Only three knives tested at 100 degrees C exceed the limit of 100 mu g L-1.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 36, 22, 8]}
+{"token": "Tuning of photoreceptor spectral sensitivity in fireflies (Coleoptera : Lampyridae). Sexual communication between male and female fireflies involves the visual detection of species-specific bioluminescent signals. Firefly species vary spectrally in both their emitted light and in the sensitivity of the eye, depending on the time when each is active. Tuning of spectral sensitivity in three firefly species that occupy different photic niches was investigated using light and electron microscopy, microspectrophotometry, and intracellular recording to characterize the location and spectral absorption of the screening pigments that filter incoming light, the visual pigments that receive this filtered light, and the visual spectral sensitivity. Twilight-active species had similar pink screening pigments, but the visual pigment of Photinus pyralis peaked near 545 nm, while that of P. scintillans had a lambda(max) near 557 nm. The night-active Photuris versicolor had a yellow screening pigment that was uniquely localized, while its visual pigment was similar to that of P. pyralis. These results show that both screening and visual pigments vary among species. Modeling of spectral tuning indicates that the combination of screening and visual pigments found in the retina of each species provides the best possible match of sensitivity to bioluminescent emission. This combination also produced model sensitivity spectra that closely resemble sensitivities measured either with electroretinographic or intracellular techniques. Vision in both species of Photinus appears to be evolutionarily tuned for maximum discrimination of conspecific signals from spectrally broader backgrounds. Ph. versicolor, on the other hand, appears to have a visual system that offers a compromise between maximum sensitivity to, and maximum discrimination of, their signals.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 18, 55, 47]}
+{"token": "DESCRIBING HABITAT OCCUPATION BY WOODLAND BIRDS WITH TERRITORY MAPPING AND REMOTELY SENSED DATA: AN EXAMPLE USING THE MARSH TIT (POECILE PALUSTRIS). Changes in the structure of woodlands and forests, caused by shifts in management, stand maturity, and composition, have been implicated in the population decline of some bird species in Europe and North America. One such species is the Marsh Tit (Poecile palustris). We investigated relationships between Marsh Tit occupation (derived from territory mapping) and vegetation structure, tree species composition, and proximity to woodland edge in a British woodland, using a combination of 5 years of occupation data and high-resolution (0.5 and 1 m), large-scale (155 ha) habitat models derived from remote sensing. The results demonstrated that Marsh Tit occupation was linked to vegetation characteristics through the woodland's full vertical profile and related significantly and positively with overstory height, tree canopy closure, and the coverage of understory vegetation below the overstory. Marsh Tit occupation was lower within 50 m of the woodland perimeter, where habitat structure was less favorable than in the woodland interior. No preference was shown for areas rich in any particular prevalent tree species. Our results suggest that widespread changes in woodland structure resulting from abandonment by managers are unlikely to be responsible for the decline of the Marsh Tit in Britain and that reintroduction of active management that prevents woodland maturation could be detrimental to remaining populations. The study demonstrates a novel approach to integrating territory maps and remote-sensing data to permit highly detailed analyses of bird-habitat interactions and may have wider implications for woodland management and related bird species.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Written With Their Blood: Contemplating Death in South Africa in the Newspaper Poems of 1899-1902. The South African War of 1899-1902 was a moment of crisis for the British Empire. Although it has been called the high point of British imperialism, its resonances in popular culture texts indicate that that the conflict was a source of national trauma and anxiety as well as an occasion for imperial patriotism. This essay explores the ways in which military and civilian poets writing in English for newspaper publication during the war, in Britain and around the world, were particularly troubled by the wartime landscapes of South Africa. I argue that in their representations of soldiers' deaths, newspaper poets perform two related mapping exercises. In a cartography of loss, they reflect anxiously on a terrain strewn with British bodies, which were exposed to the extremity of the South African elements and threatened by the landscape's otherness and apparent emptiness. Meanwhile, other newspaper poems attempt a reparative cartography of remembrance, in which a shared consciousness of buried British bodies and shed British blood could turn topographic locations into beacons in a cultural memory map. Employed by newspaper poets of different political persuasions, these tactics often aimed for patriotic or propagandistic effects, but they simultaneously express uneasiness, about British bodies and British imperial ambitions.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Continuous rearing of the predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus on an artificial diet. Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is one of the most efficient biological control agents of tetranychid mites and is commercially used in various countries around the world. In this study, four artificial diets were tested as an alternative food source for rearing N. californicus, and life table studies were performed to evaluate the nutritional value of the diets. Further, the performance of N. californicus reared for seven consecutive generations on the artificial diet enriched with Ephestia kuehniella Zeller eggs was assessed. The egg and larval periods of N. californicus did not differ among the natural prey (Tetranychus urticae Koch) and artificial diets, but the developmental times of the nymphal stages were significantly longer on any of the artificial diets than on the natural prey. The total fecundity of N. californicus was reduced when the predator was fed on any of the artificial diets as compared with T. urticae (54.33 eggs per female). Among the artificial diets, fecundity of N. californicus was best on a basic artificial diet enriched with E. kuehniella (AD2) (41.32 eggs per female). Moreover, AD2 did not significantly affect the longevity and reproduction of N. californicus females after long-term rearing on this artificial diet. The predation and reproduction capacities of N. californicus reared on AD2 for up to four generations were significantly reduced when the predator was switched to natural prey on the first day, but generally improved from the second to third day on. In conclusion, artificial diets supplemented with an extract of E. kuehniella eggs (20%) may have potential for use in the mass rearing of N. californicus.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Gene cassettes encoding resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds: a role in the origin of clinical class 1 integrons?. DNA sequencing, phylogenetic and mapping studies suggest that the class 1 integron found in pathogens arose when one member of the diverse family of environmental class 1 integrons became embedded into a Tn402 transposon. However, the timing of this event and the selective forces that first fixed the newly formed element in a bacterial lineage are still unknown. Biocides have a longer use in clinical practice than antibiotics, and a qac (quaternary ammonium compound) resistance gene, or remnant thereof, is a normal feature of class 1 integrons recovered from clinical isolates. Consequently, it is possible that the initial selective advantage was conferred by resistance to biocides, mediated by qac. Here, we show that diverse qac gene cassettes are a dominant feature of cassette arrays from environmental class 1 integrons, and that they occur in the absence of any antibiotic resistance gene cassettes. They are present in arrays that are dynamic, acquiring and rearranging gene cassettes within the arrays. The abundance of qac gene cassettes makes them a likely candidate for participation in the original insertion into Tn402, and as a source of a readily selectable phenotype. More broadly, the increasing use of qac and other biocides at the present time seems likely to promote the fixation of further novel genetic elements, with unpredictable and potentially adverse consequences for human health and agriculture.", "label": [4, 37, 43]}
+{"token": "Distributed Bees Algorithm for Task Allocation in Swarm of Robots. In this paper, we propose the distributed bees algorithm (DBA) for task allocation in a swarm of robots. In the proposed scenario, task allocation consists in assigning the robots to the found targets in a 2-D arena. The expected distribution is obtained from the targets' qualities that are represented as scalar values. Decision-making mechanism is distributed and robots autonomously choose their assignments taking into account targets' qualities and distances. We tested the scalability of the proposed DBA algorithm in terms of number of robots and number of targets. For that, the experiments were performed in the simulator for various sets of parameters, including number of robots, number of targets, and targets' utilities. Control parameters inherent to DBA were tuned to test how they affect the final robot distribution. The simulation results show that by increasing the robot swarm size, the distribution error decreased.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Sudden Death in High School Athletes A Case Series Examining the Influence of Sickle Cell Trait. Athletes with sickle cell trait (SCT) have up to a 37-fold increased risk of exercise-related death. Exertional collapse associated with sickle cell trait (ECAST) is uncommon but can lead to exercise-related death due to exertional sickling. We present a case series of fatal ECAST in high school athletes aged 14 to 16 years. All 3 athletes experienced collapse during practice sessions with muscle pain or weakness. Upon evaluation at the hospital, the athletes had a significant metabolic acidosis that did not respond as expected to fluid resuscitation. Admitting diagnoses for the athletes included exertional heat stroke or dehydration. All 3 athletes had profound rhabdomyolysis leading to acute renal failure, worsening metabolic acidosis, and hyperkalemia. They rapidly progressed to disseminated intravascular coagulation, multiorgan system failure, and death. The autopsies of all 3 athletes showed extensive sickle cell vaso-occlusion involving the spleen liver, and muscles. Final clinical and pathologic diagnosis supported ECAST with fatal exertional rhabdomyolysis. Exertional collapse associated with sickle cell trait is an uncommon but potentially deadly condition that is often underrecognized or misdiagnosed as exertional heat stroke. The development of ECAST is thought to be multifactorial with exercise intensity, recent illness, and exercising conditions (ie, heat and altitude). Prevention should be the primary goal for athletes with SCT through exercise modification, education of precipitation factors, and cessation of exercise with recent illness. Athletes with suspected ECAST should undergo aggressive resuscitation with a low threshold for early transfer to a tertiary care facility for further management and potential hemodialysis.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Patterns of molecular evolution in pathogenesis-related proteins. The genes encoding 13 classes of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins were examined for positive selection using maximum-likelihood (ML) models of codon substitution. The study involved 194 sequences from 54 species belonging to 37 genera. Although the sizes of the sequences examined varied from 237 bp for PR12 to 1,110 bp for PR7, most classes (9 out of 13) contained sequences made up of more than 400 nucleotides. Signs of positive selection were obtained for sites in PR proteins 4, 6, 8, 9 and 15 using an ML-based Bayesian method and likelihood ratio tests. These results confirm the importance of positive selection in proteins related to defense mechanisms already observed in a wide array of organisms.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "John Tanner, Colonial Credulity, and Comparative Religions: Theorizing Religion on the Borderlands of US Empire. This essay explores the human stakes of theorizing religion in the early nineteenth century, on the borderlands of an expanding U.S. empire. It does so through the lens of a single text, A Narrative of the Captivity and Adventures of John Tanner (U.S. Interpreter at the Saut de Ste. Marie) during Thirty Years Residence among the Indians. Published in 1830, the Narrative offers an entree into the circulation of knowledge and debates about religion among Native Americans and white settlers in a time and place from which we have little record of such debates. Tanner joined in the Midewiwin of the Ojibwe and cultivated the Anishinaabe practice of medicine hunting; held back his own skepticism, perhaps retrospectively exaggerated, at the messages of those he called \\\\'Indian prophets\\\\'; and discussed the differences, solidified in the telling, between white and Indigenous religions. His editor, Edwin James, meanwhile, drew on comparative scholarship about mythology and religion around the world to defend his own preferred theories about the religious and racial character of Indigenous peoples. Religion has long been theorized far beyond the academy and the centers of empire. Relatively unfamiliar accounts, like Tanner's, reveal how everyday people have engaged with these theories and the consequences of these theories on the ground. Tanner's Narrative, in short, usefully illuminates the webs of knowledge about religion in early America and its human stakes for people caught in the crosshairs of a transforming imperial world.", "label": [3, 31, 33]}
+{"token": "The effect of humor on elder mental and physical health. A convenience sample of community-dwelling older people attending senior centers was asked to participate in a quasi-experimental study to examine the impact of a humor therapy workshop on physical and mental health. Participants were assessed at baseline and at six months for physical (general health and health quality of life) and mental (general well-being, anxiety, depression and psychological distress) health. The sample consisted of 92 subjects, 42 in the control group and 50 in the workshop. Compared to controls, subjects in the workshop had significantly lower follow-up levels of anxiety and depression and improved general well-being. No differences were observed for general health, health quality of life, or psychological distress. This humor therapy workshop was associated with a positive effect upon mental health. It is recommended that attendance at humor workshops be encouraged and that further investigations into the efficacy of such programs on mental and physical health be investigated. (C) 2014 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 26, 57]}
+{"token": "REDEPLOYMENT OF TRIGEMINAL MOTOR AXONS DURING METAMORPHOSIS. The results demonstrate that the NMJs are retained on larval myofibers throughout their degeneration and are readily identifiable on the residual larval basal laminae that remain after involution of the sarcoplasm. Light and electron microscopic observations provide evidence that both pre- and post-synaptic elements are present on the degenerating fibers. Furthermore, morphometric analyses indicate that the preponderance (86%) of motor axons supplying adult muscle fibers originates from the larval NMJs. This condition suggests that metamorphic redeployment of trigeminal motoneurons occurs through the resumption of growth at the axon terminal supplying larval muscle rather than through the proximal collateralization of these axons and resorption of larval terminals.As a consequence of the degeneration and replacement of the jaw muscle fibers in the leopard frog, Rana pipiens, trigeminal motoneurons innervate different targets before and after metamorphosis. This investigation examined the morphological correlates of the reassignment of trigeminal motoneurons during the initial phases of myofiber turnover. Specifically, silver-cholinesterase histochemistry and electron microscopy were used to 1) identify the fate of motor axons within the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) applied to degenerating larval myofibers and 2) to determine the origin(s) of the motor axons that innervate the postmetamorphic muscle fibers of the jaw.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 47]}
+{"token": "LEVELING EBP CONTENT FOR UNDERGRADUATE NURSING STUDENTS. Integration of evidence into practice is an essential outcome for baccalaureate nursing students in this era of health care reform. Cultivation of a spirit of inquiry and appreciation for the role of evidence in shaping nursing practice is central to the development of requisite knowledge and skills. A baccalaureate nursing program curricular redesign placed a higher emphasis on evidence-based practice. The evidence-based practice focus of the undergraduate curriculum is a sequence of 3 undergraduate research courses designed to prepare the graduate to identify, locate, read, and critically appraise evidence at the individual study, systematic review, and clinical practice guideline levels. This curriculum lays the foundation for evidence-based practice in the clinical arena and in graduate nursing programs. (c) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Is gratitude a moral virtue?. One matter upon which the already voluminous philosophical and psychological literature on the topic seems to be agreed is that gratitude is a psychologically and socially beneficial human quality of some moral significance. Further to this, gratitude seems to be widely regarded by positive psychologists and virtue ethicists as a moral virtue. This paper, however, sets out to show that such claims and assumptions about the moral character of gratitude are questionable and that its status as a moral virtue is by no means straightforward.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Basal Settings Control Fast Ice Flow in the Recovery/Slessor/Bailey Region, East Antarctica. The region of Recovery Glacier, Slessor Glacier, and Bailey Ice Stream, East Antarctica, has remained poorly explored, despite representing the largest potential contributor to future global sea level rise on a centennial to millennial time scale. Here we use new airborne radar data to improve knowledge about the bed topography and investigate controls of fast ice flow. Recovery Glacier is underlain by an 800 km long trough. Its fast flow is controlled by subglacial water in its upstream and topography in its downstream region. Fast flow of Slessor Glacier is controlled by the presence of subglacial water on a rough crystalline bed. Past ice flow of adjacent Recovery and Slessor Glaciers was likely connected via the newly discovered Recovery-Slessor Gate. Changes in direction and speed of past fast flow likely occurred for upstream parts of Recovery Glacier and between Slessor Glacier and Bailey Ice Stream. Similar changes could also reoccur here in the future.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "EULER'S CONSTANT: EULER'S WORK AND MODERN DEVELOPMENTS. This paper has two parts. The first part surveys Euler's work on the constant gamma = 0.57721 ... bearing his name, together with some of his related work on the gamma function, values of the zeta function, and divergent series. The second part describes various mathematical developments involving Euler's constant, as well as another constant, the Euler-Gompertz constant. These developments include connections with arithmetic functions and the Riemann hypothesis, and with sieve methods, random permutations, and random matrix products. It also includes recent results on Diophantine approximation and transcendence related to Euler's constant.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Synthesis and properties of air-stable n-channel semiconductors based on MEH-PPV derivatives containing benzo[c]cinnoline moieties. In this study we synthesized three novel poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV) derivatives that differ in terms of their ratios of heterocyclic benzo[c] cinnoline moieties: P50 containing only MEH-PPV/benzo[c] cinnolinevinylene (BZCV) alternating segments and P25 and P10 containing both MEH-PPV/BZCV alternating segments and MEH-PPV block segments. UV-Vis and PL spectra of these polymers revealed values of lambda(UV)(max) and lambda(PL)(max) that ranged from 440 to 489 and from 492 to 551 nm, respectively; these wavelengths blue-shifted upon incorporating additional benzo[c] cinnoline moieties. We also observed energy transfer from the MEH-PPV/BZCV alternating segments to the MEH-PPV block segments. P50, which featured an alternating structure in its main chain, displayed a solvatochromic effect, emitting green light in non-polar solvents and yellow light in polar solvents. The HOMO and LUMO energy levels of these polymers, measured using cyclic voltammetry, ranged from -5.11 to -5.62 and from -3.08 to -3.31 eV, respectively. The incorporation of electron-withdrawing benzo[c] cinnoline moieties enhanced the electron affinity and improved the oxidative stability of the polymers. A bottom-gate, top-contact organic field-effect transistor (OFET) based on P50 exhibited n-channel behavior under ambient conditions, with an electron mobility of 7.8 x 10(-3)cm(2)V(-1)s(-1) and an on/off ratio greater than 10(4). No significant variation in electron mobility can be observed after this OEFT was stored under ambient conditions up to 30 days. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that air-stable n-channel MEH-PPV derivatives have ever been reported. It indicated that p-type MEHPPV can be transformed into n-type materials upon incorporation of benzo[c] cinnoline moieties.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Trichothecene Genotype Profiling of Wheat Fusarium graminearum Species Complex in Paraguay. Paraguay is a non-traditional wheat-producing country in one of the warmest regions in South America. Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) is a critical disease affecting this crop, caused by the Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC). A variety of these species produce trichothecenes, including deoxynivalenol (DON) and its acetylated forms (3-ADON and 15-ADON) or nivalenol (NIV). This study characterized the phylogenetic relationships, and chemotype diversity of 28 strains within FGSC collected from wheat fields across different country regions. Phylogenetic analysis based on the sequence of elongation factor-1 alpha gene (EF-1 alpha) from 28 strains revealed the presence of four species in the FGSC: F. graminearum sensu stricto, F. asiaticum, F. meridionale and F. cortaderiae. Ten strains selected for further analysis revealed that all F. graminearum strains were 15-ADON chemotype, while the two strains of F. meridionale and one strain of F. asiaticum were NIV chemotype. Thus, the 15-ADON chemotype of F. graminearum sensu stricto was predominant within the Fusarium strains isolated in the country. This work is the first report of phylogenetic relationships and chemotype diversity among Fusarium strains which will help understand the population diversity of this pathogen in Paraguay.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
+{"token": "Grammatical-historical exegesis: quid est et quo vadis?. This article investigates the grammatical-historical method of biblical interpretation. The aim is to indicate certain problems in the approach through critical investigation and to make suggestions regarding changes to this method. Emphasis is placed on the historical- and reader-focused aspects related to reading an ancient biblical text. The development of the grammatical-historical method is placed against the backdrop of the development of biblical interpretation in general. Lastly, suggestions are made on how the results of the historical-Jesus research can contribute to responsible exegesis.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Testing KiDS cross-correlation redshifts with simulations. Measuring cosmic shear in wide-field imaging surveys requires accurate knowledge of the redshift distribution of all sources. The clustering-redshift technique exploits the angular cross-correlation of a target galaxy sample with unknown redshifts and a reference sample with known redshifts. It represents an attractive alternative to colour-based methods of redshift calibration. Here we test the performance of such clustering redshift measurements using mock catalogues that resemble the Kilo-Degree Survey (KiDS). These mocks are created from the MICE simulation and closely mimic the properties of the KiDS source sample and the overlapping spectroscopic reference samples. We quantify the performance of the clustering redshifts by comparing the cross-correlation results with the true redshift distributions in each of the five KiDS photometric redshift bins. Such a comparison to an informative model is necessary due to the incompleteness of the reference samples at high redshifts. Clustering mean redshifts are unbiased at |Delta z|< 0.006 under these conditions. The redshift evolution of the galaxy bias of the reference and target samples represents one of the most important systematic errors when estimating clustering redshifts. It can be reliably mitigated at this level of precision using auto-correlation measurements and self-consistency relations, and will not become a dominant source of systematic error until the arrival of Stage-IV cosmic shear surveys. Using redshift distributions from a direct colour-based estimate instead of the true redshift distributions as a model for comparison with the clustering redshifts increases the biases in the mean to up to |<Delta>z|similar to 0.04. This indicates that the interpretation of clustering redshifts in real-world applications will require more sophisticated (parameterised) models of the redshift distribution in the future. If such better models are available, the clustering-redshift technique promises to be a highly complementary alternative to other methods of redshift calibration.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "An emulator for the Lyman-alpha forest in beyond-Lambda CDM cosmologies. Interpreting observations of the Lyman-alpha forest flux power spectrum requires interpolation between a small number of expensive simulations. We present a Gaussian process emulator modelling the 1D flux power spectrum as a function of the amplitude and slope of the small-scale linear matter power spectrum, and the state of the intergalactic medium at the epoch of interest (2 < z < 4). This parameterisation enables the prediction of the flux power spectrum in extended cosmological models that are not explicitly included in the training set, eliminating the need to construct bespoke emulators for a number of extensions to Lambda CDM. Our emulator is appropriate for cosmologies in which the linear matter power spectrum is described to percent level accuracy by just an amplitude and slope across the epoch of interest, and in the regime probed by eBOSS/DESI data. We demonstrate this for massive neutrino cosmologies, where the emulator is able to predict the flux power spectrum in a Sigma m(nu) = 0.3 eV neutrino cosmology to sub-percent accuracy, without including massive neutrinos in the training simulations. Further parameters would be required to describe models with sharp features in the linear power, such as warm or light axion dark matter. This work will facilitate the combination of upcoming DESI data with observations of the cosmic microwave background, to obtain constraints on neutrino mass and other extensions to Lambda CDM cosmology.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "Benthic O-2 exchange across hard-bottom substrates quantified by eddy correlation in a sub-Arctic fjord. Oxygen exchange across the seabed is a key measure for quantifying benthic carbon turnover. However, technical limitations have restricted such measurements to sedimentary areas. Few assessments on hard-bottom substrates exist although such biotopes are frequent along many coastlines. In spring 2009, we used the non-invasive eddy correlation technique to quantify the in situ O-2 exchange rate across 3 typical substrates in West Greenland: (1) in soft sediments, the O-2 exchange in darkness averaged 2.0 mmol m(-2) h(-1). The rate exceeded the O-2 exchange quantified from microprofile measurements by 80%, but was not significantly different from parallel core incubations. (2) Measurements across consolidated sand and stones revealed a high activity with average O-2 exchange similar to that of sedimentary areas. Despite being net heterotrophic, the benthic primary production on average amounted to 27 mmol O-2 m(-2) d(-1), which per unit area is similar to the pelagic gross production of the central fjord. Carbon fixed by benthic diatoms and coralline red algae was efficiently recycled by microbes or grazed by the abundant epifauna. (3) A vertical cliff covered with sea cucumbers also revealed high O-2 consumption rates (1.2 mmol m(-2) h(-1)). The O-2 exchange derived from the eddy correlation approach exhibited pronounced short-term variability reflecting the interplay of several dynamic controls, most importantly short-term variations in local hydrodynamics. All together, measurements across hard-bottom substrates revealed active benthic communities that mediate high carbon turnover rates.", "label": [4, 37, 45, 39]}
+{"token": "ARMENIAN DEMONS CALLED KAJ: IMAGE AND NAME. The article provides a study of Armenian demons, the kajs, and their superior deity the dragonslayer Vahagn, in the historical-etymological and ethno-cultural perspective. Specific features of kajs and their leader as imagined by ancient people are identified: they resemble vishap-dragons and devs, live in the mountains and have temples there, make war, hunt, steal wheat and wine from people, love music, arrange weddings, drive people crazy, braid horsehair, and so on. Clear linkages are drawn between Armenian kajs and their leader with the mythological characters of Indo-European (Iranian, Indian) traditions. In Armenian, the first meaning of k'aj is 'good, select; of fine / better quality'. This is exactly how some Armenian spirits, including kajs, are often referred to - as \\\\' good\\\\' - mezane laver, mezne alekner 'better than us,' alek manuk 'good youngster / warrior'. This is also true to some other traditions: the Persian az ma behtaran, German Gude (cf. also the names of Indian vasu and sadhya). The article develops the etymology of the name k'aj (a corrected version of that proposed by H. Pedersen in 1906): *swo-sHdhyo- -'self / own + right / righteous,' i.e. 'good'. This image passed into the Georgian and Ossetian traditions (Georgian kajs, Ossetian kadzi).", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Frequency shift of a rotating mass-imbalance immersed in an acoustic fluid. In this paper, we describe a physical mechanism that relates a measurable behavior of a rigid oscillator device to the physical properties of a surrounding acoustic medium. The device under consideration is a rotating mass imbalance within an enclosed shell that is immersed in an unbounded acoustic fluid. It is assumed that the rotating mass imbalance is driven by an electromagnetic motor excited by a given dc voltage. If nonlinearities are ignored, the steady-state operational frequency of such a device is determined by a balance between the applied electromagnetic and opposing frictional torque on the rotating mass imbalance. If nonlinearities are retained, it is shown that under certain circumstances, the surrounding acoustic medium exerts an additional time-averaged opposing torque on the rotating mass imbalance that reduces the operational frequency of the device. Consequently, the operational frequency of the device becomes linked to the physical properties of the surrounding medium. Analytical calculations showed that the dissipative impedance of an acoustic fluid caused the opposing torque. The shift in frequency is proportional to the dissipative impedance and the square of the rotating mass eccentricity, but inversely proportional the total mass of the device and the damping effect of the dc motor. (C) 2005 Acoustical Society of America.", "label": [3, 4, 35, 28]}
+{"token": "Lexical and syntactic ambiguity as a source of humor: The case of newspaper headlines. The paper analyzes some forms of linguistic ambiguity in English in a specific register, i.e. newspaper headlines. In particular, the focus of the research is on examples of lexical and syntactic ambiguity that result in sources of voluntary or involuntary humor. The study is based on a corpus of 135 verbally ambiguous headlines found on web sites presenting humorous bits of information. The linguistic phenomena that contribute to create this kind of semantic confusion in headlines will be analyzed and divided into the three main categories of lexical, syntactic, and phonological ambiguity, and examples from the corpus will be discussed for each category. The main results of the study were that, firstly, contrary to the findings of previous research on jokes, syntactically ambiguous headlines were found in good percentage in the corpus and that this might point to differences in genre. Secondly, two new configurations for the processing of the disjunctor/connector order were found. In the first of these configurations the disjunctor appears before the connector, instead of being placed after or coinciding with the ambiguous element, while in the second one two ambiguous elements are present, each of which functions both as a connector and a disjunctor.", "label": [3, 5, 28, 55]}
+{"token": "Analysis of the real EADGENE data set: Multivariate approaches and post analysis (Open Access publication). The aim of this paper was to describe, and when possible compare, the multivariate methods used by the participants in the EADGENE WP1.4 workshop. The first approach was for class discovery and class prediction using evidence from the data at hand. Several teams used hierarchical clustering (HC) or principal component analysis (PCA) to identify groups of differentially expressed genes with a similar expression pattern over time points and infective agent ( E. coli or S. aureus). The main result from these analyses was that HC and PCA were able to separate tissue samples taken at 24 h following E. coli infection from the other samples. The second approach identified groups of differentially co-expressed genes, by identifying clusters of genes highly correlated when animals were infected with E. coli but not correlated more than expected by chance when the infective pathogen was S. aureus. The third approach looked at differential expression of predefined gene sets. Gene sets were defined based on information retrieved from biological databases such as Gene Ontology. Based on these annotation sources the teams used either the GlobalTest or the Fisher exact test to identify differentially expressed gene sets. The main result from these analyses was that gene sets involved in immune defence responses were differentially expressed.", "label": [0, 2, 6, 20]}
+{"token": "Caught in a 'Bad Romance'? Reconsidering the Negative Association Between Sociosexuality and Relationship Functioning. Sociosexuality refers to individual differences in interest and willingness to engage in sexual activity without an emotional connection. Unrestricted sociosexuality is associated with a greater likelihood of infidelity and with poorer relationship quality. However, previous research has failed to examine relationship-specific characteristics that may moderate these findings. Two studies of romantically involved adults examined whether relationship commitment and different relationship agreement types moderate the associations between unrestricted sociosexuality and infidelity. Study 1 (N=300) showed that individuals in consensual monogamous (CM) relationships with extradyadic sex (EDS) experiences were more sociosexually unrestricted than individuals without such experiences. The positive association between unrestricted sociosexuality and EDS emerged only for less, but not more, committed individuals. Study 2 (N=270) replicated these results. Furthermore, results showed that individuals in consensual nonmonogamous relationships (CNM) relationships were the most sociosexually unrestricted, but no differences emerged in relationship commitment or satisfaction, when compared to individuals in CM relationships without prior EDS. Individuals in CM relationship with prior EDS were the least committed and satisfied. The negative association between unrestricted sociosexuality and both relationship quality indicators emerged for all individuals in CM relationships, but it was nonsignificant for individuals in CNM relationships. Implications are discussed.", "label": [5, 52, 55]}
+{"token": "Projected nonmonotone search methods for optimization with orthogonality constraints. In this paper, we propose two feasible methods based on projections using a curvilinear search for solving optimization problems with orthogonality constraints. In one of them we apply a projected Adams-Moulton-like update scheme. All our algorithms compute the SVD decomposition in each iteration to preserve feasibility. Additionally, we present some convergence results. Finally, we perform numerical experiments with simulated problems; and analyze the performance of the proposed methods compared with state-of-the-art algorithms.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "COMPUTATIONAL MODELLING FOR DISH-TO-DISH COUPLING INVESTIGATIONS ON MEERKAT TELESCOPE. The MeerKAT telescope will form part of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) which will have orders of magnitude greater sensitivity than existing radio telescopes. Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) poses a great threat to such sensitive equipment. We characterize electromagnetic (EM) signals on a single dish structure using a physical scale model, computational electromagnetic (CEM) modelling and field measurement. The CEM code and method of moments frequency domain numerical technique are utilised throughout the study. We successfully achieve CEM model verification through measurement of a physical scale model in an anechoic chamber. The validated model is further verified with full scale on-site measurements. A transfer function determined from an incident electric field and the associated induced currents on various cables of a single dish structure is used to compare simulation and measurement. We use our corroborated CEM model to investigate dish to dish coupling in order to predict whether the MeerKAT system would be at risk. With a low power radiation of -70 dBm from a neighbouring dish, we predict coupled power of less than -120 dBm to the nearest dish.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Design and implementation of an out-of-plane electrostatic vibration energy harvester with dual-charged electret plates. This paper presents the design, simulation and implementation of an out-of-plane electrostatic power generator with dual-charged electret plates for low-level ambient kinetic energy harvesting. The rotational symmetrical resonator includes one movable disk-shaped circular mass and a series of spiral springs for suspension. The whole device is fabricated by CMOS compatible silicon micromachining technology with an overall volume of about 0.12 cm(3). The two-plate device has both positive and negative charged electret plates. Experimental analysis shows that the present prototype is able to achieve an output power of 0.34 mu W at a low resonance of 66 Hz at 0.5g, which corresponds to a normalized power density of 11.67 mu W cm(-3) g(-2). With an acceleration changing from 0.1 to 0.5g, it is observed the operating half-power bandwidth increases by 2.6 times from 2.5 to 6.5 Hz. This may be attributed to the spring softening nonlinearity induced by the strong electrostatic force. The results could potentially provide an intriguing design methodology for developing nonlinear MEMS devices for broadband random energy harvesting. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35]}
+{"token": "THE EVALUATION OF THE GEOMORPHOSITES' VALUE. CASE STUDY THE BUCEGI MOUNTAINS. Geomorphosites represent landforms which, in time, due to the perception of the human society, have achieved certain values (scientific, cultural, aesthetic, ecological, economic). Obviously, a geomorphosite cannot have all these values, this being the element which differentiates them. The present article aims to analyse the results obtained for the evaluation of the geomorphosites. The Bucegi mountains were chosen as a sample for the analysis, because this is the massive where geomorphosites have a great complexity, being well represented, the touristic activity is intense and the infrastructure is the best represented in the entire Carpathian area. The most representative geomorphosites in the massive were chosen in order to verify the proposed method.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "A note on the effects of carcass fat type on sensory and texture attributes of low- and high-fat beefburgers. The effects of carcass fat type (brisket, mammary and suet) on the quality attributes of low- (95 g/kg) and high-fat (243 g/kg) beefburgers were studied, Fat type had no effect on the proximate analysis of raw or cooked burgers or on sensory assessment. Warner Bratzler peak energy (P < 0.05) (low-fat) and force (P < 0.001) (high-fat) were influenced by fat type with values increasing in the order of brisket, suet and mammary fat. Warner Bratzler energy (P < 0.05) and Kramer shear peak load (P < 0.01) and energy (P < 0.001) were influenced by fat type with mammary fat burgers (high-fat) requiring greater force and energy.", "label": [0, 6, 8]}
+{"token": "A Comparative Study on the Quality of the Main and Ratoon Rice Crops. Practical ApplicationsRice quality features such as milling and cooking quality is the main factors for its market acceptability. Since ratoon rice as re-harvested of the main crop can be considered for improving economic status of the farmers because of its low production cost and to encourage the farmers to develop ratoon cultivation in rice fields, it is a need to determine such properties as physical dimensions, head rice yield, milling recovery, whiteness, amylose content, alkali spreading value and other cooking quality as compared to the main rice crop.Physical, milling and cooking attributes of the main and ratoon crops in three rice cultivars, namely Hashemi, Alikazemi and Tarom, were compared in a factorial layout based on randomized complete block design in five replications. The results revealed that for each tested cultivar, the length and slenderness ratio of the main rice grains was significantly (P<0.01) higher than those of the ratoon crop. The means of head rice yield and whiteness degree in the main crop (76.01 and 46.45%, respectively) were significantly different (P<0.01) with the corresponding values in the ratoon rice (80.27 and 40.10%, respectively), however, the effect of crop type on the total milled rice yield was not significant. Among the qualities evaluated, the amylase content and alkali spreading value in the main rice crop (21.97% and 4.27, respectively) was significantly lower than those of the ratoon rice (22.93% and 5.50, respectively).", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "n-Hexanol association in cyclohexane studied by NMR and NIR spectroscopies. In this work we present a study on the association of n-hexanol in cyclohexane using NMR and NIR spectroscopies. Abrupt changes on spectroscopic responses have been observed at low molar fractions of n-hexanol, which are related to hydrogen bond network formation that includes trace water. Molecular interactions are found to be dominated by dispersion forces, hydrogen bonding, and dipolar interactions, to different extents at different n-hexanol composition ranges. 1D, DOSY, and T-1 and T-2 relaxation time analyses by H-1-NMR allow understanding the dynamics of the mixtures. NIR allows verifying the formation of n-hexanol polymeric species. In addition, an n-hexanol/cyclohexane mixture with an alcohol molar fraction of 0.177 has been titrated with water, revealing the formation of a microemulsion containing water droplets that evolves to a bicontinuous microemulsion with increasing water content. Stable boundary water is detected at the microemulsion interface. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
+{"token": "Viral Strain-Specific Differential Alterations in Arabidopsis Developmental Patterns. Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infections affect many Arabidopsis developmental traits. This paper analyzes, at different levels, the development-related differential alterations induced by different strains of TuMV, represented by isolates UK 1 and JPN 1. The genomic sequence of JPN 1 TuMV isolate revealed highest divergence in the P1 and P3 viral cistrons, upon comparison with the UK 1 sequence. Infectious viral chimeras covering the whole viral genome uncovered the P3 cistron as a major viral determinant of development alterations, excluding the involvement of the PIPO open reading frame. However, constitutive transgenic expression of P3 in Arabidopsis did not induce developmental alterations nor modulate the strong effects induced by the transgenic RNA silencing suppressor HC-Pro from either strain. This highlights the importance of studying viral determinants within the context of actual viral infections. Transcriptomic and interactomic analyses at different stages of plant development revealed large differences in the number of genes affected by the different infections at medium infection times but no significant differences at very early times. Biological functions affected by UK 1 (the most severe strain) included mainly stress response and transport. Most cellular components affected cell-wall transport or metabolism. Hubs in the interactome were affected upon infection.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 19, 42, 9]}
+{"token": "THE CONCEPTUAL AND SOCIOCULTURAL PROBLEMS OF LEGAL TRANSLATION (ENGLISH/FRENCH-SPANISH). In this article we attempt to address the phenomenon of legal translation from the perspective of issues of translation (from French and English into Spanish). For translators and interpreters, an awareness of the most significant legal translation issues allows them to develop cognitive competence, and consequently, helps them tackle the translation of a text with greater chances of success. From the earliest stages of training in a class on Terminology and Legal Translation, future translators must be aware of the fact that law is a system of concepts, a linguistic system that presents a series of characteristics that make it different from other specialized language fields. Translation problems generally have their origin in linguistic and extra-linguistic aspects of the legal text. Here we focus on the analysis of conceptual and sociocultural issues raised by the translation of legal texts. In addition, we suggest some translation strategies that may help in resolving these issues.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "MANDIBULAR FRACTURES AND ITS INFLUENCE ON HAEMATOLOGICAL AND SOME BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN DROMEDARY CAMELS. This work was designed to study the effect of different types of mandibular fractures in 20 camels on some blood and biochemicals parameters. The age, sex, breed and clinical signs were recorded and the fracture type was determined by radiograph. Camels with fractured mandible showed significant increase (P < 0.0001) in WBCs, granulocytes%, AST, ALT and creatinine concentrations as well as highly significant decrease in haemoglobin (P < 0.0001), lymphocyte%, and albumin. Females of the same group showed a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in packed cell volume (PCV). It could be concluded that mandibular fractures in camels have a direct impact on the haematological and biochemical parameters of the blood.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Martensite structure in Ti-rich Ti-Ni thin films. Martensite structures in Ti-rich Ti-Ni thin films were investigated. It was found that the existence of GP zones with coherency or Ti2Ni precipitates with semi-coherency produces the formation of (001) compound twins as internal twinning. The structure consists of three domains in different orientations, each of which contains the (001) twins. These domains are related to each other by a (111) twinning orientation relationship, but the boundaries between the domains are divided into three types: (111) type, (001)//(111) type and nearly (113)type The last type of boundary was defined as a mixture of (001)//(111) and (111)//(001) boundaries. The martensite structures in specimens with GP zones and Ti2Ni precipitates are basically the same, but the martensite domain of the former specimen is much larger than that of the latter one. This is because the domains grow and pass through the GP zones by elastic deformation of the GP zones, while they stop in front of the Ti2Ni precipitates or nucleate at the matrix-precipitate interfaces.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Age as the second parameter in NGC 288/NGC 362? II. The horizontal branch revisited. We revisit the \\\\'second-parameter\\\\' pair of globular clusters NGC 288/362 on the basis of theoretical models for red giant branch (RGB) and horizontal branch (HB) stars. The results of the most extensive set of RGB/HB simulations computed so far for these clusters are presented for two different metallicities. Using several different analytical mass-loss formulae for RGB stars, we derive relative \\\\'HB morphology ages.\\\\' We compare them with the relative main-sequence turnoff ages derived by application of the \\\\'bridge test\\\\' in Paper I, where it was found that NGC 288 is 2 +/- 1 Gyr older than NGC 362. We find that adoption of a higher metallicity ([Fe/H] approximate to -1.2), as favored by the Carretta & Gratton metallicity scale, makes age a much more plausible second-parameter candidate for this pair than is the case when a lower metallicity ([Fe/H] approximate to -1.5), closer to the Zinn & West scale, is adopted. However, while the different HB morphology of these two clusters can be reproduced by canonical HB models with [Fe/H] approximate to -1.2 and an age difference of 2 Gyr, this explanation is not without difficulty. In particular, we confirm previous suggestions that canonical models are unable to reproduce the detailed HB morphology of NGC 288 at its red end, for as yet unknown reasons. Finally, we show that the mass dispersion on the HB of NGC 362 is substantially larger than for NGC 288 and suggest that there is a correlation between the mass dispersion on the HB phase and the central density of globular clusters. This is presumably related to the way environmental effects affect RGB mass loss-another major second-parameter candidate. We argue that, if confirmed, this central density-HB mass dispersion correlation will have to be taken into account in order to conclusively determine whether age may be considered the (sole) second parameter of HB morphology for this (and other) second-parameter pair(s).", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "A new microsporidium, Triwangia caridinae gen. nov., sp nov parasitizing fresh water shrimp, Caridina formosae (Decapoda: Atyidae) in Taiwan. A new microsporidium was isolated from the endemic, Taiwanese shrimp, Caridina formosae (Decapoda, Atyidae) from northern Taiwan. A conspicuous symptom of infection was presence of opaque white xenomas located in the proximity of the alimentary tract, the surface of the hepatopancreas, and the gills. A fully developed xenoma consisted of a hard, thick capsule filled with sporophorous vesicles containing multiple spores. Microsporidia developed synchronously within the same sporophorous vesicle, although the stage of parasite development differed among the vesicles. Fresh spores were pyriform, mononucleated and measured 6.53 x 4.38 mu m. The polar filament was anisofilar with 9-11 coils. Phylogenetic analysis based on the small subunit ribosomal DNA sequence showed that the isolate is most similar to the fish microsporidian clade containing the genera Kabatana, Microgemma, Potaspora, Spraguea, and Teramicra. The highest sequence identity, 80%, was with Spraguea spp. Based on pathogenesis, life cycle and phylogenetic analysis, we erect a new genus and species, Triwangia caridinae for the novel microsporidium. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Tag location and risk assessment for passive integrated transponder-tagging passerines. Understanding changes in body temperature is central to several fields in biology, but determining these changes accurately without harming or restraining individuals can be challenging, particularly for small species. We tested first whether body temperature readings differed between passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags injected subcutaneously inter-scapulae (i.e. solely through the skin) and intra-peritoneally (through the skin and abdominal muscle wall) and, secondly, whether intra-peritoneal tag injuries differed among three weight classes of passerines. We found no significant difference in body temperature readings between subcutaneous inter-scapulae and intra-peritoneal PIT-tags, and observed that the intra-peritoneal injection of PIT-tags may cause adverse effects among smaller (<25g) birds. Our findings suggest a reduced gradient between core and peripheral body temperature in small species, which to the best of our knowledge has not yet been quantified. We further show that the risk of detrimental injury was greatest in small species, and thus recommend implanting PIT-tags subcutaneously between the scapulae for smaller birds.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Effects of Liner Thickness on the Reliability of AgTe/TiO2-Based Threshold Switching Devices. The effects of liner thickness on the reliability of AgTe/TiO2-based threshold switching (TS) devices were investigated. The off-state current of an AgTe/TiO2/Pt TS device was found to be significantly increased by in-diffusion of Ag into the TiO2 layer during the annealing process. Therefore, 3-, 5- and 7-nm TiN liners were introduced and compared to prevent the in-diffusion of Ag. While the 3-nm TiN liner was shown to be incapable of blocking Ag in-diffusion into the TiO2 layer, the 5- and 7-nm liners effectively suppressed in-diffusion and maintained high off-state resistance. However, the TS device with the 7-nm TiN liner exhibited wide threshold voltage distribution and poor endurance characteristics owing to a lack of Ag sources. The TS device with a 5-nm TiN liner, by contrast, was found to have an adequate amount of Ag sources and to demonstrate thermally stable and electrically reliable characteristics. The effects of TiN liner on Ag diffusion were also directly confirmed using energy dispersive spectrometry line profiles, transmission electron microscopy imaging, and mapping analyses.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35]}
+{"token": "Glycogenosis type VII (Tarui disease) in a Swedish family: Two novel mutations in muscle phosphofructokinase gene (PFK-M) resulting in intron retentions. Phosphofructokinase (PFK) plays a major role in glycolysis. Human PFK is composed of three isoenzyme subunits (muscle [M], liver [L], and platelet [P]), which are encoded by different genes. Deficiency of muscle isoenzyme (PFK-M), glycogenosis type VII (Tarui disease), is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by an exertional myopathy and hemolytic syndrome. Several disease-causing mutations have been identified in the PFK-M gene in Japanese, Ashkenazi Jewish, Italian, French Canadian, and Swiss patients. We describe the genetic defect in a Swedish family with affected individuals in two generations. The patients are compound heterozygotes: two different mutations result in retention of intron 13 or intron 16 sequences into mRNA. A G1127A transition destroys the 5' donor site of intron 13, resulting in a 155-nt retention of the intronic sequence. An a-to-g base change in intron 16 creates a new acceptor splice site, resulting in a 63-nt retention of intronic sequence. Both mutations are predicted to result in premature termination of translation. Some of the transcripts generated from, the intron 16 mutated allele also contain intron 10 sequence unspliced.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "'University in the city': Percy Johnson-Marshall and the reconstruction of Edinburgh's South Side, 1961-76. In 1962, the University of Edinburgh proposed that the area adjacent to its central campus should be designated as a Comprehensive Development Area, with the planner (and university senior lecturer) Percy Johnson-Marshall showing how historic tenements could be replaced by a new urban landscape of slab blocks situated on an elevated pedestrian podium above new roads, creating a seamless continuum between the university and the city. The proposals sit alongside contemporaneous 'paper' renewal projects, including SPUR's plans for Boston Manor and the proposals of the 1963 Buchanan Report. Drawing on the archive, the article explores the genesis of the scheme, the terms in which it was presented to the public, and the reaction it gained. It also considers how and why the proposals were abandoned in the early 1970s. At its core, the article reflects on the often messy processes which shaped urban renewal in 1960s and 1970s Britain, the continuities of the period, and the value of looking to the specific local factors which explain why particular approaches were taken.", "label": [1, 3, 5, 17, 31, 52]}
+{"token": "Political and social reform in China: Alive and walking. The twin drivers of long-term Chinese social and political conflict and change-an increasingly robust society and a more adaptive party-state-have continued to gather strength, leading not toward Western democracy but uneven and fragile reform and liberalization.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 52]}
+{"token": "Ehrlichiosis in a recent kidney transplant recipient: The repellent that did not repel! A case report and literature review of ehrlichiosis in solid organ transplant patients. Ehrlichiosis has been infrequently reported in immunosuppressed patients such as solid organ transplants (SOT). We report a case of Ehrlichia chaffeensis infection in an immunosuppressed woman four months after deceased donor kidney transplantation. The diagnosis was confirmed by PCR testing in serum, and the patient responded promptly to treatment with doxycycline. To supplement our Case Report, a literature review encompassing 1995 to present was also performed using PubMed as the search vehicle. Search terms that were utilized include: ehrlichiosis, HME, E chaffeensis, kidney transplant(ation), renal transplant(ation), solid organ transplant(ation), and immunosuppression. The diagnosis of ehrlichiosis can be challenging in SOT patients since ehrlichiosis is not a classic opportunistic infection in SOT. Transplant physicians must have a high clinical suspicion for the diagnosis in patients with an acute febrile illness accompanied by headache, worsening cytopenias, and transaminitis who live in endemic areas, especially if they have tick exposure.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
+{"token": "Atomic scale structure of sputtered metal multilayers. A combined theoretical and experimental approach has been used to study nanoscale CoFe/Cu/CoFe multilayer films grown by sputter deposition. Such films have applications in sensors that utilize the giant magnetoresistance effect, for example, read heads in high-density information storage devices. Atomistic simulations based on a molecular dynamics approach and an alloy form of the embedded atom method have been developed to accurately model the sputter deposition of the CoFe/Cu/CoFe multilayers. The simulations show that relatively flat interfaces are formed because of the energetic deposition conditions. However, significant intermixing at the CoFe-on-Cu interface, but not at the Cu-on-CoFe interface, was observed. An abnormal Fe depletion zone is also revealed at the CoFe-on-Cu interface. A three-dimensional atom probe method has been used for a nanoscale chemical analysis of the films. It provided direct verification of the simulations. The simulations have then been used to understand the mechanism responsible for the formation of the intermixing defects observed in the multilayers. A novel deposition technique is proposed which reduces both interfacial mixing and Fe depletion by controlling the incident adatom energies. (C) 2007 Acta Materialia Inc. published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "MicroRNA-10a/b are regulators of myeloid differentiation and acute myeloid leukemia. MicroRNAs (miRs) have been demonstrated to perform important roles in normal hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis. Accumulating evidence suggests that miR-10a and miR-10b may behave as novel oncogenes or tumor suppressors in human cancer. The present study reported the function of the miR-10 family in myeloid differentiation and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The levels of miR-10a/b expression were increased in AML cases compared with normal controls, particularly in M1, M2 and M3 subtypes. The levels of miR-10a/b expression were also upregulated in patients with nucleophosmin-mutated AML and AML patients with t(8; 21) and t(9; 11), compared with the normal control. In addition, the role of miR-10a/b in regulating myeloid differentiation and leukemogenesis was investigated. The results indicated that miR-10a/b expression was able to promote the proliferation of human promyelocytic leukemia cells, while suppressing the granulocytic and monocytic differentiation of the leukemia cells. These findings suggested that abnormal high expression of miR-10a/b may result in unlimited proliferation of immature blood progenitors and repression of mature blood cell differentiation and maturation, thus leading to the occurrence of AML. miR-10a/b may be developed as novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of AML.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "China's pension system: achievements, challenges and future developments. This study focuses on the framework and achievements of China's pension system, and analyses the long-term risk and institutional dilemmas. Because the existing pension system does not clearly define the responsibilities among the government, the market and the individuals, the main challenge facing China's current pension system is the huge future fund gap and the difficulty in coping with the risk of an ageing population. The proposal for China's pension scheme reformation is to establish a three-pillar pension system: transfer the social pooling account into a public pension as the first pillar; merge the refilled personal account by transferring the state-owned assets and the enterprise annuity into the occupational pension as the second pillar; and promote the tax deferral individual pension plan as the third pillar. The roles and functions of the government in the three-pillar pension system are different: for the first pillar, it is fully responsible for the system construction, management and funding security; for the second and the third pillar, it is responsible for system construction and operational supervision.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the TetR-like efflux pump regulator SimR. Crystals of SimR were grown by vapour diffusion. The protein crystallized with trigonal symmetry and X-ray data were recorded to a resolution of 2.3 A from a single crystal at the synchrotron. SimR belongs to the TetR family of bacterial transcriptional regulators. In the absence of the antibiotic simocyclinone, SimR represses the transcription of a divergently transcribed gene encoding the simocyclinone efflux pump SimX in Streptomyces antibioticus by binding to operators in the simR-simX intergenic region. Simocyclinone binding causes SimR to dissociate from its operators, leading to expression of the SimX efflux pump. Thus, SimR represents an intimate link between the biosynthesis of simocyclinone and its export, which may also provide the mechanism of self-resistance to the antibiotic in the producer strain.", "label": [4, 35, 42]}
+{"token": "Climate controls over the net carbon uptake period and amplitude of net ecosystem production in temperate and boreal ecosystems. The seasonal and interannual variability of the terrestrial carbon cycle is regulated by the interactions of climate and ecosystem function. However, the key factors and processes determining the interannual variability of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in different biomes are far from clear. Here, we quantified yearly anomalies of seasonal and annual NEP, net carbon uptake period (CUP), and the maximum daily NEP (NEPmax) in response to climatic variables in 24 deciduous broadleaf forest (DBF), evergreen forest (EF), and grassland (GRA) ecosystems that include at least eight years of eddy covariance observations. Over the 228 site-years studied, interannual variations in NEP were mostly explained by anomalies of CUP and NEPmax CUP was determined by spring and autumn net carbon uptake phenology, which were sensitive to annual meteorological variability. Warmer spring temperatures led to an earlier start of net carbon uptake activity and higher spring and annual NEP values in DBF and EF, while warmer autumn temperatures in DBF, higher autumn radiation in EF, and more summer and autumn precipitation in GRA resulted in a later ending date of net carbon uptake and associated higher autumn and annual NEP. Anomalies in NEPmax s were determined by summer precipitation in DBF and GRA, and explained more than 50% of variation in summer NEP anomalies for all the three biomes. Results demonstrate the role of meteorological variability in controlling CUP and NEP,, which in turn help describe the seasonal and interannual variability of NEP.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 7, 39]}
+{"token": "A20 of nucleus pulposus cells plays a self-protection role via the nuclear factor-kappa B pathway in the inflammatory microenvironment. ResultsThe expression of A20 was upregulated in degenerate human intervertebral discs. The A20 levels of NPCs in TNF-alpha inflammatory microenvironments were dramatically higher than those of the control group. TNF-alpha significantly decreased cell proliferation potency but increased senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-Gal) activity, the expression of senescence-associated proteins, the synthesis of extracellular matrix, and G1 cycle arrest. The senescence indicators and NF-kappa B/p65 expression of A20 downregulated group treated with TNF-alpha were significantly upregulated compared to TNF-alpha-treated normal NPCs.MethodsInflammatory response plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiological process of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). A20 (also known as tumour necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3)) is a ubiquitin-editing enzyme that restricts nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) signalling. A20 prevents the occurrence of multiple inflammatory diseases. However, the role of A20 in the initiation of IDD has not been elucidated. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of A20 in senescence of TNF alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs).Immunohistochemical staining was performed to observe the expression of A20 in normal and degenerated human intervertebral discs. The NPCs were dissected from the tail vertebrae of healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats and were cultured in the incubator. In the experiment, TNF-alpha was used to mimic the inflammatory environment of IDD. The cell viability and senescence were examined to investigate the effect of A20 on TNF-alpha-treated NPCs. The expression of messenger RNA (mRNA)-encoding proteins related to matrix macromolecules (collagen II, aggrecan) and senescence markers (p53, p16). Additionally, NF-kappa B/p65 activity of NPCs was detected within different test compounds.A20 has a self-protective effect on the senescence of NPCs induced by TNF-alpha. The downregu- lation of A20 in NPCs exacerbated the senescence of NPCs induced by TNF-alpha.ConclusionAims", "label": [2, 4, 22, 42]}
+{"token": "Modeling signal and background components of electrosensory scenes. Weakly electric fish are able to detect and localize prey based on microvolt-level perturbations in the fish's self-generated electric field. In natural environments, weak prey-related signals are embedded in much stronger electrosensory background noise. To better characterize the signal and background components associated with natural electrolocation tasks, we recorded transdermal voltage modulations in restrained Apteronotus albifrons in response to moving spheres, tail bends, and large nonconducting boundaries. Spherical objects give rise to ipsilateral images with center-surround structure and contralateral images that are weak and diffuse. Tail bends and laterally placed nonconducting boundaries induce relatively strong ipsilateral and contralateral modulations of opposite polarity. We present a computational model of electric field generation and electrosensory image formation that is able to reproduce the key features of these empirically measured signal and background components in a unified framework. The model comprises an array of point sources and sinks distributed along the midline of the fish, which can conform to arbitrary body bends. The model is computationally fast and can be used to estimate the spatiotemporal pattern of activation across the entire electroreceptor array of the fish during natural behaviors.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 18, 55, 47]}
+{"token": "'I DO NOT ATTACH GREAT SIGNIFICANCE TO IT': TAKING NOTE OF 'THE HOLOCAUST' IN ENGLISH CASE LAW. The first part of this article traces the history of the word 'holocaust' and the phrase 'the Holocaust' in English judicial discourse, both in cases where the mass killing of Jewish Europeans in the early 1940s was a relevant issue, and the many more cases where it was not. The second part of the article returns to a selection of the recent cases, arguing that when the Holocaust is referred to in contemporary judgments it tends to be spliced in as a form of stock footage, and suggest that this routinized manoeuvre succeeds in misremembering the past, rather than contributing to any substantive comprehension of the events the phrase is intended to describe. More than this, however, the uses of the Holocaust by the judges may also reinforce particularly English understandings of Jews and Jewishness. Far from acting as a mnemonic device to recall atrocity, the Holocaust can in fact act as an aid to remembering what it is 'the English' find distasteful and alien about 'the Jew'.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 52, 57]}
+{"token": "Skin alterations of intact skin and risk factors associated with pressure ulcer development in surgical patients: A cohort study. Objectives: To assess the validity of clinical signs of erythema as predictors of pressure ulcer development and identify variables which independently are predictive of >= Grade 2 pressure ulcer development.Results: There was significantly increased odds of pressure ulcer development associated with non-blanching erythema (7.98, p = 0.002) and non-blanching erythema with other skin changes (9.17, p = 0.035). Logistic regression modeling identified non-blanching erythema, pre-operative albumin, weight loss, and intra-operative minimum diastolic blood pressure, as independent predictors of Grade >= 2 pressure ulcer development.Design: Prospective cohort study. Participants: 109 general, vascular and orthopaedic hospital patients, aged over 55 years with an expected length of stay of >= 5 days were recruited. Of these 97 were pressure ulcer free at baseline and/or had complete follow-up including 59 women and 38 men with a median age of 75 years (range 55-95).Setting: Single centre large acute UK NHS hospital.Conclusions: Non-blanching erythema with or without other skin changes is distinct from normal skin/blanching erythema and is associated with subsequent pressure ulcer development. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Methods: To identify clinical signs of erythema predictive of skin loss, the odds of pressure ulcer development were examined using logistic regression. To identify variables independently predictive of >= Grade 2 pressure ulcer development logistic regression modeling was undertaken.Background: The pathology literature suggests three types of pressure ulcer with six possible mechanisms leading to tissue breakdown. A limitation of current evidence is the difficulty in replicating the clinical situation and in determining the point at which a tissue assault becomes irreversible and results in tissue breakdown. In particular clinical observations of alteration in darkly pigmented skin, blanching erythema, non-blanching erythema and non-blanching erythema with other skin changes including induration, oedema, pain, warmth or discolouration have not been assessed in relation to subsequent skin/tissue loss and their path ophysiological and aetiological importance is not fully understood.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Simulation of micro-scale interaction between ice and biological cells. This paper presents numerical simulations of the response of a biological cell during freezing. The cell is modeled as an aqueous salt solution surrounded by a semi-permeable membrane. The concentration and temperature fields both inside and outside a single cell are computed taking into account heat transfer, mass diffusion, membrane transport, and evolution of the solidification front. The external ice front is computed for both stable and unstable growth modes. It is shown that for the particular geometry chosen in this study, the instabilities on the front and the diffusional transport have only modest effects on the cell response. For the cooling conditions, solute and cell property parameters used, the low Peclet regime applies. The computational results are therefore validated against the conventional membrane-limited transport (Mazur) model. Good agreement of the simulation results with the Mazur model are obtained for a wide range of cooling rates and membrane permeabilities. A spatially non-isothermal situation is also considered and shown to yield significant differences in the cell response in comparison to the isothermal case. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Developing Technology Roadmapping Combinational Framework by Meta Synthesis Technique. In recent years, technological advances have motivated industries, companies and even governments to look for an improved alignment between strategic objectives and technology management, preferably through the application of structured and flexible approaches that use techniques such as technology roadmapping. There are a lot of studies that have presented various models, processes and frameworks to develop technology roadmap and more studies have developed roadmaps based on these contributions. Most of these studies have mentioned that the roadmapping process must be customized in every case. Accordingly, having a model or a framework that represents the most prominent findings of these studies in one view is so helpful for customizing the process. But there is no research that accumulates previous studies and achieving this purpose. This paper presents the outcomes of a Meta-synthesis review of technology roadmapping literature that was published between 1997 and 2016 (73 papers) and develops a framework from important roadmapping components which affected the roadmapping process and roadmaps. Finally, the components of the proposed framework have been evaluated by survey benefiting from experts' opinion and Shannon's entropy technique.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Influences of Twilight on Diurnal Variation of Core Temperature, Its Nadir, and Urinary 6-Hydroxymelatonin Sulfate during Nocturnal Sleep and Morning Drowsiness. This study aimed at elucidating the physiological significance of dusk and dawn in the circadian rhythm of core temperature (T-core) and urinary 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate in humans during sleep and the waking sensation just after rising. Seven female and four male students served as participants. Participants retired at 2300 h and rose at 0700 h. They were requested to sit on a chair and spend time as quietly as possible during wakefulness, reading a book or listening to recorded light music. Two lighting conditions were provided for each participant: 1) Light-Dark (LD)-rectangular light change with abrupt decrease from 3,000 lx to 100 lx at 1800 h, abrupt increase from 0 lx to 3,000 lx at 0700 h. 2) LD-twi-light light change with gradual decrease from 3,000 lx to 100 lx starting at 1700 h (twilight period about 2 h), with gradual increase from 0 lx to 3,000 lx starting at 0500 h (twilight period about 2 h). The periods of 0 lx at night were from 2300 h to 0700 h on the first day and from 2300 to 0500 h on the second day. Nadir time advanced significantly under the influence of the LD-twilight condition. The amount of 6-hydroxymelatonin sulfate in urine collected at 0200 h was significantly higher under LD-twilight in comparison with LD-rectangular light. Morning drowsiness tended to be lower under LD-twilight. Our results suggest that in architectural design of indoor illumination it is important to provide LD-twilight in the evening and early morning for sleep promotion in healthy normal people and/or light treatment in elderly patients with advanced dementia.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Impact of effluent discharge on recreational beach water quality: a case study of Karachi-Pakistan. The degraded water quality of recreational beaches and associated diseases is a global concern. The discharge of municipal effluents and other wastes has threatened coastal resources irrespective of local authorities colossal investment in their development. Strategic assessment and monitoring of water quality are essential pathways to reduce contaminant level of microbes responsible for waterborne diseases. As in Karachi's case study, two wastewater discharge drains were identified at Sea View, which is famous for recreational activities. These two primary discharge drains contained contaminants, including various pathogens that pollute the marine environment and disturb the ecosystem. The current study aims to assess the water quality along the beach through an in-depth monitoring program lasting from May till September 2020. The assessment focused on total coliform (TC) and faecal coliform (FC) counts; biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Analysis of the results conclude that both discharge drains contained high levels of TC (1600 MPN or CFU per 100 mL of the sample) and FC (203 MPN per 100 mL). Moreover, COD and BOD levels were found to be high (COD 945 mg/L and BOD 410 mg/L). Hence, recreational activity may not be suitable near these discharge drains, indicating their association with high health risks.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Digital technologies to support adolescents with depression and anxiety: review. Depression and anxiety are common in adolescents, but most affected will not get any formal help. Digital mental health technologies (i.e. resources and interventions to support and improve mental health) are a potential way to extend the reach and increase adolescents' access to therapies, at a relatively low cost. Many young people can access the internet and mobile technologies, including in low- and middle-income countries. There has been increased interest in integrating technologies in a range of settings, especially because of the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescent mental health, at a time when services are under pressure. This clinical review gives an overview of digital technologies to support the prevention and management of depression and anxiety in adolescence. The technologies are presented in relation to their technological approaches, underlying psychological or other theories, setting, development, evaluations to date and how they might be accessed. There is also a discussion of the potential benefits, challenges and future developments in this field.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Viruses of grapevine in Kosovo. Surveys for virus and virus-like diseases were carried out in commercial vineyards in the provinces of Rahovec and Suhareka of Kosovo. Samples were collected at random from 306 individual vines for laboratory testing. Leafroll and rugose wood symptoms were commonly observed in the field, whereas fanleaf symptoms were very rare. A total of 68% of ELISA-tested vines (208 out of 306) was infected by one (40.9%) or multiple (27.1%) viruses. The highest infection rate was found in Suhareka province (75%). Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) was the most widespread (52.0%), followed by Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3, 18.3%), Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1, 15.7%), and Grapevine virus A (GVA, 11.1%). Other economically relevant viruses occurred rarely, i.e. Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV, 1.6%), Grapevine virus B (GVB, 1.0%) and Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2, 0.3%). Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) was not found. Some of the most important grapevine varieties cultivated in Kosovo, i.e. Smederevka, Vranac, Prokupac, Italian Muskat, Muskat of Hamburg, and Italian Riesling, had average infection rates that ranged from 63% to 85%. In RT-PCR, Grapevine rupestris stem pitting associated virus (GRSPaV) was detected in 80.4% of the vines. Vein mosaic and vein necrosis symptoms were detected in graft-inoculated V. riparia and 110R indicators. At least one virus-tested candidate clone of 19 different grapevine varieties were identified, that could represent a potential primary source for a grapevine certification program in Kosovo.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Urban teenagers - Work and dropout. This article explores how employment affects the likelihood of dropout among high school students in Baltimore, a high-poverty city with a high dropout rate. Among 15-year-olds, those with teen jobs (e.g., lawn mowing, babysitting, etc.) were less than one third as likely to drop out as those who took adult-type jobs (manufacturing or business). This pattern reversed at age I, however because, at that age, holding an adult-type job as compared to a teen job reduced dropout risk. Patterns of work, for those older than ages 15 and 16, also affected dropout risk. Students who had been retained, but who made an orderly transition into work, were less likely to drop out than retained students who made a disorderly transition.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
+{"token": "STUDY OF THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL CORONAL MAGNETIC FIELD OF ACTIVE REGION 11117 AROUND THE TIME OF A CONFINED FLARE USING A DATA-DRIVEN CESE-MHD MODEL. We apply a data-driven magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model to investigate the three-dimensional (3D) magnetic field of NOAA active region (AR) 11117 around the time of a C-class confined flare that occurred on 2010 October 25. The MHD model, based on the spacetime conservation-element and solution-element scheme, is designed to focus on the magnetic field evolution and to consider a simplified solar atomsphere with finite plasma beta. Magnetic vector-field data derived from the observations at the photosphere is inputted directly to constrain the model. Assuming that the dynamic evolution of the coronal magnetic field can be approximated by successive equilibria, we solve a time sequence of MHD equilibria based on a set of vector magnetograms for AR 11117 taken by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamic Observatory around the time of the flare. The model qualitatively reproduces the basic structures of the 3D magnetic field, as supported by the visual similarity between the field lines and the coronal loops observed by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly, which shows that the coronal field can indeed be well characterized by the MHD equilibrium in most cases. The magnetic configuration changes very little during the studied time interval of 2 hr. A topological analysis reveals that the small flare is correlated with a bald patch (BP, where the magnetic field is tangent to the photosphere), suggesting that the energy release of the flare can be understood by magnetic reconnection associated with the BP separatrices. The total magnetic flux and energy keep increasing slightly in spite of the flare, while the computed magnetic free energy drops during the flare by similar to 10(30) erg, which seems to be adequate in providing the energy budget of a minor C-class confined flare.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "MODELING THE SOLUTION GAS DRIVE PROCESS IN HEAVY OILS. Primary heavy oil recovery relies on the Solution Gas Drive mechanism, which has been the object of many recent research efforts. Current models are unreliable, and it is likely that they do not represent important physical effects. Here, we introduce a Darcy scale model in which the relative permeability of the gas phase is replaced by a new expression for the gas phase velocity based on the relative strength of viscous, gravity and capillary effects.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Through a trauma-based lens: A qualitative analysis of the experience of parenting a child with an autism spectrum disorder. Method Twelve mothers participated in focus groups, which were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used, then researchers examined for spontaneous reporting of DSM-5-defined traumatic stressors and trauma symptomatology.Background Although parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit high levels of parenting stress, minimal research has examined the type of stress they experience. Understanding parenting stress is critical as the effects are not limited to the parent. The aim of this study was to investigate the validity of conceptualising parenting stress within a traumatic stress framework.Conclusions The use of a traumatic stress framework to conceptualise some parenting experiences was supported. This finding has important implications for the development of interventions to prevent or reduce stress.Results Forty percent of mothers experienced traumatic stressors and trauma-related symptomatology. Sixty percent of mothers did not report traumatic stressors but reported trauma-related symptomatology regardless.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 53]}
+{"token": "Melanogenesis of Methyl Myristate Loaded Niosomes in B16F10 Melanoma Cells. The objective of this study was to compare the charge effect of methyl myristate loaded in neutral (Brij 72/cholesterol at 7:3), cationic (Brij 72/cholesterol/dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide at 7:3:0.65) and anionic niosomes (Brij 72/cholesterol/dicetyl phosphate at 7:3:0.65) for physicochemical characteristics, cytotoxicity in fibroblasts and B16F10 melanoma cells as well as melanogenesis induction activity. The maximum loading and percentage entrapment of methyl myristate were 4.5, 90.68 +/- 7.95 in neutral; 11.0, 92.54 +/- 6.32 in cationic and 0.1% w/w, 74.43 +/- 1.86% in anionic niosomes, respectively. All methyl myristate loaded niosomes were in unilamellar structure under transmission electron microscope and in nanosize at initial and after 3-month storage. The percentages of methyl myristate remaining in all niosomes kept at 4 +/- 2, 30 +/- 2 and 45 +/- 2 degrees C for 3 months were about 82, 74 and 72%, respectively, while the dry free methyl myristate indicated 97.82 +/- 1.74, 96.56 +/- 2.91 and 91.39 +/- 4.32%, respectively. Blank neutral, blank cationic and methyl myristate loaded neutral and cationic niosomes exhibited moderate cytotoxicity in fibroblasts and B16F10 melanoma cells at 56.641 +/- 3.19, 59.72 +/- 1.51; 73.81 > 2.86, 82.51 +/- 0.20; 47.34 +/- 2.13, 52.671 +/- 2.78 and 73.20 +/- 3.49, 84.34 +/- 2.75% cell viability, respectively. Blank anionic and methyl myristate loaded anionic niosomes indicated no cytotoxicity in both cells. Cytotoxic ratio of cell viability in normal and cancer cells of all niosomes indicated no toxic effect to normal cells. Methyl myristate loaded cationic niosomes demonstrated the highest melanin induction with tyrosinase activity of 1.42 and 1.70 folds of the control and 1.14 and 1.59 folds higher than theophylline, respectively. This study has suggested the potential of methyl myristate loaded cationic niosomes for canities treatment.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Long Non-coding RNA HOTAIR in Central Nervous System Disorders: New Insights in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Potential. Central nervous system (CNS) disorders, such as ischemic stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, and corresponding neuropathological changes, often lead to death or long-term disability. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is a class of non-coding RNA with a transcription length over 200 nt and transcriptional regulation. lncRNA is extensively involved in physiological and pathological processes through epigenetic, transcription, and post-transcriptional regulation. Further, dysregulated lncRNA is closely related to the occurrence and development of human diseases, including CNS disorders. HOX Transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR) is the first discovered lncRNA with trans-transcriptional regulation. Recent studies have shown that HOTAIR may participate in the regulation of the occurrence and development of CNS disorders. In addition, HOTAIR has the potential to become a new biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis assessment of CNS disorders and even provide a new therapeutic target for CNS disorders. Here, we reviewed the research results of HOTAIR in CNS disorders to provide new insights into the pathogenesis, diagnostic value, and therapeutic target potential of HOTAIR in human CNS disorders.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Responses of brainstem lateral line units to different stimulus source locations and vibration directions. We recorded responses of lateral line units in the medial octavolateralis nucleus in the brainstem of goldfish, Carassius auratus, to a 50 Hz vibrating sphere and studied how responses were affected by placing the sphere at various locations alongside the fish and by different directions of vibration. In most units (88%), stimulation with the sphere from one or more spatial locations caused an increase and/or decrease in discharge rate. In few units (10%), discharge rate was increased by stimulation from one location and decreased by stimulation from an adjacent location in space. In a minority of the units (2%), changing sphere location did not affect discharge rates but caused a change in phase coupling. Units sensitive to a distinct sphere vibration direction were not found. The data also show that the responses of most brainstem units differ from those of primary afferent nerve fibers. Whereas primary afferents represent the pressure gradient pattern generated by the sphere and thus encode location and vibration direction of a vibrating sphere, most brainstem units do not. This information may be represented in the brainstem by a population code or in higher centers of the ascending lateral line pathway.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 18, 55, 47]}
+{"token": "Correlation and functional differentiation between different markers to study the genetic diversity analysis in medicinally important plant Plumbago zeylanica. The plant species Plumbago zeylanica (P. zeylanica) is a multipurpose medicinal herb of family Plumbaginaceae. This plant is a natural gift to mankind credited with potential medicinal properties such as anti-cancer, anti-atherogenic, cardiotonic, hepatoprotective, anti-fungal, diabetes and neuroprotective assets to list of few. In this study, genetic diversity and relationships among various Plumbago accessions, collected from different geographical regions of India, was assessed using simple sequence repeat (SSR), sequence related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) markers. SSR and SRAP markers showed highest values of Nei's genetic diversity and Shannon information index among populations. We also observed statistically significant genetic differentiations among and within populations (P < 0.01 in the AMOVA tests). Additionally, both Un-weighted paired group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) grouped P. zeylanica populations into similar clusters which corroborate the above analysis to be useful for genetic diversity analysis of this plant. Our data signifies that SSR and SRAP are both reliable and effective tools for analyzing genetic diversity in P. zeylanica. However, based on our chosen dataset, we find ITS marker less significant for the genetic diversity analysis of this multifaceted plant. This information would be useful towards the identification, characterization and conservation of this species at the molecular level. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
+{"token": "An assessment of facilitators and inhibitors for the adoption of enterprise application integration technology An empirical study. Practical implications - The paper extends King and Teo's list to include EAI-specific factors. Second, it validates the instrument through the card sorting procedure and a case study. The identified dimensions can be used in future research on EAI adoption. The results have also important managerial implications. Managers who are planning to adopt EAI technology can use the developed instrument to assess systematically the facilitators and inhibitors of this technology in their organizational context.Purpose - Enterprise application integration (EAI) aims to integrate various enterprise applications, such as legacy systems, enterprise resource planning systems, and best-of-breed business applications, to aid in promoting organizational goals. EAI is a relatively new area of concern for researchers and practitioners and research on its adoption by organizations remain to be examined.Design/methodology/approach - This paper extends prior research by providing a systematic examination of both generic and specific dimensions of facilitators and inhibitors for the adoption of EAI technology. A rigorous validation of these factors was established. A case study was conducted to refine the developed instrument. Findings - The results indicate that EAI adoption is facilitated by generic as well as specific factors to this technology.Originality/value - This study extends and accumulates on Teo's framework for inhibitors and facilitators of IT adoption in the EAI context.Research limitations/implications - Several limitations of the study need to be mentioned at this stage. First, the research design of this study has incorporated only one site to examine and enrich the list of facilitators and inhibitors of EAI adoption. It is not known whether these results would apply to other organizations, other technologies and whether the project size has some influence on the results. More empirical work is needed to increment the developed instrument. The results of this study have three specific implications for future research. First, this study can be replicated to examine the effect of these facilitators on EAI project performance. Second, more research can be conducted to validate dimensions identified in this study. A survey may strengthen the validation process of the developed instrument and the structure of the dimensions and constructs used. Finally, the results of this study and the developed instrument can be applied on other technologies such as web services, etc.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
+{"token": "Reduced-Nicotine Cigarettes in Young Smokers: Impact of Nicotine Metabolism on Nicotine Dose Effects. The use of cigarettes delivering different nicotine doses allows evaluation of the contribution of nicotine to the smoking experience. We compared responses of 46 young adult smokers to research cigarettes, delivering 0.027, 0.110, 0.231, or 0.763 mg nicotine, and conventional cigarettes. On five separate days, craving, withdrawal, affect, and sustained attention were measured after overnight abstinence and again after smoking. Participants also rated each cigarette, and the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR) was used to identify participants as normal or slow metabolizers. All cigarettes equally alleviated craving, withdrawal, and negative affect in the whole sample, but normal metabolizers reported greater reductions of craving and withdrawal than slow metabolizers, with dose-dependent effects. Only conventional cigarettes and, to a lesser degree, 0.763-mg nicotine research cigarettes increased sustained attention. Finally, there were no differences between ratings of lower-dose cigarettes, but the 0.763-mg cigarettes and (even more so) conventional cigarettes were rated more favorably than lower-dose cigarettes. The findings indicate that smoking-induced relief of craving and withdrawal reflects primarily non-nicotine effects in slow metabolizers, but depends on nicotine dose in normal metabolizers. By contrast, relief of withdrawal-related attentional deficits and cigarette ratings depend on nicotine dose regardless of metabolizer status. These findings have bearing on the use of reduced-nicotine cigarettes to facilitate smoking cessation and on policy regarding regulation of nicotine content in cigarettes. They suggest that normal and slow nicotine metabolizers would respond differently to nicotine reduction in cigarettes, but that irrespective of metabolizer status, reductions to <0.763 mg/cigarette may contribute to temporary attentional deficits.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 23]}
+{"token": "Quantification of adulterants in mezcal by means of FT-MIR and FT-NIR spectroscopy coupled to multivariate analysis. Mezcal is an alcoholic beverage with a high commercial value and is often adulterated to obtain economical profit, however, adulteration is an illegal practice that can damage consumer's health. FT-MIR and FT-NIR spectroscopy along with multivariate analysis were used to quantify adulterants (water, ethanol, methanol) in three mezcal classes (white, rested, aged). Calibration models were constructed using principal component regression (PCR), partial least squares with single y-variable (PLS1) and partial least squares with multiple y-variables (PLS2) algorithms. The PLS2 showed the best predictive results for FT-MIR (R-2 = 0.9579-0.9895); and PLS1 for FT-NIR (R-2 = 0.9401-0.9665). The predictions of models were compared to gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and no significant difference was found (p <= 0.05). Results show that the authenticity of mezcal can be verified through FT-MIR and FT-NIR spectroscopy coupled to multivariate analysis because it is reliable and fast (as compared to GC-FID).", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Marital status in young adult patients with seizures: Epilepsy vs. functional seizures. Objective: We investigated the marital status (married vs. none) among patients with seizures [i.e., epilepsy or functional seizures (FS)]. Methods: This was a retrospective study of an electronic database of patients with seizures. All young adult patients, 18 to 45 years of age, with a diagnosis of either epilepsy or FS were studied at the outpatient epilepsy clinic at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, from 2008 until 2020. The two groups were matched for their age at diagnosis. Age at onset, sex, the marital status, and the final diagnosis were registered routinely. Results: During the study period, 194 patients with FS and 455 patients with epilepsy fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The rates of the married status were not significantly different between the two groups; 101 patients with FS (52%) and 204 PWE (45%) were married (p = 0.103). In the general population in Iran, 42,399,792 out of 66,421,989 (64%) of all people older than 16 years of age were married. This rate is significantly higher than the rate of the married status among patients with FS (p = 0.0006) and also those with epilepsy (p = 0.00001). Conclusion: While the rates of the married status were not significantly different between PWE and those with FS, these rates were significantly lower than that in the general population in Iran. There are intriguing cross-cultural similarities and differences between our observations and those from other nations. These should be investigated in large multicenter international studies in the future. (c) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 23, 55]}
+{"token": "Correlation analysis of air pollutant index levels and dengue cases across five different zones in Selangor, Malaysia. This study investigated the potential relationship between dengue cases and air quality - as measured by the Air Pollution Index (API) for five zones in the state of Selangor, Malaysia. Dengue case patterns can be learned using prediction models based on feedback (lagged terms). However, the question whether air quality affects dengue cases is still not thoroughly investigated based on such feedback models. This work developed dengue prediction models using the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and ARIMA with an exogeneous variable (ARIMAX) time series methodologies with API as the exogeneous variable. The Box Jenkins approach based on maximum likelihood was used for analysis as it gives effective model estimates and prediction. Three stages of model comparison were carried out for each zone: first with ARIMA models without API, then ARIMAX models with API data from the API station for that zone and finally, ARIMAX models with API data from the zone and spatially neighbouring zones. Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) gives goodness-of-fit versus parsimony comparisons between all elicited models. Our study found that ARIMA models, with the lowest BIC value, outperformed the rest in all five zones. The BIC values for the zone of Kuala Selangor were -800.66, - 796.22, and -790.5229, respectively, for ARIMA only. ARIMAX with single API component and ARIMAX with API components from its zone and spatially neighbouring zones. Therefore, we concluded that API levels, either temporally for each zone or spatio-temporally based on neighbouring zones, do not have a significant effect on dengue cases.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "No computation without implementation? A potential problem for the single hierarchy view of physical computation. The so-called integration problem concerning mechanistic and computational explanation asks how they are related to each other. One approach is that a computational explanation is a species of mechanistic explanation. According to this view, computational or mathematical descriptions are mechanism sketches or macroscopic descriptions that include computationally relevant and exclude computationally irrelevant physical properties. Some suggest that this results in a so-called single hierarchy view of physical computation, where computational or mathematical properties sit together in the same mechanistic hierarchy with the implementational properties. This view can be contrasted with a separate hierarchy view, according to which computational and physical descriptions have their own hierarchies which are related to each other via a bridging implementation relation. The single hierarchy view has been criticized for downplaying the explanatory value of computational explanations and not being hospitable to multiple realization of cognitive processes. In this paper, I argue that (1) the aforementioned criticisms fail, and (2) there might be a deeper problem with the single hierarchy view, which is that the single hierarchy view might collapse into a separate hierarchy view. The kind of abstraction used by the single hierarchy view does not seem to grant mathematical or computational descriptions but only more stripped physical or implementational descriptions.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
+{"token": "Markers of dengue severity: a systematic review of cytokines and chemokines. The prognosis of dengue remains a challenge in the early, objective triage of patients with dengue fever of differing severity. Circulating immuno-modulating proteins have brought new possibilities as prognostic markers of severe dengue (SD). This systematic review is devoted to understanding the potential utility of blood-based cytokines and chemokines as prognostication markers of SD based on the current literature. PubMed and Embase were searched. Of 794 candidate articles, 685 abstracts were screened against our exclusion/inclusion criteria and 25 (3.6 %) studies met the quality assessments. A total of 18 studies were retrospective observational and 2 were prospective cohort studies. Elevated IL-10, up to day 7 of fever onset, stood out as a candidate prognostic marker for SD using the 1997 and 2009 World Health Organization (WHO) case definitions. IFN gamma was another potential prognostic marker of SD (1997 WHO case definition), but its levels varied between studies. Significant heterogeneity in methodologies and patient cohorts prevent ready application of IL-10 and IFNg as prognostic markers to other dengue populations. Our results suggest that the current non-randomized studies are delivering inconsistent messages and higher-quality studies, with consistent methodologies and validation in independent patient cohorts, are needed to delineate confounding variables. Major gaps identified were full accounting and transparency of sampling days, dengue virus type, infection status and age group.", "label": [2, 19, 21]}
+{"token": "Teaching nature study on the blackboard in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century England. England's Education Acts in the late nineteenth century made school free and mandatory for all children, filling schools with more and younger students. Visual teaching methods such as blackboard drawing were used to catch young students' eyes and engage their interest. At the same time, there was high public engagement with natural history and popular science lectures, which built the perception of science as accessible, interesting and useful for people of all social classes. This \\\\'science for all\\\\' trend along with the new universal education paved the way for nature study, a new school subject based on experiential learning through observation of plants and animals, similar to the popular nineteenth-century pedagogy of object lessons. The many manuals about nature study that were published for teachers in England in the early twentieth century reveal the content, pedagogy, and portrayal of science communicated to young students. Analysis of one manual, Nature teaching on the blackboard (1910), sheds light on typical nature study lessons, including suggested images for teachers to draw on the blackboard. Visual methods of teaching science were not limited to schoolchildren: university lecturers as well as popularizers of science used object lessons and blackboard drawing to educate and entertain their adult audiences. Comparing blackboard teaching of nature study with other educational images and audiences for science explores how multisensory learning and the blackboard brought information about the natural world and engagement with science to the public.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Risk of Incident Diabetes in Relation to Long-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter in Ontario, Canada. OBJECTIVES: We conducted a population-based cohort study to determine whether long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 is associated with incident diabetes.METHODS: We assembled a cohort of 62,012 nondiabetic adults who lived in Ontario, Canada, and completed one of five population-based health surveys between 1996 and 2005. Follow-up extended until 31 December 2010. Incident diabetes diagnosed between 1996 and 2010 was ascertained using the Ontario Diabetes Database, a validated registry of persons diagnosed with diabetes (sensitivity = 86%, specificity = 97%). Six-year average concentrations of PM2.5 at the postal codes of baseline residences were derived from satellite observations. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the associations, adjusting for various individual-level risk factors and contextual covariates such as smoking, body mass index, physical activity, and neighborhood-level household income. We also conducted multiple sensitivity analyses. In addition, we examined effect modification for selected comorbidities and sociodemographic characteristics.CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that long-term exposure to PM2.5 may contribute to the development of diabetes.BACKGROUND: Laboratory studies suggest that fine particulate matter (<= 2.5 mu m in diameter; PM2.5) can activate pathophysiological responses that may induce insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. However, epidemiological evidence relating PM2.5 and diabetes is sparse, particularly for incident diabetes.RESULTS: There were 6,310 incident cases of diabetes over 484,644 total person-years of follow-up. The adjusted hazard ratio for a 10-mu g/m(3) increase in PM2.5 was 1.11 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.21). Estimated associations were comparable among all sensitivity analyses. We did not find strong evidence of effect modification by comorbidities or sociodemographic covariates.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "Inhibition of leukotriene B-4-induced CD11B/CD18 (Mac-1) expression by BIIL 284, a new long acting LTB4 receptor antagonist, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: The pharmacokinetics and inhibition of LTB4-induced Mac-1 expression of BIIL 284 were characterised in 26 adult patients with RA who were treated with BIIL 284 25 mg, 150 mg, or placebo given once a day for 14 days according to a double blind, randomised, parallel group design.Results: T-max of BIIL 315 in plasma (main metabolite and active principle of BIIL 284 in plasma) was achieved about four hours after drug administration, and C-max,C-ss and AUC(0-6h,ss) increased in proportion to the dosage. 100% inhibition of LTB4-induced MAC-1 expression was reached after two hours (150 mg) or four hours (25 mg), showing a statistically significant difference in comparison with placebo (p<0.005). A longlasting dynamic effect was seen consistently even when plasma concentrations declined to very low values 24 hours after administration. Secondary clinical efficacy end points remained unchanged probably owing to the short duration of treatment. Adverse events (AEs) were reported in 12 patients during the study. No serious AEs or laboratory AEs were seen.Background: Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) has a key role in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Objective: To investigate the inhibition of ex vivo LTB4-induced Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18)expression in leucocytes of patients with RA by the new oral LTB4 receptor antagonist BIIL 284.Conclusions: Both the 25 mg and 150 mg doses of BIIL 284 safely and effectively inhibit Mac-1 expression on neutrophils; thus longer treatment with BIIL 284 may result in clinical benefit for patients with RA.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Public affairs graduate education in Latin America: Emulation or identity?. In this paper, we explore the state of the art of public affairs education in Latin America and compare it with the evolution and current character of MPA/MPP education in the United States. In doing so, we are able to identify ways in which there is a Latin American model (or at least identifiable patterns) of public affairs education in sharp contrast to what might be expected in terms of emulation of international programs, particularly from the United States and Europe. As the basis for our analysis, we rely on three main sources of information. We use extensive data gathered from a survey of nearly 50 programs of public affairs in Latin America, which we administered in 2015 in order to identify patterns and trends in public affairs education in the region. Then, we compare our data with two data bases: (1) the Atlas of Public Policy and Management (Carleton University and the University of Toronto), which provides an international profile of programs, and (2) NASPAA's Data Center, which summarizes the characteristics of NASPAA-member programs based on Annual Survey data. This comparison allows us to establish to what degree there is a phenomenon of isomorphism in public affairs education between countries in Latin America and similar programs in North America. We finish this article exploring the implications of such results, for the quality and appropriateness of education in government affairs in Latin American countries. (C) 2016 Policy and Society Associates (APSS). Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "Application of Operator Splitting Methods in Finance. Financial derivatives pricing aims to find the fair value of a financial contract on an underlying asset. Here we consider option pricing in the partial differential equations framework. The contemporary models lead to one-dimensional or multidimensional parabolic problems of the convection-diffusion type and generalizations thereof. An overview of various operator splitting methods is presented for the efficient numerical solution of these problems.Numerical experiments are presented to illustrate the actual stability and convergence of the splitting schemes. Here European and American put options are considered under four asset price models: the classical Black-Scholes model, the Merton jump-diffusion model, the Heston SV model, and the Bates SV model with jumps.Splitting schemes of the Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) type are discussed for multidimensional problems, e.g., given by stochastic volatility (SV) models. For jump models Implicit-Explicit (IMEX) methods are considered which efficiently treat the nonlocal jump operator. For American options an easy-to-implement operator splitting method is described for the resulting linear complementarity problems.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40, 41]}
+{"token": "Identification of a TeO32- reductase/mycothione reductase from Rhodococcus erythropolis PR4. A Rhodococcus erythropolis bacterium that tolerates normally lethal concentrations of Fe(II), Cu(II), AsO32-, SeO32-, TeO32-, Cd(II) and Zn(II) was identified from an environmental isolate. In characterizing the molecular basis for metal tolerance, a mycothione reductase (Mtr) with remarkable selectivity for TeO32- reduction over SeO32 - was identified. In equimolar concentrations of TeO32- and SeO32-, the enzymatic product contains a 7-fold excess of Te. This selectivity is remarkable because the standard reduction potential of SeO32- is 0.20 V more favorable for reduction than TeO32-. Selectivity of the enzyme for TeO32- decreases with increasing assay pH. Homology modeling of the enzyme identifies four aromatic residues near the active site, including two histidine residues, that are not present in a related SeO32- preferring reductase. On the basis of more favorable pi-interactions for Te than for Se and the pH dependence of the selectivity, the Te-selectivity is attributed in part to these aromatic residues. The resulting Te-0 enzymatic product resembles Te nanowires.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "The Young Shils. Edward Shils began as a sociologist under the close mentorship of Louis Wirth, with whom he collaborated on the translation of Karl Mannheim's Ideology and Utopia. After 1940, however, Shils' career, which had been focused on topics in sociology, notably the class and occupational structure of cities and on German Sociological Theory, took an apparent turn, which in 1946 led him into a relationship with Michael Polanyi, a half-time appointment at the London School of Economics, and a new intellectual direction. Part of the biographical background to this was personal: his relationship with Wirth ended, and with it his expectation of a Ph.D. and his role in the Sociology Department. Yet his new direction had Chicago roots in his work on Mannheim, and his relation to Frank Knight and the planning disputes of the 1930s and 40s.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Self-centering BRBs with composite tendons in series: Tests and structural analyses. The self-centering system and yielding energy dissipation system are two main parts of self-centering bucklingrestrained braces (SC-BRBs), which have important influences on brace performance. To improve the performance of the two parts, an SC-BRB with composite tendons in series (SC-BRB-CTS) is proposed by introducing a self-centering system in series that can improve the deformation capability of the brace, and the yielding energy dissipation system made of low-yield steel LYP160 with a strong energy dissipation capacity is adopted. The performance of the braces is studied by quasi-static tests, and the influence of the self-centering system in series and low-yield steel on the seismic performance of the structure is determined by nonlinear dynamic analyses and fragility analyses. The results show that the deformation capacity of the SC-BRB-CTS is approximately 44% higher than that of a traditional SC-BRB, and the collapse resistance of the structure is improved by avoiding or delaying tendon fracture. The use of LYP160 steel core plates can substantially improve the energy dissipation capacity and post-yielding bearing capacity of the brace, which is beneficial for reducing the seismic response of the structure.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "A method of decreasing mercury content in bitumenous coal. A review, with 66 refs., of methods for reducing content of Hg in coals before their utilization, by removing Hg connected with mineral or org. matter, in an enrichment process or pyrolysis or in the hybrid process.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
+{"token": "IDENTIFICATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY SIMILARITY USING MULTIVARIABLE ANALYSIS. A identificacao das similaridades na qualidade das aguas subterraneas pode ajudar a reduzir o numero de postos de monitoramento utilizados nos corpos hidricos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar similaridades na qualidade da agua subterranea usando a tecnica de estatistica multivariada conhecida como analise de agrupamento, no Distrito de Irrigacao do Baixo Acarau (DIBAU), no estado do Ceara. Dez pocos rasos distribuidos aleatoriamente no DIBAU foram monitorados regularmente por um per odo de 27 meses (dez/2003 a nov/2005, nov/2006, mar e abr/2007). Para cada amostra foram analisados pH, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, CO32-, HCO3-, SO42-, PO43-, NH4+, NO3-, condutividade eletrica (CE) e razao de adsorcao de sodio (RAS). A estatistica descritiva, a analise de agrupamento hierarquica e o t-test (1%) foram avaliados utilizando o software SPSS 16.0. No geral, com excecao de dois pocos, a agua foi classificada como acida e o pH medio foi menor do que cinco. A concentracao de fosforo foi sempre acima do limite recomendado para o consume humano (0,1 mg L-1). Alem disso, a qualidade da agua subterranea foi utilizada para definir quatro agrupamen-tos que foram independentes da posicao geografica dos pocos. Os valores de CE e as concentracoes de sodio e cloreto distinguiram dois pocos (P1 e P7) dos demais, e o pH, o Mg2+ e a RAS determinaram a dissimilaridade dos dois pocos entre si.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "KINEMATIC PPP USING MIXED GPS/GLONASS SINGLE-FREQUENCY OBSERVATIONS. Nowadays, Precise Point Positioning (PPP) is a very popular technique for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning. The advantage of PPP is its low cost as well as no distance limitation when compared with the differential technique. Single-frequency receivers have the advantage of cost effectiveness when compared with the expensive dual-frequency receivers, but the ionosphere error makes a difficulty to be completely mitigated. This research aims to assess the effect of using observations from both GPS and GLONASS constellations in comparison with GPS only for kinematic purposes using single-frequency observations. Six days of the year 2018 with single-frequency data for the Ethiopian IGS station named \\\\'ADIS\\\\' were processed epoch by epoch for 24 hours once with GPS-only observations and another with GPS/GLONASS observations. In addition to \\\\'ADIS\\\\' station, a kinematic track in the New Aswan City, Aswan, Egypt, has been observed using Leica GS15, geodetic type, dual-frequency, GPS/GLONASS GNSS receiver and single-frequency data have been processed. Net_Diff software was used for processing all the data. The results have been compared with a reference solution. Adding GLONASS satellites significantly improved the satellite number and Position Dilution Of Precision (PDOP) value and accordingly improved the accuracy of positioning. In the case of \\\\'ADIS\\\\' data, the 3D Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) ranged between 0.273 and 0.816 m for GPS only and improved to a range from 0.256 to 0.550 m for GPS/GLONASS for the 6 processed days. An average improvement ratio of 24%, 29%, 30%, and 29% in the east, north, height, and 3D position components, respectively, was achieved. For the kinematic trajectory, the 3D position RMSE improved from 0.733 m for GPS only to 0.638 m for GPS/GLONASS. The improvement ratios were 7%, 5%, 28%, and 13% in the east, north, height, and 3D position components, respectively, for the kinematic trajectory data. This opens the way to add observations from the other two constellations (Galileo and BeiDou) for more accuracy in future research.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Isolated Articular Fractures of the Canine Talus: Diagnosis and Signalment in Fourteen Dogs. Results Fourteen dogs met the inclusion criteria; affected breeds were four German Pointer (three shorthair and one wirehaired), three Labrador Retrievers, two Rottweilers, two Springer Spaniels, one cross breed, one Greyhound and one Great Munsterlander. The age range was 1 to 8 years with a median of 4.7 years. Lameness was usually acute in onset and had been present for a range of 4 to 540 days prior to referral.Conclusion Isolated articular fracture of the talus is rare and may prove a diagnostic challenge due to the varied presentations and complex anatomy of the bone. Pathology of the talus may be suspected in any case of lameness localized to the tarsus and oblique/skyline radiographic views or advanced imaging should be performed if standard radiographic views are unremarkable.Objective The aim of this retrospective multicentre case series was to describe signalment, presenting signs and imaging findings in dogs with isolated articular fractures of the talus.Study Design Medical records (2008-2019) of dogs with isolated articular talar fractures were reviewed.The most common fracture configuration involved the lateral trochlear ridge only ( n =9). Two of the fourteen fractures affected both trochlear ridges. Thirteen dogs were initially assessed radiographically with classic orthogonal views, but a fracture was only visible in five cases. The remainder were confirmed with further radiographic projections ( n =4) or computed tomography ( n =5). In one case, the lameness was located to the tarsus by scintigraphy.", "label": [0, 4, 10, 47]}
+{"token": "Production of beta-carotene and Acetate in Recombinant Escherichia coli with or without Mevalonate Pathway at Different Culture Temperature or pH. Natural beta-carotene has received much attention as consumers have become more health conscious. Its production by various microorganisms including metabolically engineered Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been attempted. We successfully created a recombinant E. coli with an engineered whole mevalonate pathway in addition to beta-carotene biosynthetic genes and evaluated the engineered cells from the aspects of metabolic balance between central metabolism and beta-carotene production by comparison with conventional beta-carotene producing recombinant E. coli (control) utilizing a native methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway using bioreactor cultures generated at different temperatures or pHs. Better production of beta-carotene was obtained in E. coli cultured at 37 degrees C than at 25 degrees C. A two-fold higher titer and 2.9-fold higher volumetric productivity were obtained in engineered cells compared with control cells. Notably, a marginal amount of acetate was produced in actively growing engineered cells, whereas more than 8 g/L of acetate was produced in control cells with reduced cell growth at 37 degrees C. The data indicated that the artificial operon of the whole mevalonate pathway operated efficiently in redirecting acetyl-CoA into isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), thereby improving production of beta-carotene, whereas the native MEP pathway did not convert a sufficient amount of pyruvate into IPP due to endogenous feedback regulation. Engineered cells also produced lycopene with a reduced amount of beta-carotene in weak alkaline cultures, consistent with the inhibition of lycopene cyclase.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry for Clinical Metabolomics. In clinical metabolomics, capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) has become a very useful technique for the analysis of highly polar and charged metabolites in complex biologic samples. A comprehensive overview of recent developments in CE-MS for metabolic profiling studies is presented. This review covers theory, CE separation modes, capillary coatings, and practical aspects of CE-MS coupling. Attention is also given to sample pretreatment and data analysis strategies used for metabolomics. The applicability of CE-MS for clinical metabolomics is illustrated using samples ranging from plasma and urine to cells and tissues. CE-MS application to large-scale and quantitative clinical metabolomics is addressed. Conclusions and perspectives on this unique analytic strategy are presented.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Paragenetic relationships, geochemistry and petrogenetic significance of primary Fe-Mn phosphates from pegmatites: The case study of Canada (Salamanca, Spain) and Palermo (New Hampshire, USA) pegmatites. Primary Fe-Mn phosphates from four pegmatites (Canada, Pakrrno#1, Palermo#2 and Palermo#11) typical of the beryl-columbite-phosphate subtype have been characterized texturally and geochemically. Most of the common Fe-Mn phosphates (triphylite, sarcopside, ferrisicklerite, wagnerite and wolfeite) are extremely poor in trace elements, with the exception of Zn for all them. Li for sarcopside, and Nb and Ta for wagnerite and wolfeite. Calcium-bearing Fe-Mn phosphates (graftonite and johnsomervilleite) are the richest in trace elements, with contents usually over the mean continental crust for Zn, Y, REE and Pb. Crystal-chemical constraints, combined with paragenetic relationships, geochemical and geological processes, are thought to control the content, distribution and behavior of trace elements in Fe-Mn phosphates. Zinc contents in graftonite and triphylite increase with fractionation, whereas Y. Nb, Ba, REE, 1J and Pb contents in graftonite decrease. Crystallization of REE-bearing phases, such as xenotime-(Y), strongly affects the REE content of the Fe-Mn phosphates. Recrystallization processes also seem to affect the trace element contents in phosphates. The earliest primary phosphate associations from Canada and Palermo pegmatites (those containing graftonite), show Y/Ho and Zr/Hf ratios inside or close to the CHARAC (Charge-and-Radius-Controlled) field. This could indicate that such associations crystallized in a magmatic stage without a high H2O activity. Phosphates from the latest associations plot outside the CHARAC field, suggesting that fluid activity became important during the crystallization of these latest associations. Ti-in-biotite, garnet-biotite and triphylite-sarcopside geothermometers have yielded relatively high temperatures of crystallization, between 633 and 386 degrees C, for the earliest associations (presumably crystallized under magmatic conditions). In contrast, the latest associations, whose crystallization presumably proceeded with a higher H2O activity, are in the range of 281-360 degrees C. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "Acceleration of age-related learning and memory decline in middle-aged CD-1 mice due to maternal exposure to lipopolysaccharide during late pregnancy. Previous studies have shown that inflammation process involves pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). But, the natural AD model of inflammation has not been obtained yet. In the present study, CD-1 mothers intraperitoneally received a 50 mu g/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or normal saline daily during gestational days 15-17. Body weight of the offspring was recorded at ages of 4-33 weeks. A different battery of behavioral tasks was, respectively, completed at ages of 35, 290 and 400 days. The results showed that there was no significant difference in body weight between LPS-treated and control mice during ages of 4-33 weeks. LPS-treated offspring had similar anxiety and locomotor behaviors, and spatial ability of learning and memory at the age of 35 days compared to the controls. At an age of 290 days, the LPS-treated offspring had similar sensorimotor ability, locomotor activity and anxiety, species-typical behaviors, and spatial ability of learning and memory. At an age of 400 days, there were similar sensorimotor ability, locomotor activity and anxiety between the LPS-treated offspring and controls. However, there were impaired species-typical behaviors, and spatial and non-spatial abilities of learning and memory in the LPS-treated offspring. Our results suggested that maternal exposure to LPS in adequate dose in late gestation can deliver term offspring which experience a normal duration of development and maturation, and an accelerated aged-related impairment in memory (spatial and non-spatial) and species-typical behaviors in middle-aged. These meet with the criteria of AD model in behaviors. Crown Copyright (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 55]}
+{"token": "The political economy of Norwegian peacemaking in Myanmar's peace process. Norway is widely accepted as a global leader in peacemaking, due to its lengthy track record of involvement in complex peace processes. Its predilection for peacemaking is usually interpreted as a form of 'status-seeking' by a smaller state, aimed at enhancing Norway's influence and reputation in the international system. However, this perception offers a limited view and obscures other motivations that drive Norway to peacemaking. Aimed at addressing this gap, this paper dissects Norwegian peacemaking efforts in Myanmar between 2011 and 2019. The paper utilises a critical political economy lens to uncover the deeper motivations underpinning Norwegian peacemaking, drawing on new interview fieldwork with diverse stakeholders in Myanmar's peace process. The paper finds that material interests, including the desire to access new markets in the Global South, have played a significant role in influencing Norwegian peacemaking, highlighting the instrumental potential of 'status-seeking' in foreign policy. Concerningly, this strategy has served the interests of dominant power groups in Myanmar, contributing to the subordination of minority actors, thus compromising their engagement and revealing an image of Norway that belies constructivist perceptions of its status as a moral or humanitarian 'great power'.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Preliminary comparative studies on complement fixation, dot enzyme immunoassay, and western blotting for the detection of antibodies to Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides SC in Nigerian camel (Camelus dromedarius). The serological prevalence of antibodies to Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC, the aetiological agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), was investigated in Nigerian camels. Fifty-eight serum samples were collected from slaughtered camels and examined by complement fixation (CFT), dot enzyme immunoassay and Western blots. Fourteen of the slaughtered camels examined had pneumonic lesions. All sera examined were negative by CFT but 7 (12.1%) and 4 (6.8%) were positive by dot enzyme immunoassay and Western blots, respectively. The serological evidence of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC in camels and its likely implication in the epidemiology of CBPP are discussed.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Social status and cultural consumption: The case of reading in Chile. This paper examines the association between status and cultural consumption in the domain of reading in Chile. After empirically obtaining a status hierarchy based on the marriage patterns of occupational incumbents, I examine the influence of individual status position on book reading, frequency of reading, and diversity of book genre preferences. The findings indicate that position in the status hierarchy has a significant influence on book reading, and that this influence is net of educational attainment, income, and social class. Furthermore, status, but not education or economic resources, affects the preference for a more diverse book genre portfolio. In contrast, status is not an important determinant of magazine and newspaper reading, while education and income are. A historical account of these contrasting effects suggest that while newspapers and magazines have lost their elite character, diversifying in order to cater to popular taste throughout the 20th century, books remain a marker of 'elite culture' in contemporary Chilean society. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 5, 28, 57]}
+{"token": "Etiology of acute fever without source in infants consulting at an emergency department. Fever is a frequent symptom of consultation in Pediatric Emergency Department. Objectives: to describe causes of acute fever of unknown origin (FUO) in infants under 36 months of age, the utility of requested tests and pediatrician decisions. Patients and Methods: 309 cards of children under 36 months who consulted at Emergency Department for acute FUO were reviewed. Results: 64 % were classified with well clinical condition. Most frequent causes were: probable viral respiratory infections (72%), urinary tract infection (7.4%), pneumonia (2.9%), bacteremia (1.9%), and bacterial meningitis (1.3%). Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most frequent agent isolated from blood cultures. Tests of best utility were: urine analysis and urine culture. Leukocytes count < 15.000/mm(3) and PCR < 4.0 mg/dl had a negative predictive value of 96 %. Nine point seven percent of the patients were hospitalized, while 14.2% received antibiotic treatment at home. Conclusions: We suggest to perform urine analysis and culture as the initial study for children with acute FUO and well clinical condition.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "Late-emerging common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) interference in conventional tillage corn. Waterhemp has emerged as one of the most problematic weeds in agronomic crops in the Midwest because of an extended germination period and widespread occurrence of biotypes resistant to atrazine and sulfonylurea herbicides. However, the competitive effects of late-emerging cohorts on corn yield are not known. Field studies were conducted in 2001 and 2002 at Columbia, Novelty, and Albany, MO, to determine the effects of late-emerging waterhemp interference on corn growth, nitrogen (N) accumulation, and yield. Waterhemp emerged approximately 20 d after planting (DAP) and was treated at heights of 8, 15, 23, 31, 38, or 46 cm with directed applications of dicamba + diflufenzopyr followed by hand hoeing. Soil water status, corn leaf chlorophyll content, and corn and common waterhemp height were recorded at the time of waterhemp removal. N stress was detected with a chlorophyll meter at four of six removal timings at high waterhemp densities (362 or more plants/m(2)) but only at one of six removal timings at lower densities (82 or less plants/m(2)). Water stress was observed at five of the six removal timings at high densities but at none of the removal timings at low densities. High waterhemp densities reduced corn yield when allowed to reach 15 cm before removal, and yields were reduced 36% when not controlled. At low densities, yield losses did not occur unless waterhemp was allowed to remain with corn season long. Our research suggests that waterhemp is less competitive with corn than redroot pigweed, smooth pigweed, and Palmer amaranth. In addition, low densities of late-emerging waterhemp would not warrant removal to protect corn yield.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Money and Financial Capital. The current post-workerist analyses of the crisis of financial capitalism are rooted in the declaration of inconvertibility of the Dollar in 1971 and the consequent collapse of the Bretton Woods monetary system. The experience of Primo Maggio', the magazine on militant history directed by Sergio Bologna, was determinant in developing a consistent explanation of the relationship between money as capital' and working class struggles. The transition from Fordism to Post-fordism, which begun in those years, coincides on the one hand with the crisis of the labour value theory and, on the other, with the emergence of the financialization of capital. The advent of the debt economy, which led to the present crisis, reflects the destruction of the wage relationship and the de-substantialization of money. Beyond any objective measure of value, what is necessary is something that points to the subjectivity of struggles and to the forms of life that give them substance.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Corona generated Radio Interference of the 750 kV AC Bundle Conductors in Sandy and Dusty Weather Condition in the High Altitude Area. Sandy and dusty weather condition often occurs in the high altitude areas of China, which may greatly influence the corona generated radio interference (RI) characteristics of the bundle conductors of 750 kV AC power transmission lines. Corona generated RI of the conductors of the 750 kV AC power transmission lines used in practice is measured by EMI receiver with a coupling circuit and a coupling capacitor connected between the high voltage side and the earth side in fine and sandy and dusty condition. The measuring frequency is 0.5 MHz, and the quasi-peak detection is used. RI excitation function is calculated based on the corona RI current measured by the EMI receiver. Corona generated RI characteristics were analyzed from sand concentration and sand particle size. The test result shows that the corona generated RI excitation function is influenced by the sandy and dusty condition. Corona discharge of the conductors is more serious in sandy and dusty condition with an ultraviolet (UV) detector. Corona generated RI excitation function increases with the increase of sand concentration and also increases with the increase of particle size.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Competing for capital: The diffusion of bilateral investment treaties, 1960-2000. Over the past forty-five years, bilateral investment treaties (BITs) have become the most important international legal mechanism for the encouragement and governance of foreign direct investment. The proliferation of BITs during the past two decades in particular has been phenomenal. These intergovernmental treaties typically grant extensive rights to foreign investors, including protection of contractual rights and the right to international arbitration in the event of an investment dispute. How can we explain the widespread adoption of BITs? We argue that the spread of BlTs is driven by international competition among potential host countries-typically developing countries-for foreign direct investment. We propose a set of hypotheses that derive from such an explanation and develop a set of empirical tests that rely on network measures of economic competition as well as more indirect evidence of competitive pressures on the host to sign BlTs. The evidence suggests that potential hosts are more likely to sign BITs when their competitors have done so. We find some evidence that coercion and learning play a role, but less support for cultural explanations based on emulation. Our main finding is that the diffusion of BlTs is associated with competitive economic pressures among developing countries to capture a share of foreign investment. We are agnostic at this point about the benefits of this competition for development.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "How hard is it to create values?. This article examines what Nietzsche might mean by the proposition that \\\\'values are created\\\\'. It further raises the issue whether there is a \\\\'hard problem of value\\\\' analogous to the \\\\'hard problem\\\\' in the philosophy of mind. Nietzsche could be seen as a philosopher who tried to shift people's views about values away from any realist-objectivist intuitions. He was optimistic that these views could be eliminated, and that eventually most or all would come to conceive of values as perspectival and created. It is shown first that Nietzsche rejects value realism in favour of a compelling anti realist conception of value, which he takes to be superior due to one specific property of values, their \\\\'aliveness\\\\'. If there is a \\\\'hard problem of value\\\\', however, i. e. that for the realist any created value simply does not count as a value, it is unclear if Nietzsche's conception is constructive.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "HOT-HEADS, GENTLEMEN AND THE LIBERTIES OF TRADESMEN POPULAR POLITICS AND THE PHILADELPHIA TANNERS' AFFAIR OF 1739. Over the summer and autumn of 1739 Philadelphia's two newspapers published competing versions of a hearing in the Pennsylvania assembly that was described as the 'Affair of the Tanners'. What began as a minor property dispute in the colonial assembly became, with the aid of the local press, a citywide paper war for the support of the urban populace. This article argues the affair provides unique evidence for competing conceptions of the common good in the eighteenth-century colonial city, and was an expression of conflict with deep roots in Philadelphia's history. The affair also shows how the medium of print could reflect both transatlantic cultural processes as well as distinctly local grievances, as a group of prosperous city artisans and their opponents utilized the city's newspapers to articulate competing commonwealth ideologies.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Specific Skills of Social Workers in Human Talent Management. As a result of the research entitled Labor skills of social workers in human talent management, this article aims to identify the specific skills of social workers in the area of human talent management. These skills are addressed and analyzed from a qualitative approach, using structured interviews to 48 social workers as methodology.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "24-hour pituitary and adrenal hormone profiles in chronic fatigue syndrome. Objectives: Disturbances of neuroendocrine function, particularly the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). However, few studies have attempted to measure blood levels of pituitary or adrenal hormones across a whole 24-hour period in CFS, and those that did so have used infrequent sampling periods. Our aim was to assess 24-hour pituitary and adrenal function using frequent blood sampling. Methods: We recruited 15 medication-free patients with CFS without comorbid psychiatric disorder and 10 healthy control subjects. Blood samples were collected over 24 hours and assayed for cortisol, corticotropin (ACTH), growth hormone (GH), and prolactin (PRL) levels on an hourly basis during daytime hours (10 AM to 10 PM) and every 15 minutes thereafter (10 Pm to 10 AM). Results: Repeated-measures analyses of variance were undertaken using hormone levels averaged over 2-hour blocks to smooth curves by reducing the influence of sample timing relative to secretory burst. For ACTH, there was both a main effect of group, suggesting reduced mean ACTH secretion in patients with CFS over the whole monitoring period, and a group-by-time interaction, suggesting a differential pattern of ACTH release. Post hoc analysis showed reduced ACTH levels in CFS during the 8 AM to 10 AM period. In contrast, there were no significant abnormalities in the levels of cortisol, GH, and PRL in patients with CFS over the full cycle compared with control subjects. Cosinor analysis found no differences in the cortisol circadian rhythm parameters, but the ACTH rhythm did differ, patients with CFS showing an earlier acrophase. Conclusions: Patients with CFS demonstrated subtle alterations in HPA axis activity characterized by reduced ACTH over a full circadian cycle and reduced levels during the usual morning physiological peak ACTH secretion. This provides further evidence of subtle dysregulation of the HPA axis in CFS. Whether this dysregulation is a primary feature of the illness or instead represents a biologic effect secondary to having the illness itself remains unclear.", "label": [2, 5, 23, 55]}
+{"token": "Effect of inulin and pectin on physicochemical characteristics and emulsion stability of meat batters. The aim of this study was to investigate levels of inulin and pectin replacing pork back fat in meat batter (MB) formulation. Six treatments were evaluated: T1, control MB (100% pork back fat); T2, MB+70% pork back fat (low fat); T3, MB+85% pork back fat+15% inulin; T4, MB+70% pork back fat+30% inulin; T5, MB+85% pork back fat+7.5% inulin+7.5% pectin; and T6, MB+70% pork back fat+15% inulin+15% pectin. T6 reduced pH, maintained brightness (L*), increased redness (a*), yellowness (b*), Chroma, and browning index (BI); T4 decreased a*, b*, BI, and water holding capacity but increased the total color change (E), cooking loss, and total expressible fluid. The addition of 15% inulin and 15% pectin can be used to replace fat without affecting the physical properties of MB. RESUMENEl objetivo de este estudio fue investigar niveles de inulina y pectina remplazando la grasa dorsal en la formulacion de pastas carnicas (PC) de salchichas Frankfurt. Seis tratamientos fueron evaluados: T1, control PC (100% grasa dorsal); T2, PC+70% grasa dorsal (bajo en grasa); T3, PC+85% grasa dorsal+15% inulina; T4, PC+70% grasa dorsal+30% inulina; T5, PC+85% grasa dorsal+7,5% inulina+7,5% pectina; T6, PC+70% grasa dorsal+15% inulina+15% pectina. T6 disminuyo el pH, mantuvo la luminosidad (L*), incremento la tendencia al color rojo (a*), tendencia al amarillo, Chroma, e indice de coloracion (IC); T4 redujo a*, b*, IC y la capacidad de retencion de agua pero incremento el cambio de color toral (CCT), perdida de cocido y el fluido total expulsado. La adicion de 15% inulina y 15% pectina pueden ser usados para remplazar la grasa sin afectar las propiedades fisicas de las pastas carnicas.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Research in accounting for income taxes. This paper comprehensively reviews the Accounting for Income Taxes (AFIT) literature. We begin by identifying four distinctive aspects of AFIT and briefly covering the rules surrounding AFIT. We then review the existing studies in detail and offer suggestions for future research. We emphasize the research questions that have been addressed (most of which relate to whether the tax accounts are used to manage earnings and whether the tax accounts are priced by equity market participants). We also highlight areas that have not received much research attention and that warrant future analysis. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48, 49]}
+{"token": "Genomic organization of the structural genes controlling the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. The cloning and nucleotide sequence of the genes (idi, crtE, crtYB, crtI and crtS) controlling the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway of the wild-type ATCC 24230 strain of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous in their genomic and cDNA version were obtained. The idi, crtE, crtYB, crtI and crtS genes were cloned, as fragments of 10.9, 11.5, 15.8, 5.9 and 4 kb respectively. The nucleotide sequence data analysis indicates that the idi, crtE, crtYB, crtI and crtS genes have 4, 8, 4, 11, and 17 introns and 5, 9, 5, 12 and 18 exons respectively. In addition, a highly efficient site-directed mutagenesis system was developed by transformation by integration, followed by mitotic recombination (the double recombinant method). Heterozygote idi (idi(+)/idi(-)::hph), crtE (crtE(+/)crtE(-)::hph), crtYB (crtYB(+)/crtYB(-)::hph), crtI (crtI(+)/crtI(-)::hph) and crtS (crtS(+)/crtS(-)::hph) and homozygote mutants crtYB (crtYB(-)::hph/crtYB(-)::hph), crtI (crtI(-)::hph/crtI(-)::hph) and crtS (crtS(-)::hph/crtS(-)::hph) were constructed. All the heterozygote mutants have a pale phenotype and produce less carotenoids than the wild-type strain. The genetic analysis of the crtYB, crtI and crtS loci in the wild-type, heterozygote, and homozygote give evidence of the diploid constitution of ATCC 24230 strains. In addition, the cloning of a truncated form of the crtYB that lacks 153 amino acids of the N-terminal region derived from alternatively spliced mRNA was obtained. Their heterologous expression in Escherichia coli carrying the carotenogenic cluster of Erwinia uredovora result in trans-complementation and give evidence of its functionality in this bacterium, maintaining its phytoene synthase activity but not the lycopene cyclase activity.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "A victim of prudishness Chaucer's Miller's Tale retold over the centuries. Often excluded from Chaucer's modernizations or heavily censored, The Miller's Tale over the centuries has been stigmatized as bawdy, obscene and, as such, unfit for the general reader. The article briefly reviews the history of the modernization of The Miller's Tale in the 18th-19th centuries and focuses on its four major 20th-early 21st-century translations into modern English to find out how the motives of decency might have determined the translators' choices where it concerns the tale's explicit language. The argument of decency appears to be a lame excuse for the failure of many of Chaucer's modernizers to understand the true purport and place of The Miller's Tale in the overall composition of The Canterbury Tales, as well as to appreciate Chaucer's literary achievement in representing through his characters' narratives the spirit and mindset of his age.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Electroencephalographic effects of sevoflurane in paediatric anaesthesia: a prospective study of 20 cases.. Results: Myoclonics movements were observed during induction of anaesthesia in two boys. Myoclonics movements stopped spontaneously without therapy. Epileptiform EEG activity (spikes and poly-spikes, burst suppression) was observed. In the 18 others cases, during sevoflurane induction, EEG changed rapidly with an increase in the range of beta activity (> 13 Hz) (n = 15) and in slow (< 8 Hz) and delta activity (< 4 Hz). In 14 patients, at time of laryngoscopy, the EEGs showed monophasic slow data activity (sharp high-voltage slow waves). Periods of EEG isoelectrical (burst suppression) were seen without spikes in four cases.Conclusion: At 2 MAC, epileptiform EEG activity has been observed during sevoflurane anaesthesia. In a short group of patients, this raises the question of avoiding sevoflurane in patients who have a history of epilepsy. (C) 2001 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS.Patients: Twenty patients were consecutively included (ASA I-II; aged : 13-101 months).Objective: To study electroencephalographic (EEG) changes in children during induction of anaesthesia with 8% sevoflurane.Material and method: Prospective study; approved by the Ethics Committee;written informed consent obtained from parents; anaesthesia induced with 8% sevoflurane in oxygen; no premedication was given; to collect the EEG data, non-invasive electodes were installed before induction; EEG was recorded continuously and stored on a computer for later analyses (descriptive analysis).", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Long-term follow-up of endoscopic third ventriculostomy performed in the pediatric population. CONCLUSIONS In the authors' series, ETV had an initial early failure rate for the treatment of pediatric hydrocephalus as reported previously, and this rate significantly depended on patient age and hydrocephalus etiology. Once stabilized and effective, ETV appeared to be durable but not guaranteed, and some late decline in effectiveness was observed, with some ETV failures occurring many years later. Thus, successful ETV in children cannot be guaranteed for life, and some form of follow-up is recommended long term into adulthood.OBJECTIVE Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is an effective treatment for obstructive hydrocephalus and avoids the risk for foreign-body infection associated with ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts. The short-term failure rate of ETV strongly depends on the indications for its use but is generally thought to be lower in the long term than that of VP shunts. However, few studies are available with long-term follow-up data of ETV for hydrocephalus in children. The authors reviewed the long-term success of ETV at their institution to investigate the rate of any late failures of this procedure.METHODS Between April 1998 and June 2006, 113 children (including neonates and children up to 16 years old) had primary or secondary ETV for different causes of hydrocephalus. The patients' medical records and the authors' electronic operation database were reviewed for evidence of additional surgery (i.e., repeat ETV or VP shunt insertion). These records were checked at both the pediatric and adult neurosurgical hospitals for those patients who had their care transferred to adult services.RESULTS The median length of follow-up was 8.25 years (range 1 month to 16 years). Long-term follow-up data for 96 patients were available, 47 (49%) of whom had additional ETV or VP shunt insertion for ETV failure. Twenty patients (21%) had a second procedure within 1 month, 17 patients (18%) between 1 and 12 months, 7 patients (7%) between 1 and 5 years, and 3 patients (3%) between 5 and 8 years.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Fundamental studies of bloodstain formation and characteristics. A detailed understanding of blood droplet impact dynamics and stain formation is an essential prerequisite to the interpretation of both individual bloodstains and spatter patterns. The current literature on theoretical models for the spreading and splashing of liquid drops on surfaces relevant to the forensic context of bloodstain formation has been reviewed. These models have been evaluated for a paper substrate using experimental data obtained as function of droplet size, impact velocity and angle. It is shown that for perpendicular impact there are fairly simple mathematical models for the spreading diameter and the number of scallops or spines formed around the stain though these have quite limited ranges of validity in their basic form. In particular, predictions for the diameter are best for small droplets impacting at high velocity and the number of spines saturates for higher impact velocities. In the case of spreading, a modification to the energy conservation model is found to provide excellent agreement with experimental stain diameters across a wide range of impact velocities. For non-perpendicular impact, the width of stains is found to depend principally on the normal component of impact velocity and may be predicted by an appropriate modification to the expression for the perpendicular case. Limitations in the calculation of impact angle from the stain aspect ratio are identified and a theoretical basis for the prediction of spines around an elliptical stain is proposed. Some key issues for future research are identified which include a systematic, quantitative study of the effect of surface properties on bloodstain formation. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Biotechnology patenting policy in the European union as exemplified by the development in Germany. Patenting of biotechnological inventions is an important concomitant side effect of progress in this field, but also a matter of dispute in the public. in this paper, the significance of and the prerequisites for patenting are reviewed, and the principal requirements for biotechnology patents in the signatory states of the European Patent Convention (EPC) are summarized. This is followed by a report on the historical development of biotech-patent legislation in Europe and in Germany as one contracting state to EPC and member state of the European Union. Characteristic features of the patenting policy in Europe and Germany are illustrated by critical examples of biotechnology patents or patent applications. Some examples illustrate the influence of the European Union's national states' case laws after these had crystallized into the EU Biotechnology Directive (1998), which later was adopted by the European Patent Organization into its Implementing Regulations (2001) and was implemented into national patent acts. Some frequent objections against patenting in modern biotechnology are considered. More and better information about prerequisites, consequences, and opportunities of patenting in biotechnology, if conveyed to science and technology scholars as multipliers, may help to rationalize public discussion.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "OTOPALATODIGITAL SYNDROME TYPE-II - REPORT OF 2 RELATED CASES. Two cases with major features of bowed long bones, hypertelorism, mandibular hypoplasia and hand and foot abnormalities with early neonatal death due to respiratory failure are presented. The radiologic and clinical findings are in keeping with oto-palato-digital syndrome type II and differ significantly from other causes of bowed long bones such as campomelic and kyphomelic dysplasias.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "To see ourselves: The rhetorical construction of an ideal citizenry in the perorations of twentieth-century budget speeches. For classical writers the peroration represented a recapitulation of the arguments that had been deployed in a speech, but was also considered the part which sought to engage the emotions of the audience. In their use of pathos, perorations are therefore particularly revealing. This article considers how they have been used by Chancellors, who have employed the collective concepts of 'country', 'nation' and 'people' to rouse, exhort, persuade, console, applaud, and inspire their audiences through the rhetorical construction of an ideal British citizenry.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "President Bolsonaro's Promises and Actions on Corruption Control. Before the 2018 Brazilian presidential elections, candidate Jair Bolsonaro offered a bold message on corruption control. Among his promises, Bolsonaro vowed to promote government transparency, dismiss any member of his team accused of corruption, and defend the country's institutions of accountability. Bolsonaro also offered to support a once-popular legislative reform proposal known as the Ten Measures Against Corruption. However, it is worth cautioning that anticorruption as a rhetorical device has been a near-permanent feature of the Brazilian political landscape. In this article, we seek to compare Bolsonaro's campaign promises with his early actions as president. The evidence shows that, months after the 2018 elections, President Bolsonaro has failed the anticorruption mandate on which he was elected.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "The Problem of Violence in the Context of Gender Methodology: Socio-philosophical Analysis. In this article, the concept of hegemonic masculinity of Australian sociologist Raewyn Connell is considered as a theoretical and methodological basis for understanding violence as a social phenomenon. Violence is seen as a stabilizing mechanism of the world gender order, designed to support the normative canon of hegemonic masculinity in all spheres of society. This study is designed to form a cautious attitude to the operation of gender terms and schemes in explicating the basic prerequisites of the problem of violence. The gendered nature of violence does not mean that all violence in the world is committed by men against women. Gender methodology opens up a more complex, moving, historical scheme for suppressing both men and women from the normative canon of hegemonic masculinity. This idealized and ideologized standard functions in culture as a kind of non-alternative ethical imperative that sets clear foundations for the social structure as a whole and stabilizes the social system through a variety of practices of violence. The article concludes that the reduction in the scale of violence in society is closely related to the weakening of the influence of the traditional gender scheme.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "An investigation on mechanical and durability properties of mortars containing nano and micro RHA. This study investigated the effects of nano rice husk ash (NRHA) and micro rice husk ash (MRHA) on chloride permeability, electrical resistivity, capillary absorption and compressive strength of mortars. It was found that the incorporation of NRHA and MRHA enhanced mortar performance in the long term, whereas NRHA contributed to considerable enhancements at both early and long-term ages. Results proved that the strength and durability properties of mortars containing NRHA up to 7.5% levels of replacement by weight of cement gradually enhanced in comparison with control mix. However, mortars incorporating 2.5% NRHA together with 12.5% MRHA demonstrated the best improvements for durability and strength development at the age of 90 days. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Ideal L2 self and willingness to communicate: A moderated mediation model of shyness and grit. The aim of this study is to deepen our understanding of psychological processes involved in learning an additional language, particularly the associations between ideal L2 self and L2 willingness to communicate (L2 WTC). For this purpose, a moderated mediation model is proposed that incorporates grit and psychological shyness. Drawing on the L2 Motiva-tional Self System framework, this study proposes that ideal L2 self would be positively related to L2 WTC and that grit would mediate the association between the two constructs. We also posit that this mediated association would be moderated by psychological shyness. The data for this multi-university study were collected across three cities in China from 842 (N = 842) undergraduate students majoring in Business English and English for Educational Purposes. Robust analytical techniques were employed to analyze the data. The findings suggested that ideal L2 self was positively related to L2 WTC and that grit mediated the relationship between these two constructs. Additionally, the link between ideal L2 self and grit was found to be moderated by psychological shyness. Furthermore, the strength of this mediated effect increased alongside the level of shyness. These findings hold some notable pedagogical implications. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 5, 53, 28]}
+{"token": "The Social Network(s) of the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period Treasurers: Rehuerdjersen, Siese, Ikhernefret and Senebsumai. Studies on the ancient Egyptian administrative system(s) are usually based on analysis of the institutions and officials attached to them. The present paper focuses on the social settings of the four Middle Kingdom / Second Intermediate Period highest ranking officials, Le., treasurers. Starting with the traditional methodological approach, which focuses on collecting the prosopographic data, this paper further addresses the implementation of Social Network Analysis (sNA) tools for analyzing the obtained material. SNA is used to study people, or groups of people (nodes), linked together through social interaction, and relations or links between them (edges). SNA exemplifies various types of interaction through networks and analyzes them. By applying SNA methodology for studying the networks of the selected treasurers, it is possible to reconstruct more precisely their social setting (both private and institutional) and interrelations, which complement the traditional approach, but also provide new possibilities for research into ancient Egyptian administration.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Late Holocene sea-level rise in Tampa Bay: Integrated reconstruction using biomarkers, pollen, organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts, and diatoms. A suite of organic geochemical, micropaleontological and palynological proxies was applied to sediments from Southwest Florida, to study the Holocene environmental changes associated with sea-level rise. Sediments were recovered from Hillsborough Bay, part of Tampa Bay, and studied using biomarkers, pollen, organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts and diatoms. Analyses show that the site flooded around 7.5 ka as a consequence of Holocene transgression, progressively turning a fresh/brackish marl-marsh into a shallow, restricted marine environment. Immediately after the marine transgression started, limited water circulation and high amounts of runoff caused stratification of the water column. A shift in dinocysts and diatom assemblages to more marine species, increasing concentrations of marine biomarkers and a shift in the Diol Index indicate increasing salinity between 7.5 ka and the present, which is likely a consequence of progressing sea-level rise. Reconstructed sea surface temperatures for the past 4 kyrs are between 25 and 26 degrees C, and indicate stable temperatures during the Late Holocene. A sharp increase in sedimentation rate in the top similar to 50 cm of the core is attributed to human impact. The results are in agreement with parallel studies from the area, but this study further refines the environmental reconstructions having the advantage of simultaneously investigating changes in the terrestrial and marine environment. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 45, 39]}
+{"token": "RECOVERY OF ZINC FROM PICKLING BATHS WITH AMBERLITE LA-2 - INFLUENCE OF MODIFIER ON THE EXTRACTION EQUILIBRIUM. On the basis of this reaction, an easy to use model was developed to describe the extraction behaviour of Zn in typical pickling baths.  Prediction and optimization of a solvent extraction plant performance under changing industrial feed conditions is then possible.  This model takes account of the influence of isodecanol used as modifier.The extraction of zinc chloride by Amberlite LA-2, a long chain secondary alkylamine, dissolved in Shellsol K, a naphthenic solvent, has been studied at room temperature.  Isodecanol was used as modifier.  The aqueous phases were chloride solutions of Zn(II) and Fe(II) in the concentration range commonly encountered in pickling baths, viz. about 1 and 1.5 mol/1, respectively.  The ionic strength was kept constant at 4 mol/1 in all experiments.  Measurement of the distribution equilibrium of zinc chloride was carried out over wide concentration ranges of amine, zinc chloride, free chloride and isodecanol.  It was assumed that the zinc chloride was extracted according to the following reactionZnCl2,aq + 2 AHCl2,org --> (AH)2ZnCl4,org", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "HtrA homologue of Legionella pneumophila: an indispensable element for intracellular infection of mammalian but not protozoan cells. Legionella pneumophila replicates within alveolar macrophages, and possibly, alveolar epithelial cells and also within protozoa in the aquatic environment. Here we characterize an L. pneumophila mutant defective in the HtrA/DegP stress-induced protease/chaperone homologue and show that HtrA is indispensable for intracellular replication within mammalian macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells and for intrapulmonary replication in A/J mice. Importantly, amino acid substitutions of two conserved residues in the catalytic domain of (H-103-->R and S-212-->A) and in-frame deletions of either or both of the two conserved PDZ domains of HtrA abolish its function. Interestingly, the htrA mutant exhibits a parental-type phenotype in intracellular replication within the protozoan host Acanthamoeba polyphaga. We used a promoterless lacZ fusion to the htrA promoter to probe the phagosomal microenvironment harboring L. pneumophila within macrophages and within A. polyphaga for the exposure to stress stimuli. The data show that expression through the htrA promoter is induced by 12,000- to 20,000-fold throughout the intracellular infection of macrophages but its induction is by 120- to 500 fold within protozoa compared to in vitro expression. Data derived from confocal laser scanning microscopy reveal that in contrast to the parental strain, phagosomes harboring the hh A mutant within U937 macrophages colocalize with the late endosomal-lysosomal marker LAMP-2, similar to killed L. pneumophila. Coinfection experiments examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy show that in communal phagosomes harboring both the parental strain and the htrA mutant, replication of the mutant is not rescued, while replication of a dotA mutant control, which is normally trafficked into a phagolysosome, is rescued by the parental strain. Our data show, for the first time, that the stress response by L. pneumophila (mediated, at least in part, by HtrA) is indispensable for intracellular replication within mammalian but not protozoan cells.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
+{"token": "The outcomes and prognostic factors of fetal hydrothorax associated with trisomy 21. MethodsA nationwide survey was conducted on FHT fetuses with trisomy 21 delivered after 22 weeks' gestation between January 2007 and December 2011 at perinatal centers.ConclusionsThe prognosis of FHT with trisomy 21 was not very poor, but it was still worse than that of primary FHT. Hydrops, an early gestational age at the diagnosis and bilateral effusion, but not associated anomalies, were risk factors for death. Fetal therapy showed no survival benefit for FHT with trisomy 21. (c) 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.ResultsThe 91 cases of FHT with trisomy 21 included 28 (30.8%) diagnosed in utero and 63 (69.2%) diagnosed after birth. The natural remission rate was 6.6% (6/91). Thoracoamniotic shunting was performed in 14.3% (13/91) of cases. The survival rates of the hydropic, nonhydropic, and total cases were 47.0% (31/66), 84.0% (21/25), and 57.1% (52/91), respectively. The crude odds ratio for death was 8.2 (p=0.003) for fetuses diagnosed at 26-30weeks of gestational age (vs 30weeks), 5.9 (p=0.003) for hydrops, 4.0 (p=0.04) for bilateral pleural effusion, 0.68 (p=0.42) for associated cardiovascular anomalies, and 2.1 (p=0.26) for thoracoamniotic shunting (vs no fetal therapy).ObjectivesTo determine the characteristics, outcomes, and prognostic factors of fetal hydrothorax (FHT) with trisomy 21.", "label": [2, 22, 20]}
+{"token": "Simulation of pH level distribution inside a coiled flow inverter for continuous low pH viral inactivation. The continuous production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with the help of disposable equipment poses one of the future major changes in the pharmaceutical industry. Consequently, continuous viral clearance needs to be developed as well. The coiled flow inverter (CFI) was successfully implemented in the continuous downstream as a residence time module for low pH viral inactivation. As the elution profile of the upstream continuously operated protein A chromatography results in fluctuating pH values, the pH level distribution inside the CFI is highly relevant. This study presents a detailed investigation of pH level distribution inside the CFI at varying inlet conditions with the help of computational fluid dynamics simulation. The simulation model was validated first with the help of experimental data. Afterwards, the model was used for further investigations. It was determined that with a pH sine curve as input, the duration until steady state at the outlet requires two times the minimum residence time of the apparatus. Moreover, it could be observed that the CFI itself offers a progressive dampening effect on the pH level distribution. Afterwards, different forms of the sine curve representing different operation modes of the continuous protein A chromatograph were tested to evaluate this dampening capability. It became clear that the switch time has the highest influence on the resulting pH of the outlet stream and should be considered for process development. Finally, the radial pH profiles at different positions inside the CFI were determined. This once again revealed the high radial mixing capability of the CFI and its influence on the resulting product stream.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "The prevalence of hepatitis B seropositivity among patients with cholangiocarcinoma. Cholangiocarcinoma is a malignancy of the biliary duct system. Presently, these malignant biliary tract diseases are common among the people in Southeast Asia, with the world's highest prevalence in northeastern Thailand and Laos. This carcinoma tends to grow slowly and to infiltrate the walls of the ducts, dissecting along tissue planes and leading to biliary tract obstruction. Recently, hepatitis virus-associated chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis has been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma. Here, we report the prevalence of hepatitis B seropositivity among Thai patients with cholangiocarcinoma. A total of 55 patients with cholangiocarcinoma, who were admitted to King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thailand, during 1992-2001, with known hepatitis B serology was selected for further prevalence study. Of the 55 cases (32 males and 22 females), hepatitis B seropositivity was found in five cases (three males and two females), giving a total prevalence rate equal to 9.1% (9.4% for male and 9.2% for females). Since hepatitis B infection is believed to be a risk factor in the development of cholangiocarcinoma, and both cholangiocarcinoma and hepatitis B infection are common in Thailand, screening and vaccination for hepatitis B may be a useful strategy to decrease the high rate of cholanigocarcinoma in Thailand. Further long-term study to study the relation of hepatitis B infection and cholangiocarcinoma is recommended.", "label": [2, 18, 21]}
+{"token": "Commercial logging fatalities in Ontario, 1986-1991. Despite the economic importance and hazardous nature of commercial logging in various regions, few medical studies have examined fatalities in this industry. Data derived from the files of the Ontario Chief Coroner's Office revealed 52 deaths, all men, from 1986 to 1991 in the province of Ontario. Forty-four cases were accidents (age range 20-73 years; average, 44 years), the majority involving experienced loggers. Personal error resulting in preventable unsafe work practices was a factor in most accidents (n=35; 79.5%). Almost one half of injured workers were struck by either dead or cut trees. Although the majority of cases occurred in remote areas, delayed medical attention as a factor contributing to death was uncommon. Many of the injuries were non-survivable and most victims (n=33; 75%) were dead at the scene. Most deaths were caused by either head and neck injuries (n=20; 45.5%), multiple trauma (n=10; 23%), chest trauma only (n=6; 13.5%), or mechanical asphyxia (n=5; 11%). Blood alcohol was negative in 24 accident victims tested. Eight deaths (age range 42-52 years; average, 49 years) were due to cardiac causes, mainly ischemic heart disease. Disease may have contributed to two accidents.", "label": [2, 3, 18, 29]}
+{"token": "THE LIFE AND TIMES OF PETER SNODGRASS, 1817-1867. Peter Snodgrass, an early pioneer and squatter in the Port Phillip District, died on 27 November 1867. A member of a gentrified military family, he reconstructed his life by overlanding from New South Wales to the Goulburn River District where he established a pastoral holding. Despite his early reputation as 'a wild young manhe became a member of Port Phillip District's first Legislative Council, first Legislative Assembly and first Prahran Council, and was also a foundation member of a number of professional and sporting clubs in Melbourne. A somewhat enigmatic figure in his lifetime, Snodgrass is yet worthy of study for legacies that became an integral part of Victoria's cultural heritage.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "A Novel Improved Bat Algorithm in UAV Path Planning. Path planning algorithm is the key point to UAV path planning scenario. Many traditional path planning methods still suffer from low convergence rate and insufficient robustness. In this paper, three main methods are contributed to solving these problems. First, the improved artificial potential field (APF) method is adopted to accelerate the convergence process of the bat's position update. Second, the optimal success rate strategy is proposed to improve the adaptive inertia weight of bat algorithm. Third chaos strategy is proposed to avoid falling into a local optimum. Compared with standard APF and chaos strategy in UAV path planning scenarios, the improved algorithm CPFIBA (The improved artificial potential field method combined with chaotic bat algorithm, CPFIBA) significantly increases the success rate of finding suitable planning path and decrease the convergence time. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm also has great robustness for processing with path planning problems. Meanwhile, it overcomes the shortcomings of the traditional meta-heuristic algorithms, as their convergence process is the potential to fall into a local optimum. From the simulation, we can see also obverse that the proposed CPFIBA provides better performance than BA and DEBA in problems of UAV path planning.", "label": [1, 4, 40, 11]}
+{"token": "Parental Perceptions of Culturally Sensitive Care and Well-Child Visit Quality. RESULTS: Two hundred twelve parents (71% of those approached) completed the survey. Parents born abroad, compared with those born in the United States, reported significantly higher culturally sensitive care scores (+0.21; confidence interval [CI]: 0.004, 0.43). Haitian parents reported significantly lower culturally sensitive care scores compared with non-Hispanic white parents (-0.49; CI: -0.89, -0.09). Parent-reported culturally sensitive care was significantly associated with higher odds of well-child visit quality including receipt of anticipatory guidance (adjusted odds ratio: 2.68; Cl: 1.62, 4.62) and overall well-child visit quality (adjusted odds ratio: 2.54; CI: 1.59, 4.22).CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with prior research of adult patients, this study demonstrates an association between parent-reported culturally sensitive care and well-child visit quality. Future research should explore best practices to integrating culturally sensitive care in pediatric preventive health care settings.METHODS: We conducted cross-sectional surveys with parents attending a well-child visit for a child ages 3 to 48 months. To measure culturally sensitive care, we created a composite score by averaging 8 subscales from an adapted version of the Clinicians' Cultural Sensitivity Survey. We assessed well-child visit quality through the Promoting Healthy Development Survey. Multivariate linear regression was used to understand associations between demographic characteristics and parent-reported culturally sensitive care. We used multivariate logistic regression to examine associations between culturally sensitive care and well-child visit quality.OBJECTIVE: Incorporating culturally sensitive care into well-child visits may help address pediatric preventive care disparities faced by racial and ethnic minorities, families with limited English proficiency, and immigrants. We explored parents' perspectives about the extent to which their children's pediatric care is culturally sensitive and potential associations between culturally sensitive care and well-child visit quality.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Eradicating hepatitis C virus ameliorates insulin resistance without change in adipose depots. Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is associated with lipid-related changes and insulin resistance; the latter predicts response to antiviral therapy, liver disease progression and the risk of diabetes. We sought to determine whether insulin sensitivity improves following CHC viral eradication after antiviral therapy and whether this is accompanied by changes in fat depots or adipokine levels. We compared 8 normoglycaemic men with CHC (genotype 1 or 3) before and at least 6months post viral eradication and 15 hepatitis C antibody negative controls using an intravenous glucose tolerance test and two-step hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp with [6,6-H-2(2)] glucose to assess peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity. Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy quantified abdominal fat compartments, liver and intramyocellular lipid. Peripheral insulin sensitivity improved (glucose infusion rate during high-dose insulin increased from 10.1 +/- 1.6 to 12 +/- 2.1mg/kg/min/, P=0.025), with no change in hepatic insulin response following successful viral eradication, without any accompanying change in muscle, liver or abdominal fat depots. There was corresponding improvement in incremental glycaemic response to intravenous glucose (pretreatment: 62.1 +/- 8.3 vs post-treatment: 56.1 +/- 8.5mm, P=0.008). Insulin sensitivity after viral clearance was comparable to matched controls without CHC. Post therapy, liver enzyme levels decreased but, interestingly, levels of glucagon, fatty acid-binding protein and lipocalin-2 remained elevated. Eradication of the hepatitis C virus improves insulin sensitivity without alteration in fat depots, adipokine or glucagon levels, consistent with a direct link of the virus with insulin resistance.", "label": [2, 22, 25, 21]}
+{"token": "Deep impact: a longitudinal analysis of the presence of think tanks in the press during the crisis and the recovery period. This study determines the influence of the main Spanish think tanks in the national and international media during the period from 2004 to 2018. We use quantitative analysis on the published contents (from Factiva (R)) of the main Spanish think tanks between 1st January 2004 and 31st December 2018 in national and international media. The results suggest that the impact of think tanks has increased since the crisis period and has remained constant thereafter, thereby confirming the relevant role of think tanks in public opinion. Moreover, during the process of economic policy design, there has been a significant increase in the hegemony of a few think tanks' influence in media debates.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Use of biochemical and DNA diagnostics for characterising multiple mechanisms of insecticide resistance in the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). The peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) can resist a range of insecticides by over-producing detoxifying esterase and having mutant-insensitive forms of the target proteins, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and the sodium channel. Using a combination of bioassays, biochemical and DNA diagnostics, it is now possible to diagnose all three mechanisms in individual aphids, and thereby establish their spatial distributions and temporal dynamics. A survey of 58 samples of wide geographic origin showed that all 46 resistant clones had amplified esterase genes (E4 or FE4) conferring broad-spectrum resistance to pyrethroids, organophosphates and carbamates. These occurred in combination with insensitive AChE (11 clones), conferring resistance to pirimicarb and triazamate, and/or mutant sodium channel genes (25 clones), conferring knockdown (kdr) resistance to pyrethroids and DDT. Amplified esterase genes were in linkage disequilibrium with both insensitive AChE and the kdr mutation, reflecting tight physical linkage, heavy selection favouring aphids with multiple mechanisms, and/or the prominence of parthenogenesis in many M. persicae populations. An ability to monitor individual mechanisms with contrasting cross-resistance profiles has important implications for the development of resistance management recommendations.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 44]}
+{"token": "RECOMBINATION BETWEEN A HERPES-SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE-1 VECTOR DELETED FOR IMMEDIATE EARLY GENE-3 AND THE INFECTED CELL GENOME. We have used a vector derived from a herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) mutant deleted for 3.6 kbp of the essential immediate early gene 3 to transduce the Tn5 neomycin phosphotransferase (neo(r)) gene into rodent and primate cells in culture. The transgene was flanked by genomic sequences from the human hprt gene. We demonstrate in this study that sequences introduced by infection with the replication-defective HSV vector can be stably inserted into the cell genome by recombination. Both the efficiency of stable transduction, measured by the number of neo(r)-positive colonies, and the number and length of the transgene sequences inserted into the cell genome were found to be a function of cell type. The transduction efficiency appeared to be influenced, at least in part, by the cytopathic potential of the replication-defective HSV-1 vector, which was more pronounced in primate than in rodent cells.", "label": [2, 19, 21]}
+{"token": "Researching religious authority in education: Political theology, elites' theory and the double nexus. This article provides a theoretical frame to structure methodological approaches to examining religious authority in education. It does so by examining the complex, overlapping relationship between secular and religious authority and the institutional power of education evident through responses to issues of cultural expression. The political theologies research examined ongoing tensions - accommodations, conflicts and resolutions - of religious authority with secular political systems, legal frameworks and institutions of educational replication. Through the data it became clear that education - in the broadest sense, as well as in its formal institutional structures provided a mediating role for power exchanges between religious and political authority, which was especially evident in responses of religious leaders to issues of cultural and self-expression. Through interviews with senior religious leaders and authority figures in England - technically religious 'elites' - the findings provide insights into a 'double nexus' conceptual framework for researching religious authority in education: first, the internal nexus within religious traditions and, second, the external nexus of religious communities with secular, legal and political authority. Theoretically and methodologically, this represents a critical synthesis of political theology and elites' theory, providing as yet underexplored possibilities for researching religious authority in education.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "An intellectual property-based corporate strategy: An R&D spend, patent, trademark, media communication, and market price innovation agenda. An intellectual property (IP)-centric, communication-based Innovation Agenda is proposed and investigated. The agenda, which is aligned with IP legal prescription, is defined as follows: the firm's R&D expenditure is captured within products. The firm applies for a patent and files a trademark to protect its interests in the 'patentable' product, and issues a media communication, which may alter the perception of future cash flows, and thereby market price. Upon patent issuance and trademark registration, the firm will then seek another media communication. Spearman (partial) correlation analysis shows strong correlation among the various proxy metrics suggesting that the model basis may exist. The model proposes a novel link among national socioeconomic metrics, corporate strategy, and the technology based innovative firm. Finally, the model supports the inclusion of trademark and media communications data to be considered in socioeconomic modeling.", "label": [4, 5, 40, 52]}
+{"token": "ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN SEXUAL EXPERIENCES AND FANTASIES IN A NONPATIENT POPULATION - A PRELIMINARY-STUDY. We have been interested in devising some methodology short of psychoanalytic therapy to study the relationship of conscious fantasy to personality trends and behavior. Presented here is a pilot study, utilizing the questionnaire technique, the sample consisting of 193 students enrolled at one prestigious urban university, that reports on the prevalence and content of conscious sexual fantasies in a normal (nonpatient) population and their relationship to sexual behaviors.Factor analysis suggested four experience and four fantasy clusters. Those individuals who score high on one experience factor are apt to score high on all other experience factors as well. The same is true of the fantasy factors. Our findings indicate that low sexual activity and low levels of sexual fantasy go together, whereas more sexual experience is connected to a greater range of sexual fantasy. Consequently, erotic fantasies cannot be viewed as compensation for lack of sexual outlet. Instead, there is a positive correlation between the two domains of sexual fantasies and sexual behaviors. Our overall results lead us to conclude that, by and large, people are sexual generalists not specialists.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Tariffs, technology licensing and adoption. This paper develops a two-country Cournot duopoly model to investigate the implications of international technology licensing. It is shown that if the tariff imposed by the domestic country is high, it is optimal for the foreign firm to adopt an inferior technology for its production when it licenses its most advanced technology to the domestic firm. Such a licensing arrangement may improve welfare of the two countries. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48, 49]}
+{"token": "Adulthood Socioeconomic Position and Type 2 Diabetes MellitusA Comparison of Education, Occupation, Income, and Material Deprivation: The Maastricht Study. In an effort to better quantify the impact of adulthood socioeconomic circumstances on prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), we set out to examine the relative importance of four adulthood socioeconomic indicators. Using cross-sectional data from The Maastricht Study on 2011 middle-aged older men and women, our findings indicate that low educational level (OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.24-2.64), low occupational level (OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 0.98-2.05), and material deprivation (OR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.33-2.38) were independently associated with T2DM. Low income (OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 0.88-1.87) was the strongest, albeit not significant, SEP (socioeconomic position) correlate of prediabetes. This association confirms SEP as a multifaceted concept and indicates the need to measure SEP accordingly. In order to tackle the social gradient in prediabetes and T2DM, one should, therefore, address multiple SEP indicators and their possible pathways.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "Historical (1880s-2000s) impact of wind erosion on wetland patches in semi-arid regions: A case study in the western Songnen Plain (China). The western Songnen Plain, which is located in a semi-arid region, is one of the most important cultivated regions in China, and it is subject to constant threats from sandy desertification due to wind erosion. Wetland patches between the desert and cultivated regions in the western Songnen Plain capture dust from desert regions and are influenced by regional wind erosion. To evaluate the degree of historical wind erosion and the impact of wind erosion on wetland patches in the western Songnen Plain, we selected four regions along a wind erosion gradient and analyzed the geochemical properties of soils in wetlands and their surrounding typical ecosystems. The results indicate that more dust and sand are deposited in the western wetland patches than in eastern wetland patches and that more than 50% of the soils in the western wetland patches are comprised primarily of sand. Wetland patches in the wetland/desert transitional region act as natural buffers that impede wind-driven desertification, and only 20% of the soils in eastern wetland patches comprise sand. Additionally, increasing farmland area and residential water consumption caused by human activities have also increased wind erosion in the eastern region. Increased wind erosion has caused eastern wetland patches to start capturing dust from surrounding farmland and grassland since the 1920s, and the accumulation rates of typical elements (i.e., Cu, Pb, Zn, P) increased obviously after the 1960s.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "On the dynamics of the rigid body with a fixed point: periodic orbits and integrability. The aim of the present paper is to study the periodic orbits of a rigid body with a fixed point and quasi-spherical shape under the effect of a Newtonian force field given by different small potentials. For studying these periodic orbits, we shall use averaging theory. Moreover, we provide information on the -integrability of these motions.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Galectin-3: A Novel Marker for the Prediction of Stroke Incidence and Clinical Prognosis. Stroke, whether ischemic or haemorrhagic, is one of the main causes of mortality and disability all over the world, which entails huge burdens in both healthcare environments as well as social and economic aspects of life. Therefore, there is a continuous search for novel reliable biomarkers that can enhance the recognition of stroke events in a timely manner and predict the clinical outcomes following a stroke event. Galectins are a group of proteins expressed by many types of cells and tissues including vasculature, certain immune cells, fibroblasts, and gastrointestinal epithelial cells. These proteins vary in their structure and configuration according to their type and have a diversity of functions according to the type of tissue they are expressed in. Among these proteins, a few studies investigated mainly the roles played by galectin-1 (Gal-1) and galectin-3 (Gal-3) in the molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis and in brain tissue remodeling after a stroke event. In this review, we present an updated overview of the current understanding of Gal-3's functions and implications in stroke occurrence and the response of the brain tissue to stroke events, which may be a key to its utility as a predictor of stroke incidence and clinical prognosis in the future.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42]}
+{"token": "Complete Genome Sequences of Rat and Mouse Segmented Filamentous Bacteria, a Potent Inducer of Th17 Cell Differentiation. Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) are noncultivable commensals inhabiting the gut of various vertebrate species and have been shown to induce Th17 cells in mice. We present the complete genome sequences of both rat and mouse SFB isolated from SFB-monocolonized hosts. The rat and mouse SFB genomes each harbor a single circular chromosome of 1.52 and 1.59 Mb encoding 1346 and 1420 protein-coding genes, respectively. The overall nucleotide identity between the two genomes is 86%, and the substitution rate was estimated to be similar to that of the free-living E. coli. SFB genomes encode typical genes for anaerobic fermentation and spore and flagella formation, but lack most of the amino acid biosynthesis enzymes, reminiscent of pathogenic Clostridia, exhibiting large dependency on the host. However, SFB lack most of the clostridial virulence-related genes. Comparative analysis with clostridial genomes suggested possible mechanisms for host responses and specific adaptations in the intestine.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 43, 21]}
+{"token": "Evidence for histidine-rich protein 2 immune complex formation in symptomatic patients in Southern Zambia. Conclusions: Endogenous alpha-HRP2 antibodies form immune complexes with HRP2 in the symptomatic patient population of a low-transmission area in rural Southern Zambia. For the majority of patients, the percentage of HRP2 in immune complexes is low and does not affect HRP2-based malaria diagnosis. However, for some patients, a significant portion of the total HRP2 was in immune-complexed form. Future studies investigating the prevalence and proportion of immune-complexed HRP2 in asymptomatic individuals with low HRP2 levels will be required to assess whether alpha-HRP2 antibodies affect HRP2 detection for this portion of the transmission reservoir.Results: Immune-complexed HRP2 was detectable in 17% (18/104) of all samples evaluated and 70% (16/23) of HRP2-positive samples. A majority of the patients with samples containing immune-complexed HRP2 had P. falciparum infections (11/18) and were also positive for free HRP2 (16/18). For 72% (13/18) of patients with immune-complexed HRP2, less than 10% of the total HRP2 present was in immune-complexed form. For the remaining samples, a large proportion (>= 20%) of total HRP2 was complexed with alpha-HRP2 antibodies.Methods: An ELISA was used to quantify HRP2 in patient sample DBS extracts before and after heat-based immune complex dissociation. A pull-down assay reliant on proteins A, G, and L was developed and applied for IgG and IgM capture and subsequent immunoprecipitation of any HRP2 present in immune complexed form. A total of 104 patient samples were evaluated using both methods.Background: Rapid diagnostic tests based on histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2) detection are the primary tools used to detect Plasmodium falciparum malaria infections. Recent conflicting reports call into question whether alpha-HRP2 antibodies are present in human host circulation and if resulting immune complexes could interfere with HRP2 detection on malaria RDTs. This study sought to determine the prevalence of immune-complexed HRP2 in a low-transmission region of Southern Zambia.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
+{"token": "Effect of pore size distribution and air flux on mass transport in direct contact membrane distillation. The concept of mass transfer regions within the membranes was introduced to study the mass transport in membrane distillation processes. Mass transfer model for direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) was derived to examine the influence of pore size distribution and air fluxes on water vapor fluxes across the membranes. The pore size distributions of the membranes were determined by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and the image analysis program. DCMD experiments with pure water were carried out under laminar and turbulent flow conditions so as to compare the experimental results with the predictions.The calculation results showed that Knudsen and transition regions were found in the membranes studied, while the transition region was the major contribution to mass transport. The model including the effect of pore size distribution and air fluxes predicted water fluxes with the average discrepancy 5% of the experimental results. The mass transfer analysis indicated that the influence of pore size distribution and air fluxes on water fluxes was insignificant. Therefore, the mass transfer model with the assumptions of air trapped in membrane pores and single pore size is adequate to describe mass transport in DCMD. The concept of mass transfer regions was also applied to analyze the effect of pore size distribution on flux in vacuum membrane distillation and gas permeation. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
+{"token": "A search for possible interactions between ejections from GRS 1915+105 and the surrounding interstellar medium. We have observed an extended region surrounding the first discovered galactic superluminal source GRS 1915+105, seeking evidence of interaction between the relativistic ejecta of that object and the interstellar medium. We find two radio sources axisymmetrically aligned along the sub-arcsecond relativistic ejecta of GRS 1915+105 and roughly 17' distant from it, which coincide with the luminous IRAS sources 19124+1106 and 19132+1035. We have observed these sources at centimeter (VLA), millimeter (IRAM 30 m), and infrared (ISO, UKIRT, ESO/MPI 2.2 m) wavelengths in both line and continuum emission. At centimeter wavelengths a non-thermal jet-like feature aligned along the outflow axis is located adjacent to the inner edge of the southern source. Strong density enhancements are found in the millimeter tracers CO and H(13)CO(+) at the positions of both sources and some of the morphology is reminiscent of shock-like interactions; however, linewidths are narrow. At infrared wavelengths strong hydrogen recombination lines and weak lines of molecular hydrogen are observed at the southern source. We discuss these results as possible evidence of the sought-after interaction, both in terms of the regions undergoing ongoing shock-heating and in terms of them being locations of shock-induced star formation. The evidence for each of these is inconclusive. Millimeter line mapping of a portion of W 50 where the relativist;ic jets of the X-ray binary SS 433 interact with the interstellar medium shows roughly similar morphology as GRS 1915+105, suggesting that the phenomena observed at the IRAS sources may not be unusual for such a long distance interaction.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Plant growth regulators in polyamines endogenous levels during the development of taro cultivated in vitro. The present research investigated the asepsis for attainment of explants deriving of tubers and the polyamines espermidine and espermine exogenous effects associated with the plant growth regulators NAA and BA on the development and tuberization in vitro and the endogenous levels of putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) of taro (Colocasia escutenta). Plants grown in the medium with spermidine and spermine showed tuberization and the association of these polyamines with NAA and BA increases number of shoots. Plant growth regulators were not necessary, for root initiation. High levels of endogenous Put were found during the shoot emission. while high levels Spd were observed during in vitro root formation.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Questioning identity: The case of one second-language learner. With the goal of illuminating how identity and cognition are in tension in classroom activity, we examine how one second-language learner answers questions in a mainstream second-grade classroom. To understand this learner's participation, we analyze two conflicting \\\\'language games.\\\\' We find the second-language learner often is adept at \\\\'passing\\\\' as knowing, but that he achieves this identity-preserving expertise at the expense of an understanding of classroom lessons.", "label": [5, 56, 53]}
+{"token": "PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO ETHANOL ALTERS THE POSTNATAL-DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFORMATION OF RADIAL GLIA TO ASTROCYTES IN THE CORTEX. Thus prenatal exposure to ethanol induces the premature loss of RAT-401-positive processes and the precocious increase in GFAP immunostaining. These ethanol-induced changes in glial development indicate that ethanol accelerates the transformation of radial glia into astrocytes. Moreover, the ethanol-induced premature degradation of the network of radial glial fibers may underlie the migration of late-generated neurons to ectopic sites.  (C) 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Postmitotic neurons migrate from a zone(s) near the ventricles to the neocortex. During this migration, neurons associate with radial glia. After serving their role as guides for neuronal migration, the radial glia transform into astrocytes. Prenatal exposure to ethanol causes abnormal neuronal migration. We examined the effects of gestational exposure to ethanol on radial glia and astrocytes. Radial glia were stained immunohistochemically with the antibody RAT-401, and astrocytes were labeled with an antibody directed against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The subjects were the offspring of rats fed an ethanol-containing liquid diet (Et), pair-fed a liquid control diet (Ct), or fed chow and water (Ch). During the first postnatal week, radial glial fibers (in Et-treated rats and controls) stretched from the ventricular surface through the developing cerebral wall to the pial surface. In the Et-treated rats, the radial processes were less dense and more poorly fasciculated than they were in the Ch-and Ct-treated rats. Moreover, by postnatal day (P) 5, there was a significant reduction in RAT-401 immunostaining in the Et-treated rats, particularly in the superficial cortex. A similar reduction in control rats did not begin until P10. In all three treatment groups, GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes were in the cortex throughout the period from P1 to P45. In neonates, GFAP-positive cells were distributed in the marginal zone (layer 1) and the intermediate zone (the white matter). The number of GFAP-positive cells in the cortical plate increased steadily with time so that, by P26, GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes were distributed evenly through all cortical laminae. Interestingly, between P5 and P12, the number of astrocytes was significantly greater in Et-treated rats than in controls.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 47]}
+{"token": "Transcontinental Dissemination of the L2b/D-Da Recombinant Chlamydia trachomatis Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) Strain: Need of Broad Multi-Country Molecular Surveillance. Previously, we identified a Chlamydia trachomatis lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) recombinant strain possessing a non-LGV ompA genotype. Here, culture-independent genome sequencing confirms its circulation in Europe, Middle East, and North America, and unveils emergence of antibiotic resistance. Broad surveillance is needed.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "Association between Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and lymph node size in New Zealand farmed deer (Cervus elaphus). METHODS: In Study 1, official assessors sampled 129 LN with macroscopically visible abnormalities (abnormal LN) from 76 deer herds between May and November 2007. LN samples were cultured for Map, with culture-negative LN further examined for typical histopathological changes. The predictive value of abnormal LN for Map infection was calculated and significance of herd location (North or South Island) assessed. In Study 2, the circumferences of 412 mesenteric LN (MLN) from 79 herds were measured between October 2007 and January 2009, with samples cultured for Map and examined for eight histopathological features. The minimum circumference of an abnormal MLN was defined, based on an arbitrary>95% specificity of a culture-positive Map diagnosis. Associations between the predictor variables Map culture status, carcase weight, animal age and gender, and histopathological features, and increasing MLN circumference were assessed using a linear mixed-effects model.CONCLUSIONS: Deer MLN with macroscopically visible abnormalities and/or a circumference of >55mm have >95% likelihood of Map infection. However, sensitivity of Map diagnosis in MLN with circumference of >55mm was 12%, indicating use of abnormal LN as a sole criterion in national surveillance for Map in slaughtered deer will underestimate animal-level prevalence.RESULTS: Based solely on culture, the predictive value of abnormal LN for Map infection was 92.2 (95% CI: 86.296.2)% with no difference between the North and South Islands (p=0.09). Inclusion of three culture-negative LN with histopathological changes typical of Map infection increased the predictive value estimate to 94.6 (95% CI: 89.297.3)%. The minimum circumference of an abnormal MLN was defined as 55mm, with a sensitivity of Map detection at this cut-point of approximately 12%. Increasing MLN circumference was positively associated with the presence of moderate follicular hyperplasia (p<0.01), focal granulomas (p<0.01) and a synergistic interaction between focal granulomas and Map status (p=0.03).AIMS: To develop and validate criteria for identification of abnormal lymph nodes (LN) at commercial slaughter, for the purpose of national surveillance for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) in New Zealand farmed deer. This included estimation of the predictive value of abnormal LN for Map infection; a standard circumference cut-point for measurement of abnormal LN; and identification of risk factors associated with increasing LN circumference.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Measuring performance: differences between capitalist and labour-owned enterprises. Practical implications - The paper stresses the importance of using proper measures of the performance of LOFs, to avoid a common practice of being short-changed in their evaluation of their economic performance, profitability, return of labour and financial structure.Originality/value - The study will be useful to the worker-owners of the LOFs and to those evaluating their performance, such as lenders, regulators, other public officials and the like.Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to test whether performance differences between labour-managed (LOFs) and mercantile (PCFs) firms are due to the measures used in the comparison, rather than to their distinct capital-ownership configurations.Design/methodology/approach - Tests for the equality of two means and two variances of a variety of performance measures were used to ascertain whether differences between LOFs and PCFs firms are due to the measures used in the comparison, rather than to their distinct capital-ownership configurationsFindings - The indicators analyzed do not provide either type of organizational structure a definite superiority in either short-economic performance or in short-term profitability and the profitability indicators assign as good a chance of survival to LOFs as to PCFs of similar size, even if the analysis of their respective debt structures indicates some clear limitations on their growth prospects.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Efficiency Analysis as a Tool for Revealing Best Practices and Innovations: The Case of the Sheep Meat Sector in Europe. Simple Summary: The European sheep meat sector faces technical, market and financial challenges that threaten its economic performance and overall sustainability. At the same time, the sector is characterized by poor and slow adoption of innovations that could help towards facing these challenges. In this study, the technical efficiency of extensive, semi-intensive and intensive sheep meat farms in France, Spain and the UK was explored to reveal the profile of the most efficient ones and identify the best practices and innovations that these farms apply. The most efficient sheep meat farms reared large flocks, used available infrastructure at full capacity and managed human labor in a rational way. These best farms emphasized feeding and grazing innovations, marketing strategies, breeding programs and use of digital technologies. The uptake of such practices and innovations by farms of similar production systems could help to increase the productivity and economic performance of the sheep meat sector.The slow adoption of innovations is a key challenge that the European sheep sector faces for its sustainability. The future of the sector lies on the adoption of best practices, modern technologies and innovations that can improve its resilience and mitigate its dependence on public support. In this study, the concept of technical efficiency was used to reveal the most efficient sheep meat farms and to identify the best practices and farm innovations that could potentially be adopted by other farms of similar production systems. Data Envelopment Analysis was applied to farm accounting data from 458 sheep meat farms of intensive, semi-intensive and extensive systems from France, Spain and the UK, and the structural and economic characteristics of the most efficient farms were analyzed. These best farmers were indicated through a survey, which was conducted within the Innovation for Sustainable Sheep and Goat Production in the Europe (iSAGE) Horizon 2020 project, the management and production practices and innovations that improve their economic performance and make them better than their peers.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 10, 47]}
+{"token": "Limitations of Persistent Scatterer Interferometry to measure small seasonal ground movements in an urban environment. London Clay, which underlies the majority of Greater London, has a high shrink-swell potential that can result in damage to foundations and surface infrastructure due to seasonal expansion and contraction of the clay. Currently, surface movement as a result of shrink-swell is not monitored in London, meaning that the magnitude and cyclicity of these movements is poorly understood. Persistent Scatterer Interferometric (PSI) Synthetic Aperture Radar data provide high-precision line-of-sight displacement measurements at a high point density across urban areas, offering the possibility of routine shrink-swell monitoring across whole cities. To test this, PSI data derived from TerraSAR-X (TSX) observations for the period from May 2011 to April 2017 were analysed for shrink-swell patterns across three areas of London in Hammersmith, Muswell Hill and Islington. A consistent cyclicity and amplitude was detected at all sites and the number of cycles is comparable with those identified in rainfall data. The amplitude of these cycles is smaller than anticipated, most probably because of the resisting effect of roads and pavements. The Cranfield University Leakage Assessment from Corrosivity and Shrinkage (LEACS) database was used to subdivide the PSI data and the average velocity and amplitude of each class statistically tested for significant differences between classes. The results show that it is not possible to statistically isolate possible soil shrink-swell movement in TSX PSI data in London.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 38]}
+{"token": "Generating Uncertainty Distributions for Seismic Signal Onset Times. Signal arrival-time estimation plays a critical role in a variety of downstream seismic analyses, including location estimation and source characterization. Any arrival-time errors propagate through subsequent data-processing results. In this article, we detail a general framework for refining estimated seismic signal arrival times along with full estimation of their associated uncertainty. Using the standard short-term average/long-term average threshold algorithm to identify a search window, we demonstrate how to refine the pick estimate through two different approaches. In both cases, new waveform realizations are generated through bootstrap algorithms to produce full a posteriori estimates of uncertainty of onset arrival time of the seismic signal. The onset arrival uncertainty estimates provide additional data-derived information from the signal and have the potential to influence seismic analysis along several fronts.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Epidural electrocorticography for monitoring of arousal in locked-in state. Electroencephalography (EEG) often fails to assess both the level (i.e., arousal) and the content (i.e., awareness) of pathologically altered consciousness in patients without motor responsiveness. This might be related to a decline of awareness, to episodes of low arousal and disturbed sleep patterns, and/or to distorting and attenuating effects of the skull and intermediate tissue on the recorded brain signals. Novel approaches are required to overcome these limitations. We introduced epidural electrocorticography (ECoG) for monitoring of cortical physiology in a late-stage amytrophic lateral sclerosis patient in completely locked-in state (CLIS) Despite long-term application for a period of six months, no implant related complications occurred. Recordings from the left frontal cortex were sufficient to identify three arousal states. Spectral analysis of the intrinsic oscillatory activity enabled us to extract state-dependent dominant frequencies at <4, similar to 7 and similar to 20 Hz, representing sleep-like periods, and phases of low and elevated arousal, respectively. In the absence of other biomarkers, ECoG proved to be a reliable tool for monitoring circadian rhythmicity, i.e., avoiding interference with the patient when he was sleeping and exploiting time windows of responsiveness. Moreover, the effects of interventions addressing the patient's arousal, e.g., amantadine medication, could be evaluated objectively on the basis of physiological markers, even in the absence of behavioral parameters. Epidural ECoG constitutes a feasible trade-off between surgical risk and quality of recorded brain signals to gain information on the patient's present level of arousal. This approach enables us to optimize the timing of interactions and medical interventions, all of which should take place when the patient is in a phase of high arousal. Furthermore, avoiding low responsiveness periods will facilitate measures to implement alternative communication pathways involving brain-computer interfaces (BCI).", "label": [2, 5, 18, 55]}
+{"token": "Historical commercial exploitation and the current status of Hawaiian green turtles. Biodiversity conservation is often limited by short-term records of abundance, geographic distribution, and population dynamics. Historical information can provide a context for assessing current population status and defining recovery, especially for populations recovering from chronic human overexploitation. Here we analyze three decades (1948-1974) of commercial landings from a green turtle fishery in the Hawaiian Islands. Artisanal and commercial overharvesting drove the population to its listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act in 1978, but the population has since increased and its recovery is being debated. While this turtle fishery was small in scale - with a limited effort, productivity, and revenue - we find dramatic declines in catch per unit effort and a spatial progression that strongly suggest rapid local population depletion. Harvests initially targeted coastal areas near commercial markets but quickly shifted to exploit more remote areas, expanded effort, and increasingly relied on more extractive gears. Additional analyses of economic data, restaurant menus, and expert interviews indicate the fishery was driven by limited, local demand. The seemingly incommensurate scale of the fishery and its impacts reveal the Hawaiian green turtle population was already significantly depleted when commercial fishery began. We describe how historical studies can inform conservation management, including population assessments. Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Near-fatal poisoning after ricin injection. Objective:To report a near-fatal poisoning after intentional injection of ricin from a castor bean (Ricinus communis) extract. Case report:A 21 year-old man self-injected similar to 3 mL of a castor bean extract intramuscularly and subcutaneously in the left antecubital fossa. Upon admission to our ED (1 h post-exposure; day 1, D1) he was awake and alert, but complained of mild local pain and showed slight local edema and erythema. He evolved to refractory shock (similar to 24 h post-exposure) that required the administration of a large volume of fluids and high doses of norepinephrine and vasopressin, mainly from D2 to D4. During this period, he developed clinical and laboratory features compatible with systemic inflammatory response syndrome, multiple organ dysfunction, capillary leak syndrome, rhabdomyolysis, necrotizing fasciitis and possible compartment syndrome. The patient underwent forearm fasciotomy on D4 and there was progressive improvement of the hemodynamic status from D7 onwards. Wound management involved several debridements, broad-spectrum antibiotics and two skin grafts. Major laboratory findings within 12 days post-exposure revealed hypoalbuminemia, proteinuria, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis and increases in cytokines (IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-alpha), troponin and creatine kinase. Ricin A-chain (ELISA) was detected in serum up to D3 (peak at 24 h post-exposure), with similar to 79% being excreted in the urine within 64 h post-exposure. Ricinine was detected in serum and urine by LC-MS up to D5. A ricin A-chain concentration of 246 mu g/mL was found in the seed extract, corresponding to the injection of similar to 738 mu g of ricin A-chain (similar to 10.5 mu g/kg). The patient was discharged on D71, with limited range of motion and function of the left forearm and hand. Conclusion:Ricin injection resulted in a near-fatal poisoning that evolved with septic shock-like syndrome, multiple organ dysfunction and necrotizing fasciitis, all of which were successfully treated with supportive care.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "On a wind-driven, double-gyre, quasi-geostrophic ocean model: Numerical simulations and structural analysis. The main objectives of this paper are to adapt an efficient and accurate spectral-projection method for a wind-driven, double-gyre, mid-latitude, quasi-geostrophic ocean model, and to study the double-gyre phenomenon from numerical and structural analysis points of view. A number of numerical simulations are carried out and their structural stability and structural transition/bifurcation are investigated using a new dynamical systems theory of two-dimensional incompressible hows, (C) 1999 Academic Press.", "label": [4, 35, 40]}
+{"token": "Two new fluorescent dyes applicable for visualization of fungal cell walls. Two fluorophores, Solophenyl Flavine 7GFE 500 and Pontamine Fast Scarlet 411, not heretofore reported upon are described as useful dyes of fungal cell walls, septa and bud scars examined microscopically. The dyes, depending on the filter sets used, yield fluorescently stained material generally in the blue to green and yellow to red wavelengths for Solophenyl Flavine 7GFE 500 and Pontamine Fast Scarlet 4B, respectively. They provide an excellent alternative to the more commonly used fluorophore, Calcofluor White M2R. The two fluorophores, in addition to being used at various spectral wavelengths from mercury arc sources, can be used with laser sources providing 488 nm and 543 mn line wavelengths, common to most scanning confocal microscopes. Unlike Calcofluor, Solophenyl Flavine 7GFE 500 and Pontamine Fast Scarlet 4B do not fade quickly when exposed to selected light wavelengths; however, like Calcofluors they are compatible with living fungal cells.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "What answers do questioners want on social Q&A? User preferences of answers about STDs. Design/methodology/approach - The study compared best answers selected by questioners with their randomly drawn counterpart non-best answers on Yahoo! Answers as a paired sample (n = 180).Originality/value - Consumers' preference criteria for health information have been investigated using many different approaches. However, no study has used a persuasion framework to examine how consumers appraise answer quality. The present study confirmed consumers' preference criteria as found in previous social Q&A studies and extended the discussion of consumers' perceptions of answer quality by applying the frameworks of message features and information sources.Practical implications - The findings suggest that answerers on social Q&A sites communicate more effectively with their audiences by utilizing persuasive communication.Social implications - There is a quality issue on social Q&A sites. The findings will be helpful for health professionals to develop answers that are more likely to be selected as best answers, which will enhance overall quality of health information on social Q&A sites.Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to understand consumers' preferences for answers about sexually transmitted diseases on social question and answer (Q&A) sites by employing message features and information sources as conceptual frameworks.Research limitations/implications - The study extended the discussion of consumers' selection of best answers to message features and information sources as additional criteria.Findings - The findings indicate that questioners on social Q&A sites were more likely to prefer answers including message features such as numeric information, social norms, optimistic information, and loss-framing, as well as information sources that featured expertise, references, and links to other websites. Pessimistic information was negatively associated with questioners' preference for answers.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 48, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Cognitive changes in short-term hypothyroidism assessed with event-related brain potentials. Fifteen patients undergoing therapy for thyroid cancer were examined twice: (1) substituted with thyroid hormones, (2) during hypothyroid state immediately prior to treatment. Standard neuropsychological tests were applied during both sessions and subjects showed a mild-to-moderate impairment in their hypothyroid state. In addition, ERPs were recorded from 19 scalp sites while subjects performed two visual search tasks. The serial task required the effortful one-by-one scanning of several items within a visual array, while the parallel task allowed processing of all stimulus items in parallel and automatically. ERPs showed a marked amplitude decrement and delay of the P3 component known to index the speed of stimulus evaluation and the amount of available processing resources. This effect was present only for the serial search task, while no changes were seen in the parallel search task. These data show that hypothyroidism during (131)Iodine-therapy is associated with clinically relevant cognitive dysfunctions, especially with effortful attention demanding tasks. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Hypothyroidism is a common clinical problem during (131)Iodine-therapy of thyroid cancer. In the present investigation, possible cognitive dysfunction during hypothyroid state was assessed by means of neuropsychological. tests and the recording of event-related brain potentials (ERPs).", "label": [2, 18, 22, 23]}
+{"token": "Markets and Manpower: The Political Economy of Compulsory Military Service. Economic studies of military manpower systems emphasize the advantages of voluntarism under all but the most total threats, but this explains neither the persistence of institutionalized conscription in many states nor the timing of shifts from such conscription systems to volunteer militaries. Traditional explanations focus on external threat levels, but this has also proven unsatisfying. We theorize that threat variables establish the state's baseline need for manpower, but structural economic variables determine whether the necessary manpower can be more efficiently obtained by conscription or voluntarism. Using a new data set of 99 countries over 40 years, we find that states with British origins are less likely and those experiencing greater external threat are more likely to employ conscripts. Most importantly, states with more highly regulated labor markets are more likely to employ conscripts, which suggests that, controlling for a number of relevant factors, labor markets matter in military manpower decisions.", "label": [5, 54, 57]}
+{"token": "Citrus psorosis virus RNA 1 is of negative polarity and potentially encodes in its complementary strand a 24K protein of unknown function and 280K putative RNA dependent RNA polymerase. Citrus psorosis virus (CPsV), the type member of genus Ophiovirius, has three genomic RNAs. Complete sequencing of CPsV RNA I revealed a size of 8184 nucleotides and Northern blot hybridization with chain specific probes showed that its non-coding strand is preferentially encapsidated. The complementary strand of RNA I contains two open reading frames (ORFs) separated by a 109-nt intergenic region, one located near the 5'-end potentially encoding a 24K protein of unknown function, and another of 280K containing the core polymerase motifs characteristic of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRp). Comparison of the core RdRp motifs of negative-stranded RNA viruses, supports grouping CPsV, Ranunculus white mottle virus (RWMV) and Mirafiori lettuce virus (MiLV) within the same genus (Ophiovirus), constituting a monophyletic group separated from all other negative-stranded RNA viruses. Furthermore, RNAs 1 of MiLV, CPsV and RWMV are similar in size and those of MiLV and CPsV also in genomic organization and sequence. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "SOCIO-ECONOMIC SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE PRECARIAT: A CASE STUDY OF THREE RUSSIAN CITIES. Sustainable social and economic processes of the recent decades are characterized by the emergence of new phenomenon known as precarity and its new accompanying class known as the precariat. The precariat as a social class or social community is primarily associated with a factor of instability and insecurity of workers with flexible employment. This paper studies the precarity on the labor market for the socially-oriented professions in the three Russian metropolitan areas: Moscow, Kazan, and Rostov-on-Don. The paper searches for the causes of precarity of socially-oriented professions based upon the analysis of economic processes in the public sector, and of the reformers' rhetoric and its reflection in the discourses of the main actors about the goals and direction of the reforms. Socially-oriented professions are associated with the creation of benefits, which are very little associated with markets and in most cases belong to public or mixed goods. Our findings suggest that the reforms of Russian education and healthcare spheres are accompanied by large-scale institutional changes which resulted in bureaucratization, orientation toward achieving performance indicators not related to professional values, stagnation of incomes, inequality between regions, and instability of professional trajectories. We conclude that reducing the prestige of socially-oriented professions, the material well-being, along with instability, become the main factors of precarity.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Optical broadband angular filters based on staggered photonic structures. The potential for use of staggered structures to provide optical broadband angular selectivity is proposed and verified. The numerical results show that the angular selectivity performance characteristics, including the range of the angular-selective region and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the angular passband, can be tuned by adjusting the stagger parameter and the number of cells that compose the staggered structure. Therefore, a detailed procedure is given for the design of an angular filter based on a staggered structure with the desired angular-selective region and FWHM. Finally, to confirm the feasibility of fabrication of the designed structures, the error tolerance of this type of angular filter is studied and demonstrated using a statistical method.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Acoustic emission testing method for the sleeve grouting compactness of fabricated structure. The sleeve grouting compactness of a fabricated structure directly affects its quality and safety, which are important. In this study, an acoustic emission system composed of an acoustic emission instrument and signal generator is used to test the preliminary detection of sleeve grouting connection compactness via a reasonable test method. The acoustic emission characteristics of prefabricated components under the excitation of signal generator are collected, and the characteristics of acoustic emission signals under different concrete strength, hollow sleeve positions, and compactness cases are analyzed. Results show that the amplitude of 00 concrete (66.63-66.86 dB) is higher than that of C40 concrete (56.96-57.54 dB). For the C40 specimen, the amplitude of the hollow sleeve is between 53.77 dB and 54.55 dB, which is lower than that of concrete. The amplitude of the compacting sleeve is between 67.61 dB and 67.86 dB, which is higher than that of the hollow sleeve. The amplitude of the compacting sleeve after adding reinforcement is between 59.98 dB and 60.37 dB, which are lower than that before adding reinforcement. The characteristic amplitude and energy of the acoustic emission signal are distributed obviously under the abovementioned working conditions. Wavelet analysis for the received acoustic waveforms was performed by the Continuous Wavelet Transform. The results show that there are some differences among the wavelet signals. Hence, the sleeve grouting connection compactness of fabricated structure can be detected on the basis of acoustic emission technology. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Preliminary thoughts on the interplay between face, masking and self-presentation in a liturgical-ecclesiological praxeology in a pandemic time. This article examines faith communities that have been offered a new front door during the pandemic, namely, the internet. Firstly, one should acknowledge that people called participants in the liturgy encountered a defining moment in their cognisance of the pandemic. They were exposed to the virtual domain. As identified by Erving Goffman, the role of self-presentation, with specific mention of the fact that people normally wear masks, is insightful. A liturgical praxeology deals with people's propensity to make sense of communicators' facial expressions. Consequently, one must ask whether virtual participation in the liturgy and the possibilities for self-presentation in the online environment could not add value to a liturgical-ecclesiological praxeology. In presenting systemising perspectives on the importance of the relational aspect underlying the ecclesiological premises and the importance of people participating in the liturgy to seek God's face, the article reveals that there should be further refinements in this time of pandemic pandemonium. A mere transposing of the liturgy in face-to-face worship practices to the virtual environment will offer challenges. Finally, the following research question is formulated and briefly discussed: to what extent should the idea of self-presentation within a pandemic be integrated into a praxeology for a liturgical ecclesiology? Contribution: The article aims to provide practical theological perspectives on how self-presentation in both face-to-face and virtual participation in the liturgy could be addressed.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "ASP, The Art and Science of Practice: Academia-Industry Interfacing in Operations Research in Montreal. This paper reports on the 40-year experience of academia-industry interfacing in the operations research (OR) field in Montreal. We focus on five spin off companies that academic entrepreneurs from the CIRRELT and the GERAD created between 1976 and 2003: INRO Consultants, GIRO, AD OPT, Omega Optimisation/Planora, and ExPretio. The importance of university spin offs for knowledge transfer is well documented in fields such as biology and nanotechnology; however, few papers have studied university spin offs in OR. Yet, OR has an enormous impact on society, and university spin off firms play a key role in the diffusion of research to the world of practitioners. In this paper, we tell the story of five companies created by academics from two world-renowned OR research centers based in Montreal, and we derive lessons about academia-industry interfacing in the OR field. By so doing, we hope to improve our understanding of the creation of fruitful relationships between academics and OR practitioners.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
+{"token": "Effects of adipose and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells on vaginal atrophy in a rat menopause model. Conclusions: Although genetic expression might have ended and could not be significantly demonstrated, histological and immunohistochemical results favor ADMSC application in vaginal atrophy rather than BMDSC.Results: Epithelial thickness of ADMSC group was higher than control group, but less than sham group Epithelial thickness of BMDSC group was less than sham group. Lamina propria and muscle tissue of ADMSC and BMDSC groups were found to be similar to sham group. VEGFR-1, VEGF, Bax and ER-a staining levels were higher in ADMSC and BMDSC groups than control group. ADMSC group stained stronger with VEGFR-1 and VEGF than BMDSC group. Bcl-2 staining level was increased in ADMSC applied group. No statistically significant difference was detected in Bax and Bcl-2 genes and Bax-/Bcl-2 ratio.Materials and methods: Rats were randomly divided into 4 (four) groups: sham, control, ADMSC, BMDSC. Vaginal epithelial thickness, structure of the lamina propria, blood vessels in the lamina propria, collagen deposition, and muscle structure were evaluated. Anti ER alpha, VEGF, VEGFR 1, Bax and bcl-2 antibodies were analyzed. Beta actin gene was used as endogenous control. Genetical differences among the groups were compared by using Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney U test. p < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.Background & objectives: Vaginal atrophy is characterized by thinning of vaginal epithelial layers and decreased local blood flow. We aimed to evaluate the regenerative effects of Adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSC) and Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMDSC) on vaginal atrophy in rat menopause model.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Interdigital nerve conduction study of the foot for an early detection of diabetic sensory polyneuropathy. Methods: The sensory nerve conductions in the two digital and 4 IDNs of the foot were obtained orthodromically using the near-nerve needle and signal averaging technique.Results: In 21 patients with diabetic sensory polyneuropathy with normal routine NCS, a definite neuropathy pattern (abnormalities in more than 3 of 6 tested nerves) was observed in 12 patients (57.1 %). The most common abnormalities that were found were a low amplitude in the sensory compound nerve action potential and an absent potential, indicating that early diabetic sensory polyneuropathy is due to axonal degeneration.Objective: To report on the value of interdigital nerve (IDN) conduction study (NCS) of the foot for the recognition of diabetic sensory polyneuropathy with normal routine NCS and the nature of electrophysiological abnormality in early diabetic sensory polyneuropathy.Conclusions: Interdigital NCS of the foot using near-nerve needle technique can identify neuropathy in diabetic sensory polyneuropathy with normal routine NCS. This technique offers a useful means of detecting nerve conduction abnormalities in the early stage of diabetic polyneuropathy. (C) 2003 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "Waste loading in shrimp and fish processing effluents: potential source of hazards to the coastal and nearshore environments. On average, only 30-40% of the global fishery production is consumed fresh and the rest 60-70% is processed for human consumption and other purposes. Although the proportion of the total fishery production that are processed remained relatively stable over the last decade, the total bulk of processed fishery commodity increased due to the steady increase in the total fishery production. Processing of large bulk of fish, shrimp and other aquatic organisms produces a corresponding large bulk of by-products and wastes. Although recent trend shows that much of these wastes are made into various value added products, considerable quantities are discharged as the processing effluents with large volume of waters used in processing. Reports suggest that fish and shrimp processing effluents are very high in biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), fat-oil-grease (FOG), pathogenic and other microflora, organic matters and nutrients, etc. Fish and shrimp processing effluents are, therefore, highly likely to produce adverse effects on the receiving coastal and marine environments. Although substantial reduction of the waste loads is possible by applying available simple techniques, this is not in practice in most part of the world due to lack of proper managerial and regulatory approach. The present paper reviews the characteristics of fish and shrimp processing effluents as a potential source of coastal and marine pollution and, using the existing data, analyzes the global production and discharge of waste loads from the processing plants and discusses available options for waste treatment and management. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
+{"token": "Controlling the bandpass characteristics of high-power microwave electronic tubes with the use of filtering systems. A procedure for designing filtering systems of high-power microwave electronic tubes is presented. A quantitative criterion of quality of tuning is given. In simulating a filtering system, it is proposed to use a prototype cavity with specified properties rather than a structurally complex active cavity. An implementation of the proposed procedure is shown using, as an example, a three-section filter of a multiple-beam klystron.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Microscopy of spotted fever rickettsia movement through tick cells. Spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae are obligate intracellular prokaryotes that include tick-borne pathogens of vertebrates as well as nonpathogenic organisms living in symbiotic association with their lick hosts. We investigated the ability of SFG rickettsiae to move between and within host cells using tick cell culture and a SFG rickettsial isolate from a lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) collected in Missouri. The isolate (MOAa), which is closely related to Rickettsia montana, grew in cell lines from the ticks Ixodes scapularis and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that immediately following entry into lick cells, rickettsiae escaped from the host cell membrane, and intracellular rickettsiae came to lie in direct contact with host-cell cytoplasm. There was evidence of damage to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane which was broken down into vesicular structures. When rickettsiae exited host cells, host membrane stretched around them but was lost before re-entry. Use of a fluorescein-tagged monoclonal antibody to rickettsial outer membrane protein B and rhodamine-labeled phalloidin demonstrated association of actin tails with rickettsiae and suggested that SFG rickettsiae utilized host cytoskeletal components for movement. During early stages of infection, when cells harbored only one or a few organisms, \\\\'comet tails\\\\' of F-actin formed on one end of rickettsial cells, presumably pushing them ahead. Actin tails were not seen during later stages of infection when lick cells became completely filled with rickettsiae.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Snakeweed: Poisonous properties, livestock losses, and management considerations. Snakeweeds (broom, Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt Rusby); and threadleaf, G. microcephala (DC.) Gray) fall into that class of poisonous weeds that seldom cause direct livestock losses because they, are highly, unpalatable and animals rarely consume large quantities of plant material. However, when snakeweed becomes dominant on rangeland and retards growth of desirable forage, then indirectly it becomes a serious hazard to animal health. Confined and rangeland feeding trials conducted at New Mexico State University with cattle and sheep have failed to elicit reproductive failure with elevated snakeweed dosages. Snakeweed was shown to impair certain reproductive functions such as pituitary responsiveness to luteinizing hormone, and caused mild hepato-renal toxicity. Under rangeland conditions, livestock grazing in areas dominated by snakeweed reportedly have more serious problems, such as abortion. A commonality between confined feeding trials and rangeland grazing trials is that in the presence of snakeweed, animals typically display symptoms associated with a low-plane of nutrition such as lack of gain, emaciation, and occasional death. To reduce snakeweed dominance and improve range condition, management interventions such as herbicide or fire control may be necessary. Complicating the decision regarding snakeweed control is the uncertainty about treatment life and whether this relatively short-lived perennial weed might be eliminated by, natural causes. Knowing the snakeweed population pattern in a given area greatly enhances management decisions.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 37]}
+{"token": "Cladistic analysis and reclassification of Synagris Latreille (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). A cladistic analysis of the genus Synagris is performed to assess the taxonomic status and limits of its subgenera, examining external morphology and male genitalia. The subgenera S. (Rhynchagris) and S. (Pseudagris) are raised to generic rank (Rhynchagris stat. nov. and Pseudagris stat. nov.), with the former as senior synonym of Pteromenes Giordani Soika syn. nov.; the subgenus S. (Hypagris) stat. res. is no longer a synonym of S. (Paragris); while S. (Synagris) is monophyletic and retains its status as subgenus. Replacement name due to homonymy is proposed for Synagris cornuta maculata Bequaert, 1918 (Synagris cornuta maculatoides nom. nov.).", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Seeing, Wind, and Outer Scale Effects on Image Quality at the Magellan Telescopes. We present an analysis of the science image quality obtained on the twin 6.5 m Magellan telescopes over a 1.5 yr period, using images of similar to 10(5) stars. We find that the telescopes generally obtain significantly better image quality than the wDIMM-measured seeing. This is qualitatively consistent with expectations for large telescopes, where the wavefront outer scale of the turbulence spectrum plays a significant role. However, the dominant effect is found to be wind speed, with Magellan outperforming the DIMMs most markedly when the wind is strongest. Excluding data taken during strong wind conditions (> 10 ms(-1)), we find that the Magellan telescopes still significantly outperform the DIMM seeing, and we estimate the site to have L-0 similar to 25 m on average. We also report on the first detection of a negative bias in DIMM data. This is found to occur, as predicted, when the DIMM is affected by certain optical aberrations and the turbulence profile is dominated by the upper layers of the atmosphere.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Miss Jack May, Lady Farmer in England and Canada. This paper was inspired by the incomplete story of Englishwoman Isabel 'Jack' May (1875-1970), a media sensation from 1905 to 1912 because she was a 'lady farmer', wore 'male attire' and adopted the name 'Jack'. Already well-known in England, May's celebrity was enhanced when she purchased land in Alberta, Canada in 1911, where she farmed with a female companion. In late 1912 however, May sailed to England, never to return, and disappeared from public view. In Sarah Carter's 2016 book Imperial Plots, May's fate was a mystery, but Carter surmised May did not feel welcome in the Canadian West where gender transgressors were shunned. The authors, inspired by Laite's 'small history in a digital age' methodological approach, discovered a deeper, richer and more complex life history. This paper reconstructs May's life and analyses the intense media scrutiny which positioned her as an aberration against traditional femininity to understand more about the lives of other non-conforming women of this period. While we argue that May was not transgender, rather living openly as a cross-dressing woman, her self-identification as 'farmer' and decision to spend her adult life with same-sex companions, offers an alternative view of trans and queer 'spaces of possibility'.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Microscopic polyangiitis presented with polyneuropathy of lower extremities and ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis: Case Report. We present the case of a 67-year-old female patient with microscopic polyangiitis presented with polyneuropathy of lower extremities and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Disease had started as a pain and weakening of muscular strength first in the left and than in the right leg. Electromiography has shown that a mainly dominant neurological affection was paresis of peroneal nerve in both lower extremities. In laboratory examination the titer of anti-myeloperoxidase anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA) was elevated. Due to renal involvement presented as a microscopic haematuria and decreasing of renal function, patient undergone kidney biopsy It confirmed the immune vasculitis microscopic polyangiitis type with ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis. This is one of rare case of microscopic polyangiitis without lung simptomatology, first presented with asymmetrical polineuropathy of lower extremities. The patient was treated with methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide in dosis adjusted to the level of disease severity and the renal function (methylprednisolone 1 mg/kg of body weight for two months with gradually tapering to the minimum effective dose and cyclophosphamide 1 mg/kg of body weight). This treatment lead to the partial remission of disease. In maintenance therapy azathioprin was introduced instead of cyclophosphamide. (C) 2012 Association of Basic Medical Sciences of FBIH All rights reserved", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Buoyant weight technique: Application to freshwater bivalves. A buoyant weight (W-b) method is described that makes use of bivalve weight underwater. Estimations of air fresh weight (W-f), total dry weight (W-d), shell weight (W-s), and tissue dry weight (W-o) were obtained from species-specific regression equations based on W-b. Standard regression curves were developed for two common freshwater bivalves, the Eastern Elliptio (Elliptio complanata) and the Asian Clam (Corbicula fluminea). Logarithmic estimations of W-b were also generated based on shell morphometric measurements. The estimates based on the technique showed that W-b of E. complanata and C. fluminea are linearly correlated with W-f, W-t, and W-o. In addition, shell volumes (length, height, and width measurements) of both species were shown to be good estimators of W-b. The buoyant weight technique is a simple and nonlethal means of generating different growth parameters in captive and wild freshwater mussels.", "label": [4, 45, 47]}
+{"token": "Infection rate of Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in cashmere, dairy and meat goats in China. Cryptosporidiosis, microsporidiosis, and giardiasis contribute significantly to the high burden of zoonotic diarrhea worldwide. Goats constitute an important species in animal agriculture by providing cashmere wool, meat, and dairy products for human consumption. However, zoonotic pathogens with the potential to cause morbidity and to degrade production have been reported frequently in goats recently. The present study examined 629 fecal specimens from goats, including 315 cashmere goats, 170 dairy goats and 144 meat goats, in multiple cities of Shaanxi and Henan provinces, northwestern and central China, to investigate the infection rate and species/assemblages/genotypes of Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi. Of these samples, 274 (43.6%) were positive for three zoonotic pathogens, including 80 (12.7%), 104 (16.5%) and 179 (28.5%) for G. duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi, respectively. Infections with G. duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi existed in meat, dairy and cashmere goats, with the highest infection rate of each pathogen being observed in meat goats. DNA sequencing of the SSU rRNA gene from 104 Cryptosporidium-positive specimens revealed existence of Cryptosporidium xiaoi, and the zoonotic parasites Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium ubiquitum. Genotyping of G. duodenalis based on the triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) gene identified parasites from zoonotic assemblage A in four cashmere goats and the animal-adapted assemblage E in a group of 76 goats that included cashmere, dairy and meat animals. Polymorphisms in the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer characterized E. bieneusi genotype CHG1 and a novel genotype named as SX1 in both dairy and cashmere goats, genotypes CHS7 and COSI in meat goats, the genotype CHG2 in dairy goats, and the human-pathogenic genotype BEB6 in dairy and meat goats. This is the first detailed study to compare infection rate of the zoonotic protozoan pathogens in cashmere, dairy and meat goats in China. Our research discovered Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi infections, each with zoonotic potential in meat goats, and G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in cashmere goats raising a significant public health concern. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "Fuzzy multi-criteria evaluation model of HVAC schemes in optimal combination weighting method. Six heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) schemes, constant air volume, variable air volume, fan-coil, induction unit, variable refrigerant volume and distributed HVAC system are evaluated and compared in multi-criteria. Because of the uncertainty of qualitative criteria, this paper presents a fuzzy multi-criteria model to select the optimal HVAC system. The methods of fuzzy set theory, linguistic value, analytic hierarchy process, entropy weighting and optimal weighting are used to obtain the criteria weights. Fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method is employed to get the ranking of HVAC schemes. Finally, the application of the fuzzy multi-criteria evaluation model demonstrates detailedly the computation and evaluation procedure in the selection of HVAC schemes.Practical applications: The fuzzy multi-criteria evaluation model combined with the optimal weighting method in this paper is believed by the authors to contribute to the selection and comparison of HVAC systems or schemes in the building. It is proposed that both qualitative and quantitative criteria existing in reality are used to evaluate HVAC schemes and the decision-making method combines both subjectivity and objectivity. In addition, simple and practical computation and evaluation procedure is easily applied by HVAC designers or decision-makers. Such an approach could become a powerful tool to make an optimal selection for HVAC schemes.", "label": [1, 17]}
+{"token": "Variations in the H/ACA box sequence of viral telomerase RNA of isolates of CVI988 Rispens vaccine. The use of the complete DNA sequence for the Marek's disease virus (MDV) serotype 1 vaccine strain CVI988 Rispens in comparative genomic studies with virulent strains of MDV has revealed the presence of a number of insertions, deletions and single-nucleotide polymorphisms. In this study, we investigated a SNP in the H/ACA box of the viral RNA subunit of telomerase (vTR). We sequenced vTR from four different batches of CVI988 vaccine originating from a single commercial company. The A-to-G mutation defining the SNP in the H/ACA box of CVI988 vTR was present in only some of the batches. Thus, although this mutation affects CVI988 vTR function, it is not shared by all CVI988 isolates and may be a stochastic rather than causative event in CVI988 attenuation.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "OSSOS. VII. 800+Trans-Neptunian Objects-The Complete Data Release. The Outer Solar System Origins Survey (OSSOS), a wide-field imaging program in 2013-2017 with the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, surveyed 155 deg(2) of sky to depths of m(r) = 24.1-25.2. We present 838 outer solar system discoveries that are entirely free of ephemeris bias. This increases the inventory of trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) with accurately known orbits by nearly 50%. Each minor planet has 20-60 Gaia/Pan-STARRS-calibrated astrometric measurements made over 2-5 oppositions, which allows accurate classification of their orbits within the trans-Neptunian dynamical populations. The populations orbiting in mean-motion resonance with Neptune are key to understanding Neptune's early migration. Our 313 resonant TNOs, including 132 plutinos, triple the available characterized sample and include new occupancy of distant resonances out to semimajor axis a similar to 130 au. OSSOS doubles the known population of the nonresonant Kuiper Belt, providing 436 TNOs in this region, all with exceptionally high-quality orbits of a uncertainty sigma(a) <= 0.1%; they show that the belt exists from a greater than or similar to 37 au, with a lower perihelion bound of 35 au. We confirm the presence of a concentrated low-inclination a similar or equal to 44 au \\\\'kernel\\\\' population and a dynamically cold population extending beyond the 2:1 resonance. We finely quantify the survey's observational biases. Our survey simulator provides a straightforward way to impose these biases on models of the trans-Neptunian orbit distributions, allowing statistical comparison to the discoveries. The OSSOS TNOs, unprecedented in their orbital precision for the size of the sample, are ideal for testing concepts of the history of giant planet migration in the solar system.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Infectious cDNA transcripts of Maize necrotic streak virus: Infectivity and translational characteristics. Maize necrotic streak virus (MNeSV) is a unique member of the family Tombusviridae that is not infectious by leaf rub inoculation and has a coat protein lacking the protruding domain of aureusviruses, carmoviruses, and tombusviruses (Louie et al., Plant Dis. 84, 1133-1139, 2000). Completion of the MNeSV sequence indicated a genome of 4094 nt. RNA blot and primer extension analysis identified subgenomic RNAs of 1607 and 781 nt. RNA and protein sequence comparisons and RNA secondary structure predictions support the classification of MNeSV as the first monocot-infecting tombusvirus, the smallest tombusvirus yet reported. Uncapped transcripts from cDNAs were infectious in maize (Zea mays L.) protoplasts and plants. Translation of genomic and subgenomic RNA transcripts in wheat germ extracts indicated that MNeSV has a 3' cap-independent translational enhancer (3'CITE) located within the 3' 156 m. The sequence, predicted structure, and the ability to function in vitro differentiate the MNeSV 3'CITE from that of Tomato bushy stunt virus. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Assigning moral roles within the Second World War in Europe: National similarities, differences, and implications for group-level moral representations. The moral roles assigned to nations that took part in the Second World War cast a shadow over contemporary international politics. To understand contemporary moral beliefs about the war, we took 11 mostly student samples from 9 nations that took part in the European theatre of war (total N = 1,427). We asked respondents, in free and scaled listings, to identify the war's heroes, villains, victims, and recipients of help. Nations and individuals seen as heroes, victims, and villains could be readily identified by most samples and showed both continuity and difference across nations. Most nations preferentially assigned themselves hero and victim roles, and the two were correlated positively, showing ingroup favouritism linked to victimhood. These findings show the importance of morality to contemporary views of the war and suggest further directions for studying today's political climate in Europe and elsewhere.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Influence of Spoil Type on Chemistry and Hydrology of Interflow on a Surface Coal Mine in the Eastern US Coalfield. Surface mining for coal is responsible for widespread degradation of water resources and aquatic ecosystems in the Appalachian Region, USA. Because native topsoils are typically not retained on Appalachian mined sites, mine soils are usually composed of crushed overburden. This overburden tends to contribute high salinity loads to downstream aquatic systems. Also, loss of transpiration from forests and reduced infiltration associated with conventional reclamation procedures lead to altered water budgeting and stream morphology. To investigate the influence of the geologic composition of this overburden on water quality and tree growth, a series of experimental plots were constructed on a reclaimed surface mine site in eastern Kentucky, USA, in 2005. Treatments included unweathered GRAY sandstone, weathered BROWN sandstone, and MIXED sandstones and shale spoils. Plots were composed of end-dumped, uncompacted spoils and were designed to drain interflow through data acquisition stations for sampling purposes. Most water chemical parameters had stabilized across all treatments by 9 years after spoil placement. Discharge volume was not different among treatment types through the first 3 years after placement. However, 9 years after placement, seasonal variation in discharge on BROWN is more extreme than that on MIXED or GRAY. In addition, planted tree growth on BROWN has drastically outpaced growth on GRAY or MIXED, suggesting that evapotranspiration may be influencing seasonal variation in water discharged from BROWN. These results suggest that placement of brown weathered spoils when soil substitutes are required may lessen hydrologic impacts via improved tree growth and water utilization on surface-mined sites in Appalachia.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "MORE THAN JUST A NUMBER? THE CONCEPTUALIZATION AND MEASUREMENT OF FIRM AGE IN AN ERA OF TEMPORARY ORGANIZATIONS. This article seeks to reinvigorate research on firm age by providing the first comprehensive review of the construct. We provide evidence that certain long-held assumptions about age have changed as organizations have become increasingly temporary and discuss what this means for organizational research going forward. We inductively structured our review along five themes: [1] research on age-dependence in organizational mortality rates; [2] research on age-related differences in firm processes or structures; [3] research enriching the theoretical understanding of firm age; [4] research that includes firm age as a control variable; and [5] methodological issues in the study of firm age. Across these five themes, we identify important work, integrate what we know, identify gaps and inconsistencies, and offer recommendations for future research. We derive more specific recommendations for two streams of research in particular, namely, research on entrepreneurial success and failure, which is directly tied to the liability of newness, and the literature on temporary organizations, which is concerned with the intended and actual durations of firms.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
+{"token": "LYMPHOCYTE GENE-THERAPY. Genetically corrected T cells are currently under investigation as a treatment for severe combined immunodeficiency disease resulting from a lack of adenosine deaminase (ADA).  Monthly injections of these ADA-corrected T cells have resulted in measurable ADA activity in the peripheral blood and the in vivo production of antibody to blood group antigen.  Genetically corrected T cells appear to be clinically valuable vehicles for gene therapy.", "label": [2, 18, 19, 20]}
+{"token": "REPROGENETICS AND PHARMACOGENETICS: IN WHOSE BEST INTERESTS?. Reprogenetics involves embryonic pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, provoking controversy over the creation of saviour siblings, eugenics and genetic enhancement. It will soon ascertain pharmacogenetic susceptibilities. Pharmacogenetics impacts upon public health initiatives underpinned by resource allocation constraints in that genetic epidemiological studies assist in administering health care resources and public health strategies. Knowing how likely sections of the population are to develop specific medical conditions so that lifestyle and environmental factors influencing these conditions can be targeted has the potential to save public money and improve public health. Aligning population groups with genetic susceptibilities with specific medications would enable cost-effective prescribing. Reprogenetics and pharmacogenetics also possess great commercial potential for nation states and biotechnology companies.Hence ethical legal safeguards for members of the public whose reproductive or genetic tissue is a research or health care resource are essential. Both legal measures such as informed consent and mechanisms for including the public in policy decisions over reprogenetics and pharmacogenetics must be rethought to ensure that they provide protection rather than function as rubber stamps which preclude deeper inquiry into justifications of projects.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "The impact of service orientation in corporate culture on business performance in manufacturing companies. Practical implications - Separating the service and product organization strengthens the creation of a service orientation in the corporate culture, but at the same time, does not affect the link between culture and performance.Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine if there is a relationship between the interdependence among different components of service culture and performance. This paper also contributes to the discussion on how integrating or separating the service organization from the product organization interacts with service culture.Design/methodology/approach - Data are collected through a survey and structural equation modeling is used for the data analysis.Findings - The three main findings are: identified interactions among different elements of service orientation in corporate culture, the positive association between the service orientation of corporate culture and business performance, and the moderating effects of the type of organizational structure on interactions among service-orientation elements in corporate culture.Research limitations/implications - There may be alternative explanations for the correlations in the model. There are limitations in survey research in measuring service orientation in service culture.Originality/value - The originality of the paper comes from combining service orientation in corporate culture with types of organizational structure. In addition, compared to the dominant single dimension approach to service orientation in corporate culture, four dimensions are used (service orientation of management values, management behavior, employee values, and employee behavior).", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "The assessment of the sawmill noise. Noise is a serious and widespread problem in many workplaces like in sawmill. The published data for the year 2010 about the total number of pathologies from work in Italia due to the noise, showed 5222 cases divided by sex, in fact for females there are instances in number of 221 while the male has a number of cases is equal to 4961. The aim of this work was to detect the sound level caused by the use of the machineries in a sawmill. The measurements were carried out through an instrument known as noise level meter, equipped with a microphone and connected to a computer for data processing and analysis of variance to a factor in excel, and able to assess noise levels at any particular point in the mill. The machines were subjected in relief and with several different types of wood materials. Obviously, in our case a fundamental role takes the moisture of wood. The drying operation is intended to obtain that degree of humidity of the wood, generally it must be between 7 and 16%, compatible with the type of glue used and, above all, appropriate to the target structures. The machines that have the highest sound pressure levels were trimmer and profiler, with values ranging between 85 dB(A) and 110 dB(A). Finally, it's possible conclude that the sound pressure level increases when the aspiration equipment is turned on, the noise of machinery decreases during the processing of wood and that, increasing the thickness, decreased the noise emitted by the machine.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Morphological characteristics of the human skin over posterior aspect of heel in the context of pressure ulcer development. Given our observations in the papillary layer of the posterior aspect of heel, we assume that the tissue of this area may be less tolerant to ischaemia since the tissue has high metabolic demand to provide oxygen and nutrients to the epidermis which protects underlying tissue from external force. In addition, elliptic configuration of adipose tissues in the posterior aspect of heel situated perpendicularly to the skin surface may result in deep lesion if the forces applied exceed the tolerable level since the forces will be concentrated within the elliptic compartments. (C) 2013 Tissue Viability Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.The posterior aspect of heel is known as a particularly vulnerable site for pressure ulcer development, however, it is not well understood why this is so. This study was undertaken to identify the morphological characteristics of the skin over posterior aspect of heel in the context of pressure ulcer development. Human skin tissues were obtained from four different sites of the body of 4 aged subjects postmortem: posterior aspect of heel, plantar aspect of heel, sacrum and centre of gluteus maximus. The skin samples were processed for the examination using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The posterior aspect of heel was characterized by a thicker epidermis, denser distribution and larger diameter of capillaries in the papillary layer, 3-dimensional architecture of collagen fibre meshwork in the reticular layer and elliptic adipose tissues situated perpendicularly to the skin surface being surrounded by thick collagen and elastic fibre septa compared to the sacrum.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
+{"token": "DETERMINING TROPOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR BY GPS OBSERVATIONS: FIRST EXPERIMENTS IN VENEZUELA. Satellite geodetic techniques implementation has made it possible to retrieve and analyze information about the terrestrial atmosphere. An example is the quantification and monitoring of tropospheric water vapor, a variable of great interest for weather, meteorology and atmospheric chemistry studies, considered as the most important greenhouse gas. This paper describes the first experiences in Venezuela to retrieve information by GPS, based on a processing strategy through Bernese GPS Software v5.0, designed to estimate the non-hydrostatic zenith delay of satellite signal recorded on a permanent station located in the west of the country, where in situ meteorological data was considered. Only 46 days of data were processed, reaching mean values in the humid zenithal delay of 0.34m. Taking into account the close dependence respective to neutral atmosphere water vapor, this estimation and the subsequent conversion to integrated water vapor was carried out by TROPOSWASSER v1.0, a software developed for this purpose. Generation of time series revealed gaseous water mean presence of 46kg.m(-2) as minimum and 65kg.m(-2) as maximum. Besides the characterization of both variables, it will be possible to begin their continuous monitoring, contributing with geodesy and atmospheric sciences research.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "UNIFIED DESCRIPTION OF ACCRETION FLOWS AROUND BLACK-HOLES. We provide a unified description of thermal equilibria of black hole accretion disks, including the newly discovered advection-dominated solutions. We classify the solutions on the basis of optical depth and impotance of advection cooling. We demonstrate that only four physically distinct topological types of equilibria exist. Two of the types correspond to optically thin and optically thick equilibria, while the other two types are distinguished by whether advection is negligible or dominant. A stable Shakura-Sunyaev disk exists only for accretion rates M below a certain maximum. However, there is a critical viscosity parameter alpha(crit), which is a function of radius, such that for alpha > alpha(crit) advection-dominated solutions exist for all M. Even when alpha < alpha(crit), the advection-dominated solutions are available for a wide range of M except for a gap around the Eddington rate. We therefore suggest that advection-dominated flows may be more common than standard thin disks in black hole systems. For certain ranges of radii and M, no stable steady state solution is possible. In these cases, we suggest that limit cycle behavior may occur, leading to variability.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Native phosphocaseinate powder during storage: Lipids released onto the surface. Native phosphocaseinate (NPC) is an innovative dairy based ingredient. However, its storage induced lipids released onto the surface, which has repercussions on powder functional properties. In this study we have investigated the effect of storage on surface composition, water sorption properties and powder microstructure. The combination of these analytical methods has been used to enhance the understanding of powder lipids released during storage. First, lipids were found to accumulate preferentially at the surface of the particle even when they were stored at 20 degrees C. Powder microstructure after storage showed the presence of pores, indicating a possible way of lipids released. Sorption studies revealed that the monolayer moisture capacity (X(m)) decreased during storage is mainly due to the formation of a lipid barrier on the powder surface. Finally, we have confirmed observations made by other researchers on the localization of milk components during spray drying and we have added new knowledge during storage. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 1, 16, 8]}
+{"token": "Ukraine's European Choice What It Means for Russia. Despite Ukraine's objective need for a multidirectional foreign policy, Kiev's strategic decision to integrate with the political and economic space of the European Union (EU) remains immutable. This decision imposes limits on the country's willingness to cooperate with Russia.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Prelingual deafness: high prevalence of a 30delG mutation in the connexin 26 gene. Prelingual non-syndromic (isolated) deafness is the most frequent hereditary sensory defect. In >80% of the cases, the mode of transmission is autosomal recessive. To date, 14 loci have been identified for the recessive forms (DFNB loci). For two of them, DFNB1 and DFNB2, the genes responsible have been characterized; they encode connexin 26 and myosin VIIA, respectively. In order to evaluate the extent to which the connexin 26 gene (Cx26) contributes to prelingual deafness, we searched for mutations in this gene in 65 affected Caucasian families originating from various countries, mainly Tunisia, France, New Zealand and the UK. Six of these families are consanguineous, and deafness was shown to be linked to the DFNB1 locus, 10 are small non consanguineous families in which the segregation of the trait has been found to be compatible with the involvement of DFNB1, and in the remaining 49 families no linkage analysis has been performed. A total of 62 mutant alleles in 39 families were identified. Therefore, mutations in Cx26 represent a major cause of recessively inherited prelingual deafness since according to the present results they would underlie approximately half of the cases. In addition, one specific mutation, 30delG, accounts for the majority (similar to 70%) of the Cx26 mutant alleles. It is therefore one of the most frequent disease mutations so far identified. Several lines of evidence indicate that the high prevalence of the 30delG mutation arises from a mutation hot spot rather than from a founder effect. Genetic counselling for prelingual deafness has been so far considerably impaired by the difficulty in distinguishing genetic and non genetic deafness in families presenting with a single deaf child. Based on the results presented here, the development of a simple molecular test could be designed which should be of considerable help.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "NEON FLANK AND ILLUSORY CONTOUR - INTERACTION BETWEEN THE 2 PROCESSES LEADS TO COLOR FILLING-IN. Two aspects of neon color spreading, local color spreading (neon flank) and illusory contour. were investigated by dichoptic viewing. Neon flank was not observed under appropriate dichoptic stimulation. suggesting that input to the process for local color spreading is based on monocular configuration. However, illusory contours were formed according to the interocularly combined configuration rather than according to each monocular configuration, suggesting that input to the process responsible for illusory contours should be ocularly-nonselective and binocular. rather than monocular. The possibilities of artifacts such as those arising from interocular rivalry were appropriately eliminated, and thus, it is tentatively concluded that the process underlying local color spreading is monocularly driven, whereas the process underlying illusory contours is binocularly driven. Furthermore, a new demonstration is presented that indicates that interocularly-induced illusory contours 'capture' and extend the monocularly-induced local color spreading, resulting in global color spreading (neon color spreading). These results support our hypotheses that neon color spreading involves two separable processes in the early visual processing, the feature detection process (for local color spreading) and the illusory contour process, and that these two processes interact with each other at later stages of cortical processing. The relation of local color spreading and illusory contours to surface separation is also discussed.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 55]}
+{"token": "Assessing the capacity and flow of ecosystem services in multifunctional landscapes: Evidence of a rural-urban gradient in a Mediterranean small island state. Distinguishing between the ecosystems' capacity to generate ecosystem services (ES) and the actual use of these service (ES flow) in ES assessment and mapping is important to develop an understanding of the sustainability of ES use. This study assesses the spatial variation in ES capacity and flow in the Mediterranean small island state of Malta. The services included in this study were crop provisioning, beekeeping and honey production, fodder and livestock production, crop pollination, air quality regulation, and aesthetic ES. This assessment develops different spatial models, which make use of available datasets, causal relationships between datasets, including a generated land use land cover (LULC) map, and statistical models and indicators based on direct measurements. Individual ES indicators were mapped to visualise and compare their spatial patterns across the case study area. Subsequently, an analysis of ES associations and bundles was carried out using Pearson parametric correlation test, for both ES capacity and flow indicators generated from this study, and through Principal Component Analysis. Results demonstrate several significant synergistic interactions between ES capacity and flow in rural landscapes characterised with agricultural and semi-natural LULC categories, indicating high landscape multi functionality. In contrast, predominantly urban areas tend to be characterised with a low ecosystem capacity and ES flow, suggesting that ES delivery in the landscapes of the study area is determined by land use intensity. These findings support the notion that multifunctional rural landscapes provide multiple ES, making an important contribution to human well-being, and that land use planning that develops green infrastructure in urban areas can significantly contribute to support biodiversity and ES delivery.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "The importance of atmospheric odours for the homing performance of pigeons in the Sonoran desert of the southwestern United States. The importance of atmospheric odours for homing pigeon navigation in a desert environment was tested using birds from two lofts located in the Sonoran desert near Tucson, Arizona, USA, When released from a familiar training site, experienced control pigeons and pigeons given intranasal injections of zinc sulphate to produce anosmia both displayed good homeward orientation and homed rapidly, When released from two unfamiliar locations, in contrast, the controls continued to display good homing performance while the zinc-sulphate-treated pigeons homed poorly, Significant differences in vanishing bearings, homing time and homing success were recorded, When a group of control and a group of zinc-sulphate-treated inexperienced pigeons were released from two unfamiliar locations, both groups homed poorly, Nonetheless, the controls still outperformed the zinc-sulphate-treated birds, the most notable result being a significant difference in homing success, Taken together, these results highlight the importance of atmospheric odours for the operation of the navigational map of the homing pigeon in a desert environment and, together with previous experiments, demonstrate that the role of atmospheric odours in homing does not seem to vary in any salient way with ambient climatic conditions.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Translating Disability in a Muslim Community: A Case of Modular Translation. This study examines how Muslim religious leaders (imams) introduce the liberal notion of disability to their communities in Israel. The project described, initiated and supported by an American NGO, provides a case for exploring how the secular notion of disability rights is cast and recast in a Muslim world of meaning. It focuses on the mediation strategy that I call modular translation, employed by imams in sermons delivered for the purpose of altering or improving the status and conditions of people with disabilities. This strategy, as it emerged from the analysis, entails decoupling norms of conduct from their underlying justifications. It thus suggests that norms of conduct are open to change so long as the believers' cosmology remains intact. As such, this turn may offer new avenues of thinking and acting about globalizing human rights within the arena of health and disability.", "label": [2, 5, 56, 52, 23]}
+{"token": "Research Perspectives on Students in Britain and Ireland, 1800-1945. Historians of Britain and Ireland have long been interested in universities and students. They have acknowledged the importance of these institutions and individuals within the history of elites, the history of the state, intellectual history, the history of science, of social movements and of politics and political thought. Yet, for many years much of this research has centred around higher education institutions themselves rather than the student body that they cater for. Following the expansion of the higher education sector and the growth of the student movement in the 1960s the quantity and quality of literature on British and Irish students, rather than the institutions that they studied at, has grown substantially and has become a burgeoning historical field. This article surveys the development of this historiography and the key research perspectives on students in Britain and Ireland from 1800-1945, focusing on five thematic areas: student culture, student representation and politics, student life during war, students race and empire, and student women - to track the progress, development and connections between the different strands of this historiography over the past fifty years and to offer insights into potential avenues for further research.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "JUSTICE AT THE EDGE: HEARING THE SOUND OF SILENCE. This article examines a novel emerging trend in the access to justice movement. This latest trend is best seen as a counter-wave - or rip current - that seeks to incorporate knowledge and experience found at the periphery of the legal system in order to advance the theory and practice that underpins access to justice. Drawing on recent legal developments pioneered in Aotearoa/New Zealand that grant personhood status to natural objects, we report on the Maori world view that treats natural objects in much the same way as respected family members. This new perspective is indicative of the counter-wave in action and illustrates how legal principles derived from the periphery - in this case rooted in the First Law of the Maori people - are being recognised and incorporated into the mainstream legal system, holding the potential to advance access to justice for First Nations peoples whilst also bringing other benefits to the wider society. Focusing primarily on Australia, Brazil and Canada, our aim is to highlight common signs of receptivity for granting natural objects personhood status, and to show how this converging trend could enrich both the quality and accessibility of justice in these and other jurisdictions.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Equilibrium Points and Networks of Periodic Orbits in the Pseudo-Newtonian Planar Circular Restricted Three-body Problem. We explore a pseudo-Newtonian planar circular restricted three-body problem in which the primaries are modeled using an approximate gravitational potential up to the second nonvanishing term of the Fodor-Hoenselaers-Perjes expansion. We aim to understand how the main free parameters of the system affect its dynamical properties. In particular, we determine how the mass of the primaries as well as the transition parameters affect not only the properties of the points of equilibrium (total number, locations, and linear stability) but also the networks of simple symmetric periodic orbits. Our results show that, under this approach, significant variations are observed in the fixed points (number and stability) and periodic orbits of the planar circular restricted three-body problem, even when small contributions of the non-Newtonian terms are considered. We also provide direct applications of the new model potential in real observable binary stellar systems.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Three species of Trimmatothelopsis (Acarosporaceae) from Europe and North America. A phylogenetic analysis recovered Acarospora oreophila in the monophyletic Trimmatothelopsis clade and a new combination was made. Trimmatothelopsis oreophila is closely related to T. terricola. Acarospora benedarensis and A. sphaerosperma are transferred to Trimmatothelopsis based on morphological and anatomical analyses. Globose apothecia with the disc usually less 0.5 mm in diam., a high hymenium, narrow paraphyses, and long conidia (3-6 x 1-1.5 mu m) are diagnostic characters of the genus. Five species occur in North America.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Comparing areas of suitable habitats along travelled and possible shortest routes in migration of White-naped Cranes Grus vipio in East Asia. Many migratory species take detours when migrating from their breeding to wintering grounds rather than following the shortest route available. To test whether the distribution of potentially suitable habitats might be a factor causing the use of less direct detours during migration, we analysed the migratory routes of five White-naped Cranes Grus vipio satellite-tracked from central-east Russia, and compared the total area of wetlands and grasslands along the migratory routes travelled by the Cranes with that along the shortest possible routes to the Cranes' wintering grounds. All five Cranes made an easterly detour, and the distance ratio of the routes used by Cranes to the shortest possible route was 1.13 +/- 0.03 sd. Based on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration satellite images, we demonstrate that the area of wetlands and grasslands along the migration routes travelled by Cranes was greater than along the shortest possible routes.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "CLINICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PHENOTYPE IN 11 PATIENTS WITH MEVALONIC ACIDURIA. Conclusions. These observations establish the broad range of clinical symptoms and biochemical findings in mevalonic aciduria. It is concluded that although patients with mevalonic aciduria have a recognizable phenotype of serious clinical manifestations, some patients are likely to remain undiagnosed and may be found in a variety of subspeciality clinics, including neurology, gastroenterology, cardiology, and genetics.Methods. Mevalonic acid in body fluids was determined by stable isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy with selected ion monitoring, ubiquinone-10 concentrations by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography.Results. Varying degrees of severity of clinical illness were observed despite uniform, virtual absence of residual activity of the enzyme. The most severely affected patients have had profound developmental delay, dysmorphic features, cataracts, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and anemia, as well as diarrhea and malabsorption, and have died in infancy. Less severely affected patients have had psychomotor retardation, hypotonia, myopathy, and ataxia. All patients have had recurrent crises in which there was fever, lymphadenopathy, increase in size of liver and spleen, arthralgia, edema, and a morbilliform rash. Neuroimaging studies revealed selective and progressive atrophy of the cerebellum. Mevalonic acid concentrations were found to be grossly elevated in body fluids of all patients. Concentrations of plasma cholesterol were normal or only slightly reduced. Concentrations of ubiquinone-10 in plasma were found to be decreased in most patients. Abnormalities such as hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis, or lactic acidemia, the usual concomitants of disorders of organic acid metabolism, were conspicuously absent.Objective. Mevalonic aciduria is a consequence of the deficiency of mevalonate kinase, the first enzyme after 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase in the biosynthesis of cholesterol and nonsterol isoprenes. To establish the clinical and biochemical phenotype of mevalonic aciduria, the authors assembled their experience with 11 patients including attempts at therapeutic interventions.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Modal interaction in ultrasonic welding block sonotrodes induced by the mistuning of the material properties. In many ultrasonic applications, block sonotrodes are serially coupled with other tuned components to transmit the longitudinal vibration to the workpiece. Uniform vibration amplitude of the output surface is an important criterion for determining quality. It is known that amplitude uniformity is related to other non-tuned modes. In this paper, another type of modal interaction is used to quantify distortion of the first longitudinal mode, when the system exhibits a loss of symmetry (mistuning) and near natural frequencies. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Research on video classification method of key pollution sources based on deep learning. China's environmental problems are not only related to the fundamental interests of the broad masses of the people, but also to China's national security and international image. At present, China's environmental protection work is facing a complex situation. Pollution sources can be divided into natural pollution sources and man-made pollution sources. Natural sources of pollution refer to places where nature releases harmful substances or causes harmful effects to the environment, such as active volcanoes. Man-made pollution source refers to the pollution source formed by human activities, and is also the main object of environmental protection research and control. Among the man-made pollution sources, air pollution sources, water pollution sources and soil pollution sources can be classified according to the main objects of pollution. Among them, air pollution sources and water pollution sources have the greatest impact on human life. Therefore, it has become an important subject worthy of in-depth discussion to take automatic and electronic measures for potential environmental pollution incidents, discover environmental pollution problems in time, reduce the probability of environmental pollution incidents, and even put some major environmental pollution incidents in their infancy. In this paper, deep learning method is used to classify the existing key pollution source video. Water pollution experiments show that the accuracy of video counting reaches 93.1%, which is better than other video processing schemes. The operation time of the system reaches acceptable range, and a solution to meet the real-time requirement is put forward. (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier Inc.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Fostering capacity building among groups of disadvantaged farmers, southeastern North Carolina (USA). We present preliminary results from a qualitative comparative case study involving small-scale and disadvantaged (predominantly African American) farmers in southeastern North Carolina. Agricultural assistance organizations have promoted development of farmer cooperatives as an adaptive strategy for these farmers, with only limited success. This research explores factors that contribute to or detract from the capacity of disadvantaged rural households to take advantage of new opportunities, and the role of both tangible intangible assets in shaping outcomes. We gained rich insights about these factors through the provision of tangible assets and business planning assistance to four small groups of disadvantaged farmers attempting to adopt the innovation of collaboration. Provision of tangible assets is insufficient to ensure success; our findings suggest that capacity-building efforts focused too narrowly on assets can lead assistance providers to neglect critical mediating factors that influence outcomes. A key mediating factor is the strength of trust-based relationships among group members and between groups and assistance providers; establishment of such relationships is a necessary precursor to cooperation and capacity development. One implication is that assistance organizations might improve outcomes of programs aimed at disadvantaged populations by focusing on trust-building interactions and by providing coaching and facilitation services.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Back on track: Creating a robust institutional framework for rail transport of hazardous substances in the Netherlands. This study aimed to analyse the functionality of the current Basic Network Rail and propose recommendations to increase its robustness in the future. The study concludes that the Basic Network Rail is essentially a good system. However, the three aspects of the system, namely safety, transport and spatial development, are not valued equally, which puts the Basic Network Rail out of balance. As a result (among others), risk ceilings are exceeded, stakeholders have few instruments to control the routes in advance and location-specific measures that reduce risk are not included in the current risk models.In order to improve the robustness of the system this study recommends to: (a) revise the risk ceilings on a number of rail routes, (b) set up a \\\\'rail specific system\\\\' for increased control of routing of rail transport, (c) optimise the use of the Betuwe railroad, (d) optimise information provision by using automated processes for risk assessment and monitoring of rail transport of hazardous substances and e) improve stakeholder communication and cooperation by implementing a consultation structure.The Basic Network Act (implemented in April 2015 after over 10 years of negotiations) aimed to increase safety by defining risk ceilings along transport routes of hazardous substances by water, road and rail as well as the possibilities for spatial development in areas adjacent to these routes. The evaluation of the act showed that risk ceilings, especially those of rail routes, were exceeded within the first year of the act coming into effect.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "SPORTS, ENTERTAINMENT, AND THE CLASSICAL WORLD: THEIR USEFULNESS TO MODERN SPORTS POLICY. Doping has in recent years become a widespread issue throughout the sporting world. Despite the recent plethora of doping cases this is not a new issue, but one which may date to the ancient world including the Classical period. The problems associated with doping must be tackled in a new, more effective manner. This paper assesses positions on sports taken in the ancient world, specifically what was considered cheating or 'doping' - in order to determine if such approaches could be used as a remedy to eliminate / reduce modern doping. The paper will also assess whether such possible solutions could be integrated into anti-doping policy.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Motor impairment in children with Neurofibromatosis type 1: Effect of the comorbidity with language disorders. Background: There is a body of evidence demonstrating comorbidity of motor and cognitive deficit in uidiopathicy developmental disorders. These associations are also found in developmental disorders secondary to monogenic disorders as in Neurofibromatosis type 1 for which the principal complication during childhood is learning disabilities. The comparison of motor impairment between developmental disorders either idiopathic or secondary as in NF1 could help us to better understand the cause of the combined language/motor deficit in these populations.Aim: The aim of this current study was to investigate motor impairment in children with NF1 for which oral language had been specified and then to compare the motors skills of the NF1 group to motor performance of children with Specific Language Disorder (SLD).Results: In NF1 group, motor impairment was more frequent and more severe and concerned specifically balance rather than manual dexterity or ball skills, compared to a group of children with SLD. This motor impairment was independent of language status in the NF1 group.Conclusions: These results as well as other studies on the same topic could suggest that in NF1 children, fine motor skills impairment would be dependent on the existence of comorbidity with language disorders. Also, that gross motor skills impairment, and more precisely the balance deficit would be characteristic of NF1. This issue encourages studies of procedural learning that can involve the fronto-striatal or the fronto-cerebellar loops according to the type of motor tasks and the stage of learning. (C) 2015 The Japanese Society of Child Neurology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Method: Two groups of 49 children between 5 and 12 years old were included and compared, the NF1 group and the SLD (Specific Language Disorder) group. Each child completed evaluation involving cognitive, language and motor assessment.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Central government budget practices and transparency: An international comparison. From an international perspective, a relationship between public sector transparency and better economic and social outcomes is something that is increasingly acknowledged. In terms of lack of transparency in budget reports both bureaucratic model and fiscal illusion theory have been argued as explanations. To assess transparency in budget practices we analyse to what extent a sample of 41 countries are meeting OECD requirements according to its Best Practices for Budget Transparency document (OBP). We find an average OBP fulfilment of 56.4 per cent. Transparency is negatively correlated with corruption and positively correlated with economic development. Countries receiving external financial and technical support meet fewer OBP recommendations than countries not receiving it. Considering the political framework, both progressive and conservative governments reach similar transparency levels. OECD members do not significantly fulfil more OBP suggestions than non-members. In respect of 4 variables: transparency, corruption, democracy and development, four clusters of countries arise: top-performing, low transparency-developed, low transparency-developing and worst-performing.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "From the design of green buildings to resilience management of building stocks. The green and the subsequent sustainable building movements have been framed by changing societal contexts. Their main focus has been on the design of new buildings. However, these movements have neglected the life span of existing buildings and the long-term management of building stocks. The reasons why are considered: the changing interpretations of sustainability, the evolution of different forms of tacit knowledge, lack of a metabolic framework covering the built environment and lack of a consistent multi-scale building information modelling (BIM). The transition toward a risk society', with an increasing diversity and frequency of threats, challenges the current optimistic definition of sustainability. Resilience addresses fast- and slow-moving threats that can lead to unknown consequences and new risks. Alternative planning approaches (e.g. scenario planning, adaptive change and resilience heuristics) are discussed. The differences between anticipation- and resilience-based strategies are considered. Possible heuristics can be found in social-ecological systems, in resilience engineering and in the historic evolution of the built environment. Resilient solutions generally lead to a higher level of complexity and carry additional environmental costs. In the creation of resilience capacity, new knowledge will be co-produced through transdisciplinary research, scenario planning and design experiments under conditions of uncertainty.", "label": [1, 17]}
+{"token": "Complete nucleotide sequence of the genomic RNA of tobacco mosaic virus strain Cg. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-Cg is a crucifer-infecting tobamovirus that was isolated from field-grown garlic. We determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the genomic RNA of TMV-Cg. The genomic RNA of TMV-Cg consists of 6303 nucleotides and encodes four large open reading frames, organized basically in the same way as that of other tobamoviruses. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences are very similar to those of the other crucifer-infecting tobamoviruses that have been sequenced so far.", "label": [2, 20, 21]}
+{"token": "The doubling of stellar black hole nuclei. It is strongly believed that Andromeda's double nucleus signals a disc of stars revolving around its central supermassive black hole on eccentric Keplerian orbits with nearly aligned apsides. A self-consistent stellar dynamical origin for such apparently long-lived alignment has so far been lacking, with indications that cluster self-gravity is capable of sustaining such lopsided configurations if and when stimulated by external perturbations. Here, we present results of N-body simulations which show unstable counter-rotating stellar clusters around supermassive black holes saturating into uniformly precessing lopsided nuclei. The double nucleus in our featured experiment decomposes naturally into a thick eccentric disc of apo-apse aligned stars which is embedded in a lighter triaxial cluster. The eccentric disc reproduces key features of Keplerian disc models of Andromeda's double nucleus; the triaxial cluster has a distinctive kinematic signature which is evident in Hubble Space Telescope observations of Andromeda's double nucleus, and has been difficult to reproduce with Keplerian discs alone. Our simulations demonstrate how the combination of an eccentric disc and a triaxial cluster arises naturally when a star cluster accreted over a preexisting and counter-rotating disc of stars drives disc and cluster into a mutually destabilizing dance. Such accretion events are inherent to standard galaxy formation scenarios. They are here shown to double stellar black hole nuclei as they feed them.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Activities of Th-232, Ra-226, K-40, and Cs-137 in surface soil and external dose assessment at two zones of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. In the frame of establishing the radiological baseline of the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, this work assesses the total outdoor external dose and the activity values of K-40, Ra-226, Th-232 and Cs-137 in superficial soils of La Plata and Lima cities. In the latter, the most important nuclear emplacement of the country is located. At La Plata, 49 sites were analyzed, which correspond to the green public spaces of the city while at Lima 6 sites around the nuclear power plants were studied. For La Plata, the external dose contribution and activity distribution maps of K-40, Ra-226, Th-232 and Cs-137 were obtained using the Kriging geo-statistical method. Activity values of Ra-226 and Th-232 resulted lower than their worldwide average ones, while the K-40 levels were higher than the corresponding one. The activity dataset was analyzed together with the activity values determined previously in unperturbed soils of the region. The Pearson correlation coefficient was re-calculated, obtaining correlations more significant when all activity data were considered. No correlation between activity superficial distributions and the height above sea level or the geomorphological units was found. The activity values obtained in Lima soils lie in the range of the values determined for La Plata soils. Like in La Plata, Cs-137 activity around the nuclear facility could be associated only with the nuclear power tests. The average total external annual dose for La Plata inhabitants are in the range of 0.19 to 0.25 mSv/year, similar to those determined for Lima residents. The present work complements previous reports contributing to the establishment of the radiological baseline for soils of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, the province with the most important nuclear activities of the country.", "label": [4, 5, 38, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Fathers matter too! Lived experience of pedagogical hope in raising children with Down syndrome. Background Pedagogical hope is a fundamental disposition for raising children. This attitude among fathers of children with Down syndrome (DS) plays an essential role in their children's development. This phenomenological study sought to explore fathers' lived experiences and to reflect on what it means to be a pedagogically hopeful father of a child with DS. Methods Max van Manen's hermeneutic-phenomenological method was applied. Phenomenological interviews were held with 10 fathers of children with DS in Spain, Ecuador and Scotland. Anecdotal narratives from the transcribed interviews were analysed based on philosophical, philological and human science methods. Results The four eidetic themes in the phenomenological text show how a pedagogically hopeful father (1) is realistic; (2) believes in the strengths of his child with DS; (3) trusts in his positive influence; and (4) is open to unexpected surprises. Conclusions Lived experiences of pedagogical hope reveal fathers' fundamental roles in stimulating the utmost development of their child's capabilities. Reflecting on this pedagogical attitude will undoubtedly encourage fathers, educators and health care professionals to make the most of this disposition and enhance their relationship with their children with DS.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 53, 20, 23]}
+{"token": "Overlapping of mononuclear cells derived from bone marrow in rats' intervertebral discs: an in vitro study. In this study, bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNC) derived from rats were used in order to promote intervertebral disc regeneration. These cells were isolated after centrifugation in a Ficoll-Paque (TM) PLUS density gradient and then placed in plastic dishes to proliferate during a period of 14 days. The BM-MNCs were previously labeled with the fluorescent membrane marker Chloromethyl-benzamidodialkylcarbocyanine (CM-DIL), and thereafter were implanted in rats' intervertebral discs explants as an in vitro experimental model. Daily analyses of the cells under a fluorescence microscope revealed morphological changes, which assumed a thin and elongated shape similar to cells that originally form the annulus fibroses. Histopathological analysis demonstrated the presence of mononuclear cells interspersed within collagen fibers. The presence of viable cells, in which were found morphological changes and their disposal in the same pattern of the layers that originate the annulus fibrosus, is an indicator that they engrafted and proliferated on the intervertebral disc. Therefore, morphological changes presented by these cells indicate that they presented mesenchymal stem-like cell characteristics.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "OPTIMAL FUZZY DESIGN OF CHUA'S CIRCUIT SYSTEM. This paper addresses the robust controller design problem for a class of fuzzy-neural systems that are robust against both the plant parameter perturbations and controller gain variations. More specifically, the purpose is to synthesize a piecewise Static Output Feedback (SOF) controller guaranteeing the stability of the resulting closed-loop fuzzy-neural dynamic system. Based on piecewise quadratic Lyapunov functions and the relaxed method with Neural Network Differential Inclusion (NNDI), the intelligent approach can be stabilized by regulating appropriately the parameters of dither and this robust controller gains can be obtained by solving a set of Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs). The superiority of proposed method is verified through numerical examples. Because the design of efficient and high-performance control systems is of fundamental interest to engineers, systematic methodologies are to be used for the combined intelligent and active control system synthesis in many applications.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Interference in quorum sensing and virulence of the phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. passiflorae by Bacillus and Variovorax species. Pathogenic bacteria often engage in a form of cell-to-cell communication termed quorum sensing (QS) to coordinate the expression of multiple virulence factors. Therefore, interference of QS has potential as a means of controlling bacterial-mediated plant diseases. Accordingly, this study was aimed at: (1) identifying QS signals produced by the phytopathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. passiflorae, and (2) evaluating interference in QS and virulence of the pathogen by putative N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL)-degrading Bacillus and Variovorax species as a biocontrol strategy. Detection of AHLs using the biosensor strain and high-resolution mass spectroscopy suggested that P. syringae pv. passiflorae produced N-tetradecanoyl homoserine lactone and N-hexanoyl homoserine lactone as quorum-sensing signal molecules. Evaluation of putative AHL-degrading bacteria as biocontrol agents, through a series of inhibition assays (inhibition of motility, biofilm and virulence factors), suggested that bacteria which targets AHLs could be used to control P. syringae pv. passiflorae. We further demonstrated that putative AHL-degrading Bacillus and Variovorax species prevented hypersensitivity in tomato plants by P. syringae pv. passiflorae. Takentogether, theseresults indicated that putative AHL-degrading bacteria were potential biocontrol agents against P. syringae pv. passiflorae and reinforced the idea that disrupting QS and associated virulence factors could be an effective method in controlling plant pathogens.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "A Protocol for Recording Visual and Motor Behaviour for Scientific Support in the Teaching and Training of Sailing in a Simulator. This research aims to test the suitability of a protocol for automated measurement to describe visual and motor behaviour in the process of learning to sail. The objective is to provide coaches with the necessary scientific and technological support to analyse the variables of success in race starting. The study was performed with a highly ranked sailor in the Optimist class ranking. The instruments used to carry out the investigation were the sailing simulator VSail-Trainer((R)) and the eye tracking system ASL((R)). Two simulated race starts were performed with a protocol of five minutes. The results show the automated protocol is suitable for measuring the ability of boat handling and visual performance in simulated conditions. Visual behaviour shows that the sailor visually fixates on locations that provide relevant information for the race start such as clock, other competitors, wind direction and the start buoys.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 39]}
+{"token": "On the self-similarities of two icosahedral patterns. The vertex set Q of the usual three-dimensional Penrose tiling whose strip projection construction starts from an icosahedron is invariant under an infinity of affine similarities r --> tau(3) (r - q) + q having as centers certains points q is an element of Q and the scaling factor tau(3), where tau = (1 + root 5)/2. A similar construction done by starting from a dodecahedron leads us to an icosahedral pattern Q' invariant under the similarities r --> (5 + 2 root 5) r and r --> (4 + 2 root 5) r. These new self-similarities whose determination is based on the decomposition into irreducible components of a representation of the icosahedral group can not be obtained by using the method recently reported by Masakova, Patera, Pelantova (J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 31 (1998) 1443).", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Nonesterified fatty acids modify inflammatory response and eicosanoid biosynthesis in bovine endothelial cells. Intense lipid mobilization during the transition period in dairy cows is associated with increased disease susceptibility. The potential impact of altered plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentrations and composition on host inflammatory responses that may contribute to disease incidence and severity are not known. The objective of this study was to evaluate if increased NEFA concentrations could modify vascular inflammatory responses in vitro by changing the expression of important inflammatory mediators that are important in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases of transition cows such as mastitis and metritis. Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) were cultured with different concentrations of a NEFA mixture that reflected the plasma NEFA composition during different stages of lactation. The expression of cytokines, adhesion molecules, and eicosanoids were measured to assess changes in BAEC inflammatory phenotype. Addition of NEFA mixtures altered the fatty acid profile of BAEC by increasing the concentration of stearic acid (C18:0) and decreasing the content of arachidonic acid (C20:4n6c) and other long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipid fraction. A significant increase also occurred in mRNA expression of cytokine and adhesion molecules that are associated with increased inflammatory responses during the transition period. Expression of cyclooxygenase 2, an important enzyme associated with eicosanoid biosynthesis, was increased in a NEFA concentration-dependent manner. The production of linoleic acid-derived eicosanoids 9- and 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids also was increased significantly after treatment with NEFA mixtures. This research described for the first time specific changes in vascular inflammatory response during in vitro exposure to NEFA mixtures that mimic the composition and concentration found in cows during the transition period. These findings could explain, in part, alterations in inflammatory responses observed during intense lipid mobilization stages such as in the transition period of dairy cows. Future studies should analyze specific mechanisms by which high NEFA concentrations induce a vascular proinflammatory phenotype including the effect of 9 and 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids and other lipid mediators.", "label": [0, 6, 8]}
+{"token": "The ontogeny of manual skill in wild chimpanzees: Evidence from feeding on the fruit of Saba florida. When chimpanzees eat Saba florida fruit, the necessary processing requires extraction from within an inedible matrix, involving considerable manual dexterity at several stages, and typically elicits strong manual laterality: all these features suggest that it is a complex task for chimpanzees. Focal observations were made on 14 mother-infant pairs. Although infants gained fruit pulp and fruit parts from the mother, and reduced the need for bimanual coordination by feeding on still-attached fruit, they nevertheless used more varied procedures than adults to extract pulp. In contrast, adults often detached and transported several fruits at once, and used bimanual methods to open fruits. By 2 years old, infants were able to process whole fruits, but it was not until 4 years that they gained mastery of the full adult technique. Many of these changes can be understood in terms of maturation of manual abilities, including precision gripping, bimanual role differentiation and digit role differentiation. Social influences are also present, including synchronous feeding, close attention to the mother, and food-soli citation and sharing. We argue that adaptations for optimization of nutrition have the incidental consequence of scaffolding the learning process for the infant.", "label": [4, 5, 55, 47]}
+{"token": "Amelioration of stress in broiler chickens by feeding amla. An experiment was carried out to test the efficacy of supplementing amla (Emblica officinalis) in broiler chickens diet from I to 6 weeks of age. Stress was induced by injecting adrenocorticotrophic hormone for 5 days from 22 d of age @ 3 IU / kg body weight. Amla fruits were dried and pulverized. The dietary treatments were T, (standard diet with 0.0% amla), T(2) (standard diet with 0.5% amla), T(3) (standard diet with 1.0% amla), T(4) (standard diet with 2.0% amla), T(5) (standard diet with 250 mg/kg diet vitamin C). Blood samples were collected on d 21, 28 and 42 to measure the plasma antioxidants such as glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malonaldehyde (MDA) and plasma corticosterone and serum thyroxin. Results showed that MDA level was reduced significantly in amla and vitamin C fed groups compared to control. However, GSH-Px, SOD, GSH and thyroxin level did not vary significantly between treatment groups. The plasma corticosterone level was significantly reduced in amla and vitamin C Supplemented groups groups compared to control. It can be concluded that supplementing broiler diet with amla powder at 0.5% or at higher level can act as antistress agent in broiler chicken production.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "The Development of Primary Education on the Cossack Territories in 1803-1917 years (on the Example of the Kuban Region). Part 2. The article deals with the development of the primary education system on the territory of the Kuban Cossack army in 1803-1917 years. This part focuses on the period from the end of the XIX century to 1908 (before the introduction of all-russian primary education).The russian scientific literature on the history of public education in the Caucasus, and in particular in the Kuban region (the modern territory of the Krasnodar Krai, Russian Federation) was used as materials.The methodological basis of the study was the traditional historiography principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and consistency. In the process of work the following methods were used - problem-chronological, which allowed to study some facts of the development of the system of public education in the Kuban region in chronological order, and the problems in the order of their receipt. Thanks to this method some characteristic features of development of school business both on the territory of the Kuban region, and as in the Caucasus a whole were revealed.In conclusion, the authors state that for 14 years, in the period from 1894 to 1908, the number of students in the Kuban region has increased more than 3 times - from 34 thousand to 140 thousand. The number of educational institutions has more than doubled. The average number of students in one school in the Kuban region increased by 50 %. All this in general allowed in the period from 1902 to 1908 to increase the number of literate population in the Kuban region by 50 % (from 212 thousand to 371 thousand people).", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Experimental passive self-tuning behavior of a beam resonator with sliding proof mass. A passively self-tuning resonator configuration is presented in this study. Three different prototype beam-mass systems were built and tested and all successfully displayed passive self-tuning behavior when driven by vibrations at frequencies ranging from 45 to 140 Hz and accelerations ranging from 0.007 to 2g. All three systems were able to achieve tuning within their operating regime when driven at a single frequency, as well as maintain a tuned condition as frequency was stepped up or down, demonstrating a bandwidth between 6 and 40 Hz. One application of such a passively self-tuning system is in vibration energy harvesting, where it is critical for performance that the harvester device resonance frequency matches the input vibration frequency, yet the input frequency may change over time and is not known a priori. The self-tuning resonator demonstrated in this paper can enable the energy harvesting system to adjust to the varying input frequencies and thereby increase the energy harvested over time. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "A 3-Year Sample of Almost 1,600 Elves Recorded Above South America by the Pierre Auger Cosmic-Ray Observatory. Elves are a class of transient luminous events, with a radial extent typically greater than 250km, that occur in the lower ionosphere above strong electrical storms. We report the observation of 1,598 elves, from 2014 to 2016, recorded with unprecedented time resolution (100 ns) using the fluorescence detector (FD) of the Pierre Auger Cosmic-Ray Observatory. The Auger Observatory is located in the Mendoza province of Argentina with a viewing footprint for elve observations of 3106km 2, reaching areas above the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, as well as the Cordoba region, which is known for severe convective thunderstorms. Primarily designed for ultrahigh energy cosmic-ray observations, the Auger FD turns out to be very sensitive to the ultraviolet emission in elves. The detector features modified Schmidt optics with large apertures resulting in a field of view that spans the horizon, and year-round operation on dark nights with low moonlight background, when the local weather is favorable. The measured light profiles of 18% of the elve events have more than one peak, compatible with intracloud activity. Within the 3-year sample, 72% of the elves correlate with the far-field radiation measurements of the World Wide Lightning Location Network. The Auger Observatory plans to continue operations until at least 2025, including elve observations and analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this observatory is the only facility on Earth that measures elves with year-round operation and full horizon coverage.", "label": [4, 34, 38]}
+{"token": "Predation regulation of sedimentary faunal structure: potential effects of a fishery-induced switch in predators in a Newfoundland sub-Arctic fjord. The collapse of the cod fishery in Newfoundland has coincided with marked increases in abundances of snow crab, pandalid shrimp, and other crustaceans that prey on sedimentary infauna. A 3-year sampling program in Bonne Bay, Newfoundland indicates differences in composition and number of these predators in the two main arms of the fjord that coincide with strong differences in benthic community structure. To test whether predation pressure contributes to the observed patterns in sedimentary fauna, exclusion field experiments with full and partial cages were deployed in both arms at 30-m depth and sampled along with ambient sediments at 0-, 4-, and 8-week periods. Predation significantly influenced species composition, abundance and, in some cases, diversity. The most striking changes included increases in the polychaetes Pholoe tecta and Ophelina cylindricaudata in exclusions relative to controls, and concurrent declines in the polychaete Paradoneis lyra and the cumacean Lamphros fuscata. In laboratory experiments, fresh non-disturbed sediment cores from each experimental area were either protected or exposed to snow crab, the most abundant predator in the bay. A snow crab inclusion experiment was also carried out in the field, using cages similar to those used for exclusions. Despite differences in sedimentary faunas in the two arms, both types of experiments detected a predator effect that was very similar to that documented in exclusion experiments. Thus, despite differences in the scales associated with each type of manipulation, our results suggest that crab predation is a significant structuring force in Newfoundland sedimentary communities. Given the historical changes that have occurred in predator composition as a result of cod over-fishing, we hypothesize that broad-scale community changes may be taking place in North Atlantic benthic ecosystems.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "The Role of Cycle Rickshaws in Urban Transport Today and Tomorrow. Cycle rickshaws continue to play an important role in meeting the mobility demands in South Asian cities. Current transport policies, however, do not support their use. Rickshaws are viewed as a cause of congestion and a profession in which rickshaw owners exploit poor people. This article presents data from published studies to argue against those views. Data from Delhi metro users suggests that as cities expand their public transport services, rickshaws will continue as an important feeder mode in the future. Recent studies also suggest that if separate lanes are created for non-motorized vehicles (which can be used by bicycles as well), then rickshaws and motorized vehicles will experience less congestion and non-motorized vehicles will be exposed to lower traffic crash risk. This article advocates the collection of relevant data concerning rickshaw trips and the number of rickshaws in future travel surveys and that appropriate infrastructures should be designed to facilitate their movement.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Near-Field Optical Examination of Potassium n-Butyl Xanthate/Chalcopyrite Flotation Products. The present study introduces scattering-type scanning near-field infrared optical nanospectroscopy (s-SNIM) as a valuable and well-suited tool for spectrally fingerprinting n-butyl xanthate (KBX) molecules adsorbed to chalcopyrite (CCP) sample surfaces. The collector KBX is well known to float CCP and is used in beneficiation. We thus identified KBX reaction products both by IR optical far-and near-field techniques, applying attenuated total internal reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) in comparison to s-SNIM, respectively. The major KBX band around 880 cm(-1) was probed in s-SNIM using both the tunable free-electron laser FELBE at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf facility, Germany, and table-top CO2 laser illumination. We then were able to monitor the KBX agglomeration in patches <500 nm in diameter at the CCP surface, as well as nanospectroscopically identify the presence of KBX reaction products down to the 10(-4) M concentration.", "label": [1, 4, 38, 13, 39]}
+{"token": "Interactions in heated milk model systems with different ratios of nanoparticulated whey protein at varying pH. To better understand the interactions between nanoparticulated whey protein (NWP) and other milk proteins during acidification, milk model systems were diluted to 0.5% protein concentration and adjusted to pH of 6.0-4.5 following homogenisation and heat treatment. The diluted systems with different concentrations of NWP (0-0.5%) were characterised in terms of particle size, viscosity, surface charge and hydrophobicity. When pH was adjusted to 5.5, aggregation was initiated at levels of NWP (0.25-0.5%) leading to significant increase in particle size and viscosity. Pure NWP (0.5%) showed largest initial surface charge (-27 mv) and higher surface hydrophobicity than the other systems. The results indicated that NWP could self-associate above pH 5.5 and not only the decrease of electrostatic repulsion but also other interactions, such as hydrophobic interaction, play an important role in contributing to the early self-association of NWP. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "A new species of Branchinecta (Crustacea: Anostraca) from Uruguay. Branchinecta uruguayensis, a new species of fairy shrimp, is described from a single seasonally astatic aquatic habitat in coastal Uruguay. This is the first record of an anostracan from the nation of Uruguay. Male B. uruguayensis n. sp. are separated from other Branchinecta species by the form of the second antennae. Branchinecta uruguayensis n. sp. share the distal antennomere lobiform projection with B. papillata Rogers, De los Rios, & Zuniga, 2008 and B. achalensis Cesar, 1985. Branchinecta uruguayensis n. sp. females are readily separated from all other Branchinecta by the presence of posteriolateral thoracic spines and lateral crenulations on the first abdomen segment margins. A key is provided to the Branchinectidae of South America.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Marine Natura 2000 and Fishery - The Case of Sweden. Fishing operations likely to have a significant effect on a marine Natura 2000 area shall be subject to prior assessment and authorisation according to Article 6.3 of the Habitats Directive. This provision, partly also article 6.2, and in particular the CJEU case law, implies that this prior control should be applied rather often in practice, even for recurrent fishery irrespective of when the first fishing operation occurred in an area. Article 11 of the Common Fisheries Policy Regulation entails that Sweden and other Member States apply Article 6 of the Habitats Directive within the entire exclusive economic zone, to both own and foreign fishing vessels. A Member State is also, under certain preconditions, empowered to impose restrictions on fishery not supported by article 6 of the Habitats Directive, especially within the 12 nautical miles zone. A Member State is not formally hindered from excluding fishery from prior assessment and authorisation if instead general requirements on fishery in legislation can ensure that no future fishing operation is likely to have a significant effect on the Natura 2000 area. However, CJEU case law indicates that it would be difficult to fulfil that precondition.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "FERN FEEDING ECOLOGY OF THE AZORES BULLFINCH PYRRHULA MURINA: THE SELECTION OF FERN SPECIES AND THE INFLUENCE OF NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION IN FERN CHOICE. Results: In winter and early spring the Azores bullfinch foraged on sporangia of Woodwardia radicans, Culcita macrocarpa and Pteris incompleta, and in spring/early summer, it took leaves of Osmunda regalis and Pteridium aquilinum and sporangia of O. regalis. From the three leaf phenological stages, expanding leaves and recently expanded leaves were preferred over croziers. The spores of consumed fern species were significantly higher in lipids than leaves of consumed species, but leaves had a higher content in protein and phenolics than spores. The lipid content of spores was nearly significantly different between consumed and non-consumed species, but the nutritional composition of leaves was similar between consumed and non consumed fern species.Conclusions: The Azores bullfinch was selective when foraging on fern sporangia and leaves. Fern species with sporangia of higher lipid content appeared to be preferred. When compared to seeds, fern sporangia possess similar caloric content and, therefore, should be an important source of energy during the winter. The consumption of leaves in early spring, possessing high amounts of proteins and reasonable high values of calories, may enable birds to survive until other foods became available. This study suggests that overall energy may be the most limiting factor for the Azores bullfinch when selecting foraging fern species in winter.Methods: We established transects throughout the range of the Azores bullfinch to record: i) the abundance of sporangia (= number of fertile leaves), and of each leaf phenological stage (crozier, expanding leaves and recently expanded leaves) for each fern species, and ii) fern consumption, as file number of leaves with beak marks (fern stripping) for each fern species. The composition of both mature sporangia and young fern leaves (lipids, proteins, phenolics and caloric content) was compared between consumed and non-consumed fern species.Location: Serra da Tronqueira (37 degrees 47'N, 25 degrees 13'W), a mountainous district on the cast of Sao Miguel Island, Azores.Aims: Ferns are an important component of many ecosystems and potentially provide an abundant food resource for consumers, but there are very few studies on the ecology of fern feeding by vertebrates. We describe the selection of sporangia and leaves among fern species by the Azores bullfinch (Pyrrhula murina), and addressed the importance of nutritional composition in fern choice.Fern feeding ecology of the Azores bullfinch Pyrrhula murina: the selection of fern species and the influence of nitritional composition in fern choice.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "The Role of QR Codes in FLT. Modern education sets the task to prepare active and responsible graduates who will later be able to transform the life of his country in all its spheres. Teachers can only encourage this through the use of new and interesting teaching methods and educational technologies. The article shows the possibility of QR-codes as an interactive learning tool that can increase the interest and motivation of students. The task of this article is to examine the usage and the productiveness of implementing the QR codes. The application of QR technologies in the educational process will allow students to increase the interest in the educational process and the study of disciplines, get timely and full information to the student without the effect of waste. This technology will increase the availability of information, improve the quality of feedback during activities, improve their focus, and allow them to perform as close as possible to the interests of students. It is recommended to use scanners from well-known manufacturers, so that to be sure of its security and the absence of malware when going through unknown link. The survey was conducted among the students of Kostanay State Pedagogical University, and according to result we made a discussion.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Forcing many positive polarized partition relations between a cardinal and its powerset. ((eta ((+m(n)-1)))(sigma)) --> ((kappa)(sigma))(eta)((1)n).This generalizes results of [3], Section 1, and the forcing is a \\\\'many cardinals\\\\' version of the forcing there.A fairly quotable special, but still representative, case of our main result is that for 2 less than or equal to n < omega, there is a natural number in (n) such that, the following holds. Assume GCH: If lambda < mu are regular, there is a cofinality preserving forcing extension in which 2(lambda) = mu and, for all sigma < lambda less than or equal to kappa < eta such that eta ((+m(n)-1)) less than or equal to mu,", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "X-RAY STANDING WAVES IN BRAGG-DIFFRACTION AND IN TOTAL REFLECTION REGIONS USING LANGMUIR-BLODGETT MULTILAYERS. A Langmuir-Blodgett heterostructure composed of 100 monolayers of lead stearate and one monolayer of barium behenate has been utilized to generate long-range standing waves in two different angular regions.  The first corresponds to the Bragg peak from the layered structure and the second to the total reflection region.  In this second region the period of the standing wave is a fuction of the incident angle.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "A Multi-Scale Grasp Detector Based on Fully Matching Model. Robotic grasping is an essential problem at both the household and industrial levels, and unstructured objects have always been difficult for grippers. Parallel-plate grippers and algorithms, focusing on partial information of objects, are one of the widely used approaches. However, most works predict single-size grasp rectangles for fixed cameras and gripper sizes. In this paper, a multi-scale grasp detector is proposed to predict grasp rectangles with different sizes on RGB-D or RGB images in real-time for hand-eye cameras and various parallel-plate grippers. The detector extracts feature maps of multiple scales and conducts predictions on each scale independently. To guarantee independence between scales and efficiency, fully matching model and background classifier are applied in the network. Based on analysis of the Cornell Grasp Dataset, the fully matching model can match all labeled grasp rectangles. Furthermore, background classification, along with angle classification and box regression, functions as hard negative mining and background predictor. The detector is trained and tested on the augmented dataset, which includes images of 320 x 320 pixels and grasp rectangles ranging from 20 to more than 320 pixels. It performs up to 98.87% accuracy on image-wise dataset and 97.83% on object-wise split dataset at a speed of more than 22 frames per second. In addition, the detector, which is trained on a single-object dataset, can predict grasps on multiple objects.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 41]}
+{"token": "Has the food stamp program become more accessible? Impacts of recent changes in reporting requirements and asset eligibility limits. This paper uses data from the 1996 and 2001 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation to assess the impact of recent policy initiatives intended to increase access to Food Stamps. It finds that reductions in state certification requirements increased Food Stamp participation rates of income-eligible families with children by one to two percentage points from 2001 to 2003, a change that is comparable to the impact of changes in economic conditions over this period. It did not find consistent evidence of an impact of relaxing vehicle asset limits, or of offering continuous eligibility through the Semi-Annual/Simplified Reporting option. (c) 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.", "label": [5, 49, 51]}
+{"token": "Short report: Evaluation of a simple and inexpensive photometric device for the measurement of hemoglobin. We have evaluated the accuracy of a simple and inexpensive photometric device (DHT) for the estimation of the blood concentration of hemoglobin by comparison with an automated, high-resolution, flow cytometry-based hematology analyzer (CellDyn 3000) and a centrifugal quantitative buffy coat hematology system (QBCI). We have analyzed the hemoglobin values of 163 individual blood samples. Bland-Altman analysis showed that the methods agreed only poorly: mean differences were 1.0 g/dL with limits of agreement (LOA) of -1.2 g/dL to 3.2 g/dL for the comparison of DHT and CellDyn measurements, 0.5 g/dL with LOA of -2.0 g/dL to 3.0 g/dL for the comparison of DHT with QBC measurements, and 0.5 g/dL with LOA of -1.1 g/dL to 2.1 g/dL for the comparison of QBC with CellDyn measurements. We conclude that the poor agreement of the DHT with the CellDyn does not permit the use of the DHT for critical hemoglobin measurements, particularly in transfusion services.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "Teachers? perception of the response to intervention implementation feasibility in Chinese inclusive early childhood education. This exploratory study examined Chinese teachers? perceptions of the practical uses of Response to Intervention (RTI) in preschool inclusive education settings. A survey and follow-up interviews were conducted to collect information about teachers? perceptions of RTI implementation feasibility in Chinese inclusive early childhood education. Results indicated that even though preschool teachers had limited understanding of the RTI model, they held positive attitudes toward this model and were willing to participate in the learning of this model. However, teachers held negative attitudes toward use of the RTI model in the current situation. The influencing factors included cultural differences, different educational systems, teachers? knowledge and experience, inclusive education supporting system, and teachers? self-efficacy. It is recommended that Chinese teachers? colleges and normal universities could develop and offer more special education courses for the preschool education major in order to enhance the knowledge and skills of inclusive education for all early childhood education teachers. Preschools should build up better inclusive education supporting systems to enable and support teachers? practices. In addition, universities and colleges could provide more RTI model training seminars and learning opportunities.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 53]}
+{"token": "Neuroglia in the autistic brain: evidence from a preclinical model. BackgroundNeuroglial cells that provide homeostatic support and form defence of the nervous system contribute to all neurological disorders. We analyzed three major types of neuroglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia in the brains of an animal model of autism spectrum disorder, in which rats were exposed prenatally to antiepileptic and mood stabilizer drug valproic acid; this model being of acknowledged clinical relevance.MethodsWe tested the autistic-like behaviors of valproic acid-prenatally exposed male rats by performing isolation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations, the three-chamber test, and the hole board test. To account for human infancy, adolescence, and adulthood, such tasks were performed at postnatal day 13, postnatal day 35, and postnatal day 90, respectively. After sacrifice, we examined gene and protein expression of specific markers of neuroglia in hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and cerebellum, these brain regions being associated with autism spectrum disorder pathogenesis.ResultsInfant offspring of VPA-exposed dams emitted less ultrasonic vocalizations when isolated from their mothers and siblings and, in adolescence and adulthood, they showed altered sociability in the three chamber test and increased stereotypic behavior in the hole board test. Molecular analyses indicate that prenatal valproic acid exposure affects all types of neuroglia, mainly causing transcriptional modifications. The most prominent changes occur in prefrontal cortex and in the hippocampus of autistic-like animals; these changes are particularly evident during infancy and adolescence, while they appear to be mitigated in adulthood.ConclusionsNeuroglial pathological phenotype in autism spectrum disorder rat model appears to be rather mild with little signs of widespread and chronic neuroinflammation.", "label": [2, 18, 20]}
+{"token": "The three faces of faithfulness. In the causal inference framework of Spirtes, Glymour, and Scheines (SGS), inferences about causal relationships are made from samples from probability distributions and a number of assumptions relating causal relations to probability distributions. The most controversial of these assumptions is the Causal Faithfulness Assumption, which roughly states that if a conditional independence statement is true of a probability distribution generated by a causal structure, it is entailed by the causal structure and not just for particular parameter values. In this paper we show that the addition of the Causal Faithfulness Assumption plays three quite different roles in the SGS framework: (i) it reduces the degree of underdetermination of causal structure by probability distribution; (ii) computationally, it justifies reliable (constraint-based) causal inference algorithms that would otherwise have to be slower in order to be reliable; and (iii) statistically, it implies that those algorithms reliably obtain the correct answer at smaller sample sizes than would otherwise be the case. We also consider a number of variations on the Causal Faithfulness Assumption, and show how they affect each of these three roles.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
+{"token": "An FPGA Architecture for the Recovery of WPA/WPA2 Keys. Wi-Fi protected access (WPA) has provided serious improvements over the now deprecated wired equivalent privacy (WEP) protocol. WPA, however, still has some flaws that allow an attacker to obtain the passphrase. One of these flaws is exposed when the access point (AP) is operating in the WPA personal mode. This is the most common mode, as it is the quickest and easiest to configure. This vulnerability requires the attacker to capture the trafic from the four-way handshake between the AP and client, and then have enough compute time to reverse the passphrase. Increasing the rate at which passphrases can be reversed reduces the amount of time required to construct a repository of service set identifiers (SSIDs) and passphrases, which can increase the chances an attack is successful, or, alternatively, reduce the difficulty of auditing a wireless network for security purposes. This work focuses on creating an field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based architecture to accelerate the generation of a WPA/WPA2 pairwise master key (PMK) lookup table (LUT) for the recovery of the passphrase, with special emphasis on the secure hash algorithm-1 (SHA-1) implementation. PMK generation relies heavily on SHA-1 hashing and, as this work shows, an optimized SHA-1 implementation can achieve up to a 40 x speedup over an unoptimized implementation when generating PMKs.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
+{"token": "Determinants of child health during the economic transition in Romania. In this study, I use cross-sectional household data from the 1994 Integrated Household Survey of Romania, to analyze the correlation of socioeconomic, demographic or environmental factors with growth attainment of pre-school (0-5 year old) boys and girls. Growth attainment of children is measured by the child weight-for-height, and height-for-age Z-scores, often used by nutritionists as indicators of short-run and long-run nutritional status. Reduced-form regressions are estimated, separately for boys and girls in rural and urban areas, including explanatory variables such as the age of the child, the educational level of the mother and household head, per capita household expenditures, and characteristics of the sanitary environment of the household.Accounting for the influence of unobserved heterogeneity at the cluster (village) level, such as differences in prices, aad the quantity and quality of medical services available in the household community, reveals that there are substantial differences across gender and rural and urban areas in the patterns of correlation of socioeconomic, demographic or environmental factors with growth attainment of pre-school children. In rural areas, higher household income appears to have a positive effect on the long-run health status of girls as proxied by height-for age Z-scores, but a negative effect on short-run health status as proxied by weight-for-height Z-scores. In contrast, in the urban areas, both income and the level of education of the father do not appear to be significant correlates of growth attainment of either boys or girls. The education level of the mother is not a significant correlate of height for-age in rural areas, but it is associated with poor growth attainment of boys and higher growth attainment of girls in urban areas. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49, 57]}
+{"token": "Evolving gaps: Occupational structure in southern and northern Italy, 1400-1861. During the Risorgimento (1800-61), southern Italy was less industrial than central-northern Italy and initially agricultural provinces in the north saw rapid structural transformation. During the Renaissance (1400-1600), structural transformation in the south led to a near halving of the initial difference in agricultural employment share between the centre-north and the south, but convergence came to a halt with the 'seventeenth-century crisis'. These trends suggest that regional inequality was evolving rather than persistent.", "label": [3, 5, 49, 31, 52]}
+{"token": "REPUBLICANISM AND CIVIC VIRTUE IN TREATYITE POLITICAL THOUGHT, 1921-3. Republicanism has been one of the most influential political ideologies in modern Irish history; however, it remains conspicuously undertheorized by historians of the revolutionary period. While recent historiography has challenged representations of anti-Treaty Sinn Fein as a mindlessly destructive, anti-democratic force, the extent of ideological and rhetorical continuity linking the Provisional Government formed to assume control of the Free State on 7 January 1922 with the pre-Treaty republican tradition has not been understood. This article rejects the historiographical thesis that the Provisional Government abandoned republican ideas. Drawing from the Cambridge School's contextualist account of republicanism as a polysemic and contingent political language, it highlights the vigorously contested nature of republican thought in the intellectual firmament of revolutionary Sinn Fein and argues that the Free State leadership articulated its vision of politics and society through classical republican concepts of 'civic virtue' and the 'common good'. It is suggested additionally that the colonial dynamics of the Anglo-Irish relationship helped to shape the vision of republican citizenship promoted by an administration possessed of a deep-seated determination to refute historical perceptions of the Irish people as congenitally 'unfit' for sovereignty.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Pigment analysis in Bronze Age Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean painted plaster by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) was used in the examination of Bronze Age painted plaster samples from several sites in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean. The elemental content of paint materials was determined in most cases leading to the identification of the pigment used in agreement with data from analyses of the same samples with other established techniques. The analyses demonstrate that a virtually non-destructive technique such as LIBS provides sufficient data for the elemental characterisation of painting materials while in parallel has the capability for routine, rapid analysis of archaeological objects enabling the quick characterisation or screening of different types of artefacts. This certainly shows an important way forward in technological studies of fragile and scarce archaeological material. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
+{"token": "Application of an electrochemical treatment for EDDS soil washing solution regeneration and reuse in a multi-step soil washing process: Case of a Cu contaminated soil. Soil washing is an extensively used process for remediation of heavy metals contaminated soils. However the amount of fresh washing solution to be used represents a significant economical drawback of this process. This paper investigates the application of an electrochemical process (Fe/Fe electrodes couple) for the regeneration of a spent EDDS solution, containing Cu and major competitor cations (Ca, Fe, Mg, and Mn). The effect of current density, pH and conductivity of the washing solution on the recovery process performances was investigated. Current density showed the highest influence on Cu, Mg and Mn removal yields. Maximum removal yields reached 99% for Cu, 77% for Mn and 49% for Mg. No influence of the investigated parameters on Ca removal was observed, while an increase of Fe concentration due to anode dissolution occurred. Characterization of sludge produced from the 2 h electrochemical test (5 mA cm(-2), pH = 8, 8 mS cm(-1)) displayed concentrations of 2.8 g kg(-1) for Ca, 0.4 g kg(-1) for Cu, 535.6 g kg(-1) for Fe, 2.6 g kg(-1) for Mg. TCLP tests at pH 2.88 and 4.93 showed a low leaching percentage (Ca, 10-21%; Cu, 6-12%; Fe, 0.22% Mg, 27-36%). Multi-washing tests were carried out to assess the decrease of the chelating ability of the regenerated washing solution and the Cu extraction efficiency. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Does Adding Information on Toxic Constituents to Cigarette Pack Warnings Increase Smokers' Perceptions About the Health Risks of Smoking? A Longitudinal Study in Australia, Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Background. Health warning labels (HWLs) on cigarette packs in Australia, Canada, Mexico, and the United States include varying information about toxic cigarette smoke constituents and smoking-related health risks. HWL information changed more recently in Australia, Canada, and Mexico than in the United States. Aims. To investigate whether smokers' knowledge of toxic constituents and perceived smoking-related risks increased after adding this information to HWLs and how knowledge of toxic constituents is associated with perceptions of smoking-related risks. Methods. Data come from a longitudinal, online cohort of 4,621 adult smokers surveyed every 4 months from September 2012 (Wave 1) to January 2014 (Wave 5) in Australia, Canada, and Mexico, with the United States being surveyed from Waves 2 to 5. Generalized estimating equation models estimated the association between perceived smoking-related risk at follow-up and prior wave knowledge of toxic constituents, adjusting for attention to HWLs, sociodemographics, and smoking-related characteristics. Results. Between 2012 and 2014, knowledge of toxic constituents increased in Australia, Canada, and Mexico (p < .001), but not in the United States. Higher levels of both attention to HWLs and knowledge of toxic constituents were associated with a higher perceived risk of smoking-related conditions at follow-up across all countries except for the United States. Conclusions. Our results suggest that information about toxic constituents on prominent HWLs not only increases smoker's knowledge of toxic constituents, but that it may also reinforce the effects of HWL messages about specific, smoking-related health outcomes.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Discrete emotions linking abusive supervision to employee intention and behavior. Drawing on appraisal theories of discrete emotions, we propose and test a model in which abusive supervision directed toward oneself and toward work unit peers (coworker abusive supervision) are interactively related to generalized feelings of shame, anger, and fear. These discrete emotions, in turn, tend to precipitate distinct responses that do not directly target the supervisor. We tested our hypotheses with a three-wave, time-lagged survey of 285 full-time workers from 55 work units. Consistent with our theorizing, supervisory abuse was associated with stronger feelings of shame while at work when the abusive supervision reported by one's coworkers was lower (vs. higher), whereas abuse had a stronger association with anger when coworkers also perceived relatively high levels of abuse. The distinct action tendencies associated with shame and anger are related to employees engaging in less voice behavior and more interpersonal deviance, respectively, and fear is related to higher turnover intentions. We discuss the study's implications for theory development concerning abusive supervision.", "label": [5, 50, 55]}
+{"token": "Nitric oxide in invertebrates. Nitric oxide (NO) is considered an important signaling molecule implied in different physiological processes, including nervous transmission, vascular regulation, immune defense, and in the pathogenesis of several diseases. The presence of NO is well demonstrated in all vertebrates. The recent data on the presence and roles of NO in the main invertebrate groups are reviewed here, showing the widespread diffusion of this signaling molecule throughout the animal kingdom, from higher invertebrates down to coelenterates and even to prokaryotic cells. in invertebrates, the main functional roles described for mammals have been demonstrated, whereas experimental evidence suggests the presence of new NOS isoforms different from those known for higher organisms. Noteworthy is the early appearance of NO throughout evolution and striking is the role played by the nitrergic pathway in the sensorial functions, from coelenterates up to mammals, mainly in olfactory-like systems. All literature data here reported suggest that future research on the biological roles of early signaling molecules in lower living forms could be important for the understanding of the nervous-system evolution.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Response surface methodology for optimization of fermentation process parameters for improving apple wine quality. Apple wine is a fermented alcoholic beverage made from apple juice. To ensure optimal apple wine processing performance and premium final product quality, an optimized selection of various parameters for apple wine fermentation process is imperative. This study is aimed at optimizing the fermentation process based on three primary fermentation parameters, including fermentation temperature, initial pH value and inoculum volume, to improve apple wine quality using response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with central composite rotatable design method (CCRD). Based on the experimental data analysis a second order response surface model was developed to describe the relationship between fermentation temperature, initial pH value, and inoculum volume with respect to the sensory score of apple wine. The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the model established by response surface quadratic regression was adequate for predicting apple wine quality. It was observed that the quality of apple wine was significantly influenced by fermentation temperature (p <= 0.01), followed by initial pH value (p <= 0.01) and inoculum volume (p <= 0.01). The temperature of 20 degrees C, initial pH value of 3.6 and inoculum volume of 9 % were found to be the optimal fermentation condition for ensuring premium quality of apple wine.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP)-end-binding protein (EB) interactions regulate microtubule dynamics toward protection against tauopathy. The 1102-amino-acid activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) was originally discovered by expression cloning through the immunological identification of its 8-amino-acid sequence NAPVSIPQ (NAP), constituting the smallest active neuroprotective fragment of the protein. ADNP expression is essential for brain formation and cognitive function and is dysregulated in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia). ADNP has been found to be mutated in autism, with an estimated prevalence of 0.17% (together, these autism cases now constitute ADNP syndrome cases) and our recent results showed somatic mutations in ADNP in Alzheimer's disease brains correlating with tauopathy. Furthermore, Adnp haploinsufficiency in mice causes an age-dependent reduction in cognitive functions coupled with tauopathy-like features such as an increased formation of tangle-like structures, defective axonal transport, and Tau hyperphosphorylation. ADNP and its derived peptides, NAP and SKIP, directly interact with end-binding proteins (EBs), which decorate plus-tips of the growing axonal cytoskeleton-microtubules (MTs). Functionally, NAP and SKIP are neuroprotective and stimulate axonal transport. Clinical trials have suggested the potential efficacy of NAP (davunetide, CP201) for improving cognitive performance/functional activities of daily living in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and schizophrenia patients, respectively. However, NAP was not found to be an effective treatment (though well-tolerated) for progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) patients. Here we review the molecular mechanism of NAP activity on MTs and how NAP modulates the MT-Tau-EBs crosstalk. We offer a molecular explanation for the different protective potency of NAP in selected tauopathies (aMCI vs. PSP) expressing different ratios/pathologies of the alternatively spliced Tau mRNA and its resulting protein (aMCI expressing similar quantities of the dynamic Tau 3-MT binding isoform (Tau3R) and the Tau 4-MT binding isoform (Tau4R) and PSP enriched in Tau4R pathology). We reveal the direct effect of truncated ADNPs (resulting from de novo autism and newly discovered Alzheimer's disease-related somatic mutations) on MT dynamics. We show that the peptide SKIP affects MT dynamics and MT-Tau association. Since MT impairment is linked with neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental conditions, the current study implicates a paucity/dysregulation of MT-interacting endogenous proteins, like ADNP, as a contributing mechanism and provides hope for NAP and SKIP as MT-modulating drug candidates.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 22, 42]}
+{"token": "Comparison of Machine Learning Algorithms for Retrieval of Water Quality Indicators in Case-II Waters: A Case Study of Hong Kong. Anthropogenic activities in coastal regions are endangering marine ecosystems. Coastal waters classified as case-II waters are especially complex due to the presence of different constituents. Recent advances in remote sensing technology have enabled to capture the spatiotemporal variability of the constituents in coastal waters. The present study evaluates the potential of remote sensing using machine learning techniques, for improving water quality estimation over the coastal waters of Hong Kong. Concentrations of suspended solids (SS), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), and turbidity were estimated with several machine learning techniques including Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Random Forest (RF), Cubist regression (CB), and Support Vector Regression (SVR). Landsat (5,7,8) reflectance data were compared with in situ reflectance data to evaluate the performance of machine learning models. The highest accuracies of the water quality indicators were achieved by ANN for both, in situ reflectance data (89%-Chl-a, 93%-SS, and 82%-turbidity) and satellite data (91%-Chl-a, 92%-SS, and 85%-turbidity. The water quality parameters retrieved by the ANN model was further compared to those retrieved by standard Case-2 Regional/Coast Colour (C2RCC) processing chain model C2RCC-Nets. The root mean square errors (RMSEs) for estimating SS and Chl-a were 3.3 mg/L and 2.7 mu g/L, respectively, using ANN, whereas RMSEs were 12.7 mg/L and 12.9 mu g/L for suspended particulate matter (SPM) and Chl-a concentrations, respectively, when C2RCC was applied on Landsat-8 data. Relative variable importance was also conducted to investigate the consistency between in situ reflectance data and satellite data, and results show that both datasets are similar. The red band (wavelength approximate to 0.665 mu m) and the product of red and green band (wavelength approximate to 0.560 mu m) were influential inputs in both reflectance data sets for estimating SS and turbidity, and the ratio between red and blue band (wavelength approximate to 0.490 mu m) as well as the ratio between infrared (wavelength approximate to 0.865 mu m) and blue band and green band proved to be more useful for the estimation of Chl-a concentration, due to their sensitivity to high turbidity in the coastal waters. The results indicate that the NN based machine learning approaches perform better and, thus, can be used for improved water quality monitoring with satellite data in optically complex coastal waters.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 38, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Enhancement of fermentative hydrogen production from Spirogyra sp by increased carbohydrate accumulation and selection of the biomass pretreatment under a biorefinery model. In this work, hydrogen (H-2) was produced through the fermentation of Spirogyra sp. biomass by Clostridium butyricum DSM 10702. Macronutrient stress was applied to increase the carbohydrate content in Spirogyra, and a 36% (w/w) accumulation of carbohydrates was reached by nitrogen depletion. The use of wet microalga as fermentable substrate was compared with physically and chemically treated biomass for increased carbohydrate solubilisation. The combination of drying, bead beating and mild acid hydrolysis produced a saccharification yield of 90.3% (w/w). The H-2 production from Spirogyra hydrolysate was 3.9 L H-2 L-1 , equivalent to 1463 mL H-2 g(-1) microalga dry weight. The presence of protein (23.2 +/- 0.3% w/w) and valuable pigments, such as astaxanthin (38.8% of the total pigment content), makes this microalga suitable to be used simultaneously in both food and feed applications. In a Spirogyra based biorefinery, the potential energy production and food-grade protein and pigments revenue per cubic meter of microalga culture per year was estimated on 7.4 MJ, US $412 and US S15, respectively, thereby contributing to the cost efficiency and sustainability of the whole bioconversion process. (C) 2018, The Society for Biotechnology, Japan. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 19, 8]}
+{"token": "Effects of oxidized glutathione, bovine serum albumin, cysteine and lycopene on the quality of frozen-thawed ram semen. GSSG (5 mM), BSA (20 mg/ml), cysteine (10 mM) and lycopene (800 mu g) showed more positive effects than other concentrations of the supplements and controls in protecting sperm characteristics after the freezing-thawing process (P < 0.001).Free radicals are known to be involved in lipid peroxidation as well as DNA and sperm membrane damages that may lead to decreased sperm motility or cell death. The balance between free radical production and their detoxification may be an important factor in sperm survival and function before, during and after cryopreservation. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the addition of the antioxidants of oxidized glutathione (GSSG), bovine serum albumin (BSA), cysteine and lycopene to freezing media on the post-thawing sperm characteristics, including motility, morphology, acrosome integrity, viability and membrane integrity. A total number of 42 ejaculates were collected using the artificial vagina from 4 Akkaraman rams and 10 replicates of the ejaculates were diluted with a Tris-based extender containing additives and no additives as control.Many aspects of sperm protection, e.g. sperm motility, viability and membrane stabilisation of the sperm cells during relative cryopreservation, are the key factors in determining the preservation of sperm function. The results of this study provide a new approach to the cryopreservation of sperm from rams and related breeds, and thereby contribute to the improvement of these breeds for the world sheep industry.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "IMMUNOSTAINING FOR CD31 AND CD34 IN KAPOSI-SARCOMA. Results-Tumours were classified into those showing angiomatoid or lymph-angiomatoid elements and spindle cell lesions. Universal labelling of all lesions and virtually all elements within lesions was seen with the anti-CD34 antibodies QBEND/10 and HPCA-1. Labelling of spindle cells was less consistent with JC70/A but both markers were superior to the traditional endothelial cell markers UEA-1 and factor VIII related antigen.Conclusions-These data confirm that Kaposi sarcoma is a tumour of endothelial cell origin. They shed further light on the histogenesis of this complex tumour and demonstrate that immunostaining for CD34 and CD31 can be used as an aid to diagnosis in routinely processed tissue.Methods-Twenty four cases of Kaposi sarcoma were studied retrospectively. All specimens had been fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin wax. The antibodies were applied using the Streptavidin biotin technique in all cases except for UEA-1, for which an indirect two stage method was used involving peroxidase conjugated anti-ulex as the secondary antibody.Aims-To evaluate antibodies directed against CD31 (JC70/A) and CD34 (QBEND/10 and anti-HPCA-1) more extensively in Kaposi sarcoma; to assess their value in routine diagnosis; and to compare them with the traditional endothelial cell markers Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1 (UEA-1) and factor VIII related antigen.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "'A Beautiful Dream, Facing Both the Future and the Past': Destalinization, Visual Culture and the Fortieth Anniversary of the October Revolution. Between 5 November 1957 and 16 March 1958, the new Central Exhibition Hall in Moscow (Manezh) hosted the All-Union Exhibition dedicated to the Great October Socialist Revolution. Coming as it did just over a year after Nikita Khrushchev's denunciation of Stalin, this hugely significant exhibition offers a unique lens through which to examine the dynamics of early Destalinization and the artistic conceptualization of the October Revolution in this new post-Stalinist landscape. This article demonstrates that while the general appeals for greater party spirit in art were highly influential in shaping how the Revolution and Civil War were presented thematically, the period was impervious to concurrent calls for artists to grapple with some of the more conflicted aspects of the human condition, leading to depictions of these events that were romantic and often sentimental in tone. This was in stark contrast to works displayed that dealt with the Great Patriotic War, which at last started to address the far more problematic and conflicting legacies of victory in 1945. Consequently, at the All-Union Exhibition, visitors were presented with two very different visions of the Soviet Union's foundational experiences, and at the root of this was the instability unleashed by Destalinization.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "TOWARDS A FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE: EXAMINATION OF THE INTERIOR SPACES OF QUEBEC UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES. This article compares six Quebec university libraries built between 1893 and 2019 to identify changes in the characteristics of their architectural spaces. An analysis grid of the characteristics of the spaces has emerged inductively from the characteristics identified from the close examination of architectural plans and photographs, as well as from in situ visits. The examination of the corpus reveals that the evolution of the space of Quebec's university buildings reflects not only a movement towards functional architecture, but also towards multi-purpose architecture.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Improvement of the Reflective Learning in Engineering Education Using MATLAB for Problems Solving. This paper presents a procedure for the improvement of the reflective learning in Engineering, including the use of MATLAB for problems solving. Three effects are produced in students. The first, the searching of the solution of a particular case is substituted by the modeling of the general problem. The second, a reflection on their theoretical knowledge is encouraged. The third, the motivation for an autonomous learning of MATLAB is increased, taking into account the clear interest of this tool in the teaching-learning in Engineering. Lastly, several benchmark problems are presented and discussed. (C) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 53, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "An Exception to the Rule? Could Photobiont Identity Be a Better Predictor of Lichen Phenotype than Mycobiont Identity?. With rare exceptions, the shape and appearance of lichen thalli are determined by the fungal partner; thus, mycobiont identity is normally used for lichen identification. However, it has repeatedly been shown in recent decades that phenotypic data often does not correspond with fungal gene evolution. Here, we report such a case in a three-species complex of red-fruited Cladonia lichens, two of which clearly differ morphologically, chemically, ecologically and in distribution range. We analysed 64 specimens of C. bellidiflora, C. polydactyla and C. umbricola, mainly collected in Europe, using five variable mycobiont-specific and two photobiont-specific molecular markers. All mycobiont markers exhibited very low variability and failed to separate the species. In comparison, photobiont identity corresponded better with lichen phenotype and separated esorediate C. bellidiflora from the two sorediate taxa. These results can be interpreted either as an unusual case of lichen photomorphs or as an example of recent speciation, in which phenotypic differentiation precedes the separation of the molecular markers. We hypothesise that association with different photobionts, which is probably related to habitat differentiation, may have triggered speciation in the mycobiont species.", "label": [4, 43, 42]}
+{"token": "Identification of Differentially Expressed IGFBP5-Related Genes in Breast Cancer Tumor Tissues Using cDNA Microarray Experiments. IGFBP5 is an important regulatory protein in breast cancer progression. We tried to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between breast tumor tissues with IGFBP5 overexpression and their adjacent normal tissues. In this study, thirty-eight breast cancer and adjacent normal breast tissue samples were used to determine IGFBP5 expression by qPCR. cDNA microarrays were applied to the highest IGFBP5 overexpressed tumor samples compared to their adjacent normal breast tissue. Microarray analysis revealed that a total of 186 genes were differentially expressed in breast cancer compared with normal breast tissues. Of the 186 genes, 169 genes were downregulated and 17 genes were upregulated in the tumor samples. KEGG pathway analyses showed that protein digestion and absorption, focal adhesion, salivary secretion, drug metabolism-cytochrome P450, and phenylalanine metabolism pathways are involved. Among these DEGs, the prominent top two genes (MMP11 and COL1A1) which potentially correlated with IGFBP5 were selected for validation using real time RT-qPCR. Only COL1A1 expression showed a consistent upregulation with IGFBP5 expression and COL1A1 and MMP11 were significantly positively correlated. We concluded that the discovery of coordinately expressed genes related with IGFBP5 might contribute to understanding of the molecular mechanism of the function of IGFBP5 in breast cancer. Further functional studies on DEGs and association with IGFBP5 may identify novel biomarkers for clinical applications in breast cancer.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Molecular Identification of Nocardia Isolates from Clinical Samples and an Overview of Human Nocardiosis in Brazil. BackgroundNocardia sp. causes a variety of clinical presentations. The incidence of nocardiosis varies geographically according to several factors, such as the prevalence of HIV infections, transplants, neoplastic and rheumatic diseases, as well as climate, socio-economic conditions and laboratory procedures for Nocardia detection and identification. In Brazil the paucity of clinical reports of Nocardia infections suggests that this genus may be underestimated as a cause of human diseases and/or either neglected or misidentified in laboratory specimens. Accurate identification of Nocardia species has become increasingly important for clinical and epidemiological investigations. In this study, seven clinical Nocardia isolates were identified by multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) and their antimicrobial susceptibility was also determined. Most Nocardia isolates were associated to pulmonary disease.Methodology/Principal Findings The majority of Brazilian human isolates in cases reported in literature were identified as Nocardia sp. Molecular characterization was used for species identification of Nocardia nova, Nocardia cyriacigeorgica, Nocardia asiatica and Nocardia exalbida/gamkensis. Data indicated that molecular analysis provided a different Nocardia speciation than the initial biochemical identification for most Brazilian isolates. All Nocardia isolates showed susceptibility to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, the antimicrobial of choice in the treatment nocardiosis. N. nova isolated from different clinical specimens from one patient showed identical antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and two distinct clones.Author Summary Nocardiosis is an in common and potentially life-threatening infection. Most cases occur in immunocompromised patients, and a delay in establishing the diagnosis is due to the difficulties in clinical diagnosis and in cultivating and detecting Nocardia. Growth of Nocardia species in culture media is slow and incubation should be carried out for at least two weeks to detection this microorganism from clinical specimens. Accordingly, high levels of suspicion on the part of the clinician and of experience on the part of laboratory personnel are essential for detection of nocardiosis. In Brazil, clinical reports of Nocardia infections are scarce and the knowledge of the clinical impact of nocardiosis is fragmentary, suggesting that this genus may be underestimated as a cause of human diseases and/or neglected. In this study conventional biochemical method led to the misidentification of Brazilian isolates. Herein, molecular characterization of four loci was precisely identified as N. nova, N. cyriacigeorgica, N. asiatica and N. exalbida or N. gamkensis species. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first reported cases of human infection due to these Nocardia species in Brazil. Molecular methods offer a time-saving and accurate identification of the Nocardia genus at the species level and thus, play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of nocardiosis.Conclusions/Significance Although Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country in terms of land mass and population, pulmonary, extrapulmonary and systemic forms of nocardiosis were reported in only 6 of the 26 Brazilian states from 1970 to 2013. A least 33.8% of these 46 cases of nocardiosis proved fatal. Interestingly, coinfection by two clones may occur in patients presenting nocardiosis. Nocardia infection may be more common throughout the Brazilian territory and in other developing tropical countries than is currently recognized and MLSA should be used more extensively as an effective method for Nocardia identification.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
+{"token": "The day-to-day experiences of caring for children with Osteogenesis Imperfecta: A qualitative descriptive study. Results Osteogenesis Imperfecta family caregiving entailed: (a) managing regular day-to-day caregiving activities, including morning routines, evening routines and the facilitation of their child's mobilisation; (b) coping with periods that made the caregiving routine more challenging, such as fractures, surgeries and pain; and (c) devising long-term strategies to support day-to-day care, such as managing the environment, accessing medical and school resources, and coordinating care and respite.Conclusions The day-to-day routine of caring for a child with OI may be disrupted by challenging periods and improved by long-term strategies developed to ease day-to-day care. These strategies suggest future directions for clinicians and policymakers to improve health services and caregiver well-being.Background Osteogenesis Imperfecta is a rare genetic condition known to cause bone fragility. Family caregivers of children with OI play an important role in helping these children live well at home.Design A qualitative descriptive design was used.Methods A qualitative descriptive study was conducted in accordance with the COREQ guidelines. Adult family caregivers (n = 18) of children with OI were recruited from a university-affiliated, paediatric orthopaedic hospital in Montreal, Canada. Individual interviews were conducted, transcribed verbatim and inductively thematically analysed.Aims and objectives To explore the day-to-day experiences of family caregivers who are caring for children with Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI).Relevance to clinical practice Clinical, policy and research endeavours need to incorporate new interventions to support the needs of family caregivers. These recommendations may be relevant to other clinicians and policymakers working with families living with rare and chronic physical conditions.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Graphical human interface technology for use in mechatronics in engineering education. This study proposes a graphical human interface technology for use in mechatronics learning. This learning system elucidates, for students, the principles, function, and application of mechatronics, and also demonstrates the use of graphical monitoring and control technology. Students can, in advance, design a graphical monitor program to monitor and control mechatronics module. Students learn, verify, and acquire lectured concepts by performing mechatronics experiments in the laboratory. The most important part of the system is the implementation of the experimental module in laboratory sessions, using the graphical interface technology. The suitability of this technology of the laboratory concept is demonstrated in the Department of Industrial Education and Technology at National Changhua University of Education. Preliminary evaluation of the laboratory platform was encouraging and has shown that it has achieved success in helping students understand concepts and master basic technology. (c) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 21: 322-327, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.20475", "label": [1, 4, 5, 53, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Preliminary evaluation of surface plasmon enhanced light transmission with a scanning 257 nm ultraviolet microscope. Surface plasmon enhanced illumination (SPEI) devices could be useful in multielectron beam lithography systems to meet the roadmap requirements for mask- and direct write applications by creating arrays of light beams, or in conjunction with a photoemitter to produce a very stable array of electron beams from a patterned photocathode. Preliminary experiments were performed with a scanning 257 nm UV transmission microscope to evaluate the performance of SPEI devices. Light transmission enhancement relative to simple apertures greater than 200X were obtained with these devices utilizing apertures as small as 60 nm diameter. The results will be presented in this article together with other possible advantages for e-beam applications. (C) 2004 American Vacuum Society.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35]}
+{"token": "Environmental risk assessment of soil and groundwater contamination with bio-organic fertilizer application. Dairy industry, which generates a lot of cows manure, while producing milk has brought serious environmental pollution and ecological safety pressure. Meanwhile an unreasonable irrigation and irrational application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer has led to excessive nitrate accumulation in soil as well as excessive groundwater nitrate pollution. Considering above two issues, the earthworm effective microorganisms (EM) technology was adopted to ferment cow manure into bio-organic fertilizer for fertilization of cabbage. The purpose of this experiment was to study migration and accumulation of NO3--N. Cu and Zn in soil and groundwater after bio-organic fertilizer application. Analysis of the risk of nitrogen. Cu and Zn pollution in soil and groundwater was also conducted in this paper. Results showed that the bio-organic fertilizer application did not cause significant impact on NO3--N content of soil and groundwater and the pollution risk was minimal under the reasonable application, bin-organic fertilizer was suitable for the long-term application.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "A novel method in dynamic shear testing of bulk materials using the traditional SHPB technique. This paper aims to propose a novel experimental method to study dynamic shear properties and constitutive behaviors of bulk materials using the traditional split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) technique. In this method, a new kind of double-shear specimen (DSS) and fixture is specially designed for the SHPB system. With this setup configuration, the plastic properties of materials can be obtained conveniently at high strain rates under the state of simple shear. The deformation and failure process of the shear zone can be observed directly by using a high-speed photography. Another advantage of this method is that reloading on the specimen can be prevented for the purpose of post-test observation, with the application of the stress reversal Hopkinson technique (Nemat-Nasser et al., 1991). Using this method, the 603 steel was tested at strain rates from 2500 s(-1) to 48000 s(-1). With the aid of finite element analysis (FEA), it's found that the shear stress and shear strain play dominant roles in the stress/strain fields. The distribution of the maximum shear strains in the shear zone showed good consistency with the fracture patterns of the tested samples. Through comparison between the tested and simulated shear stress-shear strain curves, very good agreement is noted for all the tested cases. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Multi-level facility location problems. We conduct a comprehensive review on multi-level facility location problems which extend several classical facility location problems and can be regarded as a subclass within the well-established field of hierarchical facility location. We first present the main characteristics of these problems and discuss some similarities and differences with related areas. Based on the types of decisions involved in the optimization process, we identify three different categories of multi-level facility location problems. We present overviews of formulations, algorithms and applications, and we trace the historical development of the field. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
+{"token": "Is urban green space per capita a valuable target to achieve cities' sustainability goals? Romania as a case study. Urban green infrastructure is considered to be a key element in improving quality of life and creating an appropriate framework for sustainable cities. The most used quantitative indicator to assess urban green infrastructure is urban green space (UGS) per capita. This papetis aim is to analyze whether UGS is a valuable target to achieve cities' sustainability goals. We used Romania as a case study, which should meet the target of 26 m(2) of UGS per inhabitants in all cities. Aerial images were used to extract the surface of the UGS categories for a sample of 38 cities in Romania. We compared our data with three other databases (National Institute of Statistics, Environmental Protection Agencies and Urban Atlas) to check for differences. To understand the contribution of geographic and socio-economic factors to the dynamic of the UGS per capita in Romania's cities, we used a multiple linear regression. To identify differences between cities in terms of their proportions of UGS, multiple correspondence analysis was performed. We found significant differences between the surface of UGS reported by the administrative offices and that resulting from the spatial analysis. The process of reporting UGS data currently has methodological and perspective shortcomings. Moreover, the density of the built-up space, the proximity to major transport infrastructure, the cities' founding period and the geomorphology criteria are important predictors for the UGS. The target of 26 m(2) of green area per inhabitant in all Romanian cities is not feasible and it should consider the cities' characteristics, if you want to achieve sustainability goals. Urban green planning should focus more on the development of urban green infrastructure models that are adapted to each type of urban area. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "From Politik als Beruf to Politics as a Vocation: The Translation, Transformation, and Reception of Max Weber's Lecture. Max Weber's 1919 lecture Politik als Beruf is still considered a classical text in the social sciences. Th e reception of the text in the Anglo-Saxon world has been profoundly shaped by the translation provided by Hans H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills, fi rst appearing in 1946. Th eir Politics as a Vocation is more than a vivid transposition of Weber's rather peculiar German rhetoric-it is rendered in a way that suggests a certain interpretation and makes others highly improbable. Th e present article traces the reception of Weber's text back to certain decisions made by the translators after World War II. It argues that the translation emphasized philosophical and ethical parts of the text at the expense of others that were more geared toward a political sociology of modern politics. Moreover, the adoption of Weber's approach in empirical research was hindered if not foreclosed by a distorted presentation of his key typologies and some central concepts.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Thermodynamics of a Bose-Einstein condensate with weak disorder. We consider the thermodynamics of a homogeneous superfluid dilute Bose gas in the presence of weak quenched disorder. Following the zero-temperature approach of Huang and Meng, we diagonalize the Hamiltonian of a dilute Bose gas in an external random delta-correlated potential by means of a Bogoliubov transformation. We extend this approach to finite temperature by combining the Popov and the many-body T-matrix approximations. This approach permits us to include the quasiparticle interactions within this temperature range. We derive the disorder-induced shifts of the Bose-Einstein critical temperature and of the temperature for the onset of superfluidity by approaching the transition points from below, i.e., from the superfluid phase. Our results lead to a phase diagram consistent with that of the finite-temperature theory of Lopatin and Vinokur which was based on the replica method, and in which the transition points were approached from above.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Screening for Corticosteroid Adulterants in Korean Herbal Medicines. The objective of this study was to determine the presence of corticosteroids in illegal herbal medicines using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We collected 212 herbal medicine samples that were advertised as being effective for treatment of joint pain and bone aches. Samples were from the Korean commercial market during a span of four years (2010-2013), and the method was validated. The limits of quantification ranged from 0.47 to 15.0 ng/mL, and recoveries ranged from 80.6% to 119.5%. The intra-and interday precision ranged from 0.18% to 8.82% and from 0.09% to 8.96%, respectively. Among the samples, three samples (1.4%) were identified as adulterants. Dexamethasone was the only compound detected in the adulterated products. As the corticosteroid-adulteration of herbal medicines may become a major problem and lead to side effects, the continued development of screening procedures for herbal medicines is critical.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Genomic tools for durum wheat breeding: de novo assembly of Svevo transcriptome and SNP discovery in elite germplasm. Background: The tetraploid durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum Desf. Husnot) is an important crop which provides the raw material for pasta production and a valuable source of genetic diversity for breeding hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Future breeding efforts to enhance yield potential and climate resilience will increasingly rely on genomics-based approaches to identify and select beneficial alleles. A deeper characterisation of the molecular and functional diversity of the durum wheat transcriptome will be instrumental to more effectively harness its genetic diversity.Conclusions: Our study updates and expands the de novo transcriptome reference assembly available for durum wheat. Out of 180,108 assembled transcripts, 13,636 were specific to the Svevo cultivar as compared to the only other reference transcriptome available for durum, thus contributing to the identification of the tetraploid wheat pan-transcriptome. Additionally, the analysis of 13 historically relevant hallmark varieties produced a SNP dataset that could successfully validate the genotyping in tetraploid wheat and provide a valuable resource for genomics-assisted breeding of both tetraploid and hexaploid wheats.Results: We report on the de novo transcriptome assembly of durum wheat cultivar 'Svevo'. The transcriptome of four tissues/organs (shoots and roots at the seedling stage, reproductive organs and developing grains) was assembled de novo, yielding 180,108 contigs, with a N50 length of 1121 bp and mean contig length of 883 bp. Alignment against the transcriptome of nine plant species identified 43% of transcripts with homology to at least one reference transcriptome. The functional annotation was completed by means of a combination of complementary software. The presence of differential expression between the A- and B-homoeolog copies of the durum wheat tetraploid genome was ascertained by phase reconstruction of polymorphic sites based on the T. urartu transcripts and inferring homoeolog-specific sequences. We observed greater expression divergence between A and B homoeologs in grains rather than in leaves and roots. The transcriptomes of 13 durum wheat cultivars spanning the breeding period from 1969 to 2005 were analysed for SNP diversity, leading to 95,358 non-rare, hemi-SNPs shared among two or more cultivars and 33,747 locus-specific (diploid inheritance) SNPs.", "label": [2, 19, 20]}
+{"token": "Analysis of Internally Generated Goodwill Indicators: A Case Study of the Slovak Republic. Design/Methodology/Approach: Paper data included 11,483 financial statements of Slovak enterprises in 2017. The value of residual enterprise income represents the value of goodwill. Input data for the identification of goodwill indicators represented 15 financial-economic variables. Outliers in data were searched and removed through an interquartile range. Multicollinearity among input variables, by the coefficient of determination and variance inflation factor, was also analysed. A statistically significant correlation between goodwill and its potential indicator were tested by the significance test of the Pearson correlation coefficient and correlation matrixes.Background and purpose: Knowing key indicators of goodwill value can contribute to its effective management and growth of the market value of the enterprise. The purpose of this research is to identify individual goodwill indicators. The paper aim is to obtain potential indicators of enterprise goodwill under the conditions of the Slovak Republic.Conclusion: Paper findings bring new possibilities for goodwill management, which may create an essential competitive advantage of a company. For the scientific community, the findings represent sources of potential goodwill indicators which can be used for the creation of the new model of goodwill valuation in future research.Results: Research results reveal the existence of a statistically significant correlation between goodwill and 8 input variables, which represent its potential vital indicators.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "PRENATAL HORMONE-TREATMENT WITH THYROTROPIN-RELEASING-HORMONE AND WITH THYROTROPIN-RELEASING-HORMONE PLUS DEXAMETHASONE DELAYS ANTIOXIDANT ENZYME MATURATION BUT DOES NOT INHIBIT A PROTECTIVE ANTIOXIDANT ENZYME RESPONSE TO HYPEROXIA IN NEWBORN RAT LUNG. Whereas glucocorticoid administration to pregnant rats produces parallel acceleration of lung surfactant and antioxidant enzyme system maturation in late gestation, prenatal thyroid hormone treatment results in acceleration of surfactant maturation, with a paradoxical decrease in antioxidant enzyme (AOE) development.  In these studies, we tested whether prenatal thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) treatment would act like prenatal thyroid hormone on pulmonary surfactant and AOE system maturation and whether combined prenatal treatment with TRH plus dexamethasone (DEX) would alter these effects.  Secondly, we tested whether prenatal TRH and prenatal TRH plus DEX would inhibit the ability of newborn rats to respond to hyperoxia with protective increases in AOE activities.  Results of the developmental studies revealed significantly increased fetal lung disaturated phosphatidylcholine content with significantly decreased pulmonary AOE activities as a result of prenatal TRH treatment that was not reversed with the addition of DEX.  Combined TRH plus DEX treatment resulted in statistically significant decreases in body weight, lung weight, and lung weight to body weight ratios at both 21 and 22 d of gestation; growth effects were not seen with TRH alone.  In terms of hyperoxic AOE response, despite being born with lower baseline AOE levels, the newborn animals prenatally treated with TRH or TRH plus DEX were able to induce a normal pulmonary AOE response to high O2 exposure.  Although requiring further investigation, this reassuring finding suggests that clinical prenatal therapy with TRH or the combination of TRH plus DEX is not contraindicated for those infants delivered prematurely who go on to require intensive hyperoxic therapy.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Zebrafish Delta Np63 is a direct target of bmp signaling and encodes a transcriptional repressor blocking neural specification in the ventral ectoderm. Bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmps) promote ventral specification in both the mesoderm and the ectoderm of vertebrate embryos. Here we identify zebrafish DeltaNp63, encoding an isoform of the p53-related protein p63, as an ectoderm-specific direct transcriptional target of Bmp signaling. DeltaNp63 itself acts as a transcriptional repressor required for ventral specification in the ectoderm of gastrulating embryos. Loss of DeltaNp63 function leads to reduced nonneural ectoderm followed by defects in epidermal development during skin and fin bud formation. In contrast, forced DeltaNp63 expression blocks neural development and promotes nonneural development, even in the absence of Bmp signaling. Together, DeltaNp63 fulfills the criteria to be the neural repressor postulated by the \\\\'neural default model.\\\\'.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Mesomorphic Behavior of Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Azomethines with Two Imine Groups. Seven symmetrical azomethines with two imine groups (HC=N) were synthesized by condensation of the benzene-1,4-dicarboxaldehyde with five amines (first group: A1-A5) and of the 2,5-thiophenedicarboxaldehyde with two amines (second group: AT1-AT2). Additionally, two unsymmetrical azomethines were obtained by a two step condensation of benzene-1,4-dicarboxaldehyde with pyren-1-amine (1(st) step) (abbreviated hereinafter as AP1) and then AP1 was reacted with 4-dodecylaniline or 4-hexadecylaniline (2(nd) step) (third group: AP1A-AP1B). Liquid crystalline properties of the azomethines were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarizing optical microscopy (POM) and UV-vis spectroscopy in the function of temperature [UV-vis(T)]. The Wide-Angle X-ray Diffraction (WAXD) technique was used to probe the structural properties of the azomethines. Mesomorphic behavior was observed for symmetrical and unsymmetrical azomethines, obtained from the benzene-1,4-dicarboxaldehyde and symmetrical ones prepared from 2,5-thiophenedicarboxaldehyde and different amines having aliphatic chains. Based on the POM and DSC measurements the following mesophases were detected: nematic, smectic A, smectic C, smectic F (I), smectic G (J).", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Contingent preference disaggregation model for multiple criteria sorting problem. The conventional preference disaggregation approaches for multiple criteria sorting aim at reconstructing an entire set of assignment examples provided by a Decision Maker (DM) with a single preference model instance. In case the DM's holistic preference information is not consistent with an assumed model, one needs to accept that some assignment examples are not reproduced. We propose a new approach for handling inconsistency in the context of a threshold-based value-driven sorting procedure. Specifically, we introduce preference disaggregation methods for reconstructing all assignment examples with a set of complementary preference models. The proposed approach builds on the assumption that the importance of particular criteria or, more generally, the shape of marginal value functions and their maximal shares in the comprehensive value are contingent (i.e., dependent) on the performance profile of a given alternative. Therefore, in case of inconsistency, the set of assignment examples is divided into subsets, each of which is reconstructed by a unique model to be used only if certain circumstances are valid. We present three methods for learning a set of contingent models, allowing different degrees of variation in the contingent models along two dimensions: the shape of marginal value functions and interrelations between the models. To apply such a set for classification of non-reference alternatives, we learn a decision tree which makes the application of a given model dependent on the alternatives' profiles represented by the performances on particular criteria, hence allowing to select an appropriate model among the competing models to evaluate a non-reference alternative. The method's applicability is demonstrated on a problem of evaluating research units representing different fields of science. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
+{"token": "Exploiting task and data parallelism in ILUPACK's preconditioned CG solver on NUMA architectures and many-core accelerators. We present specialized implementations of the preconditioned iterative linear system solver in ILUPACK for Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) platforms and many-core hardware co-protessors based on the Intel Xeon Phi and graphics accelerators. For the conventional x86 architectures, our approach exploits task parallelism via the OmpSs runtime as well as a message-passing implementation based on MPI, respectively yielding a dynamic and static schedule of the work to the cores, with different numeric semantics to those of the sequential ILUPACK. For the graphics processor we exploit data parallelism by off-loading the computationally expensive kernels to the accelerator while keeping the numeric semantics of the sequential case. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Characterization of High RAP/RAS Asphalt Mixtures Using Resonant Column Tests. Using recycled materials in construction of asphalt pavements yields both economic and technical advantages. Recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) are two major sources to serve this purpose for which proper design and characterization are key elements. In this study, engineering properties of asphalt concrete containing RAP and RAS under dynamic loading were investigated. Three asphalt mixes were designed and included in this research: a conventional mix with no RAP/RAS as a control, a mix with 35% RAP, and finally a mix with 35% RAP and 5% RAS. A conventional resonant column (RC) apparatus was retrofitted and used for testing the specimens in torsional mode. Testing was conducted at five temperatures ranging from 10 to 45 degrees C. Damping ratios and moduli of the mixes were analyzed and compared to assess the effect of the recycled materials on dynamic properties of asphalt concrete. Results clearly show the impact of RAP and RAS in increasing the mix stiffness. The study also included uniaxial dynamic modulus (DM) testing of the control mix to compare the moduli measured at high frequencies through RC testing to those estimated by the DM master curve through extrapolation. Results show that the modulus obtained from RC testing correlates well with that extrapolated from DM tests. Results also indicate that the accuracy of such correlation is significantly increased once dependency of Poisson's ratio on modulus is incorporated. (C) 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "A Solution to Fissuring? Revisiting the Concept of the Joint Employer. Among other matters, the Taylor Review addressed the issues of employee and worker status for statutory purposes and how the current law might be updated to reflect the realities of the modern workplace and developing models of the engagement of workers. It did not, however, propose reform in relation to the important and intimately connected question of the identity of the employer for the purposes of employment protection legislation. In particular, no consideration was given to or proposals made in its report in respect of the issue of whether a 'functional' employer approach to ascribing responsibility for compliance with employment law requirements-such as a 'joint employment' model-might be appropriate to deal with issues of perceived inadequate coverage of employment protection standards consequent upon certain employment legislation being limited in its application to the 'contractual' employer. While there are cogent objections to adopting a functional employer approach, the most recent domestic caselaw and the ongoing debate concerning the operation of the joint employer concept in the USA offer a valuable perspective on the scope and design of a functional employment model which can contribute to any debate which might ensue about the justification for, and feasibility of, such an approach.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 57]}
+{"token": "Free Rotation of a Rigid Mass Carrying a Rotor with an Internal Torque. Purpose In this paper, the analytic solution for a free rotatory motion under the influence of a motor of limited power is investigated; we aim to prove that the motion of the carrier body is close to rotation about a fixed axis depending upon the problem's parameters and the initial conditions. Method Tensor calculus tools, asymptotic method, and kinematic equations of motion (EOM) are used. Results At a large time, the asymptotic properties of solutions and a system of linear differential equations that describes the approximate gyrostat motion are obtained. Conclusion The motion of the carrier body, which is close to the rotation around an axis, whose direction is fixed, depends upon the problem's parameters and the initial conditions.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Prediction of independence and intelligence at birth in meningomyelocele. Objective: The aim of this research is to compute a prediction of the future intelligence of every neonate with a meningomyelocele (MMC) on the day of birth to inform the parents. Earlier research revealed that the variables ventricle size, open arch above vertebra lumbar 3, a very small or a very large head can be attended by an IQ below 85 points: the turning point between dependence and independence. Methods: Until now no research has been done combining the values of influencing variables in one equation. Our study used the equation of multiple longitudinal linear regression. For reference, data from the files of 148 neonates born in the years 1960-1980 were compared with those of Dutch children sampled by Verger. The working hypothesis that the IQ level is directly related to congenital deformities of the nervous system needs to be tested. As standard the values of variables at birth, the head circumference and length, the size of the ventricles and the highest open vertebral arch, are to be used. Results: The Wisc-R of the MMC cohort had a mean of 84 points and 55% had an IQ above 85. The correlation computation of the values of all available variables with the values of the measured Wisc-R revealed the significance of the neuroanatomical variables, size of ventricle and level of the highest open vertebral arch and for the anthropomorphic variables Length and Length/Circumference. To establish the relationship between the Wisc-R value and the values of the significant variables an equation with the multiple linear regression method was used. The measured IQ is made dependent on the significant variables size of ventricle, level of highest open arch and quotient Length by Circumference. This equation produces a value called predicted IQ. The predicted IQ was 92%, the same or nearly the same as the measured Wisc-R IQ. Conclusion: This conformity of the measured IQ and the predicted IQ proves the possibility of using these birth data for prediction.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Repurposing production operations during COVID-19 pandemic by integrating Industry 4.0 and reconfigurable manufacturing practices: an emerging economy perspective. The Covid-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on manufacturing industries and supply chains. Manufacturing industries are struggling to repurpose their production activities and ramp up the supply chain to bridge the demand-supply gap. A framework that can cover Industry 4.0 technologies and reconfigurable manufacturing system (RMS) practices is desperately needed. The current study focuses primarily on the framework that could assist managers in decision-making and the stepwise adoption of RMS during repurposing. The extensive literature review was conducted to identify the prominent Industry 4.0 technologies and RMS practices. To compute the weights of selected practices, the novel Pythagorean fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was used; while the Pythagorean fuzzy combined compromise solution (CoCoSo) method was used to prioritize the selected performance metrics. To test the robustness of the developed framework, a sensitivity analysis was carried out. According to the findings, smart factory adoption (SFA) practices were the most significant among the major criteria, followed by reconfiguration practices (RCP), soft computing practices (SCP), sustainable & circular economy practices (SCE), and quality practices (QPS). SFA's advanced technologies and SCP's computer algorithms certainly assist in the repurposing of production activities (RPO). The results of the sensitivity analysis demonstrated the robustness of the developed framework. The developed framework will be useful during RPO, and the identified practices can make a significant contribution. Advanced technologies and sustainable practices can help to improve the organization's work culture. Managers will be able to evaluate the organization's performance with the help of identified performance metrics. The work presented here may be the first attempt to develop a framework for RPO in a pandemic situation.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Isothermal Crystallization Study of (2CaO center dot SiO2-3CaO center dot P2O5) Solid Solution in the 45 mass% CaO-30 mass% SiO2-20 mass% FeOt-5 mass% P2O5 System at 1623 K. The isothermal crystallization behavior of (2CaO center dot SiO2-3CaO center dot P2O5) solid solution in the CaO-SiO2-FeOt-P2O5 slag system with 1.5 basicity, 20 mass% FeOt and 5 mass% P2O5 at 1623 K (1350 degrees C) was conducted by using Single Hot Thermocouple Technique (SHTT), and the results suggested that the precipitated (2CaO center dot SiO2-3CaO center dot P2O5) solid solution mainly showed dendritic structure and the second arm would grow with the development of holding time during the isothermal crystallization process. The crystallization of (2CaO center dot SiO2-3CaO center dot P2O5) solid solution was almost accomplished around 1800 s, and the crystallization rate decreased with the extension of holding time. Besides, it was found that the phosphorus distribution ratio between the (2CaO center dot SiO2-3CaO center dot P2O5) solid solution and the liquid increased rapidly during the initial stage from 10 to 60 s, then it reduced gradually. Finally, it reached to a steady value around 1800 s. Those results could provide a fundamental guidance for the design of multiphase slag for the deep dephosphorization process during hot metal treatment.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Nesting of the Large-billed Reed Warbler Acrocephalus orinus: a preliminary report. Large-billed Reed Warbler Acrocephalus orinus has a limited breeding distribution. It is known to inhabit valleys of the Panj river and its tributaries in Gorny Barakhshan Autonomous Republic (Tajikistan) and Badakhshan province (Afghanistan). Here we give descriptions of nests and eggs of this species based on 18 fresh nests found in Panj and Ghund valleys (Tajikistan) in 2011. Unlike the closely related species A. dumetorum and A. scirpaceus, Large-billed Reed Warbler has nests built with a layer of wool and seed tufts. Nests are placed on twigs of sea-buckthorn, willow and other bushes, herbs and reed stems over dry soil. Large-billed Reed Warbler clutch size is relatively small (on average, 3.77 +/- 0.83 eggs (n = 13)). The ground colour of eggs is usually white, not bluish, greenish or rosy as in the related species.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "BREATHING PERIODICITY INTACT AND CAROTID BODY-DENERVATED PONIES DURING NORMOXIA AND CHRONIC HYPOXIA. Periodic oscillations in pulmonary ventilation (VI), tidal volume (VT), and inspiratory and expiratory times (Ti and TE) were studied during normoxia (arterial Po, = 95 Torr) and 48 h of hypoxia (arterial PO2 = 40-50 Torr) in awake intact (n = 8) and carotid body-denervated (CBD; n = 8) ponies. Periodic oscillations were identified by fast-Fourier transformation of breath-by-breath data and quantitated by determining the power ratio of significant periodic oscillations to total power of data sequence. Periodic oscillations of 0.063-0.500 cycles/breath were observed in all parameters during both normoxia and hypoxia. During normoxia, CBD accentuated periodiCitY Of VT (P < 0.02) and VI (P < 0.01) but did not change TI or TE periodicity (P > 0.05). These findings suggest that carotid chemoreceptors serve to stabilize breathing (i.e., decrease periodicity) during normoxia, conceivably because of their shorter response time compared with that of central chemoreceptors. During certain periods of hypoxia, periodiCity of VT and VI was significantly (P < 0.05) increased in intact ponies. The response to hypoxia in CBD ponies was variable, with VI periodicity significantly (P < 0.05) increasing, decreasing, or unchanging. Because some CBD ponies significantly changed their periodicity during hypoxia compared with normoxia, we conclude that carotid chemoreceptors are not requisite for hypoxia-induced changes in periodic breathing. In addition, our observations in both groups of ponies during normoxia and hypoxia suggest that multiple mechanisms may lead to periodic oscillations in breathing.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 52]}
+{"token": "The Role of Emotions as Mechanisms of Mid-Test Warning Messages During Personality Testing: A Field Experiment. This study focuses on the role of emotions in personnel selection and faking research. In particular, we posit that emotions are likely to be activated when applicants receive warning messages from organizations. Drawing on Nabi (Nabi, Communication Theory, 9, 1999, 292) cognitive-functional model of discrete negative emotions, we propose and empirically test the effects of three discrete negative emotions (guilt, fear, and anger) triggered by a warning message during a personality test on personality score accuracy and perceived test fairness. Participants in this within-subjects field experiment were 1,447 applicants for graduate school at a large public university in China. They completed two parallel forms of a personality test: one within a selection context, and another within a developmental context 6 months later as a baseline measure. In the selection context, a warning (or a control) message was randomly assigned to participants during the personality test. Emotions and perceived test fairness were measured after the test was completed. Results indicated that guilt, fear, and anger each played a unique role. Guilt explained how mid-test warnings improved personality score accuracy among fakers, whereas fear accounted for why nonfakers over-corrected their personality scores. Finally, anger explained why the mid-test warnings reduced perceived test fairness for both fakers and nonfakers. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.", "label": [5, 50, 55]}
+{"token": "Chinese Cases of Metachromatic Leukodystrophy with the Novel Missense Mutations in ARSA Gene. Metachromatic leukodystrophy(MLD) is an autosomal recessive hereditary neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder caused by the mutations in arylsulfatase A gene (ARSA), which results in the deficiency of ARSA enzyme. The common clinical characteristics of MLD are abnormal gait, and then gradually appears ataxia, spastic quadriplegia, optic atrophy, cortical blindness, and dementia. We describe two patients in China who were diagnosed with MLD and find that the four ARSA gene mutations (c.1115G>A, c.302G>T, c.893 G> T, and c.302G>T) are associated with MLD, in which c.893 G>T and c.302G>T are novel mutations by gene sequence and clinical manifestations, to further understand the relationship between MLD and ARSA gene.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42]}
+{"token": "An active passivity? Spinoza in Pasolini's Porcile. This essay explores the episode of Pasolini's play Porcile in which the philosopher Baruch Spinoza, endorsing the protagonist Julian's decision to follow his affects and have sex with pigs, recants from the Ethics and its celebration of reason. It proposes that in the play radical passivity not only appears as the only possibility not to be complicit with Power and Fascism, but also becomes a paradoxical form of activity that allows for a new form of freedom.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of eight Clinical Protocols and Therapeutic Guidelines under the Brazilian Ministry of Health using the AGREE II instrument: a pilot study. The number of clinical guidelines is increasing worldwide, while there are concerns regarding their quality. In 2000, the Brazilian Ministry of Health began its process of creating clinical guidelines, called Clinical Protocols and Therapeutic Guidelines (PCDT). The goal of this study was to assess the quality of Brazilian guidelines approved since 2009 using the AGREE II instrument (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation). We identified 59 PCDT from 2009 to 2012, of which eight were randomly selected and evaluated by three independent evaluators. For the item \\\\'recommends the guidelines\\\\', two evaluators recommended the use of all eight, but with modifications, and one did not recommend any to the guidelines. Regarding the item \\\\'global quality of the guidelines\\\\' (varying from 1 to 7), the mean was 4.25 (SD = 0.46). The results showed the need for adjustments in the PCDT in relation to AGREE II domains. However, due to the instrument's limitations, further studies are needed, including the quality of evidence used in the PCDT.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "FLEXIBLE AND SECURE ACCESS TO COMPUTING CLUSTERS. The investigation presented in this paper was prompted by the need to provide a manageable solution for secure access to computing clusters with a federated authentication framework. This requirement is especially important for scientists who need direct access to computing nodes in order to run their applications (e.g. chemical or medical simulations) with proprietary, open-source or custom-developed software packages. Our existing software, which enables non-Web clients to use Shibboleth-secured services, has been extended to provide direct SSH access to cluster nodes using the Linux Pluggable Authentication Modules mechanism. This allows Shibboleth users to run the required software on clusters. Validation and performance comparison with existing SSH authentication mechanisms confirm that the presented tools satisfy the stated requirements.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Serotonin Influences Locomotion in the Nudibranch Mollusc Melibe leonina. Serotonin (5-HT) influences locomotion in many animals, from flatworms to mammals. This study examined the effects of 5-HT on locomotion in the nudibranch mollusc Melibe leonina (Gould, 1852). M. leonina exhibits two modes of locomotion, crawling and swimming. Animals were bath-immersed in a range of concentrations of 5-HT or injected with various 5-HT solutions into the hemolymph and then monitored for locomotor activity. In contrast to other gastropods studied, M. leonina showed no significant effect of 5-HT on the distance crawled or the speed of crawling. However, the highest concentration (10(-3) mol l(-1) for bath immersion and 10(-5) mol l(-1) for injection) significantly increased the time spent swimming and the swimming speed. The 5-HT receptor antagonist methysergide inhibited the influence of 5-HT on the overall amount of swimming but not on swimming speed. These results suggest that 5-HT influences locomotion at the behavioral level in M. leonina. In conjunction with previous studies on the neural basis of locomotion in M. leonina, these results also suggest that this species is an excellent model system for investigating the 5-HT modulation of locomotion.", "label": [4, 45, 42]}
+{"token": "The entanglement of meaning: illness, literary history, and morality in four Catalan novels. This article examines the force and function of medical and literary historical typologies in four Catalan novels in which illness figures prominently: Narci ' s Oller's La bogeria (1899), Miquel de Palol's Cami ' de llum. Narracions d'un crepuscle (1909), Blai Bonet's El mar (1958), and Maria-Anto` nia Oliver's Tallats de lluna (2000). Spanning a century, the four novels have been classified as naturalist, modernista, tremendista, and loosely postmodern, respectively, and focus on three maladies - mental illness, tuberculosis, and AIDS - that are shot through with morally charged questions of responsibility and guilt. For all their explanatory benefits, typological protocols, be they medical or literary historical, precede and exceed any given subject and any given text in ways that tend to elide specificities and to underestimate the entanglement of meaning.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Fixed voice telephony in economies of different sizes: When industry policy meets technological change. The diffusion of fixed voice telephony has traditionally been backed by regulatory policies advocating industrial change, private involvement, and industry supervision. In the light of great ambiguity in the outcomes of such measures, this paper calls for consideration of the effect of technological change reflected in mobile telephony diffusion and the moderating role of economy size that depicts market and economic conditions. Based on an econometric analysis of data for 168 economies for the period 1980-2008, the research findings indicate that existing studies have overvalued the effects of industry policy measures on fixed voice diffusion. Technological change challenges policy's role as it shows a much more consistent leverage for fixed voice diffusion. The relationship between the two communication technologies and the outcomes of certain industry policies are moderated by economy size. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48, 52]}
+{"token": "System-Level Assessment of Low Complexity Hybrid Precoding Designs for Massive MIMO Downlink Transmissions in Beyond 5G Networks. The fast growth experienced by the telecommunications field during the last few decades has been motivating the academy and the industry to invest in the design, testing and deployment of new evolutions of wireless communication systems. Terahertz (THz) communication represents one of the possible technologies to explore in order to achieve the desired achievable rates above 100 Gbps and the extremely low latency required in many envisioned applications. Despite the potentialities, it requires proper system design, since working in the THz band brings a set of challenges, such as the reflection and scattering losses through the transmission path, the high dependency with distance and the severe hardware constraints. One key approach for overcoming some of these challenges relies on the use of massive/ultramassive antenna arrays combined with hybrid precoders based on fully connected phase-shifter architectures or partially connected architectures, such as arrays of subarrays (AoSAs) or dynamic AoSAs (DAoSAs). Through this strategy, it is possible to obtain very high-performance gains while drastically simplifying the practical implementation and reducing the overall power consumption of the system when compared to a fully digital approach. Although these types of solutions have been previously proposed to address some of the limitations of mmWave/THz communications, a lack between link-level and system-level analysis is commonly verified. In this paper, we present a thorough system-level assessment of a cloud radio access network (C-RAN) for beyond 5G (B5G) systems where the access points (APs) operate in the mmWave/THz bands, supporting multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) transmission with massive/ultra-massive antenna arrays combined with low-complexity hybrid precoding architectures. Results showed that the C-RAN deployments in two indoor office scenarios for the THz were capable of achieving good throughput and coverage performances, with only a small compromise in terms of gains when adopting reduced complexity hybrid precoders. Furthermore, we observed that the indoor-mixed office scenario can provide higher throughput and coverage performances independently of the cluster size when compared to the indoor-open office scenario.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "QuiltSpeak Uncovering Women's Voices in the North Carolina Museum of History's Permanent Collection. The exhibit QuiltSpeak: Uncovering Women's Voices Through Quilts provides a model for using material culture research to unearth the experiences of marginalized historical actors. Each of the forty quilts from the North Carolina Museum of History's permanent collection displayed in QuiltSpeak-made by a racially and economically diverse selection of quilters from the past two hundred years-served as a portal into a woman's life and a representation of her self-expression. Interactive elements empowered visitors to decode material culture themselves and connect their own experiences to the quiltmakers'. This article examines the exhibit's conceptualization, development, and outcomes with the contention that heretofore unheard voices can often be discovered right under our proverbial noses.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "The Ubykh's Social Typology. The author analyzed previous historical studies (A.N. Genko, P. Uslar, L.I. Lavrov, G. Dumezil, M.Kh.-B. Kishmakhov, M.G. Khafizova, V.I. Voroshilov, A.A. Cherkasov, etc.). The author researched the role of political leaders in functional processes, especially Berzeks family. There is the observe of Russian influence on Ubykhs culture. The Ubykhs political integration was temporary and unstable.The article is devoted to social structure of the Ubykhs, which depended on different patterns, such as environment (two landscape zones), livelihood culture and social organization of the production. The author used unpublished documents from Krasnodarsky krai State Archive and personal sources.In conclusion, the author analyzed the Ubykh \\\\'cultural core\\\\'. The Ubykhs society was the regional politia with simple chiefdom.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Impact of circulation on export production, dissolved organic matter, and dissolved oxygen in the ocean: Results from Phase II of the Ocean Carbon-cycle Model Intercomparison Project (OCMIP-2). Results are presented of export production, dissolved organic matter (DOM) and dissolved oxygen simulated by 12 global ocean models participating in the second phase of the Ocean Carbon-cycle Model Intercomparison Project. A common, simple biogeochemical model is utilized in different coarse-resolution ocean circulation models. The model mean (+/- 1 sigma) downward flux of organic matter across 75 m depth is 17 +/- 6 Pg C yr(-1). Model means of globally averaged particle export, the fraction of total export in dissolved form, surface semilabile dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and seasonal net outgassing (SNO) of oxygen are in good agreement with observation-based estimates, but particle export and surface DOC are too high in the tropics. There is a high sensitivity of the results to circulation, as evidenced by (1) the correlation of surface DOC and export with circulation metrics, including chlorofluorocarbon inventory and deep-ocean radiocarbon, (2) very large intermodel differences in Southern Ocean export, and (3) greater export production, fraction of export as DOM, and SNO in models with explicit mixed layer physics. However, deep-ocean oxygen, which varies widely among the models, is poorly correlated with other model indices. Cross-model means of several biogeochemical metrics show better agreement with observation-based estimates when restricted to those models that best simulate deep-ocean radiocarbon. Overall, the results emphasize the importance of physical processes in marine biogeochemical modeling and suggest that the development of circulation models can be accelerated by evaluating them with marine biogeochemical metrics.", "label": [4, 5, 38, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Synergetic effect of pimozide and thyrotropin releasing hormone on prolactin and thyrotropin release during the drying off of ewes. The effect of pimozide and/or TRH was investigated on plasma prolactin, thyrotropin, T-4 and T-3 and udder distension in 38 ewes during drying off by feed restriction. The effect of daily injections of 2 mg pimozide (s.c.), combined or not with TRH stimulation (200 mug, i.v.) on three different days of the drying off period was examined. Blood samples were taken twice daily in each group for 9 days, while blood sampling on the days of TRH injection was also performed at 0, 15, 30 min, and 1, 2 and 4 h post-injection. Plasma was assayed for PRL, TSH, T-4 and T-3 levels. Udder distension and mastitis incidence were recorded at the end of the drying off period. TRH and pimozide both resulted in elevated plasma PRL levels and acted in a synergetic way, Udder distension and the incidence of mastitis was only influenced by pimozide. The TSH as well as the T-3 response to TRH was increased in ewes under a continuous influence of pimozide and T-3 peaks following TRH injection occurred earlier than T-4 peaks. The higher effect of pimozide upon TRH stimulated PRL and TSH release at day 8 compared to days 0 and 3 indicates a progressive involvement of dopamine on the inhibition of PRL and the sensitivity of the thyrotrophs to TRH during drying off. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Economic analysis of migrations: A critical overview. This paper presents a review of human migration economic analysis. At first, migration is a specific form of location decision, motivated by differences among local labour market or spatial disparities in amenities and local public goods. Introducing the intertemporal consequences of migration leads to the consideration of migration as a human capital investment. This intertemporal framework is needed for a better understanding of repeat migration. It is also useful for a better understanding of the links between migration and other forms of human mobility, e.g. professional or familial. Last, the paper examines the controversy on efficiency of migrations: is migration able to reduce spatial disparities and to move the interregional system toward spatial equilibrium?", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Analysis of heterophil to lymphocyte ratios in laying hens kept in a small group housing system. The objective of the present investigation was to assess the level of stress imposed on two different layer lines kept in a small group housing system Eurovent German with two group sizes and three tiers. A total of 615 Lohmann Selected Leghorn (LSL) and 633 Lohmann Brown (LB) hens were examined in four consecutive trials. Based on differential white blood cell counts, the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (H/L-ratio) was calculated as an indicator of stress. The H/L-ratios significantly differed among the two layer lines, with 2.5-fold higher H/L-ratios in LB than in LSL. No significant differences across and within layer lines could be found between the different group sizes. A significant 0.7-fold decrease of the H/L-ratio could be shown in LSL layers when the space per hen was increased from 828 to 920 cm(2).", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Population structure of Escherichia coli O26: H11 with recent and repeated stx2 acquisition in multiple lineages. A key virulence factor of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is the bacteriophage-encoded Shiga toxin (Stx). Stxs are classified into two types, Stx1 and Stx2, and Stx2-producing strains are thought to cause more severe infections than strains producing only Stx1. Although O26 : H11 is the second most prevalent EHEC following O157 : H7, the majority of O26 : H11 strains produce Stx1 alone. However, Stx2-producing O26 strains have increasingly been detected worldwide. Through a large-scale genome analysis, we present a global phylogenetic overview and evolutionary timescale for E. coli O26 : H11. The origin of O26 has been estimated to be 415 years ago. Sequence type 21C1 (ST21C1), one of the two sublineages of ST21, the most predominant O26 : H11 lineage worldwide, emerged 213 years ago from one of the three ST29 sublineages (ST29C2). The other ST21 lineage (ST21C2) emerged 95 years ago from ST21C1. Increases in population size occurred in the late 20th century for all of the O26 lineages, but most remarkably for ST21C2. Analysis of the distribution of stx2-positive strains revealed the recent and repeated acquisition of the stx2 gene in multiple lineages of O26, both in ST21 and ST29. Other major EHEC virulence genes, such as type III secretion system effector genes and plasmid-encoded virulence genes, were well conserved in ST21 compared to ST29. In addition, more antimicrobial-resistance genes have accumulated in the ST21C1 lineage. Although current attention is focused on several highly virulent ST29 clones that have acquired the stx2 gene, there is also a considerable risk that the ST21 lineage could yield highly virulent clones.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 43]}
+{"token": "Description of Lauromacromia flaviae spec. nov., with notes on the holotype of L-luismoojeni (Santos) (Anisoptera : Corduliidae). The genus Lauromacromia was created by GEIJSKES (1970) for Gomphomacromia dubitalis, described by ERASER (1939) from French Guyana. More recently, MAY (1991) transferred to this genus Neocordulia luismoojeni which had been tentatively placed in Neocordulia by SANTOS (1967). It is worth mentioning that the two species that compose the genus Lauromacromia are known by very few specimens, L. dubitalis by the male holotype and two male specimens reported by MACHET (1991) and L. luismoojeni by the male holotype only. The females of both species remain unknown. This situation confirms the fact that, with very few exceptions (MACHADO & COSTA, 1995), the neotropical Corduliidae and specially the lauromacromias are rare and poorly represented in collections. A third species is now described under the name of L. flaviae represented by a single male, collected in the region of Serra do Cipo, Minas Gerais, Brazil. I also use this opportunity to make a few amendments on SANTOS' (1967) description of L. luismoojeni.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "A chronic protection problem: the DPRK and the Responsibility to Protect. The Democratic Peoples' Republic of Korea (DPRK) is arguably the world's most chronic abuser of human rights. In an unprecedented move, a Commission of Inquiry established by the UN's Human Rights Council accused the DPRK government of systematic violations of human rights amounting to crimes against humanity. In so doing, the Commission succeeded in putting human rights in the DPRK on the global agenda. Within months the UN's General Assembly and Security Council had joined the human rights body in examining the issue. This article explains the emergence of this new engagement with human rights in the DPRK, showing its relation to the Responsibility to Protect' principle. It charts the growing sense of frustration felt at the lack of progress on human rights in DPRK and shows how this was manifested in the General Assembly's decision to pursue the Commission's recommendations and call on the Security Council to take concrete steps. Despite this, however, the article shows that there are powerful obstacles in the way of a more robust international approach to human rights in the DPRK and counsels a less confrontational approach focused on engaging China and building trust within the Security Council.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Nonfarm diversification, poverty, economic mobility, and income inequality: a case study in village India. This article assembles data at the all-India level and for the village of Palanpur, Uttar Pradesh, to document the growing importance, and influence, of the nonfarm sector in the rural economy between the early 1980s and late 2000s. The suggestion from the combined National Sample Survey and Palanpur data is of a slow process of nonfarm diversification, whose distributional incidence, on the margin, is increasingly pro-poor. The village-level analysis documents that the nonfarm sector is not only increasing incomes and reducing poverty, but appears as well to be breaking down long-standing barriers to mobility among the poorest segments of rural society. Efforts by the government of India to accelerate the process of diversification could thus yield significant returns in terms of declining poverty and increased income mobility. The evidence from Palanpur also shows, however, that at the village-level a significant increase in income inequality has accompanied diversification away from the farm. A growing literature argues that such a rise in inequality could affect the fabric of village society, the way in which village institutions function and evolve, and the scope for collective action at the village level. Failure to keep such inequalities in check could thus undermine the pro-poor impacts from the process of structural transformation currently underway in rural India.", "label": [0, 5, 6, 49]}
+{"token": "The fate of C-14-naphthalene in soil microcosms containing Scots pine seedlings and enchytraelds. The fate of freshly spiked and aged C-14-naphthalene associated residues as investigated in the presence and absence of ectomycorrhizal Scots pine seedlings and enchytraeid worms, in a factorial experimental design. Microcosms were used which enabled the C-14-labelled naphthalene associated residues to be quantified, including plant lipids which acted as an additional naphthalene sink within the microcosms. The presence of plant roots altered the availability of the C-14-naphthalene and associated residues to degrading microbes. Mineralisation and volatilisation of C-14 naphthalene in freshly spiked soil were lower in the presence of Scots pine. Conversely, in soil aged for 180 d, Scots pine increased mineralisation, and bioavailability of naphthalene. Root-mediated processes, microbial activity and enchytraeids interact with desorption, bioavailability and mineralisation of naphthalene. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "The district people's congresses and political reform in China. Beijing should revamp the rubber-stamp district people's congresses to spur democratic institutions and civil society.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "RESPONSES TO EXPERIMENTAL FISH MANIPULATIONS IN A SHALLOW, HYPEREUTROPHIC LAKE - THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF BENTHIC NUTRIENT RECYCLING AND TROPHIC CASCADE. Mesocosms were used in a shallow hypereutrophic lake, and three treatments were established in duplicate: (a) Fish - stocked with native fish at their natural relative densities, (b) Fish/Net - stocked with fish, but with a net blocking access to the sediments, and (c) No Fish. Total P and chlorophyll concentrations reached 140 and 170 mug l-1 in the Fish treatment. Total P was below 40 mug l-1 in both the Fish/Net and No Fish treatments. However, despite the nearly identical total P concentrations, chlorophyll averaged 40 mug l-1 in the No Fish treatment, where zooplankton biomass was high and the large cladoceran Moina was abundant, and 50 mug l-1 in the Fish/Net treatment, where zooplankton biomass was low and large herbivores were rare. The results showed that both benthic nutrient recycling and cascading trophic interactions were regulators of algal biomass, but that the former effect was by far the more important, accounting for roughly 60% of the chlorophyll increase associated with the presence of fish.", "label": [4, 45]}
+{"token": "Social structure modulates the evolutionary consequences of social plasticity: A social network perspective on interacting phenotypes. Organisms express phenotypic plasticity during social interactions. Interacting phenotype theory has explored the consequences of social plasticity for evolution, but it is unclear how this theory applies to complex social structures. We adapt interacting phenotype models to general social structures to explore how the number of social connections between individuals and preference for phenotypically similar social partners affect phenotypic variation and evolution. We derive an analytical model that ignores phenotypic feedback and use simulations to test the predictions of this model. We find that adapting previous models to more general social structures does not alter their general conclusions but generates insights into the effect of social plasticity and social structure on the maintenance of phenotypic variation and evolution. Contribution of indirect genetic effects to phenotypic variance is highest when interactions occur at intermediate densities and decrease at higher densities, when individuals approach interacting with all group members, homogenizing the social environment across individuals. However, evolutionary response to selection tends to increase at greater network densities as the effects of an individual's genes are amplified through increasing effects on other group members. Preferential associations among similar individuals (homophily) increase both phenotypic variance within groups and evolutionary response to selection. Our results represent a first step in relating social network structure to the expression of social plasticity and evolutionary responses to selection.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
+{"token": "Algorithms and Interoperability between Drama and Artificial Intelligence. Computation has played a notable role in contemporary performance, a trend that has paired with the emersion of intermediality. A look at a few historical examples along with an evaluation of more recent research suggests that the notion of algorithm may provide a new approach to the dichotomy between media and performance. From the systems that aim to facilitate the interoperability of content in performance to the seminal distinction between content structures and control structures, it is possible to foresee a new perspective on the relation between algorithms and drama.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Comparison of different statistical approaches for urinary peptide biomarker detection in the context of coronary artery disease. Conclusion: In conclusion, our study revealed a very considerable dependence of peptide biomarker discovery on statistical computing of urinary peptide profiles while the observed diagnostic and/or prognostic reliability of classifiers was widely independent of the modelling approach. This may however be due to the limited statistical power in classifier testing. Nonetheless, our study showed that urinary proteome analysis has the potential to provide valuable biomarkers for coronary artery disease mirroring especially alterations in the extracellular matrix. It further showed that for a comprehensive discovery of biomarkers and thus of pathological information, the results of different statistical methods may best be combined into a master pattern that then can be used for classifier modelling.Results: Computing the discovery sub-cohorts comprising 2/3 of the study subjects based on the Wilcoxon rank sum test, t-score, cat-score, binary discriminant analysis and random forests provided largely different numbers (ranging from 2 to 398) of potential peptide biomarkers. Moreover, these biomarker patterns showed very little overlap limited to fragments of type I and III collagens as the common denominator. However, these differences in biomarker patterns did mostly not translate into significant differently performing diagnostic or prognostic classifiers modelled by support vector machine, diagonal discriminant analysis, linear discriminant analysis, binary discriminant analysis and random forest. This was even true when different biomarker patterns were combined into master-patterns.Background: When combined with a clinical outcome variable, the size, complexity and nature of mass-spectrometry proteomics data impose great statistical challenges in the discovery of potential disease-associated biomarkers. The purpose of this study was thus to evaluate the effectiveness of different statistical methods applied for urinary proteomic biomarker discovery and different methods of classifier modelling in respect of the diagnosis of coronary artery disease in 197 study subjects and the prognostication of acute coronary syndromes in 368 study subjects.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42]}
+{"token": "Dichotic listening and otoacoustic emissions: Shared variance between cochlear function and dichotic listening performance in adults with normal hearing. The present study investigated a possible connection between speech processing and cochlear function. Twenty-two subjects with age range from 18 to 39, balanced for gender with normal hearing and without any known neurological condition, were tested with the dichotic listening (DL) test, in which listeners were asked to identify CV-syllables in a nonforced, and also attention-right, and attention-left condition. Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) were recorded for both ears, with and without the presentation of contralateral broadband noise. The main finding was a strong negative correlation between language laterality as measured with the dichotic listening task and of the TEOAE responses. The findings support a hypothesis of shared variance between central and peripheral auditory lateralities, and contribute to the attentional theory of auditory lateralization. The results have implications for the understanding of the cortico-fugal efferent control of cochlear activity. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 55]}
+{"token": "Identification of the several new radicals formed in the reaction mixture of oxidized linoleic acid with ferrous ions using HPLC-ESR and HPLC-ESR-MS. ESR, HPLC-ESR and HPLC-ESR-MS analyses were performed for the reaction mixtures of oxidized linoleic acid with ferrous ions combined use of spin trapping technique. More than 14 peaks were detected on the HPLC-ESR elution profile. In addition to 7-carboxyheptyl and pentyl radicals, several new radicals such as 7-carboxy1dihydroxyheptyl, 1,5-dihydroxypentyl, 8-carboxy-1-hydroxyoctyl, 7-carboxy-1-hydroxyheptyl, 1-hydroxypentyl and 1-hydroxyhexyl were identified using HPLC-ESR and HPLC-ESR-MS.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Integrated analysis of proteome and transcriptome changes in the mucopolysaccharidosis type VII mouse hippocampus. Mucopolysaccharidosis type VII (MPS VII) is a lysosomal storage disease caused by the deficiency of beta-glucuronidase. In this study, we compared the changes relative to normal littermates in the proteome and transcriptome of the hippocampus in the C57Bl/6 mouse model of MPS VII, which has well-documented histopathological and neurodegenerative changes. A completely different set of significant changes between normal and MPS VII littermates were found in each assay. Nevertheless, the functional annotation terms generated by the two methods showed agreement in many of the processes, which also corresponded to known pathology associated with the disease. Additionally, assay-specific changes were found, which in the proteomic analysis included mitochondria, energy generation, and cytoskeletal differences in the mutant, while the transcriptome differences included immune, vesicular, and extracellular matrix changes. In addition, the transcriptomic changes in the mutant hippocampus were concordant with those in a MPS VII mouse caused by the same mutation but on a different background inbred strain. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 20]}
+{"token": "Increased mortality associated with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus in patients with pulmonary cryptococcosis: a single US cohort study. Background: Diabetes mellitus is an established risk factor for bacterial infections, but its role in cryptococcosis is unclear. The study aimed to determine whether uncontrolled diabetes (HbA1c >7%) was an independent risk factor for mortality in cryptococcosis.Conclusion: Uncontrolled diabetes is associated with worse outcomes in pulmonary cryptococcosis, including a 4-fold and 6-fold increased odds of death at 10 weeks and 1 year, respectively. Glucose control interventions should be explored to improve clinical outcomes in patients with pulmonary cryptococcosis.Results: We identified 96 cases of cryptococcosis and 125 controls. Among cases, cryptococcal meningitis (49.0%1 and pneumonia (36.5%) constituted most infections. Cases with pulmonary cryptococcosis with uncontrolled diabetes had a higher mortality at 10weeks (50% versus 7%, p=0.0061 and 1 year (66.7% versus 13.8%, p= 0.0051 compared to pulmonary cases with controlled or no diabetes. Unadjusted Cox proportional hazard model found an increased rate of death for uncontrolled diabetes at 10 weeks [hazard ratio 8.4, confidence interval (CI): 1.4-50.8, p=0.02] and 1 year (hazard ratio 7.0, CI: 1.7-28.4, p=0.007) among pulmonary cryptococcosis cases. Multivariable analysis showed a significantly increased odds of 10 weeks [odds ratio (OR)=4.3, CI: 1.1-16.5, p=0.035] and 1 year (OR= 5.0, CI: 1.4-18.3, p=0.014) mortality for uncontrolled diabetes among pulmonary cryptococcosis cases. After adjustment for gender, age, and case/control, for every 1% increase in HbA1c levels, the odds of pulmonary cryptococcosis mortality at 1 year increased by 11% (OR=1.6, CI 95%: 1.1-2.3, p= 0.006).Methods: A retrospective case-control study partially matched by age and gender was performed in patients tested for Cryptococcus infection at the University of Colorado Hospital from 2000 to 2019. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify mortality predictors. Cox proportional hazard model was used for survival analysis.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "Considerations on shock wave/boundary layer interaction in undular hydraulic jumps in horizontal channels with a very high aspect ratio. It can be seen in the literature that the fundamental factors governing oblique shock wave development, typically in very large channels with straight sidewalls, have not yet been completely understood and remain at the level of indicating its presence and formation. In this study, in addition to an analysis of various properties of hydraulic jump behaviour in very large channels, some aspects of boundary layer development and its detachment from the channel lateral sidewall are also investigated. At the detachment point of the lateral shock waves, it was noted that the displacement thickness experiences a significant increase; this is accompanied by a significantly reduced gradient normal to the channel sidewalls of the flow velocity as well as the occurrence of a strong, sudden adverse pressure gradient. An analysis of the flow velocity distribution and the background turbulence intensity of both the streamwise and spanwise velocity components was also carried out. Furthermore, it is argued that the supersonic flow separation analogy with a supercritical free surface flow can be applied to this case study and that the behaviour of the supercritical flow during separation can be interpreted by the free interaction theory typically used in aerodynamics. (c) 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Dense gas-particle suspension upward flow used as heat transfer fluid in solar receiver: PEPT experiments and 3D numerical simulations. A dense particle suspension, also called an upflow bubbling fluidized bed, is an innovative alternative to the heat transfer fluids commonly used in concentrated solar power plants. An additional advantage of this technology is that it allows for direct thermal storage due to the large heat capacity and maximum temperature of the particle suspension. The key to the proposed process is the effective heat transfer from the solar heated surfaces to the heat transfer fluid, i.e. the circulating solid suspension. In order to better understand the process and to optimise the design of the solar receiver, it is of paramount importance to know how particles behave inside the bundle of small tubes. To access to the particle motion in the solar receiver, two different techniques are carried out: experimental using positron emission particle tracking (PEPT) and 3D numerical simulation via an Eulerian n-fluid approach with NEPTUNE_CFD code. Both numerical predictions and PEPT measurements describe an upward flow at the centre of the transport tube with a back-mixing flow near the wall which influences the heat transfer mechanism. Comparisons between experiment and computation were carried out for the radial profiles of the solid volume fraction, and vertical and radial time-averaged and variance velocities of solid, and demonstrating the capability of NEPTUNE_CFD code to simulate this peculiar upflow bubbling fluidized bed. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "(Gendered) resilience in community-based natural resource management in fragile and conflict-affected settings. In so-called 'fragile and conflict affected settings' there is an increased focus on strengthening local governance systems for natural resource management as a means of conflict prevention. As exemplified in the World Bank 'Pathways for Peace' agenda and the UNEP report on Conflict and Natural Resource Management, this is framed in relation to 'resilience.' These reports conceptualise resilience as both a desirable quality that communities should have for conflict-prevention and as a way of describing socio-ecological systems with well-managed natural resources. The paper considers how resilience is gendered and racialised in the assumptions that 'the local' is a space that is in need of discipline in relation to natural resources, while ignoring the role of 'the global' in natural resource extraction. To demonstrate this, I analyse the framing of 'good' natural resource management as facilitating and sustaining 'resilience' to conflicts within broad international agendas (such as Pathways for Peace) and how this occurs more specifically in four donor-funded peacebuilding projects directed at community-based natural resource management in Liberia and Sierra Leone.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "decision-making guide for the closure of myelomeningocele skin defects with or without primary repair. OBJECTIVE The closure of the skin defect in myelomeningocele (MMC) repair is an essential step that determines the quality of the surgical result. The success of surgical results is related to the decision to use the most suitable techniques, namely flaps or primary closure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a decision-making guide to determine whether to use primary repair or a flap for the closure of skin defects that occur in MMC.CONCLUSIONS Because of various defect sizes and patient characteristics, no single protocol exists for the reconstruction of MMC defects. The guide suggested here might be effective in deciding which method is suitable for closure of MMC skin defects.RESULTS By using this decision-making guide, 20 of the defects were repaired with various flaps, and those of the remaining 30 patients were repaired with primary closure. In all patients, a successful tension-free 1-stage closure was obtained. Except for 4 patients who had flap reconstruction with partial flap necrosis or minimal flap tip necrosis, healing was uneventful without any complications. There were no additional wound complications during the mean follow-up of 6.8 years (range 5 months to 14 years).METHODS Fifty patients underwent surgery after neurosurgical repair and closure of the placode. A simple guide was generated according to the defect height/width and posterior axillary lines/defect width ratio. These 2 ratios were considered to determine which closure technique (with or without primary repair) should be used for the MMC defect reconstruction.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Fluorescein: A rapid, sensitive, nonlethal method for detecting skin ulceration in fish. There is a need to develop simple, rapid, and accurate methods for assessing health in fish populations. In this study we demonstrate that use of fluorescein, a nontoxic fluorescent dye, can rapidly and easily detect the presence of skin ulcers in all fish tested, including rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), goldfish (Carassius auratus), and hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis male X M. chrysops female). Exposure of fish to as little as 0.10 mg fluorescein per milliliter of water for 3 minutes was sufficient to identify experimentally induced lesions, even pinpoint ulcerations. Such lesions were not visible to the naked eye but were clearly demarcated with fluorescein treatment. Examination of fish that appeared clinically normal often revealed the presence of focal ulcerations, which might have been a consequence of damage during capture, but it also might suggest that skin ulceration may be common even in \\\\'clinically normal\\\\' fish. Exposure of either nonulcerated or experimentally ulcerated hybrid striped bass to an excessively high concentration of fluorescein had no apparent effect on health or survival. Our studies suggest that fluorescein may be a highly useful tool for rapid health screening in fish populations.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 10]}
+{"token": "Laughter in the Ghetto Cabarets from a Concentration Camp. The World War II Jewish ghetto at Theresienstadt, forty miles northwest of Prague, was the site of an uncommonly active cultural life. Survivor testimony about the prisoners' theatrical performances inspired a question: why were almost all of the scripts written in the ghetto comedies? The recent rediscovery of several scripts has made possible a detailed analysis that draws from recent research on the psychological effects of different types of humour. This analysis reveals that, regardless of age, language or nationality, the Theresienstadt authors universally drew upon two potentially adaptive types of humour (self-enhancing and affiliative humour) rather than two potentially maladaptive types (aggressive and self-defeating humour). Perhaps instinctively, they chose the very types of humour that have a demonstrated association with psychological health and that may have helped them preserve their psychological equilibrium in the potentially traumatising environment of the ghetto.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "The Role of Personal Availability and Gender in Negative Online Congressional Campaigning. Negative campaigning in elections has received considerable attention. However, an important dimension of negative campaigning remains underexplored: the extent to which a candidate's presentation of self affects their likelihood of receiving negativity. Work on gender differences in self-personalization and media personalization also suggests that this effect might be shaped by candidate gender. This paper investigates if a candidate using personal details in the service of campaign promotion increases the likelihood that the candidate will receive negativity from an opponent and if this association is moderated by candidate gender. Using congressional campaign website data from 2002 to 2006, evidence does not suggest that candidates who personalize online are any more likely to receive online negativity. Further, findings suggest that only female candidates see their likelihood of receiving online negativity vary as a function of online self-personalization. Female candidates have a higher likelihood of receiving online negativity from their campaign opponent when the candidate is more personable-that is, when they make information about their private selves more publicly available for negative framing at the hands of their opponent. Robustness checks reveal that this effect is not time independent, however, suggesting the personalization-gender-negativity relationship may be conditional on electoral context. Implications for work on personalization and negative campaigning, the role of gender in these processes, and campaign risk-taking are discussed.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "The influence of salinity on oil-mineral aggregate formation. The formation of microscopic oil-mineral aggregates (OMA) has been linked to the natural removal of stranded oil in coastal marine environments and to the efficacy of surf washing (relocation of oiled sediment into the zone of wave action) as an oil spill remediation procedure. To predict the significance of this process in estuarine and freshwater environments, OMA formation was tested in the laboratory with seawater diluted to obtain a salinity range of 0-35. Quantification of the amount of oil incorporated into OMA shows that the extent of OMA formation is not significantly different from that of seawater for salinity values as low as 1.5-0.15 (1/20 to 11200 of pure seawater). The precise value of this threshold depends on parameters including oil type and the nature of the mineral present. Below this salinity threshold, there is a linear decrease in the amount of oil incorporated in OMA, to practically zero in distilled water. It is concluded that oil spill remediation by natural or induced OMA formation (i.e. surf washing) is applicable to marine, estuarine and possibly inland hyper-saline environments. Crown Copyright (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Cost-benefit analysis of improved light trap for harvesting the edible grasshopper, Ruspolia differens (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae): Evidence from Uganda. Recent evidence has shown that improved light traps comprising modified drums and light emitting diode bulbs are more efficient and safer in mass trapping of wild swarms of Ruspolia differens compared to mercury light traps with open-ended drums commonly used in Uganda. However, financial analysis of the improved traps had not yet been conducted prior to this study. Here, we carried out a cost-benefit analysis of the improved trap compared to the existing trapping technique. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect data on the demographic characteristics, revenue, capital expenditures and operating costs of the current trapping method from 30 commercial R. differens trappers in Masaka Uganda. The costs and revenue from the improved trap were collected basing on the market price and estimates for the 30 trappers. Net present value (NPV), benefit-cost ratio (BCR) and payback period were computed for the improved and current method and compared using an independent sample t-test. The results revealed that the improved trapping technique was more profitable than the current technique. Moreover, high costs of electricity and harmful non-target insects, especially the Nairobi fly (Paederus sp) which causes dermatitis were other difficulties associated with the current trapping technique. We, therefore, recommend adoption of the improved R. differens trapping technique as a more profitable alternative to the current technique.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Increase of Combat Effectiveness of Warships with the Introduction into Operation of WECDIS. This paper analyses the possibility of increasing combat effectiveness of warships with the introduction into operation of Warship Electronic Chart Display and Information System (WECDIS) on board ships. This navigation computer information system, which complies with the rules of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and NATO STANAG 4564 (Standard Agreement 4564) helps the navigational officer in his daily work. Navigational officer has the ability to use different tools and information necessary for the protection and efficient use of a warship.The emergence of new technologies in the field of warfare is in the most aspects of naval operations computerised and digitalised with the intent to build, display and allow manipulation with the Recognised Maritime Picture (RMP). It is therefore surprising that a lot of Navies are still navigating using only paper charts although the advantages and efficiency provided by the WECDIS, if used correctly, are significant.In the first part of the paper WECDIS is analysed as a navigational system used on warships with all the advantages and disadvantages recognised during its use in navigation. In the second part an increase of the combat effectiveness of warships during execution of different warfare operation is analysed.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "It's Okay With Our Culture but We're in a Different Place and We Have to Show Respect': Marshallese Migrants and Exclusive Breastfeeding Initiation. Background: Pacific Islanders in the United States have lower initiation rates and shorter duration of exclusive breastfeeding compared to other racial/ethnic groups. Research Aim: To describe infant feeding beliefs and experiences of Marshallese living in the United States. Methods: We used a prospective and cross-sectional exploratory, descriptive qualitative design with Marshallese participants (N = 36) residing in the United States between July 2019 and July 2020. Data were collected at 6-8 weeks postpartum. Our qualitative analytic approach integrated inductive and deductive techniques. Results: Participants' mean age was 27.1 years (SD = 6.1), and 88.9% (n = 32) were born in the Marshall Islands. A majority of participants were single, widowed, or in an unmarried partnership (n = 28, 77.8%). Most participants had a high school education or lower (n = 30, 83.3%). Mean household size was 7.2 (SD = 2.8). Fewer than half of participants had no health insurance (n = 14, 38.9%), and almost all participants (91.7%) did not work at the time of data collection. Two themes emerged: 1) infant feeding initiation and practices; and 2) concerns over breastfeeding in public. The majority of participants' infants received both human milk and formula. Participants described beliefs that breastfeeding in public was against American customs, which influenced their decision about breastfeeding in public. Conclusions: Our study was the first to document infant feeding beliefs and experiences of Marshallese living in the United States at 6-8 weeks postpartum. Findings will inform future health education programs.", "label": [2, 22, 26, 27]}
+{"token": "Molecular cloning and 3D structure prediction of myoglobin and cytoglobin in Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus. In vertebrates, myoglobin (Mb) and cytoglobin (Cygb) are closest relatives in the family of globins, which are heme-containing proteins that can bind gaseous molecules. Mb acts not only as an O-2 transporter but also a nitric oxide (NO) scavenger in cardiac and striated muscle. Cygb has been suggested to play important functions in lipid-based signaling processes, defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO) metabolism, and it is present in a variety of cell types. However, little information about the structures and functions of Mb and Cygb is known in birds. Here, we cloned the full-length open reading frames (ORFs) of the two globins in Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus). The Mb ORF cDNA contains 465 base pairs (bp) encoding 154 amino acids (aa), and the Cygb ORF cDNA contains 540 bp encoding 179 aa. Our results show that the amino acid sequences and three-dimensional (3D) structures of Mb and Cygb are highly conserved in vertebrate species. Interestingly, two specific substitutions were detected in Cygb compared with other vertebrates, which resulted in slight variation of the 3D conformation (e.g., distance between Tyr H16 and Lys G8, the strength of hydrogen bonds, and angles between the G-H helices). Our results may contribute to further understanding the structures, properties, and functions of Mb and Cygb as well as the potential mechanisms of oxygen utilization pathways in vertebrates.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Fully integrated 5.35-GHz CMOS VCOs and prescalers. Two 5,35-GHz monolithic voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) and two prescalers have been fabricated in a digital 0,25-mum CMOS process. One VCO uses p(+)/n-well diodes, while the other uses MOS varactors, Q of 57 at 5.5 GHz. and 0-V bias (low-Q condition) for a p(+)/n-well varactor has been achieved. For an MOS varactor, it is possible to achieve a quality factor of 140 at 5.5 GHz, The tuning ranges of the VCOs are >310 MHz, and their phase noise Is <-116,5 dBc/Hz ata 1-MHz offset while consuming, <similar to>7 mW power at V-DD = 1.5 V. The low phase noise is achieved by using only PMOS transistors in the VCO core and by optimizing the resonator layout, The prescalers utilize a variation of the source-coupled logic, The power consumption is 4.1 mW at 1,5-V V-DD and 5.4 GHz, By widening the transistors in the first three divide-by-two stages, the maximum operating frequency is increased to 9.96 GHz at V-DD = 2.5 V.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Internet Presence and Multilingual Dissemination in Corporate Websites: A Portrait of Spanish Healthcare SMEs. The development of information and communication technologies has enabled companies to spread messages globally, allowing them to open new markets and reach international clients. In this sense, the multilingual dissemination of corporate information plays a key role, and, for this purpose, websites are great communication vehicles. The aim of this paper is to offer an overview of the internet presence of SMEs in Andalusia, along with their intention to reach international targets via the multilingual dissemination of corporate information, as well as determining the variables that influence these factors. To meet these objectives, a sample of 1,425 SMEs has been analyzed. Results show that 52.3% of the companies evaluated had a website and only 10.3% of them offered their content translated to, at least, one language, and that variables such as company size, area of specialty, and location may have an impact on these two aspects. The findings reveal that more research and policies are required to support SMEs in their digitalization and internationalization process.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Diagnosis and clinical management of neurological disorders caused by cytomegalovirus in AIDS patients. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections are common and severe complications of HIV infection. The virus involves the nervous system, causing encephalitis, polyradiculomyelitis and peripheral neuropathies, Due to their limited sensitivity, traditional virological approaches, such as virus isolation or antigen detection in the CSF are useful only in limited instances, e.g. CMV polyradiculopathy. The aetiological diagnosis of these disorders relies on the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid by PCR and quantitative PCR may be important to establish the extent of CNS lesions and to monitor the efficacy of antiviral treatments, CMV is susceptible to various antivirals, including ganciclovir, foscarnet and cidofovir. CMV infections of the nervous system, in particular encephalitis, however, show only a poor response to standard treatments, Drug combination treatments i.e. ganciclovir plus foscarnet, are currently under evaluation in clinical trials.", "label": [2, 18, 21]}
+{"token": "Another 'True Story' About Quarry Farm. This narrative is about my weeklong stay at Quarry Farm in 2009. I try to indicate some of the ways this place was special for Twain as a writer, a nature lover, and a family man.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Analysing spatial temporal changes in rice cultivation practices in the Senegal River Valley using MODIS time-series and the PhenoRice algorithm. In this study we used the PhenoRice algorithm to track recent variations of rice cultivation practices along the Senegal River Valley. Time series of MODIS imagery with 250 m spatial resolution and a nominal 8-days frequency were used as input for the algorithm to map the spatial and temporal variations of rice cultivated area and of several important phenological metrics (e.g., crop establishment and harvesting dates, length of season) for the 2003-2016 period in both the dry and the wet rice cultivation seasons. Comparison between PhenoRice results and ancillary and field data available for the Senegal part of the study area showed that the algorithm is able to track the interannual variations of rice cultivated area, despite the total detected rice area being consistently underestimated. PhenoRice estimates of crop establishment and harvesting dates resulted accurate when compared with field observations available for two sub-regions for a period of 10 years, and thus allow assessing interannual variability and tracking changes in agronomic practices. An analysis of interannual trends of rice growing practices based on PhenoRice results highlighted a clear shift of rice cultivation from the wet to the dry season starting approximately from 2008. The shift was found to be particularly evident in the delta part of the SRV. Additionally, a statistically significant trend was revealed starting 2006 towards a longer dry season (r(2) = 0.81; Slope = 1.24 days y(-1)) and a shorter wet season (r(2) = 0.65; Slope = 0.53 days y(-1)). These findings are in agreement with expert knowledge of changes ongoing in the area. In particular the shorter wet season is attributed to shortage of labor and equipment leading to a delay in completion of harvesting operations in the dry season, which led to the adoption of short-duration rice varieties by farmers in the wet season to avoid risk of yield losses due to climatic constraints. Aforementioned results highlight the usefulness of the PhenoRice algorithm for providing insights about recent variations in rice cultivation practices over large areas in developing countries, where high-quality up to date information about changes in agricultural practices are often lacking.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "On the Pathology of the Enthymeme: Accounting for Hidden Visual Premises in Advertising Discourse. One of the key reasons that have been put forward for justifying the superior argumentative force of visuals over verbal arguments in advertising discourse is their immediacy. The immediate resonance of visuals and their forceful appeal bear considerable resemblance to the argumentative force of enthymemes as hidden premises in informal rhetorical argumentation. In this article an attempt is made at bridging the logical and pathemic appeals of enthymemes under the aegis of what may be called the pathology of the enthymeme, while demonstrating that what has been pejoratively tagged, since Freudian psychoanalytic discourse, as \\\\'the psychopathology of everyday life\\\\' in fact constitutes the very underpinning of enthymematic structures and a system of topoi of which such structures constitute an integral part. By assuming as the point of departure of this genealogicopathological tracing Heidegger's opening up of the meaning of logos and as destination Heidegger's ontological reading of everydayness, the enthymematic embeddedness of cultural topoi is depathologized, while being reinserted in its \\\\'proper\\\\' pathological dimension. The exemplification of how visual enthymemes function and may be translated as hidden premises in advertising discourse seeks to demonstrate the pathology of the enthymeme as \\\\'unquestionable\\\\' major premises that underpin visual arguments.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 28, 30, 52]}
+{"token": "On the quality and impact of residential energy performance certificates. This paper addresses quality and impact issues concerning Energy Performance Certificates (EPC) by means of a dataset based upon the Swedish EPCs for single-family houses. Assuming that the quality of the certificates plays an important role for their impact, we examine to what extent various characteristics of the firms and experts issuing the certificates are influencing their assessments of energy consumption and energy conservation. Exploiting the information on biased assessments, we also investigate the relationship between the transaction price of a house and its EPC label. Doing so, we distinguish the attributes that can be observed by visiting the house and those that a buyer only can inform herself about through the EPC.Applying regression analyses we find that firm and expert characteristics matter quite a lot implying that the EPC-quality could be improved considerably by increasing the inter-rater reliability. The results also show that the price impact of the energy label is related to information that the buyers can obtain by visiting the house rather than to information uniquely provided by the EPCs. Hence, the EPCs per se are unlikely to stimulate energy conservation through the price mechanism. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "Detection Rate of Bird Species and What It Depends on: Tips for Field Surveys. Bird counting inevitably suffers from imperfect detection, which varies across species, habitats, period of the day, and seasons. Although various modeling techniques have recently been developed to account for this phenomenon, the biological basis of natural variation in detection remains insufficiently known. This study examined the bird species' detection rate throughout the day, considering their body mass and diet type, concerning the environment and weather characteristics. Species detection rates were significantly affected by the number of individuals of that species but were unrelated to body mass. Overall, species with the highest detection rate were Corn bunting, Blackbird, European robin, House sparrow and Common chiffchaff. Granivores-insectivores and insectivores showed significant differences in detection rates throughout the day among habitats, with higher detection rates in grasslands during the afternoon. Insectivores showed higher detection rates in farmland during midday (warmest time of the day). Granivores, omnivores and scavengers did not show changes in detection rates in different day periods. Such patterns in daily detection rates were significant even when considering abundance and total species richness in each community. Finally, cloudiness was unrelated to the overall detection rate of birds, while temperature and wind affected detection rates in some guilds. Our findings provide some advice for choosing a suitable ornithological sampling method by considering the avian communities composition in combination with the type of environment, the diet of bird species, and the period of the day.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Two types of growth hormone rhythm in boys with constitutional short stature. The relationship between temporal and quantitative changes in pulsatile growth hormone (GH) secretion and growth of constitutionally short children (CSS) was studied in 19 prepubertal boys and 4 with early adrenarche aged 7.8 to 14 years, Continuous plasma GH monitoring was performed at 30 minute intervals during 24 hours, The data were analysed by single and serial best fit (BFT) cosinor analysis for rhythm parameters and the Pulsar peak detection program for determining pulsatile properties, The pulsatile patterns were expressed in mean GH concentration, area under the curve, mean pulse area and maximal pulse height but not in the number of pulses, Thirteen out of 23 patterns exhibited significant 24-h compatible rhythms, The studied cohort was divided into two groups, those who exhibited the 24-h circadian rhythm (CIR) and those who lacked it (NCIR), Ultradian 2.5-4 h rhythms were observed in all patients, The NCIR children were significantly shorter than the CIR group (p=0.017), The CIR boys secreted a significantly higher (p=0.01) amount of GH during the 24-h span, most of which was during sleep, Our data indicate that the magnitude of pulses rather than their number is responsible for the quantitative differences observed between the two groups of boys with CSS, It is suggested that a lack of 24-h rhythmicity and the associated reduced nocturnal pulsatility play a role in the manifestation of short stature.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "HEURISTIC SYNTHESIS OF REVERSIBLE LOGIC - A COMPARATIVE STUDY. Reversible logic circuits have been historically motivated by theoretical research in low-power, and recently attracted interest as components of the quantum algorithm, optical computing and nanotechnology. However due to the intrinsic property of reversible logic, traditional irreversible logic design and synthesis methods cannot be carried out. Thus a new set of algorithms are developed correctly to synthesize reversible logic circuit. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review with comparative study on heuristic based reversible logic synthesis. It reviews a range of heuristic based reversible logic synthesis techniques reported by researchers (BDD-based, cycle-based, search-based, non-search-based, rule-based, transformation-based, and ESOP-based). All techniques are described in detail and summarized in a table based on their features, limitation, library used and their consideration metric. Benchmark comparison of gate count and quantum cost are analysed for each synthesis technique. Comparing the synthesis algorithm outputs over the years, it can be observed that different approach has been used for the synthesis of reversible circuit. However, the improvements are not significant. Quantum cost and gate count has improved over the years, but arguments and debates are still on certain issues such as the issue of garbage outputs that remain the same. This paper provides the information of all heuristic based synthesis of reversible logic method proposed over the years. All techniques are explained in detail and thus informative for new reversible logic researchers and bridging the knowledge gap in this area.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Feedback effects of chronic browsing on life-history traits of a large herbivore. 3. We assessed whether chronic browsing contributed to a decline of the quality of deer diet in early autumn during the last 25 years, and evaluated the impacts of reduced diet quality on deer body condition and reproduction.4. Rumen nitrogen content declined 22% between two time periods, 1977-79 and 2002-04, indicating a reduction in diet quality.1. Increasing ungulate populations are affecting vegetation negatively in many areas, but few studies have assessed the long-term effects of overbrowsing on individual life-history traits of ungulates.2. Using an insular population of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann; Anticosti, Quebec, Canada) introduced in 1896, and whose density has remained high since the first evidence of severe browsing in the 1930s, we investigated potential feedbacks of long-term and heavy browsing on deer life-history traits.6. The probability of conception increased 15% between the two time periods, but litter size at ovulation declined 7%, resulting in a similar total number of ovulations in 2002-04 and in 1977-79.8. Deer appear to tolerate drastic reductions in diet quality by modifying their life history traits, such as body mass and reproduction, before a reduction in density is observed. Such modifications may contribute to maintain high population density of large herbivores following population irruption.7. Our results suggest that following a decline in diet quality, white-tailed deer females modified their life-history strategies to maintain reproduction at the expense of growth.5. After accounting for the effects of year within the time period, age and date of harvest in autumn, peak body mass of both sexes declined between the two time periods. At the end of November, males were on average 12% heavier and adult does 6% heavier in 1977-79 than in 2002-04. Hind foot length did not vary between time periods.", "label": [4, 37, 47]}
+{"token": "Development and Application of a Method to Identify Salt Marsh Vulnerability to Sea Level Rise. Wetlands are commonly assessed for ecological condition and biological integrity using a three-tiered framework of landscape-scale assessment, rapid assessment protocols, and intensive biological and physiochemical measurements. However, increased inundation resulting from accelerated sea level rise (SLR) is negatively impacting tidal marsh ecosystem functions for US Northeast coastal wetlands, yet relative vulnerability to this stressor is not incorporated in condition assessments. This article assesses tools available to measure coastal wetland vulnerability to SLR, including measurements made as part of traditional rapid condition assessments (e.g., vegetation communities, soil strength), field and remote sensing-based measurements of elevation, VDatum, and Sea Level Affecting Marshes Model (SLAMM) model outputs. A vulnerability metric that incorporates these tools was calibrated and validated using recent rates of marsh vegetation losses (1972-2011) as a surrogate for future vulnerability. The metric includes complementary measures of elevation capital, including the percentage of high vs. low marsh vegetation, Spartina alterniflora height, elevation measurements, and SLAMM outputs that collectively explained 62% of the variability in recent rates of marsh vegetation loss. Stepwise regression revealed that all three elements (elevation, vegetation measures, and SLAMM outputs) explained significant and largely unique components of vulnerability to SLR, with the greatest level of overlap found between SLAMM outputs and elevation metrics. While soil strength varied predictably with habitat zone, it did not contribute significantly to the vulnerability metric. Despite the importance of determining wetland elevation above key tidal datums of mean sea level and mean high water, we caution that VDatum was found to perform poorly in back-barrier estuaries. This factor makes it difficult to compare elevation capital among marshes that differ in tidal range and poses accuracy problems for broad-scale modeling efforts that require accurate tidal datums. Given the pervasive pattern of coastal wetland drowning occurring in the Northeastern USA and elsewhere, we advocate that compilation of regional data on marsh habitats and vulnerability to SLR is crucial as it permits agencies to target adaptation to sites based on their vulnerability or mixture of habitats, it helps match sites to appropriate interventions, and it provides a broader regional context to site-specific management actions. Without such data, adaptation actions may be implemented where action is not necessary and to the disadvantage of vulnerable sites where opportunities for successful adaptation will be missed.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
+{"token": "NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE TWO DIMENSIONAL ANALOG OF THE GELFAND- LEVITAN- KREIN EQUATION. Inverse problems for some hyperbolic equations are considered. The Gel'fand-Levitan-Krein approach is applied to reduce nonlinear inverse problems to sets of linear integral equation. Numerical solution of integral equations is obtained using singular value's decomposition method and Monte-Carlo method. Results of numerical experiments are represented.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Unsettling Ecopsychology: Addressing Settler Colonialism in Ecopsychology Practice. This article identifies settler colonialism as a phenomenon existing outside of awareness in the field of ecopsychology and begins to explore what \\\\'unsettling\\\\' ecopsychology may entail. Unsettling the field is a process of revealing how ecopsychology reproduces and reinforces settler colonialism. This process requires deep reflection among practitioners regarding how they can challenge the dominant colonial narratives that underpin settler privilege within the field itself. Offered as additional points of engagement in the process of unsettling are practices of accountability and relationality through the learning of history and cultural protocols and engagement in acts of solidarity with Indigenous land-based resurgence. By opening up this dialogue, we (the authors) seek to make a critical contribution to the field of ecopsychology and, as non-Indigenous/settler practitioners, to encourage a discussion of accountability for those doing therapeutic land-based nature connection work as visitors on traditional Indigenous territories.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Victims or Madmen? The Diagnostic Competition over 'Terrorist' Detainees at Guantanamo Bay. This article traces the pathologization of suspected terrorists held captive at the U. S. military base in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. The occurrence of several reported suicide attempts among the detainees provided \\\\'proof\\\\' for their captors that terrorists are indeed fanatical madmen. These same reports of suicide attempts, however, were contradictorily diagnosed by human rights and humanitarian organizations as evidence of psychological deterioration induced by prolonged detention. What is notable in this diagnostic competition over what, exactly, afflicts the detainees is that both advocates and resisters to the detentions pathologized the detainees by chalking up the suicide attempts to their purportedly impaired psyches. This is significant because the pathologization of the detainees is one condition of possibility for their excision from the global body politic. Authoritarian practices, such as the incarceration of the \\\\'mad\\\\' and the detention of \\\\'suspected terrorists,\\\\' are theorized as integral to global liberal governance, which divides up populations, and subjects those deemed mad, deviant, or dangerous to coercive measures in the name of order, security, and liberty. The article concludes with a consideration of the ways in which international relations (IR) could be more attentive to the operation of the \\\\'psy\\\\' disciplines in the conduct of international affairs.", "label": [5, 52, 54, 57]}
+{"token": "Triplication for BSTSs and uncolourability. Characterizing the uncolourable BSTS(v)s is among the problems posed in the book \\\\'Triple Systems\\\\' (Triple Systems, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1999.) by Colbourn and Rosa. We investigate the properties of strict colourings of BSTS(3v)s obtained by triplication. In particular, in the case v = 9 we answer a question raised in (Strict colourings of STS(3v)s and uncolourable BSTS(3v)s, Submitted.) regarding a class of uncolourable BSTS(27)s. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Co-Occurrence of Risky Lifestyle Behavior with Overweight, Excess Abdominal Fat and High Blood Pressure - Case Oriented Approach. The objective was to estimate the proportion of cases developed interim risk factors (INTF: overweight, excess abdominal fat, high blood pressure) in relation with behavioral risk factors (BEHF: smoking, heavy alcohol intake, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity). NOBIR group was defined as cases with no BEHF and BIR as those with them. Both groups show higher proportions of INTF in older age. The increase by age varies of twofold (overweight: 13.2-29.2 for men, 18.1-42.6 for women) to six fold (high blood pressure: 4.6-26.5 for men, 6.6-40.8 for women) in proportions. Women show higher proportions of INTF than men in both groups, but BIR group shows higher proportions than NOBIR in all the age groups taking the both gender together As a BEHF the physical inactivity has a markedly increase with age (from 4% to more than 25%). Smoking is the only BEHF decreasing in oldest for all the INTF.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "First report of adelphophagy in flatworms during the embryonic development of the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea (Benazzi, Baguna, Ballester, Puccinelli & Del Papa, 1975) (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida). This paper details the embryonic development of the triclad flatworm Schmidtea mediterranea and describes, for the first time in flatworms, the phenomenon of adelphophagy. Embryonic development, which takes 23 days at 18-20 degrees C, basically corresponds with the developmental stages documented in other studies for triclad flatworms. At some of the stages it was observed occasionally that some embryos cannibalized their siblings, i.e. exhibited adelphophagy or embryophagy. It is suggested that this phenomenon may contribute to the fact that the number of young hatching from a cocoon is usually considerably less than the number of egg cells initially assembled in the capsule. The occurrence of adelphophagy in the animal kingdom is discussed.", "label": [4, 42, 47]}
+{"token": "An ELISA to determine the biodistribution of human monoclonal antibody in tumor-xenografted SCID mice. An ELISA technique was developed to assay the distribution of native human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in tumor-xenografted SCID mice, This was used in an investigation of its potential as an alternative to the conventional radioisotopic technique for mAb biodistribution assays which would be simpler to implement and might yield results in closer accord with actual mAb activity because it is based on the use and detection of the native mAbs rather than their radioisotope-coupled immunoconjugates. SCID mice bearing xenografted tumors of the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 received injections via the tail vein of four human mAbs that had been obtained from human-mouse heterohybridomas and were known to be reactive with A549. The biodistribution of the mAbs was assayed by the ELISA technique seven days after the mAb injection. The assay yielded tumor/serum ratios for the four reactive mAbs which were in the range of three to six and tumor mAb levels which were in the range of 0.28 to 0.92 %ID/g (percent of injected mAb dose per gram of tumor). The tumor mAb levels were thus lower than the levels commonly found by radioisotopic assay, and further investigation is desirable to determine the cause of the difference. The results indicate that ELISA can provide a simple, practical means of investigating the biodistribution of human mAbs in mice bearing xenografted carcinomas, The application of this procedure would obviate the need for the complex facilities and procedures associated with radioisotopic labelling and assay. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42]}
+{"token": "Hyper-Crosslinkers Lead to Temperature- and pH-Responsive Polymeric Nanogels with Unusual Volume Change. Hydrogels consisting of carboxylic acid groups and N-isopropylacrylamide as pendants on their polymeric network usually exhibit volume expansion upon deprotonation or volume contraction when being heated. Demonstrated here is an anti-intuitive case of a hydrogel containing multiple carboxylic acid groups at each crosslinking point in the polymeric network, which shrinks upon increasing pH from 1 to 7 at 37 degrees C or expands upon heating from 25 to 37 degrees C at pH 1. The unexpected volume change originates from the high percentage of the crosslinker in the polymers, as detected by solid-state C-13 NMR spectroscopy. In addition, the volume changes are thermally reversible. As the first example of the use of functional hyper-crosslinkers to control the pH and thermal responses of nanogels, this work illustrates a new way to design soft materials with unusual behaviors.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Confronting 'Disunity': Indigenous Religions as Critics of Politics in Africa. In this article, I present visions of political unity as imagined by Faith of Unity from Uganda and the Waqqeeffana Followers Association from Ethiopia. I describe how politics is mobilized through notions of disunity and unity. The organizations' critique of politics is articulated using the vocabulary of religion, which is central to political dis/unity. Drawing on ethnographic data generated from Ethiopia and Uganda, I show that indigenous religions are, in their own right, spaces for the production of political thought attuned to the time and context of their existence. Their engagement expands the domains of the \\\\'political\\\\' from its usual confines-for instance, civil society associations, parties, NGOs, and states. Paying attention to such spaces uncovers more sites in which political subjectivities are formed, shaped, and reshaped.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Effects of branching in hexadecylbenzene sulfonate isomers on interfacial tension behavior in oil/alkali systems. This paper is concerned with the study of the effect of the molecular structure of surfactant on the reduction of interfacial tension of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). The interfacial tension behavior of nonane and crude oil with three hexadecylbenzene sulfonate isomers (with benzene rings located at different positions along the alkyl chains) were investigated. It was found that the interfacial tensions could be reduced to ultra-low values at low alkali concentrations by using a surfactant molecule with a phenyl group located near the center of the alkyl chain. Molecular structures of this kind were considered to be the most ideal for surfactant flooding. Moreover, the transient low interfacial tensions in crude oil/alkali system were caused by the synergistic effects between surfactant and the active species generated at interface, but surfactant molecules played the dominant role at equilibrium. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Effect of Hyaluronidase Immobilized Using Electron-Beam Synthesis Nanotechnology on Sensitivity of Progenitor Cells to Regulatory Factors. In vitro experiments demonstrated increased colony-forming capacity of erythroid, granulomonocytic, and mesenchymal progenitors of the bone marrow and parenchymal progenitor elements of the liver after treatment with immobilized hyaluronidase. Increased sensitivity of these progenitor cells to erythropoietin, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, fibroblast growth factor, and stem cell factor, respectively, was demonstrated. Immobilized hyaluronidase enhanced the formation of tissue-specific hepatic CFU against the background of reduced yield of stromal precursors in liver tissue culture containing insulin.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Decrease in the Photosynthetic Performance of Temperate Grassland Species Does Not Lead to a Decline in the Gross Primary Production of the Ecosystem. Plants, under stressful conditions, can proceed to photosynthetic adjustments in order to acclimatize and alleviate the detrimental impacts on the photosynthetic apparatus. However, it is currently unclear how adjustment of photosynthetic processes under environmental constraints by plants influences CO2 gas exchange at the ecosystem-scale. Over a 2-year period, photosynthetic performance of a temperate grassland ecosystem was characterized by conducting frequent chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) measurements on three primary grassland species (Lolium perenne L., Taraxacum sp., and Trifolium repens L.). Ecosystem photosynthetic performance was estimated from measurements performed on the three dominant grassland species weighed based on their relative abundance. In addition, monitoring CO2 fluxes was performed by eddy covariance. The highest decrease in photosynthetic performance was detected in summer, when environmental constraints were combined. Dicot species (Taraxacum sp. and T. repens) presented the strongest capacity to up-regulate PSI and exhibited the highest electron transport efficiency under stressful environmental conditions compared with L. perenne. The decline in ecosystem photosynthetic performance did not lead to a reduction in gross primary productivity, likely because increased light energy was available under these conditions. The carbon amounts fixed at light saturation were not influenced by alterations in photosynthetic processes, suggesting photosynthesis was not impaired. Decreased photosynthetic performance was associated with high respiration flux, but both were influenced by temperature. Our study revealed variation in photosynthetic performance of a grassland ecosystem responded to environmental constraints, but alterations in photosynthetic processes appeared to exhibit a negligible influence on ecosystem CO2 fluxes.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Role of neutral molecule chemistry in electron cyclotron resonance microwave plasmas capable of diamond deposition. The chemical compositions of 4% carbon in hydrogen/deuterium electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) microwave plasmas based on ethane, ethylene, acetylene, and methane, as determined by supersonic pulse, plasma sampling mass spectrometry, have been kinetically modeled using only a steady-state concentration of hydrogen to represent the role of the plasma. Using 375 isotopically labeled chemical steps based on 54 reversible neutral molecule chemical reactions, simulated spectra were generated that matched all eight experimental spectra using only literature values of the kinetic and energetic constants and three physically reasonable fitted parameters that were held constant for all eight simulations. The success of the modeling provides strong evidence that the chemistry of ECR-microwave plasmas is dominated by neutral molecule reactions. (c) 2006 American Vacuum Society.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35]}
+{"token": "FAMILIAL ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN UNRESPONSIVENESS ASSOCIATED WITH ALACRIMA AND ACHALASIA - BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR STUDIES IN 2 SIBLINGS WITH CLINICAL HETEROGENEITY. The syndrome of familial adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) unresponsiveness is a rare form of primary adrenal insufficiency, usually without mineralocorticoid deficiency. It is characterized by elevated plasma ACTH concentrations and undetectable plasma cortisol levels not responding to exogenous ACTH. Alacrima and achalasia have also been occasionally associated with adrenal insufficiency (triple A syndrome). Pathogenetic mutations have been identified in the ACTH receptor gene in families with isolated familial ACTH unresponsiveness. Whether the ACTH receptor represents the locus of the defect for the triple A syndrome is not known. Here we report two siblings with familial ACTH unresponsiveness who were discrepant for skin pigmentation and mineralocorticoid function. In addition, achalasia and alacrima were documented only in the older sibling. The boy, studied at the age of 2 years, was hyperpigmented, in contrast to his normally pigmented sister, studied at the age of 9 years; basal plasma a-melanocyte stimulating hormone immunureactivity levels were 79 and 38 pg/ml, respectively (normal <40 pg/ml). Furosemide-induced diuresis resulted in normal rises of plasma renin activity in both patients; however, plasma aldosterone levels increased only in the boy and not in his sister. Screening for abnormalities of the ACTH receptor gene by single strand conformation polymorphism analysis revealed no abnormality. Direct sequencing of the entire coding area of the ACTH receptor gene was also normal.Conclusion The syndrome of familial ACTH unresponsiveness can vary clinically and biologically within the same family. In contrast to results from some families with isolated familial ACTH unresponsiveness, the ACTH receptor gene does not appear to be the locus of the defect in this pedigree, suggesting a different molecular aetiology for the triple A syndrome which associates adrenal insufficiency, alacrima and achalasia.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Transient ultrasonic waves in multilayered superconducting plates. Transient response of multilayered superconducting tapes has been studied in this paper. These tapes are usually composed of layers of a superconducting material (like YBa2Cu3O7-delta, or YBCO, for simplicity) alternating between layers of a metallic material (like nickel or silver). The tapes are thin, in the range of 100-200 mum. The superconducting layer is orthotropic with a thickness of 5-10 mum. In applications, tapes are long and have a finite width. In this paper attention has been focused on the transient response of homogeneous and three-layered tapes assuming that the width is infinite and that the thickness of the superconducting layer is much smaller than the metal layer The problem considered here is of general interest for understanding the effect of anisotropy of thin coating or interface layers in composite plate structures on ultrasonic guided waves. Three plate geometries are considered as prototype examples: a homogeneous nickel (Ni) layer a three-layered YBCO/Ni/YBCO, and a three-layered Ni/YBCO/Ni. Transient response due to a lineforce applied normal to the surface of the tape has been studied by, means of Fourier transforms and direct numerical integration. Numerical results are presented using an exact model and a first-order approximation to the thin YBCO layer The first-order approximation simplifies the problem to that of a homogeneous isotropic plate subject to effective boundary, conditions representing the thin anisotropic layers. Both are seen to agree well (except when the center frequency, of the force is high; and capture the coupling of the longitudinal, S, (or flexural, A) motion and the shear-horizontal (SH) motion. Detailed analysis of the influence of the thin layers, especially their anisotropy, on this coupling and the transient response shows significant differences among the three cases. The model results provide insight into the coupling phenomenon and indicate the feasibility of careful experiments to exploit the significant changes in the transient response caused by coupling for the determination of the in-plane elastic constants of thin coating or interface layers.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Oral carbohydrate sensing: Beyond sweet taste. Carbohydrates encompass a wide range of molecules, which can be classified into three groups: mono-/disaccharides (sugars), oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Despite all three classes of saccharides being naturally present in foods, research on the human gustatory responses to carbohydrates has focused almost exclusively on sugars, which elicit sweet taste. This review is intended to share recent knowledge regarding possible additional gustatory pathways, other than the known T1R2/T1R3 sweet receptor, involved in carbohydrate sensing. The review begins by providing a brief overview of the chemistry and classification of carbohydrates, along with examples of carbohydrates in the diet, particularly those that can be digested by the human body (Le., glycemic carbohydrates). Discussions on the oral digestion of glycemic carbohydrates and the enzymes relevant to the digestive process follow. Finally, we discuss sensory perception and possible transduction mechanisms underlying starch hydrolysis products.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL DETECTION OF INTERSTITIAL COLLAGENS IN BONE AND CARTILAGE TISSUE REMNANTS IN AN INFANT PERUVIAN MUMMY. We investigated the immunohistochemical presence of various collagen types in bone and cartilage tissue from an infant Peruvian mummy dating between 500 and 1000 A.D. which had been excavated at the necropolis of Las Trancas in the Nazca region in Peru. Following careful rehydration and decalcification of the tissue, the mummy tissue showed morphologically good preservation of the matrix, which could be shown to be composed of various collagen types in a typical pattern. Bone consisted of a collagen I matrix with a small rim of collagen III and V at the endosteal lining and a pericellular collagen V staining around osteocytic holes. In the hypertrophic cartilage of the epiphyseal growth plate, a typical pattern of collagen types II and X could be found. These observations provide evidence that in well-preserved mummy tissue the antigenic determinants of major matrix components are still adequately preserved for an immunohistochemical analysis. This technique may thus be a very helpful tool for the analysis of pathologic processes of historic bone tissue. It may also allow in certain circumstances a distinction between pseudopathologic tissue destruction and pathologic tissue alteration.", "label": [4, 5, 56, 42]}
+{"token": "Novel prokaryotic system employing previously unknown nucleic acids-based receptors. The present study describes a previously unknown universal system that orchestrates the interaction of bacteria with the environment, named the Teazeled receptor system (TR-system). The identical system was recently discovered within eukaryotes. The system includes DNA- and RNA-based molecules named \\\\'TezRs\\\\', that form receptor's network located outside the membrane, as well as reverse transcriptases and integrases. TR-system takes part in the control of all major aspects of bacterial behavior, such as intra cellular communication, growth, biofilm formation and dispersal, utilization of nutrients including xenobiotics, virulence, chemo- and magnetoreception, response to external factors (e.g., temperature, UV, light and gas content), mutation events, phage-host interaction, and DNA recombination activity. Additionally, it supervises the function of other receptor-mediated signaling pathways. Importantly, the TR-system is responsible for the formation and maintenance of cell memory to preceding cellular events, as well the ability to \\\\'forget\\\\' preceding events. Transcriptome and biochemical analysis revealed that the loss of different TezRs instigates significant alterations in gene expression and proteins synthesis.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Nature and politics: Pierre Aubenque and Fred Miller about Aristotle. This article investigates the accounts of Aristotle's concept of nature provided by Pierre Aubenque in The Concept of Prudence in Aristotle (1963) and Fred Miller in Nature, Justice, and Rights in Aristotle's Politics (1995). The former outlines Aristotle's understanding of nature (Phesis) as a reality permeated by an \\\\'ontology of contingence\\\\' while the latter addresses Aristotle's view on the topic at stake by scrutinizing the causal potencies of nature. On the one hand, Aubenque's interpretation tends to favor the political view of Aristotle as a partisan of democracy understood as a system of government grounded on practices of deliberation. On the other hand, Miller sees Aristotle's political thought as the forerunner of the modern theories of rights.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Preparation of Transparent Metal Films, Titanium-Doped Zinc-Oxide Films (TiO2)(2) (ZnO)(98) on PEN by Using a RF-Magnetron Sputtering Method. In this work, (TiO2)(x) (ZnO)(100-x) (TZO) films were prepared on glass substrate at room temperature by RF-magnetron sputtering. The TZO film with x = 2wt.% shows a very low resistivity of 4.7 x 10(-4) omega center dot cm which is comparable to that of ITO films and a high transmittance over 85% in the visible range. In particular, TiO2 (2wt.%)-doped ZnO (TZO) films with thicknesses ranging from 100 similar to 500nm were also prepared on Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) substrates under various RF-powers. Their electrical property were investigated as a function of RF-power. This property was found to be closely related with the crystallization and density of TZO films. It was also noted that vaporization of the water and other adsorbed particles, such as organic solvents contained in most plastic substrate affect the properties of the TCO films.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Vascular endothelial growth factor: An important molecular target of curcumin. The discovery of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), the key modulator of angiogenesis, has triggered intensive research on anti-angiogenic therapeutic modalities. Although several clinical studies have validated anti-VEGF therapeutics, with few of them approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), anti-angiogenic therapy is still in its infancy. Phytochemicals are compounds that have several metabolic and health benefits. Curcumin, the yellow pigment derived from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) rhizomes, has a wide range of pharmaceutical properties. It has also been shown to inhibit VEGF by several studies. In this review, we elaborate the effect of curcumin on VEGF and angiogenesis and its therapeutic application.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
+{"token": "LAW, ETHICS AND LEVINAS'S CONCEPT OF ANARCHY. Jurisprudential debates on the place of law within the concept of anarchy are limited. We lack thorough arguments on whether law is negated by this concept, or whether anarchy requires some kind of specific legal organisation. This article seeks to help enliven such discourse by exploring Emmanuel Levinas's writings on the subject. Levinas's account of anarchy as an irreducible and emancipatory ingredient of human subjectivity has the nuance capable of addressing the contradictions that dog any attempt to philosophise an anarchic account of the law. Ultimately, it will be argued that Levinas allows us to think of anarchy not as requiring the expunging or co-option of law, but as connected to law in a mode of perpetual ethical resistance.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Mitigation of B-1(+) inhomogeneity using spatially selective excitation with jointly designed quadratic spatial encoding magnetic fields and RF shimming. ResultsOur results show that jointly designed SAGS and RF shimming can provide a more homogeneous flip angle distribution than using SAGS or RF shimming alone. Compared with RF shimming alone, our approach can reduce the relative standard deviation of flip angle by 56% and 52% using phantom and human head data, respectively.PurposeThe inhomogeneity of flip angle distribution is a major challenge impeding the application of high-field MRI. We report a method combining spatially selective excitation using generalized spatial encoding magnetic fields (SAGS) with radiofrequency (RF) shimming to achieve homogeneous excitation. This method can be an alternative approach to address the challenge of B1+ inhomogeneity using nonlinear gradients.MethodsWe proposed a two-step algorithm that jointly optimizes the combination of nonlinear spatial encoding magnetic fields and the combination of multiple RF transmitter coils and then optimizes the locations, RF amplitudes, and phases of the spokes.ConclusionThe jointly designed SAGS and RF shimming method can be used to achieve homogeneous flip angle distributions when fully parallel RF transmission is not available. Magn Reson Med 78:577-587, 2017. (c) 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "A prospective study of substance use and housing stability in a homeless population. This study examined self-report and urine test data about homeless substance use over time, prospectively comparing substance use with attainment of stable housing.400 homeless people systematically sampled from shelters and streets in St. Louis, Missouri were assessed with structured diagnostic interviews and urine substance testing annually over 2 years. Nearly two-thirds (n = 255) completed all three assessments, constituting the sample for this prospective study.The course of cocaine use and abuse/dependence, but not continuing alcohol addiction, was associated with subsequent attainment of stable housing, especially cocaine use in the first prospective year. Replication of these findings in other locations to determine generalizability may have implications for designing housing service models.More than half (55%) of this homeless sample had detectable cocaine use during the study. Most cocaine users continued using during the next 2 years and failed to achieve and maintain stable housing. Cocaine use in the first follow-up year predicted housing patterns over the next 2 years, independent of lifetime diagnosis of cocaine use disorder. Alcohol abuse/dependence in the 2-year follow-up period did not predict housing outcomes.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Interfacial adhesion energy of lithium-ion battery electrodes. Interfacial stability of electrode materials is crucial to the internal resistance and electrochemical performance of the lithium-ion batteries. However, determination of the cohesive energy at the heterogeneous interface remains yet a great challenge. Here, we report an approach and outcomes of quantifying the heterogeneous interfacial adhesion strength of the lithium-ion battery electrodes using the combination of the bond-order-length-strength (BOLS) correlation theory and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Results revealed that the core-bond electrons of Ge/Si, Cu/Sn, Si/C and Ge/C alloys undergo quantum entrapment, while the C 1s electrons in Si/C and Ge/C alloys undergo polarization. Most strikingly, besides the interfacial adhesion energies, we are able to gain the local bond energy, energy density, atomic cohesive energy, and free energy at the interfaces. The presented approach and outcomes not only clarify the origin of the energetic behavior of the hetero-junction interface but also provide with reliable strategies for designing alloy electrodes with desired functions. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Drought-induced dieback of Pinus nigra: a tale of hydraulic failure and carbon starvation. Ongoing climate change is apparently increasing tree mortality rates, and understanding mechanisms of drought-induced tree decline can improve mortality projections. Differential drought impact on conspecific individuals within a population has been reported, but no clear mechanistic explanation for this pattern has emerged. Following a severe drought (summer 2012), we monitored over a 3-year period healthy (H) and declining (D) Pinus nigra trees co-occurring in a karstic woodland to highlight eventual individual-specific physiological differences underlying differential canopy dieback. We investigated differences in water and carbon metabolism, and xylem anatomy as a function of crown health status, as well as eventual genotypic basis of contrasting drought responses. H and D trees exploited the same water pools and relied on similar hydraulic strategies to cope with drought stress. Genetic analyses did not highlight differences between groups in terms of geographical provenance. Hydraulic and anatomical analyses showed conflicting results. The hydraulic tracheid diameter and theoretical hydraulic conductivity were similar, but D trees were characterized by lower water transport efficiency, greater vulnerability to xylem conduit implosion and reduced carbohydrate stores. Our results suggest that extreme drought events can have different impacts on conspecific individuals, with differential vulnerability to xylem embolism likely playing a major role in setting the fate of trees under climate change.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 18, 37, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Population growth in high-amenity rural areas: Does it bring socioeconomic benefits for long-term residents?. Objective. A widely noted concern with amenity-driven rural population growth is its potential to yield only low-wage service-sector employment for long-term residents, while raising local costs of living. This research examines change in socioeconomic status during the 1990s for long-term residents of high-amenity, high-growth rural counties in the United States. Methods. Using longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, in combination with county-level information, we estimate growth-curve models to examine the extent to which the socioeconomic status of long-term residents is associated with amenity-related in-migration. Results. We find that, on average, residents in high-growth, amenity-rich rural areas have higher income growth over time and higher levels of initial occupational prestige compared to those from other rural areas, but that socioeconomic gains are primarily for individuals with low baseline prestige. Conclusions. The socioeconomic gains made by long-term residents of high-growth, amenity-rich rural areas associated with net in-migration may be limited to individuals with low initial prestige and growth may be due to low-skill service-sector jobs.", "label": [5, 54, 57]}
+{"token": "Current state and the future of the crested ibis (Nipponia nippon): A case study by population viability analysis. There is only one population of the crested ibis (Nipponia nippon) surviving in the wild, which has not exceeded 40 individuals since it was rediscovered in 1981. We used detailed data of the annual population size and natality collected by the Crested Ibis Conservation and Observation Station (CICOS) over the past 17 years. We were able to obtain a more accurate census of age structure and mortality as all of the fledglings have been identified by leg bands in 1987. Consequently, we analyzed the current state of the crested ibis and predicted its future using Population Viability Analysis (PVA) with the help of the computer simulation model VORTEX (Version 7.2). The results indicated that the extinction probability of the crested ibis was 19.7% in 100 years. Sensitivity analysis showed that the extinction probabilities were sensitive to catastrophes and environmental variation, and the long-term existence of the population was dependent on the carrying capacity of the habitat and inbreeding depression. Conservation efforts are critical for the survival of the crested ibis. The prior conservation project involves controlling hunting and predation, as well as improving the life level of these few remnant creatures.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "A clinical decision aid for the selection of antithrombotic therapy for the prevention of stroke due to atrial fibrillation. Methods and results The CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc and HAS-BLED scoring systems were used to assess patients' baseline risks of stroke and major bleeding, respectively. The relative risks of stroke and major bleeding for each antithrombotic agent were then used to identify the agent associated with the lowest net risk. Individual patient factors such as the treatment threshold, bleeding ratio, and cost threshold modified the recommendations in order to generate a final recommendation. By considering both patient factors and clinical research concurrently, this clinical decision aid is able to provide specific advice to clinicians regarding an optimal stroke prevention strategy. The resulting treatment recommendation tables are consistent with the recommendations of the European Society of Cardiology and Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guidelines, which can be incorporated into either a paper-based or electronic format to allow clinicians to have decision support at the point of care.Aims The availability of new antithrombotic agents, each with a unique efficacy and bleeding profile, has introduced a considerable amount of clinical uncertainty with physicians. We have developed a clinical decision aid in order to assist clinicians in determining an optimal antithrombotic regime for the prevention of stroke in patients who are newly diagnosed with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.Conclusion The use of a clinical decision aid that considers both patient factors and evidence-based medicine will serve to bridge the knowledge gap and provide practical guidance to clinicians in the prevention of stroke due to atrial fibrillation.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Some pycnogonida from the western Caribbean with descriptions of three new species. A small shallow-water collection of 16 pycnogonid species in six genera from the western Caribbean coast of Middle America is presented and discussed. Three new species, representing predominantly shallow-water genera, are described, illustrated, and compared with their congeners from this relatively well collected area. The new species are Ammothella panamensis, Anoplodactylus ampullaceus and Anoplodactylus dissitus. Distributions are given for the other 13 species along with applicable remarks, and a new key is given to the genus Ammothella.", "label": [4, 45, 39]}
+{"token": "Photoprotection mechanism in the 'Fuji' apple peel at different levels of photooxidative sunburn. The xanthophyll cycle, flavonoid metabolism, the antioxidant system and the production of active oxygen species were analyzed in the peel of Fuji' apples re-exposed to sunlight after extended periods of fruit bagging treatment, resulting in different levels of photooxidative sunburn. After re-exposing bagged fruits to sunlight, the production of active oxygen species and the photoprotective capacity in apple peels were both significantly enhanced. As sunburn severity increased, the concentration of hydrogen peroxide increased, while xanthophyll cycle pool size decreased. For the key genes involved in flavonoid synthesis, expressions of MdMYB10 and MdPAL were upregulated, whereas the expressions of MdCHS, MdANS, MdFLS and MdUFGT were downregulated in sunburnt fruit peel. Correspondingly, concentrations of both quercetin-3-glycoside and cyanidin-3-galactoside decreased. Total ascorbate concentrations decreased as sunburn severity increased, with the decrease being faster for oxidized than for reduced ascorbate. Transcription levels of MdGMP, MdGME, MdGGP, MdGPP, MdGalDH and MdGalLDH, the genes involved in ascorbate synthesis, were similar in non-sunburnt and sunburnt fruit peels, whereas activities of l-galactose dehydrogenase and l-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase decreased in severely sunburnt peel. Although activities of superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase increased, the activities of monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase decreased as sunburn severity increased. In summary, the occurrence of photooxidative sunburn in Fuji' apple peel is closely associated with a relatively lower xanthophyll cycle pool size, reduced levels of ascorbate reduction and synthesis and reduced flavonoid synthesis. Our data are consistent with the idea that ascorbate plays a key role in protecting apple fruit from photooxidative sunburn.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Is there any backbone in this fish? Interpretive communities, social criticism, and transgressive legal practice. This article examines the social conditions of lawyers' moral agency, through the focus of the work of Stanley Fish. A central concept in Fish's work, and one relevant to understanding the nature of professional groups, is that of \\\\'interpretive communities. This notion is examined to reveal its sociological as well as philosophical assumptions, and their implications for legal practice. The article takes issue with Fish's stance on the value of theory for practice and challenges the notion of discreteness of interpretive communities inherent in Fish's position. It argues that the resources Sor criticism within professional groups are more numerous and powerful than Fish allows. Taking two cases studies, it attempts to demonstrate the transgressive nature of some legal practices. In the Fnal section, redefining the law school's community and interdisciplinary scholarship are suggested as devices for escaping Fish's \\\\'net.\\\\' A critical hermeneutics of legal practice is argued Sor.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Vulnerability in palliative care: an application and extension of the risk chain model. The terms 'inequity' and 'vulnerability' have increasingly become popular in publications concerning health research and policy, including those on palliative care. Often, these words are used with ethical connotation but without precise definitions. In addition, despite the seeming affinity between these two terms, it remains vague how they might relate to each other. This paper proposes a way to understand the meaning of, and relationship between, inequity and vulnerability in palliative care. I start by introducing the risk chain model proposed by Alwang and his colleagues that describes how vulnerability occurs. Then I expand the risk chain model from ethical perspectives specifically in the context of palliative care and explore the meaning of inequity and vulnerability in palliative care. The paper concludes with identification of who are the vulnerable in palliative care and when palliative care is inequitable.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Vibration-Based Energy Harvesting Characteristics of Functionally Graded Magneto-Electro-Elastic Beam Structures Using Lumped Parameter Model. Purpose In this article, the energy harvesting characteristics of functionally graded magneto-electro-elastic (FGMEE) cantilever beam under transverse vibration have been discussed using an analytical method. Methods The coupled governing differential equations are derived using the integration of lumped parameter single degree of freedom model (SDOF), Gauss's law, Newton's law and Faraday's law. Based on the modified power law, two forms of functional gradation such as 'B' rich bottom and 'F' rich bottom are incorporated into the material property equations and considered for evaluation. The proposed energy harvester (EH) system consists of the FGMEE layer mounted on the isotropic substrate layer. An electrode circuit at one end of the beam is used to extract the electric voltage produced, while a coil at the other end of the beam is used to harvest the magnetic potential produced. Results The numerical examples are presented to analyse the effect of main parameters such as gradient index, functionally graded pattern, number of turns, and resistance on the system's output response. Also, the effect of coupling associated with energy harvesting capabilities is discussed. The results of this study reveal that both material and system parameters play a predominant role in harvesting the energy from the vibrations induced.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Single- and two-particle excitations in a 1D aperiodic sequence of quantum dots. The energy spectrum of single- and two-particle excitations for a one-dimensional aperiodic Fibonacci sequence of quantum dots (QDs) was determined within the pair interaction approximation. The critical behaviour of the energy spectrum and wave functions were obtained. The energy spectrum is a Cantor set of zero Lebesgue measure. The perturbation theory was used to obtain the critical value of the distance between the centres of the neighboring QDs when the first-order corrections to the energy of the excitations were neglected. The contribution of the external transverse magnetic field to particle localization was also considered and the influence of the external field on the first-order corrections to the energy was analyzed. The transmission coefficient was determined using the quasi-classical approximation and the energy level splitting versus the distance between the QDs was obtained. The effect of resonance tunneling of the excitations between QD pairs was studied. Localization occurs at finite values of the perturbations, in contrast to periodic one-dimensional sequences.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS GERGITHOIDES SCHUMACHER (HEMIPTERA: FULGOROIDEA: ISSIDAE) FROM KOREA. This paper is written to provide a new species, Gergithoides jejudoensis sp. nov., that was previously misidentified as Gergithoides carinatifrons Schumacher, 1915 from Korea. The new species is similar to G. carinatifrons and G. gibbosus, Chou & Wang but can be easily distinguished from the latter by the structure of lateral sclerotized processes of aedeagus, apical process of genital styles, and other characters. The new species is described and illustrated, and a revised key to the known species of the genus is presented.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Population Trends of a Mixed-Species Colony of Humboldt and Magellanic Penguins in Southern Chile after Establishing a Protected Area. Worldwide marine protected areas (MPAs) have been designated to protect marine resources, including top predators such as seabirds. There is no conclusive information on whether protected areas can improve population trends of seabirds when these are further exploited as tourist attractions, an activity that has increased in past decades. Humboldt Penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) and Magellanic Penguins (S. magellanicus) breed sympatrically on Punihuil Islets, two small coastal islands off the west coast of Chiloe Island (41 degrees S) in southern Chile that are subject to exploitation for tourism. Our goal was to compare the population size of the mixed colony of Humboldt and Magellanic Penguins before and after protection from unregulated tourism and freely roaming goats in 1997. For this purpose, two censuses were conducted in 2004 and 2008, and the numbers compared with those obtained in 1997 by other authors. The proportion of occupied, unoccupied, and collapsed/flooded burrows changed between years; there were 68% and 34% fewer collapsed burrows in 2004 and 2008, respectively, than in 1997. For the total number of burrows of both species, we counted 48% and 63% more burrows in 2004 and 2008, respectively, than in 1997. We counted 13% more burrows of Humboldt Penguins in 2008 than in 1997, and for Magellanic Penguins, we estimated a 64% increase in burrows in 2008. Presumably, this was as a result of habitat improvement attributable to the exclusion of tourists and the removal of goats from the islets. Although tourist visits to the islets are prohibited, tourism activities around the colonies are prevalent and need to be taken into account to promote appropriate management.", "label": [4, 37, 46, 39]}
+{"token": "Recommendations for promotion of physical activity of children and adolescents in Germany. An expert consensus. An increase in physical activity and a reduction of sedentary behavior play important roles in health promotion and prevention of life style-related diseases in children and adolescents. However, the question of how much physical activity is useful for which target group is still a matter of debate.International guidelines based on expert opinions recommend at least 60 min of physical activity every day. Age-specific and sex-specific features and regional differences are not taken into account. Expert consensus recommendations were developed to promote physical activity of children and adolescents in Germany with special respect to national data and also aspects of specific target groups, e.g. children with lower socioeconomic status or with a migration background. The recommendations propose 90 min of physical activity or at least 12,000 steps daily. Additionally lifestyle factors, especially a limitation of media consumption were integrated. The recommendations provide orientation for parents and caregivers as well as institutions, such as schools and kindergartens through to communities and stakeholders.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Informal Networks of Low-Income Mothers: Support, Burden, and Change. Objective The authors examined the support and burden of low-income, urban mothers' informal networks. Background Living or growing up in poverty strongly predicts barriers and instability across several life domains for mothers and their children. Informal networks can play a critical role in promoting maternal and child well-being particularly in the midst of poverty. Understanding informal support and the reciprocal burden it may create is especially relevant for low-income families living with a reduced public safety net in the post-welfare reform era. Therefore, study aims were to measure support and burden among low-income mothers and determine if support and burden change over time. Method Data were from the Welfare, Children, Families project, a longitudinal study of 2,400 low-income caregivers of children and adolescents living in Boston, Chicago, or San Antonio. We applied latent class analyses to support and burden indicators in four domains-emotional, favor, child care, and financial. Results The results supported the following four profiles of informal networks: healthy, unhealthy, burden only, and support only. Although most mothers had healthy informal networks, approximately one third experienced no support or support imbalance, which related to network changes at later time points. Demographic characteristics largely were not predictive of support profile or profile change. Conclusion Although many mothers had healthy support and burden, the most vulnerable did not have consistently healthy informal networks. The identification of a sizable minority of low-income mothers who cannot consistently rely on informal support is significant in light of the diminished formal supports available to children and families.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
+{"token": "Bottom-Up and Top-Down Influences of Beliefs on Emotional Responses: Fear of Heights in a Virtual Environment. According to cognitive approaches in emotion research, emotions hinge on beliefs that can be true or false. We suggest that emotionally relevant beliefs can be influenced bottom-up e.g. by the depth cues of a virtual environment or top-down e.g. by reappraisal strategies. Our research question is if bottom-up and top-down processes influence the same belief structure or if different belief structures are responsible for bottom-up and top-down influences on emotions. To test these assumptions we exposed participants to a virtual environment that is able to elicit fear of heights and manipulated reappraisal for half of the participants. Moreover, we presented virtual scenes of heights in a monoscopic (less depth cues) and stereoscopic (more depth cues) mode in order to influence the confirmatory processes that are associated with beliefs. Subjective intensity of discomfort and the bending angle as a behavioural response were measured. We observed that although the depth cues and the reappraisal strategy were both effective in reducing the feeling of discomfort, reappraisal and the mode of presentation exert independent effects. Thus, beliefs that are triggered by bottom-up processes (depth cues) change emotions independent of the beliefs triggered by top-down processes (reappraisal).", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Identifying Conservation Areas on the Basis of Alternative Distribution Data Sets. Distribution data on biodiversity features is a major component of conservation planning that are often inaccurate; thus, the true distribution of each feature is commonly over- or underrepresented. The selection of distribution data sets may therefore lead to variability in the spatial configuration and size of proposed reserve networks and uncertainty regarding the extent to which these networks actually contain the biodiversity features they were identified to protect. Our goals were to investigate the impact on reserve selection of choosing different distribution data sets and to propose novel methods to minimize uncertainty about target attainment within reserves. To do so, we used common prioritization methods (richness mapping, systematic reserve design, and a novel approach that integrates multiple types of distribution data) and three types of data on the distribution of mammals (predicted distribution models, occurrence records, and a novel combination of the two) to simulate the establishment of regional biodiversity reserves for the state of Arizona (U. S. A.). Using the results of these simulations, we explored variability in reserve placement and size as a function of the distribution data set. Spatial overlap of reserve networks identified with only predicted distribution data or only occurrence distribution data never exceeded 16%. In pairwise comparisons between reserves created with all three types of distribution data, overlap never achieved 50%. The reserve size required to meet conservation targets also varied with the type of distribution data used and the conservation goal; the largest reserve system was 10 times the smallest. Our results highlight the impact of employing different types of distribution data and identify novel tools for application to existing distribution data sets that can minimize uncertainty about target attainment.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Synthesis, Light Emission, Explosive Detection, Fluorescent Photopatterning, and Optical Limiting of Disubstituted Polyacetylenes Carrying Tetraphenylethene Luminogens. Tetraphenylethene-functionalized acetylenes [(C6H5)(2)C=C(C6H5)(C6H4C equivalent to CR), R = C8H17 and C6H5] were synthesized, and their polymerizations were effected by WCl6Ph4Sn at elevated temperatures in toluene under nitrogen, furnishing polymers P1 and P2. The polymers possessed good solubility and degraded at high temperatures of up to similar to 400 degrees C under nitrogen. Both polymers emitted weakly in the solution state. Whereas the emission of P1 was enhanced when aggregated, that of P2 was quenched, demonstrating that the light emission of polyacetylenes could be varied readily by changing their molecular structure. The polymers could serve as fluorescent chemosensors for explosive detection with an amplification effect. UV irradiation of their films in air photo-oxidized and bleached the fluorescence of the exposed parts, generating fluorescent photopatterns. The polymers exhibited optical nonlinearity and could limit laser pulses.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Multiview Plus Depth Video Coding With Temporal Prediction View Synthesis. Multiview video (MVV) plus depths formats use view synthesis to build intermediate views from existing adjacent views at the receiver side. Traditional view synthesis exploits the disparity information to interpolate an intermediate view by considered inter-view correlations. However, temporal correlation between different frames of the intermediate view can be used to improve the synthesis. We propose a new coding scheme for 3-D High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) that allows us to take full advantage of temporal correlations in the intermediate view and improve the existing synthesis from adjacent views. We use optical flow techniques to derive dense motion vector fields (MVF) from the adjacent views and then warp them at the level of the intermediate view. This allows us to construct multiple temporal predictions of the synthesized frame. A second contribution is an adaptive fusion method that judiciously selects between temporal and inter-view prediction to eliminate artifacts associated with each prediction type. The proposed system is compared against the state-of-the-art view synthesis reference software 1-D Fast technique used in 3-D HEVC standardization. Three intermediary views are synthesized. Gains of up to 1.21-dB Bjontegaard Delta peak SNR are shown when evaluated on several standard MVV test sequences.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "The Relationship Between Religion and Risky Behaviors Among Iranian University Students. One factor that protects an individual from risky behavior is religiosity, which is referred to as a shield against risky behaviors. Belief in God and religion plays an important role in young people's lives, and in comparison with their non-religious peers. They engage less frequently in risky behaviors, such as violence and sexual relations. The present study investigated the relationship between religiosity and engagement in risky behaviors among students from the Pishva branch of the Islamic Azad University, Tehran Province in Iran. This is a descriptive, analytic cross-sectional study. The sample was comprised of 448 students from different degree majors attending the University. Participants completed two questionnaires, including the Risk-Taking Scale and Duke University Religion Index. The data analyses used one-way ANOVAs and Pearson's correlations. This study found that students who engaged more often in organized religious activities and had higher intrinsic religiosity were less likely to engage in risky behaviors such as sexual risk taking, careless driving, violence, smoking, along with alcohol and drug abuse. Participants with higher involvement in private religious activities reported lower tendencies for the above-mentioned risky behaviors, except sexual risk taking. The findings of this study indicate that the different dimensions of religiousness are related to students' tendency to avoid risky behavior. Thus, it appears that religion may have a role to play in preventing risky taking behavior in Iran.", "label": [2, 3, 24, 33]}
+{"token": "Caring on the margins of the healthcare system. This paper addresses the working practices of a mobile mental health outreach team in a large French city, one that 'targets' homeless people with severe psychiatric disorders who are considered 'hard to reach' by the public health authorities and medical services. Analysis of the team's work - where acts of curing and caring are closely tied - reveals the importance of moving beyond a polarized vision of cure and care. The paper departs from much of the literature on the medicalization of social problems by arguing that medicalization is not only a means of social control, but has ethical value as well. In examining the practices of frontline health workers, it aims to show that integrating the methods and theoretical approaches of social work in medical practice is necessary to address the specific problems of homeless people, to enable health professionals to pursue medical cures, and to challenge the shortcomings of public policy.", "label": [2, 5, 56, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "Depression risks in mothers of children with developmental disabilities: A cross-cultural comparison of Brazil, Colombia, Malaysia and Thailand. Compared with US or European countries, there are fewer mental health services for mothers of children with developmental disabilities in Latin American and/or Southeast Asian countries.Considering cultural models, we could apply evidence-based intervention to depressive mothers of children, and conduct intervention and treatment for those mothers and evaluate ways of providing better mental health services to these individuals.Conclusions:In every country, participants tended to show depressive symptoms. In the CES-D total scores and the numbers of mothers who were observed to have a high level of depressive symptoms, there were significant differences among countries (F = 4.36, p = .006; (2) = 10.3, p = .015).Results:Using the CES-D, we compared the participants' depressive symptoms, by which we also estimated the probability of morbid depression.Methods:To explore the risk of depression in mothers of children with developmental disabilities in countries with a lack of mental health professionals, we conducted cross-cultural comparisons for four countries: Brazil, Colombia, Malaysia and Thailand.Aims:Background:", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "High recovery of concentrated RO brines using forward osmosis and membrane distillation. Vacuum-enhanced direct contact membrane distillation (VEDCMD) and forward osmosis (FO) were investigated for water recovery enhancement in desalination of brackish water. Past studies have demonstrated that both VEDCMD and FO can be effectively utilized in the treatment of a wide range of highly concentrated feed solutions. In the current study, two reverse osmosis (RO) brine streams with total dissolved solids concentrations averaging 7500 and 17,500 mg/L were further desalinated by VEDCMD and by FO. in both processes, high water recoveries were achieved; however, recoveries were limited by precipitation of inorganic salts on the membrane surface. Various cleaning techniques were able to remove the scale layer from the membrane and restore water flux to almost initial levels. FO achieved water recoveries Up to 90% from the brines and VEDCMD achieved water recoveries up to 81% from the brines. Addition of a scale inhibitor during both processes was effective at maintaining high water flux for extended time. When considering the total water recovery (the recovery from the RO processes combined with the batch recovery from the VEDCMD or FO process), greater than 96 and 98% total recoveries were achieved for the two different brine streams. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. At I rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
+{"token": "A new species of the genus Rana sensu lato Linnaeus, 1758 (Anura, Ranidae) from Wuyi Mountain, Fujian Province, China. A new species of the frog genus Rana sensu lato from Wuyi Mountain, Fujian Province, China is described. Molecular phylogenetic analyses clustered the new species into the R. johnsi group and indicated that it was genetically divergent from its closely related species. The new species could be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters: body size medium, SVL 41.4-45.6 mm (42.9 +/- 1.9 mm, n = 4) in adult males and 47.6-50.3 mm (n = 2) in adult females; adult male with a pair of internal subgular vocal sacs; lateroventral grooves present on tip of toes; webbing on fourth toes reaching the tip of toe; transverse skin ridges distinctly present on the dorsal surface of thigh and tibia, the number large (mean 26.5 +/- 2.7, range 22-29, n = 6); breeding males possess creamy white nuptial pad with tiny velvety spines on the dorsal surface of the first finger, divided into three parts.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Key to species of leafhopper genus Drabescoides Kwon & Lee (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae), with description of a new species from Southern China. A new species Drabescoides complexa sp. nov. from Zhejiang and Fujian Provinces, China is described and illustrated, and can be distinguished by the unique aedeagus with pair of lamellae above a collar-shaped process on the shaft dorsal surface. A key to all species is given for identification based on the male genitalia along with a map showing the geographic distribution of the genus.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Genetic contributors to risk of schizophrenia in the presence of a 22q11.2 deletion. Schizophrenia occurs in about one in four individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS). The aim of this International Brain and Behavior 22q11.2DS Consortium (IBBC) study was to identify genetic factors that contribute to schizophrenia, in addition to the similar to 20-fold increased risk conveyed by the 22q11.2 deletion. Using whole-genome sequencing data from 519 unrelated individuals with 22q11.2DS, we conducted genome-wide comparisons of common and rare variants between those with schizophrenia and those with no psychotic disorder at age >= 25 years. Available microarray data enabled direct comparison of polygenic risk for schizophrenia between 22q11.2DS and independent population samples with no 22q11.2 deletion, with and without schizophrenia (total n = 35,182). Polygenic risk for schizophrenia within 22q11.2DS was significantly greater for those with schizophrenia (p(adj) = 6.73 x 10(-6)). Novel reciprocal case-control comparisons between the 22q11.2DS and population-based cohorts showed that polygenic risk score was significantly greater in individuals with psychotic illness, regardless of the presence of the 22q11.2 deletion. Within the 22q11.2DS cohort, results of gene-set analyses showed some support for rare variants affecting synaptic genes. No common or rare variants within the 22q11.2 deletion region were significantly associated with schizophrenia. These findings suggest that in addition to the deletion conferring a greatly increased risk to schizophrenia, the risk is higher when the 22q11.2 deletion and common polygenic risk factors that contribute to schizophrenia in the general population are both present.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42, 23]}
+{"token": "Initial-corrosion condition behavior of the Cr and Al alloy steel bars in coral concrete for marine construction. To improve the corrosion resistance of the steel matrix, 1% and 3% Cr and 1% Al are added to ordinary carbon steel for the design of a corrosion-resistant alloying composition. And based on the principle of electrochemical tests, a method for determining the depassivation of Cr and Al alloy steel bars in coral aggregate concrete (CAC) is established. The equivalent circuit model was used based on the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results to characterise the corrosion behaviour of the Cr and Al alloy steel bars and determine their corrosion resistance and the protective effect of the steel bar passivation film. The corrosion resistance of the Cr1 reinforcement to chloride increases by 37.67%, that of the CrAl reinforcement increases by 64.08%, and that of the Cr3 reinforcement increases by 171.82% with respect to that of the HPB 400 bar. The polarisation curves of the alloy steel bars with different Cr and Al contents in CAC were recorded by linear polarisation resistance (LPR), and the time variations of the corrosion potential and corrosion current in the low-alloy steel bars containing Cr and Al were analysed. In addition, the free chloride ion concentration and pH value of the CAC were measured while the Cr and Al alloy steel bars were rusting. The chloride threshold values (% by weight of concrete) of the HPB 400, Cr1, CrAl, and Cr3 steel bars are 0.515%, 0.718%, 0.950%, and 1.084%, and the chloride thresholds (Cl-/OH- ratio) are 0.288, 0.382, 0.502, and 0.693, respectively. Initial-corrosion condition behavior of the Cr and Al alloy steel bars in CAC was obtained. There is considerable scientific value and application significance attainable from the examination of the corrosion mechanism and behavior of corrosion-resistant steel bars in a harsh marine environment.", "label": [1, 17, 11]}
+{"token": "Conceptual classification to improve a Web site content. This paper presents a conceptual based approach for improving a Web site content. Usually Web Usage Mining (WUM) techniques study the visitors' browsing behavior to obtain interesting knowledge. However, most of the work in the area leave behind the semantic information of web pages. We propose to combine the Concept-Based Knowledge Discovery in Text with the visitors sessions to perform the personalization task. This way, it is possible to obtain information about which are the users' goals when browsing a web site. Moreover, it is possible to give better browsing recomendations and help managers improving the content of their Web site. We test this idea on a real Web site to show its effectiveness.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid Is a Key Mediator of Angiotensin II-induced Apoptosis in Cardiac Myocytes. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis is involved in a variety of cardiac stresses, including ischemia-reperfusion injury, heart failure, and cardiomyopathy. Both Angiotensin II (Ang II) and 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) induce apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. Here, we examined the relationship between 20-HETE and Ang II in cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Apoptosis was examined using flow cytometry in primary cultured rat cardiomyocytes treated with control, Ang II, and Ang II plus HET0016 (a 20-HETE formation inhibitor). The results demonstrated that the treatment of cardiomyocytes with Ang II or 20-HETE significantly increased the percentage of apoptotic cells and that Ang II-induced apoptosis was markedly attenuated by HET0016 or losartan (an AT1 receptor antagonist). In apoptotic mechanism experiments, Ang II or 20-HETE treatment significantly reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, indicating that a mitochondria-dependent mechanism is involved. Ang II-induced alteration in mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly attenuated by HET0016. Treatment of cardiomyocytes with Ang II also increased superoxide production, and this effect of Ang II was attenuated by HET0016. Treatment of cardiomyocytes with Ang II significantly increased CYP4A1 expression and 20-HETE production, as measured by Western blot, real-time RT-PCR, and mass spectrometric analysis. All results suggest that 20-HETE may play a key role in Ang II-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes by a mitochondrial superoxide-dependent pathway.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Seismological challenges for stellar structure. Helioseismology has provided very detailed information about the solar interior, and extensive data on a large number of stars, although at less detail, are promised by the ongoing and upcoming asteroseismic projects. In the solar case there remain serious challenges in understanding the inferred solar structure, particularly in the light of the revised determinations of the solar surface composition. Also, a secure understanding of the origins of solar rotation as inferred from helioseismology, both in the radiative interior and in the convection zone, is still missing. In the stellar case challenges are certain to appear as the data allow more detailed inferences of the properties of stellar cores. Large remaining uncertainties in modelling concern the properties of convective cores and other processes that may cause mixing. As a result of developing asteroseismic signatures addressing these and other issues, we can look forward to a highly challenging, and hence exciting, era of stellar astrophysics. (C) 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH&Co. KGaA, Weinheim", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "State Support for the Expansion of UK University Computing in the 1950s. Fifty years ago, a major injection of government funding allowed six UK universities to purchase commercially produced computers. The funding facilitated a significant increase in computing resources for science and engineering research in the UK. Two government agencies-the University Grants Committee and the Advisory Committee on High Speed Calculating Machines-played notable roles in this process.", "label": [3, 4, 40, 30]}
+{"token": "Short-term prediction of traffic flow using a binary neural network. This paper introduces a binary neural network-based prediction algorithm incorporating both spatial and temporal characteristics into the prediction process. The algorithm is used to predict short-term traffic flow by combining information from multiple traffic sensors (spatial lag) and time series prediction (temporal lag). It extends previously developed Advanced Uncertain Reasoning Architecture (AURA) k-nearest neighbour (k-NN) techniques. Our task was to produce a fast and accurate traffic flow predictor. The AURA k-NN predictor is comparable to other machine learning techniques with respect to recall accuracy but is able to train and predict rapidly. We incorporated consistency evaluations to determine whether the AURA k-NN has an ideal algorithmic configuration or an ideal data configuration or whether the settings needed to be varied for each data set. The results agree with previous research in that settings must be bespoke for each data set. This configuration process requires rapid and scalable learning to allow the predictor to be set-up for new data. The fast processing abilities of the AURA k-NN ensure this combinatorial optimisation will be computationally feasible for real-world applications. We intend to use the predictor to proactively manage traffic by predicting traffic volumes to anticipate traffic network problems.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Changes in Adipose Tissue Distribution and Association between Uric Acid and Bone Health during Menopause Transition. Despite convincing experimental evidence, epidemiological studies on the effects of serum uric acid (SUA) on bone health are still conflicting since factors influencing SUA bioavailability have not been adequately considered. To shed some light on this issue, we investigated the impact of adiposity and menopause status on the relationship between SUA and bone health. We examined SUA in relation to bone mineral density (BMD) at different skeletal sites and with markers of bone metabolism in 124 pre-menopausal and 234 post-menopausal women and assessed whether adiposity, evaluated by anthropometry and dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), might have a discriminant role. After conservative adjustment (covariates: age, hormones treatment, smoking and time since menopause), SUA showed a significant and positive association with total hip BMD (beta = 0.220, p < 0.01) among postmenopausal women, maintained also after adjustment for legs adiposity. Notably, stratification for waist circumference quartiles revealed that the correlation between SUA and total hip BMD was significant (r = 0.444, p = 0.001) in the highest quartile (91-100 cm). Our results suggest that SUA might be beneficial for bone health in postmenopausal women being characterized by a more android fat distribution, ascribing to SUA a discriminant role during menopause transition, potentially relevant also for men.", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
+{"token": "ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERACTION BETWEEN A PERMANENT MAGNET AND LAMINAR FLOW OF A MOVING SPHERE IN A CONDUCTING LIQUID. Lorentz force velocimetry (LFV) is a non-contact electromagnetic flow measurement technique for electrically conducting liquids. It is based on measuring the flow-induced force acting on an externally arranged permanent magnet. Motivated by extending LFV to liquid metal two-phase flow measurement, in a previous test we considered the free rising of non-conductive bubbles/particles in a thin tube of liquid metal (GaInSn) initially at rest. We observed that the Lorentz force signals strongly depend on the size of the bubble/particle and on the position where it is released. Moreover, the force signals cannot be reproduced in detail, which necessitates a statistical analysis. This is caused by chaotic trajectories due to the rising velocities of about similar to 200mm/s. Therefore, in this paper, we use an improved setup for controlled particle motions in liquid metal. In this experiment, the particle is attached to a straight fishing line, which suppresses any lateral motion, and is pulled by a linear driver at a controllable velocity (0-200mm/s). For comparison, we solve the induction problem numerically using Oseen's analytical solution of the flow around a translating sphere that is valid for small but finite Reynolds numbers. This simplification is made since the precise hydrodynamic flow is difficult to measure or to compute. The aim of the present work is to check if our simple numerical model can provide Lorentz forces comparable to the experiments. Although Oseen's solution becomes inaccurate near the sphere for finite Reynolds numbers, it provides a fore-aft asymmetry of the flow and is globally well-behaved. It provides an upper limit to the measurement results. We recover the peak-delay of the Lorentz force signals as well.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "New evidence on the impact of fees on mutual fund performance of two types of funds. The impact of fees on mutual fund performance has received little research attention as is also the cases of performance differences of two classes of funds, one the common mutual funds and the other mutual funds with strict compliance with filters based on a number of binding restrictions as in Islamic mutual funds. After confirming the average returns over 20 years against the market benchmark of equity only funds, this paper reports significant reductions due to fees. The publicly reported performance of substantial returns to investors is whittled away to a small return once the different fees charged by funds are factored in. Another significant finding is that the evidence in prior research in support of market timing ability of funds disappears once the econometric problems of the methodology in prior research are addressed by using panel regression method. We believe that these two findings add new insights on the impact of different fees on returns to investors and further help to highlight the need to address methodological problems in mutual fund studies. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48, 49]}
+{"token": "Two-Dimensional Direction of Arrival Estimation Using Generalized ESPRIT Algorithm with Non-uniform L-Shaped Array. The aim of this study is to solve the problem of two-dimensional direction of arrival (2D-DOA) estimation for non-uniform L-shaped array by employing generalized ESPRIT (GESPRIT) algorithm. GESPRIT algorithm can be seen as an extension of conventional ESPRIT algorithm, which doesn't require any particular array geometry. Our work is to extend this method to the 2D-DOA estimation case. The 2D-GESPRIT algorithm, which is referred to as the direct extension of GESPRIT algorithm, performs poorly in actual implementation. We make improvement by exploiting the 2D-NGESPRIT algorithm with reference to the NGESPRIT algorithm. To reduce the computational complexity, we propose a successive GESPRIT (S-GESPRIT) algorithm which needs only one-dimensional searches. The S-GESPRIT algorithm has comparable performance to the 2D-NGESPRIT algorithm and needs no additional pair-matching procedure. Furthermore, it imposes no constraints on the sensor spacing. We also derive the Cramer-Rao bound of 2D-DOA estimation for a non-uniform L-shaped array and conduct the computational complexity analysis. The simulation results verify the effectiveness and improvement of the proposed algorithms.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Accelerated idioventricular rhythm in a healthy newborn: frightening but non-threatening. Accelerated idioventricular rhythm is a rare but benign form of ventricular tachycardia which might be challenging to differentiate from other more worrisome forms. We present the case of a healthy newborn diagnosed with an accelerated idioventricular rhythm which is spontaneously terminated without the need for medical therapy.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "SENSITIVITY OF MEDITERRANEAN BIVALVE MOLLUSC AQUACULTURE TO CLIMATE CHANGE, OCEAN ACIDIFICATION, AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURES: FINDINGS FROM A PRODUCER SURVEY. Human-induced climate change and ocean acidification are global environmental phenomena with a common driver: anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide. Both processes potentially threaten the Mediterranean bivalve mollusc aquaculture sector, which is economically relevant to several regions and countries. Detrimental effects on bivalve mollusc species might arise from the associated increase in sea surface temperature, pH reduction, higher frequency of extreme climatic events, and possible synergies with other nonclimatic stressors, such as harmful algal blooms and mollusc diseases. This paper presents the results of a questionnaire-based study of Mediterranean bivalve mollusc producers from 12 coastal regions and six countries, the latter including those with the highest production share in the Mediterranean region. This study aims to assess knowledge and perception of threat of climatic and nonclimatic environmental stressors within the Mediterranean aquaculture industry. Furthermore, it collects information about the (geographical) impacts of summer heat waves and ocean acidification. The results suggest that ocean acidification is still a relatively unknown phenomenon and generally poorly understood. Moreover, it is considered a secondary threat compared with other pressures. Summer heat waves are presently perceived as the highest threat, having been observed in a majority of the studied production sites in past years, with effects on seed (spat), adult mortality, and byssus attachment.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
+{"token": "Geospatial Mapping of Soil Organic Carbon Using Regression Kriging and Remote Sensing. Geo-spatial mapping of soil organic carbon using regression kriging was performed for Lalo khala sub-watershed (a part of Solani watershed) located in western Uttar Pradesh, India. Soil organic carbon was predicted using eight predictor variables derived from the advanced space borne thermal emission and reflection radiometer satellite images and digital elevation model. The soil organic carbon was determined in 248 soil samples collected randomly within a 300 m(2) grid overlaid on the study area. Out of the eight predictor variables used in simple regression, the normalized difference vegetation index has the maximum correlation with the soil organic carbon (0.64) followed by vegetation temperature condition index (0.60), brightness index (- 0.60), greenness index (0.57) and wetness index (0.51). Standardized principle components of the predictor variables were used in the prediction model so as to address the multicollinearity problem. The regression kriging predicted SOC value ranged from 0.19 to 1.93% with a mean value of 0.64 and standard deviation of 0.29. The SOC values were higher in upper piedmont with moderate forest followed by Siwalik hills while low values were found in the upper alluvial plains. The RMSE of the predicted SOC map was only 0.196 indicating the closeness of predicted values to the observed values. Regression kriging predicted SOC map can be used for spatial agriculture planning and consider as an ideal input for spatially distributed models. The higher efforts for its preparation are justified when quality, spatial distribution and accuracy are considered.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Emerging nanomedicine applications and manufacturing: progress and challenges. As part of the 6th APS International PharmSci Conference, a nanomedicine session was organised to address challenges and share experiences in this field. Topics ranged from the reporting on latest results and advances in the development of targeted therapeutics to the needs that the community faces in how to progress these exciting proof of concept results into products. Here we provide an overview of the discussion and highlight some of the initiatives that have recently been established to support the translation of nanomedicines into the clinic.7-9 September 2015 East Midlands Conference Centre, University of Nottingham Nottingham, UKAPS 6th International PharmSci Conference", "label": [1, 2, 19, 15]}
+{"token": "Fledgling survival increases with development time and adult survival across north and south temperate zones. Slow life histories are characterized by high adult survival and few offspring, which are thought to allow increased investment per offspring to increase juvenile survival. Consistent with this pattern, south temperate zone birds are commonly longer-lived and have fewer young than north temperate zone species. However, comparative analyses of juvenile survival, including during the first few weeks of the post-fledging period when most juvenile mortality occurs, are largely lacking. We combined our measurements of fledgling survival for eight passerines in South Africa with estimates from published studies of 57 north and south temperate zone songbird species to test three predictions: (1) fledgling survival increases with length of development time in the nest; (2) fledgling survival increases with adult survival and reduced brood size controlled for development time; and (3) south temperate zone species, with their higher adult survival and smaller brood sizes, exhibit higher fledgling survival than north temperate zone species controlled for development time. We found that fledgling survival was higher among south temperate zone species and generally increased with development time and adult survival within and between latitudinal regions. Clutch size did not explain additional variation, but was confounded with adult survival. Given the importance of age-specific mortality to life history evolution, understanding the causes of these geographical patterns of mortality is important.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Vaccination of mice with bacteria carrying a cloned herpesvirus genome reconstituted in vivo. Bacterial delivery systems are gaining increasing interest as potential vaccination vectors to deliver either proteins or nucleic acids for gene expression in the recipient. Bacterial delivery systems for gene expression in vivo usually contain small multicopy plasmids. We have shown before that bacteria containing a herpesvirus bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) can reconstitute the virus replication cycle after cocultivation with fibroblasts in vitro. In this study we addressed the question of whether bacteria containing a single plasmid with a complete viral genome can also reconstitute the viral replication process in vivo. We used a natural mouse pathogen, the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), whose genome has previously been cloned as a BAC in Escherichia coli. In this study, we tested a new application for BAC-cloned herpesvirus genomes. We show that the MCMV BAC can be stably maintained in certain strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium as well and that both serovar Typhimurium and E. coli harboring the single-copy MCMV BAC can reconstitute a virus infection upon injection into mice. By this procedure, a productive virus infection is regenerated only in immunocompromised mice. Virus reconstitution in vivo causes elevated titers of specific anti-MCMV antibodies, protection against lethal MCMV challenge, and strong expression of additional genes introduced into the viral genome. Thus, the reconstitution of infectious virus from live attenuated bacteria presents a novel concept for multivalent virus vaccines launched from bacterial vectors.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Non-chlamydial non-gonococcal urethritis or undiagnosed chlamydial urethritis?. Sexual partners of 99 (25%) of the 403 heterosexual men diagnosed with NCNGU were screened. Chlamydial infection was detected in 19 (19%) of the female sexual partners. Higher proportion of female partners of symptomatic men (15/51) had chlamydial infection compared with that of partners of asymptomatic men (4/48) (P < 0.005).The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in the partners of men with non-chlamyclial, non-gonococcal urethritis (NCNGU).Observational study of the sexual partners of men with NCNGU diagnosed in the Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Edinburgh between 1 June 2002 and 31 December 2003. The diagnosis of chlamydial infection was based on ligase chain reaction (LCx) between June 2002 and March 2003, and on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) thereafter. Gonococcal infection was diagnosed with culture method.NCNGU may be related to false-negative results of chlamydial diagnostic tests. Screening and treatment of sexual partners of men with NCNGU is therefore necessary.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
+{"token": "Daily vaginal temperature in Girolando cows from three different genetic composition under natural heat stress. The present trial evaluated the effect of crossbred composition and Temperature and Humidity Index (THI) on vaginal temperature (VT) of Girolando dairy cows maintained under tropical pasture during warm seasons. The VT was monitored along 41 to 96 h in 615 Girolando cows with different Holstein (H) x Gir genetic composition (1/2 H = 284, 3/4 H = 248, and 7/8 H = 83) from six Brazilian farms in the summer of 2016 and 2017. VT of each cow at each hour of the day and the respective THI were averaged per hour across all monitoring days to generate an averaged value for VT and THI during 24 h. A linear mixed model with repeated measures using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method for (co)variance components estimation procedure was employed. The final model adjusted the VT for the effects of cow, time, THI, farm, year, pregnancy status, body condition score (BCS), milk yield, genetic composition, and genetic composition*time interaction. Fixed effects were evaluated by ANOVA and tested with Tukey test in R software version 3.6.1 (R Core Team, 2019). Overall mean of VT, air temperature (AT), and THI were 39.06 +/- 0.52 degrees C, 25.63 +/- 0.40 degrees C, and 75.06 +/- 3.96, respectively. VT had moderate positive correlation with THI (r(2) = 0.45, P < 0.001) and AT (r(2) = 0.46, P < 0.001). The VT had estimated linear increase of 0.05 degrees C for each THI unit increase (P < 0.001). Least square mean of VT varied among the farms (P < 0.001), pregnancy status (P < 0.001), and BCS (P < 0.05) but not for Milk yield (P > 0.05). The daily average VT was affected by genetic composition (P < 0.001) with highest temperature for 3/4 H (39.08 +/- 0.06 degrees C a) and 7/8 H (39.09 +/- 0.06 degrees C a) and lowest temperature for 1/2 H (38.95 +/- 0.06 degrees C b). The difference of VT among the three crossbred groups varied in function of the time of the day, from 12:00 to 20:00 h (P < 0.001), with 3/4 Holstein and 7/8 Holstein cows reaching similar VT, above to the upper limit 39.1 degrees C and higher than 1/2 Holstein cows during all this period. In conclusion, Girolando cows are sensitive to heat stress in tropical condition during warm seasons. Moreover, Girolando cows with genetic composition higher than 3/4 Holstein display reduced thermoregulatory efficiency. Therefore, Girolando cows in tropical dairy farms require strategies to mitigate heat stress according to their genetic composition.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Learning and communication in Bateson: the requirement of a complex and formal epistemology. For Bateson, social change must be rooted in a profound epistemological shift, focusing mainly on education and communication (which includes his psychological theory). This paradigmatic revolution, based on the formal logic of Whitehead and Russell, avoids discourse that is said to be scientific but is devoid of rigor. In this article we hermeneutically analyze Bateson's thinking on these issues, stressing the limits that formal logic has in facing ethical, religious and aesthetic experiences. Without this revolution, we are condemned to intellectual stagnation, because we would be training citizens without the capacity of learning to learn. This capacity makes possible the ability to produce abduction, the logical inference required in the production of human reasoning. Its development would ensure the ability to think/construct the world in a complex fashion, connecting various areas of knowledge. Few are those who explain and argue for their beliefs, but this is the axiomatic basis for abductive capacity. Social organization (via the formal and non-formal educational system) depends on subjects who rarely possess well-structured minds that can pass from one level of learning to a higher one; and it actually stimulates the confusion of logical types, such as taking the whole for the part, for example. Bateson also criticizes the quantitative evaluation system, which diminishes the possibility for training in abstract and formal thought of the kind required by philosophy and mathematics.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Commerson's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus commersonii) can relax acoustic crypsis. Toothed whales use powerful ultrasonic biosonar pulses (i.e. clicks) for echolocation. Underwater acoustic recordings have suggested that the majority of toothed whale species can be grouped acoustically as either producing broadband clicks or narrowband high-frequency (NBHF) clicks. Recently, it has been shown that Heaviside's dolphins, Cephalorhynchus heavisidii, emit NBHF clicks for echolocation but also clicks of lower frequency and broader bandwidth for communication. Here, we use acoustic recorders and drone video footage to reinforce previous findings that Commerson's dolphins (C. commersonii) produce signals similar to Heaviside's dolphins. We reveal that they use clicks with a lower frequency and broader bandwidth in the form of click trains and burst-pulses. These sounds were not recorded in the presence of smaller groups of Commerson's dolphins, indicating that they may fulfil a communication function in larger groups. Also, we utilised a novel combination of drone video footage paired with underwater acoustic recordings to estimate the source level of echolocation clicks produced by Commerson's dolphins. In addition, we compare the acoustic signals produced by Commerson's and Heaviside's dolphins to identify interspecific similarities and differences. Spectral differences were found in NBHF click trains, buzzes and burst-pulses between species; however, bandwidth and duration parameters were not significantly different for broadband click trains. Our findings make it likely that all four species of the Cephalorhynchus genus have the ability to generate both signal types, and further challenges the evolutionary concept of NBHF signal production. Significance statement This study confirms the presence of a duel echolocation click (i.e. biosonar) strategy in Commerson's dolphins, making them the second species of their genus known to produce two types of biosonar. We provide an in-depth quantitative analysis of Commerson's dolphin acoustic signal types, and include a comparison of signal types between Commerson's dolphins and the other species known to produce two types of biosonar, the Heaviside's dolphin. In addition, this is the first study to combine drone footage with underwater acoustic recordings to measure the source level of toothed whale echolocation signals. We use this novel technique to provide source levels measured from Commerson's dolphin echolocation clicks which are comparable to published values for this species calculated using an expensive and complicated array of hydrophones. Thus, we provide a simpler and more cost effective way to study sounds produced by marine mammals.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 55, 47]}
+{"token": "Characterizing, modeling, and analyzing soft error propagation in asynchronous and synchronous digital circuits. Soft errors, due to cosmic radiations, are one of the major challenges for reliable VLSI designs. In this paper, we present a symbolic framework to model soft errors in both synchronous and asynchronous designs. The proposed methodology utilizes Multiway Decision Graphs (MDGs) and glitch-propagation sets (GP sets) to obtain soft error rate (SER) estimation at gate level. This work helps mitigate design for testability (DFT) issues in relation to identifying the controllable and the observable circuit nodes, when the circuit is subject to soft errors. Also, this methodology allows designers to apply radiation tolerance techniques on reduced sets of internal nodes. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our technique, several ISCAS89 sequential and combinational benchmark circuits, and multiple asynchronous handshake circuits have been analyzed. Results indicate that the proposed technique is on average 4.29 times faster than the best contemporary state-of-the-art techniques. The proposed technique is capable to exhaustively identify soft error glitch propagation paths, which are then used to estimate the SER. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a decision diagram based soft error identification approach is proposed for asynchronous circuits. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35]}
+{"token": "Male-Produced Sex Pheromone of the Stink Bug Edessa meditabunda. Edessa meditabunda is a secondary pest within the piercing-sucking stink bug complex that attacks soybean crops in Brazil. The behavioral responses of males and females to aeration extracts from conspecifics suggested the presence of a male-produced sex pheromone. Gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of male and female aeration extracts revealed the presence of two male-specific compounds in a ratio of 92:8. Gas chromatographic -electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) assays indicated that the major component is bioactive for females, supporting the behavioral data. Analysis of the mass and infrared spectra of the male-specific compounds suggested that they were both methyl-branched long-chain methyl esters. On the basis of the mass spectra of the respective hydrocarbons obtained by micro derivatizations, the structures of these methyl esters were proposed to be methyl 4,8,12-trimethylpentadecanoate (major) and methyl 4,8,12-trimethyltetradecanoate (minor). An 11 step synthetic route that was based on a sequence of Grignard reactions, starting from cyclopropyl methyl ketone, was developed to obtain synthetic standards with a 7.9 % overall yield for the major compound and a 9.9 % yield for the minor. The synthetic standards co-eluted with the natural pheromones on three different GC stationary phases. Y-tube olfactometer assays showed that the synthetic standards, including the major compound alone and a mixture of the major and minor compounds in the proportion found in natural extracts, were strongly attractive to females.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
+{"token": "Phenolic compounds and antioxidants from Eucalyptus camaldulensis as affected by some extraction conditions, a preparative optimization for GC-MS analysis. Four organic solvents along with water were applied for the conventional extraction of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae), phenolic contents and antioxidant activities were investigated through variable protocols and correlation coefficients were considered, the phenolic composition was also characterized by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Using solvents with dissimilar polarities affected the phenolic yields extracted from E. camaldulensis and their related antioxidant activities varied significantly among the four investigated plant organs. The leaf extract of acetone 70% contained the highest amount of phenolic compounds (46.56mg/g dry weight); while the bud-water boiled extract maintained the maximum value of tannins (45.68mg/g dry weight). Correlation coefficients indicated that phenolic compounds were mostly accountable for the phosphomolybednum antioxidant potentials (0.520), followed by tannins (0.460). Also, both the reducing power activities and hydrogen peroxide scavenging of E. camaldulensis extracts positively correlated with tannins, but at different significance degrees. However, the GC-MS analysis revealed that most of the detected phenolic constituents were more abundant in the plant seed. So, the existence of some other compounds such as organic acids, along with phenolics, may have increased the antioxidant potentials of leaf and bud. Undeniably, the optimization of extraction conditions could stimulate the antioxidant capabilities of the plant extracts of E. camaldulensis.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42]}
+{"token": "Evaluating the Competitiveness of Non-financial Corporations by Modeling Sales. The objective of this paper is to assess the competitiveness of non financial business entities, which are defined by NACE Rev. 2 division 26 as the Manufacture of computer, electronic and optica products, and by NACE Rev. 2 division 27 as the Manufacture of electrical equipment. Data were obtained from the Register of Financial Statements of the Ministry of Finance of the Slovak Republic and from the financial statements of the studied companies The survey sample consists of 138 non-financial corporations based on the amount of sales generated in the period 2016-2017 This paper is devoted to the issue of financial models in the evaluation of non-financial corporations with the aim of increasing competitiveness in the electrical engineering industry. An analytica view of competitiveness is provided based on the number of competitors in the electrical engineering industry. Selected factors are used to model the volume of sales of non-financial corporations in this industry. The production function model is used to quantify the concentration measure expressing the growth of a company's market share. The competitiveness factor is determined for nonfinancial companies based on the multiple regression and production function. The concentration rate is assessed through the Gin coefficient of concentration. It quantifies the growth of the company's market share and hence its hierarchical position on the market. By modeling the volume of revenue produced by each company, through the competitiveness factor, the results of analyzes have shown which non-financial corporations in the electrical engineering industry are the most competitive and least competitive.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Two new cytotypes and additional karyological records for blind mole rats, Nannospalax xanthodon and N. ehrenbergi (Mammalia, Rodentia) in Turkey. Blind mole rats are model organisms for studies of chromosomal evolution, and have a variety of chromosomal forms in Turkey. This study was performed on subterranean mole rats of Nannospalax xanthodon (Satunin, 1898) and N. ehrenbergi (Nehring, 1898) in Turkey. Karyotypes of 63 specimens originating from 30 localities were analysed. Two new cytotypes with 2n = 54 from Adana and 2n = 56 from Karaman, two different populations of the cytotypes 2n = 54C and 2n = 58S, and four different chromosomal arm numbers of the 2n = 60 cytotype (NF = 74, 76, 78 and 80) were determined in N. xanthodon. The cytotypes characterized by 2n = 54, NF = 74 from Tufanbeyli and Saimbeyli in the Adana province (54S), and by 2n = 56, NF = 70 from Karaman (56K) are new for N. xanthodon in Turkey. A population of N. ehrenbergi from the Osmaniye province in southern Anatolia had a complement with 2n = 56, NF = 70. Additional karyological records for other cytotypes have extended their known distribution areas, and filled most karyological gaps in Turkey.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Numerical simulation of a simplified, transient, 2D, non-reactive heat transfer model of a lab-scale fixed-bed pyrolysis reactor. Pyrolysis of agro-industrial residues can be used to produce alternative liquid fuels to reduce consumption of fossil fuels. To study these biomass pyrolysis processes, experimentation and numerical simulations are commonly compared. For the latter, thermophysical properties of biomasses and proper thermal models of pyrolysis reactors are required in numerical simulations. This paper presents values for the specific heat capacity, density, and thermal conductivity of Colombian Coffee Husk, as well as a simplified non-reactive heat transfer model of a lab-scale, fixed-bed pyrolysis reactor. The thermal conductivity was determined by combining the axial rod method with transient temperature measurements and an inverse problem solution. CH properties values determined were 1.62 kJ/kg K, 1390 kg/m(3), and 0.19 W/mK. To test the validity of the reactor's thermal model simulation, temperature profiles results were compared with results from an experimental study employing a pyrolysis reactor with the same characteristics. Variations of temperature profiles in time were compared and good agreement between numerical and experimental results was observed for temperatures lower than pyrolysis temperatures (300-400 degrees C), validating the simplified model. Temperature differences above 300-400 degrees C were expected as chemical reactions were not included in the numerical model.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Understanding How miRNAs Post-Transcriptionally Regulate Gene Expression. The discovery of microRNA (miRNA)-mediated gene silencing has added a new level of complexity to our understanding of post-transcriptional control of gene expression. Considering the ubiquity of miRNA-mediated repression throughout basic cellular processes, understanding its mechanism of action is paramount to obtain a clear picture of the regulation of gene expression in biological systems. Although many miRNAs and their targets have been identified, a detailed understanding of miRNA action remains elusive. miRNAs regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level, through both translational inhibition and mRNA destabilization. Recent reports suggest that many miRNA effects are mediated through proteins of the GW182 family. This chapter focuses on the multiple and potentially overlapping mechanisms that miRNAs utilize to regulate gene expression in eukaryotes.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Deuterium isotope effect on the suicide inactivation of tyrosinase in its action on o-diphenols. A solvent deuterium isotope effect on the inactivation suicide of tyrosinase in its action on o-diphenols (catechol, 4-methylcatechol, and 4-tert-butylcatechol) was observed. This isotope effect, observed during kinetic studies in the transition phase, was higher than that described previously in the steady state, indicating that there is an additional slow step in the suicide inactivation mechanism, which we believe to be responsible for the inactivation. In a proton inventory study of oxidation of o-diphenols, the representation of lambda(D,fn)(max)/lambda(D,f0)(max) versus n (atom fractions of deuterium), where lambda(D,fn)(max) is the maximum apparent inactivation constant for a molar fraction of deuterium (n) and lambda(D,f0)(max) is the corresponding kinetic parameter in a water solution, was linear for all substrates. This suggests that only one of the protons transferred from the two hydroxyl groups of the substrate, which are oxidized in one turnover, is responsible for the isotope effects. We propose that this - proton could be the proton transferred from the hydroxyl group of C-2 to the hydroperoxide of the oxytyrosinase form (E-ox) and that it probably causes enzyme inactivation through the reduction of the Cu(2+)A to Cu-0 and its subsequent release from the active site. (C) 2013 IUBMB Life, 65(9): 793-799, 2013", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "FROM PILGRIM TO TOURIST. >>Identity<< is a genuine invention of the modem era; it indicates not a condition, but a problem and a project, a postulate to be realized. Its dynamic of continuous deferral and drive can be understood as an adaptation of the medieval pilgrimage, demanding lifelong renunciations for the sake of a future goal. Under postmodern conditions, such future options no longer seem like a promise but a burden; detachment is the common characteristic of the postmodern attitudes of the flaneur, the tourist, the vagabond, and the game-player. However, how can a capacity for political action be cultivated when all social relationships can be recycled and have to remain without consequences?", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Interpretation of tandem mass spectra of antiepileptic drugs using accurate-m/z data and m/z-shifts with stable-isotope labeled analogues. Anticonvulsant or antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) show a great structural diversity. Often, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) based on liquid chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry is applied to (individually) optimize the treatment of epilepsy and to prevent seizures. To this end, tandem-quadrupole instruments are operated in selected-reaction monitoring (SRM) mode, using one or more structure specific product ions for the detection and quantification of the AEDs. In this study, the fragmentation in tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) of more than 30 antiepileptic drugs as well as more than 30 (pharmacologically relevant) metabolites is reviewed. Information on fragmentation that is scattered in the scientific literature is collected and interpreted. The identity of product ions used in SRM, i.e., elemental composition and exact-m/z, is tabulated, and more detailed fragmentation schemes and structure proposals for product ions are provided. In this way, insight is gained in the identity of the product ions used in SRM, which is a topic that is often ignored in the development of TDM methods. Moreover, this review helps in strengthening our understanding of the small-molecule fragmentation in MS-MS. In the case of AEDs, the structure proposals for the product ions can not only be confirmed with accurate-m/z data from high-resolution MS instruments, but also by studying m/z-shifts of products ions of the stable-isotope labeled analogues, that are frequently used as internal standard. For some compounds, this gives insight in the skeletal rearrangements occurring in the formation of some product ions. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "REVIEW OF THE GENUS DIOCTRIA MEIGEN, 1803 (DIPTERA ASILIDAE) FROM IRAN, WITH FOUR NEW SPECIES RECORDS FOR THE IRANIAN FAUNA. Based on specimens collected, using sweeping nets and Malaise traps, from the East Azarbaijan, Guilan, Alborz and Mazandaran Provinces of Iran between May 2010 and September 2015, six species of the genus Dioctria Meigen, 1803 were collected. They were subsequently identified, and four species: Dioctria arnoldii V. Richter, 1964, D. humeralis Zeller, 1840, D. pilithorax V. Richter, 1980, and D. speculifrons Wiedemann, 1820, had not been previously recorded from Iran. Diagnostic characters and geographical distribution of the newly recorded species are provided. An illustrated key to all known Iranian Dioctria species is given.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Combined oral contraceptive-induced hypertension is accompanied by endothelial dysfunction and upregulated intrarenal angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene expression. Combined oral contraceptive (COC) use is associated with increased risk of developing hypertension. Activation of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and endothelial dysfunction play an important role in the development of hypertension. We tested the hypothesis that COC causes hypertension that is associated with endothelial dysfunction and upregulation of intrarenal angiotensin-converting enzyme 1 (Ace1) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (At1r). Female Sprague-Dawley rats aged 12 weeks received (p.o.) olive oil (control) and a combination of 0.1 mu g ethinylestradiol and 1.0 mu g norgestrel (low COC) or 1.0 mu g ethinylestradiol and 10.0 mu g norgestrel (high COC) daily for 6 weeks. Blood pressure was recorded by tail cuff plethysmography. Expression of genes in kidney cortex was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. COC treatment led to increased blood pressure, circulating uric acid, C-reactive protein and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, renal uric acid, and expression of renal Ace1 and At1r. COC treatment resulted in increased contractile responses to phenylephrine in endothelium-denuded aortic rings. Endothelium-dependent relaxation responses to acetylcholine, but not endothelium-independent relaxation responses to nitric oxide (NO) donation by sodium nitroprusside, were attenuated in COC-exposed rings. Impaired relaxation responses to acetylcholine were masked by the presence of NO synthase inhibitor (l-NAME) in the COC-exposed rings, whereas the responses to acetylcholine in the presence of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor (NS-398) were enhanced. These findings indicate that COC induces hypertension that is accompanied by endothelial dysfunction, upregulated intrarenal Ace1 and At1r expression, and elevated proinflammatory biomarkers.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Teaching spread spectrum in the course Telecommunication Systems using Octave. Spread spectrum is a technique used for transmitting telecommunications signals. This topic is relatively complex and can be challenging for students. Thus, programming language Octave has been introduced in the course curriculum of Telecommunication Systems as one of the powerful tools that aid in student understanding of the spread-spectrum principles. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on the teaching method of spread-spectrum technique and its application in telecommunications, with the aim to make this topic understandable to students. The participants of the experiment were fifth-semester electrical engineering students (N = 86) at a college of applied sciences. To test the previous knowledge of students needed to understand the theory of spread spectrum, a pretest was carried out which refers to general terms from the fundamentals of telecommunications. With the aim to deeper apprehend the necessary theory from this area, the students had to solve examples from engineering practice using open source software Octave, as well as computational tasks, regarding both methods in spread-spectrum technology. It has been shown that thanks to the visualization of appropriate material, students of the experimental group understood in more detail the method of generating spread-spectrum signals and the influence of individual parameters on partial signals, in relation to students who did not have the opportunity to use Octave. The results of the research lead us to conclude that software like Octave should be included in courses like Telecommunication Systems as a supplement to the traditional teaching and learning methods.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 53, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "What Is the Subject of Principle 2 in Maimonides's Book of the Commandments? Towards a New Understanding of Maimonides's Approach to Extrascriptural Law. Among Maimonides's many statements about extrascriptural laws in rabbinic literature, none has attracted as much attention as principle 2 in his Book of the Commandments. Modern scholars have largely understood this text to claim that very few of the laws found in rabbinic literature are Sinaitic in origin and of biblical status. Yet, until the twentieth century, principle 2 was primarily read as distinguishing between revealed laws that constitute enumerated commandments and revealed laws that do not. In fact, neither reading is consistent with other Maimonidean statements. By contextualizing principle 2 within the Book of the Commandments, this essay reconsiders Maimonides's enumeration of the commandments and argues that many of the problems that principle 2 was designed to address, and that it also generated, resulted from the incongruity of his project of enumerating precisely 613 commandments alongside his understanding of revelation as a corpus that included not only the Written Torah but innumerable extrascriptural traditions as well. An appendix evaluates pertinent aspects of the most recent monograph dedicated to Maimonides's scriptural hermeneutics.", "label": [3, 31, 33]}
+{"token": "DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE, AND STATUS OF CUBAN SANDHILL CRANES (GRUS CANADENSIS NESIOTES). We conducted the first country-wide survey between 1994 and 2002 to examine the distribution, abundance, and conservation status of Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis nesiotes) populations throughout Cuba. Ground or air surveys or both were conducted at all identified potential areas and locations previously reported in the literature. We define the current distribution as 10 separate localities in six provinces and the estimated total number of cranes at 526 individuals for the country. Two populations reported in the literature were no longer present and two localities not previously reported were discovered. The actual number of cranes at two localities was not possible to evaluate due to their rarity. Only four areas (Isle of Youth, Matanzas, Ciego de Avila, and Sancti Spiritus) each support more than 70 cranes. The remaining locations each have less than 25 individuals. Sandhill Cranes appear to be declining and have almost disappeared in Pinar del Rio and Granma provinces, and in northern Matanzas Province. Identified threats to the remaining populations include habitat modification (woody plant encroachment, agricultural expansion, and fire suppression). predation due to wild hogs (Sus scrofa), dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), mongoose (Crossarchus spp.), and poaching.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Modulation of integrin receptor by polyphenols: Downstream Nrf2-Keap1/ARE and associated cross-talk mediators in cardiovascular diseases. As a group of heterodimeric and transmembrane glycoproteins, integrin receptors are widely expressed in various cell types overall the body. During cardiovascular dysfunction, integrin receptors apply inhibitory effects on the antioxidative pathways, including nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-Kelch like ECH Associated Protein 1 (Keap1)/antioxidant response element (ARE) and interconnected mediators. As such, dysregulation in integrin signaling pathways influences several aspects of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as heart failure, arrhythmia, angina, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, platelet aggregation and coagulation. So, modulation of integrin pathway could trigger the downstream antioxidant pathways toward cardioprotection. Regarding the involvement of multiple aforementioned mediators in the pathogenesis of CVDs, as well as the side effects of conventional drugs, seeking for novel alternative drugs is of great importance. Accordingly, the plant kingdom could pave the road in the treatment of CVDs. Of natural entities, polyphenols are multi-target and accessible phytochemicals with promising potency and low levels of toxicity. The present study aims at providing the cardioprotective roles of integrin receptors and downstream antioxidant pathways in heart failure, arrhythmia, angina, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, platelet aggregation and coagulation. The potential role of polyphenols has been also revealed in targeting the aforementioned dysregulated signaling mediators in those CVDs.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
+{"token": "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere of banana and plantain and the growth of tissue culture cultivars. The status of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in banana and plantain (Musa spp.) farming systems was studied in central Kenya. Soils and roots were sampled from 50 farms. Mean colonization frequency and intensity of 56.9% and 36.8% signified presence of viable infective propagules. Total of 22 morphotypes were recovered and six identified to known species. Fungal communities comprised of Acaulosporaceae, Glomaceae, Archaeosporaceae and Gigasporaceae dominated by species in Glomus. Acaulospora produced 52.2% of the spores with Acaulospora scrobiculata the most abundant and dominant at the rhizosphere of 60% of the cultivars. Mean colonization, spore abundance, species richness and diversity at rhizosphere of cultivars were not significant (p < 0.05). Nonetheless, Monte Carlo significant test revealed significant (p = 0.04) interaction between cultivars and AMF variables. Principal component analysis indicated high correspondence of cultivars in similar ploidy and AMF variables and Co-inertia analysis indicating AAA-Cavendish cultivars to relate strongly to spore variables and AAA-Gros Michel with colonization. Pearson correlation coefficients indicated soil phosphorus and carbon to negatively affect colonization and carbon to positively affect spore abundance and species richness. Musa systems maintained high species richness and low spore abundance. Trap plants of unrelated species did not differ in their effects on AMF variables. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 5, 6, 37, 52]}
+{"token": "Design and characterisation of jet cold atmospheric pressure plasma and its effect on Escherichia coli, colour, pH, and bioactive compounds of sour cherry juice. A new system for cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAPP) generation was designed and characterised. The effects of voltage (10, 15, 20 kV), frequency (10, 15, 20 kHz), gas flow rate (3, 5, 7 L min(-1)) and percentage of oxygen (0%, 0.5%, 1%) on the plasma jet length (PJL) were investigated. Then, different volumes (5, 10, 15 mL) of sour cherry juice were treated by CAPP to compare their physicochemical properties (colour and pH), Escherichia coli count, and bioactive compounds with samples treated by the conventional process. According to the results, PJL was increased by increasing the voltage and frequency and then remained constant. Also, PJL increases and then decreases by increasing the gas flow rate. Furthermore, CAPP treatment reduced E. coli count but did not alter the colour and pH of samples. Moreover, increasing the voltage, plasma treatment duration, and oxygen percentage enhanced the inactivation of E. coli. The best sterilisation effect was 6-log cycle decrease in E. coli count which was achieved at a voltage of 19.6 kV, an oxygen concentration of 1%, and a gas flow rate of 4.5 L min(-1). Besides, the total phenol content of juice was 277 GAE/100 g and was changed to 279 and 359 after plasma treatment and conventional process, respectively.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Endothelial cell conditioned media mediated regulation of glutamine synthetase activity in glial cells. The responsiveness of late passage C-6 glial cells to human retinal endothelial cell-conditioned medium (HREC-CM) was examined using glutamine synthetase (GS) activity as test parameter. Treatment with 50% or 100% HREC-CM for 4-5 days slightly affected the morphology but significantly increased GS activity. Increased glial GS activity induced by vascular endothelial cells is of relevance in preventing extracellular glutamate toxicity and regulating the brain/retinal blood barrier. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42]}
+{"token": "Sero-epidemiological survey and risk factors associated with brucellosis in dogs in south-western Nigeria. Introduction: In Nigeria, there is limited information on brucellosis particularly in dogs, despite its public health implications. We undertook a sero-epidemiological survey of brucellosis in dogs to determine the prevalence of the disease and associated risk factors for its occurrence in Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to screen dogs in south-western Nigeria for antibodies to Brucella sp using the rapid slide agglutination test (RSA) and Rose Bengal test (RBT), with positive samples confirmed respectively by serum agglutination test (SAT) and competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). Data were analyzed with STATA-12. Results: From the 739 dog sera tested, 81 (10.96%) were positive by RSA and 94 (12.72%) by RBT; these were corroborated with SAT (4/81; 4.94%) and cELISA (1/94; 1.06%), respectively. Logistic regression identified location (OR= 0.04; 95% CI: 0.02-0.09), breed (OR= 1.71; 95% CI: 1.34-2.19), age (OR= 0.10; 95% CI: 0.04-0.30) and management system (OR= 8.51; 95% CI: 1.07-68.05) as risk factors for Brucella infection by RSA. However, location (OR= 10.83; 95% CI: 5.48-21.39) and history of infertility (OR= 2.62; 95% CI: 1.41-4.84) were identified as risk factors using RBT. Conclusion: Given the 10.96% to 12.72% seroprevalence of brucellosis recorded in this study, we advocate control of the disease in dogs, and public health education for those at risk of infection. Again, further studies are required to elucidate the role of dogs in the epidemiology of brucellosis in Nigeria considering the conducive human-animal interface and ecological factors responsible for the transmission of the disease.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "LOVE AND DEATH IN THE CASTILE OF SANCHO II: THE BATTLEMENTS OF TORO BY LOPE DE VEGA. In Las almenas de Toro, Lope de Vega recreates different historical events that took place during the reign of Sancho II of Castile. This play joins together love and death, deceit and betrayal. Eleventh-century Castilian history helps the playwright to build a comedy in which the characters are dominated by passions.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "We don't know we don't know: asserting ignorance. The pragmatic logic of assertions shows a connection between ignorance and (informal) decidability. In it, we can express pragmatic factual ignorance and first-order ignorance as well as some of their variants. We also show how some pragmatic versions of second-order ignorance and of Rumsfeld-ignorance may be formulated. A specific variant of second-order ignorance is particularly relevant. This indicates a strong pragmatic version of ignorance of ignorance, irreducible to any previous form of ignorance, which defines limits to what can justifiably be asserted about higher-order ignorance. Finally, we relate the justified assertion of second-order ignorance (that cannot be known) with scientific assertions.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
+{"token": "Cell density-dependent expression of viral antigens during persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cell culture. Immunofluorescence analyses of FMDV persistently infected BHK-21 cells showed that in cultures from early stages of the persistence (passage 15) only about 10% of cells displayed viral antigens, while at late stages (passage 100) no FMDV antigen-positive cells were found. Positive cells at passage 15 displayed a number of structural alterations that did not differ from those observed in lytically infected cells. In these monolayers, and remarkably, clusters of cells that exceeded confluence were associated with an enhancement of cells positive for FMDV antigens, suggesting cell density-dependent expression of viral antigens. Inhibition of virus spread by blocking endosomal acidification, or addition of neutralizing antibodies to the culture medium reduced the number of FMDV antigen-positive cells within the monolayers. These results suggest that extracellular virus transmission plays an important role during FMDV persistence in cell culture and that this process fits the characteristics of a carrier culture model. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "GAMMA-RAY ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION IN COULOMB EXCITATION EXPERIMENTS AT INTERMEDIATE ENERGIES AS A SIGNATURE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC AND NUCLEAR FORCES IN PERIPHERAL COLLISIONS. In Coulex experiments at intermediate beam energies be sides electromagnetic forces the nuclear interaction may occur. These two excitation mechanisms result in emission of gamma-rays with a characteristic angular distribution W(theta). Measurement of W(theta) was performed at the RISING fast beam set-up to probe the electromagnetic-nuclear interface. Unexpectedly large hadronic-like contribution was observed when high Z projectiles were used.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Working in the methodological 'outfield': the case of Bourdieu and occupational therapy. The article reports on a study of methodological innovation involving occupational therapy (OT) students in higher education (HE). It is based on an original project which examined the experiences and outcomes of non-traditional entrants to pre-registration OT education. A feature of the original project was the application of the epistemological and methodological approach of the French social theorist Pierre Bourdieu, most noticeably in exploring the way that social back ground (habitus) interacted with the educational (field) context in terms of experience and educational outcome. Bourdieu used a ranged of techniques - both qualitative and quantitative - in collecting and analysing data. In particular, he used multiple correspondence analysis (MCA), a type of geometric data analysis recognized as a powerful tool enabling the representation of social space and the situating of individuals within it with respect to a number of variables. The article considers methodological principles in comparing ethnographic, traditional statistics and MCA. We show how the original data were reanalysed according to MCA. The article compares the original analyses and findings with those based on MCA in order to explore its strength over the previous approach and the potential it has to cast light on various issues in HE.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Fructans and other water soluble carbohydrates in vegetative organs and fruits of different Musa spp. accessions. The water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) glucose, fructose, and sucrose are well-known to the great public, but fructans represent another type of WSC that deserves more attention given their prebiotic and immunomodulatory properties in the food context. Although the occurrence of inulin-type fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) was proposed in the fruit of some banana accessions, little or no information is available neither on the exact identity of the fructan species, nor on the fructan content in different parts of banana plants and among a broader array of banana cultivars. Here, we investigated the WSC composition in leaves, pulp of ripe fruits and rhizomes from mature banana plants of 11 accessions (I to XI), including both cultivated varieties and wild Musa species. High performance anion exchange chromatography with integrated pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-IPAD) showed the presence of 1 -kestotriose [GF2], inulobiose [F2], inulotriose [F3], 6-kestotriose and 6G-kestotriose (neokestose) fructan species in the pulp of mature fruits of different accessions, but the absence of 1,1 -nystose and 1,1,1 kestopentaose and higher degree of polymerization (DP) inulin-type fructans. This fructan fingerprint points at the presence of one or more invertases that are able to use fructose and sucrose as alternative acceptor substrates. Quantification of glucose, fructose, sucrose and 1 -kestotriose and principal component analysis (PGA) identified related banana groups, based on their specific WSC profiles. These data provide new insights in the biochemical diversity of wild and cultivated bananas, and shed light on potential roles that fructans may fulfill across species, during plant development and adaptation to changing environments. Furthermore, the promiscuous behavior of banana fruit invertases (sucrose and fructose as acceptor substrates besides water) provides a new avenue to boost future work on structure-function relationships on these enzymes, potentially leading to the development of genuine banana fructosyltransferases that are able to increase fructan content in banana fruits.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Performance enhancement of green high-ductility engineered cementitious composites by nano-silica incorporation. To promote the sustainable development of construction materials, the green high-ductility engineered cementitious composites (GHD-ECC) incorporating 100% recycled fine aggregate (RFA) was developed. The effect of nano-silica (NS) at different dosages (0, 1%, 2%, and 3%) on the microstructural features and the macroscopic strength of GHD-ECC was investigated. The results of a comprehensive experimental study indicate that: (1) the four types of cementitious composites all exhibit multiple cracking characteristics, and the mechanical resistance of GHD-ECC is significantly improved owing to the addition of NS; (2) NS with high pozzolanic reactivity promotes the hydration reaction process, and the additionally formed hydration products fill the micropores and densify the microstructure of GHD-ECC; (3) the increase of both the matrix strength and matrix toughness leads to the enhancement of frictional bonding between fiber and matrix, which induces the transition of the failure mode from fiber pulled-out to fiber rupture and thus causes, to a certain extent, the degradation of the fiber bridging capacity. Based on the comprehensive investigation, the 1% NS dosage is found to be the optimal content, which not only meets the workability requirement but also contributes to the achievement of saturated cracking state and high mechanical resistance. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Repertoire of SSRs in the Castor Bean Genome and Their Utilization in Genetic Diversity Analysis in Jatropha curcas. Castor bean and Jatropha contain seed oil of industrial importance, share taxonomical and biochemical similarities, which can be explored for identifying SSRs in the whole genome sequence of castor bean and utilized in Jatropha curcas. Whole genome analysis of castor bean identified 5,80,986 SSRs with a frequency of 1 per 680 bp. Genomic distribution of SSRs revealed that 27% were present in the non-genic region whereas 73% were also present in the putative genic regions with 26% in 5'UTRs, 25% in introns, 16% in 3'UTRs and 6% in the exons. Dinucleotide repeats were more frequent in introns, 5'UTRs and 3'UTRs whereas trinucleotide repeats were predominant in the exons. The transferability of randomly selected 302 SSRs, from castor bean to 49 J. curcas genotypes and 8 Jatropha species other than J. curcas, showed that 211 (similar to 70%) amplified on Jatropha out of which 7.58% showed polymorphisms in J. curcas genotypes and 12.32% in Jatropha species. The higher rate of transferability of SSR markers from castor bean to Jatropha coupled with a good level of PIC (polymorphic information content) value (0.2 in J. curcas genotypes and 0.6 in Jatropha species) suggested that SSRs would be useful in germplasm analysis, linkage mapping, diversity studies and phylogenetic relationships, and so forth, in J. curcas as well as other Jatropha species.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "Women's political representation and transparency in local governance. Despite the growing interest on the influence of gender in local government, the relationship between women's political representation on municipalities, as council member or as female mayors, and transparency is an under-researched topic. This article analyses the political representation of women in Spanish local councils and their influence on the level of transparency. Results show that women's political representation in municipalities has a positive influence on the level of transparency, increasing information transparency and reducing information asymmetry.", "label": [5, 52, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "Environmental Protest and the Greening of the State A Comparison of Pre-Transition Poland and Contemporary China. Environmental social movements emerged at the national level in communist Poland, but not in the People's Republic of China. One little-understood reason for this difference is that the Chinese communist regime is far more decentralized than its counterpart in communist Poland was. Claimants in China tend to organize their collective actions around specific, localized issues rather than focus on a common, unifying target that might facilitate nationwide mobilization.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "The evolution of the martensitic transformation at the high-driving-force regime: A microsecond-scale time-resolved X-ray diffraction study. The reverse martensitic transformation proceeds through several sub-processes at various length and time scales. We study the transformation kinetics at the high thermodynamic driving force regime, by inducing a rapid heating-pulse in a shape memory alloy wire. We track the evolution of the trans formation at the microsecond scale by multi-frame time-resolved X-ray diffraction at synchrotron radiation with simultaneous high-bandwidth force measurements. The x-ray probed a narrow region at the periphery of the wire, while the force was a measure for the transformation-induced stress in the bulk of the wire. We reveal three stages occurring at different times and length-scales in the material. During the first 5 mu s the transformation is undetectable. Then, a rapid transformation occurs near the surface and saturates after 9 mu s. The evolution of the transformation in the bulk becomes discernible only after the transformation near the surface completes and lasts for approximately 40 mu s. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Categorical Abstract Algebraic Logic: Truth-Equational pi-Institutions. Finitely algebraizable deductive systems were introduced by Blok and Pigozzi to capture the essential properties of those deductive systems that are very tightly connected to quasivarieties of universal algebras. They include the equivalential logics of Czelakowski. Based on Blok and Pigozzi's work, Herrmann defined algebraizable deductive systems. These are the equivalential deductive systems that are also truth-equational, in the sense that the truth predicate of the class of their reduced matrix models is explicitly definable by some set of unary equations. Raftery undertook the task of characterizing the property of truth-equationality for arbitrary deductive systems. In this paper, following Raftery, we extend the notion of truth-equationality for logics formalized as pi-institutions and abstract several of the results that hold for deductive systems in this more general categorical context.", "label": [3, 4, 41, 32]}
+{"token": "A Case Study in Pharmacologic Colon Imaging Using Principal Curves in Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography. In this article we are concerned with functional imaging of the colon to assess the kinetics of microbicide lubricants. The overarching goal IS to understand the distribution of the lubricants in the colon. Such information is crucial for understanding the potential impact of microbicides on human immunodeficiency virus transmission. The experiment was conducted by imaging a radiolabeled lubricant distributed in the subject's colon. The tracer imaging was conducted via single-photon emission computed tomography noninvasive in vivo functional imaging technique. We have developed a novel principal curve algorithm to construct a three-dimensional curve through the colon images. The algorithm was tested and debugged on several difficult two-dimensional images of familiar curves where the original principal curve algorithm does not apply. The final curve fit to the colon data is compared with experimental sigmoidoscope collection.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Where Theory and Law Meet: Trends in establishment clause jurisprudence in the US federal courts and implications for science education. In this study, federal court opinions and writings of legal scholars, spanning 63 years of establishment clause jurisprudence in the US federal courts were analysed in an effort to determine dominant trends in judicial philosophy that are of significance to science educators. The study's findings suggest that the dominant legal theory underpinning the adjudication of establishment clause cases on the US Supreme Court has undergone a shift from one that emphasizes separation of church and state to one that favours integration of religion in the public sphere. This development poses significant challenges to science educators who are charged with the task of teaching in accordance with state science standards that emphasize topics that are considered controversial (e.g. evolution and global climate change) by many in the faith-based community. These findings constitute a basis for forecasting future actions in US courts regarding the role of government in establishing religious practices in the public sphereparticularly where such actions intersect with the roles of teachers in the nation's public K-12 science classrooms. Finally, we argue that scientists and science educators must adopt an assertive stance in defining science in curricular frameworks, providing something for the courts to draw upon in future decisions.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Effect of biofuels combustion on the nanoparticle and emission characteristics of a common-rail DI diesel engine. In the case of dual-fuels, the peak combustion pressure and ROHR were gradually decreased with the increase of the biogas fraction in the dual-fuels. As the premixed ratios increased, ignition delay and combustion durations were prolonged compared to single-fuel mode. The dual-fuels combustion showed that the IMEP decreased slightly and maintained similar levels up to 20 degrees BTDC due to the retarded combustion phase. The concentrations of NOx emissions were decreased for all injection timings as the premixed ratio (r(p)) increased. The soot emissions in dual-fuel operations were significantly lower than those in the single-fuel mode (r(p) = 0), and decreased gradually as the premixed ratio increased, regardless of injection timing. A lower nanoparticle size distribution was observed at all premixed ratios for dual-fuel combustion compared to those of the single fuel mode. The number distribution of both nuclei and accumulation modes also decreased with an increase in the biogas fraction. A slight reduction in the total particle number and total volume for all premixed ratios was observed as the injection timing increased from TDC up to 20 degrees BTDC. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.This study was performed to investigate the effect of biogas-biodiesel fuel combustion on the emissions reduction and nanoparticle characteristics in a direct injection (DI) diesel engine. In order to apply the two biofuels, biogas was injected into a premixed chamber during the intake process by using two electronically controlled gas injectors, and biodiesel fuel was directly injected into combustion chamber by a high-pressure injection system. The in-cylinder pressure and rate of heat release (ROHR) were investigated under various fuel conditions for single-fuel (biodiesel) and dual-fuel (biogas-biodiesel) combustions. To evaluate the engine performances and exhaust emissions characteristics, the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and exhaust emissions were also investigated under various test conditions. Furthermore, the particle number concentration and the size distribution of nanoparticles were analyzed by using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS).", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Great Power Politics and Briand-Kellogg Pact. When the First World War ended, the victorious states rebuilt the international system by meeting their own national interests at the highest level via the Treaty of Versailles. They also adopted a status-quoist foreign policy in order to protect their acquisitions. This situation formed a ground for a number of international interventions such as the efforts of making the outlawry of war. The purpose of this study is to give information about the historical development process of Briand-Kellogg Pact and examine the conflicting/reconciling interests of great powers during the inter-war period, in terms of the political history. Main theme of the article is to present the assertion regarding that great powers started to act with the reflex of protecting their acquisitions that were obtained after the Versailles and thus, England and France made the Briand-Kellogg Pact an open-ended treaty by winning the United States of America over.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Investigating the Impact of Hurricane Harvey and Driving on Beach-Dune Morphology. Beach and dune morphology are spatially and temporally variable, changing over a broad range of scales simultaneously. Strong wind, waves, and storm surge from Hurricane Harvey substantially eroded the beach and dunes along the Texas coast, causing significant scarps and berms. This paper presents information about how anthropogenic activity, such as driving on the beach, affected the response and recover of a barrier island with regard to the post-storm resiliency along the Texas-Gulf of Mexico coast by comparing two adjacent 7 km stretches of coast: a driving section and a limited-access section. A collection of field photos, aerial imagery, and a September 2016 LiDAR-derived digital elevation model (DEM) dataset provide information on pre-stormmorphology, while field photos, taken only 3 days after Hurricane Harvey made landfall, and a structure-from-motion (SfM)-derived DEM and imagery provide qualitative and quantitative information about the post-storm morphology. While beach and dune erosion in the non-driving section was restricted entirely to the beach and incipient dune system, the driving section exhibited complex patterns of erosion and deposition along the beach and the entire foredune profile was altered. Despite the hurricane making landfall north of the study site and closer to the non-driving section, beach-dune erosion and scarpingwas greatest in the southern section which is accessible to public vehicles. Results demonstrate that human activity affects the response and recovery of the beach-dune system along the Gulf side of the island by decreasing alongshore variability in erosion-deposition and limiting vegetative and geomorphic recovery. Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Potential Role of Long Noncoding RNAs in Regulating Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4-Induced Apoptosis in Leghorn Male Hepatocellular Cells. Hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) is caused by fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) and has resulted in considerable economic losses to the poultry industry globally. FAdV-4 elicits apoptosis in host cells. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as important regulatory RNAs with profound effects on various biological processes, including apoptosis. However, it remains unknown whether lncRNAs participate in FAdV-4-induced apoptosis. In this study, RNA sequencing was applied to determine the transcription of cellular lncRNA in leghorn male hepatocellular (LMH) cells infected with FAdV-4. Cellular RNA transcription analysis demonstrated that FAdV-4 infection elicited 1798 significantly differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs in infected LMH cells at 24 h post-infection (hpi) compared to mock control infection. In addition, 2873 DE mRNAs were also found. Target prediction and analyses revealed that 775 DE lncRNAs whose 671 target mRNAs were among the DE mRNAs were involved in several signaling pathways, including the AMPK signaling pathway, p53 signaling pathway and insulin signaling pathway. From these 775 DE lncRNAs, we identified 71 DE lncRNAs related to apoptosis based on their target gene functions. Subsequently, lncRNA 54128 was selected from the 71 identified DE lncRNAs, and its role in FAdV-4-induced apoptosis was verified. LncRNA 54128 interference significantly suppressed the rate of apoptosis, which was accompanied by reduced BMP4 transcription levels. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to analyze host lncRNA transcription during FAdV-4 infection. Our findings provide a better understanding of host responses to FAdV-4 infection and provide new directions for understanding the potential association between lncRNAs and FAdV-4 pathogenesis.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Nutritional evaluation of forest tree leaves as livestock feed in sub mountainous region of India. Samples of 7 species of forest tree leaves, fed to livestock in the semi-hilly arid zone of Punjab state in India, were collected at 30-day intervals for 12 months for evaluating their nutritional worth for livestock. The ground samples were pooled for dry hot, hot humid, fall and winter seasons. Irrespective of the season, the chemical composition revealed that the leaves of Acacia modesta (phulahi) and Butea monosperma (dhak) had higher crude protein then other leaves. The ether extract was the highest in Phoenix acaulis (khajur) and a lowest in (kango) leaves. The leaves of khajur and bans were highly fibrous. The leaves of Anogeissus latifolia (chat!) had the highest concentration of cell solubles while that of Bambusa arundinace a (bans) had the lowest. Irrespective of the species of tree leaves, the season did not show any significant impact on the CP, OM and total ash content of tree leaves. The NDF, cellulose, hemicellulose and ADL contents were the lowest in summer and the highest concentration of NDF, ADF and ADL content was observed in winter. The relative proportion of globulins and prolamins predominated in most of the leaves. The leaves of kango had the highest Ca content followed by dhak and the lowest in khajur leaves. The leaves of dhak had the highest concentration of Mg, Co and Mn. The leaves of chall had the highest concentration of total tannins, but 98% of these were hydrolysable, while the leaves of Bauhinia variegata (kachnar) had the highest concentration of condensed tannins (77% of total tannins). The digestion kinetic parameters for DM, CP and NDF revealed that irrespective of season, the effective and true degradability were the highest in leaves of chall followed by that of kango leaves, but lowest in khajur, dhak and bans leaves. The leaves of chall had the lowest rumen fill value predicting highest voluntary intake, while reverse trend was observed in khajur, dhak and bans leaves. Irrespective of the species of tree leaves, the degradability of leaves as indicated by most of digestion kinetic parameters was highest in summer followed by that in fall and the lowest in winter. The rumen fill value was the lowest in summer predicting highest voluntary intake followed by fall and highest rumen fill was observed in winter predicting lowest intake. It was concluded that the leaves of chall and kango had great potential as livestock feed, while feeding of khajur, dhak and bans leaves should be avoided.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Are there distinct cognitive and motivational sub-groups of children with ADHD?. Results. A model with one DA and two EF factors best fit the data. LPA resulted in four subgroups that differed in terms of general level of neuropsychological performance (ranging from high to very low), odor identification, and behavior. The sub-groups did not differ in terms of the relative EF and DA performance. Results in the ADHD group were replicated in the control group.Methods. One-hundred medication-naive children with ADHD and 96 typically developing children (6-14 years) completed nine EF and three DA tasks as well as an odor identification test. Parents and teachers provided reports of the children's behavior (ADHD and EF). Models of the latent structure of scores on EF and DA tests were contrasted using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). LPA was carried out based on factor scores from the CFA and sub-groups were compared in terms of odor identification and behavior.Conclusions. While EF and DA appear to be dissociable constructs; they do not yield distinct sub-groups when sub-grouping is based on a statistical approach such as LPA.Background. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is proposed to be a neuropsy-chologically heterogeneous disorder that encompasses two distinct sub-groups, one with executive function (EF) deficits and one with delay aversion (DA). However, such claims have often been based on studies that have operationalized neuropsychological deficits using a categorical approach - using intuitive but rather arbitrary, clinical cut-offs. The current study applied an alternative empirical approach to sub-grouping in ADHD, latent profile analysis (LPA), and attempted to validate emerging subgroups through clinically relevant correlates.", "label": [2, 5, 23, 55]}
+{"token": "Intra-strain biological and epidemiological characterization of plum pox virus. Plum pox virus (PPV) is one of the most important plant viruses causing serious economic losses. Thus far, strain typing based on the definition of 10 monophyletic strains with partially differentiable biological properties has been the sole approach used for epidemiological characterization of PPV. However, elucidating the genetic determinants underlying intra-strain biological variation among populations or isolates remains a relevant but unexamined aspect of the epidemiology of the virus. In this study, based on complete nucleotide sequence information of 210 Japanese and 47 non-Japanese isolates of the PPV-Dideron (D) strain, we identified five positively selected sites in the PPV-D genome. Among them, molecular studies showed that amino acid substitutions at position 2,635 in viral replicase correlate with viral titre and competitiveness at the systemic level, suggesting that amino acid position 2,635 is involved in aphid transmission efficiency and symptom severity. Estimation of ancestral genome sequences indicated that substitutions at amino acid position 2,635 were reversible and peculiar to one of two genetically distinct PPV-D populations in Japan. The reversible amino acid evolution probably contributes to the dissemination of the virus population. This study provides the first genomic insight into the evolutionary epidemiology of PPV based on intra-strain biological variation ascribed to positive selection.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "THE DEATH OF THE BUSINESS PLAN: MORE THAN EVER, LEARNING PLANS AND NOT BUSINESS PLANS ARE MEANT TO ANALYZE MOST OF BUSINESS GROWTH ALTERNATIVES. To verify the circumstances in which Business Plans (BP) and Learning Plans (LP) become applicable.This article explores the nature and scope of Business Plans (BP) and Learning Plans (LP), and its objective is to verify the circumstances in which these tools become applicable.It states that competitiveness and productivity must be understood through the globalization borderless geography, the identification of innovation key drivers, the achievement of a sustainable competitive advantage, the distinction between functional and innovative products and finally the application of the right management/business tools. In this context, LPs portray a flexible work plan and a learning process for fast-changing times. The final conclusion, is that as the unpredictability is part of our common lives today and business as usual should be rare, BPs are about to die.This is a qualitative investigation and the research design is transversal and not experimental.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Photography and the Documentary Writing of the Institutional archive. The article aims to explore the photography as a technology of archive - in concrete the genre of the photographic portrait-, and its documentary use in relation with the practices and the techniques of observation, of registration and archive at the end of the 18th century and beginning of the 19th, techniques that have placed a new \\\\'political anatomy of the body\\\\'. Furthermore it intents to point out the historical discourse of these intersections through the emergency of an immense documentary writing closely connected to the power-knowledge mechanisms through the analysis of the French philosopher Michel Foucault in Surveiller et Punir: Naissance de la Prison (1975).", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Measuring the temperature and profiles of Ly alpha absorbers. The distribution of the absorption line broadening observed in the Ly alpha forest carries information about the temperature, T, and widths, lambda(F), of the filaments in the intergalactic medium (IGM), and the background hydrogen photoionization rate, Gamma(HI). In this work, we present and test a new method for inferring T and lambda(F) and Gamma HI from combining the distribution of the absorption line broadening and the median flux. The method accounts for any underlying degeneracies. We apply our method to mock spectra from the reference model of the EAGLE cosmological simulation, and we demonstrate that we are able to reconstruct the IGM properties.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Analysis of differential protein expression in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae by Surface Enhanced Laser Desorption Ionisation-ProteinChip (TM) (SELDI) technology. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is the aetiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia. An increased understanding of its molecular basis of pathogenicity and vaccine development will be facilitated by the availability of sequence data from a complete genome which, by analogy to other bacteria, is predicted to encode many proteins in the molecular mass range 3-20 kDa. However, conventional techniques to study bacterial protein expression, such as SDS-PAGE and 2-dimensional electrophoresis, typically focus on the 15-200 kDa range. In this study we have evaluated Surface Enhanced Laser Desorption Ionisation-ProteinChip(TM) (SELDI) technology for the analysis of protein expression, in particular those of <20 kDa, of APP grown under different environmental conditions. Cytoplasmic/periplasmic and outer membrane protein fractions were obtained from the APP wildtype serotype 1 strain 4074 grown in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth (+different concentrations of NAD), BHI containing pig serum or defined medium. Optimum conditions for SELDI profiles included a sample size of 1 mug and the use of sinapinic acid as the energy absorbing matrix. In the <20 kDa range, the SELDI profiles obtained from wild-type bacteria grown in rich medium plus 33-66% pig serum were most similar to those grown in defined medium. The SELDI profiles of extracts of the wild-type and of an rpoE mutant were similar although there were clear differences. The results suggest that SELDI is a useful complementary approach to conventional proteomic analytical methods with APP, and presumably other bacterial pathogens, being particularly suited for analysis of proteins in the <20 kDa mass range. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 43, 10]}
+{"token": "MORE ON STRONGLY COMPACT SPACES. The objective of this paper is to obtain properties of strongly compact spaces by using nets, filterbases, pre-complete accumulation points and so on.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Assessing the vulnerability of small-scale fishery communities in the estuarine areas of Central Vietnam in the context of increasing climate risks. Although Vietnam's coastal and estuarine areas are most vulnerable to the impact of climate shocks, very few studies have closely evaluated this vulnerability. This research applied the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) and the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change vulnerability framework (LVI-IPCC) to estimate the climate vulnerability of small-scale fisheries in the Tam Giang - Cau Hai lagoon, Central Vietnam recognised as the biggest brackish water lagoon in South East Asia. Mixed methods, including key informant interviews, group discussions and questionnaire surveys (N = 181), were applied to collect empirical data in two estuarine fishery communities of Loc Binh and Huong Phong communes, Thua Thien Hue province. Two important findings emerge from this analysis, (1) the overall results of this study indicate that livelihood strategies and availability of food are the most critical factors in determining livelihood vulnerability for the two surveyed communes in the TG-CH lagoon and (2) the LVI and LVI-IPCC are effective tools to assessing vulnerability at the community level. It is expected that the lessons learnt from this study will assist in designing future studies and help devise intervention strategies to reduce the vulnerability of small-scale fishery communities in developing countries.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Ignorance implicatures of modified numerals. Modified numerals, such as at least three and more than five, are known to sometimes give rise to ignorance inferences. However, there is disagreement in the literature regarding the nature of these inferences, their context dependence, and differences between at least and more than. We present a series of experiments which sheds new light on these issues. Our results show that (a) the ignorance inferences of at least are more robust than those of more than, (b) the presence and strength of the ignorance inferences triggered by both at least and more than depends on the question under discussion (QUD), and (c) whether ignorance inferences are detected in a given experimental setting depends partly on the task that participants are asked to perform (e.g., an acceptability task versus an inference task). We offer an Optimality Theoretic account of these findings. In particular, the task effect is captured by assuming that in performing an acceptability task, participants take the speaker's perspective in order to determine whether an expression is optimal given a certain epistemic state, while in performing an inference task they take the addressee's perspective in order to determine what the most likely epistemic state of the speaker is given a certain expression. To execute the latter task in a fully rational manner, participants have to perform higher-order reasoning about alternative expressions the speaker could have used. Under the assumption that participants do not always perform such higher-order reasoning but also often resort to so-called unidirectional optimization, the task effect finds a natural explanation. This also allows us to relate our finding to asymmetries between comprehension and production that have been found in language acquisition.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Phytochemical content, antioxidant potential, and fatty acid composition of dried Tunisian fig (Ficus carica L.) cultivars. This study reports the main phenolic compounds, as well as phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity in nine sun-dried fig cultivars with different skin color, originating from South-Eastern and Middle-Eastern Tunisia For all evaluated parameters, a considerable variability with high significant differences was observed among the cultivars studied. Dark fruits exhibited a higher total polyphenol contents (201.77 mg GA E/100g DM in cultivar Saoudi Douiret) compared to green fruits (73.74 mg GA E/100g DM in cultivar Bayoudhi Douiret). Fatty acid methyl esters, identified by GC-MS, distinguished the presence of (C16: 0), (C18: 1), ((C18: 2) 9, 12), ((C18: 3) 9, 12, 15) and (C20: 0). Strong correlations between the amounts of total phenolics, phenolic acids, flavonoids, fatty acids and antioxidant capacity were found. A principal component analysis showed three groups of cultivars regarding their similarity level.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Synthesis and inclusion behavior of a heterotritopic receptor based on hexahomotrioxacalix[3]arene. A heterotritopic hexahomotrioxacalix[3]arene receptor with the capability of binding two alkali metals and a transition metal in a cooperative fashion was synthesized. The binding model was investigated by using H-1 NMR titration experiments in CDCl3-CD3CN (10 : 1, v/v), and the results revealed that the transition metal was bound at the upper rim and the alkali metals at the lower and upper rims. Interestingly, the alkali metal ions Li+ and Na+ bind at the lower and upper rim respectively depending on the dimensions of the alkali metal ions versus the size of the cavities formed by the calix[3]arene derivative. The hexahomotrioxacalix[3]arene receptor acts as a heterotritopic receptor, binding with the transition metal ion Ag+ and the alkali metals ions Li+ and Na+. These findings were not applicable to other different sized alkali metals, such as K+ and Cs+.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "UNION REPRESENTATION IN ARGENTINA: AN ODD CASE. Economic, political and cultural transformations generated by neoliberalism in the last decade of the twentieth century, in Argentina, produced a marked weakening of union structures. Beset by unemployment, job insecurity, and new work cultures and discrediting much of its leadership, many of these organizations ended up being functional for the same model. After the abandonment of neoliberal policies and the impetus given by the government of Nestor Kirchner, the unions recovered much of its force. However, the challenges for the trade union model have emerged with more weight than in other historical moments. New workers, some of them engaged in the nineties, formed organizations vying for traditional union representation. At the same time, successive failures of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation threatened several articles of the trade unions law; claims of ILO talk about the lack of freedom of association, once that such rules restrict the institutionalization of new unions. This article analyzes this Argentine context, with the most relevant cases that challenge the union system and use comparison and evaluation of several experts in the international area.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "THE PUBLIC LAW OF RESTITUTION. Restitution is the body of law that responds to unjust enrichment. It is a private law doctrine but, like other fields of private law such as the law of torts, it intersects significantly with public law. This article examines the seminal case of Woolwich Equitable Building Society v Inland Revenue Commissioners, in which the House of Lords held that an unlawful demand for a payment of tax which was not due was an unjust factor capable of making out unjust enrichment and enabling the claimant to obtain restitution of the money paid and interest. This was a significant step forward for restitution generally but was of specific interest to public lawyers, since it links an ultra vires demand to a monetary remedy, something which is not available in judicial review. This article will look at the basis of the Woolwich factor and whether and how it might be accepted into Australian law.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Caregiver health literacy and the use of child health services. OBJECTIVES. Eighty million US adults have low health literacy, a risk factor for increased health care use among adults. The purpose of this work was to assess the association between caregiver health literacy and the use and cost of child health services.RESULTS. A total of 290 dyads were enrolled in the study. Twenty-two percent of caregivers had low (inadequate or marginal) health literacy. Caregivers with low health literacy were more likely to have less than a high school education, to have limited English proficiency, and to have been born outside the United States. There were no differences in health care use or cost between children of caregivers with low health literacy and children of caregivers with adequate health literacy. Three caregiver characteristics were associated with increased use of child health care services: born outside the United States, age at child's birth < 24 years, and limited English proficiency.METHODS. We conducted a cross-sectional study of caregiver-child dyads from a sample of children aged 12 months to 12 years presenting to the pediatric emergency department of an urban, public hospital. Caregiver health literacy was measured by the Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in their preferred language (English or Spanish). Child health care use was measured by a 12-month retrospective review of the public hospital system's electronic database and of state Medicaid billing records for 4 types of visits: preventive care, urgent care, emergency care, and hospital care. Cost of child health care use was provided by Medicaid billing records. Multivariate analysis included caregiver education, age, and language proficiency, as well as child age, special health care needs, ethnicity, and health-insurance coverage.CONCLUSIONS. One in 5 caregivers of young children has low health literacy. Caregiver health literacy, however, was not associated with disparities in the use of child health services in this inner-city, ethnic minority population.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Role of chlorine dioxide and chloroxyanions residue in yellowing alleviation of ready-to-eat broccoli: Insights from transcriptomic evidence. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) unexpectedly contributed to the yellowing alleviation of ready-to-eat broccoli. Herein, we employed phenotypic and transcriptomic analyses for the first time to investigate the molecular mechanism of yellowing alleviation in the presence of ClO2. In our study, ClO2 and chloroxyanions were mainly distributed in floret bud and the content of ClO2 residue in the bud was over 50 % higher than that in stem and pedicel. Besides, the correlation analysis represented the yellowing process correlated strongly with the ClO3- residue in ready-to -eat broccoli. Further transcriptomic analyses and genes expression validation demonstrated that the endogenous ethylene biosynthesis in broccoli was noticeably inhibited by intrusive ClO2 and chloroxyanions. Ethylene biosynthesis was supposed to associate with chlorophyll degradation via the expression of ethylene-responsive transcription factor (ERF) in broccoli senescence based on transcriptomic data. This study not only carries out the novel and systematical investigation of ClO2 distribution, but also provides the deeper understanding of the quality maintenance of ready-to-eat produce.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 8]}
+{"token": "The indigenous system of social relations (1934), with an introduction by Isak Niehaus. This article reproduces, with minor editorial changes, a previously unpublished paper presented by Agnes Winifred Hoernle to the New Education Fellowship Conference in Johannesburg in 1934. Hoernle argues that education is vitally important in preparing the next generation of Africans for life in a complex emerging civilisation, in which European social patterns are imposed on African ones. Hoernle acknowledges that many Africans live in towns and on white-owned farms under conditions far removed from tribal life. In this context, she argues, education should not aim to (re)produce cultural autonomy, but should rather stimulate a healthy spirit of South African citizenship, which can animate both Blacks and Whites. Hoernle sees African kinship systems and African traditions, such as bridewealth and age-sets, as possessing great strength and vitality, even in modern conditions. In her opinion, Africans can be transformed into a civilised people, without ceasing to be true Africans. She condemns Whites for failing to understand these traditions, but also for denying African children access to scientific knowledge. In his introduction to the article, Isak Niehaus suggests that Hoernle's address shows an early quest to understand cultural differences within an emerging industrial society, rather than seeing cultures as singular and different from each other and in functionally integrated terms.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "On Deontology and Vocabulary of 'Smysl. The present article covers the search for language expressions that make it possible to have a speech that's adequate to solving the meaning of sense. The expression \\\\'There is sense in\\\\' reduces the sense to meanings, the expression \\\\'there is no sense in\\\\' only heightens the interest towards the search for it and \\\\'the sense can be\\\\' darkens the very problem of sense. The use of the words and expressions of \\\\'duty\\\\' in Russian language has some important specific features and gives an opportunity to formulate the problem of sense (\\\\'smysl\\\\') without reducing. The most accurate expression that describes specific aspects of sense as a metaphysical entity is \\\\'this should make sense\\\\', it transfers its being into the area of obligation and deontology is made into a unique area of responsibility for sense. Obligation provides correlation between Myself and the world, links everything that's outside me with what's inside me. The agenda of sense becomes the basics of philosophical deontology and within its framework the responsibilities of whoever thinks of the world can be found. This discovery happens in the process of answering two professional questions for a philosopher: What do I need to do to make sense? What do I have to do if it makes sense? These questions draw our attention to the genesis of sense within the different cultures and to the communicative (dialog) structure of the philosophical discourse.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "POETRY AFTER THE POETRY AESTHETIC CARTOGRAPHIES FOR THE THIRD MILLENNIUM. This paper analyses the main poetic trends at the beginning of the 21st century: the fusion of contemplation and reflection, the social commitment, the new symbolism, and the balance of life and culture. In a way, the contemplative attitude and the committed position share some features with other literary movements arisen in the eighties and nineties, such as the metaphysic poetry and the dirty realism, respectively. On the contrary, the symbolic code and the union of life and culture show the postmodern label of a generation which has melted the poetry of experience with the experience of poetry.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Role of diffusion in biocatalytic polytransesterification. The solvent-free enzyme-catalyzed polytransesterification of divinyl adipate and 1,4-butanediol yielding high molecular-weight polyesters was studied. This heterogeneous system is characterized by initial exothermicity, a 10(4)-fold increase in viscosity and complex kinetics involving parallel reactions and variable reaction volumes. Herein a semitheoretical analysis of solvent-free polytransesterification was developed to further refine understanding of the role of diffusion, especially how molecular weight and polydispersity evolve during solvent-free biocatalytic polytransesterification. The evolution of polydispersity observed during the polymerization was attributed to diffusion, and therefore internal diffusion limitations were assessed experimentally. The analysis demonstrated that the system is initially under weak diffusional control, which is strengthened by the initial exothermicity of the reaction. At molecular weights over 5,000 Da, the system experienced severe mass-transfer resistance due to chain entanglements. Reduced enzyme specificity with increasing chain length, enzyme deactivation, and vinyl hydrolysis dampen the diffusional constraints toward the end of the polymerization such that the system could return to slight diffusional or kinetic control on exceeding molecular weights of 20,000 Da.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "TOWARDS ENSURING SCALABILITY, INTEROPERABILITY AND EFFICIENT ACCESS CONTROL IN A MULTI-DOMAIN GRID-BASED ENVIRONMENT. The application of grid computing has been hampered by three basic challenges: scalability, interoperability and efficient access control which need to be optimized before a full-scale adoption of grid computing can take place. To address these challenges, a novel architectural model was designed for a multi-domain grid based environment (built on three domains). It was modelled using the dynamic role- based access control. The architecture's framework assumes that each domain has an independent local security monitoring unit and a central security monitoring unit that monitors security for the entire grid. The architecture was evaluated using the Grid Security Services Simulator, a meta-query language and Java Runtime Environment 1.7.0.5 for implementing the workflows that define the model's task. In terms of scalability, the results show that as the number of grid nodes increases, the average turnaround time reduces, and thereby increases the number of service requesters (grid users) on the grid. Grid middleware integration across various domains as well as the appropriate handling of authentication and authorisation through a local security monitoring unit and a central security monitoring unit proved that the architecture is interoperable. Finally, a case study scenario used for access control across the domains shows the efficiency of the role based access control approach used for achieving appropriate access to resources. Based on the results obtained, the proposed framework has proved to be interoperable, scalable and efficiently suitable for enforcing access control within the parameters evaluated.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Resistance, desistance: bad girls of post-qualitative inquiry. Who or what might be the illegitimate offspring of the \\\\'bad girl\\\\' as a figure for post-qualitative research? I consider the witch as a figure of posthuman efficacy and affective relationality, drawing on recent invocations of witchcraft and divination as theoretic practice. The witch might help post-qualitative methodology fulfil its own aspirations to get beyond language and the closures of coding by infusing method with divinatory practices. Examples of such practices in recent qualitative research studies are discussed. Divination does not seek to understand, but to transform from within, by sensing and redirecting the flows and intensities of that which is coming into existence. I also consider, more briefly, the witch's near relation, the crone-a figure that feels more befitting to my own age and status. As an anomaly in the networks that sustain human conviviality, the crone's uselessness might also have some disruptive force. I suggest that post-qualitative method might learn from the witch the arts of transformation and resistance, and from the crone the power of desistance and the passion of disinterest.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "An Investigation of the Environmental Impacts and Energy-Economic Analysis for Sugar Beet and Sugarcane Production Systems. This study evaluates energy indicators, productivity, economic justification and environmental emissions of sugar beet and sugarcane cultivation in Khuzestan province, Iran. The results showed that the total energy consumption in sugar beet and sugarcane production was 58,487.80 MJ ha(-1) and 61,220.62 MJ ha(-1), respectively. The highest energy costs are spent on chemical fertilizers (35.47% for sugarcane), electricity (23.62% for sugar beet) and water (22.45% for sugar beet), respectively. Of the total energy consumption, 77.39% and 83.69% were non-renewable energy for sugar beet and sugarcane, respectively. Of this amount, 59.42% was consumed directly for sugar beet and 58.94% for sugarcane. Benefit-to-cost ratio was calculated in sugarcane (2.77) and in sugar beet (1.05) fields, and production productivity was calculated in sugarcane (25.22 kg $(-1)) and in sugar beet (9.15 kg $(-1)) fields. Life cycle assessment (LCA) approach was used based on the ISO 14040 standard. CML-IA baseline method was applied for impact assessment. The results of environmental impacts show that sugarcane has more On-Farm emissions than sugar beet. Carbon dioxide (CO2) released by human labor in the cultivation of sugarcane in the air causes the release of 3.7 times more than sugar beet fields. The total emissions from diesel fuel to the air for sugar beet and sugarcane cultivation are 745.79 kg ha(-1) and 849.99 kg ha(-1), respectively. According to the results, sugarcane cultivation is more economical than sugar beet cultivation in all respects, but it has a higher water consumption, which can be controlled by proper irrigation management practices. It is suggested that reduction of energy, environmental consequences and improve the economic performance of sugarcane and sugar beet life cycle can be reduced by optimization of chemicals uses such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides in the farm, using renewable energy such as photovoltaic cells or wind turbines instead of fossil fuels for water pumping.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Transfer of Cyclobenzaprine into Human Milk and Subsequent Infant Exposure. Introduction: Cyclobenzaprine is a skeletal muscle relaxant primarily used in the treatment of pain. Its use during lactation is a matter of concern as its level of exposure to infants through human milk is still unknown. Main issue: The aim of this study was to determine cyclobenzaprine concentrations in the milk samples collected from two lactating mothers. Management: The present study describes the analysis of cyclobenzaprine in human milk using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, which determined the drug concentration-time profiles in human milk. Conclusion: This study shows low levels of concentrations of cyclobenzaprine in human milk with calculated relative infant dose of 0.5%. However, due to the sedative properties of cyclobenzaprine, regular clinical assessment of the infant is recommended to evaluate for long-term effects.", "label": [2, 22, 26, 27]}
+{"token": "FAST INVERSION OF SOLAR Ca II SPECTRA. We present a fast (<< 1 s per profile) inversion code for solar Ca II lines. The code uses an archive of spectra that are synthesized prior to the inversion under the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). We show that it can be successfully applied to spectrograph data or more sparsely sampled spectra from two-dimensional spectrometers. From a comparison to a non-LTE inversion of the same set of spectra, we derive a first-order non-LTE correction to the temperature stratifications derived in the LTE approach. The correction factor is close to unity up to log tau similar to -3 and increases to values of 2.5 and 4 at log tau = -6 in the quiet Sun and the umbra, respectively.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Humanlike robots as employees in the hotel industry: Thematic content analysis of online reviews. The purpose of this study is to discover the public's general perceptions of robots as frontline employees in the hotel industry based on YouTube online reviews. This study applied data mining techniques to the two most frequently viewed videos related to the employment of robots in hotels. Thematic content analysis was conducted based on the Godspeed dimensions. The findings suggest that potential users' perceptions tend to be negative when it comes to any discussion of humanlike robots. However, people are more receptive towards robots with animated features. Finally, this study contributes to both theoretical and practical discussions on robots and their related modes of analyses. It raises potential problems in the Godspeed scale and uncanny valley theory, provides guidelines to hotels which intend to employ humanlike robots as frontline staff, and offers suggestions, such as promotional videos, to marketers.", "label": [5, 48, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "Uterine artery blood flow characteristics assessed during oestrus and the early luteal phase of pregnant and non-pregnant bitches. The aim of this study was to measure uterine artery blood velocity daily using Doppler ultrasonography in 10 young and 10 older clinically normal bitches throughout oestrus.Typical arterial waveforms identified in young bitches were characterised by a systolic peak and subsequent flow throughout diastole, whereas in older bitches, flow was sometimes absent in diastole. For 3 days immediately prior to ovulation, at the time of declining plasma oestrogen and increasing progesterone concentrations, resistance index (RI) increased, principally associated with decreased diastolic velocity; in some bitches there was absent late diastolic flow during this time. In older bitches, the waveform appearance was more variable, with absent late and early diastolic flow observed in some cases. Mean RI was higher throughout oestrus for older bitches compared with young bitches, although both groups had a similar 3-day duration increase before ovulation. Nine of the young bitches and five of the older bitches became pregnant; litter size was smaller for the older bitches. Non-pregnant bitches: (1) were significantly older; (2) had fewer waveforms with continuous diastolic flow 2 days before ovulation; (3) had lower end diastolic velocity, higher RI and fewer waveforms with continuous diastolic flow 2 days after ovulation, and (4) had lower plasma progesterone concentrations 5 days after ovulation. These are the first detailed observations of uterine artery blood velocity and waveform appearance throughout oestrus in bitches, and this is the first description of a link between impaired diastolic flow and reduced fertility. Assessment of uterine artery velocity could be useful to promote understanding of physiological mechanisms and could also become an important tool to assess potential infertility. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "INITIAL MACLAURIN COEFFICIENT ESTIMATES FOR lambda-PSEUDO-STARLIKE BI-UNIVALENT FUNCTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH SAKAGUCHI-TYPE FUNCTIONS. We introduce and study two certain classes of holomorphic and bi-univalent functions associating lambda-pseudo-starlike functions with Sakaguchi-type functions. We determine upper bounds for the Taylor-Maclaurin coefficients vertical bar a2 vertical bar and vertical bar a3 vertical bar for functions belonging to these classes. Further we point out certain special cases for our results.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Evaluating the establishment success of Microctonus aethiopoides (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of the alfalfa weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), across the northern Great Plains of North America. The alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica (Gyllenhal); Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a destructive pest of alfalfa (Medicago sativa Linnaeus; Fabaceae) worldwide. The biological control parasitoid, Microctonus aethiopoides Loan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), was successfully introduced, and considered highly effective, in the eastern and mid-western United States of America. Redistribution efforts carried out throughout the 1980s reported initial establishment in the northern Great Plains, however follow-up studies to assess long-term persistence and efficacy are lacking. We resurveyed the counties in which M. aethiopoides had been initially recovered following redistribution in Montana (Flathead and Petroleum counties), Wyoming (Platte County), and South Dakota (Brookings County), to gauge whether this species has become permanently established and, if so, assess levels of parasitism in the field. We collected adult weevils from five fields in each county, and reared them in the laboratory to assess parasitism. Despite rearing more than 1000 weevils, no parasitoids were recovered from any of the locations sampled in our study, suggesting a widespread failure of M. aethiopoides to persist in the region. Thus, M. aethiopoides does not currently appear to be an important biological control agent of alfalfa weevil in the northern Great Plains. More intensive surveys will be required to assess the extent of the distributional limits of this species throughout the region.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "EFFECT OF INDOOR RESIDUAL SPRAYING OF DDT AND BENDIOCARB ON THE FEEDING PATTERNS OF ANOPHELES-PSEUDOPUNCTIPENNIS IN MEXICO. Intense and persistent use of DDT for malaria control has increased resistance and induced exophilic behavior of Anopheles pseudopunctipennis.  An evaluation of bendiocarb and DDT to control this species in Sinaloa, Mexico, showed that, in spite of DDT-resistance, both insecticides produced similar effects.  Feeding patterns were analyzed to explain these results.  Resting mosquitoes were collected over the dry and wet seasons.  Anophelines were tested in an ELISA to determine the source of the meals.  The human blood index (HBI) ranged from 3.3 to 6.8% in DDT-and from 12.7 to 26.9% in bendiocarb-sprayed houses.  Irritability and repellency in DDT-sprayed houses could explain the reduced HBI.  In contrast, bendiocarb produced higher mortality.  These effects could have affected different components of the vectorial capacity and similarly reduced malaria.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Chronic Liver Disease in India. Chronic liver disease (CLD) is not a single entity, but a clinical and pathological syndrome, which has several causes and is characterized by varying degrees of hepatocellular necrosis, inflammation and fibrosis. CLD in childhood encompasses a broad spectrum of disorders including infectious, metabolic, genetic, drug-induced, structural and autoimmune diseases. Chronic viral hepatitis and metabolic disorders together contribute to 35-50% of all chronic liver disease in childhood in India. Wilson's disease is the most common cause of metabolic liver disease in the country. A comprehensive work up of liver disease should include investigations for diagnosing CLD, monitoring liver function and etiological work up. Neonatal cholestasis is an important group of chronic liver disease in childhood. These patients require a different approach to diagnosis and management and hence have been excluded from the present review. Almost 1/3(rd) to 1/2 of all CLD are labeled as idiopathic; mostly due to inadequate diagnostic facilities in India. There is a need to develop and sustain centers that excel in pediatric hepatology services particularly giving specialized diagnostic services on metabolic liver disorders.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Cloning and sequencing of the phycocyanin gene from Spirulina maxima and its evolutionary analysis. The genes were cloned for the two apoprotein subunits, alpha and beta, of phycocyanin from the cyanobacterium Spirulina maxima(= Arthrospira maxima) strain F3. The alpha- and beta-subunit gene-coding regions contain 489 bp and 519 bp, respectively. The beta-subunit gene is upstream from the alpha-subunit gene, with a 111 -bp segment separating them. Similarities between the alpha-subunits of S. maxima and seven other cyanobacteria were between 63% and 99%, as were those between the beta-subunits. The maximum similarity between the alpha- and beta-subunits from S. maxima was 27%.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 45]}
+{"token": "Open mic Professionalizing the rap career. How do the meanings of a Hip Hop venue change over the aspiring rapper's career? This article draws on four years of ongoing ethnographic fieldwork with inner-city men who rap at Project Blowed, a Hip Hop 'open mic' in South Central Los Angeles. While rappers initially view Project Blowed as a place to hone their performance skills and earn the respect of their peers, they hope to move beyond it and make money in the music industry. 'OGs', senior rappers, who continue to participate in this scene mentor younger rappers, but may also become examples of the dead-end careers that up-and-coming rappers hope to avoid. This article explores how participants' perceptions of this venue are linked to their changing perceptions of others in the scene.", "label": [5, 56, 57]}
+{"token": "Place-based education through immersive virtual experiences - preparing biology students for the field. Virtual field trips are transforming education in biology and other place-based disciplines - and not just since Covid-19 has imposed social distancing constraints. Efficient methods for content creation, combined with affordable immersive technology, provide the opportunity to integrate immersive experiences into ever-larger classes. However, many aspects of how immersive experiences can enrich and improve learning in place-based education are still not well understood. We present an empirical study, conducted in a large undergraduate ecology class, comparing students, that experienced an immersive virtual version of a field trip to a biological preserve as preparation for a later actual field trip to the site, with a control group that visited the real site but without having had the virtual experience. Within the virtual experience group, we also varied the quality of the headset. The VR field trip was well received for raising spatial awareness and also motivation and interest. Students ranked it higher than any traditional means with regard to achieving a high level of preparedness for the actual field trip. In contrast, no statistically significant evidence was found for differences in perceived learning outcome and enjoyment of the actual field trip.", "label": [4, 5, 53, 42]}
+{"token": "IMPACT OF FINE SOLIDS ON MINED ATHABASCA OIL SANDS EXTRACTION I. FLOATABILITY OF FINE SOLIDS. Understanding the mechanisms by which fine solids are recovered to bitumen froth during oil sands extraction plays a critical role in minimizing the detrimental effect of fines on bitumen recovery and froth quality. A simple method was presented in this study to distinguish fine solids recovery by water entrainment from that by true flotation. Dispersed air flotation was carried out, using a 1-L Denver flotation cell, to evaluate flotation behaviours of different sizes and types of fine solids (<5 mu m up to <40 mu m silica, <5 mu m kaolinite clays, and < 44 mu m fine solids extracted from oil sands). The results show that dispersed individual fine solids in oil sands slurries could be recovered to the froth by mechanical entrainment, and by true flotation. While the recovery of hydrophilic fine solids decreased with increasing particle sizes by water entrainment, the recovery of hydrophobized fine solids, due to dodecylamine adsorption, increased with increasing particle sizes by true flotation. Fine solids extracted fromoil sands behaved differently from pure silica or clays: they adsorbed amine slowly, and responded to flotation slowly. The exact reasons remain to be explored.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Altered body image: appearance-related concerns of people with visible disfigurement. Methods. A cross-sectional survey was conducted, with a convenience sample. Participants (n = 458) drawn from 15 outpatient clinics completed standardized measures of anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), social anxiety and avoidance (Derriford Appearance Scale short-form) and quality of life (World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Scale). A semi-structured interview was used to generate further quantitative and qualitative data about individual concerns, and satisfaction with the provision of care. Staff views about levels of psychosocial distress were elicited through group discussions.Background. Visible disfigurements can be associated with extensive psychosocial difficulties. The majority of research to date has been carried out with people identified by themselves or others as experiencing difficulties. Little is known about levels of distress in the broader population of patients receiving treatment for a range of disfiguring conditions.Aim. The aim of this paper is to report a study to establish the extent and type of psychosocial needs of outpatients attending for treatment of a wide range of disfiguring conditions.Conclusion. A significant proportion of participants experienced psychosocial distress in relation to their visible difference. Psychosocial needs were poorly met in current outpatient care provision, and a range of options could be considered to address these more effectively.Results. The results revealed high levels of psychological distress in the sample, compared with normative values. The majority of difficulties related to problems experienced in social situations. Patient satisfaction with care was generally high; however, and 71% of participants expressed a moderate to strong desire for a health care professional with training to deal with their appearance-related concerns. Nursing staff felt unable to address patients' appearance-related difficulties because of time constraints, lack of an environment conducive to the discussion of patients' concerns, and lack of appropriate knowledge and training.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "A GIS pre-processor for pollutant transport modelling. A GIS pre-processor was developed to produce bathymetric grids and shorelines for open and closed boundary as input to a three-dimensional hydrodynamic/pollutant transport model to simulate the currents and pollutant transport in lakes and coastal areas. The pre-processor operates within ArcView GIS and can read hydrographic files in different formats. The use of this GIS module facilitates the implementation of different pollutant transport scenarios, which in turn can significantly contribute to the decision-making process concerning one of the most contemporary environmental problems. The applicability of the pre-processor is illustrated through a case study on Suda Bay, located in Crete, Greece. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 40, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "The yield of chlorophyll from nitrogen: a comparison between the shallow Ria Formosa lagoon and the deep oceanic conditions at Sagres along the southern coast of Portugal. The yield of chlorophyll from dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) has been shown to be a potentially useful parameter for predicting eutrophication, particularly, in the northerly, coastal waters of the North East Atlantic (NEA). This study investigates whether this parameter might also be appropriate for the southerly, coastal waters of the NEA. Nitrogen enrichment experiments were carried out using microcosms to determine the microplanktonic yield of chlorophyll from DIN in waters from the Ria Formosa (April 2002) and from Sagres (September 2002) on the south coast of Portugal. Continuous culture techniques enabled experiments to be run for 7 days after enrichment so that changes in the cumulative yield over time could be calculated. Yields from the Sagres experiment were consistently higher than those from the Ria Formosa experiment, with respective maximum yields of 4.7 and 2.1 mug chl (mumol N)(-1), and respective steady-state yields of 3.1 and 0.9 mug chl (mumol N)(-1). In addition, regressions carried out on historical data sets from the two study sites showed poor correlation between chlorophyll and nitrate. Other differences between the microcosm experiments at the two sites, included: background concentrations of DIN, silicate and phosphate that were, respectively, 5.6 muM 8.1 muM, and 0.3 muM higher in the Ria; chlorophyll concentrations at Sagres that were double those of the Ria; accumulation of particulate nitrogen that was both more rapid and more substantial at Sagres; a different community structure for the diatoms at the two sites; more numerous autotrophic dinoflagellates, flagellates and cyanobacteria, as well as more numerous protozoan grazers, at Sagres. These differences may explain why the yield of chlorophyll from DIN at Sagres is one of the highest reported in the literature. This yield parameter requires further study under a range of seasonal conditions and with a range of microplankton communities before it could be considered useful for predicting eutrophication throughout the coastal waters of the NEA. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 45, 39]}
+{"token": "NC State's Supply Chain Resource Cooperative Educates in the Real World. North Carolina State University's Supply Chain Resource Cooperative (SCRC) is a unique university-industry initiative that provides MBA and undergraduate students with opportunities to apply supply chain (SC) theory and concepts to field-based projects over a semester. We integrate field-based student course projects with real problems that companies are facing. The projects are led by SCRC directors, faculty at the Poole College of Management, and SC managers that financially support the SCRC. The SCRC focuses on improving the caliber of students entering the SC management profession. It accomplishes this by bringing the classroom into industry and involving students in finding viable solutions to real business problems, thus facilitating interactions between students and companies. Since 2000, 1,251 students have completed 331 projects with 39 companies. The SCRC is a self-funded small business that is supported by donor companies. Its organizational structure enables us to develop and maintain long-term relationships with donor companies, which are critical for a successful student-based outreach initiative with industry. In this paper, we describe the SCRC's evolution and benefits, and provide insights that may help other institutions interested in establishing similar organizations.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
+{"token": "On the spectrum of mid-latitude sporadic-E irregularities. We discuss the creation of mid-latitude sporadic-E plasma irregularities (with length-scales smaller than sporadic layer thickness) by the neutral atmosphere turbulence. Using fluid equations, the relation between plasma density fluctuations and the velocity field of neutrals is derived. After a brief discussion of the relevant neutral turbulence, the analytical expression for the power spectrum of plasma irregularities is obtained. This expression allows a power-law type of experimental irregularity spectra (the spectral index depends on sporadic-E characteristics) and possible departures in detail of the irregularity spectra from the power-law form to be explained. In addition, it allows us to make estimates of length-scales at which such departures must occur.", "label": [4, 34, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "Adaptive wavetable oscillators. An adaptive oscillator is a system that can lock on to a time-varying input signal, synchronizing its output to both the frequency and phase of the input. A wavetable oscillator generates a periodic output by indexing into a lookup table that stores a single period of the waveform. An adaptive wavetable oscillator (AWO) combines these two ideas in a technique which, separates the periodic output waveform from the parameters that control the adaptation of the frequency and phase of the waveform. This separation is advantageous because it decouples the state of the oscillator from the dynamics of the adaptation, allowing the process of synchronization to be interpreted as a simple gradient optimization on a cost function. The oscillations remain stable over a large and easily described range of parameter values, and analysis of the synchronization can proceed along lines familiar from standard adaptive systems. Key issues in the design of AWOs are: the class of admissible inputs, the shape of the wavetable, the parameters that will be controlled, and the adaptive algorithm that adjusts the parameters. This paper examines these issues through analysis and simulation, focusing on conditions that achieve the desired synchronization between output and input.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Corporate oxymorons and the anthropology of corporations. This article discusses the significance of the idea of ``corporate oxymorons'' for chartering an anthropology of corporations. It argues that a critical anthropology must consider not only the representations of corporate practices that circulate in public discourse and mass media, but also the specific features of the corporate form. These features include the structural tension between dispersed shareholders and professional managers as well as the contested legal status of corporate personhood.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Key Aspects on the Biology, Ecology and Impacts of Johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers] and the Role of Glyphosate and Non-Chemical Alternative Practices for the Management of This Weed in Europe. Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers is a common and noxious worldwide weed of increasing distribution in many European countries. In the present review, information on the biology, ecology, agricultural, economic and environmental impact of johnsongrass is given, and the current status of this weed in Europe is discussed. Furthermore, special attention is given to the important role of field trials using glyphosate to control weeds in arable and perennial crops in many European countries. Some of the factors which affect control efficacy and should be taken into account are also discussed. Finally, several non-chemical alternative methods (cultural, mechanical, thermal, biological, etc.) for johnsongrass management are also presented. The adoption of integrated weed management (IWM) techniques such as glyphosate use, crop rotation, and deep tillage is strongly recommended to control plant species that originate from both seed and rhizomes.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Nanoduct (R) sweat testing for rapid diagnosis in newborns, infants and children with cystic fibrosis. Determination of chloride concentration in sweat is the current diagnostic gold standard for Cystic Fibrosis (CF). Nanoduct(R) is a new analyzing system measuring conductivity which requires only 3 microliters of sweat and gives results within 30 minutes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the applicability of this system in a clinical setting of three children's hospitals and borderline results were compared with sweat chloride concentration. Over 3 years, 1,041 subjects were tested and in 946 diagnostic results were obtained. In 95 children, Nanoduct(R) failed (9.1% failure rate), mainly due to failures in preterm babies and newborns. Assuming 59 mmol/L as an upper limit of normal conductivity, all our 46 CF patients were correctly diagnosed (sensitivity 100%, 95% CI: 93.1-100; negative predicted value 100% (95% CI: 99.6-100) and only 39 non CF's were false positive (39/900, 4.3%; specificity 95.7%, 95%CI: 94.2-96.9, positive predicted value 54.1% with a 95%CI: 43.4-65.0). Increasing the diagnostic limit to 80 mmol/L, the rate fell to 0.3% (3/900). CF patients had a median conductivity of 115 mmol/L; the non-CF a median of 37 mmol/L. In conclusion, the Nanoduct(R) test is a reliable diagnostic tool for CF diagnosis: It has a failure rate comparable to other sweat tests and can be used as a simple bedside test for fast and reliable exclusion, diagnosis or suspicion of CF. In cases with borderline conductivity (60-80 mmol/L) other additional methods (determination of chloride and genotyping) are indicated.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Beyond Fear, Helplessness, and Horror: Peritraumatic Reactions Associated With Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Among Traumatized Delinquent Youth. This study investigated associations among peritraumatic reactions, including the triad of fear, helplessness, and horror specified in Criterion A2 of the DSM-IV-R, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnostic status and symptom severity among a sample of 555 juvenile justice-involved adolescents (188 girls and 367 boys). Results of hierarchical and logistic regression analyses indicated that, with the exception of helplessness, peritraumatic reactions beyond the DSM-IV-R triad, particularly disorganized behavior and confusion, were more strongly associated with PTSD diagnosis and symptoms among these youth than were the A2 criteria. Gender differences also emerged in the pattern of results, with disorganized behavior and dissociation associated more strongly with PTSD symptom levels among girls than boys. In addition, investigation of the relations between peritraumatic reactions and the recently proposed 5-factor model of PTSD symptom clusters showed that peritraumatic disorganization was the most consistently associated with PTSD symptoms, whereas peritraumatic helplessness was uniquely associated with Numbing among boys and Dissociation among girls. These results have implications for informing the DSM-5 as well as adding to the evidence base for deriving developmentally sensitive criteria for the diagnosis of PTSD among youth exposed to trauma.", "label": [2, 5, 23, 55]}
+{"token": "Trefoil Factor Family Member 2 (TFF2) as an Inflammatory-Induced and Anti-Inflammatory Tissue Repair Factor. Trefoil factor family member 2 (TFF2) is known for its involvement in mucosal repair. Whereas it is overexpressed during inflammatory processes, adding TFF2 leads to an anti-inflammatory effect that would contribute to create the microenvironment required for tissue repair. These properties present TFF2 with a homeostatic pattern during inflammatory processes as illustrated by selected examples.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 10, 47]}
+{"token": "Optimal multi-objective low-thrust spacecraft trajectories. Genetic algorithms have gained popularity as effective search procedures for obtaining solutions to traditionally difficult space mission optimization problems. In this paper, a hybrid optimization method is described that integrates a multi-objective genetic algorithm with a calculus-of-variations-based low-thrust trajectory optimizer. Fronts of Pareto optimal trajectories are generated and novel trajectories identified for both Earth-Mars and Earth-Mercury missions. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 41, 12]}
+{"token": "A case report of fatal feline babesiosis caused by Babesia canis in north western Spain. Background In Europe, Babesia infections in cats are sporadic and only partial knowledge is currently available since the number of described cases including both the clinical presentation and the molecular identification of the Babesia species involved is limited. In the present case report, the clinical signs, the epidemiological data and the molecular results suggest that this is the first reported fatal case of feline babesiosis caused by Babesia canis. Case presentation A six month old female European shorthair cat from north-western Spain died after being hospitalized for two days. This animal was pregnant and showed anorexia, lethargy, weakness, jaundice and fever with increased respiratory and heart rates. Haematological analysis revealed haemolytic regenerative anaemia, thrombocytopenia and leukocytosis. The presence of piroplasms was assessed using a PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene of Babesia spp. and Theileria spp.; the sample resulted positive and B. canis was identified by DNA sequence analysis. The possible existence of co-infections with other vector-borne pathogens such as Anaplasma spp., Bartonella spp., Borrelia burgdorferi s.l., Cytauxzoon spp., Ehrlichia spp., Hepatozoon canis, Mycoplasma spp. or Rickettsia spp. was excluded by qPCR. Conclusions Our results together with previous reports on Babesia infections in cats from Europe suggest that feline babesiosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of animals with anaemia, thrombocytopenia, anorexia and lethargy, especially in young or immunocompromised animals from endemic areas for canine babesiosis.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Pathogenicity of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza A viruses isolated from humans between 2003 and 2008 in northern Vietnam. Vietnam is one of the countries most affected by highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza A viruses. To evaluate the potential pathogenicity in mammals of H5N1 viruses isolated from humans in Vietnam. we determined the sequences of all eight genes of 22 human isolates collected between 2003 and 2008 and compared their virulence in mice. The isolates were classified into clade 1 and clade 2.3.4 and differed in pathogenicity for mice Whilst lysine at position 627 of PB2 (PB2-627K) is a critical virulence determinant for clade 2.3 4 viruses, asparagine at position 701 of PB2 and other unknown virulence determinants appear to be involved in the high pathogenicity of Glade 1 viruses, warranting further studies to determine the factors responsible for the high virulence of H5N1 viruses in mammals.", "label": [2, 19, 21]}
+{"token": "Differences in Beliefs About the Causes of Health Disparities in Black and White Nurses. PURPOSE. To determine whether Black and White nurses' beliefs about causes of health disparities differ.PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Different views of the causes of health disparities are discussed, particularly in light of cultural competency training and other efforts to ameliorate health disparities.CONCLUSIONS. Analyses reveal that overall Black nurses perceived external factors to contribute significantly more to health disparities than White nurses. Black nurses considered four specific causes dealing with physician and societal factors, such as \\\\'discrimination in society,\\\\' to be more significant contributors to health disparities than White nurses, whereas White nurses considered genetic factors to be a greater contributor.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "DNA replication, transcription, and H3K56 acetylation regulate copy number and stability at tandem repeats. Tandem repeats are inherently unstable and exhibit extensive copy number polymorphisms. Despite mounting evidence for their adaptive potential, the mechanisms associated with regulation of the stability and copy number of tandem repeats remain largely unclear. To study copy number variation at tandem repeats, we used two well-studied repetitive arrays in the budding yeast genome, the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) locus, and the copper-inducible CUP1 gene array. We developed powerful, highly sensitive, and quantitative assays to measure repeat instability and copy number and used them in multiple high-throughput genetic screens to define pathways involved in regulating copy number variation. These screens revealed that rDNA stability and copy number are regulated by DNA replication, transcription, and histone acetylation. Through parallel studies of both arrays, we demonstrate that instability can be induced by DNA replication stress and transcription. Importantly, while changes in stability in response to stress are observed within a few cell divisions, a change in steady state repeat copy number requires selection over time. Further, H3K56 acetylation is required for regulating transcription and transcription-induced instability at the CUP1 array, and restricts transcription-induced amplification. Our work suggests that the modulation of replication and transcription is a direct, reversible strategy to alter stability at tandem repeats in response to environmental stimuli, which provides cells rapid adaptability through copy number variation. Additionally, histone acetylation may function to promote the normal adaptive program in response to transcriptional stress. Given the omnipresence of DNA replication, transcription, and chromatin marks like histone acetylation, the fundamental mechanisms we have uncovered significantly advance our understanding of the plasticity of tandem repeats more generally.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "A dominance tree and its application in evolutionary multi-objective optimization. Most contemporary multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) store and handle a population with a linear list, and this may impose high computational complexities on the comparisons of solutions and the fitness assignment processes. This paper presents a data structure for storing the whole population and their dominating information in MOEAs. This structure, called a Dominance Tree (DT), is a binary tree that can effectively and efficiently store three-valued relations (namely dominating, dominated or non-dominated) among vector values. This paper further demonstrates DTs potential applications in evolutionary multi-objective optimization with two cases. The first case utilizes the DT to improve NSGA-II as a fitness assignment strategy. The second case demonstrates a DT-based MOEA (called a DTEA), which is designed by leveraging the favorable properties of the DT. The simulation results show that the DT-improved NSGA-II is significantly faster than NSGA-II. Meanwhile, DTEA is much faster than SPEA2, NSGA-II and an improved version of NSGA-II. On the other hand, in regard to converging to the Pareto optimal front and maintaining the diversity of solutions. DT-improved NSGA-II and DTEA are found to be competitive with NSGA-II and SPEA2. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Automation of [C-11]acyl chloride syntheses using commercially available C-11-modules. In implementing published procedures for the incorporation of [C-11]carbon dioxide on the immobilized Grignard reagents for the radiosynthesis of [C-11]acyl chlorides, several modifications on a commercial PET tracer synthesizer module for C-11-methylations were made to obtain reliable and reproducible production processes for routine clinical applications. High yields of [carbonyl-C-11]WAY-100635 and [C-11]zofenoprilat were obtained via C-11-carboxylation using [carbonyl-C-11]cyclohexanecarbonyl chloride and 2-methyl-[1-C-11]acryloyl chloride prepared with the modified module. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 2, 4, 36, 22, 15]}
+{"token": "Relative efficacy of organophosphorus insecticides against susceptible and resistant strains of the strike blowfly Lucilia cuprina (Calliphoridae) in New Zealand sheep. Four groups of five Romney lambs were treated by plunge dipping with one of four registered organophosphorus flystrike preventatives. Untreated lambs acted as controls. The sheep were challenged at weekly intervals with larval implants of organophosphate-susceptible and -resistant strains of Lucilia cuprina. All four treatments provided 19-21 weeks protection against susceptible larvae but chlorfenvinphos provided the longest protection(16-17 weeks), followed by propetamphos(15-16 weeks), dichlofenthion (10-13 weeks) and diazinon (9-13 weeks), against the resistant strain.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Solar activity explored with new wavelet methods. In order to improve the forecasts of the impact of solar activity on the terrestrial environment on time scales longer than days, improved understanding and forecasts of the solar activity are needed. The first results of a new approach of modelling and forecasting solar activity are presented. Time series of solar activity indicators, such as sunspot number, group sunspot number, F10.7, E10.7, solar magnetic mean field, Mount Wilson plage and sunspot index, have been studied with new wavelet methods; ampligrams and time-scale spectra. Wavelet power spectra of the sunspot number for the period 1610 up to the present show not only that a dramatic increase in the solar activity took place after 1940 but also that an interesting change occurred in 1990. The main 11-year solar cycle was further studied with ampligrams for the period after 1850. time-scale spectra were used to examine the processes behind the variability of the solar activity. Several interesting deterministic and more stochastic features were detected in the time series of the solar activity indicators. The solar nature of these features will be further studied.", "label": [4, 34, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "Pre-pubertal treatment with a GnRH agonist in bitches-Effect on the uterus and hormone receptor expression. Contents Aim of the study was to examine the effect of deslorelin on uterine tissues of eleven pre-pubertal bitches aged 4.2 +/- 0.6 m. Implants containing placebo (sodium chloride 0.9%; n = 4, G I), 4.7 mg (n = 3, GII) or 9.4 mg (n = 4, GIII) deslorelin acetate (Suprelorin((R)); Virbac, France), were administered subcutaneously. Signs of oestrus, vaginal cytology, serum progesterone (P4) and estradiol-17 beta (E2) concentrations were monitored until the occurrence of oestrus. Bitches were ovariohysterectomized and sections from the uterine tissue were subjected to immunohistochemistry (IHC) for detection of GnRH receptor (R), Kisspeptin (KP)10, Kisspeptin receptor (GPR54), androgen receptor (AR), oestrogen receptor (ER) alpha,beta, and progesterone receptor (PR). Tissue sections were scored semi-quantitatively using an immunoreactivity score (IRS) ranging from 0 to 300 (3). Since some animals were ovariohysterectomized before puberty (n = 1 from GII and n = 2 from GIII), and some in metestrus (all controls and 2 from GII and GIII each), results from these animals were separately evaluated and compared to the controls. Results: No abnormalities were seen in uterine tissues. Kisspeptin 10 expression was low in all cell types, highest IRS were seen in the vascular endothelial cells. The GPR54 was mainly detected in the luminal epithelial cells, superficial and deep uterine glands. The expression of GPR54 and ER alpha,beta was especially high in bitches operated prepubertally. No difference was observed between the controls and experimental bitches operated in their first metestrus. The PR and ER alpha,beta were exclusively expressed in superficial and deep uterine glands and luminal surface epithelial cells. The AR and GnRH-R expression was negative in all cells of all groups. We conclude that application of 4.7 or 9.4 mg deslorelin at the age of 4 months did not cause uterine disturbances. GPR54 expression might be influenced by pre-pubertal deslorelin treatment or the changings related to approaching puberty; the latter is supposed in case of ER alpha,beta.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 42, 10]}
+{"token": "Vibration control of beams with negative capacitive shunting of interdigital electrode piezoceramics. A pair of interdigital electrode (IDE) piezoceramics is used to simultaneously suppress multimode vibrations of a cantilevered beam. This is achieved by connecting the IDE piezoceramics in parallel to a negative capacitive shunt circuit. The governing equations of motion of an IDE piezo/bearn system and associated boundary conditions are derived using the Hamilton principle. The obtained mathematical model is validated experimentally Attenuations ranging between 5 and 20 dB are obtained for all the vibration modes over the frequency range of 0-3000 Hz. The presented theoretical and experimental techniques provide invaluable tools for designing simple and effective passive vibration dampers for structures with closely packed modes.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "In vitro follicle growth under non-attachment conditions and decreased FSH levels reduces Lhcgr expression in cumulus cells and promotes oocyte developmental competence. Quantitative PCR analysis of Gdf9, Mater, Nmp2 (in oocytes), Lhcgr and Amh (in cumulus cells), and oocyte developmental competence after in vitro follicle culture were evaluated.Follicle survival (98.7%) and polar body rate (94%) were similar for all conditions. Estradiol and progesterone production were significantly lower in non-attachment follicles (10-fold and 3-fold, respectively). Under non-attachment conditions, a higher two-cell rate (69.9%) and total blastocyst yield (48.5%) were obtained and, by decreasing FSH levels during culture, Lhcgr transcripts were significantly reduced to levels similar to in-vivo. Levels of oocyte-specific transcripts were not significantly influenced by in-vitro conditions.The in-vitro environment influences oocyte competence and gene expression in cumulus cells and oocytes. Effects of culturing under non-attachment conditions and varying follicle exposure to FSH were investigated at the mRNA level and on oocyte developmental capacity.Non-attachment conditions influence follicle steroid secretory capacity and, together with dynamic FSH doses, positively influence cumulus cell gene expression and oocyte developmental competence.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "The HTLV-1 Virological Synapse. Human T-lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) spreads efficiently between T-cells via a tight and highly organized cell-cell contact known as the virological synapse. It is now thought that many retroviruses and other viruses spread via a virological synapse, which may be defined as a virus-induced, specialized area of cell-to-cell contact that promotes the directed transmission of the virus between cells. We summarize here the mechanisms leading to the formation of the HTLV-1 virological synapse and the role played by HTLV-1 Tax protein. We propose a model of HTLV-1 transmission between T-cells based on the three-dimensional ultrastructure of the virological synapse. Finally, in the light of recent advances, we discuss the possible routes of HTLV-1 spread across the virological synapse.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "BS-Net: Using Joint-Learning Boundary and Segmentation Network for Coastline Extraction from Remote Sensing Images. The coastline extraction from remote-sensing images is of great significance to the dynamic monitoring of the coastal zone. The types of coastlines are complex and diverse, and they show different spectrum, texture, and shape features, so accurately extracting coastlines is still a challenging task. The semantic segmentation model based on deep learning has good generalization ability. However, the down sampling operation will lose the location of boundary information, resulting in the location offset between the extracted coastlines and the actual coastlines. A multi-task network, called the joint learning network of boundary and segmentation (BS-Net), was proposed in this letter. BS-Net adds a coastline positioning stream to supervise the location of the coastlines. Moreover, this letter designed a boundary-segmentation interaction (BSI) module for the mutual guidance of information between the coastline positioning stream and the sea-land segmentation stream to correct the coastline features and enhance the segmentation boundary. The experimental results on a set of Gaofen-1 remote sensing images showed that, for various natural coastlines and artificial coastlines, coastlines extracted based on BS-Net were more accurate than those extracted by other methods. Code is available at: https://github.com/weiAI1996/BS-Net. .", "label": [1, 4, 15, 39]}
+{"token": "Contribution of the cold shock protein CspA to virulence in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes a damaging bacterial leaf blight disease in rice. Cold shock proteins (Csps) are highly conserved nucleic acid-binding proteins present in various bacterial genera, but relatively little is known about their functions in Xanthomonas. Herein, we identified four Csps (CspA-CspD) in the Xoo PXO99(A) strain. Deletion of cspA decreased cold adaptation and a few known pathogenic factors, including bacterial pathogenicity, biofilm formation and polysaccharide production. Furthermore, we performed transcriptomic and chromosome immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments to identify direct targets of CspA and to determine its DNA-binding sequence. Integrative data analysis revealed that CspA directly regulates two genes, PXO_RS11830 and PXO_RS01060, by binding to a conserved CCAAT sequence in the promoter region. We generated single-deletion mutants of each gene and the results indicate that both are responsible for Xanthomonas pathogenicity. In addition, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting showed that CspA suppressed the expression of its direct targets. In summary, our study clarifies the characteristics of Csps in Xanthomonas and greatly advances our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the contribution of CspA to bacterial virulence.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Transient hydrodynamic patterns of high Weber number ethanol droplet train impingement on heated glass substrate. The transition of high-speed and high-frequency ethanol droplet train impingement on the glass substrate is investigated according to the surface temperature range of 80 degrees C-230 degrees C along 50 milliseconds. The Weber numbers of 1145, 1400, and 2067 are obtained using three different pinhole diameters in the droplet generator nozzle. Steady-state spreading diameter conditions are not reached along 50 milliseconds for three different Weber numbers. The spreading diameter trends depend on the thermal balance between the supplied liquid ethanol via the nozzle and the ethanol consumption from the glass surface via evaporation rate and splashing. Thus, the spreading diameter increases with increments in the Weber number while decreases by the rising of the glass surface temperature by means of higher surface energy levels. The boiling, transition, and post-transition regimes are observed. Crown rim formation, nucleation bubbles, and sluggish columns are observed around the droplet impact area within the boiling regime that has greater spreading diameters than the following regimes. The transition region is defined by observing splashing angles that decrease from the surface temperature of 170 degrees C to 200 degrees C. The Leidenfrost point is reached between 200 degrees C and 230 degrees C.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Early Spanish Intruders in China: The 1579 Mission of Pedro de Alfaro, O.F.M., Reconsidered. In 1579, four years after the visit of the Augustinian missionaries Martin de Rada and Jeronimo Marin to Fujian, a new group of Spanish friars reached China from the Philippines. The mission of Pedro de Alfaro, O.F.M., has generally been dismissed as a useless attempt to break the spiritual monopoly of the Society of Jesus in East Asia, which was perceived as an attempt to put at risk the careful labor of the first generation of Jesuit \\\\'giants.\\\\' However, as this study shows, the arrival of the Franciscans in Guangzhou cannot be simply regarded as a reckless behavior to \\\\'smuggle\\\\' the Gospel in China by means of some local Cantonese convert. Alfaro and his brethren pursued a specific goal, which was related to the recent achievements of Spanish diplomacy. Rather than Guangdong, they tried to reach the coast of Fujian (Chincheo), to carry on the mission of the Augustinians, who had visited Fuzhou in 1575. With the indirect support of some local encomenderos, the Franciscans intended to take advantage of the words of \\\\'friendship\\\\' expressed by Governor Liu Yaohui and other Mandarins to Rada and his fellows. Through a comparative analysis of European and Chinese coeval sources, notably some unpublished letters and reports, this article offers a reinterpretation of the aims and results of the Alfaro mission, shedding new light on a well-known but not yet fully explored page of the history of the early Christian presence in China.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Seven new species of Chimarra (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae) from Malawi. For the first time species of caddisflies in the genus Chimarra Stephens 1829 are reported from Malawi. The following new species are described: Chimarra zombaensis, C. flaviseta, C. chichewa, C. circumverta, C. mulanjae, C. psittacus and C. calidopectoris. The descriptions add to the knowledge of Afrotropical diversity in the order Trichoptera.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Terra Nullius? Temporal Legal Pluralism in an Australian Colony. There remains a puzzle as to the status of Indigenous land rights in Australian colonial law. The common view is that the laws of the British colonies, and subsequently of the federated state, did not recognise Indigenous land rights until late in the 20th century. Against this, a smaller body of scholarship argues that recognition had already occurred much earlier, the clearest instance being in the colony of South Australia in the 1830s and 1840s. The result is an apparent duplicity in the colonial law, whereby Indigenous land rights appear to have been both recognised and denied. The article shows a tendency in the scholarly literature to resolve this duplicity in absolute terms, based on positivist analysis of law. In contrast, by taking a critical legal pluralist approach, the article shows how different and even contradictory manifestations of the same law subsisted simultaneously through time. This both sheds new light on the question of the recognition of Indigenous land rights in Australian colonial law, and contributes theoretically to 'critical legal pluralism' by developing its temporal dimension.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 52, 57]}
+{"token": "Inhibitory effects of resveratrol on hypoxia-induced inflammation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and macrophages. Resveratrol is a natural compound proposed to posses powerful anti-obesity effects. Hypoxia may be an underlying mechanism for adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity. We have previously shown that resveratrol mediates a reduction in hypoxia induced inflammation in whole adipose tissue, thus in this study we investigated whether hypoxia and resveratrol primarily affect adipocytes or the macrophages in the adipose tissue. Hypoxia induced a significant increase in the production of hypoxic key markers in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and THP-1 macrophages, and stimulated gene expression levels of inflammatory markers in macrophages with almost no effect in adipocytes. Resveratrol attenuated the hypoxia induced increase in gene expression levels. These results suggest that the hypoxia-induced inflammatory response in whole adipose tissue mainly is driven by resident macrophages. Moreover, the results suggest that resveratrol could have treatment potential by attenuating adipose tissue inflammation in obesity. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
+{"token": "Trees and Us: Poetic Metaphors and Pastoral Images. This article elaborates on my earlier contention that poetry and pastoral care have a great deal in common (Capps, The Poet's Gift, 1993) by focusing on Joyce Kilmer's wellknown poem \\\\'Trees.\\\\' I use this poem to support the metaphorical association of trees and human beings and to advocate for the pastoral image of the upholder. A brief sketch of Kilmer's life is presented, and parodies of the poem are used to address the question whether pens are mightier than swords (a question that Kilmer's own life as a poet and soldier also evokes). The article concludes with Denise Levertov's poem \\\\'From Below\\\\' which, together with Kilmer's \\\\'Trees,\\\\' illumines the image of the pastor as ordained to be the upholder of the community and of the individuals who comprise it.", "label": [3, 5, 55, 33]}
+{"token": "Pathways to the 1946 Curtis Report and the post-war reconstruction of children's out-of-home care. The publication of the Report of the Care of Children Committee in 1946 was a pivotal moment for the out-of-home care of children in Britain. With its key recommendations implemented in the 1948 Children Act and the creation of bodies such as the Central Training Council in Child Care and the Home Office's Advisory Council on Child Care, the report also had wider public significance in associating progressive approaches to child-care with the emerging post-war welfare state. This article argues that the creation of the Curtis Committee was far from inevitable and resulted from the inter-play of the growing recognition of the problems associated with a fragmented legislative and administrative framework for children's care and a successful public campaign to reform standards in residential child-care which created the political conditions in which the Labour Government felt obliged to establish a formal Committee of Inquiry. The degree of interest that these processes generated in the Committee's work led to its final report receiving substantial public attention. Although its effects as a mechanism of policy change were uneven, the context through which the report was produced meant that it became a significant benchmark for child-care standards in the emerging post-war welfare state.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "The Choice of Debt Source by UK Firms. We examine the choice of borrowing source among public debt, syndicated bank loans, bilateral bank loans and non-bank private debt. Using a sample of 400 non-financial firms over the period 2000-2012, we find strong support for the reputational theory of borrowing source. Larger firms are more likely to borrow in public debt markets. Bank dependent firms are less likely to borrow in public debt markets and choose between bank and non-bank private debt based on maturity, collateral available to lenders and other firm characteristics. These results are consistent with the role of borrower reputation being the primary determinant of borrowing source for UK listed firms.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Assessment, Interaction and Technology in Distance Education: A Netnographic Study at a Brazilian Virtual University. Netnography is a research procedure to analyse people inserted in digital communities applied, in this research, at Virtual University of the State of Sao Paulo, the first Brazilian public institution that offers only distance education. The aim of this paper is to know what happens in the course Calculus III, of the undergraduate in Physics, with the interaction, assessment and technology, by applying netnography in forums. As a result, assessment is often referred to deal with the differences between what is expressed in the lessons from what is assessed. For interaction, it was verified that only 10% of the students participated in the forums, a cornerstone for the online interaction. Finally, it was seen that the technology can facilitate learning, as long as they are added in an intentional way. It can be seen that the netnography can bring relevant elements to analyse contexts of distance education.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Nutritional support for patients. Nutritional support for patientsA good intake of fluids and essential nutrients in the first fourteen days is of vital importance to recuperating animals. Moreover, it is important to encourage cats and dogs to eat after illness or surgery, in order to promote optimal functioning of the gut and the immune system. Enteral nutrition is to be preferred to nasogastric feeding or parenteral nutrition. In the first stage of recovery, during the first 24 to 48 hours, it is important to feed the gut' with nutrients, and thereafter, in the second stage of recovery (after day 3), the calorie intake can be increased. Timely nutritional support with nutraceuticals, such as arginine, glutamine, taurine, long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids, and prebiotic fibres, can considerably shorten the recovery period of cats and dogs after illness or surgery", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Coordination chemistry and synthetic approaches of pyridyl-selenium ligands: A decade update. Pyridyl-selenium compounds have been extensively studied due to their applications in different areas of knowledge, especially in pharmacology, material science and technology. In regards of metal complexes, this review has the intention to provide an overview of the coordination chemistry related to metals from group 3 to group 15 of the periodic table with pyridyl-selenium ligands reported in the literature over the last decade. The synthetic methodologies employed for the preparation of pyridyl-selenium ligands are described. The structural characterization of the obtained complexes, by spectroscopic methods and single crystal X-ray diffraction is discussed. Finally, relevant direct applications of these metal complexes covering preparation of nanomaterials, catalysis in organic synthesis, photocatalytic production of H-2 from aqueous solution and activation of molecular oxygen is presented. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Al-Ghazali's View on Causal Necessity and the Theory of Divine Custom. Amongst Muslim theologians, the Ash'arite theological school in general and al-Ghazali, in particular, opposed the necessity between cause and effect and rejected it by proposing the alternative theory of \\\\'Divine custom\\\\'. The purpose of this article is to examine the motivations, arguments and critiques of al-Ghazali's view in denying the causal necessity and the theory of Divine custom. The findings of the present study show that his main motivation in opposing the causal necessity was theological teachings such as miracles, God's omnipotent and active monotheism. This research paper is a librarybased theoretical analysis reviewing and examining al-Ghazali's written works to produce an account of his view on causal necessity. Then, critiques raised by Averroes on al-Ghazali's view will be evaluated, and at the end, a proposal will be made to develop al-Ghazali's view.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "A Simple, Low-Cost Multi-Sensor-Based Smart Wearable Knee Monitoring System. Maintaining good mobility with ease and freedom of movement is important for an individuals health and active aging. The knee joint, being the primary bearer of the body weight, plays a vital role in mobility. Continuous monitoring of the knee joint can potentially provide important information related to knee health and mobility which can be used for health assessment, early diagnoses of mobility-related problems, and monitoring recovery from injury or surgery. Therefore, we developed a simple, low-cost multi-sensor-based smart wearable device to monitor and assess the knee joint and mobility. The system is composed of miniaturized sensors (motion, temperature, pressure and galvanic skin response) to measure acceleration, angular velocity, skin temperature, muscle pressure and sweat rate of the knee joint during different activities. A database is constructed from 70 healthy adults aged 18-86 years that contains sensor data measured using the proposed knee joint monitoring system. To extract key knee and gait features from the datasets, we employed computationally efficient methods such as complementary filter and wavelet packet decomposition. The variations in the characteristics of the obtained parameters were analyzed in terms of gender and age groups. This simple, easy-to-use, cost-effective, non-invasive and unobtrusive knee monitoring system can be used for real-time monitoring, evaluation and early diagnoses of joint disorders, fall detection, mobility monitoring and rehabilitation.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35]}
+{"token": "Immune profiles in mouse brain and testes infected by Zika virus with variable pathogenicity. The Zika virus is responsible for neurological diseases such as microcephaly, Guillain-Barre syndrome, neuropathy, and myelitis in human adults and children. Previous studies have shown that the Zika virus can infect nerve progenitor cells and interfere with neural development. However, it is unclear how the immune system responds to infection with Zika viruses with variable pathogenicity. Here, we used two Zika strains with relatively different pathogenicity, the Asian ancestral strain CAM/2010 and the America pandemic strain GZ01/2016, to infect the brains of mice. We found that both strains elicited a strong immune response. Notably, the strain with relatively high pathogenicity, GZ01/2016, caused more intense immune regulation, with stronger CD8+ T cell and macrophage activation at 14 days post infection (dpi), as well as a greater immune gene disturbance. Notably, several TNF family genes were upregulated at 14 dpi, including Tnfrsf9, Tnfsf13, Tnfrsf8, Cd40, and Tnfsf10. It was notable that GZ01/2016 could maintain the survival of nerve cells at 7dpi but caused neurological disorders at 14dpi. These results indicate that Zika viruses with high pathogenicity may induce sustained activation of the immune system leading to nerve tissue damage.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 43]}
+{"token": "By Grace: Recognition of Religious Minority Associations in Denmark from the Reformation until 2018. In Denmark, the recognition of religious minority associations dates back to absolutism in the late 1600s when it was exerted by royal grace. However, the legal basis was not established as foreseen in the constitution of 1849, and recognition continued to be an ad hoc administrative act, which was modelled over the acts of grace during absolutism. By tradition, the cases were handled by the bishop of Copenhagen. After a criticism of this practice, the government established an expert committee in 1998 to take over the work of the bishop. In the absence of a dedicated law, the committee developed rules for recognition. The considerations and experiences of the expert committee are discussed in light of theories of contemporary public governance and with a view to the 'by grace' principle of absolutism. The article also discusses the preparation of the first law on recognition of religious minority associations from 2018.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "PERSONAL RESILIENCE TO SOCIO-CULTURAL THREATS IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIETY. The aim of the present research is to identify the psychological factors and mechanisms that ensure the formation of personal resilience to sociocultural threats in the context of digital transformation of society.Results and scientific novelty. The study showed that students in general have a sufficient level (above average) of socio-cultural identity, critical thinking when working with information, moral norms of loyalty and respect for the authorities, as well as students demonstrate psychological well-being and a low level of virtual autism. Students see the greatest threat in threats to the individual (reduction of live interpersonal communication and withdrawal from the real world; growth of aggression, cyberbullying; growth of information stress) and the state (growth of cybercrime and cyberterrorism). Three factors of social risk of digital transformation of society were highlighted: ethno-cultural risks, antisocial risks, cognitive and communication risks. Three psychological mechanisms were identified that allow an individual to maintain resilience to socio-cultural threats in the context of digital transformation of society: the mechanism of social tolerance (vs alarmism, vs racism), the mechanism of conformity (social adaptation), and the mechanism of psychological protection (coping).Introduction. The digital transformation of society determines the presence of socio-cultural threats and risks, which are associated with the instability of the value system of the individual and the distortion of socio-cultural identity as a result thereof. Today, we can observe various violations of the processes of socio-cultural identification, which threaten the psychological security of the individual and the security of both society and the state. Overcoming threats to socio-cultural identity through the choice of productive strategies is possible due to such personality traits as psychological stability, the ability to counteract risks, formed on the basis of social norms, ethnicity, patriotism, and critical thinking.Practical significance. The identified psychological factors and mechanisms allow the programmes for psychological and pedagogical support of students to be developed and implemented.Methodology and research methods. The current research is based on the theory of digital socialisation of the individual, socio-cultural identity, as well as on the theory of socio-psychological security. The following psychodiagnostic methods were used: \\\\'Scale of subjective well-being\\\\' (Perrudel-Badoux, Mendelsohn, Chiche, adaptation by M. V. Sokolova), \\\\'Definition of socio-cuitural identity\\\\' (modified version by Krupenko O. V., Frolova O. V.), \\\\'Questionnaire of moral grounds\\\\' (MFQ) (J. Haidt et al., in adaptation by O. A. Sychev et al.), \\\\'Index of self-assessment of information skills\\\\' (Voynilov Y. L., Maitseva D. V., Shubina L. V., in the author's modification), \\\\'Index of socio-cultural security of a teenager\\\\' (Scale of virtual autism) (by Gilemkhanova E. N.), and the questionnaire of perception of socio-cultural threats to the digital transformation of society developed by the authors. The obtained data were processed using descriptive statistics, factor analysis (principal component analysis, Varimax rotation), and Spearman correlation analysis", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Integrated management of large rivers and their basins. It has become standard practice to refer to any management of rivers and their basins as \\\\'integrated''. The development and use of the concept reflects a growing appreciation of the complexity of river basins as hydrological, ecological, economic, political and social systems. However, the term \\\\'integrated management'' is used vaguely, and, although the need for a management approach which considers more than a narrow focus on hydrology or economics is widely recognized, there has been concern that the term is often used as camouflage in an attempt of gaining acceptance or funding for a narrowly based project. There has also been discussion about the applicability of river basins as planning units, given that large basins rarely coincide with political units, and the role of, and need for, river basin management organizations. It is clear that the management of water resources and environmental resources generally requires consideration of a broad and increasing range of factors and input from a much wider range of stakeholders than was generally recognized in the past, and a lack of shared objectives as well as both technical and governance challenges inhibit integrated management in many basins. Progress towards integrated management is patchy and it will not be achieved in a single step. Where programs are integrated in name only, that is evidence of incremental progress and even small steps bring benefits. (C) 2016 European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier Sp. z o.o. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
+{"token": "Distribution of Tomato planta macho viroid in germinating pollen and transmitting tract. Vertical and horizontal pollen transmission is important for efficient infection by viroids. Vertical pollen transmission of viroids is attributed to the infection by viroid in the embryo sac through infected pollen. To identify the viroid infection in pollen and pollen tubes elongating through the transmitting tract, we used in situ hybridization to histochemically analyze the distribution of Tomato planta macho viroid (TPMVd) in pollen grains, the stigma, and style of petunia plants. TPMVd was present in the generative nucleus and vegetative nucleus of mature infected pollen grains and germinating pollen grains. During pollen tube growth, TPMVd was present in the vegetative nucleus and two sperm nuclei, which were generated by division of the generative nucleus in the style transmitting tract. These findings indicated that viroid infection in sperm nuclei is responsible for vertical pollen transmission of viroids. TPMVd infection from TPMVd-infected pollen tubes to the transmitting tract was not observed. In addition, TPMVd signals were not confirmed in the stigma and transmitting tract of TPMVd-infected petunia plants, suggesting that viroids may not replicate in these tissues at the stage of mature style. Therefore, TPMVd may leak from the pollen tube somewhere in the ovary, except in the transmitting tract, during the horizontal transmission of TPMVd.", "label": [2, 20, 21]}
+{"token": "How to Build and Wield Business Power: The Political Economy of Pension Regulation in Chile, 1990-2018. What explains the remarkable resilience of pension regulation in postauthoritarian Chile, even after decades of majoritarian voter discontent and growing international and domestic criticism of Pinochet's pioneering private capitalization system? This puzzling outcome can be understood only by looking at the combined effect of the pension industry's long-term power-building investments and its short-term political actions to outmaneuver state and societal challengers. Engaging new theoretical developments in political economy and historical institutionalism, this study examines the long-term process by which the previously nonexistent Chilean pension industry expanded and leveraged its power during key episodes of open contestation. The analysis of pension regulation in Chile between the 1980s and the 2010s illustrates the importance of placing business power in time, motivating new rounds of theory building in the quest to address the perennial question of how business gets what it wants in the political arena.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "Assessment of the effectiveness of radon screening programs in reducing lung cancer mortality. The present study was aimed at assessing the health consequences of the presence of radon in Quebec homes and the possible impact of various screening programs on lung cancer mortality. Lung cancer risk due to this radioactive gas was estimated according to the cancer risk model developed by the Sixth Committee on Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations. Objective data on residential radon exposure, population mobility, and tobacco use in the study population were integrated into a Monte-Carlo-type model. Participation rates to radon screening programs were estimated from published data. According to the model used, approximately 10% of deaths due to lung cancer are attributable to residential radon exposure on a yearly basis in Quebec. In the long term, the promotion of a universal screening program would prevent less than one death/year on a province-wide scale (0.8 case; IC 99%: -3.6 to 5.2 cases/year), for an overall reduction of 0.19% in radon-related mortality. Reductions in mortality due to radon by (1) the implementation of a targeted screening program in the region with the highest concentrations, (2) the promotion of screening on a local basis with financial support, or (3) the realization of systematic investigations in primary and secondary schools would increase to 1%, 14%, and 16.4%, respectively, in the each of the populations targeted by these scenarios. Other than the battle against tobacco use, radon screening in public buildings thus currently appears as the most promising screening policy for reducing radon-related lung cancer.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 41, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "TravoisTransport and Field Processing: the Role of Dogs in Intermountain and Plains Food Transport. Domesticated animals have been widely used for transport labor in many societies throughout the Holocene. Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) used in transporting goods with packs or simple drag-sleds calledtravoisfeature prominently in ethnographic and historic accounts of Native American communities in the Intermountain West and Great Plains. Dogs were used to transport shelter and household belongings, firewood, trade goods, and bison meat by Intermountain and Plains foragers. Forager mobility and investment in technology are strongly correlated with environmental unpredictability. The Field Processing Model reveals thattravoistransport was tenable for food only when processing costs were relatively low and many trips were necessary. These data indicate that dogs were not adapted for use as draft animals in the daily acquisition of food, but rather to facilitate the transport of shelter, equipment, and food reserves that could be used to offset the risk of resource shortfall.", "label": [5, 56, 52, 57]}
+{"token": "DIFFERENTIAL INVOLVEMENT OF GUSTATORY INSULAR CORTEX AND AMYGDALA IN THE ACQUISITION AND RETRIEVAL OF CONDITIONED TASTE-AVERSION IN RATS. Lesion studies of the role of the gustatory insular cort\\\\' (GC) and amygdala (Am) in conditioned taste aversion (CTA) are confounded by the irreversibility of the intervention. Functional ablation methods allow more specific influencing of different phases of CTA acquisition and retrieval. Bilateral tetrodotoxin (TTX) blockade of GC (10 ng) or Am (3 ng) before or after saccharin drinking in rats with chronically implanted intracerebral cannulae showed that GC is indispensable for the initial processing of the taste stimulus but not for the association of the gustatory trace with the symptoms of LiCl poisoning. Gustatory signals can by-pass the blocked Am, the inactivation of which, however, impairs the gustatory trace-poisoning association. TTX injection into both GC and Am impairs CTA retrieval more than isolated blockade of either of these structures. It is argued that GC and Am implement processing of gustatory and visceral signals, respectively, but that formation and consolidation of the CTA engram proceeds outside forebrain, probably at the level of the brainstem.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 55]}
+{"token": "Putting on the Same Shoes: Lived Experiences of Women Who Are Reincarcerated. Background Women are discharged daily from correctional institutions across the world. Many of these women cycle in and out of jail and experience the \\\\'revolving door syndrome,\\\\' characterized by release, reimprisonment, and subsequent rerelease into the community. Although many factors contribute to this phenomenon, there is limited understanding of its impact on imprisoned women, including their perceptions of returning to community life. Purpose/Objective This phenomenological study examined the lived experiences of women who were imprisoned, released to the community, and returned to custody. Method Twelve women, nine of whom were Indigenous were interviewed at the Women's Correctional Centre in Manitoba. Individual, face-to-face, in-depth interviews were employed using a woman-centered conversational approach. Qualitative thematic analysis, informed by van Manen's approach, was used to inductively arrive at themes. Findings Themes and subthemes organized around van Manen's existentials (temporality, spatiality, relationality, and corporeality) highlight the barriers and challenges women face as they try to sustain change in their lives to avoid the revolving door. Threaded through their accounts are experiences of personal and historical trauma, painful childhoods, difficult relationships, and ineffective or absent personal and systemic supports. Conclusion This study highlights the need for trauma-informed comprehensive health care and programing sensitive to women's experience of trauma in their complex lives. Nurses need to partner with service providers and policy makers to address the social/economical inequities that impede the positive life changes these women need to make to prevent reimprisonment.", "label": [2, 5, 26, 57]}
+{"token": "Interaction between physical and chemical variables in the flotation of low rank coals. Relatively large amounts of hydrocarbons such as fuel oils are often needed in the flotation of low rank coals. The amount of oil can be decreased considerably by using surfactants as promoters. The reagents that are good candidates as surfactants to promote hydrophobicity can also act as emulsifying and wetting agents. Because the physical and chemical variables influence various subprocesses in different ways, their influence on the performance parameters is complex. The results of laboratory tests are presented to show that the dual role of reagents can be judiciously exploited to increase both the recovery and grade of the clean coal. The mode and order of reagent addition is critical in enhancing their efficacy as flotation promoters. The results demonstrate the benefits of proper conditioning of the pulp prior to flotation.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Relationships of leisure social support and flow with loneliness among nursing home residents during the COVID-19 pandemic: An age-based moderating model. Identifying predictors of loneliness is important to develop interventions that help older adults residing in nursing homes reduce their loneliness, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, we examined whether leisure social support and flow (also identified as optimal experience) were predictive of loneliness, and whether age moderated the relationship between flow and loneliness. In total, 235 nursing home resi-dents, aged 65 years or older, participated in our study. We conducted in-person surveys to measure their age, leisure social support, flow, and loneliness as well as used multiple linear regression analysis to analyze data. Results indicated that high levels of leisure social support and flow predicted low levels of loneliness. However, age decreased the negative relationship between flow and loneliness. We discuss implications of these results in terms of reducing loneliness, without depending highly on the presence of others, during times of social isolation associated with responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. (c) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 26, 57]}
+{"token": "Harmonic Impedance of Grounding Electrodes Buried in a Horizontally Stratified Multilayer Ground: A Full-Wave Approach. The effect of multilayer stratified ground on the harmonic impedance of grounding systems is evaluated. To this aim, the mixed-potential integral equation is used. The method is general as it allows taking into account 1) stratified soil structure with any number of layers and 2) grounding electrodes with arbitrary shapes. Moreover, the method has no limitation in terms of the maximum working frequency. The impressed-current model is used as the excitation and the harmonic impedance is directly obtained from the method of moments matrix. This is in contrast with the conventional methods where the harmonic impedance is calculated from the integration of the electric field at ground surface. The cases of horizontal and vertical electrodes buried in soils with different layers are analyzed. The accuracy of the proposed approach is validated by comparing the results with those obtained by independent numerical methods.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "A Novel Method of Assessing Dominance Hierarchies Shows Nuance, Linearity and Stability in the Dinosaur Ant Dinoponera quadriceps. Many social species with relatively simple societies have dominance hierarchies of individuals, with dominant individuals achieving fitness and subordinate individuals either queuing to obtain fitness or achieving only indirect fitness by helping relatives. Assessing the dominance hierarchy in a social group is generally based upon observing dyadic interactions as and when they occur spontaneously within the whole-group setting. However, this method can be very time-consuming because many dyads interact only very rarely, necessitating either extremely long observation periods or many dyadic relationships being unresolved. Here, we report an alternative method using the queenless dinosaur ant Dinoponera quadriceps, which lives in colonies containing tens of individuals. We removed all individuals from their nest and observed the dominance behaviours expressed in isolated dyadic interactions for every pairwise combination of individuals. Individuals showed a classic dominance behaviour in this setting, and the rapid nature of the assay allowed us to observe every dyadic relationship on a weekly basis over 4 weeks. The dominance hierarchies based on these isolated dyadic interactions correlated well with those produced by the conventional method of colony observations. They showed the hierarchies to be highly linear and stable, and also revealed that dominance relationships may extend further down the hierarchy than previously thought. Although highly manipulative, the isolated dyadic interaction method works well and will likely make more feasible the study of other social species in which pairs of individuals can be isolated together.", "label": [4, 5, 55, 47]}
+{"token": "Incidence of gastric extubation of users in a home care program of a university hospital. This quantitative, prospective study, aimed to characterize the profile of users and caregivers and to measure the incidence of gastric extubation, identifying the type and the reasons for the extubation of these users in a Home Care Program of a university hospital. The population consisted of 37 subjects and the date were collected from April to August 2010. For the analysis, descriptive statistics, test of significance of 5% and calculation of indicators were adopted. It was found that 51.4% of the users were female, 67.5% in the age group >= 60 years and 67.6% presented neurological diseases. Regarding the caregivers 89.2% were female and their mean age was 50.6 years. The incidence of extubation, considering 100 days of intubation, corresponded to 1.08, with 0.26 planned and 0.82 unplanned (p=0.009). These results allowed the rates to be calculated of the extubation of patients with gastric intubation for nutritional support in domicile care, providing support in establishing care and management goals for the continuous improvement of quality.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "An investigation of safety climate in Chinese major construction projects. Safety performance in the Chinese construction projects remains poor in comparison to other developed countries. While a considerable body of research has accumulated to explain why accident and incident rates remain high in China, research into safety climate in Chinese major construction projects remains scant. To address this gap in knowledge, a survey of 189 construction professionals across five major construction projects in China was undertaken using a validated safety climate framework. Follow-up interviews were also conducted with nine senior construction safety professionals to verify the survey analysis results. The findings indicate that safety climate in major construction projects in China is perceived to be strong, and management commitment appears to be the underlying factor to promote this positive result. Safety rules and procedures is a dimension that requires attention because of their complexity and competing interests during their implementation. All the dimensions of the safety climate are strongly interrelated, indicating that multidimensional and holistic strategies should be employed to improve safety climate in major construction projects. This research enriches the understanding about the characteristics of safety climate in Chinese major construction projects and the effective measures which can be taken to further enhance the safety performance on these projects.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "The Use of Photography in Psychiatric Rehabilitation: A Pre-Project. The start-up of a photo workshop in Bakirky Mental Hospital, Rehabilitation Center, was planned in order to introduce psychotic patients interested in photography to photography art and to help them socialize via photography. The project was conducted with the cooperation of a photography association and photography equipment supplier. Four hours of theoretical training in photography was given to the attendants of the photography workshop (10 patients). The patients were supported during the following four months and were helped to produce photographs. During weekly meetings, the photographs taken were analyzed and recommendations were made. Five months in to the study, 50 pictures were selected for inclusion for one month in the \\\\'21st Photography Days of Istanbul\\\\' exhibition under the theme \\\\'The Reality\\\\'. It was observed that the workshop and exhibition processes were helpful to the patients during their rehabilitation, and visitors to the exhibition also gave positive feedback. Most of the patients continued to take pictures. In conclusion, there is a need for empirical studies on this subject. The possibility of using photography in the rehabilitation process should be considered.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Stellar Aspects of Habitability-Characterizing Target Stars for Terrestrial Planet-Finding Missions. We present and discuss the criteria for selecting potential target stars suitable for the search for Earth-like planets, with a special emphasis on the stellar aspects of habitability. Missions that search for terrestrial exoplanets will explore the presence and habitability of Earth-like exoplanets around several hundred nearby stars, mainly F, G, K, and M stars. The evaluation of the list of potential target systems is essential in order to develop mission concepts for a search for terrestrial exoplanets. Using the Darwin All Sky Star Catalogue (DASSC), we discuss the selection criteria, configuration-dependent subcatalogues, and the implication of stellar activity for habitability.", "label": [4, 34, 38, 42]}
+{"token": "Use of antihypertensive drugs and risk of keratinocyte carcinoma: A meta-analysis of observational studies. ConclusionsCurrent evidence indicates that use of diuretics might be associated with increased risk of KC, while ACE inhibitors or ARBs might be associated with decreased risk in high-risk individuals. -blockers or CCBs might be positively associated with BCC risk. Further postmarketing surveillance studies and investigations to clarify the possible underlying mechanisms are warranted.ResultsTen eligible studies were included. Compared with nonuse, diuretic use was significantly associated with increased risk of both BCC (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.01-1.20) and SCC (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.19-1.66). Use of -blockers or CCBs was associated with increased risk of BCC (but not SCC); the OR with -blockers was 1.09 (95% CI, 1.04-1.15) and with CCBs was 1.15 (95% CI, 1.09-1.21). Use of ACE inhibitors or ARBs was associated with decreased risk of both BCC (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.39-0.71) and SCC (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.42-0.80) in high-risk individuals.MethodsWe systematically reviewed observational studies published through August 2016 and reported the KC risk (basal cell carcinoma [BCC] and squamous cell carcinoma [SCC]) associated with antihypertensive drugs, including diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), beta-adrenergic blocking agents (-blockers), and calcium channel blockers (CCBs). Random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI).PurposeCurrent epidemiologic evidence on the association between antihypertensive drugs and keratinocyte carcinoma (KC) risk is inconsistent. We sought to quantify this association by meta-analysis of observational studies.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "Exploring environmental data in a highly immersive virtual reality environment. Geography inherently tills a 3D space and yet we struggle with displaying geography using, primarily, 2D display devices. Virtual environments offer a more realistically-dimensioned display space and this is being realized in the expanding area of research on 3D Geographic Information Systems (GISs). Traditionally, a GIS has only limited tools for statistical analysis, and 3D GIS research has concentrated on the visualization of the geographical terrain. Here we discuss linking multivariate statistical graphics to geography in the highly immersive C2 virtual reality environment at Iowa State University using mid-Atlantic streams data.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Attention needs for the mental health of addict women.. The present article describe and analyzes the qualitative material result of the obtention of addicted women life histories narratives, from several urban zones of Mexico City which permitt to show for each situation of special women a number of obstacles for their mental health care, a possible suffering trajectory and a number of recommendations for their attention and treatment.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Benevolent Sexism at Work: Gender Differences in the Distribution of Challenging Developmental Experiences. The current research draws from ambivalent sexism theory to examine potential gender differences in the quantity and quality of developmental work experiences. In a sample of managers in the energy industry, men and women reported participating in a similar number of developmental experiences (with comparable levels of support), but men rated these experiences as more challenging and received more negative feedback than did women. Similarly, a sample of female managers in the health care industry reported comparable amounts, but less challenging types, of developmental experiences than their male counterparts'. The results of three complementary experiments suggest that benevolent sexism is negatively related to men's assignment of challenging experiences to female targets but that men and women were equally likely to express interest in challenging experiences. Taken together, these results suggest that stereotype-based beliefs that women should be protected may limit women's exposure to challenging assignments, which in turn may partially explain the underrepresentation of women at the highest levels of organizations.", "label": [5, 48, 50, 55]}
+{"token": "Examining the effect of novelty seeking, satisfaction, and destination image on tourists' return pattern: A two factor, non-linear latent growth model. With many destinations relying on repeat business, intention to revisit has become an important research topic. As revisit intention changes over time, this paper proposes the use of a latent growth curve to model the developmental trajectory of return behavior. The proposed model was tested in two steps in AMOS 16.0 using SEM methodologies to investigate the effects of novelty seeking, destination image and overall satisfaction levels across intent to revisit trajectories using data collected among French, English, and German travelers. Findings indicate that both novelty seeking and low satisfaction among travelers temper immediate intent to return. Conversely, a positive image of the destination enhances both immediate and future intentions to return. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "Molecular investigation on the anomalous phenomenon at liquid desiccant surfaces for air conditioning. It is necessary to disclose the two-phase interphase behavior in the liquid desiccant dehumidifier/regenerator applicable for air conditioning, but the present investigation is far from enough. In this paper, the surface structure of liquid desiccant solution is analyzed by molecular dynamics simulations. LiBr-H2O is chosen as the working solution with a concentration of 1 M and the system model is built with Gromacs. System temperatures vary from 300 to 350 K covering the temperature range of liquid desiccant dehumidification and regeneration. Density profiles of ions and water molecules are plotted along the vertical directions, and their distribution preferences on the solution surface are discussed. With the molecular simulation, it is found there is an ions-vapor layer with a thickness of 6-9 angstrom between the saturated vapor and bulk solution, which is not shown in the traditional macroscopic models. The results show that the density of water remains stable in the bulk while decreases sharply on the solution surface. However, the salt ions, i.e. Li+ and Br-, have a peak density on the surface. This ions-vapor layer behaves like a buffer to transfer water molecules from/to the bulk solution. More research will be required to investigate how to control the ions-vapor layer, so that air dehumidification and solution regeneration can be easily operated, which provides significant energy savings for the liquid desiccant air conditioning.", "label": [1, 4, 17, 35]}
+{"token": "How institutional designs condition perceived local political leadership. This article aims to test whether local governments can enhance the elected councillors' perceived political leadership by changing the institutional design that conditions their ability to define problems that call for collective action, design policy solutions and mobilise support for their implementation. The study draws on new research on political leadership and institutional design and data from surveys conducted in Denmark and Norway. The analytical framework distinguishes between four different but overlapping institutional design strategies, and the main finding is that institutional designs aiming to enhance executive, collective or distributive political leadership are associated with an increase in perceived political leadership, whereas - surprisingly - institutional designs aiming to enhance interactive political leadership are not. Upon closer inspection, however, the impact of interactive institutional designs on political leadership seems to be conditioned on whether the power relation between politicians and administrators is balanced or unbalanced.", "label": [5, 52, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "Molecular and Clinical Investigation of Cystinuria in the Greek-Cypriot Population. Background and Aims: Cystinuria represents 3% of nephrolithiasis in humans. Two genes have been identified as the main genetic causes of cystinuria, SLC3A1 and SLC7A9, with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. In the present study, we studied for the first time, genetically and clinically, all the cystinuric families identified so far in the Greek-Cypriot population.Methods: Discovery of mutations was performed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-single analysis and DNA resequencing. New families were investigated through PCR-RFLPs. Clinical data were collected through the hospital patients' records and analytical follow-up of the families.Results and Discussion: We found a total of five mutations in 28 Greek-Cypriot cystinuric patients belonging in 12 families. The most frequent mutation among the 28 Greek-Cypriot patients is the SLC3A1-p.T216M, which is also the second most frequent mutation in Europe, representing a genetic founder effect. Sixteen of the 28 patients are homozygous for this mutation. Even though a consanguinity loop was obvious in only one family, other patients were from families in small villages where endogamy was practiced for many centuries. Timely clinical and genetic diagnosis, accompanied by early treatment, is significant for the good health of most of our patients. Only approximate to 14% of them developed chronic renal failure, and only one reached end-stage renal disease (ESRD).Conclusion: Five SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 mutations appear to be responsible for the genetic basis of cystinuria in the Greek-Cypriot patients; having such a limited number of causative mutations will simplify diagnostics for this population.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "Antiwear properties of lard methyl esters and rapeseed oil with commercial ashless additives. Effectiveness of lubricity additives in base oils from renewable resources is often different than that in mineral oils. Low erucic Rapeseed Oil (RO) and Lard oil Methyl Esters (LME) were fortified with commercial ash-less additives. A fully formulated additive package with S, P and N containing lubricity enhancers and other functional ingredients was evaluated along with two commercial high molecular weight esters in Four Ball tribotester. Without additives, both oils showed poor antiwear properties. However, after selecting the most appropriate additives, performance of LME and RO under 150 N load was similar to that of a more viscous commercial lubricant. Under 300N load the lubricity of RO with these additives was significantly better than that of LME or the commercial lubricant. This is confirmed by wear scar diameters, torque and temperature increase. Antiwear properties of the selected additive formulations were clearly better than those of a commercially widespread vegetable oil based chain saw lubricant, suggesting that current formulation technology of biolubricants can be significanly improved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Inhibitory effects of methanolic Olea europaea and acetonic Acacia laeta on growth of Babesia and Theileria. Results: The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of AAL against B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens, B. caballi, and Theileria equi were lower than those of MOE extracts. Toxicity assay on Madin-Darby bovine kidney, mouse embryonic fibroblast (NIH/3T3), and human foreskin fibroblast cell lines showed that MOE and AAL affected only the viability of Madin-Darby bovine kidney cell line with half maximal effective concentrations (EC50) of (794.7 +/- 41.9) and (873.9 +/- 17.5) mu g/mL, respectively. The oral treatments of MOE and AAL at 150 mg/kg inhibited the growth of B. microti in mice by 80.4% and 64.4%, respectively. The MOE and diminazene aceturate combination showed a higher chemotherapeutic effect than that of monotherapy.Conclusions: MOE and AAL have the potential to be an alternative remedy for treating piroplasmosis. Furthermore, the combination therapy of MOE + DA was more potent against B. microti infection in mice than their monotherapies.Objective: To evaluate the antipiroplasmic activities of methanolic extract of Olea europaea (MOE) and acetonic extract of Acacia laeta (AAL) against Babesia and Theileria parasites in vitro and evaluate the chemotherapeutic effects of these extracts against Babesia (B.) microti in vivo.Methods: Fluorescence assay using SYBR Green 1 nucleic acid stain was used to detect inhibitory effects of the two extracts as well as the combination effects of the two extracts with diminazene aceturate and atovaquone on four Babesia species and Theileria equi in vitro while for in vivo experiments, 8-weekold female BALB/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with 1 x 10(7) B. microti-iRBCs and treated orally at a dose of 150 mg/kg of both extracts.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "Covers in the lattice of varieties of m-groups. We consider some questions on covers in the lattice of varieties of m-groups. We prove the existence of a nonabelian cover of the smallest nontrivial variety of m-groups. We show that there exists an uncountable set of o-approximable varieties of m-groups each of which has continuum many o-approximable covers. In the lattice of o-approximable varieties of m-groups we find a variety that has no covers in this variety and no independent basis of identities.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Polymorphisms in the FCN2 gene determine serum variation and function of Ficolin-2. The ficolin 1, 2 and 3 (derived from the FCN1, 2 and 3 genes, respectively) are homologous soluble pattern recognition molecules of importance for innate immunity, comprising collagen-like and fibrinogen-like domains, binding to sugar groups on different types of microorganisms. Serum concentration of Ficolin-2 varies considerably in healthy individuals. Thus, we speculated whether this could be due to variations in the FCN2 gene. We sequenced the promoter region and the exons and intron-exon boundaries of FCN2 in Danish Caucasians. For comparison, FCN1 and FCN3 were also investigated. Ficolin-2 concentrations were measured in serum and the functional relevance of amino acid substituting polymorphisms in FCN2 was investigated by binding to and recovery from N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). Both FCN1 and FCN2 contained polymorphisms in the promoters and structural parts of the genes, but only polymorphisms in FCN2 resulted in amino acid exchanges. FCN2 promoter polymorphisms were associated with marked changes in the Ficolin-2 serum concentration, whereas two polymorphisms clustered in the exon encoding the fibrinogen-like domain were associated with increased and decreased GlcNAc binding, respectively. In FCN3, only a single frame-shift deletion in exon 5 was detected. These results show that the FCN genes are polymorphic and that particularly FCN2 harbors functional polymorphic sites that regulate both the expression as well as the function of Ficolin-2, which may have pathophysiological implications for innate immunity.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "FRAGMENTATION AND TRADE OF MACHINERY PARTS AND COMPONENTS IN MEKONG REGION. This paper examines the trade of machinery parts and components between Thailand and the other Mekong countries though gravity model, for the purpose of assessing the existing production networks in Mekong region by applying fragmentation theory. The findings are: First, the evolution of production networks between Thailand and Vietnam was identified in terms of their two-way trade integration. Second, the trade intensity between Thailand and Vietnam was explained by the fragmentation factors, i.e., their gaps in per capita GDP and the relatively lower service-link costs in Vietnam. Third, the trade less-integration of Thailand with Cambodia and Myanmar was explained by their higher service-link costs.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Co-Creation with Consumers for Packaging Design Validated through Implicit and Explicit Methods: Exploratory Effect of Visual and Textual Attributes. Packaging is no longer a mere structural element that only aims to preserve foods, but it is also a powerful marketing tool able to affect product perception, purchase decision and consumers' food choices. Incorporating consumers' voices into packaging design through co-creation could maximise its impact on the market. The main goal of this exploratory study was to test the usefulness of co-creation with consumers for packaging design. For that purpose, a survey with 200 Spanish participants was conducted to find out which of the presented visual and textual packaging attributes were the most appropriate. A validation study with 40 participants using implicit (eye tracker, galvanic skin response and automatic facial expression analysis) and explicit measurements was used to test the packaging co-created by consumers against some of its possible competitors in the market. The co-creation process with consumers allowed for the identification of the visual and textual attributes, among the available options, that best fit their preferences, whereas the validation process confirmed that the packaging design co-created by consumers was equally or even preferred over the competitors. The information gathered might help designers and marketers to guide the packaging design for fish products in the Spanish market.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Effects of the Manual Therapy Approach of Segments C0-1 and C2-3 in the Flexion-Rotation Test in Patients with Chronic Neck Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Background: Flexion-rotation test predominantly measures rotation in C1-2 segment. Restriction in flexion-rotation may be due to direct limitation in C1-2, but also to a premature tightening of the alar ligament as a result of lack of movement in C0-1 or C2-3. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of a 20-min single cervical exercise session, with or without manual therapy of C0-1 and C2-3 segment in flexion-rotation test, in patients with chronic neck pain and positive flexion-rotation test. Methods: Randomized controlled clinical trial in 48 subjects (24 manual therapy+exercise/24 exercise). Range of motion and pain during flexion-rotation test, neck pain intensity and active cervical range of motion were measured before and after the intervention. Results: Significant differences were found in favour of the manual therapy group in the flexion-rotation test: right (p < 0.001) and left rotation (p < 0.001); pain during the flexion-rotation test: right (p < 0.001) and left rotation (p < 0.001); neck pain intensity: (p < 0.001); cervical flexion (p < 0.038), extension (p < 0.010), right side-bending (p < 0.035), left side-bending (p < 0.002), right rotation (p < 0.001), and left rotation (p < 0.006). Conclusions: Addition of one C0-C1 and C2-C3 manual therapy session to cervical exercise can immediately improve flexion-rotation test and cervical range of motion and reduce pain intensity.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "Hypoxia upregulates the expression of the NDRG1 gene leading to its overexpression in various human cancers. Results: Hypoxia and its mimetics induce in vitro expression of NDRG1 gene and cause the accumulation of Ndrg1 protein. Protein levels remain high even after cells revert to normoxia. Although HIF-1 is involved in the regulation of NDRG1, long term hypoxia induces the gene to some extent in HIF-1 knock-out cells. In the majority of human tissues studied, Ndrg1 protein is overexpressed in cancers compared to normal tissues and also reflects tumour hypoxia better than HIF-1 protein.Background: The expression of NDRG1 gene is induced by nickel, a transition metal sharing similar physical properties to cobalt. Nickel may create hypoxia-like conditions in cells and induce hypoxia-responsive genes, as does cobalt. Therefore NDRG1 is likely to be another gene induced by hypoxia. HIF-1 is a transcription factor which has a major role in the regulation of hypoxia-responsive genes, and thus it could be involved in the transcriptional regulation of NDRG1 gene. Hypoxia is such a common feature of solid tumours that it is of interest to investigate the expression of Ndrg1 protein in human cancers.Conclusions: Hypoxia is an inducer of the NDRG1 gene, and nickel probably causes the induction of the gene by interacting with the oxygen sensory pathway. Hypoxic induction of NDRG1 is mostly dependent on the HIF-1 transcription factor, but HIF-1 independent pathways are also involved in the regulation of the gene during chronic hypoxia. The determination of Ndrg1 protein levels in cancers may aid the diagnosis of the disease.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Perceived implementation of the Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Services (OASAS) tobacco-free regulation in NY State and clinical practice behaviors to support tobacco cessation: A repeated cross-sectional study. This study measured substance use disorder clinicians' perceptions regarding the implementation extensiveness of the Office of Alcohol and Substance Abuse Services (OASAS) tobacco-free regulation, passed in New York State in July of 2008, at three time-points and across organizations with varying characteristics. Repeated cross-sectional data were collected from clinicians approximately 4 months pre-regulation (time 0, n = 362), 10-12 months post-regulation (time 1, n = 462), and 20-24 months post-regulation (time 2, n = 509). Clinician perceptions of implementation extensiveness (number of required policies in effect), use of tobacco cessation-related intake procedures, and use of guideline recommended counseling for treating tobacco dependence are significantly greater at time 1 and time 2 compared to time 0. Additionally, differences are found in perceived implementation extensiveness based on hospital-based status, profit status; and level of care offered, although the pattern of effects differed some over the three time-points under investigation. (c) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 55]}
+{"token": "Monastere et societe : les echanges entre le monastere et la societe dans le contexte des restitutions des biens ecclesiaux. In 1990 the Cistercian monastery of Vyssi Brod in Czech Republic again welcomed monks within its walls after four decades of absence during the communist regime. The reestablishment of monastic life brought new negotiations about the position of the monastery in society. The Cistercian community seeks to revive the place as the place of Cistercian spirituality. Exploring the different layers of memory related to the monastery, we analyse the heterogenous aims in reasserting the monastery in its social environment.", "label": [3, 5, 33, 57]}
+{"token": "Use of nonvitamin, nonmineral dietary supplements among college students. The authors assessed the use of nonvitamin, nonmineral (NVNM) dietary supplements in a college population. They found that the use of NVNM dietary supplements among college students might be higher than that of other population groups and that the types of NVNM products they use differ from those used by an older population. Of the 272 students who completed the questionnaire, 48.5% reported they took an NVNM supplement during the past 12 months. The most frequently used NVNM products were echinacea, ginseng, and St John's wort. Of the 27 students who took NVNM products to promote weight loss, 81.5% had body mass index (BMI) values in the acceptable range. Eleven of the 19 participants who reported an adverse reaction to an NVNM supplement continued to take the products despite negative effects. Users and nonusers of NVNM supplements did not differ significantly by age, ethnicity, gender, perceived dietary adequacy, or by exercise patterns.", "label": [2, 5, 53, 24]}
+{"token": "Evil and Fascination in Macbeth. Shakespeare's Macbeth is permeated with dark forces of subversion which tempt and pull the protagonist into their orbit. Central to his descent into evil and tyranny are the weird sisters, who not only have malice in themselves but are able to project it into Macbeth's mind and soul through the power of fascination.Thus, he is made to lose his autonomy and becomes a 'walking shadow'.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Load test of a plain concrete arch railway bridge of 20-m span. To evaluate the remaining strength of a plain concrete arch bridge, dynamic and static load test was carried out. In the static test, up to 7300 kN of weight was applied, and in the dynamic test, a 1200 kN locomotive was used. The bridge demonstrated relatively stiff and strong response.. despite initiation of enormous cracks, and it yielded under load levels much greater than the service load. The performance could be compared to a multi-layered continuous structure rather than to an arch form. The study showed that tile bridge still enjoyed relatively large strength reserve and proper dynamic performance, despite deep and wide cracks, suffering from carbonation, and being more than 60-year old. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "The religious factor in the integration of immigrants in Spain. The analysis of immigration in Spain is neither restricted to matters such as religion, nor to the encounter between natives and immigrants. In this article, this relationship is evaluated using data from a quantitative study where the importance of religion as a factor of integration is investigated. Majority of migrants who reside in Spain declare themselves to be believers and practitioners of their religion and, after a time living in Spain for an extended period, still maintain their beliefs, although not all. The study also investigates their value system, the value of the coexistence and their religious practices. We conclude that religion is an important part of personal identity and, therefore, a factor of social integration for immigrants.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Human Rights and Communicability: the Universal Declaration as Text. To what extent does the textual condition of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 (UDHR) affect its public status and the universal range of the question it raises, namely, the humanity in man and his rights? This article aims at exemplifying the contribution of a philosophy of communication (extended from dialogue to text) to the field of discourse analysis and argumentation. We will apprehend the text of the UDHR as a communicative relationship established in the rhetorical framework of a message to an audience. After having shown the importance of the \\\\'duty of dialogue\\\\' for approaching human rights (Ethics of discussion; New Rhetoric), the article highlights the importance of integrating dialogical analysis into text analysis in order to restore their full size to the concepts of \\\\'meaning\\\\', \\\\'dialogism\\\\' and \\\\'communicability\\\\', quite limited in the dominant theories of discourse, but also to extend them to the text considered as virtual public communication. Textuality is thus understood as a relation of common questioning between an author and a reader invited to settle in the \\\\'world of the text\\\\', based on categories stating what is to be sought for or promoted in the real world. The analysis is grounded on the assumption that the Declaration constitutes a communication in absentia between its pragmatic instances: a responsible Authority and a Readership extended to the dimension of humanity, questioned in the text as a \\\\'public matter\\\\' (res publica). The article claims that the possible world built by the UDHR is based on the categorical question of an essential human reality, questioned in an existence always threatened by inhumanity, and to which an answer is brought by rights defined as categorical propositions. This textual form supports the declarative effect as well as the public communicability of human rights, therefore their possible universality.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "COMPENSATION AND CONTINUITY. This article examines accounts of the moral basis of compensatory duties that explain such duties as the continuation, in some way, of the pre-wrong normative situation. I identify, contrast, and assess three versions of this view-duty continuity, right continuity, and reasons continuity. I argue that each version is defensible, once properly articulated. The article responds to a range of objections to these views that have not received much critical attention by their proponents.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Transforming Discipleship Missiological Reflections. Although not explicitly tied, the terms \\\\'transforming\\\\' and \\\\'discipleship\\\\' relate directly to and fruitfully qualify each other in the most important recent documents in contemporary missiology. Together they frame a profoundly rooted and deeply relevant notion of discipleship that ties the personal commitment of Christians to the larger Christian communion, work for justice, and the very fabric of our evolving universe.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Dispersal limitation inferred from an experimental translocation of Lomatium (Apiaceae) species outside their geographic ranges. Determining limitations on poleward range expansion is important for predicting how climate change will alter the distribution of species. For most species, it is not known what factors set their distributional limits and the role dispersal limitation might play if range-limiting factors were altered. We conducted a transplant study of three related and co-occurring Lomatium species at their northern range limits to test competing hypotheses of range limitation. We added seeds to experimental plots inside and outside the species' geographic range (a regional treatment) in a replicated design with vegetation intact and vegetation reduced (a disturbance treatment) and with herbivore access and herbivore exclusion (an herbivory treatment). Germination and reemergence were measured through two growing seasons, along with community-level variables. A fully-crossed linear mixed model revealed that Lomatium survivorship outside the current range was as good or better than survivorship within the range, at least when the vegetative community remained intact. This suggests that the species are dispersal limited. Germination often was improved in the presence of an intact vegetative community, but this potentially facilitative effect was absent in second-year reemergence. Plots exposed to herbivory had slightly, but significantly, reduced germination, though reemergence did not differ between herbivore treatments. Lomatium dissectum, a rare species, had significantly lower survivorship than its congeners, suggesting that range shifts in rare taxa may be particularly difficult. Seed additions beyond species' range limits may be a strategy for overcoming dispersal limitation and assisting species in poleward migrations.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Long-term exercising video-endoscopic examination of the upper airway following laryngoplasty surgery: A prospective cross-sectional study of 41 horses. Methods: Horses undergoing LP during a 6-year period at one hospital were initially included. Those available for re-examination were exercised for a duration and intensity considered maximal for their discipline using an over-ground endoscope. Resting and exercising laryngeal and pharyngeal videos were analysed blindly. Multivariable analysis was used to test associations between resting and exercising endoscopic variables, and also between endoscopic variables and owner questionnaire findings.Reasons for performing study: To investigate upper respiratory tract function in horses, previously undergoing laryngoplasty (LP), using exercising video-endoscopy.Objectives: To evaluate arytenoid abduction and stability, diagnose any concurrent upper airway problems, and correlate these with the owners' perception of success.Results: Forty-one horses were included and 78% had a form of upper airway collapse at exercise, with 41% having complex forms, despite 93% of owners reporting the surgery to have been beneficial. Horses with poor abduction (grades 4 or 5/5) were 6 times more likely to make respiratory noise compared with those with good (grades 2 or 3/5) abduction (P = 0.020; 95% confidence interval [ CI] 1.3-27.0), and those not having a ventriculectomy were 4.9 times more likely to produce respiratory noise post operatively (P = 0.048; 95% CI 1.0-23.9). Palatal dysfunction was observed in 24% of horses at rest, and 56% at exercise, with the diagnosis at rest and exercise significantly associated (P = 0.001). Increasing severity of pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia (prevalence 61%) was significantly associated with increasing arytenoid abduction (P = 0.01). Thirty-four per cent of horses had aryepiglottic fold collapse and 22% of horses had vocal fold collapse.Conclusions: Many horses that had previously had LP were diagnosed with upper airway abnormalities, despite the procedure being considered as beneficial by most owners.Potential relevance: When investigating cases of ongoing respiratory noise or poor performance following LP, exercising endoscopy must be considered. Continued respiratory noise may be associated with poor arytenoid abduction and not performing concurrent ventriculectomy.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Non-motor phenotypic subgroups in adult-onset idiopathic, isolated, focal cervical dystonia. Background: Non-motor symptoms are well established phenotypic components of adult-onset idiopathic, isolated, focal cervical dystonia (AOIFCD). However, improved understanding of their clinical heterogeneity is needed to better target therapeutic intervention. Here, we examine non-motor phenotypic features to identify possible AOIFCD subgroups. Methods: Participants diagnosed with AOIFCD were recruited via specialist neurology clinics (dystonia wales: n = 114, dystonia coalition: n = 183). Non-motor assessment included psychiatric symptoms, pain, sleep disturbance, and quality of life, assessed using self-completed questionnaires or face-to-face assessment. Both cohorts were analyzed independently using Cluster, and Bayesian multiple mixed model phenotype analyses to investigate the relationship between non-motor symptoms and determine evidence of phenotypic subgroups. Results: Independent cluster analysis of the two cohorts suggests two predominant phenotypic subgroups, one consisting of approximately a third of participants in both cohorts, experiencing increased levels of depression, anxiety, sleep impairment, and pain catastrophizing, as well as, decreased quality of life. The Bayesian approach reinforced this with the primary axis, which explained the majority of the variance, in each cohort being associated with psychiatric symptomology, and also sleep impairment and pain catastrophizing in the Dystonia Wales cohort. Conclusions: Non-motor symptoms accompanying AOIFCD parse into two predominant phenotypic sub-groups, with differences in psychiatric symptoms, pain catastrophizing, sleep quality, and quality of life. Improved understanding of these symptom groups will enable better targeted pathophysiological investigation and future therapeutic intervention.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 55]}
+{"token": "Relations between heavy metals in aquatic sediments and in Chironomus larvae of Belgian lowland rivers and their morphological deformities. Levels of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn were measured in fourth-instar Chironomus gr. thummi and in three sediment fractions of Belgian lowland rivers, extracted with 1 M NH4-acetate, 1 M HCl, and 70% HNO3-30% H2O2. The percentages of deformed larvae and the mean population severities (MPS) of deformity for the head structures were compared by means of Pearson and linear and polynomial regressions against the metal concentrations in the different compartments. All correlations found were positive. Mentum deformities correlated with all lead fractions (MPS) and the larval copper fraction (percent deformed), while the pecten epipharyngis deformities correlated with the sediment lead fractions and the HCl fraction of copper. Premandible deformities correlated with the copper sediment HNO3-H2O2 fraction and with extreme values of cadmium and zinc. The study demonstrated a variety of deformity response curves to trace metals. At one site, higher lead concentrations were found in larvae with a deformed mentum, compared with normal larvae. Mentum deformities appeared to be potential predictors of lead levels in the sediments and the larvae, while pecten epipharyngis deformities may be an indicator of lead and copper in the sediments.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
+{"token": "Reliability Evaluation for Copper/Low-k Structures Based on Experimental and Numerical Methods. Bump shear is widely used to characterize the interfacial strength of Cu/low-k structures. In this paper, the blanket low-k structure was used to evaluate the reliability and strength of Cu/low-k structures based on experiment and finite-element modeling technique. The objectives of this paper are to determine the critical stress parameters for low-k interfaces with different low-k structures, to understand the failure mechanism, and to improve low-k structure reliability by optimizing some parameters. In this paper, a comprehensive parametric study was carried out. Such parameters include the effect of three different low-k structures, high-Pb solder bump versus Pb-free solder bump, different under bump metallization (UBM) thicknesses, barrier-layer material elastic modulus, and shear ram height on low-k structure reliability. The simulation findings can be summarized as follows. The critical stress decreases with the number of layers of low-k structure. An Sn-Ag solder bump results in a higher shear force and stress than a high-Pb solder bump. Reducing the UBM thickness can help improve the low-k structure reliability.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35]}
+{"token": "Globalization and women's paid work: Expanding freedom?. In Development as Freedom, Amartya Sen takes expanding freedom to be the primary end and the principal means of development. I discuss his emphasis on women's agency as central to development theory and practice and the strategies he advocates for enhancing it. Recent work in feminist economics and postcolonial studies tests Sen's complex account of freedom. Further levels of complexity need to be added when we examine how global forces of power interact with local systems of oppression in ways that often limit women's freedom. This argument rests on an analysis of how globalization affects a domain of freedom that is a central concern for Sen, that of increasing women's freedom to work outside the home as a way of strengthening their agency. Attending to elements missing in Sen's account will enhance freedom in women's lives.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
+{"token": "Addressing the agricultural financing gap in Malaysia via Manihah Agricultural Financing Model: will Islamic banks go the extra mile?. Purpose This paper introduces the concept of manihah and develops a conceptual framework to address Malaysia's abandoned lands and food security issues. Design/methodology/approach This is a conceptual paper based on insights from the existing literature and secondary data on food security, abandoned lands and manihah. Based on the prevailing gaps, the study proposes a conceptual framework of the Manihah Agricultural Financing Model to address Malaysia's abandoned land and food security issues. Findings The proposed model can address abandoned lands and food security issues due to the new incorporation of manihah within Malaysia's agricultural and Islamic financial industries' milieu. Research limitations/implications This is a conceptual paper mainly intended to spark a discussion on the potentiality of manihah. Practical implications The paper contends that Islamic banks have a crucial role in furthering the socio-economic development agenda under the value-based intermediation (VBI). The paper will also be an excellent introduction to Islamic bank practitioners in understanding manihah's relevance to their daily operation. Originality/value This paper introduces manihah as the potential solution to food security issues by utilizing abandoned lands.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Incubation period of typhoidal salmonellosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of outbreaks and experimental studies occurring over the last century. Background: Salmonella Typhi is a human pathogen that causes typhoid fever. It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries and is responsible for several outbreaks in developed countries. Studying certain parameters of the pathogen, such as the incubation period, provides a better understanding of its pathophysiology and its characteristics within a population. Outbreak investigations and human experimental studies provide an avenue to study these relevant parameters.Results: We identified thirteen studies to be included in the review and extracted raw incubation period data from eleven. The value of I-2 was 84% and the proportion of KS test p-values that were less than 0.05 was 63.6% indicating high heterogeneity not due to chance. We identified vaccine history and attack rates as factors that may be associated with incubation period, although these were not significant in the multivariable analysis (p-value: 0.1). From the hierarchical clustering analysis, we classified the studies into five subgroups. The mean incubation period of the subgroups ranged from 9.7 days to 21.2 days. Outbreaks reporting cases with previous vaccination history were clustered in a single subgroup and reported the longest incubation period.Methods: In this study, the authors have undertaken a systematic review of outbreak investigation reports and experimental studies, extracted reported data, tested for heterogeneity, identified subgroups of studies with limited evidence of heterogeneity between them and identified factors that may contribute to the distribution of incubation period. Following identification of relevant studies, we extracted both raw and summary incubation data. We tested for heterogeneity by deriving the value of I-2 and conducting a KS-test to compare the distribution between studies. We performed a linear regression analysis to identify the factors associated with incubation period and using the resulting p-values from the KS-test, we conducted a hierarchical cluster analysis to classify studies with limited evidence of heterogeneity into subgroups.Conclusions: We identified attack rate and previous vaccination as possible associating factors, however further work involving analyses of individual patient data and developing mathematical models is needed to confirm these as well as examine additional factors that have not been included in our study.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "Salmon lice nauplii and copepodids display different vertical migration patterns in response to light. Light is a fundamental environmental cue which influences the migration of many marine organisms. For the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis, light is believed to drive the diel vertical migration behaviour of their planktonic larvae. Salmon lice are of critical importance to the salmonid industry due to the damage they cause to wild and farmed hosts. Salmon lice larvae have an eyespot and are positively phototactic, yet how light intensity alters their vertical distribution remains unclear. Here, we tested how light intensity (0, 0.5, 10 and 80 mu mol m(-2) s(-1)), dispersal duration (1, 4 and 12 h) and release point (surface or bottom) influenced the vertical migration of salmon lice nauplii and copepodids under controlled conditions in experimental columns. Overall, higher light intensity increased the proportion of nauplii that aggregated at the surface. Copepodid behaviour differed from that of nauplii, as they swam upwards in both light and fully dark conditions, and surface aggregations increased with dispersal duration. Results from the experiments did not support the existing view that light strongly influences the vertical position of copepodids in the water column. Combined with previous work, our results reveal that salmon lice larval stages display different vertical responses to light, temperature and salinity, which may be explained by the different strategies of nauplii (maximise survival and dispersal) and copepodids (maximise host-finding success). Our results have implications for salmon lice dispersal models, where responses of copepodids and nauplii to light are currently parametrised by the same equations. Implementing stage-specific behaviours towards light may improve the outputs of dispersal models.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
+{"token": "Extreme movement by an American black bear in New Mexico and Colorado. The American black bear (Ursus americanus) is highly adaptable and can move long distances in short periods of time. The advent of Global Positioning System (GPS) equipped telemetry equipment allows researchers to gather data on highly mobile animals with improved temporal and spatial resolution over standard telemetry equipment. We used a GPS-equipped radiocollar to document one of the longest non-dispersing movements of a black bear in New Mexico and Colorado (USA) during July 2011 May 2012, which is atypical because previously documented movements were generally associated with dispersal events. This adult male bear traveled a straight-line distance of 282.2 km (cumulative distance of 1,482.8 km) from the capture site. The bear made this long-distance movement in 304 days. It is unclear how common this type of movement is, but movements of this magnitude can potentially influence genetic diversity, recolonization potential, and have implications for managers in setting harvest regulations.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "How Large and Long-lasting Are the Persuasive Effects of Televised Campaign Ads? Results from a Randomized Field Experiment. We report the results of the first large-scale experiment involving paid political advertising. During the opening months of a 2006 gubernatorial campaign, approximately $2 million of television and radio advertising on behalf of the incumbent candidate was deployed experimentally. In each experimental media market, the launch date and volume of television advertising were randomly assigned. In order to gauge movement in public opinion, a tracking poll conducted brief telephone interviews with approximately 1,000 registered voters each day and a brief follow-up one month after the conclusion of the television campaign. Results indicate that televised ads have strong but short-lived effects on voting preferences. The ephemeral nature of these effects is more consistent with psychological models of priming than with models of on-line processing.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "A homologous salmonid leptin radioimmunoassay indicates elevated plasma leptin levels during fasting of rainbow trout. The present study was conducted to establish a homologous radioimmunoassay (RIA) for quantifying plasma leptin (Lep) levels in salmonid species, and to study Lep levels in relation to nutritional status. A part of the Lep peptide, a 14 amino acid long sequence, identical between a Salmo and an Oncorhynchus species was synthesised. Polyclonal antibodies were raised in rabbit against this antigen and both were subsequently used in the development of a RIA protocol for assessing plasma Lep levels. The limit of detection of the assay was 0.3 nM, and intra- and interassay coefficient of variation (CV) were 8.4% and 13%, respectively. Apart from Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout, the assay exhibits measuring parallelism for a range of fish species, including arctic char, Atlantic cod and turbot, suggesting that the established RIA is useful for quantifying Lep levels in several fish species. The RIA indicates that Lep is found in salmonid plasma at levels of 0.5-5 nM, which is comparable with other peptide hormones, and well within the measuring range of the RIA. A study of fed and fasted rainbow trout showed elevated plasma Lep levels during fasting. In addition there was no correlation between Lep levels and condition factor. These data suggest that the relation between circulating Lep levels and energy status differs from that in mammals. While Lep is linked to energy balance, it may not act as an adiposity signal in salmonids, possibly pointing to functional divergence among ectothermic and endothermic vertebrates. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 47]}
+{"token": "Estimating the length of incomplete long bones: Forensic standards from Guatemala. We report on new standards for estimating long bone length from incomplete bones for use in forensic and archaeological contexts in Central America. The measurements we use closely follow those defined by Steele ([1970] Personal Identification in Mass Disasters; Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution), but we add several new landmarks. We measured the femur, humerus, tibia, and fibula of 100 Maya skeletons (68 males, 32 females) recovered from forensic exhumations. We derived the equations by regressing bone segment length on bone length, and solved for bone length to maximize the utility of the equations for taller populations. We generated equations for all segments that were significantly correlated with bone length for males, for females, and for both sexes combined, but accepted only regressions with r(2) > 0.85 as reliable. Landmarks defined by muscle attachment sites were more variable in location than landmarks on articular architecture; thus we retained few equations that use these landmarks. We tested the male and combined sex equations on 36 males of unknown ethnicity exhumed from a military base in Guatemala, and found that the equations performed satisfactorily. We also evaluated the performance of equations by Steele ([1970] Personal Identification in Mass Disasters; Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution) and Jacobs ([1992] Am J Phys Anthropol 89:333-345) on the Maya bones, and conclude that significant population variation in long bone proportions hinders their application in Central America. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [4, 5, 56, 42]}
+{"token": "Near-shore distribution and abundance of dolphins along the West Coast of the South Island, New Zealand. Compared to other stretches of the New Zealand coast, very little is known about the cetacean fauna off the West Coast of the South Island. The purpose of this paper is to describe the near-shore distribution and abundance of dolphins in that area by summarising the results of two major studies. Between February 1995 and February 1997, 97 day trips were undertaken from Westport, Greymouth, and Jackson Bay in a small boat to survey the near-shore distribution of dolphins. Between July 1994 and February 1997, 283 field days were spent on the water in Doubtful Sound studying the local bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) population of c. 63 individuals. At the same time, three longer surveys were undertaken into other fiords of Fiordland which indicated the presence of further populations. Altogether, five delphinid species were recorded in various abundances. Small-medium-sized groups of Hector's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus hectori) with 1-60 individuals were observed in almost all areas of Westland in winter as well as in summer. Maximum densities peaked at 5-18 individuals per nautical mile of coastline between Cape Foulwind and Hokitika. Dusky and common dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus and Delphinus delphis) occurred almost exclusively in summer in groups of 2-150 individuals, often with calves, especially at Cape Foulwind and Jackson Head. Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and killer whales (Orcinus orca) were observed rarely off Westland, but occurred more frequently in Fiordland.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45, 39]}
+{"token": "Heidegger and scientific realism. This paper describes Heidegger as a robust scientific realist, explains why his view has received such conflicting treatment, and concludes that the special significance of his position lies in his insistence upon linking the discussion of science to the question of his relation with technology. It shows that Heidegger, rather than accepting the usual forced option between realism and antirealism, advocates a realism in which he embeds the antirealist thesis that the idea of reality independent of human understanding is unintelligible. This reading is defended against Rorty's antirealist interpretation, as well as Dreyfus' depiction of him as a deflationary realist, and his assessment of background realism is contrasted with Fine's. Further, the robustness of Heidegger's realism is laid out across several texts from 1912 to 1976, in order to show that he is neither an instrumental realist nor an internal realist. Finally, the point is made that the development of his view concerning realism gives rise to a critique of objectivity that is now being similarly advocated by numerous thinkers from a variety of disciplines, and that this critique is inevitably ethical and political.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Expanding chemical diversity of conotoxins: Peptoid-peptide chimeras of the sodium channel blocker mu-KIIIA and its selenopeptide analogues. The mu-conotoxin KIIIA is a three disulfide-bridged blocker of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs). The Lys(7) residue in KIIIA is an attractive target for manipulating the selectivity and efficacy of this peptide. Here, we report the design and chemical synthesis of mu-conopeptoid analogues (peptomers) in which we replaced Lys(7) with peptoid monomers of increasing side-chain size: N-methylglycine, N-butylglycine and N-octylglycine. In the first series of analogues, the peptide core contained all three disulfide bridges; whereas in the second series, a disulfide-depleted selenoconopeptide core was used to simplify oxidative folding. The analogues were tested for functional activity in blocking the Na(v)1.2 subtype of mammalian VGSCs exogenously expressed in Xenopus oocytes. All six analogues were active, with the N-methylglycine analogue, [Sar(7)]KIIIA, the most potent in blocking the channels while favouring lower efficacy. Our findings demonstrate that the use of N-substituted Gly residues in conotoxins show promise as a tool to optimize their pharmacological properties as potential analgesic drug leads. (C) 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Moral Damages in International Investment Disputes - On the Search for a Legal Basis and Guiding Principles. This article sets out to examine the legal nature of and the requirements for granting moral damages in international (investment) law. In doing so, we will consider various general public international law and investment law cases. We will place a particular emphasis on the former, since they provide a valuable platform for the analysis of the origins of moral damages and an exploration of how international tribunals have dealt with moral damages under different circumstances. The more recent investment arbitration cases provide a useful insight into several controversial issues arising out of the arbitral tribunals' holdings. We will develop a proposal as to how moral damages should be characterized doctrinally and show that nowadays moral damages claims are generally accepted in investment law, despite still existing uncertainties regarding their scope and application.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "A propensity-adjusted comparison of endoscopic endonasal surgery versus transcranial microsurgery for pediatric craniopharyngioma: a single-center study. RESULTS Overall, 51 pediatric craniopharyngioma surgeries were identified in 49 patients, among which 35 were treated with EES and 16 were treated with TCM. The proportion of gross-total resection (GTR) was similar between the groups (94.3% for EES vs 75% for TCM, p = 0.130). TCM was associated with a lower rate of hypogonadism (33.3% vs 64.7%, p = 0.042) and a higher rate of growth hormone deficiency (73.3% vs 26.5%, p = 0.002), permanent diabetes insipidus (DI) (60.0% vs 29.4%, p = 0.043), and panhypopituitarism (80.0% vs 47.1%, p = 0.032) at the last follow-up. CSF leakage only occurred in the EES group, with no significant difference observed between the groups (p > 0.99). TCM significantly increased the risk of worsened visual outcomes (25.0% vs 0.0%, p = 0.012). However, TCM was associated with a significantly longer median duration of follow-up (66.0 vs 40.5 months, p = 0.007) and a significantly lower rate of preoperative hypogonadism (18.8% vs 60.0%, p = 0.006). The propensity-adjusted analysis revealed no difference in the rate of recurrence, hypogonadism, or permanent DI. Additionally, EES was associated with a lower median gain in BMI (1.5 kg/m(2) vs 7.5 kg/m(2), p = 0.046) and better hypothalamic function (58.3% vs 8.3%, p = 0.027) at the last follow-up.METHODS The data of pediatric patients with craniopharyngiomas who underwent surgery between February 2009 and June 2021 at a single center were retrospectively reviewed. All included cases were divided into EES and TCM groups according to the treatment modality received. The baseline characteristics of patients were compared between the groups, as well as surgical results, perioperative complications, and long-term outcomes. To control for confounding factors, propensity-adjusted analysis was performed.CONCLUSIONS Compared with TCM, EES was associated with a superior visual outcome, better endocrinological and hypothalamic function, and less BMI gain, but comparable rates of GTR, recurrence, and perioperative complications. These findings have indicated that EES is a safe and effective surgical modality and can be a viable alternative to TCM for pediatric midline craniopharyngiomas.OBJECTIVE When comparing endoscopic endonasal surgery (EES) and transcranial microsurgery (TCM) for adult and mixed-age population craniopharyngiomas, EES has become an alternative to TCM. To date, studies comparing EES and TCM for pediatric craniopharyngiomas are sparse. In this study, the authors aimed to compare postoperative complications and surgical outcomes between EES and TCM for pediatric craniopharyngiomas.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Genotypic prevalence of apxIV in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae field isolates. A total of 90 Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae field strains from pigs were serotyped by slide agglutination and analyzed for the presence of the apxIV gene by polymerase chain reaction. Of the 90 isolates serotyped, serotypes 2 (47 isolates) and 5 (25 isolates) were the most common, followed by serotype 6 (10 isolates). Three isolates belonged to serotype 7, and 5 isolates could not be typed. All 90 A. pleuropneumoniae field isolates tested carried the apxIV gene. This gene is species specific rather than serotype specific. Therefore, the ApxIV toxin has potential value for use both in vaccines and in diagnostic tests.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Bones of the Earth. The film Bones of the Earth (Riglin, Cunninham & Correa, 2014) is an experience in collective inquiry and visual creation based on arts-based research. Starting from the meeting of different subjectivities and through dialogue, planning, shooting and editing, an audiovisual text that reconstructs a reflexive process of collective creation is built. A sense of community, on-going inquiry, connections and social commitment inform the creative process. As a result, the video's nearly five intense minutes are a metaphor for the search for personal meaning, connection with nature and intersubjective positioning in a world that undergoes constant change.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "A superconducting magnet for a compact synchrotron radiation ring. A 180-degree superconducting bending magnet for a synchrotron radiation source has been designed and constructed based on three-dimensional electromagnetic analysis. The magnet is covered by an iron shield to prevent the leakage of magnetic fields. The liquid helium consumption of the equipment is very small in the persistent current mode. The results of the analysis are in good agreement with measured results. This magnet operates as a synchrotron radiation source at a beam energy of 600 MeV. The radiation source can be used for several applications, such as X-ray lithography, in the semiconductor industry. (C) 1998 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 126(1): 61-69, 1999.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Creating an effective construction industry strategy in South Africa. The South African construction industry, like many other construction industries in other developing countries, is challenged by many systemic problems. These include unstable and insecure employment, financial instability, a bias towards urban development, and an erratic approach to integrating the construction industry within overall government policy. To achieve the objectives of its Reconstruction and Development Programme, the South African government initiated a process to create an effective strategy for its construction industry within a national agenda of social and economic transformation. The process of creating a cooperative framework and specific strategies for the structured engagement of public- and private-sector stakeholders is described. Structured policy debate, analysis and implementation have fostered a new culture through government and industry partnership and created the foundation for establishing the South African Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB).", "label": [1, 17]}
+{"token": "Effect of Gammulin supplementation during the first 24 d of life on health, growth, and first-lactation performance of Holstein cows. Development and health during calfhood are paramount for the success of dairy operations because they are associated with longevity and productivity later in life. Thus, provision of nutritional supplements has been explored as an alternative to improve growth of preweaned calves. Holstein calves (female = 472, male = 46) from 2 dairies located in the San Joaquin Valley were assigned randomly to receive 25 g/d of Gammulin (APC Inc.) from 2 to 24 d of age (GAM = 263) or to receive no supplementation (control = 255). Calves were fed a mixture of waste milk and milk replacer (3.79 L/d), and study personnel added the supplement to the bottles of calves in the GAM treatment daily. Study personnel monitored calves 6 d/wk and recorded starter intake, fecal score (1 = firm, 4 = watery), and attitude score (1 = alert and responsive, 4 = recumbent). Blood samples were collected (4, 7, 14, 26, 44, 56, and 68 d of age) to determine concentrations of total protein, glucose (n = 64), nonesterified fatty acids (n = 64), beta-hydroxybutyrate (n = 171), and hematocrit (n = 518). Calves (n = 64) were treated with 0.5 mg of ovalbumin at 3, 21, and 42 d of age, and concentration of anti-ovalbumin IgG was measured. The percentage of polymorphonuclear leukocytes positive for phagocytosis and oxidative burst after the ex vivo exposure to an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli was evaluated (n = 64). We followed the female calves through the end of the first lactation or until they left the herd to evaluate the effect of treatment on first-lactation performance. Treatment did not affect metabolic and immune responses. During the supplementation (1 to 24 d of age), starter intake did not differ between treatments, but the GAM treatment reduced starter intake (638.5 +/- 1.1 vs. 696.6 +/- 1.1 g/d; mean +/- standard error of the mean) from 25 to 60 d of age and average daily gain (798.8 +/- 15.4 and 749.5 +/- 15.2) from 23 to 60 d of age, resulting in reduced body weight at 60 d of age (68.4 +/- 0.4 vs. 69.8 +/- 0.5 kg). From 1 to 24 d of age, GAM treatment reduced the number of days calves had fecal score = 4 (ratio of number of days = 0.92; 95% confidence interval = 0.84-1.00) and it reduced the number of electrolyte treatments calves received (ratio of number of treatments = 0.92; 95% confidence interval = 0.85-0.99). Treatment did not affect the hazard of first calving and first-lactation 305-d milk yield, but the adjusted hazard ratio (0.82; 95% confidence interval = 0.65, 1.04) of pregnancy in the first lactation tended to be reduced for the GAM treatment. In the conditions of this experiment, supplementation with 25 g/d of GAM to the liquid feed from 2 to 24 d of age did not improve calfhood health and", "label": [0, 6, 8]}
+{"token": "Recombinant Newcastle disease viruses with targets for PCR diagnostics for rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants. Since February 1st 2011, rinderpest (RP) has been officially declared eradicated worldwide. National authorities have been requested to destroy all their RP related materials. Nonetheless, their national reference laboratories performing real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays (PCR diagnostics) need RP positive control samples, since some countries still prefer to maintain diagnostic capability for RP for several reasons. In the future, a similar situation will arise for peste des petits ruminants (PPR) as the ambition has been expressed to eradicate PPR. Anticipating on this, we intended to perform qualified PCR diagnostics without use of infectious RPV or PPRV. Therefore, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) with small RNA inserts based on RPV or PPRV sequences were generated and used as positive control material. Recombinant NDVs (recNDVs) were differentially detected by previously established PCR diagnostics for RPV or PPRV. Both recNDVs contain a second PCR target showing that additional targets in NDV are feasible and would increase the diagnostic sensitivity by use of two PCR assays. RecNDV with small PCR targets is not classified as RPV or PPRV containing material, and can be used to mimic RPV or PPRV. Using these recNDVs as virus positive material contributes to the ambition of worldwide eradication, while qualified PCR diagnostics for these OIE-listed diseases remains operational.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42, 21]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of Service Quality Gaps in Construction Professional Service Firms in Nigeria. The study aims at evaluating and comparing service quality of consultancy firms who provide professional services in building projects in Nigeria. The article seeks to address the general perceptions of dissatisfaction with the quality of services in order to enhance performance of building projects and ensure competitiveness in the industry. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire as an instrument of data collection. The population of the study consisted of 488 representatives of public and private clients with a sample size of 385. Data were analysed using weighted mean and paired-sample t-test to determine the severity of differences in the expected service quality and perceived service quality. The result shows significant differences between the expected service quality and perceived service quality in structural engineering, mechanical/electrical engineering and quantity surveying services along all the dimensions of service quality. However, \\\\'Tangibles\\\\' dimension of architectural services had no positive differences in the service quality, but had differences in \\\\'Responsiveness\\\\', \\\\'Empathy\\\\', \\\\'Reliability\\\\' and \\\\'Assurance\\\\' dimensions. The results imply that professional service providers require fundamental improvement in their services to their clients. This study offers an opportunity for consultancy firms to evolve global best practices by creating and maintaining high service quality as a team.", "label": [1, 17]}
+{"token": "Diverse bacterial symbionts of insect-pathogentic fungi and possible impact on the maintenance of virulence during infection. Bacterial-fungal interactions (BFIs) which have important ramifications for the biology of the interacting partners have been demonstrated extensively. Here we show for the first time that diverse bacterial symbionts occur in insect-pathogenic fungi. We firstly detected the bacterial symbionts by fluorescence in situ hybridization in combination with confocal laser scanning microscopy in Pandora neoaphidis. We also compared P. neoaphidis with the closely related species, P. nouryi, and found that 26 OTUs of bacterial symbionts covered taxonomically six classes in bacterial lineage, most were member of Gammaproteobacteria. To make inferences about the vertical transmission of bacterial symbionts, we compared their diversity in the hyphae and primary conidia of one isolate. Nine OTUs were identified and classified into four classes. Although the frequency of class Gammaproteobacteria was higher than other classes, the Shannon-Weiner diversity index was similar. Additionally, to understand the relationship between fungal virulence and bacterial symbiont diversity within fungi, we compared the predictive 16s rRNA clone library and the virulence of two genetically comparable isolates with different diversities of symbionts (F98028(+) and F98028(-)). Conclusively, our study revealed the diversity of potential bacterial symbionts found inside insect-fungal structures through 16s rRNA clone library construction, and the potential impact between P. neoaphidis virulence and diversity in the bacterial symbionts harbored within their hyphae and conidia.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "A FEW COMMENTS ON IDENTITY AND CULTURE OF ONE ETHNIC MINORITY IN CENTRAL EUROPE. Central Europe is an ethnically, religiously, geographically, politically and economically diverse area, which is reflected in its great cultural diversity. Slovaks as a nation with their own state, as well as minorities in Hungary, Romania, Serbia and Croatia, are a unique ethno-cultural entity and a part of the Central European multicultural and multiethnic system. These communities are the mirror of general and specific influences that have so far been reflected in their unique identity and culture from the post-Ottoman Empire period in the first half of the 18th century, through the national revival in the second half of the 19th century and the 'reformatting' of Europe in the first half of the 20th century, to the euro-unionization and globalization trends at the turn of the millennium.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of hybrid nitroxide-based non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Dual-acting hybrid anti-oxidant/anti-inflammatory agents were developed employing the principle of pharmacophore hybridization. Hybrid agents were synthesized by combining stable anti-oxidant nitroxides with conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Several of the hybrid nitroxide-NSAID conjugates displayed promising anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on two Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) cells (A549 and NCl-H1299) and in ameliorating oxidative stress induced in 661 W retinal cells. One ester-linked nitroxide-aspirin analogue (27) delivered better anti-inflammatory effects (cyclooxygenase inhibition) than the parent compound (aspirin), and also showed similar reactive oxygen scavenging activity to the anti-oxidant, Tempol. In addition, a nitroxide linked to the anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin (39) significantly ameliorated the effects of oxidative stress on 661 W retinal neurons at efficacies greater or equal to the anti-oxidant Lutein. Other examples of the hybrid conjugates displayed promising anti-cancer activity, as demonstrated by their inhibitory effects on the proliferation of A549 NSCLC cells. (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "A reciprocal relationship between cutaneous nerves and repairing skin wounds in the developing chick embryo. Various studies have suggested that the rate of adult skin healing may be in some way dependent on signals emanating from cutaneous nerves. Further, it appears that adult wounds become hyperinnervated by sensory nerves during the process of healing. in order to investigate this reciprocal relationship further, we have used a simple embryonic model to look at the effect of wounds on nerves, and conversely, the effect of nerves on wounds. We find that wounds made to the dorsum of the chick wing bud, at a stage prior to normal innervation (at E4), or soon after the normal establishment of cutaneous innervation (at E7), subtly alter the pattern of branching by perturbing developmental guidance cues, but do not cause hyperinnervation, whereas wounding at E14 does cause hyperinnervation. By creating chicks with nerveless wings, we show that from E7, wound healing in the absence of nerves is significantly impaired. These observations suggest that, from the earliest stages of skin innervation, the presence of nerves is beneficial to the healing process, but that, in contrast to neonatal and adult tissues, wound healing in the embryo and early foetus does not trigger hyperinnervation. (C) 2001 Academic Press.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Ontogenetic changes in the diet of the sevengill shark (Notorynchus cepedianus). The sevengill shark, Notorynchus cepedianus, is a versatile predator capable of feeding on a wide variety of prey species. Stomach content analyses were performed on specimens from California, USA, and southern Africa to investigate whether dietary differences occur in relation to sex and size. Of the 531 specimens examined, 365 (68.7%) contained prey items. The dietary trend with growth and maturity shifted from teleosts to chondrichthyans, with marine mammals becoming increasingly important in the larger size classes of N. cepedianus. Small N. cepedianus (< 120 cm total length, TL) fed primarily on teleosts, whereas larger sharks primarily consumed chondrichthyans. Marine mammals made up about one-third of the diet of N. cepedianus >220 cm TL, while teleosts declined to 6% and 13% for male and female sharks, respectively. A decrease was observed in the dietary overlap of each successively larger size class. Ontogenetic changes in the diet of N. cepedianus may provide insight into understanding how adults enhance the survivorship of their young, who are often less experienced at foraging for prey and are more vulnerable to predation.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45, 39]}
+{"token": "Religion and Labor Market Performance: Is It What You Believe or How Much?. A growing corpus of literature has explored the influence of religion on economic attitudes and behavior. The present paper investigates the effect of religion on labor market performance using a novel approach to control for the endogeneity of religion. It proposes contingency experience, individual experiences of existential insecurity, as an instrumental variable of a person's religiosity. The empirical analysis uses data from a household survey in South Africa specifically designed for this study. The econometric approach is the estimation of instrumental variable ordered probit and linear probability models. Using the Centrality of Religiosity Scale (CRS), the analysis differentiates between effects of individual religious intensity and of religious affiliation. The findings show that individual religiosity, measured in the CRS, has a robust and positive effect on labor market performance. Religious affiliation does not seem to affect labor market performance. The positive effect on religiosity is documented in a set of ordered and binary outcome models across different indicators of labor market performance. The study concludes that the intensity of belief exerts an influence on labor market attitudes and outcomes, while affiliation in religious communities (indicating different content of belief) does not seem to make a difference.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "PCR-RFLP analysis of Plasmodium vivax reticulocyte binding protein2c gene in field isolates of Iran. A family of reticulocyte-binding proteins of Plasmodium vivax (PvRBP) is localised at the apical pole of the merozoites and appears to bind to reticulocytes specifically and has also been involved in identifying host cells. Protein component produced by the Pvrbp2c gene is highly antigenic. The aim of this study was to detect the genetic diversity in the Pvrbp2c gene of Iranian P. vivax field isolates using the polymerase chain reaction-restricted fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. A total of 79 P. vivax malaria patients with fever participated in the study. Alu1 and Apo1 restriction enzymes were independently used to identify allelic variants of the Pvrbp2c gene. All of the samples exhibited a single band of about 2 Kb in nested PCR. Among 79 P. vivax field isolates in the RFLP with Apo1 and Alu1 restriction enzymes, 15 and nine patterns were observed, respectively. In total, 24 various patterns were detected from the combined findings of both Alu1 and Apo1 fragments in RFLP. This study revealed that Pvrbp2c has genetic diversity in southeast Iran. Genotyping of Pvrbp2c not only shows the heterogeneity of P. vivax but also provides important information that could be used to control vivax malaria.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "Applying species distribution modelling to the conservation of an ecologically plastic species (Papio papio) across biogeographic regions in West Africa. Ecological niche models are valuable tools to support conservation decision-making. Still, they are sensitive to the study area spatial extent. Ecologically plastic species ranging over different biogeographic regions often exhibit populations adapted to distinct environmental conditions. In such cases, regional models may be more accurate than global models in discriminating suitable areas in specific regions under such circumstances. We use the Guinea baboon as model system, to test the effects of restricting the range of environmental variables and study area extent, and explore geographic differences in the environmental conditions occupied by ecologically plastic species. Additionally, we explore conservation implications for this particular case study. We built global (West Africa) and regional models (Sahel, Savannah and Afrotropical) using a maximum entropy approach and explore geographic differences in environmental conditions occupied by regional populations using Principal Components Analyses. The most important variables identified differed between model types, distance to gueltas in global model and distances to gueltas, to croplands and to water bodies in regional models, as well as models' accuracy to define distribution and suitable areas, which are overestimated by global models. Environmental conditions overlapped slightly between regional populations, and the Sahel displayed the most divergent one. Areas of potential conflict between the species and humans were identified in the Savannah and Afrotropical region, but latter lack protected areas. We show for modelling the current distribution of ecologically plastic species, regional models are more accurate than global models in defining the species' environmental predictors and suitable areas. This will improve the definition of accurate local suitable areas for ecologically plastic species and improve the allocation of resources for local conservation actions. (C) 2015 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
+{"token": "Reconciling Confucianism with rule of law: Confucianisation or self-restraint?. A major obstacle to the political revival of Confucianism has been its tension with the rule of law. Systemic features of Confucianism such as social hierarchy (and the corresponding social inequality), reliance on discretion, distrust of practitioners of laws are at odds with rule of law's basic tenets such as equality before the law, rule of legal rules rather than man, and faith in due process of law. In this article, I argue that through differentiating 'rule of law' in the 'thick' sense from the 'thin' sense, it is possible to reconcile Confucianism with rule of law. The first, but undesirable, approach is what I call the 'Confucianisation of rule of law' which is essentially legal-moralist in character. Instead, I contend that the second approach, 'Confucian self-restraint', is the better option not only for avoiding creating an oppressive society, but also for advancing the Confucian ideal of general moral cultivation.", "label": [3, 5, 52, 32]}
+{"token": "Veterans' stories of the British campaign in Greece (1941). At the beginning of 1941 Britain decided to provide military aid to Greece, which was facing an ongoing war against Italy and was expecting a German invasion. This article discusses the impressions and experiences of the British soldiers who took part in the campaign, using their letters, diaries and their - mostly unpublished - reminiscences. It examines their perception of Greece and its inhabitants, as well of their fellow allies and their enemies; their venture in military operations, or captivity; and their daily routine. Furthermore, it comments on their retrospective assessments of the campaign.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Anisotropic beam model for the spectral observations of radio burst fine structures on 1998 April 15. A fine structure consisting of three almost equidistant frequency bands was observed in the high frequency part of a solar burst on 1998 April 15 by the spectrometer of Beijing Astronomical Observatory in the range 2.6-3.8 GHz. A model for this event based on beam-anisotropic instability in the solar corona is presented, Longitudinal plasma waves are excited at cyclotron resonance and then transformed into radio emission at their second harmonic. The model is in accordance with the observations if we suppose a magnetic field strength in the region of emission generation of about 200 G.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Regional Patterns of Hospital-Level Guideline Adherence in Gastric Cancer: An Analysis of the National Cancer Database. Background Adherence to evidence-based guidelines for gastric cancer is low, particularly at the hospital level, despite a strong association with improved overall survival (OS). We aimed to evaluate patterns of hospital and regional adherence to National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines for gastric cancer. Methods Using the National Cancer Database (2004-2015), we identified patients with stage I-III gastric cancer. Hospital-level guideline adherence was calculated by dividing the patients who received guideline adherent care by the total patients treated at that hospital. OS was estimated for each hospital. Associations between adherence, region, and survival were compared using mixed-effects, hierarchical regression. Results Among 576 hospitals, the median hospital guideline adherence rate was 25% (range 0-76%) and varied significantly by region (p = 0.001). Adherence was highest in the Middle Atlantic (29%) and lowest in the East South Central region (19%); hospitals in the New England, Middle Atlantic, and East North Central regions were more likely to be guideline adherent than those in the East South Central region (all p < 0.05), after adjusting for patient and hospital mix. Most (35%) of the adherence variation was attributable to the hospital. Median 2-year OS varied significantly by region. After adjusting for hospital and patient mix, hazard of mortality was 17% lower in the Middle Atlantic (hazard ratio 0.82, 95% confidence interval 0.74-0.90) relative to the East South Central region, with most of the variation (54%) attributable to patient-level factors. Conclusions Hospital-level guideline adherence for gastric cancer demonstrated significant regional variation and was associated with longer OS, suggesting that efforts to improve guideline adherence should be directed toward lower-performing hospitals.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Evidence of donor effect on cultured pearl quality from a duplicated grafting experiment on Pinctada margaritifera using wild donors. Producing high quality cultured black pearls from Pinctada margaritifera is one of the major challenges for the \\\\'pearl oyster\\\\' industry in French Polynesia. In order to assess donor effect on cultured pearl quality, wild Pinctada margaritifera originating from the Tuamotu Archipelago were used in a duplicated grafting experiment. After 12 months of culture, nucleus retention was assessed and seven pearl quality traits recorded on the 454 cultured pearls harvested from the experiment. The traits scored were nacre thickness and pearl weight, surface defects, lustre, grade, and the colour components: 1) darkness of cultured pearl colour, and 2) visual perception of colour class (bodycolor and/or overtone). Our results demonstrate for the first time that individual wild donors of implanted mantle grafts significantly affect these seven quality traits in P. margaritifera cultured pearls. This finding was repeated in two series of grafts made by different professional grafters. The wild donors could be ranked from \\\\'best\\\\' (e. g., the donor whose grafts produced the cultured pearl with the maximum lustre) to the \\\\'worst\\\\'. Moreover, we showed strong correlations between: 1) cultured pearl nacre thickness and grade, with grade A showing the greatest nacre thickness on average compared with grade D and rejects; and 2) nacre thickness/cultured pearl weight and colour components (darkness and visual \\\\'colour categories\\\\'), with the palest cultured pearls (i.e. white cultured pearls) being the smallest (lowest nacre thickness and weight). Thus, one way of enhancing P. margaritifera foundation stocks for a selective breeding program could be to select the \\\\'best\\\\' donors, using appropriate molecular tools. Generation of selected donor lines from these stocks through hatchery production would be one way to increase the quality of cultured pearl farming of P. margaritifera in French Polynesia.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
+{"token": "The Psychology of Superorganisms: Collective Decision Making by Insect Societies. Under the superorganism concept, insect societies are so tightly integrated that they possess features analogous to those of single organisms, including collective cognition. If so, colony function might fruitfully be studied using methods developed to understand individual animals. Here, we review research that uses psychological approaches to understand decision making by colonies. The application of neural models to collective choice shows fundamental similarities between how brains and colonies balance speed/accuracy trade-offs in decision making. Experimental analyses have explored collective rationality, cognitive capacity, and perceptual discrimination at both individual and colony levels. A major theme is the emergence of improved colony-level function from interactions among relatively less capable individuals. However, colonies also encounter performance costs due to their reliance on positive feedback, which generates consensus but can also amplify errors. Collective learning is a nascent field for the further application of psychological methods to colonies. The research strategy reviewed here shows how the superorganism concept can serve as more than an illustrative analogy.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "The striking effect of vertical mixing in the planetary boundary layer on new particle formation in the Yangtze River Delta. New particle formation (NPF) induces a sharp increase in ultrafine particle number concentrations and potentially acts as an important source of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). As the densely populated area of China, the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region shows a high frequency of observed NPF events at the ground level, especially in spring. Although recent observational studies suggested a possible connection between NPF at the higher altitudes and ground level, the role played by vertical mixing, particularly in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is not fully understood. Here we integrate measurements in Nanjing on 15-20 April 2018, and the NPF-explicit Weather Research and Forecast coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem) model simulations to better understand the governing mechanisms of the NPF and CCN. Our results indicate that newly formed particles at the boundary layer top could be transported downward by vertical mixing as the PBL develops. A numerical sensitivity simulation created by eliminating aerosol vertical mixing suppresses both the downward transport of particles formed at a higher altitude and the dilution of particles at the ground level. The resulting higher Fuchs surface area at the ground level, together with the lack of downward transport, yields a sharp weakening of NPF strength and delayed start of NPF therein. The aerosol vertical mixing, therefore, leads to a more than double increase of surface CN10-40 and a one third decrease of boundary layer top CN10-40. Additionally, the continuous growth of nucleated ultrafine particles at the boundary layer top is strongly steered by the upward transport of condensable gases, with close to half increase of particle number concentrations in Aitken mode and CCN at a supersaturation rate of 0.75%. The findings may bridge the gap in understanding the complex interaction between PBL dynamics and NPF events, reducing the uncertainty in assessing the climate impact of aerosols.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Masks and emotional distance: a visual study of human relationships in the Covid-19 pandemic. This study addresses the social impact of the pandemic in terms of its effects on communication and emotion in spaces of everyday domestic activity. The aim is to visually and formally portray the personal, professional and citizen reality in the daily use of face masks. The analysis includes the adoption, advocacy or resistance to them, through various representative characters of different, referential social sectors. The effect of masks on communication and emotional relationships is explored through photo portraits and qualitative interviews developed in a small community in Southern Spain. This work seeks to better understand the communicative, personal and social consequences of such preventive measures.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "M-Ficolin Binds Selectively to the Capsular Polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotypes 19B and 19C and of a Streptococcus mitis Strain. The three human ficolins (H-, L-, and M-ficolins) and mannan-binding lectin are pattern recognition molecules of the innate immune system mediating activation of the lectin pathway of the complement system. These four human proteins bind to some microorganisms and may be involved in the resolution of infections. We investigated binding selectivity by examining the binding of M-ficolin to a panel of more than 100 different streptococcal strains (Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus mitis), each expressing distinct polysaccharide structures. M-ficolin binding was observed for three strains only: strains of the pneumococcal serotypes 19B and 19C and a single S. mitis strain expressing a similar polysaccharide structure. The bound M-ficolin, in association with MASP-2, mediated the cleavage of complement factor C4. Binding to the bacteria was inhibitable by N-acetylglucosamine, indicating that the interaction with the bacterial surface takes place via the fibrinogen-like domain. The common N-acetylmannosamine residue present in the structures of the four capsular polysaccharides of group 19 is linked via a phosphodiester bond. This residue is apparently not a ligand for M-ficolin, since the lectin binds to two of the group 19 polysaccharides only. M-ficolin bound strongly to serotype 19B and 19C polysaccharides. In contrast to those of serotypes 19A and 19F, serotype 19B and 19C polysaccharides contain an extra N-acetylmannosamine residue linked via glycoside linkage only. Thus, this extra residue seems to be the M-ficolin ligand. In conclusion, we were able to demonstrate specific binding of M-ficolin to some capsular polysaccharides of the opportunistic pathogen S. pneumoniae and of the commensal bacterium S. mitis.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
+{"token": "Nucleolus size varies with sex, ploidy and gene dosage in insects. The nucleolus constitutes a cytologically visible phenotype for ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Nucleolar size, as determined by silver staining, is a good indicator of cell proliferation rate and biosynthetic activity. Nevertheless, the relationship between rDNA content and sexual dimorphism for nucleolar size is not well documented. In the present study, the impact of sex and ploidy level on nucleolar size is investigated in three haplo/diploid and three diplo/diploid species of insect. Nucleolar sizes are found to be proportional to ploidy level in the haplo/diploid hymenopterans Trypoxylon albitarse and Nasonia vitripennis. Conversely, in the ant Messor barbarus, nucleolar sizes are larger in haploid males (winged) than diploid females (apterous). Among the diplo/diploid species, evidence for gene dosage compensation on nucleolar activity is suggested by the absence of sex differences in Drosophila simulans, a species in which rDNA is limited to the X chromosome. By contrast, in the grasshopper Stenobothrus festivus, another species with rRNA genes restricted to the X chromosome, the size of the nucleolus is significantly larger in females than in males. Additionally, in the grasshopper Chorthippus parallelus, where rDNA is distributed evenly on several autosomes of males and females, the females also show larger nucleoli than males. In both grasshopper species, the magnitude of the female/male ratio for nucleolus area is very similar to the body size ratio, suggesting that body size, as well as sex, ploidy, gene dosage and physiological activity, may be an important determinant of nucleolus area.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Electrochemical investigation on hybrid viologen tetracyanoquinodimethanide LB films. Positively ionized monolayers of 1,1'-dioctadecyl-4,4-bipyridilium were prepared on aqueous solutions of tetracyanoquinodimethane in a mixed valence state. The floating films were transferred onto ITO electrodes, yielding hybrid multilayers containing both viologen cations and (TCNQ)(2)(-) anions. The electrochemical properties of these modified electrodes were studied by cyclic voltammetry and showed reversible electrochemical processes with quite negative formal potentials of the viologen units. The T-c/T-a ratio was I and the electrochemical activity was preserved beyond the first layer. A comparison study of the hybrid viologen/TCNQ LB films with other films incorporating other counterions was carried out and the differences attributed to chemical complexation and a different arrangement induced by the counterion incorporated in the films. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "The effect of dynamic and static choice sets on political decision making: An analysis using the decision board platform. Previous studies of political decision making have used only ''static'' choice sets, where alternatives are ''fixed'' and are a priori known to the decision maker. We assess the affect of a dynamic choice set (new alternatives appear during the decision process) on strategy selection and choice in international politics. We suggest that decision makers use a mixture of decision strategies when making decisions in a true-stage process consisting of an initial screening of available alternatives, and a selection of the best one from the subset of remaining alternatives. To test the effects of dynamic and static choice sets on the decision process we introduce a computer-based ''process tracer'' in a study of top-ranking officers in the U.S. Air Force. The results show that (1) national security decision makers use a mixture of strategies in arriving at a decision, and (2) strategy selection and choice are significantly influenced by the structure of the choice set (static versus dynamic).", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Factors affecting O-3 and NO2 photolysis frequencies measured in the eastern Mediterranean during the five-year period 2002-2006. The photolysis frequencies of ozone (O-3; to singlet oxygen, JO(1)D) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2; JNO(2)) were recorded at the remote coastal site Finokalia (35 degrees 20'N, 25 degrees 40'E), on the island of Crete, Greece, during the period 2002-2006. We present a study of their main climatological aspects and a quantification of the effect of aerosol and total ozone column on these frequencies. The 5-yr mean Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) at 380 nm in the area is equal to 0.27 +/- 0.13 and reduces JNO(2) by 5%-14% at a solar zenith angle (sza) of 60 degrees, compared to an aerosol-free atmosphere. It also leads to a similar reduction of JO(1)D by 5%-15% at the 60 degrees sza, for an average total ozone column (300-320 Dobson units (DU)). The effect of regional background AOD (similar to 0.1) is a reduction of JNO(2) and JO(1)D by up to 6% for sza in the range 15 degrees to75 degrees, respectively. During high aerosol loads (AOD 0.5-0.7) the percentage reduction of Js was found to be as much as 30%-40% at high sza. The day-to-day variability of total ozone column over the area, of the order of 20 DU, was found to result in a 12% change in JO(1)D at 60 degrees sza as compared with zero AOD conditions. A reduction of Js corresponding to a 24% decrease in the local noon JO(1)D value and a 5% decrease in local noon JNO(2) were found to result in a 12% reduction in the 24 h mean net chemical production of O-3, using a chemical box model.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Disruption of each of the secreted aspartyl proteinase genes SAP1, SAP2, and SAP3 of Candida albicans attenuates virulence. Secreted aspartyl proteinases (Saps), encoded by a gene family with at least nine members (SAP1 to SAP9), are one of the most discussed virulence factors produced by the human pathogen Candida albicans. In order to study the role of each Sap isoenzyme in pathogenicity, we have constructed strains which harbor mutations at selected SAP genes. SAP1, SAP2, and SAP3, which are regulated differentially in vitro, were mutated by targeted gene disruption. The growth rates of all homozygous null mutants were similar to those of the isogenic wild-type parental strain (SC5314) in complex and defined media. In medium with protein as the sole source of nitrogen, sap1 and sap3 mutants grew with reduced growth rates but reached optical densities similar: to those measured for SC5314. In contrast, sap2 null mutants tended to clump, grew poorly in this medium, and produced the lowest proteolytic activity. Addition of ammonium ions reversed such growth defects. These results support the view that Sap2 is the dominant isoenzyme. When sap1, sap2, and sap3 mutants were injected intravenously in guinea pigs and mice, the animals had increased survival rates compared to those of control animals infected with SC5314. However, reduction of proteolytic activity in vitro did not correlate directly with the extent of attenuation of virulence observed for all Sap-deficient mutants. These data suggest that SAP1, SAP2, and SAP3 all contribute to the overall virulence of C. albicans and presumably all play important roles during disseminated infections.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
+{"token": "Data-driven simulation methodology using DES 4-layer architecture. In this study, we present a methodology to build data-driven simulation models of manufacturing plants. We go further than other research proposals and we suggest focusing simulation model development under a 4-layer architecture (network, logic, database and visual reality). The Network layer includes system infrastructure. The Logic layer covers operations planning and control system, and material handling equipment system. The Database holds all the information needed to perform the simulation, the results used to analyze and the values that the Logic layer is using to manage the Plant. Finally, the Visual Reality displays an augmented reality system including not only the machinery and the movement but also blackboards and other Andon elements. This architecture provides numerous advantages as helps to build a simulation model that consistently considers the internal logistics, in a very flexible way.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Perpetual What? Injury, Sovereignty and a Cosmopolitan View of Immigration. Can Kantian cosmopolitanism contribute to normative approaches to immigration? Kant developed the universal right to hospitality in the context of late eighteenth-century colonialism. He claimed that non-European countries had a sovereign right over their territory and the conditions of foreigners' visits. This sovereign prerogative limited visitors' right to hospitality. The interconnected and complementary system of right he devised is influential today, but this article argues that maintaining the complementarity of the three realms involves reconsidering its application to contemporary immigration. It situates Kant's Perpetual Peace within the context of debates about conquest and colonialism and argues that Kant's strict conception of sovereignty is justified by his concern in maintaining a realm of sovereignty that is complementary with cosmopolitanism and his prioritization of mutual agreements in each of the realms, particularly in a context of international power asymmetry. In Kant's time, European powers appropriated cosmopolitan discourses to defend their right to visit other countries and it was necessary to strengthen non-Europeans' sovereign claims. The strength and hostility of the visitors made limited hospitality and strong sovereignty act in tandem to keep away conquerors, expanding cosmopolitanism. Today, individuals from poor countries migrate to wealthier ones where they are subject to a sovereign authority that excludes them. Sovereignty and cosmopolitanism no longer work complementarily, but rather strengthen powerful state actors vis-a-vis non-citizens subject to unilateral rule. Maintaining the pre-eminence of the right to freedom, the article suggests that only through the creation of cosmopolitan spaces of politics can we reproduce today the complementarity that Kant envisioned.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Is fish embryo test (FET) according to OECD 236 sensible enough for delivering quality data for effluent risk assessment?. Over the past few years, the fish embryo test (FET) has become widely accepted as an animal-friendly protocol for ecotoxicological research. As Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 236, the FET has been widely applied for simple mixture exposures under the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemicals regulation of the European Union; and now its use is spreading worldwide as a supposedly reliable whole-effluent test (i.e., the testing of complex mixture exposures). However, comparative peer-reviewed data regarding the FET's efficiency for whole-effluent tests are virtually nonexistent. The primary objective of the present study was to make the first comparative test between the FET according to OECD 236 and other standard and slightly modified standard fish protocols used worldwide for whole-effluent tests. For that, we used an untreated hospital effluent considered to be highly toxic but disposed of in municipal sewerage. The base methods were OECD 203 (juvenile), US Environmental Protection Agency method 2000.0 (larvae), and OECD 236 (embryo). We also evaluated the addition of 3 virtually costless sublethal metrics (immobility, nonhatching, and pericardial edema) that could enhance the sensitivity of OECD 236. We observed acute toxicity in all 8 methodologies tested, with a clear escalation in sensitivity (larvae>juvenileembryo). Larvae were the most sensitive life stage for whole-effluent tests. The addition of sublethal metrics to OECD 236 enhanced its previous sensitivity in over 30%. Thus we conclude that OECD 236 acts below its potential and that the embryonic stage (as used in the FET) may not be the most sensitive life stage for whole-effluent tests. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2925-2932. (c) 2018 SETAC", "label": [2, 5, 22, 52]}
+{"token": "Developing urban residential reference buildings using clustering analysis of satellite images. Built-up areas tend to comprise a variety of buildings with diverse and complex shapes, functions and construction characteristics. This variety is the source of significant challenges when calculating building energy use at the building stock level. Moreover, the process of developing stock models usually requires large amounts of data that are frequently scarce, nonexistent or at least not publicly available. Under these circumstances, defining a limited set of reference buildings representing the stock is useful to study the actual energy consumption and the potential effects of different energy conservation measures. This paper presents a new method for developing typical residential reference buildings at district level for bottom-up energy modeling purposes. By means of widely and freely available satellite images, an information database of building shapes is created and a clustering analysis of the geometrical features is performed to define a number of archetypes representative of the heating and cooling energy demand of the district. The method is tested and demonstrated through the case study of the Yuzhong District in Chongqing (China) by comparing the Energy Use Intensity (EUI) of the archetypes derived in this way against detailed dynamic simulations. Results show very small differences in the estimated stock energy consumption (+0.03% in heating energy consumption and +2.97% in cooling energy consumption). (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "Large-scale experiments on wave downfall pressures. Many exposed vertical or steep-fronted coastal structures experience large horizontal impact pressures generated by breaking waves. Breaking and non-breaking waves can however also generate a large uprush of water at the structure, in some cases reaching heights of 70 m and more. This uprush is often carried over the structure, leading to overtopping. It has only recently been shown in small-scale model tests that the downfalling water mass can also generate significant vertical impact loadings on the deck of a breakwater. Within an ongoing research project, large-scale measurements of wave impact and downfall generated pressures on vertical and steeply-faced seawalls and breakwaters were conducted in the Large Wave Channel (GWK) at the Coastal Research Centre (FZK) in Hanover, Germany. The downfall pressures were found to consist of very short pressure peaks (durations down to 0.5 ms) of up to 220 kPa magnitude (corresponding to 12 rho gH(i)). The highest downfall pressures occurred for near-breaking waves; non-breaking and breaking waves generated smaller pressures of 20-70 kPa (corresponding to 2-6 rho gH(i)). The magnitude of the observed downfall pressures is in the range of horizontal wave impact pressures and suggests that this type of loading, for which no guidance exists, should be considered in the design of coastal structures.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 39]}
+{"token": "Hepatosplenic candidiasis - A manifestation of chronic disseminated candidiasis. Hepatosplenic candidiasis, also chronic disseminated candidiasis, is differentiated from acute disseminated candidiasis based on clinical presentation, risk factors, and natural history. The disease occurs almost exclusively in patients with leukemia and is characterized by fever after recovery from prolonged neutropenia, abdominal complaints, and abnormalities in liver function. Although Candida albicans is the most common pathogen, non-albican Candida species and opportunistic fungi have been identified as causative agents. Imaging techniques are valuable for diagnosis and management; although diagnosis is difficult. Liver biopsy and culture may be the only method to establish diagnosis; however, the organism may not be cultured from liver tissue in 50% of patients. Antifungal therapy is complicated by the intercurrent immunosuppression related to chemotherapy and should be prolonged and tailored to the patient's individual response. Newer azoles and the lipid formulations of amphotericin B are promising therapies and appear to be more efficacious than amphotericin B desoxycholate. The disease has been virtually eliminated in institutions where fluconazole has been used prophylactically in susceptible patients. Increased understanding of the pathophysiology of this infection is needed to improve methods for diagnosis and management.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
+{"token": "Research on Monitoring Method of Remote Deformation and System Application Based on Image. The development of information technology and computer science has put forward higher requirements on the intelligence of deformation monitoring. We study a method based on image deformation analysis, which uses Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) to extract image feature points after preprocessing the acquired images, applies All-Pixels Matching (APM) method to the sequence images to do further high-precision matching to achieve the accuracy of subpixels, and finally solves the deformation variables according to the relationship of the real size of the reference target and its pixel. Wavelet analysis and least squares are used to improve the image quality and matching accuracy. Based on this method, we design and develop a new remotely automated deformation monitoring system. In this paper, we introduce the algorithm principle of deformation analysis, the integration of the system, and the engineering application example of the monitoring system. The monitoring accuracy of the system satisfying 0.1 mm within 10 m and 0.8 mm within 60 m is verified in the simultaneous comparison observation according to the high-precision total station, which illustrates the effectiveness of the present deformation analysis method and monitoring system and also has the characteristics of low monitoring cost and high degree of automation.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "Isonymy and isolation by distance in Germany. The isonymy structure of Germany was studied using the surname distributions of 5,150,310 private telephone users selected from 39,000,000 users registered in a 1996 commercial CD-ROM, which contains all telephone users in the country. The users were distributed in 106 towns selected on a geographic basis. Germany was subdivided into 50 adjacent rectangles, each 115 x 80 km, and at least the largest town in the rectangle was selected for study; the private telephone users in that district were downloaded from the CD-ROM and included in the analysis, The shortest distance between nearest neighbor towns was 10.7 km (Travemunde and Lubeck), and the largest distance was 69.8 km (Meppen and Osnabruck). The number of different surnames found in the whole analysis was 462,526. Lasker's distance, the negative value of the logarithm of isonymy between localities, was found to be linearly and significantly correlated with geographic distance (r = 0.51 +/- 0.010). A dendrogram was built with the matrix of isonymy distances, using UPGMA. This method separates the German towns into two main clusters, one in the southern half of the country and the other in the northern half, Within each cluster small subclusters with specific geographic distributions could be delimited. The two main clusters correspond fairly well to the north-south division of German sublanguages (Nieder- and Mitteldeutsch in the north vs. Frankisch-Alemannisch in the south). The other clusters are related to minor sublanguages. Comparisons with the results of a previous analysis of Switzerland's structure are given, From the present analysis isolation by distance emerges clearly, although it is less strong than in Switzerland and indicates that Germany has a fairly homogeneous isonymy structure, The random component of inbreeding estimated from isonymy indicates that eastern Germany is on average more inbred than western Germany.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 56, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "Investigation of the anodic behavior of nickel in H2SO4 solutions using galvanostatic polarization technique. III. Inhibition of pitting corrosion using nitrogen-containing organic compounds. Thiourea, (Inh I), N-allylthiourea, (Inh II), and 3-allyl-1-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]thiourea (Inh III) were used to mitigate the pitting corrosion of Ni in 0.01 M H2SO4 by the galvanostatic polarization technique. The used compounds decrease the pitting corrosion by displacement of the pitting potential, E-pit into more positive values, with decreasing the amount of electricity, Q(inh), required to reach E-pit. The inhibition efficacy, eta, was found to increase with raising the inhibitor concentration and depend on its kind. The inhibition efficacy, eta, increases in the sequence Inh I < Inh II < Inh III. The inhibitive action of these compounds is discussed in terms of blocking the electrode surface through an adsorption process following the Temkin isotherm. The calculated values of Delta G(ads)degrees are found to be -48.63, -50.18, and -51.84 kJ/mol for Inh I, Inh II, and Inh III, successively. These values are compatible with a chemisorption process including the transfer of electrons from the inhibitor molecule to the Ni metal surface.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 39]}
+{"token": "An extraction free modified o-phthalaldehyde assay for quantifying residual protein and microbial biofilms on surfaces. Biological contamination of surfaces in industry and healthcare is an important vector of disease transmission. Current assays for detecting surface-adherent contamination require extraction of biological soil. However, physical inaccessibility or poor solubility may limit recovery. Here, how the o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) protein assay can be modified to measure residual protein (modeled with bovine serum albumin) or biofilm on a surface without extraction is described. The assay limit of detection (LOD) for protein was 1.6 mu g cm(-2). The detection threshold for Staphylococcus epidermis biofilm was 117 mu g cm(-2). The clinical utility of the method was demonstrated for measurements taken from clinically used endoscopes. Since this method is more sensitive than extraction-based testing, clinical results should not be compared with conventional benchmarks. By enabling direct detection and quantification of soils in complex or hard-to-reach areas, this method has potential to improve the margin of safety in medical and industrial cleaning processes.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 45]}
+{"token": "An investigation of hydrogen diffusion in nanocrystalline Pd by neutron spectroscopy. The diffusion of H interstitials in nanocrystalline Pd was investigated by neutron spectroscopy (temperatures of 288 and 300 K, grain diameters between 7 and 25 nm, H concentrations of 2.9 and 3.7 at.%). The experiments indicate that a high fraction of the dissolved H is located in grain boundaries (this agrees with previous studies). They show further that the H atoms in the grain boundaries perform a diffusion process which (i) is partially locally restricted and (ii) exhibits jump rates that are up to a factor similar to 100 higher than those of diffusion within the grains.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Evaluating the Democratic Accountability of Governance Networks: Analysing Two Nordic Megaprojects. There is currently a need to analyse and measure the democratic accountability of governance networks. This kind of analysis and measurement calls for the development of an interactive conceptualisation of democratic accountability that makes it possible to measure the level of democratic accountability of concrete governance networks with reference to the extent to which they interact with (1) relevant politicians appointed through the institutions of representative democracy, (2) the relevant and affected stakeholders, and (3) the wider citizenry. A case study of two governance networks involved in two Nordic megaprojects illustrates how this measurement device can be brought into use and what the insights are that can be gained from it.", "label": [5, 52, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "The sign of Jonah (Christianity's Relation to Judaism and Islam). This essay develops a Christian understanding of Christianity's relation to Judaism and Islam based upon a typological reading of the book of Jonah.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Antiulcer and antiproliferative properties of spent brewer's yeast peptide extracts for incorporation into foods. The main objective was to study the antiulcer and antiproliferative potential of yeast peptide extract for further incorporation into functional foods. Peptide concentrates were obtained by hydrolysis of spent brewer's yeast proteins followed by a filtration process. In order to prove the possible protection of gastric mucosa, an animal model with ulcerative lesions caused by oral administration of absolute ethanol was used. The peptide fraction <3 kDa was able to reduce gastric injuries to significant levels (p < 0.001) and the effective dose (DE50) was 816 mg per kg bw. The cytoprotective effect appears to depend on a prostaglandin-mediated mechanism and also on a nonspecific mechanism. The antiproliferative activity of the extract in nine different human tumoral cell lines was tested. The results exhibited a promising antiproliferative activity against the cell line K-562 (leukemia). The results suggest that a new peptide extract can be used to develop new value-added functional food products, although further studies are required.", "label": [0, 4, 8, 42]}
+{"token": "Characterization of a novel double-stranded RNA mycovirus conferring hypovirulence from the phytopathogenic fungus Botryosphaeria dothidea. A novel double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus, designated as Botryosphaeria dothidea RNA virus 1 (BdRV1), isolated from a hypovirulent strain YZN115 of Botryosphaeria dothidea was biologically and molecularly characterized. The genome of BdRV1 comprises of five dsRNAs. Each dsRNA contains a single open reading frame. The proteins encoded by dsRNA1-4 shared significant amino acid identities of 55%, 47%, 43% and 53% with the corresponding proteins of Aspergillus fumigatus tetramycovirus-1. DsRNA1, 3, and 4 of BdRV1 encoded an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, a viral methyltransferase, and a P-A-S-rich protein, respectively. Function of proteins encoded by the dsRNA2 and dsRNA5 were unknown. BdRV1 conferred hypovirulence for its host and could be transmitted through conidia and hyphae contact. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Clinicians' use of breast cancer risk assessment tools according to their perceived importance of breast cancer risk factors: an international survey. The BOADICEA breast cancer (BC) risk assessment model and its associated Web Application v3 (BWA) tool are being extended to incorporate additional genetic and non-genetic BC risk factors. From an online survey through the BOADICEA website and UK, Dutch, French and Swedish national genetic societies, we explored the relationships between the usage frequencies of the BWA and six other common BC risk assessment tools and respondents' perceived importance of BC risk factors. Respondents (N=443) varied in age, country and clinical seniority but comprised mainly genetics health professionals (82%) and BWA users (93%). Oncology professionals perceived reproductive, hormonal (exogenous) and lifestyle BC risk factors as more important in BC risk assessment compared to genetics professionals (p values <0.05 to 0.0001). BWA was used more frequently by respondents who gave high weight to breast tumour pathology and low weight to personal BC history as BC risk factors. BWA use was positively related to the weight given to hormonal BC risk factors. The importance attributed to lifestyle and BMI BC risk factors was not associated with the use of BWA or any of the other tools. Next version of the BWA encompassing additional BC risk factors will facilitate more comprehensive BC risk assessment in genetics and oncology practice.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Archives and Society: David B. Gracy II and the Value of Archives. As president of the Society of American Archivists (SAA) for 1983-84, David B. Gracy II initiated the Archives and Society program, which focused on the value of archives to all members of society. This program included an effort to redefine the term \\\\'archivist\\\\' in order to emphasize the relevance and significance of the archival profession, a social marketing investigation of \\\\'the image of archives and archivists\\\\' as held by organizational resource allocators, and other efforts to promote broader understanding of the archival profession. This essay examines the Archives and Society initiative, the leadership of David Gracy, and the ongoing legacy of his term as president of SAA.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 52]}
+{"token": "Comparative genomic hybridization study of primary neuroblastoma tumors. Neuroblastoma tumors show a complex interaction of genetic abnormalities, among which some are of significant prognostic importance; however, analysis of chromosome changes in this tumor is often unsuccessful. Twenty primary tumors were studied by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and abnormalities were found in 19. While these changes included deletions of chromosome arm 1p (45%) and MYCN oncogene amplification (30%), gains of chromosome 17 material were much more frequent (75%). We also found evidence in two cases of a new amplification site at band 2p23. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 22, 20]}
+{"token": "Marsilio Ficino's Commentary on Plato's Gorgias. Plato's Gorgias sets out to discuss the nature and aim of rhetoric. The dialogue was held in high esteem among late ancient Platonists and it resurfaced in Renaissance discussions about ethics. Olympiodorus (6th century) produced an extensive commentary on the dialogue, emphasising its ethical content. In 1409, Leonardo Bruni (1369-1444) provided the first complete Latin translation of the Gorgias with preface and annotations. Later in the Renaissance we find direct and indirect commentaries by George of Trebizond (1395-1472/1473) and Marsilio Ficino (1433-1499). I argue that Ficino's translation of, and commentary to, Plato's Gorgias was a significant, but perhaps also unintended, contribution to the dissemination of ancient sophists in the Italian Renaissance. Ficino's commentary to the Gorgias defends a legitimate and philosophical use of rhetoric, including the one we find in Plato's own writings. Furthermore, Ficino treats the character Callicles - together with several other sophists in Plato's dialogues - as an enemy of the Platonic-Pythagorean ethical ideal, maintaining that the sophists were wrong. Moreover, he treats ancient sophists as a fairly homogeneous group, unlike some of the ancient sources.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Generic 4 x 4 two person games have at most 15 Nash equilibria. The maximal generic number of Nash equilibria for two person games in which the two agents each have four pure strategies is shown to be 15. In contrast to Keiding (1997), Games Econ. Behav. 21, 148-160, who arrives at this result by referring to the enumeration of Grunbaum and Sreedharan (1967), J. Combin. Theory 2, 437-465, our argument is based on a collection of lemmas that constrain the set of equilibria. Several of these pertain to any common number d of pure strategies for the two agents. Classification Number: C72. (C) 1999 Academic Press.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Seminal vesiculitis in a Vietnamese pot-bellied boar. An 8-month-old Vietnamese pot-bellied boar was presented with a 3-week history of constipation and an enlarged scrotum. Abdominal and scrotal ultrasonography was performed to assess the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts. An obstructive gastrointestinal lesion was ruled out, although a large cavitated heterogeneous mass was identified dorsal to the body of the bladder, which was consistent with the location of the seminal vesicles. Culture of a sample of preputial discharge revealed growth of four bacterial types, including Escherichia coli and Trueperella abortisuis. Given the clinical findings, a diagnosis of seminal vesiculitis was made and antimicrobial therapy was initiated.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Selection on observed and unobserved variables: Assessing the effectiveness of Catholic schools. In this paper we measure the effect of Catholic high school attendance on educational attainment and test scores. Because we do not have a good instrumental variable for Catholic school attendance, we develop new estimation methods based on the idea that the amount of selection on the observed explanatory variables in a model provides a guide to the amount of selection on the unobservables. We also propose an informal way to assess selectivity bias based on measuring the ratio of selection on unobservables to selection on observables that would be required if one is to attribute the entire effect of Catholic school attendance to selection bias. We use our methods to estimate the effect of attending a Catholic high school on a variety of outcomes. Our main conclusion is that Catholic high schools substantially increase the probability of graduating from high school and, more tentatively, attending college. We find little evidence of an effect on test scores.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Toward transdisciplinary research - Historical and contemporary perspectives. Over the past two decades a variety of national and international efforts has sought to bring together health and social scientists to address complex health issues. This paper reviews how the notion of transdisciplinary research has emerged; discusses research programs that have successfully traversed discipline boundaries in sustained fashion; considers facilitating and constraining factors that have emerged from the analyses of this process; and suggests next steps for conceptualizing, organizing, and assessing transdisciplinary research based on the notion of heterarchy.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "THE PARADIGM OF POSTURAL CHANGES. Interesting essay today on considerations about the need to make changes to prevent postural upp, how often do them and what other measures can be used.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Toxicological evaluation of Gumiganghwaltang aqueous extract in Crl:CD (SD) rats: 13 weeks oral gavage studies. Gumiganghwaltang is a traditional oriental herbal medicine that has been commonly used to treat colds and inflammatory diseases. Aqueous extract of Gumiganghwaltang (GMGHT) was administrated daily by oral gavage to male and female rats for 13 weeks. A dose of 2000 mg/kg/day was selected as a maximum, and doses of 1000 and 500 mg/kg/day were determined as medium and low doses, respectively. No treatment-related clinical signs or mortality were observed in the treatment group. We observed no clear treatment-related effects with regard to body weight, food consumption, ophthalmology, hematology, or urinalysis data. The serum biochemistry values for sodium and chloride in the treated male and female groups (1000 mg/kg/day) were lower than in those treated with the vehicle control. However, these changes lacked dose dependence, and no abnormalities were found in corresponding pathological findings. Our results indicated that the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) for GMGHT was determined to be a dietary dose of over 2000 mg/kg/day for both sexes under the present experimental conditions. Crown Copyright (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 3, 22, 29]}
+{"token": "Is Routine Measurement of Post-operative Hemoglobin and Electrolytes Necessary in Every Patient After Transurethral Resection of the Prostate?. Materials and Methods: Data of patients who underwent TURP between 2007 and 2017 were reviewed. Data regarding prostate size, irrigation fluid volume, resection time, pre- and post-operative electrolytes, hemoglobin levels taken within 48 hours before and after surgery, and blood transfusion information were collected. In order to establish parameters for post-operative laboratory monitoring, we categorized prostate size, resection time, and irrigation fluid into groups i.e. (<45 g, 45-60 9, 61-80 g and >80 g), (<30 min, 31-60 and >60 min) and (<201, 21-40 L and >40 L) respectively.Results: A total of 1.000 patients were included. The median age was 66 years with the minimum of 46 years and maximum of 98 years. The median prostate size was 54.26 g. Among all pre- and post-operative laboratory parameters, only hemoglobin and sodium showed a significant change, which were analyzed further. Drop in hemoglobin was significantly associated with increasing prostate size and volume of irrigation fluid. Patients with a prostate size of >80 g had 27.3 times higher chance of significant (>2 g) drop in hemoglobin while 5.1 times higher when irrigation volume exceeded 40 liters. Low levels of sodium were strongly associated with prostate size, irrigation fluid volume, and resection time. However, all these factors become insignificant (p >= 0.05) for their effect on low sodium, when these variables were adjusted with each other. Blood transfusion was performed in 27 patients. All these patients belonged to a group of patients with prostate size of more than 80 g with high resection time and irrigation fluid volume. Three patients had TUR syndrome. Post-operative hemoglobin and electrolytes monitoring contributed to a change in the management of only 14% of patients.Conclusion: Routine post-operative hemoglobin and electrolyte measurement is not required in every patient undergoing TURP. Use of risk stratification approach will help us to decide which patient needs post-operative lab testing.Objective: To evaluate the importance of post-operative hemoglobin and electrolyte monitoring after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and establish the parameters to be considered for monitoring.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "The weight distribution of C-5(1,n). In [2] the codes C-q (r, n) over F-q were introduced. These linear codes have parameters [2(n), Sigma (r)(i=0) ((n)(i)), 2(n-r)], can be viewed as analogues of the binary Reed-Muller codes and share several features in common with them. In [2], the weight distribution Of C-3 (1, n) is completely determined.In this paper we compute the weight distribution of C-5(1, n). To this end we transform a sum of a product of two binomial coefficients into an expression involving only exponentials and Lucas numbers. We prove an effective result on the set of Lucas numbers which are powers of two to arrive to the complete determination of the weight distribution of C-5 (1, n). The final result is stated as Theorem 2.", "label": [4, 40, 41]}
+{"token": "Influence of PU foam reinforcement of I-beam on buckling resistance. The paper presents the influence of PU foam on the buckling resistance of an I-beam made with sheets aluminum alloy 6061-T6 sheets and GFRP plates. Four beam types were considered: an aluminum beam, a composite aluminum-fiberglass beam, a composite aluminum-fiberglass-PU beam and a composite aluminum-fiberglass-PU-ribs beam. Each beam was made with two C-profiles connected by webs, with flanges reinforced by flat bars. Channels were made by bending 0.8 mm thick aluminum alloy 6061-T6 sheets. Flat bars were made from aluminum alloy 6061-T6 2.0 mm in thickness. The metal sheets components were connected by Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding RFSSW technology. The composite aluminum-fiberglass beam additionally has GFRP plates glued to the flanges. The 3.0 mm thick GFRP plates were connected by a polyurethane adhesive. The composite aluminum-GFRP-PU and aluminum-GFRP-PU-ribs beams have a rectangular cross-section. The composite aluminum-GFRP-PU beam was made like the composite aluminum-GFRP beam, but with stiffening of the web by polyurethane foam. The aluminum-GFRP-PU-ribs beam was made like the composite aluminum-GFRP beam, but with stiffening of the web by aluminum ribs and polyurethane foam. The PU foam filled up the I-sections in such a way that rectangular cross-sections were obtained. The beams were subjected to three-point bending tests.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "A rapid, sensitive and selective electrochemical biosensor with concanavalin A for the preemptive detection of norovirus. Norovirus (NoV) is a foodborne pathogen that can cause sporadic and epidemic gastrointestinal diseases. Rapid screening is crucial to promptly identify the presence of NoV and prevent food poisoning. Here, we present a sensitive, selective, and rapid electrochemical biosensor for the detection of NoV. The proposed electrochemical biosensor is composed of a nanostructured gold electrode conjugated with concanavalin A (ConA). ConA functions as a recognition element that selectively captures NoV. Cyclic voltammetry revealed a linear relationship (R-2=0.998) between the current and concentration of NoV (in the range of 10(2) and 10(6) copies/mL), with a relatively short assay time (1 h) and a good detection limit (35 copies/mL). Additionally, the signals of Hepatitis A and E in the selectively test were found to be only 2.0% and 2.8% of the NoV signal at an identical concentration of 10(3) copies/mL, proving that the electrochemical biosensor has a selectively of approximately 98%. Moreover, the concentration of NoV was measured in a realistic environment, i.e., a sample solution extracted from lettuce, to demonstrate a potential application of the proposed biosensor (LoD=60 copies/mL). (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 2, 4, 19, 36, 15, 42]}
+{"token": "Phosphate solubilisation and plant growth promoting potential by stress tolerant Bacillus sp isolated from rhizosphere of apple orchards in trans Himalayan region of Himachal Pradesh. Phosphate-solubilising ability and co-production of plant growth promoting traits of stress tolerant Bacillus subtilisCB(8)A isolated from apple rhizosphere was tested under in vitro conditions against a wide range of temperature (30-45 degrees C), pH (7-9) and salt (0-5%) stresses. Under the extremes of temperature (45 degrees C), pH-9 and salt concentration (5%), production of soluble phosphate, indole acetic acid, siderophore and antifungal activity against Dematophora necatrix were reduced by 71.09%, 75.29%, 90.3% and 88.47%, respectively. Per cent decrease in P-solubilisation at extreme temperature (45 degrees C) and normal pH (7) without salt concentration was 36.23%; at extreme pH (9) and normal temperature (37 degrees C) without salt concentration was 23.45% and at extreme salt concentration (5%), optimum temperature (37 degrees C) and pH (7) was 36.7%. P-solubilisation by CB(8)A was inversely correlated with pH (r = -0.78) and positively correlated with siderophore production (r = 0.81), indole acetic acid (r = 0.58) and antifungal activity (r = 0.63). Gluconic acid (1.43%) and citric acid (0.67%) were detected as major organic acids. P-solubilisation and nitrogen fixing abilities of B. subtilisCB(8)A were confirmed by amplification of gdh and nifH genes. The ability of CB8A showing plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) traits at a wide range of temperature, pH and varying salt concentration can be exploited for developing multifunctional biofertiliser in apple orchards.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Mutation screening for tyrosinaemia type I. This study reports the development of a mutation screening strategy for tyrosinaemia type I, and the identification of six novel mutations in the FAA gene.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 20]}
+{"token": "Q-band single-crystal EPR study and molecular orbital calculations of [(C6H5)(4)As][Re(VI)NCl4/Re(V)OCl4]. A Q-band single-crystal EPR study of tetraphenylarsoniumtetrachloro-nitridorhenate(VI), [(C6H5)(4)As][Re-VI NCl4], diamagnetically diluted by the isoelectronic oxorhenate(V) complex is reported. The EPR spectra are typical of an ion with 5d(1) (S = 1/2) configuration and are influenced by large rhenium hyperfine coupling constants and nuclear quadrupole interactions. They are characterized by well-resolved Re-185.187 hyperfine patterns with almost equal spacings and the occurrence of \\\\'forbidden\\\\' transitions (Delta m(1) = +/-1, Delta m(1) = +/-2).The Re-185.187 hyperfine parameters as well as the data obtained from density functional theory (DFT) and the extended Huckel theory (EHT) molecular orbital calculations are used to analyze the spin density distribution in the system under study. Thereby, the negative sign found for the spin density at the nitrogen from DFT is mainly determined by spin polarization. In addition, both MO methods are used to calculate the electric field gradient being responsible for the Re-185.187 nuclear quadrupole coupling. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
+{"token": "Virtual Action Research for Virtual Organisations?. Business organisations have always existed in a constantly changing environment. To survive it is necessary for them to adapt and adjust to the changes. When analysing complex entities, such as organisations, researchers have frequently adopted the methods of action research. But with the advent of greater use of information and communication technology businesses are changing in their composition and one practicalmanifestation of this is the rise of virtual teams. Virtual teams reflect the trend for an organisation to comprise `satellites' or clusters of expertise in different parts of the globe. Such a transformation of what we can now take as an organisation creates new challenges for managers and for those inquiring into organisational problems. In this paper we attempt to address the question whether action research is any longer a valid way of organisational intervention for the researcher and consultant alike. In this paper we describe field research in which a soft method of Action Research was used during the analysis phase of IS development as a means of understanding the problem domain, identifying information requirements, evaluating technologies and reducing conflicts. The research was conducted between two institutions that were separated by several thousand miles and all participants connected from individual locations using virtual synchronous ICT. The study provided insight into the use of AR in virtual settings and as a means of conflict resolution in virtual teams. The findings have implications for IS development (which is increasingly conducted in virtual teams), education and management among others.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Duplex vermiform appendix: case report of a ruptured second appendix. Although the finding of appendiceal duplication is uncommon, its misdiagnosis and mismanagement may yield poor clinical outcomes and serious medicolegal consequences. Laparoscopic surgical exploration was performed on a 17-year-old male patient with right lower quadrant pain and a history of a previous appendectomy. Inspection of the cecum revealed a second appendix, which was retrocecal, ruptured, and gangrenous. Appendiceal duplication should be considered in all cases of lower abdominal pain, and careful inspection of the cecum for appendiceal anomalies should be performed. The Cave-Wallbridge classification system will be presented to assist surgeons in diagnosing appendiceal duplications. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Renal hypouricemia in school-aged children: screening of serum uric acid level before physical training. We present two cases of a 12-year-old Japanese boy and a 14-year-old Japanese girl who had exercise-induced acute renal failure (ARF). They experienced general fatigue, nausea/vomiting, and vague discomfort in the abdomen after physical exercise at school. In case of the boy, abdominal pain subsided, but renal dysfunction lasted 17 days, with peak levels of creatinine 9.4 mg/dl and uric acid 11.3 mg/dl. On the other hand, as the girl had suffered from hypouricemia before, she followed a doctor's guidance on prevention of ARF. Consequently, she was promptly diagnosed as having exercise-induced ARF associated with hypouricemia, and rapidly recovered from ARF within a week. The difference between their clinical courses suggested a possibility that previous laboratory evaluation of serum uric acid assisted in the management of exercise-induced ARF associated with hypouricemia. School-aged children, especially Japanese and Asian, may be advised to have their serum uric acid measured before starting physical training at school.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Plant functional traits and canopy structure control the relationship between photosynthetic CO2 uptake and far-red sun-induced fluorescence in a Mediterranean grassland under different nutrient availability. We conclude that the addition of nutrients imposed a change in the abundance of different plant forms and biochemistry of the canopy that controls F760. Changes in canopy structure mainly control the GPP-F760 relationship, with a secondary effect of Cab and Vcmax.In order to exploit F760 data to model GPP at the global/regional scale, canopy structural variability, biodiversity and functional traits are important factors that have to be considered.We analyzed the structural and functional factors controlling the emission of SIF at 760 nm (F-760) in a Mediterranean grassland manipulated with nutrient addition of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) or nitrogen-phosphorous (NP). Using the soil-canopy observation of photosynthesis and energy (SCOPE) model, we investigated how nutrient-induced changes in canopy structure (i.e. changes in plant forms abundance that influence leaf inclination distribution function, LIDF) and functional traits (e.g. N content in dry mass of leaves, N%, Chlorophyll a+b concentration (Cab) and maximum carboxylation capacity (V-cmax)) affected the observed linear relationship between F760 and GPP.Sun induced fluorescence (SIF) in the far-red region provides a new noninvasive measurement approach that has the potential to quantify dynamic changes in light-use efficiency and gross primary production (GPP). However, the mechanistic link between GPP and SIF is not completely understood.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Differentiating human keratinocytes are deficient in p53 but retain global nucleotide excision repair following ultraviolet radiation. Terminally differentiating keratinocytes constitute the predominant cell type within the skin epidermis and play an important role in the overall photobiology of human skin following ultraviolet radiation. However, the DNA repair capacity of differentiating keratinocytes is unclear, and little is known regarding how such repair activity is regulated in these cells. We systematically compared the global genomic nucleotide excision repair response of cultured undifferentiated human keratinocytes to those that were allowed to differentiate in 1.2 mM Ca2+, in some cases supplemented with phorbol ester or Vitamin C. Differentiated cells ceased replication and expressed typical markers of differentiation. Following ultraviolet radiation, keratinocytes that were differentiated up to 12 days removed cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and pyrimidine(6,4)pyrimidone photoproducts from the global genome as efficiently as undifferentiated cells. However, following the onset of calcium-induced differentiation, basal levels of p53 were nearly undetectable by 12 days of differentiation when global repair activity was unaffected. Following ultraviolet radiation, induction of p53 following ultraviolet radiation was abrogated by 6 days of calcium-induced differentiation. Basal levels of mRNA encoding the DNA damage recognition proteins, XPC and DDB2, were relatively insensitive to differentiation and p53 levels. However, following ultraviolet radiation, inductions of mRNA encoding the DNA damage recognition proteins, DDB2 and XPC, were differentially affected by differentiation. Rapid loss of DDB2 mRNA induction was associated with differentiation, while XPC mRNA induction diminished more slowly with differentiation. These results indicate that human keratinocytes preserve global nucleotide excision repair as well as expression of genes encoding key DNA damage recognition proteins well into the terminal differentiation process. perhaps using mechanisms other than p53. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 20]}
+{"token": "Homing strategies of the Australian desert ant Melophorus bagoti - II. Interaction of the path integrator with visual cue information. Individually foraging ants are known to return to their nest by using path-integration and recording visual information present in the environment. The interaction between the path integrator and the information provided by the visual cues in an Australian desert ant are reported here. Ants were trained to travel in a 1-m wide and 20-m long corridor of cylinders. Homeward paths of trained ants were recorded in the presence and absence of vector information and route cues in both the familiar training field and in an unfamiliar test field. Homing ants used route cue information only in a familiar context. The route cues were not essential but served to reduce the deviation of the homing trajectory from the nest-feeder line. When displaced locally, homebound ants initially oriented towards the nest using distant cues and then headed in a direction intermediate between that dictated by the path integrator and the distant cues. If in the course of travel ants encountered the familiar path they adhered to it. If not, they travelled on average half the distance of the outbound journey and initiated a search directed towards the nest. Following the search, ants headed in a direction intermediate between that dictated by the route cues and the distant cues. In an unfamiliar context neither vector nor route cue information could steer a homing ant towards the nest. The dominance of distant cues, the importance of familiar context and the interaction between different navigation strategies are discussed here.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Profile of patients submitted to amputation related to diabetes mellitus. Retrospective study that aimed at describing the clinic and socio-demographical characteristics of 141 individuals which were interned in Teaching Hospital of Universidade Federal do Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil, who were submitted to amputations related to diabetes and compare the number of amputations considering the variables sex, age, co-morbidity, the type of treatment and then associated the number of amputations with the duration of internments and diagnosis. Data were collected from patient health records, totalizing 208 amputations. Major percentage of masculine individuals (58,9%), and a major occurrence of amputation among the elderly (70.2%); the cause: diabetic foot (35.7%); the most of patients (75.0%) went through internment at least twice; most frequent co-morbidity: arterial hypertension (74.0%); median in the number of amputations was two. It was not observed any significant difference between the variables of study.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "PROTEOLYTIC CLEAVAGE OF VP2, AN OUTER CAPSID PROTEIN OF AFRICAN HORSE SICKNESS VIRUS, BY SPECIES-SPECIFIC SERUM PROTEASES ENHANCES INFECTIVITY IN CULICOIDES. Purified African horse sickness virus (AHSV) was fed, as part of a blood meal, to adult females from a susceptible colony of Culicoides variipennis, established in the insectories at the Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, UK. The meal consisted of heparinized blood obtained from ovine, bovine, equine (horse and donkey) or canine sources spiked with AHSV serotype 9 (AHSV9). The infectivity levels observed for C. variipennis varied significantly, according to the source of the blood sample. Comparison of the protein profiles obtained from AHSV9 incubated with the individual serum of plasma samples indicated that some species-specific serum proteases were able to cleave the outer capsid protein, VP2. The blood samples containing serum proteases that were able to cleave VP2 also showed an increase in infectivity for the insect vector when spiked with purified AHSV.", "label": [2, 19, 21]}
+{"token": "Myelography in orange-spined-hairy-dwarf-porcupine (Sphiggurus villosus). The myelography procedure is reported in an adult of the Sphiggurus villosus (hairy-tree-porcupine) species coming from the wild, in the region of Curitiba/PR. After proceeding with the examination, while the animal was under general anesthesia, there was a dorsal deviation of the contrast in the height of the seventh thoracic vertebra (T-7) caused by compression in the ventral region of the vertebra. This is suggestive of edema caused by intramedullary hemorrhage secondary to trauma suffered by the animal in the wild. Therefore, the use of myelography in Sphiggurus villosus (hairy-tree-porcupine) proved to be quite valid and efficient, presenting the advantages of greater precision to delimit and locate the lesion present in the vertebral column.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Artists versus arts council: A longitudinal analysis of brand legitimacy. In the arts, brand has often been seen as a 'dirty word.' This paper critically analyzes the shaky relationship between artists and an arts council by examining a unique data set of annual reports from the Australia Council for the Arts, over a period of thirty-one years (1982-2013). This longitudinal study charts how and why brand legitimacy in the arts council was lost through the use of institutional, legitimacy and branding theories. With a focus on brand images, text, and media coverage, we demonstrate the souring of relations with artists over three decades. The data reveal three phases of brand development: artist-centric to artistic rebellion to corporatization, at which time the arts council lost artists' support of the brand. The shift over three phases illustrates changes in types of legitimacy that dominate. The changes are from cognitive and moral legitimacy to pragmatic legitimacy. This change is synonymous with changes in the global art field to McDonaldization. An arts council circulates brands in an artistic and corporate milieu, seeking to achieve legitimacy with actors in both fields. The use of a one-sided branding strategy provokes opposition from artists as it occurs at their expense, creating winners and losers in legitimacy terms.", "label": [3, 5, 28, 57]}
+{"token": "A theoretical framework for convex regularizers in PDE-based computation of image motion. Many differential methods for the recovery of the optic flow field from an image sequence can be expressed in terms of a variational problem where the optic flow minimizes some energy. Typically, these energy functionals consist of two terms: a data term, which requires e.g. that a brightness constancy assumption holds, and a regularizer that encourages global or piecewise smoothness of the flow field. In this paper we present a systematic classification of rotation invariant convex regularizers by exploring their connection to diffusion filters for multichannel images. This taxonomy provides a unifying framework for data-driven and flow-driven, isotropic and anisotropic, as well as spatial and spatio-temporal regularizers. While some of these techniques are classic methods from the literature, others are derived here for the first time. We prove that all these methods are well-posed: they posses a unique solution that depends in a continuous way on the initial data. An interesting structural relation between isotropic and anisotropic flow-driven regularizers is identified, and a design criterion is proposed for constructing anisotropic flow-driven regularizers in a simple and direct way from isotropic ones. Its use is illustrated by several examples.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Effects of temporal and environmental factors on the probability of detecting California Black Rails. During 1995-1996, we used tape playbacks of rail calls to study the effects of temporal and environmental factors on the probability of detecting California Black Rails (Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus) at Suisun Bay, California. Detection probability was assessed in a relative sense from the number of rails detected per survey during surveys repeated over the same routes under differing temporal and environmental conditions. Detections were lower during winter compared to the breeding season, due to a decline in response (as opposed to a decline in number of rails). Temporal and environmental variables explained 15-20% of the variation in detection probability during the breeding season. Number of detections varied considerably among days on the same route. On average, detection probability was relatively stable between late-April and early June, but increased from mid-June to early July, probably because of the appearance of young-of-the-year. Detection probability was greatest, and variation least, from sunrise to about 1.5 h thereafter, and likewise for the 1.5-h period preceding sunset. Detections declined abruptly 0.75 h after sunset and were similarly low during the 1.5-h period before sunrise. Other variables having significant and independent effects on detection probability were tide height, moon phase, cloud cover, and air temperature; detections decreased with increase in tide height and cloud cover, and increased with increase in air temperature and moon light (during the preceding night). Time of day had the greatest effect on detection probability Studies of relative abundance of California Black Rails should be designed to standardize environmental factors and be repeated over the same route during the breeding season before the appearance of fledglings.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Tumor of the tail of the pancreas as an unusual first manifestation of Wegener's disease. A fifty-year-old, previously healthy woman presented with abdominal pain and weight loss. Diagnostic work-up revealed a mass in the tail of the pancreas with the appearance of a pancreatic carcinoma. Partial pancreatectomy was performed. Postoperatively, the patient's kidney function deteriorated. Pathohistological examination of the resected tissue showed a granulomatous vasculitis but no maligant tumor. Renal biopsy revealed a rapid progressive glomerulonephritis. Positive C-ANCA screening confirmed the diagnosis of Wegener's disease and an immunosuppressive therapy was established. This case demonstrates the difficult management of a potentially benign pancreatic mass, as reliable discrimination from pancreatic adenocarcinoma is not always possible.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Lichens Mentioned by Pedanios Dioscorides. Lichens are included in the classification system of fungi and have been used in medicine, pharmacy and industry from antiquity to present day in the treatment of various diseases. In this study, Peri Hyles Iatrikes of Dioscorides has been investigated and evaluated from lichenological point of view. It is found that, Dioscorides mentions about medical properties and uses of probable Parmelia species such as P. saxatilis (L.) Ach or P. sulcata Taylor.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Risk attitude and market behavior: Evidence from experimental asset markets. In this paper we relate individual risk attitude as elicited by binary lottery choices to market behavior. By analyzing 26 independent experimental markets with a total of 280 participants, we show that binary lottery choices are systematically correlated with market behavior: the higher the degree of risk aversion the lower the observed market activity. Our results also uncover gender differences in risk attitude, which moderate market behavior. We find that women are more risk averse than men, submit fewer offers, and engage less often in trades. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49, 55]}
+{"token": "Error and Energy Aware Sensor Deployment for RSS Localization-A Linear Quadratic Regulator Formulation. In network localization, sensor deployment positions relative to the points of interest (PoIs) and the fusion center (FC) greatly affect the overall localization error and energy performance. To account for both aspects, sensor deployment is formulated as an optimization problem in which the cost function combines both error and energy terms. Given a set of candidate positions, the problem is then to determine where sensors should be deployed such that the cost function is minimized. One of the challenges associated with this problem is NP-hardness, nonlinearity, and nonconvexity. Moreover, the localization error is submodular in relation to the number of deployed sensors. Thus, in addition to deployment positions, the order of deployment is an important factor to consider. To solve this problem, two suboptimal sequential low-complexity deployment algorithms are proposed. In the first algorithm, deployment is modeled as a constrained linear quadratic regulator (LQR) problem. Using this formulation, deployment is formulated as a constrained convex quadratic optimization problem that can be easily solved. To further reduce computational complexity, a second greedy algorithm is proposed. In this algorithm, a local cost function combining a sensor's transmission energy and the localization errors at the PoIs is used to make the deployment decision. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms in comparison to other methods.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35]}
+{"token": "Networks and Anti-poverty Programs: Experience of India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme. Governments struggle with the reality that the beneficiaries of anti-poverty programs are powerless to influence policies and prevent the possibility of capture of benefits by the non-poor. Networks social and political are supposed to increase the ability of the less-powerful to access their entitlements. This article assesses whether socially and politically networked households do in fact have better awareness of the components of the program and of the processes of decision making, and whether such networking makes them more likely to vocalise their dissatisfaction when their entitlements are threatened. India's national rural employment guarantee scheme's institutional design (mandating village assemblies to authorise decisions on the projects) makes it a good test case. Our results show that links to social and political networks significantly increase the beneficiary's awareness of the program's components and enhances the ability to seek redress.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Effect of Atmospheric Corrections on NDVI: Intercomparability of Landsat 8, Sentinel-2, and UAV Sensors. Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 satellites constitute an unprecedented source of freely accessible satellite imagery. To produce precise outputs from the satellite data, however, proper use of atmospheric correction methods is crucial. In this work, we tested the performance of six different atmospheric correction methods (QUAC, FLAASH, DOS, ACOLITE, 6S, and Sen2Cor), together with atmospheric correction given by providers, non-corrected image, and images acquired using an unmanned aerial vehicle while working with the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) as the most widely used index. We tested their performance across urban, rural, and vegetated land cover types. Our results show a substantial impact from the choice of the atmospheric correction method on the resulting NDVI. Moreover, we demonstrate that proper use of atmospheric correction methods can increase the intercomparability between data from Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 satellite imagery.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 38, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Numerical study on 3-D light and heat transport in biological tissues embedded with large blood vessels during laser-induced thermotherapy. Tissue vasculature plays all important role in the temperature responses of biological bodies subject to laser heating. For example, interfaces between blood vessel and its surrounding tissues may lead to reflection or absorption of the coming laser light. However, most of the previous efforts just treat this by considering a collective model. To date, little attention has been paid to the effect of a single blood vessel on tissue temperature prediction during laser-induced thermotherapy. To resolve this important issue in clinics, we propose to simultaneously solve the three-dimensional (3-D) light and heat transport in several typical tissue domains with either one single blood vessel or two countercurrent blood vessels running through. Both surface and intervenient laser irradiations are considered in these studies. The 3-D heat transfer and bloodflow models are established to characterize the temperature transients over the whole area. Coupled equations for heat and blood flow in multiple regions are solved using the blocking-off method. lit particular, the Monte Carlo method is introduced to calculate the light transport inside the tissues as well as the blood vessel. Theoretical algorithms to deal with the complex interfaces between the tissues and vessels, and the tissue-air interface, are given. The heat generation pattern due to absorption of laser light is thus obtained by Monte Carlo simulation and then adopted into the heat and flow transport equations to predict the 3-D temperature transients over the whole domain. It is demonstrated that without considering large-size blood vessels inside the tissues, a very different temperature response is induced when subject to the same laser heating. Detailed temperature developments for the aforementioned vessel configurations are comprehensively analyzed. Implementation of the laser irradiation pattern to the clinical practices is discussed. We also test the effects of the buoyancy-driven bloodflow due to laser heating on the tissue temperature response. This study may raise new issues to evaluate the contribution of a single blood vessel in modeling laser-tissue interaction. Such information is expected to be critical for accurate treatment planning in clinics.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Reduced distribution of pacemaking cells in dilated colon. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) act as pacemaker in gastrointestinal smooth muscle. In animals, small bowel dilatation produces a reduction in ICC numbers and in pacemaker function. With resolution of dilatation, ICC numbers and pacemaking function are partially restored. In human colonic disease states, dilatation is associated with dysmotility. The effect of dilatation on ICC distribution has not previously been examined in the human colon. Tissues from a neonate with colonic atresia and a 17-year-old adolescent with acquired megasigmoid were fixed, sectioned and incubated with anti cKit antibodies followed by fluorescent secondary antibodies. Distended and non-distended segments of colon were examined for ICC distribution using immunohistochemistry to c-Kit. Images were obtained with confocal microscopy. In both patients, there was a marked reduction in cKit-immunoreactive cells in the circular muscle and the myenteric plexus of the distended colon compared to the distal non-distended colon. Dilatation of the human colon is associated with a marked reduction in ICC. A resulting loss of pacemaker function could contribute to dysmotility associated with distension. Further studies assessing pacemaking function in human subjects and investigating reversibility of ICC disruption may allow new therapeutic strategies.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Role of Intermetallics on Fatigue Behaviuor of Stainless Steel Adhered by Sn. The fatigue property of 304 stainless steel (SS) adhered by Fe-Sn intermetallics was investigated. The microstructure of crack nucleation and crack propagation was observed, and the influence of Fe-Sn intermetallics on fatigue failure was analyzed. Fatigue tests at stress ratio of R = -1 were performed using a sine waveform at 20 Hz frequency under load control. In addition, the morphology and microfractography of the Fe-Sn intermetallics were examined under a scanning electron microscope. Results demonstrated that the adherence of the interfacial (Fe, Cr)Sn-2 layer reduced the fatigue life of the 304 SS substrates. The fatigue cracks also exhibited the intergranular fracture characteristics of the intermetallics. The brittle (Fe, Cr)Sn-2 intermetallics were apt to fatigue crack nucleation. The interfacial metallurgical bonding, which was caused by diffusion reaction between Fe and Sn atoms, led to crack propagation into the SS substrate.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Innovative activity of small and medium-sized enterprises in Kazakhstan and factors of its development. In this paper, the authors conduct a statistical analysis of indicators of innovative growth in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The indicators were compared to those of technologically advanced countries, in particular to indices, such as the share of innovation-active enterprises, domestic spending on research and development (percentage to GDP), total researchers equivalent per one thousand of the working population and the amount of researches conducted. As a result of the present study, the authors have determined the key factors that have a major influence on the innovative activity of SMEs.Today, there is a need to shift from the export-oriented economic model to innovative economics in Kazakhstan. According to innovation indices, the State is significantly lagging behind other developed countries. The Republic of Kazakhstan can become competitive by shifting to a new model of economic growth and by rapidly reducing the backlog. The State needs an effective strategy for growth through innovation by implementing the development of commercial innovation.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Eruption Chronology of Primary Teeth in Nigerian Children. The eruption chronology of the primary dentition has been studied in some populations, however; only few studies from Nigeria and other African countries have been reported. OBJECTIVE: To determine the appropriate reference standard for eruption of primary teeth in Nigerian children. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross sectional study consisting of 1,013 clinically healthy babies, infants and preschool children between the ages of 4 to 36 months from the community health centers immunization clinics in Ife Central and Ife East Local Government Areas. RESULTS: Boys erupted primary teeth earlier than girls in both arches except the first molars. However, girls had a shorter duration of eruption (from the first tooth to erupt to the last tooth to erupt) when compared to boys. In addition, boys had a systematic tendeney for earlier eruption on the left side. CONCLUSION. Within the limitations of this study a baseline data for eruption of primary teeth among Nigerian children has been established. Nigerian children experienced an earlier eruption of primary teeth when compared to their Arabian and American counterparts and a later eruption when compared to children from Iceland.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Identification of two novel SMN1 point mutations associated with a very severe SMA-I phenotype. Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a common autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by degeneration of motor neurons and weakness and muscle atrophy. Approximately 95% of SMA patients are caused by homozygous deletions of the SMN1 gene, whereas the remaining 5% of patients harbor compound heterozygous mutations such as an SMN1 deletion allele and an intragenic mutation (insertions, deletions, or point mutations) in the other SMN1 allele. Although analysis for the SMN1/SMN2 copy number is relatively easy, molecular genetic testing for patients with subtle mutations is still compromised due to the presence of a highly homologous SMN2 gene. Herein, we analyzed the SMN1/SMN2 copy number by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and subtle mutations by long-range PCR (LR-PCR) for two \\\\'nondeletion\\\\' SMA patients. We identified a missense mutation (c.280G T, p. (Val94Phe)) and a splicing mutation c.*3 thorn 3A > T in SMN1 gene not previously described in the scientific literature. Giving the severe phenotype of the two patients, we speculated that these two point mutations could significantly affect the function of SMN proteins. Our results provide important information for genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis in these families and enrich the SMN1 mutation database.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Jesus as Spirit-Filled Warrior and Mark's Functional Pneumatology. Although Mark's Gospel refers to \\\\'the holy spirit\\\\' only six times, a central aspect of Mark's presentation of Jesus in the prologue is as one who is \\\\'spirit-filled\\\\' at the baptism (1:10). Mark continues to signal throughout the narrative that Jesus's actions are energized by the holy spirit, especially in his conflicts with his chief enemy, Satan, and others in the apocalyptic conflict, such as demonic and human opponents. Jesus's victories come through the spirit's power, and he offers the same possibility to his disciples. Even though their own \\\\'testing\\\\' shows their inability to imitate Jesus, Mark's Gospel nevertheless holds out for its audience the promise of future power through the holy spirit. The intersection of the themes of discipleship and the spiritfilled life, as modeled by Jesus, show that, just as Jesus engaged in battle with his cosmic enemies through the holy spirit, so too Jesus's disciples can expect to do the same. This role for the holy spirit is Mark's functional pneumatology. Jesus serves as a narrative portrayal of the \\\\'spirit-filled\\\\' life for Mark's audience, who can imitate not only Jesus's suffering unto death but also the advent of the kingdom through embodying the way of life of the kingdom of God.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "The structure of low-lying 1(-) states in Zr-90,Zr-94 from (alpha, alpha 'gamma) and (p, p 'gamma) reactions. DWBA calculations were made using form factors deduced from transition densities, based on RPA calculations, characterized by a strong neutron component at the nuclear surface. A combined analysis of the two reactions was performed for the first time to investigate the isoscalar character of the 1(-) states in Zr-90,Zr-94. The (p, p'gamma) cross section was calculated using values for the isoscalar electric dipole energy-weighted sum rule (E1 ISEWSR) obtained from the (alpha, alpha'gamma) data. The isoscalar strength for Zr-90 was found to exhaust 20 +/- 2.5% of the EWSR in the energy range up to 12 MeV. In case of Zr-94, a strength of 9 +/- 1.1% of the EWSR was found in the range up to 8.5 MeV.Although an overall general description was obtained in the studied energy intervals, not all proton cross sections were well reproduced using the isoscalar strength from (alpha, alpha'gamma). This might suggest mixing of isoscalar and isovector components and that this mixing and the degree of collectivity are not the same for all the 1(-) states below the particle binding energy. (C) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.The low-lying dipole strength in the Zr-90,Zr-94 nuclei was investigated via (p, p'gamma) at 80 MeV and (alpha, alpha'gamma) at 130 MeV. The experiments, made at RCNP, used the magnetic spectrometer Grand Raiden for the scattered particles and the array CAGRA with HPGe detectors for the gamma-decay. For Zr-94 these are the first data for both reactions and for Zr-90 these are the first data with (p, p'gamma) and the first ones at high resolution for (alpha, alpha'gamma). The comparison of the present results for the two nuclei with existing (gamma, gamma') data shows that both nuclear probes produce an excitation pattern different than that of the electromagnetic probes.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "Frizzled7 Functions as a Wnt Receptor in Intestinal Epithelial Lgr5(+) Stem Cells. The mammalian adult small intestinal epithelium is a rapidly self-renewing tissue that is maintained by a pool of cycling stem cells intermingled with Paneth cells at the base of crypts. These crypt base stem cells exclusively express Lgr5 and require Wnt3 or, in its absence, Wnt2b. However, the Frizzled (Fzd) receptor that transmits these Wnt signals is unknown. We determined the expression profile of Fzd receptors in Lgr5(+) stem cells, their immediate daughter cells, and Paneth cells. Here we show Fzd7 is enriched in Lgr5(+) stem cells and binds Wnt3 and Wnt2b. Conditional deletion of the Fzd7 gene in adult intestinal epithelium leads to stem cell loss in vivo and organoid death in vitro. Crypts of conventional Fzd7 knockout mice show decreased basal Wnt signaling and impaired capacity to regenerate the epithelium following deleterious insult. These observations indicate that Fzd7 is required for robust Wnt-dependent processes in Lgr5(+) intestinal stem cells.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "MULTIDISCIPLINARY DIALOGUE IN GENDER VIOLENCE: LEGAL PROFESSIONALS AND INTERPRETERS. Communication in the legal world can be difficult even when the interlocutors speak the same language. Laypersons, unversed in the law, are, unlike legal players, ignorant of legal concepts, unfamiliar with legal parlance and feel that they are in a situation of inferiority before the ceremonials of different judicial proceedings. International, European and national legislation on procedural safeguards and their implementing regulations include the obligation to supply quality legal interpreting and translation services that can guarantee effective and efficient communication. The quality actually required by these precepts is an undetermined legal concept that calls for a multidisciplinary review by jurists, linguists, translators and interpreters. To properly comply with the aforementioned precepts, it is vital that these players are aware of the communicative needs of victims and the peculiarities of communication through interpreters. This article presents the results of a number of research works on judicial interpreting and translation and raises the need to adopt urgent training and awareness-raising measures for justice system staff, particularly the judges and magistrates who conduct proceedings and who are obliged to ensure the safeguarding of the different rights recognised by national, community and international law in respect of both victims and the accused.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Rethinking the biopolitical: Borders, refugees, mobilities horizontal ellipsis. This Symposium reflects on the growing relevance of biopolitical perspectives in camps studies, border studies, refugee studies, and in particular in research at the intersection between mobility studies and political geography. The five interventions accordingly engage with questions regarding the use of biopolitics as an analytical framework, but also as a pervasive strategy and governmental tool in Western societies. Through an analysis of several empirical cases - most notably hotspots on the Greek Aegean Island, refugee's forced hyper mobility in Europe, speech acts connected to the ethnic cleansing of the Rohingya people in Myanmar and the 'voluntary return' policies in Europe, and the paper borders created by visa systems - the authors indicate new possible fields of enquiry related to the biopolitical critically inspired by the work of authors such as Giorgio Agamben and Jasbir Puar, while also clearly restating the fundamental importance of Foucault's original contribution to any biopolitical analytical framework today.", "label": [5, 52, 51]}
+{"token": "CIDADE DE DEUS AND JANELA DA ALMA: A STUDY INTO THE PRODUCTION CHAIN IN THE BRAZILIAN CINEMA INDUSTRY. The aim is to discuss and analyze production, marketing and exhibition paths in the domestic cinema market of the movies Cidade de Deus and Janela da alma, by outlining their convergences and the differences. This is a multiple case study of an exploratory nature, based on source triangulation. The results show the following convergences: the strengthening of partnerships between producers and distributors; the use of funds from Brazilian legislation for encouraging the development of audio-visual activities; the importance and effectiveness of formatted marketing and launch strategies; the nature of the project team's work and the need to perceive and overcome the negative signals initially coming from the market. The main divergences include in particular; the degree of commitment of the directors at all stages of the films' projects; the focus on marketing strategies in festivals as a way of developing the market and the focus on commercial results.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
+{"token": "A Meloidogyne graminicola Pectate Lyase Is Involved in Virulence and Activation of Host Defense Responses. Plant-parasitic nematodes secrete an array of cell-wall-degrading enzymes to overcome the physical barrier formed by the plant cell wall. Here, we describe a novel pectate lyase gene Mg-PEL1 from M. graminicola. Quantitative real-time PCR assay showed that the highest transcriptional expression level of Mg-PEL1 occurred in pre-parasitic second-stage juveniles, and it was still detected during the early parasitic stage. Using in situ hybridization, we showed that Mg-PEL1 was expressed exclusively within the subventral esophageal gland cells of M. graminicola. The yeast signal sequence trap system revealed that it possessed an N-terminal signal peptide with secretion function. Recombinant Mg-PEL1 exhibited hydrolytic activity toward polygalacturonic acid. Rice plants expressing RNA interference vectors targeting Mg-PEL1 showed an increased resistance to M. graminicola. In addition, using an Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system and plant immune response assays, we demonstrated that the cell wall localization of Mg-PEL1 was required for the activation of plant defense responses, including programmed plant cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and expression of defense-related genes. Taken together, our results indicated that Mg-PEL1 could enhance the pathogenicity of M. graminicola and induce plant immune responses during nematode invasion into plants or migration in plants. This provides a new insight into the function of pectate lyases in plants-nematodes interaction.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "WHAT IS PUBLIC SAFETY?. This Article argues that if individual safety includes some or all of these additional elements, then public safety-the government's obligation to ensure people are safe should be understood far more capaciously than it is at present. At its analytic core, this Article shows that there is nothing particularly different about the protection function that justifies treating it as government's primary responsibility, while the other vital functions of government are relegated to second-class status. It details the extensive harms that occur by focusing narrowly on public safety as protection. And it explores critically the many reasons why, although protection is not in fact special, we nonetheless neglect all the other elements of individual safety.For hundreds of years, political leaders and thinkers have deemed public safety the first duty of government. But they have defined public safety rather narrowly, primarily in terms of the \\\\'protection\\\\' function-protecting individuals from violent harm to person or property from third parties (and also from natural elements). As the first duty, the protection function is privileged. Witness today how we valorize police and other first responders, defer to their decisions without close scrutiny, and immunize them from liability for their mistakes.Yet, is protection really all there is to public safety? For most people, being safe depends on much more: food, clean water and air, housing, a basic income, and the means to obtain that income through an education and a job. It might include health care, health insurance, and freedom from discrimination.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Sustainability assessment of energy saving measures: A multi-criteria approach for residential buildings retrofitting-A case study of the Spanish housing stock. The building sector is well known to be one of the key energy consumers worldwide. The renovation of existing buildings provides excellent opportunities for an effective reduction of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions but it is essential to identify the optimal strategies. In this paper a multi-criteria methodology is proposed for the comparative analysis of retrofitting solutions. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Cost (LCC) are combined by expressing environmental impacts in monetary values. A Pareto optimization is used to select the preferred strategies. The methodology is exemplified by a case study: the renovation of a representative housing block from the 1960s located in Madrid. Eight scenarios have been proposed, from the Business as Usual scenario (BAU), through Spanish Building Regulation requirements (for new buildings) up to the Passive House standard. Results show how current renovation strategies that are being applied in Madrid are far from being optimal solutions. The required additional investment, which is needed to obtain an overall performance improvement of the envelope compared with the common practice to date, is relatively low (8%) considering the obtained life cycle environmental and financial savings (43% and 45%, respectively). (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "Color changes and acrylamide formation in fried potato slices. The objective of this work was to study the kinetics of browning during deep-fat frying of blanched and unblanched potato chips by using the dynamic method and to find a relationship between browning development and acrylamide formation. Prior to frying, potato slices were blanched in hot water at 85degreesC for 3.5 min. Unblanched slices were used as the control. Control and blanched potato slices (Panda variety, diameter: 37 mm, width: 2.2 mm) were fried at 120, 150 and 180degreesC until reaching moisture contents of similar to1.8% (total basis) and their acrylamide content and final color were measured. Color changes were recorded at different sampling times during frying at the three mentioned temperatures using the chromatic redness parameter a(*). Experimental data of surface temperature, moisture content and color change in potato chips during frying were fit to empirical relationship with correlation coefficients greater than 90%. A first-order rate equation was used to model the kinetics of color change. In all case the Arrhenius activation energy decreases alongside with decreasing chip moisture content. Blanching reduced acrylamide formation in potato chips in similar to64% (average value) in comparison with control chips at the three oil temperatures tested. For the two pre-treatments studied, average acrylamide content increased -58 times as the frying temperature increased from 120 to 180degreesC. There was a linear correlation between acrylamide content of potato chips and their color represented by the redness component a(*) in the range of the temperatures studied. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Murine Cytomegalovirus Protein pM49 Interacts with pM95 and Is Critical for Viral Late Gene Expression. IMPORTANCE Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections result in morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals, and the virus is also a major cause of birth defects in newborns. Currently, because of the unavailability of vaccines against this virus and restricted antiviral therapies with low toxicity, as well as the emergency of resistant strain of this virus, the understanding of viral late gene regulation may provide clues to study new antiviral drugs or vaccines. In this study, we report that MCMV protein pM49 is critical for viral late gene transcription, based on its interaction with pM95. This finding reveals the important role of pM49-pM95 interaction in the regulation of viral late gene expression and that it could be a future potential target for therapeutic intervention in CMV diseases.Late gene expression of betaherpesviruses and gammaherpesviruses is tightly controlled by virus-encoded transactivation factors (vTFs). We recently proved that the 6 vTFs of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) form a complex to regulate late gene transcription. pM49, one of the vTFs that has not been studied before, was identified to be a component of the complex that interacts with pM95. In this study, we began to investigate the potential role of pM49 in viral late gene expression. A recombinant MCMV expressing C-terminal FLAG-tagged pM49 was constructed to study the expression kinetics and localization of pM49. pM49 was expressed at the late time of virus infection. Inhibition of viral DNA synthesis by phosphonate sodium phosphonic acid (PAA) abolished pM49 expression, indicating that it is a late protein. pM49 colocalized with pM44 at the viral replication compartment, similarly to other viral vTFs that have been reported. Mutant virus lacking full-length pM49 expression failed to express viral late genes, leading to nonproductive infection. The expression of immediate early and early genes was not affected, and viral DNA synthesis was only minimally affected during pM49-deficient virus infection. All of these data support the role of pM49 in viral late gene expression. After a series of mutagenesis analyses, two key residues, K325 and C326, were identified as required for pM49-pM95 interaction. Cells expressing pM49 with either single mutation of these two residues failed to rescue the late gene expression and support the replication of pM49-deficient virus. Our results indicated that pM49-pM95 interaction is essential for viral late gene expression.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Hypermethylation-Mediated Silencing of CIDEA, MAL and PCDH17 Tumour Suppressor Genes in Canine DLBCL: From Multi-Omics Analyses to Mechanistic Studies. Gene expression is controlled by epigenetic deregulation, a hallmark of cancer. The DNA methylome of canine diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (cDLBCL), the most frequent malignancy of B-lymphocytes in dog, has recently been investigated, suggesting that aberrant hypermethylation of CpG loci is associated with gene silencing. Here, we used a multi-omics approach (DNA methylome, transcriptome and copy number variations) combined with functional in vitro assays, to identify putative tumour suppressor genes subjected to DNA methylation in cDLBCL. Using four cDLBCL primary cell cultures and CLBL-1 cells, we found that CiDEA, MAL and PCDH17, which were significantly suppressed in DLBCL samples, were hypermethylated and also responsive (at the DNA, mRNA and protein level) to pharmacological unmasking with hypomethylating drugs and histone deacetylase inhibitors. The regulatory mechanism underneath the methylation-dependent inhibition of those target genes expression was then investigated through luciferase and in vitro methylation assays. In the most responsive CpG-rich regions, an in silico analysis allowed the prediction of putative transcription factor binding sites influenced by DNA methylation. Interestingly, regulatory elements for AP2, MZF1, NF-kB, PAX5 and SP1 were commonly identified in all three genes. This study provides a foundation for characterisation and experimental validation of novel epigenetically-dysregulated pathways in cDLBCL.", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
+{"token": "ON SIGNED ARC TOTAL DOMINATION IN DIGRAPHS. Let D = (V, A) be a finite simple digraph and N(uv) = {u'v' not equal uv vertical bar u = u' or v = v'} be the open neighbourhood of uv in D. A function f : A -> {-1, +1} is said to be a signed arc total dominating function (SATDF) of D if Sigma(e'is an element of N(uv)) f(e') >= 1 holds for every arc uv is an element of A. The signed arc total domination number gamma(st)'(D) is defined as gamma(st)'(D) = min{Sigma(e is an element of A) f(e) vertical bar f is an SATDF of D}. In this paper we initiate the study of the signed arc total domination in digraphs and present some lower bounds for this parameter.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Teacher Support for a Classroom Setting that Promotes Thinking Skills: An Analysis on the Level of Academic Achievement of Middle School Students. In this study, teacher support for classroom setting that promotes thinking skills was comprised of two basic components based on student perception. The first one is teacher-student relationship (TSR) consisting of the dimensions of teacher subject matter knowledge, affective support and closeness, while the other is the teacher's effort to create thinking friendly classes (TFC). Both components were examined separately in two subjects in which students viewed themselves successful and unsuccessful in accordance with their GPAs. The study group consisted of 206 5th graders. Regarding the students' grade point averages, their best subject was Turkish while their worst course was Mathematics. The results revealed that the classroom setting of the subjects in which the students were more successful were more thinking friendly than of the subjects in which they were not successful. Additionally, TSR mean scores were higher in the subjects in which the students were successful. However, thinking-friendly classroom predicted academic achievement significantly either in their best or worst subjects, but teacher-student relationship was not a significant predictor for academic achievement. Another finding was that TSR level rose as TFC environment scores increased.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Acrylamide and Glycidamide Hemoglobin Adducts and Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: A Nested Case-Control Study in Nonsmoking Postmenopausal Women from the EPIC Cohort. Impact: It is unlikely that dietary acrylamide exposure increases ovarian cancer risk; however, additional studies with larger sample size should be performed to exclude any possible association with EOC risk. (C) 2015 AACR.Methods: A nested case-control study in nonsmoking postmenopausal women (334 cases, 417 controls) was conducted within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to estimate ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between HbAA, HbGA, HbAA+HbGA, and HbGA/HbAA and EOC and invasive serous EOC risk.Background: Acrylamide was classified as \\\\'probably carcinogenic to humans (group 2A)\\\\' by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the fourth cause of cancer mortality in women. Five epidemiological studies have evaluated the association between EOC risk and dietary acrylamide intake assessed using food frequency questionnaires, and one nested case-control study evaluated hemoglobin adducts of acrylamide (HbAA) and its metabolite glycidamide (HbGA) and EOC risk; the results of these studies were inconsistent.Conclusion: This EPIC nested case-control study failed to observe a clear association between biomarkers of acrylamide exposure and the risk of EOC or invasive serous EOC.Results: No overall associations were observed between biomarkers of acrylamide exposure analyzed in quintiles and EOC risk; however, positive associations were observed between some middle quintiles of HbGA and HbAA+HbGA. Elevated but non-statistically significant ORs for serous EOC were observed for HbGA and HbAA+HbGA (ORQ5vsQ1, 1.91; 95% CI, 0.96-3.81 and ORQ5vsQ1, 1.90; 95% CI, 0.94-3.83, respectively); however, no linear dose-response trends were observed.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "Indication and performance of endocrine surgery The significance of molecular genetic examination. The molecular genetic changes from certain endocrine tumors are already understood, reflecting as they do the etiology of these sporadic familial disorders. This already has clinical consequences to the treatment of familial endocrine tumors, which often appear in the course of syndromatic disorders. These consequences consist in slight changes to surgical technique, the search for other active and usually endocrinal tumors, and examination of family members for other gene carriers (of disease-specific mutations) and the most suitable prophylactic tumor therapy. In contrast, for sporadic endocrine tumors there exists far less clinically relevant knowledge. Starting with anamnesis and clinical findings of active endocrine tumors, we discuss the current possibilities for molecular genetic determination of disease-specific mutations (germline and tumor DNA) and their effect on surgical procedure.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "From Translation Studies to Korean Studies through a Paratextual Analysis of Bandi's Kobal. This study explores paratextual transformations in the translation of Kobal by the North Korean writer Bandi (Pandi) dub in terms of intralingual, interlingual, and intersemiotic translation. The manuscript was originally smuggled out of North Korea and published in South Korea by a right-wing publisher as a book on anti-communism. It has since been translated in 28 countries, gaining worldwide attention and winning the English PEN award. It was also republished in South Korea, with a focus on human rights through paratextual transformation. Paratexts act as powerful packaging instruments largely influenced by socio-cultural context. As a publication written by a North Korean writer, the paratexts in translations of Kobal are directly related to how the receiving country sees South and North Korea. We examine six translations in different languages centering on the paratextual changes, including the title, cover image, prefatorial material, and epitext to explore the perspectives inherent in them and the ways they interact with each other. This analysis of paratextual shifts involves not only translators, publishers, and editors, but also a much wider variety of agents such as literary agents, critics, journalists, and reviewers. This study thus seeks to demonstrate the possibility of expanding the links between translation studies and Korean studies, and also of broadening the horizons of translation studies.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Non-Hamiltonian 5/4-tough maximal planar graphs. By a theorem of Whitney (1931) the toughness t(G) of a non-hamiltonian maximal planar graph G is less than or equal to 3/2. Improving a result of Dillencourt (1991), it is shown that the shortness exponent of the class of maximal planar graphs with toughness greater than or equal to 5/4 is less than 1.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "What Does Decision Theory Have to Do with Wanting?. Decision theory and folk psychology purport to represent the same phenomena: our belief-like and desire- and preference-like states. They also purport to do the same work with these representations: explain and predict our actions. But they use different concepts. Can we account for the concepts of one with the other's? If not, we'd have two competing representations and systems of prediction and explanation, a dubious dualism. Many might then reject one of the two pictures, yet neither can be jettisoned lightly. Folk psychology structures daily life, and decision theory pervades various scientific disciplines. I'm interested in accounting for two central folk psychological concepts-believing and wanting-with decision theory. Many have attempted this task for believing. (The Lockean Thesis says that such an account exists.) This paper concerns the parallel task for wanting. I give necessary and sufficient conditions, stated in terms of decision theory, for when you're truly said to want. I propose an alternative to orthodox accounts that link wanting to preference (e.g. Stalnaker (1984), Lewis (1986)). My account explains the context-sensitivity of want ascriptions, makes sense of conflicting desires, and accommodates phenomena that motivate traditional theses on which 'want' has multiple senses (e.g. all-things-considered vs. pro tanto).", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Comparison of methods and confirmation tests for the recovery Escherichia coli in water. Data are presented on a study carried out on water analyzed with three different methods. Thus, a comparison was performed in parallel with the ISO 9308-1 reference method, stated by the European Drinking Water Directive, and two enzyme-based methods, the Colilert 18/Quanti-Tray (TM) and the Chromogenic E. coli Agar. Phenotypical characteristics of presumptive E. coli and confirmation tests of the isolates were evaluated. The selectivity of the ISO method, combined with selective confirmation steps, has resulted in lower E. coli counts in comparison with the two alternative methods. In fact, the method failed to detect a significant proportion of the target microorganisms; furthermore, it allowed the growth of other bacterial species, mainly Klebsiella oxytoca. The two alternative methods were more sensitive than the ISO procedure and were able to sustain the growth of different fractions of bacterial populations. Particularly, the Colilert was able to detect qualitatively and quantitatively a higher proportion of E. coli. Furthermore, the hydrolysis of 4-methyl-umbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide as a marker for E. coli seems to be a more appropriate procedure for the identification of the target microorganisms with respect to the more traditional test for indole production.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 39]}
+{"token": "The Eye is in Things: On Deleuze and Speculative Realism. Speculative realists have directed a radical critique towards what they call \\\\'correlationism,\\\\' the stance according to which we only have access to the correlation between thinking and being, and never to either term considered apart from the other. Both Quentin Meillassoux and Ray Brassier have used Gilles Deleuze's ontology as a paradigmatic example of correlationism. Instead of defending Deleuze from this accusation, I argue that we need to accept it, but that the correlation is drastically transformed when we take into account Deleuze's panpsychism. I hence contend that Deleuze is a panpsychist, grounding my argument in (a) his theory of contemplations and (b) his account of the universe as a cinema in itself. This changes everything, since a panpsychist type of correlationism avoids the main problem that leads both Meillassoux and Brassier to try to overcome correlationism, namely, that of the possibility of existence before and after humans.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Tumour volume and high grade tumour volume are the best predictors of pathologic stage and biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Conclusion: Tumour bulk reflected by TV affects local cancer control rate, which is reflected in the rate of positive surgical margins. Conversely, high grade cancer determines the rate of biochemical recurrence. These two variables represent the most powerful predictors of cancer control in men treated for localised prostate cancer. Moreover, they increase the ability of established predictors to predict the outcomes of interest. in consequence, they warrant consideration in future predictive and prognostic tools. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Materials and methods: TV and %HGTV were routinely planimetrically quantified in a cohort of 780 consecutive patients. Mean follow-up was 46.7 months. Multivariable regression models addressed two separate endpoints: positive surgical margins and biochemical recurrence. The increase in model predictive accuracy related to the addition of TV and %HGTV to radical prostatectomy stage and grade was assessed, after 200 bootstrap resamples to reduce overfit bias.Results: In multivariable logistic regression models addressing positive surgical margins rate, predictive accuracy increased by 1.9% (p < 0.001) when TV was added to other covariates. No further increment was noted when %HGTV was added (p = 0.3). In multivariable Cox regression models addressing biochemical recurrence, accuracy increased by 0.6% (p = 0.002) when TV was added and an additional increase of 0.7% was recorded when %HGTV (p < 0.001) was added.introduction: our goal was to examine to what extent tumour volume (TV) and percentage of high grade tumour volume (%HGTV) affect the rate of positive surgical margins and the rate of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Diversity, distribution, and zoogeography of benthic polychaetes in the Gulf of Mexico. The polychaete diversity of the Gulf of Mexico was examined using a comprehensive species database. The Gulf of Mexico was divided into four geographic regions and six depth classes; beta-diversity between the 24 polygons was calculated with the Sorensen similarity index and analyzed using a cluster analysis and an ordination based on non-metric multidimensional scaling. Both analyses revealed a strong influence of depth on the polychaete assemblages. The polychaete fauna in the southeastern sector was the most distinctive among the four sectors. Each of the 835 polychaete species and subspecies was assigned to a class in the categories \\\\'mobility,\\\\' \\\\'feeding strategy,\\\\' and \\\\'feeding appendage\\\\' and the compositions of the categories throughout different depths were examined. The categories introduced by Fauchald and Jumars (Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev 17:193-284, 1979) were amended and the suggested changes discussed. Each species was assigned to a biogeographical class based on their worldwide distributions. Ten percent of the polychaete species were endemic to the Gulf of Mexico. More than 40 % of the species were exclusively found in the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, about one-third of the polychaetes had a wide distribution, and 15 % of all species were restricted to both coasts of the American continent. Below 200 m more than 30 % of the species were endemic. Thorough taxonomic research will be pivotal in fostering our understanding of the Gulf of Mexico polychaete fauna.", "label": [4, 45, 39]}
+{"token": "The Master's Voice: Authenticity, Nostalgia, and the Refusal of Irony in Postsocialist Hungary. In 2000, Benedek Uhrin-an elderly man with no apparent musical talent-became an internet phenomenon and later one of the unlikely hit performances at the yearly summer music festival in Hungary. Although local commentators argued that his popularity with youth audiences derived from his kitsch appeal, this article argues to the contrary. Uhrin rose to fame because his performance enabled his audience to refuse irony as rhetorical tool, ethical stance, and reading practice in postsocialist mass culture. Inspiring nostalgia rather than mockery, his much-vaunted sincerity offered an alternative to crises of authenticity created by postsocialism.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Complementary and alternative medicine use in children with thalassaemia. Aims and objectives. The aims of this study were to: (1) determine the types of complementary and alternative medicine use among children with thalassaemia as reported by parents and (2) describe sociodemographic and medical factors associated with the use of such treatments in families residing in southern Turkey. Background. Thalassaemia is one of the most common human genetic diseases. Despite the therapeutic efforts, patients will encounter a variety of physical and psychological problems. Therefore, the use of complementary and alternative medicines among children thalassaemia is becoming increasingly popular. Design. This is a descriptive study of complementary and alternative medicine. Methods. This study was conducted in the Hematology Outpatient Clinic at Akdeniz University Hospital and in the Thalassemia Centre at Ministry of Health Antalya Education and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey, between January 2010December 2010. Parents of 97 paediatric patients, among 125 parents who applied to the haematology outpatient clinic and thalassaemia centre between these dates, agreed to take part in the study with whom contact could be made were included. Data were collected by using a questionnaire. Results. The proportion of parents who reported using one or more of the complementary and alternative medicine methods was 82 center dot 5%. Of these parents, 61 center dot 8% were using prayer/spiritual practice, 47 center dot 4% were using nutritional supplements and 35 center dot 1% were using animal materials. Conclusion. It was determined that a significant portion of the parents using complementary and alternative medicine use it to treat their children's health problems, they were informed about complementary and alternative medicine by their paediatricians and family elders, and they have discussed the use of complementary and alternative medicine with healthcare professionals. Relevance to clinical practice. To sustain medical treatment and prognosis of thalassaemia, it is important for nurses to consult with their patients and parents regarding the use and potential risks of some complementary and alternative medicine.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Creative capital in production, inefficiency, and inequality: A theoretical analysis. We analyze inefficiency and inequality associated with the use of creative capital to produce a final good. We first study a case in which the creative capital units are perfect substitutes in the production of the final good. We show that the equilibrium outcome is inefficient and that there is too little application of effort. Second, we define an indicator of inequality and show that an increase in inequality enhances efficiency and that it is possible to achieve complete efficiency. Third, we focus on the case where the individual creative capital units are perfect complements and show that the equilibrium outcome is inefficient with too little effort application. Finally, we contend that our theoretical results provide a possible rationale for the observed income inequality in cities and regions in which the activities of the creative class constitute a large part of all economic activities. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48, 49]}
+{"token": "The art of dialogue in the cafe philo. The paper aims to present the proprium dialogicum of the cafe philo. In theoretical terms, the philosophical dialogue in the cafe philo can be recognized as discursive rationality and play of the faculties ruled by the logistikon, as an exercise of critical thinking, as an endless quest of meaning, and finally as a way of life. All those theoretical acquisitions are tested by the comparison with results from one year of praxis of cafe philo, part of the Diderot Project supported by the Fondazione CRT of Torino, conducted with more than 2.000 high-school students of Piedmont.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Challenging borders: The case for open borders with Joseph Carens and Jean-Luc Nancy. Joseph Carens develops one of the most prominent cases for open borders in the academic literature on the basis of freedom and equality. Yet the implementation of his social membership theory would mean that immigrants who have not yet lived in a country long enough to become members would be excluded from political and social rights, thus raising the possibility of their domination and subordination by citizens. Given that these problems arise because Carens aims to balance the freedom of individuals with the \\\\'claims of belonging\\\\' to a political community, can we theorize the relationship between freedom and community differently? French philosopher Jean-Luc Nancy does just that, by showing how to think freedom and community as mutually constitutive. Nancy thus offers the resources for an alternative case for open borders, grounded on the claim that the freedom of community entails openness to the outside. Drawing also on Nancy's account of the common and of democratic politics, my Nancean argument for open borders challenges Carens's exclusion of nonmembers from the rights of citizens, emphasizing instead the need for an ongoing political struggle to expand who is eligible to claim rights as well as the scope of the rights themselves.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "INHIBITION OF DIAMINE OXIDASE FROM PORCINE KIDNEY BY PENTAMIDINE AND OTHER AMINOGUANIDINE COMPOUNDS. 1. Three bisguanidine compounds (those of pentamidine, streptidine and phenformin) were compared for their in vitro inhibitory capacity on diamine oxidase activity (EC 1.4.3.6), the first enzyme of putrescine degradation.2. Pentamidine was the most potent inhibitor, and phenformine the weaker. Two and a half micromoles of pentamidine was enough to reduce the enzyme activity by 50%, while streptidine and phenformin produced the same effect at concentrations greater than 0.90 and 4 mM, respectively.3. Pentamidine, streptidine and phenformin appeared to be non-competitive inhibitors, and the K(i) values calculated by a Dixon plot were 3-mu-M, 0.95 mM and 4 mM, respectively.", "label": [4, 42, 47]}
+{"token": "Capture, Culture and Release of Postlarvae Fishes: Proof-of-Concept as a Tool Approach to Support Reef Management. The changing world presents negative impacts on marine ecosystems and has led to the development of diversified tools to support reef restoration. Harnessing restoration to achieve success needs innovative techniques that also address the restoration of reef fish assemblages, contributing to the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem functions and also tackle the cost-effectiveness through impact-driven solutions. Here, we propose a proof-of-concept for enhancing fish populations on reefs using: (1) postlarvae capture, (2) aquarium culture, and (3) release to reef sites. We conducted field studies in the Mexican Caribbean to analyze for the first time, the possibility of using the capture and aquarium culture of postlarvae fish species and release of juveniles as a tool for the potential recovery of reef biodiversity resilience. We tested the potential of postlarvae capture using two distinct night light traps (BOX and collect by artificial reef ecofriendly traps, C.A.R.E.) in three sampling sites with different distances from shoreline and depth. We collected 748 postlarvae reef fishes from eight orders, 20 families, and 40 species. Acanthuridae, Pomacentridae, Monacanthidae, and Tetraodontidae comprised the highest species number of postlarvae families. We also set up a pilot release experiment with Stegastes partitus using two trials (32 and 1 day after capture) and propose analysis to determine appropriate reef sites to release the cultured juveniles and to aid ecological planning. We present the results of the pilot release experiment with S. partitus, showing that there is a positive effect in survivorship during the capture (80%) and release (76-100%) procedures into suitable habitat and good chance that more studies will bring novelty to the field. Although trials carried out with more species relevant to restoration will be needed. The use of these techniques can be a great opportunity to improve the research of restoration efforts in the Caribbean region with fish-depleted coral reefs with vulnerable food webs, especially at local scales and supporting other management strategies.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
+{"token": "A Bigger Picture: Organismal Function at the Nexus of Development, Ecology, and Evolution: An Introduction to the Symposium. Over the past 40 years of research, two perspectives have dominated the study of ecomorphology at ontogenetic and evolutionary timescales. For key anatomical complexes (e.g., feeding apparatus, locomotor systems, sensory structures), morphological changes during ontogeny are often interpreted in functional terms and linked to their putative importance for fitness. Across larger timescales, morphological transformations in these complexes are examined through character stability or mutability during cladogenesis. Because the fittest organisms must pass through ontogenetic changes in size and shape, addressing transformations in morphology at different time scales, from life histories to macroevolution, has the potential to illuminate major factors contributing to phenotypic diversity. To date, most studies have relied on the assumption that organismal form is tightly constrained by the adult niche. Although this could be accurate for organisms that rapidly reach and spend a substantial portion of their life history at the adult phenotype (e.g., birds, mammals), it may not always hold true for species that experience substantial growth after one or more major fitness filters during their ontogeny (e.g., some fishes, reptiles). In such circumstances, examining the adult phenotype as the primary result of selective processes may be erroneous as it likely obscures the developmental configuration of morphology that was most critical to early survival. Given this discrepancy-and its potential to mislead interpretations of how selection may shape a taxon's phenotype-this symposium addresses the question: how do we identify such ontogenetic \\\\'inertia,'' and how do we integrate developmental information into our phylogenetic, ecological, and functional interpretations of complex phenotypes?", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Species richness of lichen functional groups in relation to land use intensity. Changing land use has a major impact on lichen diversity. This study attempts to identify patterns or trends of lichen functional groups along a land use gradient, ranging from natural forests to open agricultural landscape. In eight countries, covering six main European biogeographic regions, lichen vegetation was assessed according to a standardized scheme. Data on reproductive, vegetative and ecological traits was compiled and relative species richness for all classes of all traits calculated. Relationships between the land use gradient and relative species richness of trait classes were analysed. Open and intensively managed landscapes harbour more fertile species while sterile species are relatively more important in forests. This finding is also supported by analyses of different classes of dispersal propagules. The importance of species with the principal photobiont Trebouxia s.l. increases linearly with intensification of land use. A converse pattern is revealed by species with Trentepohlia. Concerning substratum specialization only generalists show an effect along the land use intensity gradient. Their relative species richness decreases from landscapes dominated by forests to open agricultural landscape. A considerable decline in the rare lichen species richness as a result of land intensification is predicted.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
+{"token": "Antiviral effect of dehydroepiandrosterone on Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), which causes neurological disorders, completes its life cycle and triggers apoptotic cell death in infected cells. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), an adrenal-derived steroid, has been implicated in protection against neurotoxicity and protection of animals from viral-induced encephalitis, resulting in an increased survival rate of the animals. Currently, the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of DHEA against the virus are largely unknown. In this study, DHEA suppression of JEV replication and virus-induced apoptosis in murine neuroblastoma (N18) cells was investigated. It was found that DHEA suppressed JEV-induced cytopathic effects, JEV-induced apoptotic; cell death and JEV propagation in a concentration-dependent manner. Antiviral activity was more efficient in cultures treated with DHEA immediately after viral adsorption compared with that in cultures receiving delayed administration after adsorption or transient exposure before adsorption. JEV-induced cytotoxicity was accompanied by the inactivation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK). Inactivation of ERK by JEV infection was reversed by DHEA. When cells were treated with the ERK inhibitor U0126, DHEA lost its antiviral effect. Activation of ERK by anisomycin mimicked the action of DHEA in suppressing JEV-induced cytotoxicity. DHEA-related compounds, such as its sulfate ester (DHEAS) and pregnenolone, were unable to suppress JEV-induced cytotoxicity and ERK inactivation. The hormone-receptor antagonists ICI 182780 and flutamide failed to abrogate the antiviral effect of DHEA. These findings suggest that the antiviral effect of DHEA is not linked directly to the genomic steroid-receptor pathways and suggest that the signalling pathways of ERK play a role in the antiviral action of DHEA.", "label": [2, 19, 21]}
+{"token": "NAFTA and the Pollution Haven Hypothesis. The \\\\'Pollution Haven Hypothesis\\\\' is the prediction that trade liberalization will lead to the movement of polluting industries from high income/stringent environmental regulation countries to low income/lax environmental regulation countries. This prediction has led to concerns that NAFTA would be an environmental disaster for Mexico. The three articles included in this collection investigate the post-NAFTA environmental performance of Mexico using both aggregate data on pollution emissions as well as firm-level data on environmental abatement efforts. In this article, I summarize the contribution in the context of the trade/environmental literature and provide some suggestions for future work.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "A Comprehensive Assessment of Sediment Dynamics in the Barataria Basin (LA, USA) Distinguishes Riverine Advection from Wave Resuspension and Identifies the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway as a Major Sediment Source. Barataria (LA, USA) is an interdistributary deltaic basin that has experienced extensive marsh loss. The fate of these marshes is strongly controlled by the concentration of total suspended sediments (TSS) in the adjacent open bay water. This parameter, however, is poorly constrained, thus limiting the ability to predict the future marsh evolution. Here we investigate the open bay water sediment dynamics using three complementary approaches: monthly field surveys at 37 locations along the bay axis over 22 years, remote sensing over 20 years, and turbidity time series at 5 locations over 4 years. Monthly field sampling and remote sensing reveal that the TSS is highly seasonal and spatially variable. In particular, the sediment delivered through the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway (GIWW) during the flood season (January-April) dominates the TSS signal in mid-Barataria. This sediment originates mainly from the Atchafalaya River and is advected for more than 100 km before reaching Barataria. Because of a hysteresis in sediment transport, the TSS in the river water, and hence in the GIWW, is not uniquely related to the river discharge. As such, late flood season discharges do not contribute much sediment to Barataria. We estimate that the GIWW delivers on average 0.21 Tg of sediment per year to mid-Barataria. A different sediment input is instead present in lower Barataria, where river-borne sediment exiting the \\\\'birdfoot\\\\' of the Mississippi Delta is advected by easterly winds, especially during spring. At all five stations within Barataria, turbidity time series reveal that the daily sediment dynamics is mainly associated with local wind wave resuspension. River inputs and wave resuspension contribute nearly equally to the yearly averaged TSS, of about 80 mg/l on average. The GIWW, built in the 1920s, is an important but overlooked source of sediments for Barataria that can serve as a present-day analogue for the proposed Mississippi River sediment diversions.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
+{"token": "PROPERTY, CONSERVATION, AND ENCLOSURE IN KARURA FOREST, NAIROBI. This article tells the story of the urban Karura forest in Nairobi in order to explore access to and control of green spaces in an African city at a time of rapid, haphazard urbanization. Using insights from critical legal geography, it shows that although in strictly legal terms Karura forest remains properly gazetted public land, it continues to exclude citizens in important ways. This is because of a neoliberal conception of security that has promoted the exercise of significant private power over public space. The article examines the powerful ideas that were deployed to achieve the enclosure of the forest. Ideas of ecological guardianship were mobilized in tandem with arguments that the forest must be made 'safe and secure'. A number of devices (fences, paths, trails, and signposts) played important property functions. This case study provides important insights into the politics of access to green space and to questions of social justice at a time of rapid urban change, not just in Kenya but more widely.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "Precision Analysis of Sigmoidal Master Curve Model for Dynamic Modulus of Asphalt Mixtures. The sigmoidal master curve model can be used to obtain the value of dynamic modulus of asphalt mixtures at a high or low temperature, which cannot be obtained directly from laboratory tests. However, some studies indicated that the precision of this model should be investigated at a high temperature. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the prediction precision of the sigmoidal master curve model on dynamic modulus of asphalt mixtures and find out the critical factors influencing the prediction precision for further calibration of the sigmoidal model. A database of dynamic modulus values, including different aggregate sources, types of layers, contents of reclaimed asphalt pavements (RAPs), antistripping agent types, warm additives, and aging states, was used for the analysis. Firstly, single-factor analysis was conducted with the analysis of variance (ANOVA) table. Furthermore, the interaction among variables was analyzed through coupling analysis by the software Minitab 17. The results indicate the temperature has an influence on two-factor and three-factor interactions. For further study, the sigmoidal master curve model should be calibrated by introducing new variables to improve its accuracy.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "LONG-TIME OUTCOME OF CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC-HERNIA - A STUDY OF 17 PATIENTS. Our results confirm those in the literature:  perfusion is more altered than ventilation.  Chest films at one year of age, completed if necessary by radionuclide lung scans, allow identification of children who have important pulmonary hypoplasia.  These children need a regular follow-up:  respiratory, digestive and orthopedic complications must be treated in order to preserve the respiratory function in adulthood.Three patients suffered from asthma, 2 had recurrent bronchitis, 4 poor tolerance to effort, 3 gastrooesophageal regurgitation leading to endobrachyoesophagus and oesophagitis in one, 3 had scoliosis.  Lung scans demonstrated hypoperfusion of the herniated side (less than 40%) in 6 patients.  Chest films showed hypovascularisation on the herniated side.  Lung function studies, performed in 4 of these 6 patients, showed a restrictive syndrome in 1 patient.In order to better define the outcome of patients with neonatal congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), 17 patients between 3 and 19 years of age, among 34 survivors from 100 CDH have been re-examined clinically.  All had a lung radiography, lung function studies, and radionuclide (Technetium 99m, Xenon 133) lung scans.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "PLASMA-LH AND ANDROGEN LEVELS IN THE RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD (AGELAIUS-PHOENICEUS) TREATED WITH A POTENT GNRH ANALOG. 3.  Impairment of the LH response to GnRH-A was assessed by comparing the first and the fourteenth injection of high doses of GnRH-A.  Evidence of pituitary gland desensitization are reported since plasma LH levels were reduced following the fourteenth injection in all groups.4.  Plasma androgen levels following high doses of GnRH-A were not clearly affected in red-winged blackbirds.2.  The first injection of high doses of GnRH-A (2.0-10.0-20.0-mu-g) markedly increased plasma LH and androgen levels measured 10 min following the injection.  The increase in plasma LH level was dose-dependent and the maximal LH level was obtained with 10.0-mu-g of GnRH-A.1.  Low doses of GnRH-A (0.01-0.10-1.0-mu-g) given during the annual testes growth period did not clearly affect plasma LH and androgen levels 10 min following the injection.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42, 47]}
+{"token": "Munchy Monster: Using video gaming to objectively evaluate front-of-pack labelling strategies for school-aged children. Marketers have long targeted children in an attempt to influence food purchases. This is not the case for regulators; nutrition information is complex, using decimal places, percentages, and units of measure. It has been suggested that the approach to nutrition labelling in the United States is difficult for some adults to interpret, let alone children. This is unfortunate as children influence purchase decisions and childhood is a critical time for developing long-lasting eating habits. An alternative approach to traditional nutrition labelling employs the use of front-of-pack (FOP) nutrition labels. FOPs provide simplified, truncated nutrition information on the front of packages.Results demonstrated that colour coding and/or facial icons significantly benefit selection accuracy and speed, particularly for the youngest children. Minimal training further improved accuracy and speed of responses. FOPs that leverage visual indicators assist even young children in assessing the nutritional value of a product. This should be considered as FOPs are debated and standard practices regarding these labels emerge.Accuracy of selection and time to selection were dependent variables. With regard to accuracy, both groups showed evidence of a significant face by colour interaction (P < .001), with the colour or facial icon presence improving accuracy. For uninstructed participants, accuracy of selection significantly improved with any combination of colour or facial icon, and all other labels were improved when accuracy was compared with the treatments with no face/no colour, but none containing colour and/or facial icons differed from one another. Minimally instructed participants were also more accurate in identifying the healthier product for all FOP label designs compared with the no face/no colour condition (P < .001). However, the trials with FOPs including both face with colour also performed better than the face with no colour label, P = .001. A main effect of colour was evident for both groups when time to correct selection was the dependent variable (alpha = .01).The objective of this work was to evaluate how four different FOP label designs impact the ability of children to assess product healthfulness and time to assessment. Children aged 6 to 10 played a video game where they fed \\\\'Munchy Monster\\\\' the healthier of two products. The principal display panels (PDPs) of two mock brands of cereal appeared together on a computer screen, and children were instructed to feed Munchy Monster the healthier of the two options as quickly as they could by pressing one of two arrows. Across trials, the FOP format varied in a 2 (colour/no colour) x 2 (facial icon/no facial icon) factorial design. Within a trial, both cereals presented the same FOP format, with one healthier than the other. Two groups of children participated in trials; those in the uninstructed group were simply asked to feed the monster the healthier cereal (n = 38); the \\\\'minimally instructed group\\\\' (n = 41) was told that \\\\'this part of the package\\\\' (the FOP) might help you decide which is healthier.\\\\'", "label": [0, 1, 15, 8]}
+{"token": "Lung hypoplasia and its associated major congenital abnormalities in perinatal death: An autopsy study of 850 cases. LH found in 96 (11.3%) cases, 89 (92.7%) were associated with major congenital malformation (secondary type) and primary type was seen in 7 cases (7.3%). Fourteen cases were associated with multiple congenital anomalies. 32 cases (33.3%) with Genito-urinary anomalies were the most common associated major malformations, followed by 19 cases (19.8%) of diaphragmatic impairment, 15 cases (15.6%) of musculoskeletal abnormalities and 11 cases (11.4%) of kidney agenesis. The most common musculoskletal abnormality was thanatophoric dwarfism in 10 cases (10.4%). Meckle-Gruber syndrome with 7 affected fetuses (7.3%) was the most common malformation syndrome associated with LH.More than ninety percent of LH was secondary to pathology outside the respiratory tract. Renal agenesis is the most common association observed in LH, followed by diaphragmatic hernia and thanatophoric dysplasia.To determine the relative frequency of causes of lung hypoplasia (LH) and its associated congenital malformations among perinatal deaths.850 medical reports of perinatal autopsies, in a 25-year period, assessed for LH as a cause of death.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Health data collection methods and procedures across EU member states: findings from the InfAct Joint Action on health information. Background Health-related data are collected from a variety of sources for different purposes, including secondary use for population health monitoring (HM) and health system performance assessment (HSPA). Most of these data sources are not included in databases of international organizations (e.g., WHO, OECD, Eurostat), limiting their use for research activities and policy making. This study aims at identifying and describing collection methods, quality assessment procedures, availability and accessibility of health data across EU Member States (MS) for HM and HSPA. Methods A structured questionnaire was developed and administered through an online platform to partners of the InfAct consortium form EU MS to investigate data collections applied in HM and HSPA projects, as well as their methods and procedures. A descriptive analysis of the questionnaire results was performed. Results Information on 91 projects from 18 EU MS was collected. In these projects, data were mainly collected through administrative sources, population health interview or health examination surveys and from electronic medical records. Tools and methods used for data collection were mostly mandatory reports, self-administered questionnaires, or record linkage of various data sources. One-third of the projects shared data with EU research networks and less than one-third performed quality assessment of their data collection procedures using international standardized criteria. Macrodata were accessible via open access and reusable in 22 projects. Microdata were accessible upon specific request and reusable in 15 projects based on data usage licenses. Metadata was available for the majority of the projects, but followed reporting standards only in 29 projects. Overall, compliance to FAIR Data principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) was not optimal across the EU projects. Conclusions Data collection and exchange procedures differ across EU MS and research data are not always available, accessible, comparable or reusable for further research and evidence-based policy making. There is a need for an EU-level health information infrastructure and governance to promote and facilitate sharing and dissemination of standardized and comparable health data, following FAIR Data principles, across the EU.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Sweden, a literary model in the process of autonomy? The import issues of French languge literature in Sweden in XXI century. This study offers an in-depth analysis of the reception in the Swedish daily press (2010-2014) of three Francophone authors: Crowther, Taia, and Thuy. Through a new approach combining concepts like consecrational transfers (Casanova), cultural transfer (Espagne), and ideologic functions (Moura), the analysis reveals Sweden's efforts to become a consecrating pole. Firstly, while stressing the \\\\'difference\\\\' as a principal feature of the commented literature, Sweden tries to foreground its own national project to jointly promote diversity, migrancy and cohesion. Secondly, comparing the Francophone literature with its own, Swedish critics manage to consecrate literature from another dominated country. Finally, comparisons with more international references leave space for self-consecration and access to a more dominant position on the market. Thus, the transmitted literature is less at stake than the receiving country's own image.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Regulation of XFGF8 gene expression through SRY (sex-determining region Y)-box 2 in developing Xenopus embryos. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) function as mitogens and morphogens during vertebrate development. In the present study, to characterise the regulatory mechanism of FGF8 gene expression in developing Xenopus embryos the upstream region of the Xenopus FGF8 (XFGF8) gene was isolated. The upstream region of the XFGF8 gene contains two putative binding sites for the SRY (sex-determining region Y)-box 2 (SOX2) transcription factor. A reporter assay with serially deleted constructs revealed that the putative SOX2-binding motif may be a critical cis-element for XFGF8 gene activation in developing Xenopus embryos. Furthermore, Xenopus SOX2 (XSOX2) physically interacted with the SOX2-binding motif within the upstream region of the XFGF8 gene in vitro and in vivo. Depletion of endogenous XSOX2 resulted in loss of XFGF8 gene expression in midbrain-hindbrain junction, auditory placode, lens placode and forebrain in developing Xenopus embryos. Collectively, our results suggest that XSOX2 directly upregulates XFGF8 gene expression in the early embryonic development of Xenopus.", "label": [4, 42, 47]}
+{"token": "Efficient dynamic pollution taxation in an uncertain environment. This paper analyzes efficient pollution taxation within a stochastic model of endogenous growth. Pollution is a by-product of production and causes disutility. Furthermore, the productivity which results from environmental quality is uncertain. This reflects e.g. uncertain capital depreciation induced by natural disasters like hurricanes or floods. This uncertainty is shown to raise an ambiguous impact on the optimal pollution level as well as on optimal environmental taxation. Market equilibrium turns out to be suboptimal, since the households mis-perceive their individual impact on pollution. Conditions for welfare maximizing pollution taxation are stated and it is shown that a direct pollution tax is not appropriate to yield Pareto-optimal growth. Instead, a linear capital income tax together with a linear abatement subsidy build an efficient tax scheme, if secondarily the governmental budget is balanced. Moreover, an increase in the riskiness of environmental productivity may even lead to an increase in the optimal pollution level and to a decrease in optimal environmental taxation, depending predominantly on the preference parameters.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
+{"token": "Harvesting Cool Daylight in Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Halides Microtubules through the Reservation of Pressure-Induced Emission. Pressure-induced emission (PIE) is extensively studied in halide perovskites or derivative hybrid halides. However, owing to the soft inorganic lattice of these materials, the intense emission is barely retained under ambient conditions, thus largely limiting their practical applications in optoelectronics at atmospheric pressure. Here, remarkably enhanced emission in microtubules of the 0D hybrid halide (C5H7N2)(2)ZnBr4 ((4AMP)(2)ZnBr4) is successfully achieved by means of pressure treatment at room temperature. Notably, the emission, which is over ten times more intense than the emission in the initial state, is retained under ambient conditions upon the complete release of pressure. Furthermore, the pressure processing enables the tuning of \\\\'sky blue light\\\\' before compression to \\\\'cool daylight\\\\' with a remarkable quantum yield of 88.52% after decompression, which is of considerable interest for applications in next-generation lighting and displays. The irreversible electronic structural transition, induced by the steric hindrance with respect to complexly configurational organic molecules [4AMP], is highly responsible for the eventual retention of PIE and tuning of the color temperature. The findings represent a significant step toward the capture of PIE under ambient conditions, thus facilitating its potential solid-state lighting applications.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Hands-On Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry for Upper-Level Undergraduate and Graduate Students. Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is a powerful technique for the detection, identification, and quantification of organic compounds. As mass spectrometers have become more user-friendly and affordable, many students-often with little experience in mass spectrometry-find themselves needing to incorporate mass spectrometry into their research. Herein, a hands-on laboratory experiment for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students to investigate ESI-MS is described. This experiment provides students with the opportunity to observe and use instrumentation discussed in class, to investigate various modes of operation, to compare triple-stage quadrupole (TSQ) with quadrupole linear ion trap (QLIT) instrumentation, and to decide upon the optimum approach for incorporation of mass spectrometry into their research.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 53]}
+{"token": "A Survey of Puppetry in China (Summers 2008 and 2009). Over a total of thirteen weeks, the authors accompanied Professor Ye Mingsheng of Fuzhou, Fujian Province, and his graduate student Huang Jianxing on a survey of Chinese string, rod, and glove puppetry. Covering thirteen provinces and municipalities, they documented rehearsals and performances by both large, state-supported contemporary puppetry troupes and small, rural, traditional companies engaged in ritual performances.Bradford Clark is a professor and designer/director at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, teaching courses in puppetry and stage design. He serves as curator of collections at the Center for Puppetry Arts Museum in Atlanta, Georgia.Fan Pen Chen is an assistant professor at State University of New York at Albany. She began research on the Chinese shadow theatre in 1995 and has published two books and numerous articles on the topic.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 52]}
+{"token": "Power assist devices for installing plaster panels in construction. Building construction is a very interesting field for automation, but the incorporation of fully automated systems is a very slow matter because of the inherent difficulties of its unstructured and changing environment. However, this industry produces a large number of accidents and injuries in workers and government agencies are demanding protection for them. An intermediate solution is to provide the workers with new tools capable of supplying power to carry the heavy loads while the workers are still providing their sensor system and intelligence. This is just the concept of a power assist device. This paper presents two versions of a manipulator to assist operators in handling and installing pre-manufactured plaster panels for indoor-wall construction. This manipulator is guided directly by the operator, so it can be considered yet another tool to assist operators in handling heavy loads. The system's main features and its functions are presented. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "The Changing Role of the Popular Religion of Nuo ((sic)) in Modern Chinese Politics. Since the early 1980s, China's rapid economic growth and profound social transformation have greatly changed the role of popular religion in modern Chinese politics. In the case of nuo, these changes have been directly responsible for the incorporation of this popular religion into the implementation of Party-state's policy on ethnic minority and the provision of evidence to support the legitimacy of the Chinese Communist Party's regime. Through manipulation and reinterpretation by local governments, the popular religion of nun has not only become the target of local socio-economic development:, a common phenomenon in contemporary China, but has also played a key role in ethnic identification, which is an important step for a post-Mao's CCP to maintain political stability in ethnic minority areas. In addition, nun has through the research of Marxism-influenced schools fundamentally altered its position from an officially unrecognized religion opposed to both socialist political order and atheist ideology to a politically favoured 'living fossil'(1) of primitive culture. This proves the Marxist evolutionary theory in which socialism and communism are thought to be inescapable consequences of social development:. The positive role played by two in modern Chinese politics has brought the popular religion much open support and endorsement from party-state officials at all levels, including top-ranking officials within the Central Committee of the CCP. Like any popular religion, nuo has over the centuries undergone significant changes, but never before has it experienced such dramatic changes in its relationship with an anti-religious and pragmatic central government, something which has significantly altered the course of its development.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Lean and agile integration within offsite construction using discrete event simulation A systematic literature review. Research limitations/implications - The literature review highlights the main themes and components of the offsite construction concept. This forms a solid basis and motivation for researchers and practitioners to build on to enhance the uptake of the offsite concept in different contexts. This study also presents a research roadmap within the offsite concept, along with a recommendation for further research to be conducted using the research framework proposed in this study. The framework could lead to validation of using simulation to integrate lean and agile principles within the offsite concept.Purpose - The purpose of this study is to systematically analyse and synthesise the existing research published on offsite manufacturing/construction. The study aims to highlight and associate the core elements for adopting the offsite concept in different construction contexts. This ultimately facilitates the enhancement of the offsite uptake.Design/methodology/approach - The research study was carried out through a systematic literature review (SLR). The SLR was conducted to identify and understand the existing themes in the offsite research landscape, evaluate contributions and compile knowledge, thereby identifying potential directions of future research. The grand electronic databases were explored to gather literature on the offsite concept, lean and agile principles and simulation. A total of 62 related articles published between 1992 and 2015 have been included in this study. The relevant literature was systematically analysed and synthesised to present the emerging offsite themes.Findings - The descriptive and thematic analyses presented in this paper have identified related offsite research studies that have contributed to setting a firm foundation of the offsite concept in different construction contexts. Each of the 62 articles was examined for achieving the aim and objectives of this study, the method of data collection and coverage of offsite themes. The results of the analyses revealed that the articles mostly provide information on the offsite concept and its definitions (53 per cent) and offsite barriers and/or drivers (27 per cent). However, limited attention has been paid to the integration of lean and agile principles (13 per cent) and simulation (7 per cent) within the offsite concept, which are therefore more open to research within the offsite concept.Originality/value - This paper presents a systematic review of the literature related to offsite construction in different contexts. The emerging components, that is, offsite definitions, drivers and/or barriers, lean and agile principles and simulation have been highlighted and discussed thematically. A research framework that enables pursuit of the integration of lean and agile principles offsite through the lens of simulation has been proposed. The framework is expected to open up new opportunities on the effectiveness of offsite development in different contexts.", "label": [1, 17]}
+{"token": "QALL-ME: Question Answering Learning technologies in a multiLingual and multiModal Envinroment. In this paper, the QALL-ME project, related to the Information Systems Technologies, is introduced. The project is 36 months long, it is founded by the European Union and it will carry out by 7 institutions. The main goal is to establish a shared infrastructure for multilingual and multimodal open domain Question Answering for mobile phones. Taking into account the current information needs of the society, the different aims pursued by the project are expected to have a big potential market.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Counselors' Role in Preventing Abuse of Older Adults: Clinical, Ethical, and Legal Considerations. Mistreatment of older adults is commonplace. These individuals are subjected to abuse, financial exploitation, and neglect. The authors present an overview of the literature concerning mistreatment, with an emphasis on clinical, ethical, and legal considerations. Methods are proposed for prevention, including counselor education, advocacy, and counseling opportunities.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "The impact of red light cameras on safety in Arizona. Recognizing these challenges, a study was conducted to estimate the safety impacts of RLCs on traffic crashes at signalized intersections in the cities of Phoenix and Scottsdale, Arizona. Twenty-four RLC equipped intersections in both cities are examined in detail and conclusions are drawn. Four different evaluation methodologies were employed to cope with the technical challenges described in this paper and to assess the sensitivity of results based on analytical assumptions. The evaluation results indicated that both Phoenix and Scottsdale are operating cost-effective installations of RLCs: however, the variability in RLC effectiveness within jurisdictions is larger in Phoenix. Consistent with findings in other regions, angle and left-turn crashes are reduced in general, while rear-end crashes tend to increase as a result of RLCs. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Red light cameras (RLCs) have been used in a number of US cities to yield a demonstrable reduction in red light violations; however, evaluating their impact on safety (crashes) has been relatively more difficult. Accurately estimating the safety impacts of RLCs is challenging for several reasons. First, many safety related factors are uncontrolled and/or confounded during the periods of observation. Second, \\\\'spillover\\\\' effects caused by drivers reacting to non-RLC equipped intersections and approaches can make the selection of comparison sites difficult. Third, sites selected for RLC installation may not be selected randomly, and as a result may suffer from the regression to the mean bias. Finally, crash severity and resulting costs need to be considered in order to fully understand the safety impacts of RLCs.", "label": [1, 2, 5, 15, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "Key Success Factors of Enterprise Risk Management Systems: Listed Polish Companies. Originality/Value: The article presents an original set of key success factors in risk management systems, created based on my own research. The obtained research results can be used by managers willing to implement or develop risk management systems in their organizations.Methodology: Bearing in mind the most accurate determination of key success factors of enterprise risk management systems, I used several research methods. The conducted research was divided into four stages: (1) literature review, (2) financial statements analysis, (3) individual in-depth interviews, and (4) anonymous surveys. The research embraced enterprises operating in Poland.Findings: Based on the literature analysis, in-depth interviews, and conducted surveys, a list of risk management systems' success factors was created and sorted in the order from the most important ones - that have the greatest impact on the success of risk management - to the least important ones. Additional analysis of financial statements of all WSE-listed companies allowed me to discern that few of the surveyed companies use mature modern ERM systems, and it enabled me to identify a group of companies that qualified to participate in the survey. Moreover, a statistically significant positive correlation appeared between the degree of key success factors' implementation and the overall ERM implementation's impact on the organization, while a statistically significant negative correlation emerged between the overall impact of ERM implementation on the organization and the degree of ERM implementation goals' achievement, but also between the degree of the implementation of key success factors and the degree of the ERM implementation objectives' implementation. Moreover, I noted that the fact of using individual features has no significant impact on the assessment of a given feature by respondents.Purpose: The main purpose of the article is to determine the key success factors of enterprise risk management systems, understood as the characteristics of these systems that have the greatest impact on the effectiveness of their functioning.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Blackbirds Turdus merula as competent reservoirs for Borrelia turdi and Borrelia valaisiana in Portugal: evidence from a xenodiagnostic experiment. To confirm that thrushes, such as blackbirds Turdus merula, play a role as reservoir for some Borrelia genospecies, we performed a xenodiagnostic experiment with blackbirds captured in a mixed wood located in Western Portugal where Borrelia turdi, an uncommon genospecies in Europe, was the most prevalent genospecies associated with birds. Two out of five birds harboured B.turdi infected Ixodes frontalis at the time of capture. Four out of five birds transmitted spirochaetes to Ixodes ricinus xenodiagnostic ticks: two birds transmitted Borrelia valaisiana to 25.7% and 10.5% of ticks, and two transmitted B.turdi to 6.4% and 5.4% of ticks. Our results showed that blackbirds transmit B.valaisiana and B.turdi to I.ricinus feeding larvae, acting as reservoir hosts for these genospecies in nature.", "label": [4, 5, 43, 52]}
+{"token": "Lawyers are not algorithms: sustainability, corruption, and the role of the lawyer in institutional frameworks and corporate transactions. Among key emerging societal principles to which a lawyer owes a high degree of fidelity are those that advance sustainability and that combat corruption. This essay considers the character of those ethical obligations when sustainability and corruption principles are manifested against the needs of institutions and the objectives of 'deals'. Part 1 briefly introduces the challenge of lawyer ethics. Part 2 then maps the lawyer's ethics duty as a function of cross cutting ethical duties. Part 3 turns to the framework and challenges of the ethical lawyer, situating the role of lawyers as ethical gatekeepers and mediators. Part 4 applies the insights developed to examine the lawyer's ethical dilemmas as they may manifest themselves within the specific context of sustainability and corruption and within institutional frameworks and client transactions. The essay concludes with the core insight that ethics is a deeply moral project and that fidelity to moral principles ought to drive ethical decision making.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Levelling counterfactual scepticism. In this paper, we develop a novel response to counterfactual scepticism, the thesis that most ordinary counterfactual claims are false. In the process we aim to shed light on the relationship between debates in the philosophy of science and debates concerning the semantics and pragmatics of counterfactuals. We argue that science is concerned with many domains of inquiry, each with its own characteristic entities and regularities; moreover, statements of scientific law often include an implicit ceteris paribus clause that restricts the scope of the associated regularity to circumstances that are 'fitting' to the domain in question. This observation reveals a way of responding to scepticism while, at the same time, doing justice both to the role of counterfactuals in science and to the complexities inherent in ordinary counterfactual discourse and reasoning.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
+{"token": "Effect of Dilute Alkali on Structural Features and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Barley Straw (Hordeum vulgare) at Boiling Temperature with Low Residence Time. This work was conducted to evaluate the effect of dilute sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on barley straw at boiling temperature and fractionation of its biomass components into lignin, hemicellulose, and reducing sugars. To this end, various concentrations of NaOH (0.5% to 2%) were applied for pretreatment of barley straw at 105 degrees C for 10 min. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy studies revealed that 2% NaOH-pretreated barley straw exposed cellulose fibers on which surface granules were abolished due to comprehensive removal of lignin and hemicellulose. The X-ray diffractometer (XRD) result showed that the crystalline index was increased with increased concentration of NaOH and found a maximum 71.5% for 2% NaOH-pretreated sample. The maximum removal of lignin and hemicellulose was 84.8% and 79.5% from 2% NaOH-pretreated liquor, respectively. Reducing sugar yield was 86.5% from 2% NaOH-pretreated sample using an enzyme dose containing 20 FPU of cellulase, 40 IU of beta-glucosidase, and 4 FXU of xylanase/g substrate. The results of this study suggest that it is possible to produce the bioethanol precursor from barley straw using 2% NaOH at boiling temperature.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 43]}
+{"token": "Traits of Volunteer Water Monitoring Programs that Influence Natural Resource Management and Policy Impacts. As citizens take on expanded roles in gathering and reporting environmental data, their potential impact may relate to organizational traits. This study sought to understand the relationship through a survey that identified traits and impacts of U.S. volunteer water monitoring programs on natural resource policy and management. A multiple regression model tested the influence of nine traits on an index of impact, addressing eight a priori hypotheses related to natural resource management outcomes. Seven traits were significantly related to impacts. Significant positive relationships included: the objective to address an environmental crisis; an EPA and/or state-approved quality assurance plan; support of external decision makers who may use or benefit from data; larger budget; volunteers playing more roles in the research process. Fewer impacts were expected from programs operating within schools. Understanding these relationships can help guide citizen science programs or other types of citizen engagement efforts.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
+{"token": "Biotransformation of milbemycin D to milbemycin G by Streptomyces lividans conferring avermectin O-methyltransferase activity. Avermectin O-methyltransferase gene was cloned from a cosmid clone covering the first module of polyketide synthase gene cluster of avermectin biosynthesis. Streptomyces lividans transformed with a DNA fragment containing avermectin O-methyltransferase gene efficiently convert milbemycin D to milbemycin G, indicating that biosynthetic genes of milbemycin and avermectin might complement each other.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "The Perceived Benefits of a Preparing Future Faculty Program and Its Effect on Job Satisfaction, Confidence, and Competence. The training of effective instructors and future faculty members is a critical component of doctoral programs in sociology. Many universities and departments have instituted a single course, course sequence, or certification program dedicated to the preparation of future academic faculty. This article evaluates the efficacy of one such program, and asks two questions: (1) What are the most useful aspects of the Preparing Future Faculty (PFF) program? (2) Is participation in the PFF program associated with greater job satisfaction, confidence, or competence? Qualitative data from Indiana University alumni suggest that the program is beneficial for exposing students to pedagogical knowledge, encouraging professionalization, and providing institutionalized support in the form of peer and faculty mentorship. Quantitative data indicate that although PFF participants were not significantly more satisfied or confident than their nonparticipating peers, the PFF program did appear to help to make participants feel more competent in their first jobs.", "label": [5, 53, 57]}
+{"token": "Association between cancer stigma and depression among cancer survivors: a nationwide survey in Korea. ImpactOur findings emphasize the need for medical societies and health professionals to pay more attention to cancer stigma that patients are likely to experience during treatment. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.ObjectiveCancer patients are more likely to experience depression than the general population. This study aims to evaluate the possible association between cancer stigma and depression among cancer patients.ResultsA total of 466 cancer patients were included in the study. Over 30% of the cancer survivors had negative attitudes toward cancer and held stereotypical views of themselves: about 10% of the participants experienced social discrimination due to cancer, and 24.5% reported clinically significant depressive symptoms. Patients who had or experienced cancer stigma were 2.5 times more likely to have depression than patients with positive attitudes.ConclusionsRegardless of highly developed medical science and increased survivorship, cancer survivors had cancer stigmas, and it was significantly associated with depression.MethodsAs a part of the Korean government's program to develop comprehensive supportive care, we conducted a nationwide survey in 2010 at the National Cancer Center and in nine regional cancer centers across Korea. Cancer stigma was assessed by using a set of 12 questions grouped in three domainsimpossibility of recovery, stereotypes of cancer patients, and experience of social discrimination. Depression was measured by using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 52, 55]}
+{"token": "Paradox in The d-Dimensional Fixed Charge Transportation Problem and Algorithm for Finding The Paradox. The d-dimensional fixed charge transportation problem is a generalization of fixed charge transportation. This problem has d-type of constraints so that it can be applied to more complex problem. In the transportation problem, sometimes there are some cases when increasing the product in shipping, the number of costs incurred is less than before increasing the product. This problem is called the transportation paradox. In this research, it will be explained about the model of d-dimensional fixed charge transportation problem and sufficient condition for the occurrence of the paradox. Furthermore an algorithm is given in finding the paradox in the d-dimensional fixed charge transportation problem with an example to support the theory presented.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Localized microjetting in the collapse of surface macrocavities. This paper focuses on the multiscale mechanism of collapse of hemicylindrical annular surface macrocavities in steel caused by high-strain, high-strain rate plastic flow of copper. Experiments and simulations revealed that a two-stage process is responsible for the observed microjetting phenomena: the formation of lateral copper microjets from the localized shear flow in copper at the interface during the filling of the cavity, and their subsequent collision at the apex of the macrocavity generating two additional horizontal microjets. The lengths of these microjets were an order of magnitude smaller than the cavity size but linearly scaled with the cavity radius. This process of microjet development is sensitive to the cavity geometry and is unlike the previously observed jetting phenomena in cavitation, impact crater collapse, or shock-induced cavity collapse.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Solidarity sans identity: Richard Wright and Simone de Beauvoir theorize political subjectivity. Starting with Richard Wright's controversial address to the Paris Congress of Black Writers and Authors of 1956, this article explores Wright's and Simone de Beauvoir's focus on existential freedom as key to an emancipatory political subjectivity. Both Wright and Beauvoir reject the content of identity formed via oppression, seeking to move beyond categories of culture, religion, femininity and blackness. They argue that solidarity can be better forged across identity groups by nurturing a political subjectivity that recognizes the historical and political impact of embodied identities but is driven by ontological freedom expressed in collective action and dissociation with normative categories. Putting Wright's 12 Million Black Voices in conversation with Beauvoir's The Second Sex, we can more fully appreciate Wright's political writing after he left the United States. Here we see the potential for solidarity across borders, and with women and other oppressed peoples. Most important, we witness these two thinkers imagining political invocations that do not reinforce political meanings given to bodies, thus allowing new forms of solidarity and collective action to emerge.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "We'll All Start Even' White Egalitarianism and the Oregon Donation Land Claim Act. In Oregon, as in other parts of the world, theories of White superiority did not guarantee that Whites would reign at the top of a racially satisfied world order. That objective could only be achieved when those theories were married to a machinery of implementation. In America during the nineteenth century, the key to that eventuality was a social-political system that tied economic and political power to land ownership. Both the Donation Land Claim Act of 1850 and the 1857 Oregon Constitution provision barring Blacks from owning real estate guaranteed that Whites would enjoy a government-granted advantage over non-Whites in the pursuit of wealth, power, and privilege in the pioneer generation and each generation that followed.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Range-wide habitat use of the Harpy Eagle indicates four major tropical forest gaps in the Key Biodiversity Area network. Lay Summary center dot Quantifying habitat use is key to understanding animals' requirements for survival and can inform spatial conservation planning by mapping species range limits. center dot Species that inhabit remote, hard-to-survey areas lack sufficient location data and there is a need to be able to predict into poorly sampled areas to estimate the potential area of habitat. center dot Using species distribution models, we identified Harpy Eagle range limits, habitat area, and key biodiversity area coverage across the species range. center dot Harpy Eagles prefer areas of 70-75% evergreen forest cover, high vegetation species richness, and low elevation. center dot Key biodiversity areas covered 18% of highly suitable Harpy Eagle habitat but with key gaps in coverage in north and west Colombia, western Guyana, and north-west Brazil. center dot Our method of calculating habitat area estimates based on a predictive spatial model is a useful tool for large-scale conservation planning and can be readily applied to many taxa.Quantifying habitat use is important for understanding how animals meet their requirements for survival and provides information for conservation planning. Currently, assessments of range-wide habitat use that delimit species distributions are incomplete for many taxa. The Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja) is a raptor of conservation concern, widely distributed across Neotropical lowland forests, that currently faces threats from habitat loss and fragmentation. Here, we use penalized logistic regression to identify species-habitat associations and predict habitat suitability based on a new International Union for the Conservation of Nature range metric, termed Area of Habitat. From the species-habitat model, we performed a gap analysis to identify areas of high habitat suitability in regions with limited coverage in the key biodiversity area (KBA) network. Range-wide habitat use indicated that Harpy Eagles prefer areas of 70%-75% evergreen forest cover, low elevation, and high vegetation species richness. Conversely, Harpy Eagles avoid areas of >10% cultivated landcover and mosaic forest, and topographically complex areas. Our species-habitat model identified a large continuous area of potential habitat across the pan-Amazonia region, and a habitat corridor from the Choco-Darien ecoregion of Colombia running north along the Caribbean coast of Central America. Little habitat was predicted across the Atlantic Forest biome, which is now severely degraded. The current KBA network covered 18% of medium to high Harpy Eagle habitat exceeding a target biodiversity area representation of 10%, based on species range size. Four major areas of high suitability habitat lacking coverage in the KBA network were identified in north and west Colombia, western Guyana, and north-west Brazil. We recommend these multiple gaps of habitat as new KBAs for strengthening the current KBA network. Modeled area of habitat estimates as described here is a useful tool for large-scale conservation planning and can be readily applied to many taxa.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Posterior Interosseous and Ulnar Nerve Motor Palsies After a Minimally Displaced Radial Neck Fracture. Peripheral nerve injury is a serious potential complication following an upper extremity fracture. A rare case of acute posterior interosseous nerve and ulnar nerve palsy following a minimally displaced radial neck fracture is reported. With nonsurgical management, both nerves demonstrated excellent functional recovery. Although rare, nerve palsies can occur during a variety of upper extremity clinical situations, including minimally displaced fractures, and the importance of a detailed neurologic examination cannot be overstated. (J Hand Surg 2012;37A:1630-1633. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand.)", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Self-monitored biological nanoheaters operating in the first biological window based on single-band red upconversion nanoparticles fabricated through architectural design. Achieving controllable heating in deep tissue is of vital importance for photothermal therapies. In this work, we developed single-band red upconversion (UC) nanoparticles (NPs) as self-monitored photothermal probes. The excitation (similar to 800 nm) and emission (similar to 652 nm) of the developed UCNPs are both located in the first biological window (I-BW), reducing the optical energy dissipation caused by biological tissue. The emission spectroscopic characteristics of these UCNPs were investigated, as well as their corresponding UC mechanisms. Moreover, the light-to-heat efficiency of the UCNPs reached 40%, and the self-monitored temperature feedback was demonstrated using the highly efficient red emission. The proposed UCNPs can deepen the penetration and avoid overheating in biological tissues if used in photothermal therapies. We consider that these characteristics will favour their use as in vivo photothermal probes with feedback provided by their emission of light. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Development and application of DNA-aptamer-coupled magnetic beads and aptasensors for the detection of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in drinking and recreational water resources. Environmentally stable and disinfectant-resistant oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. shed in the feces of infected humans and animals frequently contaminate water resources and are subsequently spread via potable and recreational waters. The current monoclonal-antibody-based methods for detecting them in water are slow, labor-intensive, and demand skills to interpret the results. We have developed DNA-aptamer-based aptasensors, coupled with magnetic beads, to detect and identify the oocysts of C. parvum for monitoring recreational and drinking water sources. A sensitive and specific electrochemical aptasensor (3'-biotinylated R4-6 aptamer) was used as a secondary ligand to bind the streptavidin-coated magnetic beads. This was incorporated into a probe using gold nanoparticle modified screen-printed carbon electrodes. Square wave voltammetry allowed for specific recognition of C. parvum oocysts. The aptamer-coated probes had an oocyst detection limit of 50. It did not bind to the cysts of Giardia duodenalis, another common waterborne pathogen, thus indicating its high specificity for the target pathogen. The system could successfully detect C. parvum oocysts in spiked samples of the raw lake and river waters. Therefore, the combined use of the aptasensor and magnetic beads has the potential to monitor water quality for C. parvum oocysts in field samples without relying on monoclonal antibodies and skill-demanding microscopy.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 19, 43, 42]}
+{"token": "Are the physicochemical properties of antibacterial compounds really different from other drugs?. Results: We have re-examined this issue by performing a cheminformatics analysis of the literature data available in the ChEMBL database. The physicochemical properties of compounds with a recorded activity in an antibacterial assay were calculated and compared to two other datasets extracted from ChEMBL, marketed antibacterials and drugs marketed for other therapeutic indications. The chemical class of the compounds and Gram-negative/Grampositive profile were also investigated. This analysis shows that compounds with antibacterial activity have physicochemical property profiles very similar to other drug classes.Conclusions: The observation that many current antibacterial drugs lie in regions of physicochemical property space far from conventional small molecule therapeutics is correct. However, the inference that a compound must lie in one of these \\\\'outlier\\\\' regions in order to possess antibacterial activity is not supported by our analysis.Background: It is now widely recognized that there is an urgent need for new antibacterial drugs, with novel mechanisms of action, to combat the rise of multi-drug resistant bacteria. However, few new compounds are reaching the market. Antibacterial drug discovery projects often succeed in identifying potent molecules in biochemical assays but have been beset by difficulties in obtaining antibacterial activity. A commonly held view, based on analysis of marketed antibacterial compounds, is that antibacterial drugs possess very different physicochemical properties to other drugs, and that this profile is required for antibacterial activity.", "label": [4, 36, 40]}
+{"token": "Structure-activity relationship of a series of cyclohexylpiperidines bearing an amide side chain as antagonists of the human melanocortin-4 receptor. A series of cyclohexylpiperazines was synthesized as potent and selective antagonists of the human MC4 receptor. Compound 14t displayed binding affinity (K-i) of 4.2 and 1100 nM at MC4R and MC3R, respectively. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 36]}
+{"token": "An Event Study of Simultaneous Earthward and Tailward Reconnection Exhaust Flows in the Earth's Midtail. We report an event of two-satellite measurements of simultaneous earthward and tailward fast flows of similar to 500 km/s in the midtail at X similar to -63 R-E and evaluate magnetic reconnection as a responsible mechanism by comparing the observations with a particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation. The two satellites were near midnight separated mainly along the X direction by similar to 5 R-E. As they moved across the current sheet from the northern to southern lobes, the one closer to the Earth crossed the x line with fast flows changing from tailward to earthward, while the other one simultaneously observed tailward flows. The observed plasma and fields showed several key reconnection signatures, including the Walen relation, the fast reconnection rate of similar to 0.1, the Hall magnetic and electric fields, and counterstreaming electrons in the separatrix, indicating the fast flow was the reconnection exhaust. The observed temporal variations of flow speeds and magnetic fields suggested that the x line was moving tailward to a location between the two satellites and the exhaust was moving up and down. Within the exhaust, plasma pressure was highly anisotropic, and the current sheet can be unstable to the mirror, ion cyclotron, and firehose instabilities. Current sheet flapping and enhanced compressional waves near proton's local gyro frequencies were observed around the current sheet. Comparing with the PIC simulation suggests that the waves were mainly a result of oblique firehose instability.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Null model analysis of species nestedness patterns. Nestedness is a common biogeographic pattern in which small communities form proper subsets of large communities. However, the detection of nestedness in binary presence-absence matrices will be affected by both the metric used to quantify nestedness and the reference null distribution. In this study, we assessed the statistical performance of eight nestedness metrics and six null model algorithms. The metrics and algorithms were tested against a benchmark set of 200 random matrices and 200 nested matrices that were created by passive sampling. Many algorithms that have been used in nestedness studies are vulnerable to type I errors (falsely rejecting a true null hypothesis). The best-performing algorithm maintains fixed row and fixed column totals, but it is conservative and may not always detect nestedness when it is present. Among the eight indices, the popular matrix temperature metric did not have good statistical properties. Instead, the Brualdi and Sanderson discrepancy index and Cutler's index of unexpected presences performed best. When used with the fixed-fixed algorithm, these indices provide a conservative test for nestedness. Although previous studies have revealed a high frequency of nestedness, a reanalysis of 288 empirical matrices suggests that the true frequency of nested matrices is between 10% and 40%.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Cumulative influence: the case of political settlements research in British policy. The concept of the political settlement has risen to occupy a central place in British policy toward conflict-affected and fragile states. Yet, at around the turn of the millennium, the term was barely mentioned in official circles and the so-called good governance' approach held sway as the dominant operational mode. So, how had this transformation in policy approach come about and what was the role of research? In this article, we demonstrate that research played a central role in influencing the rhetoric of policymakers through a process we term cumulative influence'. Indeed, the subject of political settlements represents an excellent case study for understanding the dynamics of research utilisation. It allows us to build on existing models and suggest useful ways forward in this important area of public policy analysis.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Adverse drug reactions to anthroposophic and homeopathic solutions for injection: a systematic evaluation of German pharmacovigilance databases. Methods ADRs were extracted from the pharmacovigilance databases of eight German manufacturers. Analysed ADRs included case reports in humans only, (spontaneous) case reports from post-marketing surveillance, literature and clinical/safety trials.Results Between 2000 and 2009, in total, 303 million ampoules for injection were sold, and 486 case reports were identified, corresponding to a total number of 1180 ADRs. Of all case reports, 71.8% (349/486) included ADRs that were listed (e.g. stated in package leaflet), and 9.5% (46/486) of the reports were classified as serious. The most frequently reported ADRs were pruritus, followed by angioedema, diarrhoea and erythema. A total of 27.3% (322/1180) were localized reactions for example; application or injection site erythema, pain, swelling and inflammation. The overall reporting rate of ADRs associated with injections was less than 4 per 1 million sold ampoules and classified as very rare.Conclusions Our systematic evaluation demonstrated that the reporting rate of ADRs associated with anthroposophic and homeopathic solutions for injection is very low. Most reported ADRs were listed, and one quarter consisted of local reactions. These findings suggest a low risk profile for solutions for injection as therapeutically applied in anthroposophic medicine and homeopathy. Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Purpose Medicinal solutions for injection are frequently applied in anthroposophic medicine and homeopathy. Despite their extensive use, there is little data published on the safety of these products. Therefore, we investigated the safety of anthroposophic and homeopathic solutions for injection through a systematic evaluation of adverse drug reactions (ADRs).", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "Genetic analysis reveals different roles of Schizosaccharomyces pombe sfr1/dds20 in meiotic and mitotic DNA recombination and repair. DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair mediated by the Rad51 pathway of homologous recombination is conserved in eukaryotes. In yeast, Rad51 paralogs, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad55-Rad57 and Schizosaccharomyces pombe Rhp55-Rhp57, are mediators of Rad51 nucleoprotein formation. The recently discovered S. pombe Sfr1/Dds20 protein has been shown to interact with Rad51 and to operate in the Rad51-dependent DSB repair pathway in parallel to the paralog-mediated pathway. Here we show that Sfr1 is a nuclear protein and acts downstream of Rad50 in DSB processing. sfr1 Delta is epistatic to rad18(-) stop and rad60(-), and Sfr1 is a high-copy suppressor of the replication and repair defects of a rad60 mutant. Sfr1 functions in a Cds1-independent UV damage tolerance mechanism. In contrast to mitotic recombination, meiotic recombination is significantly reduced in sfr1 Delta strains. Our data indicate that Sfr1 acts in DSB repair mainly outside of S-phase, and is required for wild-type levels of meiotic recombination. We suggest that Sfr1 acts early in recombination and has a specific role in Rad51 filament assembly, distinct from that of the Rad51 paralogs.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Design of conductive pattern on recycled paper. Purpose In the current study, the authors prepared conductive nano-structured thin films composed of copper on the surface of the printed paper using a magnetron sputtering system. Furthermore, the printability of conductive films for the sake of re-using printed paper and its additional applications were also investigated. Design/methodology/approach Paper-based electronic devices have been the matter of intense interest because of their easy accessibility, lightweight, low cost, biodegradable, recyclable and ecofriendliness. Furthermore, these devices are inexpensive compared to other substrates. Nowadays, flexible energy and electronic devices made of the paper substrate are receiving a significant interest because of the issue of sustainable energy production from the environment. One of the most reliable techniques for the deposition of thin films and creating conductive patterns on the paper is magnetron sputtering. Findings The printed and coated printed papers were evaluated with X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive (SEM-EDX), four-point probe conductivity and spectroscopic measurements. Practical implications - The paper investigates the printability of conductive paper attributable to its second application. Originality/value The authors prepared conductive nanostructured copper-based thin films on the surface of the printed paper. They recovered and reused the paper as a root of raw material due to the environmental issue.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36, 11]}
+{"token": "Last in a Long Line of Literary Kleptomaniacs': Intertextuality in Sarah Kane's 4.48 Psychosis. The article examines intertextuality as conscious dramaturgical strategy in the composition of Sarah Kane's 4.48 Psychosis. Inspired by Jorg Helbig's notion of intertextual marking, the analysis identifies intertextual inscriptions in the play and examines the relationship between manifest text (the text the author produces) and referent text (the text the author borrows from). Kane's engagement with depression, psychosis, and suicide is mediated through ideas and structures that she adapts from a range of sources. Each of these frames and re-frames the experience of individual suffering explored in the text, and together, they chart the I's journey from depression to psychosis to suicide. Moreover, the play contains a critique of diagnostic psychiatry and plays out medical discourses against poetic (counter) discourses that reveal mental illness as constructed and contingent on changing social and cultural perceptions and practices.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Choose Foreign R&D Partners From Right Pools: A Synthesis Framework. To complement the extant research of R&D partner selection that is fragmented, we develop the synthesis framework to provide a holistic view for the foreign R&D partner selection process. In this framework, we integrate the strategic motive, the learning strategy, the R&D partner selection, and the institutional contingency altogether and adopt the classification of stakeholders to suggest firms the pools of potential candidates in which they can effectively select their suitable R&D partners in the host countries. By examining the 2,423 outbound FDI cases of Taiwan from 2009 to 2012, we find that firms pursuing the technology acquisition will adopt the exploratory learning strategy and be more inclined to choose their R&D partners from their external stakeholders; but this inclination will be mitigated when the host countries are full of institutional voids. Nevertheless, firms pursuing the market expansion may not necessarily adopt the exploitative learning strategy as the prior research suggests but, instead, may undertake the exploratory learning and, furthermore, partner their external stakeholders when the host countries are full of institutional voids.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Structural characterization and confined pyrolysis of resistant aliphatic biopolymer derived from cyanobacteria. Two cultured cyanobacteria species were divided into three fractions, investigated using Rock-Eval, elemental analysis, and C-13 cross polarization/total sideband suppression (CP/TOSS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to obtain information on the structure, composition, and oil and gas production potential (OGP) of these species. Confined pyrolysis experiments were performed on isolated acid nonhydrolyzable organic matter (NHOM) fractions. The results showed that the NHOM fractions from Oscillatoria sp. (OSC_NHOM) and Calothrix anomala (CAL_NHOM) were similar to the highly aliphatic algaenan in structure and capable of generating gas and oil. Pyrolysis experiments of the OSC_NHOM and CAL_NHOM fractions demonstrated that they contained a saturated and unbranched carbon chain with up to 33 carbon atoms and had high OGP. The maximum oil yield (59% for OSC_NHOM and 47% for CAL_NHOM) derived from the pyrolysis experiments was higher than that from oil prone carbon (46% for OSC_NHOM and 39% for CAL_NHOM), suggesting that the 13C CP/TOSS NMR method slightly underestimates the oil production potential of cultured cyanobacterial (and possibly algal) biopolymers. Our investigation confirms the presence of algaenan-like biopolymers in a broader suite of cyanobacteria.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Stakeholders, critical success factors, and value creation in public-private partnerships. This study analyzes the role of stakeholders in the value creation in public-private partnerships in Brazil, considering their motivations and the critical factors that determine the success of this type of collaboration. We analyzed partnerships between federal, state, and local governments through content analysis of documents and interviews with representatives of the public and private sectors involved in such partnerships. Stakeholders identification was conducted through the simultaneous use of models that allow demonstrating the multiple roles played by the actors, i.e. the role in public policies formulation and implementation (R. C. Gomes et al., 2010), their potential for threat or cooperation (Savage et al., 1991), and salience degree (Mitchell et al., 1997). In addition, the most recurrent critical success factors, value elements, and determining factors for cooperation in such partnerships were identified. Furthermore, an analytical model is proposed to identify such elements so that decision-makers can devise a strategy to deal with them.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Effect of Baypamun (R) on blood leucocytes in normal and dexamathasone treated goats. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Bappamun(R) on selected lymphocyte subpopulations and granulocyte phagocytic activity mediated by lectin-like receptors in goats of normal immune status and in goats experimentally immunosuppressed with dexamethasone. Eighteen goats in total were used. Blood samples were collected 24 h before immunomodulation and 5 and 10 days after immunomodulation. Animals in group I were immunostimulated with Baypamun(R) for 2 days and immunosuppressed with Dexafort for the next 2 days. Animals in group II received Dexafort first and then Baypamun(R). The number of leucocytes in total and in subpopulations was determined by flow cytometry. Application of Baypamun(R) before (group I) or after (group II) immunosuppression caused significant (P < 0.001) and lasting changes in the percentage of CD2+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Significant but transient changes were observed in CD19+ (B) and WC1-N2+ (null) cells. Results show that application of Baypamun(R) to modulate non-specific defence is advisable following immunosuppression (group I). When Baypamun was applied after immunosuppression (group II), although there was no reaction during the initial phase, an increase in the activity of cells responsible for non-specific immunity was noticeable after 10 days.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Radio emission of magnetars driven by the quasi-linear diffusion. In this paper, we study the possibility of generation of electromagnetic waves in the magnetospheres of radio magnetars by means of the quasi-linear diffusion (QLD). Considering the magnetosphere composed of the so-called beam and the plasma components, respectively, we argue that the frozen-in condition will inevitably lead to the generation of the unstable cyclotron modes. These modes, via the QLD, will in turn influence the particle distribution function, leading to certain values of the pitch angles, thus to an efficient synchrotron mechanism, producing radio photons. We show that for three known radio magnetars, the QLD might be a realistic mechanism for producing photons in the radio band.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Shanghai municipal investment corporation: Extending government power through financialization under state entrepreneurialism. Financialized urban governance means that local governments have been increasingly reliant on financial techniques and in some extreme cases, been captured by shareholders' interests. However, financialized governance mutates with various characteristics of local governance. This paper unpacks financialized urban governance in China based on the operation of Shanghai Municipal Investment Corporation (SMI). The Shanghai municipal government uses SMI as an intermediary to finance urban development. Based on the latest corporatization of SMI, we illustrate an embryonic form of financialized governance in which the Shanghai municipal government relies on financial means especially shareholding to manage and support SMI. In doing so, the municipal government internalizes financial techniques to manage state assets, seek funding, and guide urban development projects. The power of the state is not undermined during the process of financialization. Instead, the Shanghai government extends its power to the financial market to achieve its goals.", "label": [5, 52, 51]}
+{"token": "Early stature prediction method using stature growth parameters. Conclusions: This study suggests that a final stature prediction method using multiple regression analysis that includes biological parameters can predict stature growth with sufficient validity and accuracy. Incorporation of TO-related parameters allowed us to develop earlier growth evaluation and prediction methods compared with other previous methods.Subjects and methods: Randomly selected 12-year serial stature growth data for 400 Koreans were fitted with two nonlinear growth curves: Preece and Baines model 1 (PB1) and Jolicoeur-Pontier-Pernin-Sempe (JPPS) functions. Five biological parameters, including take-off (TO) related parameters, were derived by differentiation of the two curves, respectively. Those five variables were composed into a multiple linear regression equation for final stature prediction. In the cross-validation subjects, TO-related variables were estimated by linear interpolation from the partial growth data prior to estimation age, then incorporated into the prediction equation.Background: The creation of an accurate growth prediction method for human stature at a stage of growth has been an interesting challenge in medical science and human biology.Results: The final stature prediction model had excellent validity and accuracy when applied to the cross-validation samples. Prediction accuracy increased according to increasing years after take-off.Aim: The aim of this study was to develop a non-radiographic final stature prediction method that is applicable in the early pubertal growth period.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 56, 42, 24]}
+{"token": "Phenotypic Intratumoral Heterogeneity of Endometrial Carcinomas. Intratumoral heterogeneity has been shown to play an important role in diagnostic accuracy, development of treatment resistance, and prognosis of cancer patients. Recent studies have proposed quantitative measurement of phenotypic intratumoral heterogeneity, but no study is yet available in endometrial carcinomas. In our study we evaluated the phenotypic intratumoral heterogeneity of a consecutive series of 10 endometrial carcinomas using measures of dispersion and diversity. Morphometric architectural (%tumor cells, %solid tumor, %differentiated tumor, and %lumens) and nuclear [volume-weighted mean nuclear volume ()] parameters, as well as estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, p53, vimentin, and beta-catenin immunoexpression (H-score) were digitally analyzed in 20 microscopic fields per carcinoma. Quantitative measures of intratumoral heterogeneity included coefficient of variation (CV) and relative quadratic entropy (rQE). In each endometrial carcinoma there was slight variation of architecture from field to field, resulting in globally low levels of heterogeneity measures (mean CV %tumor cells: 0.10, %solid tumor: 0.73, %differentiated tumor: 0.19, %lumens: 0.61 and mean rQE %tumor cells: 18.5, %solid tumor: 20.3, %differentiated tumor: 25.6, %lumens: 21.8). Nuclear intratumoral heterogeneity was also globally low (mean CV: 0.23 and rQE: 27.3), but significantly higher than the heterogeneity of architectural parameters within most carcinomas. In general, there was low to moderate variability of immunoexpression markers within each carcinoma, but estrogen receptor (mean CV: 0.56 and rQE: 46.2) and progesterone receptor (mean CV: 0.60 and rQE: 39.3) displayed the highest values of heterogeneity measures. Intratumoral heterogeneity of immunoexpression was significantly higher than that observed for morphometric parameters. In conclusion, our study indicates that endometrial carcinomas present a variable but predominantly low degree of phenotypic intratumoral heterogeneity.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "Analysis of the growth curve of Santa Ines sheep. Records of 7,271 weights of 952 lambs Measured from birth Lip to 196 days of age between 1983 and 2000, available from the Agricultural Research Corporation of Paraiba database, were used to model the average growth curve of Santa Ines sheep. The influence of environmental effects on the estimated parameters of the Brody, Von Bertalanffy, Logistic, Gompertz and Richards functions was evaluated using the NLIN procedure of SAS. The growth curve was well filled by all models but larger residual variation was obtained by the Brody and Logistic models. According to the absolute average residual error. the Gompertz model showed a better fit than the models Von Bertalanfly and Richards. Growth curves differed for males and females, born from single and twin lambing. Contemporary group, type of birth and sex significantly affected the estimation of parameters A and K. The correlation between parameters A and K was negative. Improvements in feeding management and forage storage may decrease the indirect effects of climate and contribute to reduce variation in the growth Curves.", "label": [0, 6, 10]}
+{"token": "Beliefs in Miraculous Healings, Religiosity and Meaning in Life. Throughout centuries, many interpretations of miraculous healings have been offered by philosophers, theologians, physicians and psychologists. Different approaches to miracles originate from the differences in understanding of causative factors, concepts of nature and the relationship between God and nature. Despite many skeptical arguments, a vast majority of people (approximately 70%) in modern Western societies share a belief in miracles and millions of sick people pilgrimage to sanctuaries seeking their occurrence. The aim of the research was to describe the social perception of miraculous healings, and the relationship between beliefs in miraculous healings, religiosity and meaning in life. A survey was conducted on a group of 178 respondents aged 18 to 30 (M = 21.5; SD = 2.31), 90% Catholics. The obtained results show that it is possible to describe the perception of miraculous healings in category of the essence of the causative factors (natural/supranatural) and definiteness (defined/undefined). The majority (88%) of the respondents believed in miracles and most frequently associated them with God's action/intervention, less often with the still undiscovered possibilities of the human organism or the nature, and the least with medical biases. Respondents with stronger religiosity more often understood miraculous healings as an act of God than the activity of unspecified supernatural powers. Moreover, higher religiosity and understanding of miraculous healings as an effect of the supernatural specified determinant was connected with higher meaning in life.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Multi-objective evolutionary triclustering with constraints of time-series gene expression data. The rapid development of gene expression profiling experiments in recent years has created a great demand for triclustering, i.e., simultaneously clustering genes, conditions or samples and time points of the time-series gene expression data. Triclustering of the time-series gene expression data is of significant importance in biological engineering due to its great potential in identifying key genes in uncharted genome regions. In this paper, a new multi-objective constrained triclustering model is formulated to detect the key genes for time-series gene expression data, where a new objective based on the Wilcoxon signrank test is developed to measure the fluctuation of the gene expression values across different time points. A novel population decomposition based evolutionary multi-objective algorithm with customized three-point crossover and mutation operators is proposed for the formulated model. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, a series of experimental comparisons are first conducted on a set of artificial benchmark datasets, and then the proposed method is applied on real-life human gene engineering problems of detecting the key gene with similar functionality in biological processes. Experimental results, compared with three previous well-established triclustering algorithms, demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Furthermore, applications of the proposed triclustering method on biological and computer engineering problems are conducted.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Quantification of DNA damage by the analysis of silver stained comet assay images. This study involves 40 cases of Schizophrenia. Results of the proposed method are compared with those of OpenComet and CometScore software. Comet segmentation result is validated with a confusion matrix which shows better values for all performance indices. The proposed technique gave 87.12% Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and 90.16% sensitivity. It shows a large improvement in PPV and sensitivity, over the most recent competitive method, OpenComet. Regression analysis is carried out to validate the quantification results. Visual scores evaluated by the expert and DNA (%) in tail are used for finding the coefficient of determination, r(2) statistic. The proposed method gives a better r(2) value of 0.9. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated by a clinical expert.The proposed method is found to be very efficient for DNA damage analysis of silver stained comet assay images in the area of clinical research. (C) 2015 AGBM. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.4. ConclusionSilver stained comet assay images of lymphocytes obtained from confirmed cases of Schizophrenia were employed for DNA damage analysis using Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (SCGE) or Comet assay. The image analysis consists of three stages: (1) Comet segmentation by incorporating shading correction, pre-processing stages for image enhancement, noise filtering and thresholding; (2) Comet partitioning by fuzzy clustering and (3) Comet quantification stage in which the limitations of fuzzy clustering are eliminated.3. Results2. Materials and methods1. ObjectivesThe main objective is to develop a fully automated system for Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid (DNA) damage analysis using silver stained comet assay images for clinical applications.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Eleven years of cyberattacks on Chinese supply chains in an era of cyber warfare, a review and future research agenda. Purpose The contribution of this study aims to twofold: First, it provides an overview of the current state of research on cyberattacks on Chinese supply chains (SCs). Second, it offers a look at the Chinese Government's approach to fighting cyberattacks on Chinese SCs and its calls for global governance. Design/methodology/approach A comprehensive literature review was conducted on Clarivate Analytics' Web of Science, in Social Sciences Citation Index journals, Scopus and Google Scholar, published between 2010-2021. A systematic review of practitioner literature was also conducted. Findings Chinese SCs have become a matter of national security, especially in the era of cyber warfare. The risks to SC have been outlined. Cybersecurity regulations are increasing as China aims to build a robust environment for cyberspace development. Using the Technology-organization-environment (TOE) framework, the results show that the top five factors influencing the adoption process in firms are as follows: relative advantage and technological readiness (Technology context); top management support and firm size (Organization context) and government policy and regulations (Environment context). Research limitations/implications This review focuses on cyberattacks on Chinese SCs and great care was taken when selecting search terms. However, the author acknowledges that the choice of databases/terms may have excluded a few articles on cyberattacks from this review. Practical implications This review provides managerial insights for SC practitioners into how cyberattacks have the potential to disrupt the global SC network. Originality/value Past researchers proposed a taxonomic approach to evaluate progress with SC integration into Industry 4.0; in contrast, this study is one of the first steps toward an enhanced understanding of cyberattacks on Chinese SCs and their contribution to the global SC network using the TOE framework.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "What Goes with Red and Blue? Mapping Partisan and Ideological Associations in the Minds of Voters. To what extent do voters grasp \\\\'what goes with what\\\\' among key political objects as they attempt to understand the choices they face at the ballot box? Is recognition of these associations limited to only the most informed citizens? We design a novel conjoint classification experiment that minimizes partisan boosting and allows for the relative comparison of attribute effect when mapping voter associative networks, the cluster of attributes linked to parties and ideological labels. We ask respondents to 'guess' the party or ideology of hypothetical candidates with fully randomized issue priorities and biographical details. There is remarkable agreement among both high- and low-knowledge voters in linking issues to each party and ideology, suggesting this minimalist form of associative competence is more widely held in the mass public than perhaps previously thought. We find less agreement about biographical traits, which appear to pose greater informational challenges for voters. Notably, nearly identical issue priorities and traits are associated with party and ideology, indicating these two dimensions are largely fused in the minds of today's American voters.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Effects of virtual reality on theme park visitors' experience and behaviors: A presence perspective. Advances in virtual reality (VR) technology exert increasingly influential impacts on tourism. Drawn upon a presence perspective and a process theory, this research aims to explore how VR technology may help enhance theme park visitors' experience and behaviors. Data was collected from 396 theme park visitors who had experienced VR roller coaster over the past twelve months. Results of stepwise regression analysis suggest that users' sense of presence is predominantly driven by their feeling of control, followed by participation, effectiveness, curiosity, vividness, temporal association, and enjoyment provided by VR system. Results of simple linear regression analyses reveal positive impacts of sense of VR presence on visitors' overall theme park experience and intentions to revisit and recommend. Further sensitivity tests are performed using Hayes PROCESS model to accommodate the potential influence of two individual factors (i.e., personal innovativeness and VR familiarity) on the results. Theoretical and managerial implications are presented.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "AKP's neoliberal populism and contradictions of new social policies in Turkey. The AKP came to power in Turkey in 2002 after a devastating economic crisis and has since become a hegemonic party. Despite its neoliberal policies, its votes mostly come from the poorer echelons of the society. This article analyses the AKP as a prime example of 'neoliberal populism' and argues that the AKP's social policies are the material sources of its neoliberal populism. There are, however, important contradictions in AKP's social policies. First, they have mostly bene?ted informal sector workers, but have decreased the bene?ts of formal employees. Second, some of the social policies are programmatic and universal, but others are particularistic and clientelistic. Third, although social programmes and spending increased, the labour policies of AKP have decreased the power and conditions of labour. These social policy contradictions help AKP target the poor unorganized sections of the society, gain and maintain popularity among them and weaken opposition to its neoliberalism and authoritarianism.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Analysis of nonylphenol polyethoxylates with 3 to 10 ethoxy units in water samples by normal-phase liquid chromatography with electrospray mass spectrometry detection. There is significant interest in the environmental fate of nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPEO) surfactants due to the potential effects as endocrine disruptors of their metabolites in aquatic organisms. The concentration levels of high ethoxylates in conjunction with the analysis of the endocrine metabolites play an important role to calculate the mass balance in the aquatic environment. A simple and useful method for the analysis of nonylphenol ethoxylates with 3 to 10 ethoxy units in water samples using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and normal-phase liquid chromatography (NPLC) with electrospray mass spectrometry detection in positive mode, is described. The overall method quantification limits range from 3 to 15 ng/l for the enrichment of 500 ml water samples. Mean recoveries of 57 to 72% are achieved. The method was subsequently applied to water samples coming from Austrian treatment plants.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "A risk calculator for glyphosate resistant in Lolium rigidum (Gaud.). CONCLUSION: The calculator enables the farmer or the advisor to assess the risk of a weed's population becoming resistant and modify practices accordingly to manage for sustainable glyphosate use. The risk calculator could be modified for other herbicides and different weed species. (c) 2007 Society of Chemical Industry.BACKGROUND: Glyphosate resistance has been confirmed in 58 populations of Lolium rigidum (Gaud.), a major weed of crops in southern Australia. Extensive use of glyphosate in conjunction with minimal soil disturbance has been identified as high risk for resistance to that herbicide. Land managers need a simple method for rapid assessment of the risk of resistance occurring as a result of past and proposed future management practices. Modelled on risk assessment nomographs, a simple calculator for indicating the risk of evolved glyphosate resistance in L. rigidum is described.RESULTS: The calculator uses the generations since first use and the frequency of use of glyphosate in combination with historical cultivation levels as critical factors for determining the risk of glyphosate resistance evolution. Based on the management history of a field, a land manager can graphically determine a glyphosate resistance risk for that field.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 44]}
+{"token": "Safe Infant Sleep Interventions: What is the Evidence for Successful Behavior Change?. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and other sleep-related infant deaths, such as accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed and ill-defined deaths, account for >4000 deaths annually in the USA. Evidence-based recommendations for reducing the risk of sleep-related deaths have been published, but some caregivers resist adoption of these recommendations. Multiple interventions to change infant sleep-related practices of parents and professionals have been implemented. In this review, we will discuss illustrative examples of safe infant sleep interventions and evidence of then effectiveness. Facilitators of and barriers to change, as well as the limitations of the data currently available for these interventions, will be considered.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Invisible market for online personal data: An examination. Despite the widespread knowledge that corporations collect and exchange user online personal data (OPD) between themselves in a market for OPD, there have been few attempts to systematically understand the nature and structure of these markets or answer basic questions about the behavior of parties in these markets. This paper addresses these questions using records of data sharing behavior by 218 websites across eight economic sectors. Two datasets, collected 4 years apart, are analyzed using social network analysis (SNA). Findings indicate linear preferential attachment is the most likely coordinating mechanism in the OPD market. Further, this market has a much higher number of brokers (intermediary corporations that facilitate exchange between other corporations) than comparable markets. Building on these findings, implications for research and practice are presented along with future research directions.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
+{"token": "THE TERMINATION PATTERN AND POSTSYNAPTIC TARGETS OF RUBROSPINAL FIBERS IN THE RAT SPINAL-CORD - A LIGHT AND ELECTRON-MICROSCOPIC STUDY. The spinal course, termination pattern, and postsynaptic targets of the rubrospinal tract, which is known to contribute to the initiation and execution of movements, were studied in the rat at the light and electron microscopic levels by using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) in combination with calbindin-D28k (CaBP), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glycine immunocytochemistry. After injections of PHA-L unilaterally into the red nucleus, labelled fibers and terminals were detected at cervical, thoracic, and lumbar segments of the spinal cord. Most of the descending fibers were located in the dorsolateral funiculus contralateral to the injection site, but axons descending ipsilaterally were also revealed. Rubrospinal axon terminals were predominantly found in laminae V-VI and in the dorsal part of lamina VII at all levels and on both sides of the spinal cord, but stained collaterals were also seen in the ventrolateral aspect of Clark's column and in the ventral regions of lamina VII on both sides. The proportion of axonal varicosities revealed on the ipsilateral side varied at different segments and represented 10-28% of the total number of labelled boutons. Most of the labelled boutons were engaged in synaptic contacts with dendrites. Of the 137 rubrospinal boutons investigated, only 2 were found to establish axosomatic synaptic junctions in the lumbar spinal cord contralateral to the PHA-L injection. With the postembedding immunogold method, 80.8% of dendrites establishing synaptic contacts with rubrospinal terminals did not show immunoreactivity for either GABA or glycine, whereas 19.2% of them were immunoreactive for both amino acids. Rubrospinal axons made multiple contacts with CaBP-immunoreactive neurons in laminae V-VI. Synaptic contacts between rubrospinal terminals and CaBP-immunoreactive dendrites were identified at the electron microscopic level, and all CaBP-containing postsynaptic dendrites investigated were negative for both GABA and glycine. The results suggest that rubrospinal terminals establish synaptic contacts with both excitatory and inhibitory interneurons in the rat spinal cord, and a population of excitatory interneurons receiving monosynaptic rubrospinal input is located in laminae V-VI.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 47]}
+{"token": "Factors affecting the adoption of HRIS by the Bangladeshi banking and financial sector. Human Resources Information Systems (HRIS) has become a global HR practice in the developed nations for its strategic contributions. However, developing nations such as Bangladesh seemed to face challenges in deploying HRIS in different sector especially in Banking and financial sector. This study attempted to identify the salient factors affecting adoption of HRIS by Bangladeshi banking and financial sector through applying the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model. A structured questionnaire, designed based on the model construct, applied to pull data from 300 participants in the various banking and financial organization in Bangladesh. These data were analyzed through SmartPLS 3.0. We found social influence of market leader and behavioral intention of the management of the organization have a significant effect on the intent to adopt HRIS. However, social influence found to have both direct as well as partially mediated (by behavioral intention) effect on the adoption of HRIS. The findings suggest the practitioners to adopt the HRIS to gain the first mover advantage to avoid the bandwagon effect that make the HRIS-related competitive advantage evaporate quickly. The researchers in future may conduct a cross-cultural study to see whether the same variables are influencing the adoption of HRIS in the other culture and the country or may include more variables in the study to accommodate the ever-changing technology and human preferences.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Autism and ABA: The Gulf Between North America and Europe. Prevalence estimations for Autism Spectrum Disorder have been increasing over the past few years with rates now reported to be at 1: 68. Interventions that are based on Applied Behaviour Analysis are significantly related to best outcomes and are widely considered `treatment as usual' in North America. In Europe, this is not the case, instead a rather ill-defined `eclectic' approach is widely promoted and in this paper we discuss some of the roots of this gulf between Europe and North America and correct some of the misconceptions that prevail about Applied Behaviour Analysis in Europe.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Temperature dependence of the generalized vibrational density of states of Al70Co15Ni15 and Al62Co15Cu20Si3. The temperature dependence of the atomic dynamics of AlCoNi and AlCoCuSi was investigated via the generalized vibrational density of states (GVDOS) using neutron inelastic scattering. With increasing temperature we observe a strong anharmonic softening of the dynamics which is essentially linear with temperature for AlCoNi but shows a step for AlCoCuSi. From the shape of the GVDOS we conclude that in AlCoNi the short range order changes little with temperature while it does change in AlCoCuSi. In the case of AlCoNi the GVDOS measured at 296 K can be nearly quantitatively described by a computer simulation based on a tiling model and ab initio pair potentials for Al and Co. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science S.A.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Comparison of laparoscopic and traditional abomasal cannulation in sheep. Introduction: The objective of this study was to describe a laparoscopic abomasal cannulation (LAC) technique, and compare the extent of the surgical trauma after LAC and open abomasal cannulation (OAC) by examining postoperative visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores and serum values of interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha in sheep. Material and Methods: Twelve healthy ewes, weighing 38-43 kg, were used. Three-portal laparoscopic techniques were used for LAC procedures. OAC was performed by a right flank laparotomy. Results: Abomasal cannulation was accomplished in all sheep without major intraoperative and postoperative complications. The abomasal contents were collected easily in both groups. Comparative studies found that open procedures exhibit a more pronounced short-term increase in cytokines and significantly higher VAS pain scores than the corresponding laparoscopic procedures. Conclusion: The laparoscopic technique proved to be less traumatic than the conventional open technique.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Advances in the quest for virulence factors of Haemophilus parasuis. Haemophilus parasuis colonises healthy pigs and is the aetiological agent of Glasser's disease. The pathogenicity of H. parasuis is poorly characterised, while prevention and control of Glasser's disease continues to be challenging. Understanding the pathogenicity of H. parasuis is essential for determining how this bacterium produces disease and to better distinguish between virulent and non-virulent strains. Infection by H. parasuis requires adhesion to and invasion of host cells, resistance to phagocytosis by macrophages, resistance to serum complement and induction of inflammation. Identification of virulence factors involved in these mechanisms has been limited by difficulties in producing mutants in H. parasuis. Recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of H. parasuis are due in part to the production of deletion mutants, although most of the potential virulence factors described so far require further characterisation. Data supporting the role of lipooligosaccharide, capsule formation, porin proteins, cytolethal distending toxin and trimeric autotransporters (VtaA), among other molecules, in the virulence of H. parasuis have been described. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of virulence factors of H. parasuis. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Communication of radiation risk from imaging studies: an IAEA-coordinated international survey. The purpose of this IAEA-coordinated international study was to understand aspects related to the communication of radiation risk from imaging studies, such as how often imaging department personnel and referring physicians are asked about radiation risks in diagnostic imaging, who asks about these risks, how often professionals are able to provide satisfactory answers using qualitative metrics and how often quantitative risk estimates are needed. A web-based questionnaire with ten questions was completed by 386 healthcare professionals from 63 countries from all four continents, including clinicians/referring physicians (42.5%), radiologists or nuclear medicine physicians (26.7%), medical physicists (23.1%), radiographers/radiological technologists (6.2%) and others (1.6%). The results indicate that radiation risk-related questions are largely asked by patients (73.1%) and parents of child patients (38.6%), and 78% of the professionals believe they are able to answer those questions using qualitative metrics such as very small/minimal, small, medium rather than number of cancers likely occurring. The vast majority, with over three times higher frequency, indicated the purpose of knowing previous radiological exams as 'both clinical information and radiation exposure history' rather than 'only clinical information'. Nearly two-thirds of the clinicians/referring physicians indicated that knowing the radiation exposure history of the patient will affect their decision-making for the next exam, as against only about one-fifth who said 'no, it will not affect their decision-making'. The same question, when addressed to radiologists, resulted in a slightly larger fraction of about three-quarters who said 'yes', as opposed to a smaller fraction of about 12% who said 'no, it will not affect their decision-making'. Mapping the present situation of communication of benefits and risks for patients is important and may be the basis of further analysis, regular monitoring and possibly a target for clinical audits. Further studies focused on specific professional groups might help in obtaining a deeper understanding of the need for practical communication tools.", "label": [1, 2, 5, 22, 15, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "Social information and political participation on the internet: an experiment. This paper tests whether the social information provided by the internet affects the decision to participate in politics. In a field experiment, subjects could choose to sign petitions and donate money to support causes. Participants were randomized into treatment groups that received varying information about how many other people had participated and a control group receiving no social information. Results show that social information has a varying effect according to the numbers provided, which is strongest when there are more than a million other participants, supporting claims about critical mass, and tipping points in political participation.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Commercial Considerations for Immunoproteomics. The underlying drivers of scientific processes have been rapidly evolving, but the ever-present need for research funding is typically foremost amongst these. Successful laboratories are embracing this reality by making certain that their projects have commercial value right from the beginning of the project conception. Which factors to be considered for commercial success need to be well thought out and incorporated into a project plan with similar levels of detail as would be the technical elements. Specific examples of commercial outcomes in the field of Immunoproteomics are exemplified in this discussion.", "label": [2, 18, 20]}
+{"token": "New genus and species of Polymastiidae (Demospongiae : Hadromerida) from the Antarctic deep sea. A new sponge genus and species, Astrotylus astrotylus, is described from the Antarctic abyssal zone. Its peculiar microscleres, herein referred to as astrotylostyles, combine the features of asterose spicules and tylostyles. Similar spicules are observed in Hymeraphia and Discorhabdella (order Poecilosclerida). But this similarity is convergent as far as a radial choanosomal skeleton composed by principal tylostyles and a cortical palisade of small tylostyles in Astrotylus undoubtedly confirm its allocation to the order Hadromerida and most likely to the family Polymastiidae. Atergia, Acanthopoylmastia and Tylexocladus have the closest affinities with Astrotylus that calls for the phylogenetic analysis of their relations. Meanwhile astrotylostyles of Astrotylus, cladotylostyles of Tylexocladus and grapnel-like exotyles of Proteleia may be the remnants of non-monaxonic ancestral spicule type in Polymastiidae that calls for reconsideration of the relations between hadromerid families.", "label": [4, 45]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of corrosion behaviour of biodegradable base oils using electrochemical techniques. This paper describes an interesting attempt to quantitatively evaluate the corrosion behaviour of base oils using a novel approach based on electrochemical techniques. The present study evaluates the corrosion behaviour of biodegradable base oils with and without additives in an aqueous chloride solution using electrochemical measurements. Potentiodynamic polarisation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques were used to quantitatively determine the corrosion behaviour of these oils, and the results were compared to the conventional immersion tests. Both these electrochemical measurements were carried out in a three-electrode system where AS1020 mild steel alloy was used as a working electrode in a purpose made pipette cell. The results obtained from the electrochemical measurements help to evaluate the best biodegradable base oil for formulating eco-friendly industrial lubricants.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Shelf-life prediction and testing. This chapter covers the important considerations that need to be taken into account when setting up shelf life and accelerated shelf-life tests and discusses specific shelf-life issues associated with chocolate confectionery products. The different tests used for assessing sensory changes are covered, together with specific methods found to be useful for praline, biscuit and wafer products. The importance of choosing testing regimes appropriate to products and considerations concerning sample handling are also covered. The sensory results of shelf life and accelerated shelf-life tests on chocolate products are also given.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "C-11- and F-18-Radiotracers for In Vivo Imaging of the Dopamine System: Past, Present and Future. The applications of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to study brain biochemistry, and in particular the aspects of dopamine neurotransmission, have grown significantly over the 40 years since the first successful in vivo imaging studies in humans. In vivo PET imaging of dopaminergic functions of the central nervous system (CNS) including dopamine synthesis, vesicular storage, synaptic release and receptor binding, and reuptake processes, are now routinely used for studies in neurology, psychiatry, drug abuse and addiction, and drug development. Underlying these advances in PET imaging has been the development of the unique radiotracers labeled with positron-emitting radionuclides such as carbon-11 and fluorine-18. This review focuses on a selection of the more accepted and utilized PET radiotracers currently available, with a look at their past, present and future.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 22, 42]}
+{"token": "RAPD variations in selected and unselected blue grama populations. Blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis H.B.K. Lag. ex Stend.) is one of the most widespread native grasses in western North America. Little is known about the genetic diversity of this species and the genetic shift in selected populations. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to assess the genetic variations of blue grama plants in 11 natural source populations (SPs) in southern Manitoba and two selected populations. Population 'BMSC' was a balanced multisite composite of 99 clones selected for. higher seed yield from the 11 SPs. Population 'MSC' was a mass-selected composite of 25 clones with higher seed yield from eight SPs. Twelve RAPD primers were used to assay 108 original propagules from the 11 SPs and 96 seedlings from each selected population. A total of 69 polymorphic RAPD bands were detected. No unique RAPD bands were found for any SPs and 97.8% of the total RAPD variation was detected within SPs. Variation in RAPD markers was not associated with geographical distances. Highly significant changes in RAPD band frequency from their SPs were detected in both selected populations, but only MSC displayed the fixation of polymorphic bands. The estimated genetic shifts were small, 0.6% for BMSC and 1.9% for MSC.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Two gustatory receptors are necessary for sensing sucrose in an egg parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis. The gustatory system plays vital roles in food selection and feeding behaviours, as well as in other life activities in insects. In the process of taste perception, the functions of gustatory receptors are extremely important for insects. Trichogramma chilonis, a species of egg parasitoid, is often used as an effective biocontrol agent for agricultural and forestry pests. The utilization of T. chilonis has been well established, but the gustatory receptors, constituting the key factor in the molecular mechanism of gustation, are still unknown. In this study, we obtained two full-length cDNAs encoding putative sugar receptors (TchiGR64f1 and TchiGR64f2), and the qRT-PCR results showed that TchiGR64f1 and TchiGR64f2 were expressed from the larval to adult stages. The expression of TchiGR64f1 and TchiGR64f2 differed between male and female adults. Functional analysis of TchiGR64f1 and TchiGR64f2 was conducted based on the Xenopus oocyte expression system and the two-electrode voltage-clamp system. The electrophysiological results showed that the combination of TchiGR64f1 + TchiGR64f2 was exclusively tuned to sucrose. Then, T. chilonis adults showed a preference for sucrose in a behavioural experiment. Additionally, sucrose consumption prolonged the lifespan and improved the fecundity of T. chilonis. These results not only enrich the reservoir of information on gustatory receptors in T. chilonis but also provide basic knowledge for further research on taste reception and for the development of a better strategy for the application of T. chilonis in biocontrol.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
+{"token": "The properties of the equity premium and the risk-free rate: An investigation across time and countries. We examine the. relationship between the equity premium and the risk-free rate over time for Group of Seven countries. We show the existence of subsample instabilities, cross-country differences, and examine whether a consumption-based CAPM model is able to explain the heterogeneity of the data when cross-country and time-series differences in technology parameters are accounted for We demonstrate that the basic features of the equity premium and risk-free puzzles remain regardless of the sample period and the country considered. Modifications of the basic setup also fall short of providing an explanation for the puzzles.", "label": [5, 48, 49]}
+{"token": "Information systems success in the context of different corporate cultural types: An empirical investigation. Previous studies surrounding the DeLone and McLean model of information systems (IS) success have called for future research and further examination of its measure in different contexts. We draw from the literature on strategic IS planning and organizational culture to contextualize the DeLone and McLean model. There is some evidence that a high-quality information technology (IT) plan leads to system success; therefore, we empirically examine the inclusion of the IT plan quality construct as an antecedent to IS success. We also empirically examine the relationships among constructs in the model of IS success in the context of different corporate cultural types-entrepreneurial and formal. The results provide strong support for the research model and suggest that variations in IS success are explained by the quality of the IT plan and the corporate culture exhibited by a firm. We discuss implications related to our finding that IT plan quality has a greater impact on IS success in organizations that exhibit an entrepreneurial corporate culture than in those that exhibit a formal corporate culture. Furthermore, we discuss how the relationships in the DeLone and McLean model of IS success differ in diverse corporate cultural types and the meaning of these differences.", "label": [4, 5, 40, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "Late-onset neutropenia: defining limits of neutrophil count in very low birth weight infants. RESULT: CBCs of 399 newborns were included. Values were obtained from birth to 36 weeks of postnatal age. Late-onset neutropenia was observed in 259 cases (65%). Neutropenic infants had a mean of 0.5 weeks lower gestational age. Late-onset neutropenia was more frequent in children with intraventricular hemorrhage but not in patients who received erythropoietin. The median age of neutropenia onset was 7 weeks in extremely low birth weight infants and 6 weeks in VLBW infants. The fifth percentile of neutrophils between weeks 3 and 4 was 1280 mu l(-1) and between weeks 13 and 15 was 500 mu l(-1). The average duration was 2 weeks with normalized values after 18 weeks.STUDY DESIGN: Routine complete blood cell counts (CBCs) obtained from VLBW infants over a period of 7 years were gathered retrospectively, including those of newborns with weekly CBCs taken over a duration of at least 3 weeks. Data were obtained from between January 2003 and December 2009.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence, onset, duration, characteristics and importance of late-onset neutropenia (defined as absolute neutrophil count <1500 mu l(-1) at 3 weeks of age or later) in a group of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants.CONCLUSION: A neutrophil count <1500 mu l(-1) after the third week of life is frequently observed in VLBW infants and should not be used as a lower reference limit. The fifth percentile varies according to postnatal age from around 1300 mu l(-1) in week 4 of life, decreasing to a nadir of 500 mu l(-1) between 3 and 4 months of age. Values normalize in the first year of life.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "THE CULT OF SIFFREDUS AND THE HOLY MORS IN CARPENTRAS. In the city of Carpentras (county of Venaissin in the Middle Ages, within the pontifical territories from 1274), the cult of a local bishop saint, Siffredus (Siffrein, Suffren), is part of the clerical fervour attached to a diocesan identity and developing over the long term. It is closely linked to that of the Holy Nail (or the Holy Mors). These devotions promote the need for intercession and priestly mediation. Episcopal cults have long been presented not only as secondary because of the paucity of their hagiographic corpus, but also as declining after the 12th century. They are complex in their development, but also rich in lessons about the processes of memory stratification and aggregation.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Fostering global dialogue: Conceptualisations of children's rights to participation and protection. The children's rights and child protection sectors are at a critical juncture: will they evolve to reflect and respond to changing conceptualisations in the 21st century or will they continue to reproduce 19th- and 20th-century preoccupations with saving child victims? Informed by systematic reviews of the English- and Latin American academic literature in Spanish and Portuguese and key informant interviews with international stakeholders, this paper fosters global dialogue with some Global South and Global North perspectives about the interconnections of children's rights. It explores current conceptualisations of child participation and protection, and concludes that children's rights will only progress after recognition of limitations inherent to current conceptualisations.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Assessment of temporal biochemical and gene transcription changes in rat liver cytochrome P450: Utility of real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Conclusions. Maximal persistent and larger fold changes observed by qRT-PCR either preceded or occurred simultaneously with maximal sustained fold changes in protein levels as measured by Western blots and enzyme activity assays. Our data show that qRT-PCR provides increased sensitivity and specificity over conventional assays and may be key information for reliable assessment of drug-related changes in CYP induction during the transition from discovery to toxicology studies.Methods. Rats were dosed daily for 8 days with model inducers of CYP1A, CYP2B, CYP3A, or CYP4A. Liver P450 levels were measured after 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 days of dosing by qRT-PCR, Western blot, and enzyme activity.Purpose. A conventional approach to assess cytochrome P450 (CYP) induction in preclinical animal models involves daily dosing for a least a week followed by Western blot and/or enzyme activity analysis. To evaluate the potential benefit of a third more specific and sensitive assay, real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), with the objective of reducing the duration of the conventional 1-week study, we simultaneously assessed gene expression by qRT-PCR along with Western blots and enzyme activity assays as a time course in an in vivo model.Results: CYP1A, CYP3A, and CYP4A genes were maximally induced very rapidly (0.5-1 day), whereas the CYP2B gene was maximally induced after a lag time of 4 days. In all cases, fold changes in induction detected by qRT-PCR were greater than fold changes in protein levels and enzyme activities.", "label": [2, 4, 36, 22]}
+{"token": "Environmental justice movements in globalising networks: a critical discussion on social resistance against large dams. We examine the social resistance against large dams as environmental justice movements in four case studies - the Sardar Sarovar Project from India, the Hidrosogamoso from Colombia, the 'new water culture' movement in Spain, and the Lesotho Highlands Project from Lesotho - with diverse social, political and environmental contexts. We discuss three broad issues. First, the nature of the involvement of civil society and metropolitan intelligentsia in leadership roles. Second, how cross-class and multi-sectoral alliances have been forged between the local and the global. And third, how the notion of environmental justice in relation to social justice is adopted in these movements.", "label": [5, 56, 57]}
+{"token": "INVITATION, ARRIVAL AND ACTIVITIES OF THE BYZANTINE MISSIONARIES IN GREAT MORAVIA. In the Christianization of Great Moravia in the Middle Ages, the key role was played mission of Saint Constantine-Cyril and Saint Methodius from Byzantine Empire, who came to this territory probably in 863. Their arrival was a result of Great Moravian sovereign Rastislav's request sent to Byzantine Emperor Michael III (842-867). Duke Rastislav desired to establish autonomous ecclesiastical organization independent from the Frankish clergy.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Problems of Belief: Tonalities of Immediacy among Christians of Damascus. This article examines the different effects Christianity has among Christians of Damascus. Instead of focusing on devout subjects, I trace out the ramifications Christianity has in different settings. Christianity sets different kinds of foregrounds and backgrounds which in this article are attended to during the Feast of the Holy Cross. During this Christian feast, a great variety of themes are brought into play with different kinds of relations to what it is to be a Christian in Damascus. I argue that what I term tonalities of immediacy is a fertile way to understand how contingencies and histories are played upon in concrete situations. The problem of belief, I argue, is not settled by pointing to a particular Christian and Western heritage or to default reactions against imagined certainties; rather the interplay between faith and scepticism may be a productive lens through which to grasp local Christian concerns.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Large declines of the Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus across its African range. The Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus is not currently listed on the IUCN Red List of threatened species, yet recent email discussions amongst a group of African raptor experts suggests this species may be in rapid decline. Information was solicited from raptor experts, as well as from published and unpublished reports, bird atlases, and individual sightings. No data was obtained for 8% of countries where the Hooded Vulture occurs and the value of the data obtained for the remaining countries varied widely in quality. Despite the variation in data quality, trends from each African region suggest dramatic population declines (mean 62%; range 45-77%) over the past 40-50 years. Some declines were documented in 20 years or less, indicating declines might be occurring rapidly in some areas. The major threats include poisoning, illegal trade for traditional medicine and bushmeat, and persecution. Based on quantitative rates of declines for each region, a revised population estimate for the species is a maximum of 197 000 individuals. We recommend that the Hooded Vulture is uplisted to Endangered under the IUCN Red List criteria.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Elastic-Plastic Analysis of Space Trusses with Large Displacements. Analysis of spatial bar structures is a labor-intensive and complex task, and it must be carried out taking into account all possible limiting states in various operating conditions of structures. The aim of this paper is to give an insight into elastic plastic analysis that enables determining the ultimate load of space trusses with large displacements. A direct method is treated in this investigation to gain insight into the computational effort required for the method. The algorithms for the direct methods are obtained by modifying the algorithms for incremental geometrically nonlinear analysis developed by one of the authors to account for yielding and plastic deformation in the bars of the truss. A Java software application has been developed based on the algorithms and the analysis of the space arch truss has been performed. The example demonstrates that direct limit analysis of space trusses with large displacements can be implemented successfully on the Java platform. The computer application is suitable as a test platform for a broad spectrum of investigations into elastic-plastic truss behavior.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Identification of putative methylotrophic and hydrogenotrophic methanogens within sedimenting material and copepod faecal pellets. In the present study, sedimenting particulate material and faecal pellets from natural and laboratory-reared copepods were examined for the presence of methanogenic Archaea. 16S rRNA gene sequences closely related to Methanogenium, Methanobacterium and Methanolobus spp. were detected, indicating the potential for different methanogenic metabolisms (hydrogeno trophic and methylotrophic methanogenesis) in these samples. The present study represents the first 16S rRNA gene-based identification of methanogens in copepod faecal pellets and importantly the first reported 16S rRNA-based occurrence of potentially hydrogenotrophic methano gens from marine particulate material, where it was previously thought that methylotrophic methano gens dominated methanogenesis. Anaerobic incubation experiments using sedimenting particulate material and copepod faecal pellets demonstrated active methane production and indicated that the associated methanogenic community was viable under the conditions tested.", "label": [4, 37, 45, 43]}
+{"token": "On the task of making social inquiry aligned to caregiving: an invitation to debate. This paper is designed as an invitation to debate the value of research and writing on social suffering in relation to practices of caregiving. It offers a brief account of the origins and development of 'social suffering' as a concern for social inquiry. Henry Mayhew and Jane Addams are profiled in terms of their pioneering roles as social researchers heavily preoccupied with problems of social suffering. The contrast between Henry Mayhew's frustrated attempts at caregiving and Jane Addams' success in instituting the pedagogy of caregiving in the work of Hull House is set up for analysis. These examples are used to issue an invitation to readers to question the cultural and institutional circumstances that make possible forms of social inquiry that recognise caregiving both as a means to social understanding and as an aim for social research in practice.", "label": [2, 5, 56, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "Sprouting 'sustainability' in chemical sciences curriculum. The purpose of this paper is to present a new viewpoint on how the curricula for higher education chemistry courses can be restructured, so that students understand the various dimensions of the sustainability concept and are equipped to work chemical sciences in a profitable, clean and societal friendly way, that is synthesis of materials (which collates CHNOPS-atomic symbols) in desired architecture and disperse them after their intended use, back into their natural reservoirs. A very novel idea of \\\\'sustainable chemical science facility\\\\', encompassing a teaching module capable of imparting strong fundamental Chemistry concepts, a virtual environment for undergoing the basic industrial training and a production unit with modular reactors for resource funding is proposed here. Often research is restricted to academic qualification, and a substantial band gap exists between the microscopic realm of academic research and the macroscopic domain of industrial chemistry, which thrives on research application. This band gap can be overcome by arming young chemists with training, tools and experience to possess complete control (synthetic and functional) on the materials they produce. The conceptual facility if turned into reality will definitely be the right step towards achieving materials with sustainable functionalities. We will have learning, training and production under one roof. Students will receive theoretical, practical and real-life experience of the production in industries, making them efficiently employable at a very young age. The idea is to bridge some critical engineering concepts with core chemistry, but with a clear distinction between chemical reactor engineering and core chemistry. This paper is a brainchild of the author and is more of a policy paper, needed to be elaborately discussed in academic and industrial forums.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of the efficacy of cervical perivascular sympathectomy on drooling in children with athetoid cerebral palsy. Results: Fifteen children exhibited improvements on drooling according to the TDS score at 4th week after surgery (P<0.05). Later, the number of children decreased to 10 at 12th week (P<0.05) and to 8 at 24 week after surgery (P<0.05). SFR was 0.67 mg/min at baseline, which decreased to 0.58 mg/min (P<0.05) at 4th week after surgery. However, SFR showed a gradual increase at 12th week and 24 week with no significant difference.Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of cervical perivascular sympathectomy (CPVS) for drooling in children with athetoid cerebral palsy (ACP).Methods: The severity and frequency of drooling and the amount of salivation of 32 ACP children with drooling were evaluated before CPVS and at 4th, 12th and 24 weeks postoperatively by the teacher drooling scale (TDS) and salivary flow rate (SFR).Conclusions: Although CPVS was effective in improving drooling in some children with ACP, the results were not satisfactory. Thus, CPVS still needs to be cautiously used. Furthermore, more rigorous clinical studies should be performed to detect the effectiveness and safety of this procedure. (C) 2015 European Paediatric Neurology Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Comparison of reactive porous media for sulfur-oxidizing denitrification of high nitrate strength wastewater. Three packing materials for sulfur oxidizing denitrification packed bed systems seeded with acclimated anoxic sludge were evaluated. Two porous media were prepared via thermal fusion with sodium bicarbonate as porogen: sulfur fused with powdered (1) calcium carbonate (CaCO(3))(SCa) and (2) oyster shell (SCr). Randomly packed sulfur and limestone granules (S + L) media were used as the control. Results revealed that SCr is the most suitable media as it exhibited the highest nitrate removals and lowest nitrite accumulation. It has macrovoidal pores which facilitated microbial attachment. Additionally, SCr had the highest CaCO(3) loading per unit volume and highest media dissolution rate which was favorable to avert pH decrease. But due to high denitrification activity, high sulfate levels in SCr may necessitate a post-treatment step prior to effluent discharge. Due to poor biomass attachment, S + L is most sensitive to change in fluid flow condition. As hydraulic retention time is decreased, S + L exhibited intensive and irreversible performance decline. Inferior denitrification performance of SCa was mainly clue to low CaCO(3) loading per unit volume, low dissolution kinetics and low alkalinity consumption by denitrifiers. Using modified Stover-Kincannon kinetic model, overall performance and denitrification capacities can be arranged as SCr > S + L > SCa. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 2, 19, 16]}
+{"token": "OPTIMIZATION OF PROCESS PARAMETERS FOR LASER SOLDERING OF SURFACE MOUNTED DEVICES. This paper presents characteristics of laser soldering and explains their importance for industrial application. The dependence of solder joint quality on the laser beam parameter settings as well as on the properties of the solder and the materials to be joined are discussed. A simple thermal model is used to describe the influence of material properties on the temperature within the solder joint. Temperature courses recorded during soldering processes are analyzed applying different parameter settings.", "label": [1, 14, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Accuracy of parental and child's reports of changes in symptoms of childhood asthma. This cohort study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of parental and child's reports Of changes in asthma symptoms. Fifty three asthmatic children and their parents were interviewed at enrollment and after 4 and 8 weeks. The outcomes were parental and child's reports of changes in asthma symptoms, changes in mean daily symptom scores and changes in pulmonary function. Among patients 6 to 10 Years old, parental reports were more strongly than child's reports to correlate with changes in mean daily symptom scores (r: 0.54 vs 0.23). In patients aged 11 yr or older, parental and child's reports were equally correlated with changes in mean daily symptom scores (r: 0.63 vs 0.57). In both age groups, neither parental nor child's reports were significantly correlated with changes in pulmonary function. Conclusion: Parental reports of changes in asthma symptoms are more reliable than child's reports in patients under 11 yr. Among patients aged 11 yr or older, child's reports are so valid as their parent's reports for clinical judgment of asthma control.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Sumatriptan: Vasoactive effect on human dural vessels, demonstrated by subselective angiography. Sumatriptan, a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT(1D))-receptor agonist, has recently been introduced in the pharmacotherapy of acute migrane attacks. The potential vasoactive effect of sumatriptan on human dural vessels in vivo, however, is still a matter of controversy. We investigated the effects of sumatriptan on dural vessels after subcutaneous or intra-arterial injection. During interventional angiography, the middle meningeal artery (MMA) of nine patients was catheterized with a microcatheter using the transfemoral route. Three MMA were entirely normal, two supplied a dural arteriovenous fistula (AVE) and four were transdural feeders to a brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM). Sumatriptan was injected either into the subcutaneous tissue of the right shoulder (6 mg, two patients) or into the catheterized MMA (2 mg, six patients). The substance caused a marked vasoconstriction of the three normal MMA, visible angiographically and confirmed by intravascular Doppler ultrasonography. Vasoconstriction was still present in the last angiogram obtained 15 min post-injection. Slightly hypertrophied feeders to dural AVF and to brain AVM showed some vasoconstriction in one and four patients, respectively. In two patients with markedly hypertrophied dural feeders to a dural AVF and to a brain AVM, respectively, rapid shunting probably prevented obvious vasoactive effects of sumatriptan. The data obtained by angiography and intravascular Doppler ultrasonography provide strong evidence that sumatriptan has a vasoconstrictive effect on normal as well as hypertrophied dural vessels.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "IN THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER - PROCESSING BODY SHAPE INFORMATION IN ANOREXIC AND BULIMIC PATIENTS. Previous body image studies have suggested that dieting-disordered patients (anorexia and bulimia nervosa) differ from normal subjects in their estimation of body size and desired body shape.  It was hypothesized that overconcern with body shape in these patients would be reflected in their visual analyses of specific parts of their bodies.  This hypothesis was investigated using a system that combines an infrared light source, video camera, dedicated microprocessor, and computer to monitor eye-gaze direction at 50 times per second.  Fifteen dieting-disordered patients and 10 control subjects were examined in this way while simultaneously being shown a picture of themselves on a TV screen.  Preliminary results suggest that the patients tend to focus on those parts of their body with which they are dissatisfied, while normal subjects scan their whole body shape.  Objective assessment of areas of specific bodily concern among dieting-disordered patients, as well as the examination of voluntary and involuntary processing of self-referential stimuli, is offered by the use of such technology.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 23, 55]}
+{"token": "Intervention-based assessment: Evaluation rates and eligibility findings. A statewide sample of Ohio schools employing Intervention-Based Assessment (IBA) reported rates of multifactored evaluation for special education, eligibility findings, and the proportion of children receiving interventions outside of general education classroom settings. Results were compared with data reported for an earlier version of prereferral intervention, Intervention Assistance Teams (IATs). Unlike IAT, IBA required documentation and analysis of interventions in the process of determining special education eligibility. Results favored IBA over IAT in proportions of children on team caseloads who underwent multifactored evaluation and were found eligible for special education, but not for proportion of children receiving interventions in general education settings. Implications of these findings for school-based problem-solving efforts are discussed.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 53]}
+{"token": "Third Trimester Brain Growth in Preterm Infants Compared With In Utero Healthy Fetuses. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Compared with term infants, preterm infants have impaired brain development at term-equivalent age, even in the absence of structural brain injury. However, details regarding the onset and progression of impaired preterm brain development over the third trimester are unknown. Our primary objective was to compare third-trimester brain volumes and brain growth trajectories in ex utero preterm infants without structural brain injury and in healthy in utero fetuses. As a secondary objective, we examined risk factors associated with brain volumes in preterm infants over the third-trimester postconception.CONCLUSIONS: These preterm infants exhibited impaired third-trimester global and regional brain growth in the absence of cerebral/cerebellar parenchymal injury detected by using conventional MRI.RESULTS: We studied 205 participants (75 preterm infants and 130 healthy control fetuses) between 27 and 39 weeks' GA. Third-trimester brain volumes were reduced and brain growth trajectories were slower in the ex utero preterm group compared with the in utero healthy fetuses in the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and intracranial cavity. Clinical risk factors associated with reduced brain volumes included dexamethasone treatment, the presence of extra-axial blood on brain MRI, confirmed sepsis, and duration of oxygen support.METHODS: Preterm infants born before 32 weeks of gestational age (GA) and weighing <1500 g with no evidence of structural brain injury on conventional MRI and healthy pregnant women were prospectively recruited. Anatomic T2-weighted brain images of preterm infants and healthy fetuses were parcellated into the following regions: cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and intracranial cavity.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Carex sect. Rhynchocystis (Cyperaceae): a Miocene subtropical relict in the Western Palaearctic showing a dispersal-derived Rand Flora pattern. Methods DNA regions ITS, ETS (nuclear), matK and rpl32-trnL(UAG) (plastid) were amplified for 86 samples of species from section Rhynchocystis. Phylogenetic and phylogeographical relationships were inferred using maximum parsimony, Bayesian inference and coalescent-based species tree approaches. Divergence times and ancestral areas were also inferred.Aim To evaluate how Cenozoic climate changes shaped the evolution and distribution of Carex section Rhynchocystis.Location Western Palaearctic and Afrotropical regions (Rand Flora pattern).Results Carex section Rhynchocystis is a clade that diversified during the middle Miocene in Europe. Most cladogenesis events date to the middle and late Miocene. The Afrotropical group seems to have originated from a colonization event from Europe that occurred in the late Miocene.Main conclusions Species of the section Rhynchocystis in the Western Palaearctic are Miocene relicts. Late Miocene-Pliocene aridification of the Mediterranean rather than the more commonly reported Pleistocene glaciations seems to have shaped the phylogeography of the group. Putative Miocene-Pliocene refugia were probably located in the Mediterranean peninsulas and islands, as well as in the eastern shores of the ancient Paratethys Sea. The colonization of Africa could have been facilitated by Miocene-Pliocene global cooling.", "label": [4, 37, 38]}
+{"token": "Predictors of mistimed, and unwanted pregnancies among women of childbearing age in Rufiji, Kilombero, and Ulanga districts of Tanzania. Results: Mean age of the participants was 32.1 years. While 54.1% of the participants reported that their most recent pregnancy was intended, 32.5% indicated their most recent pregnancy as mistimed and 13.4% as unwanted. Multivariate analysis revealed that young age (<20 years), and single marital status were significant predictors of both mistimed and unwanted pregnancies. Lack of inter-partner communication about family planning increased the risk of mistimed pregnancy significantly, and multi-gravidity was shown to significantly increase the risk of unwanted pregnancy.Conclusions: About one half of women in Rufiji, Kilombero, and Ulanga districts of Tanzania conceive unintentionally. Women, especially the most vulnerable should be empowered to avoid pregnancy at their own will and discretion.Background: While unintended pregnancies pose a serious threat to the health and well-being of families globally, characteristics of Tanzanian women who conceive unintentionally are rarely documented. This analysis identifies factors associated with unintended pregnancies-both mistimed and unwanted-in three rural districts of Tanzania.Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 2,183 random households was conducted in three Tanzanian districts of Rufiji, Kilombero, and Ulanga in 2011 to assess women's health behavior and service utilization patterns. These households produced 3,127 women age 15+ years from which 2,199 gravid women aged 15-49 were selected for the current analysis. Unintended pregnancies were identified as either mistimed (wanted later) or unwanted (not wanted at all). Correlates of mistimed, and unwanted pregnancies were identified through Chi-squared tests to assess associations and multinomial logistic regression for multivariate analysis.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "LAND, CAPITAL, LABOR IN THE NEW SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS OF CENTRAL-EUROPE. Through legal privatization procedures, attention is paid to the nature of relationship between property and work, and to the difficult transfer of ownership.  Emergent social relations, based on work-capital splitting, come within the scope of restoring capitalist society type.In the historical length of agrarian structures, transition appears as a time of social relationship reversal.  New connections between land, capital, and work succeed to collectivist relations, inside private agricultural enterprises.  In order to understand, how the assignment of property rights is proceeding, it is necessary to outline the juridical state of land property, rooted in agrarian reforms and collectivization time, and to show how social property had deprived agricultural workers of ownership feeling.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "El Naschie epsilon((infinity)) Cantorian structures with spatial pseudo-spherical symmetry: A possible description of the actual segregated universe. In the context of Mohamed El Naschie epsilon((infinity)) theory, we present a segregated universe in terms of Tolman-Bondi equations of pressure-free spherically symmetric systems of particles. We demonstrate the agreement between our model of segregation with a size of astrophysical structures via a comparison between quantum and astrophysical quantities. In [Iovane G, Laserra E, Giordano P. Fractal Cantorian structures with spatial pseudo-spherical symmetry for a possible description of the actual segregated universe as a consequence of its primordial fluctuations. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 2004;22(3):521] we considered a scale factor a(2)(r) = 1, here we will also analyze a(2) (r) not equal 1. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35, 41]}
+{"token": "Foodborne viral illness - status in Australia. Norwalk-like virus contamination of oysters and orange juice, and hepatitis A virus contamination of oysters have been responsible for large outbreaks of foodborne viral disease in Australia. Rotavirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, parvovirus and other enteroviruses also contribute to the incidence of gastroenteritis in this country but the role of foods and waters in transmitting these viruses is unclear. Protocols for the investigation, surveillance and reporting of foodborne viral illness require further development to enable a more accurate description of the problem. Few laboratories have the capability to analyse foods for viruses and specific training in this technology is needed. Management of food safety in Australia largely relies on the implementation of HACCP principles, but these need to be adapted to address the specific risks from viruses. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 8, 43]}
+{"token": "The effectiveness of using the Colourful Semantics approach to support language development with children who are deaf or hard-of-hearing. The lack of early identification, suboptimal language stimulation and limited remedial services in Sri Lanka for children who are deaf or hard-of-hearing place them at-risk of language delay. The reality for many preschool and primary school children entering formal education in Sri Lanka is a language delay in spoken language and/or sign language compared to their age-matched hearing peers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Colourful Semantics approach as a whole-class language enrichment programme to develop the use and responses to target wh questions. Thirty primary school children who are deaf or hard-of-hearing between the ages of five-ten years were included. The programme was offered once a week for 12 weeks through the class teacher. Individual pre- and post-language measures and statistical analyses were undertaken on receptive knowledge and expressive use of the target wh questions using a picture naming task and tasks based on three local children's story books. A statistically significant improvement was observed in the understanding of target wh questions post-intervention by all the children. There was also a positive change in the responses to the target wh questions by all the children post-intervention with many combining signs or spoken words with signs. The Colourful Semantics approach has potential as a whole-class language-teaching approach to strengthen the understanding and use of wh question forms. This study emphasizes the benefits of collaborative partnerships between speech and language therapists and teachers in delivering intervention particularly in resource-limited contexts.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Rapid phenotypic change in a native bird population following conversion of the Colorado Desert to agriculture. Humans are modifying our planet's ecosystems with increasing frequency and intensity. Exploring population responses to anthropogenic modifications of natural habitat provides insights into how species persist in the Anthropocene. Here, we leverage natural history collections to document rapid phenotypic change within a native bird population following similar to 80 yr of agriculture in the Colorado Desert of southeastern California. By comparing spectrophotometric measurements of horned lark Eremophila alpestris specimens collected in the Imperial Valley from 1918 to 1934 to those collected from 1984 to 2014, we found that more recent birds have darker backs, napes, and crowns. This dorsal darkening may have resulted from a shift in selective pressures for camouflage induced by land use: previously, the lark population nested on light-colored desert flats, whereas contemporary larks occupy darker soil associated with agricultural fields. Adaptation and/or introgression may have contributed to this instance of rapid phenotypic change following the rise of agriculture in the Imperial Valley.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Career gatekeeping in cultural fields. This paper presents a comparative analysis of career gatekeeping processes in two cultural fields. Drawing on data on appointment procedures in German academia and booking processes in North American stand-up comedy, we compare how gatekeepers in two widely different contexts evaluate and select candidates for established positions in their respective field and validate their decisions. Focusing on three types of gatekeeping practices that have been documented in prior research-typecasting, comparison, and legitimization-our analysis reveals major differences in how gatekeepers perform these practices across our two cases: (1) typecasting based on ascriptive categories versus professional criteria, (2) comparisons that are ad-hoc and holistic versus systematic and guided by performance criteria, and (3) legitimation by means of ritualization versus transparency. We argue that these differences are related to the social and organizational context in which gatekeepers make selection decisions, including differences in the structure of academic and creative careers and the organization of the respective labor markets in which these careers unfold. These findings contribute to scholarship on gatekeeping in cultural fields by providing comparative insights into the work of career gatekeepers and the social organization of career gatekeeping processes.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "The History of Itinerant Artifacts from the Platform of the Eagles and Jaguars, Chichen Itza, Mexico. This article intends to present the history of the circulation of a set of objects recovered in the nineteenth century by the explorers Augustus Le Plongeon and Alice Dixon Le Plongeon in an offering from the Platform of Eagles and Jaguars, Chichen Itza, Mexico. We will analyze the trajectories and itineraries of these objects and seek to understand the materialization of their subjectivity, memories and social elements, as well as perceive uses and reuses made throughout time and in different contexts. To do this, we will use the concept of object itineraries that aims to capture the complexity of the artifacts by tracing their own dynamics. For the development of such an argument, we adopt archival archaeology as a methodology to retrieve the information about the stories of the objects. We believe that by using such an approach it is possible to recover stories, memories and social issues that have been materialized in ancient objects and thus contribute to an understanding and interpretation of the past.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Bioaerosol sampling: sampling mechanisms, bioefficiency and field studies. Investigations into the suspected airborne transmission of pathogens in healthcare environments have posed a challenge to researchers for more than a century. With each pathogen demonstrating a unique response to environmental conditions and the mechanical stresses it experiences, the choice of sampling device is not obvious. Our aim was to review bioaerosol sampling, sampling equipment, and methodology. A comprehensive literature search was performed, using electronic databases to retrieve English language papers on bioaerosol sampling. The review describes the mechanisms of popular bioaerosol sampling devices such as impingers, cyclones, impactors, and filters, explaining both their strengths and weaknesses, and the consequences for microbial bioefficiency. Numerous successful studies are described that point to best practice in bioaerosol sampling, from the use of small personal samplers to monitor workers' pathogen exposure through to large static samplers collecting airborne microbes in various healthcare settings. Of primary importance is the requirement that studies should commence by determining the bioefficiency of the chosen sampler and the pathogen under investigation within laboratory conditions. From such foundations, sampling for bioaerosol material in the complexity of the field holds greater certainty of successful capture of low-concentration airborne pathogens. From the laboratory to use in the field, this review enables the investigator to make informed decisions about the choice of bioaerosol sampler and its application. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of the Healthcare Infection Society.", "label": [2, 25, 24]}
+{"token": "CONTRACTIBLE 3-MANIFOLDS AND THE DOUBLE 3-SPACE PROPERTY. Gabai showed that the Whitehead manifold is the union of two submanifolds each of which is homeomorphic to R-3 and whose intersection is again homeomorphic to R-3. Using a family of generalizations of the Whitehead Link, we show that there are uncountably many contractible 3-manifolds with this double 3-space property. Using a separate family of generalizations of the Whitehead Link and using an extension of interlacing theory, we also show that there are uncountably many contractible 3-manifolds that fail to have this property.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Revenue Sharing and Competitive Balance When Teams are not Wage Takers. Recent papers have enriched the conventional modeling of teams' behavior through a game theoretic background at the competition level (introducing a contest success function). We take a step forward and consider contest on the talent market as well. Each team takes into account the fact that the price to be paid recruiting talent is a function that depends on both its own demand and the demands from the rival teams. For the two-team model, we show that the removal of the assumption that teams are price takers implies that the invariance proposition only survives if the price-function for talent is linear increasing. The extension to the n-team model shows that this result no longer holds; in fact, revenue sharing improves the competitive balance. More generally, an improvement in competitive balance is the most likely if one rules out the possibility of a very convex price-function. In addition revenue sharing can reduce the economic inefficiency of teams' behavior, and so profits may increase.", "label": [5, 49, 50]}
+{"token": "Towards an anthropology of critique: The modern experience of liminality and crisis. Critique can be located anthropologically in liminality, particularly the experience of communitas wherein everything is open to question and structures appear as external and meaningless. Rather than an intellectual preserve or an individual achievement, I argue that critique emerges from crises; that it diffuses proliferates and extends these liminal events and can be observed in contemporary politics, economics, media and everyday life. This anthropology of critique is situated alongside the emergent sociology of critique of Boltanski and others, and is historically grounded within chronic crises in modernity characterized by Szakolczai as permanent liminality'. Thus, modernity is constituted by critique and has become, amongst other things, a critical society.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Utilization of Pap testing among women living with HIV enrolled in primary care in Baltimore, Maryland: A 10-year longitudinal study, 2005-2014. Of 554 WLWH in care for >= 18 months, 79% received Pap testing, however only 11% consistently received Pap testing at the recommended interval. Some women (5%) were consistently under-screened (tested at longer intervals) and 21% did not receive any Pap testing at during follow-up.Although many WLWH in care received Pap testing, some WLWH were unscreened or underscreened. Determinants of Pap testing for WLWH include socio-demographic factors and a prior abnormal result; these present potential targets in an urban HIV care setting for closer monitoring and directed interventions to improve utilization among WLWH.Frequent Pap testing is recommended among women living with HIV (WLWH) due to their elevated risk for cervical cancer. However, there are few recent longitudinal evaluations of utilization and determinants of Pap testing among WLWH. Medical and pathology records of WLWH seen at Johns Hopkins Hospital between 2005 and 2014 were assessed using Prentice, Williams, Peterson models.WLWH with decreased likelihood of screening included older women, injection drug users, whites and those who had lived for longer with HIV. In contrast, only women with a prior abnormal Pap result were more likely to receive Pap testing. CD4 cell count and health insurance were not significant determinants.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "US Farmer Awareness of Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds and Resistance Management Strategies. A survey of farmers from six U.S. states (Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Mississippi, and North Carolina) was conducted to assess the farmers' views oil glyphosate-resistant (GR) Weeds and tactics used to prevent or manage GR weed populations in genetically engineered (GE) GR crops. Only 30% of farmers thought GR weeds were a serious issue. Few farmers thought field tillage and/or using a non-GR crop in rotation with GR crops would be an effective strategy. Most farmers did not recognize the role that the recurrent use of an herbicide plays in evolution of resistance. A substantial number of farmers underestimated the potential for GR weed populations to evolve in an agroecosystem dominated by glyphosate as the weed control tactic. These results indicate there are major challenges that the agriculture and weed science communities must face to Implement long-term sustainable GE GR-based cropping systems within the agroecosystem.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Leucobacter soli sp. nov., from soil amended with humic acid. A Gram-positive, non-spore-forming actinobacterium (IMT-300(T)) was isolated from soil amended with humic acid in Malvern, AL, USA. This soil has been used for 50+years for the cultivation of earthworms for use as fish bait. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity studies, strain IMT-300(T) was shown to belong to the genus Leucobacter and was closely related to the type strain of `Leucobacter margaritiformis' L1(T) (97.8%). Similarity to all other type strains of Leucobacter species was lower than 97.2%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between the IMT-300(T) genome assembly and those of the closest relative Leucobacter type strain were 81.4 and 23.3% (Leucobacter chironomi), respectively. The peptidoglycan of strain IMT-300(T) contained l-2,4-diaminobutyric acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. In addition, glycine, D and L-alanine and Dy-glutamic acid were found. The peptidoglycan type represents a variant of B2d (B11). The major quinones were menaquinones MK-10 and MK-11. The polar lipid profile consisted of the major lipids diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and moderate to minor amounts of two unidentified phospholipids, two unidentified glycolipids and an unidentified aminophospholipid. The polyamine pattern contained major amounts of spermidine and spermine. Strain IMT-300(T) contained the major fatty acids C-15:0 anteiso, C-16:0 iso and C-17:0 anteiso, like other members of the genus Leucobacter. The results of ANI and dDDH analyses and physiological and biochemical tests allowed a genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain IMT-300(T) from the most closely related Leucobacter species. Strain IMT-300(T) represents a novel Leucobacter species, for which we propose the name Leucobacter soli sp. nov., with the type strain IMT-300(T) (CIP 111803(T)=DSM 110505(T)=CCM 9020(T)=LMG 31600(T)).", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "FROM CENTRALLY PLANNED TO MARKET-ECONOMY - THE ROAD FROM CPE TO PCPE. The early stages of transformation of centrally planned economiies into market economies are examined.  In the transitional phase when an economy is no longer centrally planned, but not yet market based-when it is a \\\\'previously centrally planned economy\\\\'-expectations play a key role.  A model is developed to analyze the consequences of expected price liberalization, and the benefits from early development of financial markets and speedy implementation of price reform are demonstrated.  Ways to reduce liquidity overhang are examined, the consequences of privatization are analyzed, and the benefits of an effective tax system are highlighted.", "label": [5, 48, 49]}
+{"token": "Single-Particle ICP-MS as a Screening Technique for the Presence of Potential Inorganic Nanoparticles in Food. In this work, we show the potential of single-particle inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (spICP-MS) as a screening technique for detection of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) that are expected to be present in food. We demonstrate that the spICP-MS/MS method in combination with collision/reaction cell gases and microsecond dwell times offers sensitive and interference-free detection of NPs. We present the steps that have to be considered to correctly assess the presence of NPs in food, for example, setting a suitable threshold for discriminating particle events from the baseline and analyzing a sufficient number of blank samples to minimize false-positive results. We applied the proposed screening approach to the sequential detection of NPs containing 8 selected elements that could be potentially present in 13 different food products. The highest mass concentrations of NPs (in the mg/g range) were found in the samples with food additives which are known to contain a fraction of NPs. The presence of (nano)particles in some of the investigated food samples was also confirmed by scanning electron microscopy analysis. Moreover, for the example of Al-containing NPs in Chinese noodles, we demonstrate that identification of the source of NPs with an unknown composition can be challenging when using only spICP-MS as particle mass concentration and size distribution can only be estimated by assuming a certain particle composition/shape. Other complementary techniques for particle characterization, such as electron microscopy in combination with elemental analysis, are therefore required.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 36, 8]}
+{"token": "Spark plasma sintering of silicon nitride using nanocomposite particles. The spark plasma sintering (SPS) of silicon nitride (Si3N4) was investigated using nanocomposite particles composed of submicron-size alpha-Si3N4 and nano -size sintering aids of 5 wt% Y2O3 and 2 wt% MgO prepared through a mechanical treatment. As a result of the SPS, Si3N4 ceramics with a higher density were obtained using the nanocomposite particles compared with a powder mixture prepared using conventional wet ball-milling. The shrinkage curve of the powder compact prepared using the mechanical treatment was also different from that prepared using the ball-milling, because the formation of the secondary phase identified by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) method and liquid phase was influenced by the presence of the sintering aids in the powder compact. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showed that elongated grain structure in the Si3N4 ceramics with the nanocomposite particles was more developed than that using the powder mixture and ball-milling because of the enhancement of the densification and alpha-beta phase transformation. The fracture toughness was improved by the development of the microstructure using the nanocomposite particles as the raw material. Consequently, it was shown that the powder design of the Si3N4 and sintering aids is important to fabricate denser Si3N4 ceramics with better mechanical properties using SPS. (C) 2016 The Society of Powder Technology Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. and The Society of Powder Technology Japan. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Human Beta-Defensin 2 and 3 Inhibit HIV-1 Replication in Macrophages. Human beta-defensins (hBDs) are broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides, secreted by epithelial cells of the skin and mucosae, and astrocytes, which we and others have shown to inhibit HIV-1 in primary CD4(+) T cells. Although loss of CD4(+) T cells contributes to mucosal immune dysfunction, macrophages are a major source of persistence and spread of HIV and also contribute to the development of various HIV-associated complications. We hypothesized that, besides T cells, hBDs could protect macrophages from HIV. Our data in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) in vitro show that hBD2 and hBD3 inhibit HIV replication in a dose-dependent manner. We determined that hBD2 neither alters surface expression of HIV receptors nor induces expression of anti-HIV cytokines or beta-chemokines in MDM. Studies using a G-protein signaling antagonist in a single-cycle reporter virus system showed that hBD2 suppresses HIV at an early post-entry stage via G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated signaling. We find that MDM express the shared chemokine-hBD receptors CCR2 and CCR6, albeit at variable levels among donors. However, cell surface expression analyses show that neither of these receptors is necessary for hBD2-mediated HIV inhibition, suggesting that hBD2 can signal via additional receptor(s). Our data also illustrate that hBD2 treatment was associated with increased expression of APOBEC3A and 3G antiretroviral restriction factors in MDM. These findings suggest that hBD2 inhibits HIV in MDM via more than one CCR thus adding to the potential of using beta-defensins in preventive and therapeutic approaches.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 43]}
+{"token": "The Correlation of Temperature, Stratus Cloudiness, and Electric Field Strength in the Atmosphere. This paper presents the results of observations and processing of experimental data on long-term (2012-2018) continuous electric field measurements and compares them with the meteorological parameters. Based on the field observations analyzed, the daily average electric field correlates with the daily average total cloud cover regardless of the season with a correlation coefficient of -0.48, while the correlation coefficients between the average electric field and temperature vary from -0.39 in winter to 0.41 in summer. Theoretical estimates of the stratus cloudiness effect on the electric field in the surface layer confirm a decrease in the daily average electric field strength to 70% in fair weather field.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Psychological distance and judgments of causal impact. When assessing causal impact, individuals have to consider two pieces of information: the magnitude of the cause that resulted in an effect, and the magnitude of the resulting effect. In the present research, participants judged the causal impact of cause-effect relationships in which the magnitude of causes and effects varied independently. Participants mainly relied on effect magnitude, rating causal impact to be much higher when strong (vs. weak) effects emerged. When participants took cause magnitude into account (which they did, but to a lesser extent), their judgments reflected a covariation rule (i.e., causal impact being maximal for strong causes generating strong effects) rather than a ratio rule (i.e., causal impact being maximal for weak causes generating strong effects). These distinct views on causal impact were moderated by psychological distance: Effect magnitude dominated judgments of proximal events, whereas cause magnitude had relatively more impact on causal judgments of distal events. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Drepanocladus (Amblystegiaceae, Bryopsida) in the Iberian Peninsula. The genus Drepanocladus (C. Mull.) G. Roth. is revised for the Iberian Peninsula, based on specimens kept in the main Spanish, Portuguese, and French herbaria, as well as in several private collections. The presence of Drepanocladus aduncus (Hedw.) Warnst. and D. polygamus (Schimp.) Hedenas is confirmed. Drepanocladus sendtneri (Schimp.) Warnst. is excluded from the Iberian Peninsula moss flora. All the Iberian specimens kept in herbaria as D. aduncus var. asturicus (Renauld) Riehm., D. aduncus var. falcatus (Renauld) Renauld, D. aduncus var. kneiffii (Schimp.) Monk., D. aduncus to. aquaticus (Sanio) Monk. and D. aduncus fo. pseudofluitans (Sanio) Monk. were re-identified as D. aduncus and these names are considered as synonyms of D. aduncus. Drepanocladus aduncus grows submerged in lagoons and streams or on wet soils throughout the mountains of the northern and central part of the Iberian Peninsula (Pyrenees, Cordillera Cantabrica, Maestrazgo, Sistema Central), being very rare in the south (Sierra Nevada, Granada). D. polygamus is restricted to coastal dunes of the north-western part of the Peninsula and four localities in the Tras-Os-Montes, Navarra, and Huesca provinces, with great Atlantic influence. A distribution map and iconography of both species are given.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Social participation and family welfare: The money and time costs of leisure in Australia. The concept of social exclusion has become a central rganizing, concept in social policy research. Indeed \\\\'social exclusion\\\\' has displaced many of the terms formerly in use, such as \\\\'inequality\\\\', \\\\'deprivation\\\\' and \\\\'poverty\\\\'. Social exclusion is a multidimensional concept embracing economic, social and political deprivations, that alerts us to the significance of social identity, culture, agency and, ultimately, power relations. In contrast to some earlier research traditions, the perspective of social exclusion draws our attention to how people can be \\\\'shut out of society\\\\' by their inability to participate in customary leisure activities. The ability to participate in leisure is the product of both access to leisure goods and services, and a sufficient quantity of leisure time. An analysis of Australian Household Expenditure Survey data shows that the consumption of leisure goods and services is powerfully determined by income. Consequently, low income can lead to exclusion from leisure participation. However, analysis of Time Use Survey data also shows that access to time for leisure participation is most powerfully determined by hours of employment, family responsibilities and gender After controlling for working hours, household income has no significant effect on. available leisure time. A leisure-time poverty line, based on half-median leisure time, is used to show which groups are most excluded from leisure by time constraints. The paper concludes by considering a range of policies to alleviate social exclusion from leisure participation.", "label": [5, 52, 51, 57]}
+{"token": "Microwave detection performance of In0.53Ga0.47As/GaAs0.5Sb0.5 quantum-well tunnel field-effect transistors. The performance of In0.53Ga0.47As/GaAs0.5Sb0.5 quantum-well tunnel field-effect transistors (TFETs) for microwave-frequency detection is explored experimentally. The strong nonlinearity of the TFET transfer characteristic, which arises from a combination of band-to-band tunnelling between source and channel and gate modulation of the tunnel junction, can be utilised for high-sensitivity microwave detection. Using an analytical model, it is shown that TFET detection current sensitivity is approximately proportional to the second-order derivative of the transfer current-voltage characteristic. Though unoptimised, the large-area TFET detectors evaluated experimentally exhibit an unmatched voltage sensitivity of 112 kV/W, an impedance-matched noise equivalent power of 7.0 pW/Hz(0.5), and a bandwidth of 4 GHz. The microwave detection performance of TFETs can be enhanced by mitigating parasitic effects, improving the semiconductor/oxide interface quality, and scaling the gate area.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Calculation of the cash flow used for the purpose of the valuation of hospitals. The development of procedure models used in the calculation of future cash flow of a company being assessed, finds only little attention in the study of business administration. With the subsequent article presented, a procedure model is proposed with which the cash flow generated by the core business of a hospital (i.e., patient care) can be calculated. Initially, the maximum revenues of a hospital based in Germany will be determined. Based upon this result, it will be shown how parties interested in the company valuation should calculate the revenues and expenses of the company being valued in order to come to a maximum purchase price or minimum sales price for the company.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
+{"token": "Chaetognaths: a useful model for studying heat shock proteins. Effect of wound healing. The pattern of expression of Heat Shock Protein 70 (Hsp70), a highly conserved cellular protein chaperone, was investigated in Chaetognatha, a very important phylum of marine worms, which play a major role in marine food webs. The in toto distribution of Hsp70-like immunoreactivity was assessed in both intact and experimentally wounded specimens of Spadella cephaloptera Busch, 1851 that have been cut transversally just above the seminal vesicles. In intact animals, the ciliary organs, the corona ciliata, the coronal nerve and the spermatocytes express Hsp70 proteins. The kinetic of the expression pattern has been followed during the wound healing from the lesion to 5 days after. The Hsp70 immunoreactivity was observed according to tithe in the cerebral and suboesophageal ganglia and in the plexuses of the hood, the mouth, the neck and the tail region. At the wound level, the tithe-dependent Hsp70 expression was detected in the epidermal cells and along numerous muscle fibres of the tail region. Five days after the tail section, two Hsp70 immunoreactive areas were observed on both sides of the healed wound that correspond to the sites of formation of two new seminal vesicles. It is suggested that, in Chaetognaths, Hsp70 may be implicated in the regulation of several cellular processes especially at the level of the spermatocytes in intact and wounded specimens, and of the nervous system and muscular apparatus during the wound healing. It appears that chaetognaths are a good model as indicator of stress responses for experimental studies at the level of a whole organism. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V.. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 37, 45]}
+{"token": "Survey for reticuloendotheliosis viruses in wild populations of Greater and Lesser Prairie-Chickens. Reticuloendotheliosis (RE) is a viral disease documented from poultry, which has been found to cause mortality in captive Attwater's (Tympanuchus cupido attwateri) and Greater (T. c. pinnatus) prairie-chickens. We surveyed blood samples from 354 Greater Prairie-Chickens from seven states collected during 1998, 1999, and 2000, and from 184 Lesser Prairie-Chickens (T. pallidicinctus) from three states during 1999 and 2000, for the presence of RE virus proviral DNA using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. All samples were negative for the presence of RE virus proviral DNA except for two samples collected from male Greater Prairie-Chickens taken in Oklahoma during 1998. This suggests that RE may not be a serious problem for most wild populations of prairie-chickens. Although our results were largely negative, because of the serious consequences of RE, the presence of the disease in wild populations of prairie-chickens should be carefully considered in any future relocation and reintroduction efforts.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Nonresponder Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 2/3 Infection: A Question of Low Systemic Interferon Concentrations?. Twelve of 303 per-protocol patients were nonresponders in a 12-week versus 24-week treatment study of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 2/3 infection. The nonresponders had significantly lower interferon concentrations, as well as significantly greater mean age, body mass index, and viral load. Suboptimal drug concentrations may thus contribute to lack of response to therapy in patients with infection due to HCV genotype 2/3.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "Effects of grasslands and conifer reforestations on centipedes (Chilopoda): barriers, semi-permeable matrices or secondary habitats?. 1. Ecotones are frequently associated with habitat fragmentation, one of the main causes of biodiversity loss. Conifer reforestations are assumed to enhance connectivity between forest remnants, buffering negative effects of fragmentation (edge effect). Conversion of agricultural lands into conifer plantations is commonly considered a good practice, although its implications on biodiversity are still unclear. We compare effects of two matrices (non-native conifer reforestations and semi-natural grasslands) on epigeic centipedes of native forests in central Italy. Assemblages were sampled at progressive distances from the edge, both in the matrix and the native forest. Basing on habitat-matrix similarity, reforestations should show lower edge effects compared to grasslands. Consequently reforestations could act as secondary habitat, while grasslands as barrier or semipermeable matrix. Several species occurred in both native forest and matrix: 47% of species at the forest-reforestation ecotone, 16% at the forest-grassland ecotone. Both reforestation and grasslands affected forest indicators (Lithobius castaneus and L.tylopus). L.castaneus showed reforestations had a lower magnitude (0.95) and a greater depth of edge effect (53m into the forest). Conversely, grasslands had a higher magnitude (1.00) and a lower depth of edge effect (17m). Our findings show reforestations can act as secondary habitat, while grasslands as semipermeable matrix. Secondly, grasslands mainly threat forest species by isolation, while conifer reforestations by edge-effect penetration. In conclusion, the establishment of non-native conifer reforestation, although enhances connectivity, is not risk free and further comparative studies are due to evaluate positive and negative effects on biodiversity.", "label": [4, 44, 39]}
+{"token": "Hyperelliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman-Based Two-Server Password-Only Authenticated Key Exchange Protocol for Edge Computing Systems. Due to the unprecedented growth of data, edge computing is transforming our lives in a better manner by increasing the performance and reducing the latency. It is the key framework deployed close to the data for processing effectively by connecting millions of devices together. Though it handles accelerated growth of data efficiently in real-time, data security and edge device authentication are still a nightmare. On the contrary, it is not possible to use complex protocols for authentication of edge devices due to its resource-constrained in nature. To address this issue, a state-of-art Hyperelliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman-based two-server Password-Only Authenticated Key Exchange Protocol is proposed in this paper by utilizing the properties of a geometrical shape, namely, tetrahedron. As a primary mandate, edge devices are authenticated to centralize cloud servers that store password information as tetrahedron properties using Hyperelliptic Curve Cryptography and Diffie-Hellman key exchange mechanisms. The proposed work is compared with similar existing works and proves its strength by considering communication cost, computational cost, security defense rate, and attack resistance rate as its core evaluation parameters.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Meta-analysis of the effects of essential oil as an alternative to monensin in diets for beef cattle. Additives used to improve feed efficiency of beef cattle on high-grain diets requires products that not only increase animal performance but also provide food safety for consumers. Since phytogenic additives such as essential oils (EO) are the main substitutes for monensin in the diet of cattle fed high-grain diets, this study aimed to evaluate, through meta-analysis, the effects of EO as an alternative to monensin in diets for beef cattle on feed intake, performance, carcass characteristics and ruminal fermentative parameters. Ten peer-reviewed publications with 27 treatment means were included in the data set. These effects were evaluated using random-effect models to examine the weighted mean differences (WMD) between EO treatment and control treatment (diets with monensin). Heterogeneity was explored by meta-regression and subgroup analysis.The substitution of EO for monensin did not affect methane production, ruminal pH values, average daily gain, feed efficiency or carcass weight. However, carcass dressing percentage (WMD = 0.38%; P = 0.03), ribeye area (WMD = 0.82 cm(2); P < 0.0001) and subcutaneous fat thickness (WMD = 0.56 mm; P < 0.0001) values increased. Although the use of EO instead of monensin had no influence on the performance of beef cattle fed high-grain diets, the prevalence of hepatic abscesses increased 84.9% and the replacement of monensin by EO increased the risk ratio of hepatic abscess prevalence by 107%. Therefore, the use of EO in high-grain beef cattle diets was ineffective in protecting the liver against abscesses. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Ashkenazic Hebrew: a methodological perspective on language varieties. This article relies on an interdisciplinary approach, delineating criteria for classifying Ashkenazic Hebrew, and showing that written varieties of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries should be clearly distinguished from that of the nineteenth century. Close investigation of the language of Pinkasim shows the correlation between regional written Hebrew and the local variety of spoken Yiddish. Thus, Hebrew texts from Poland exhibit distinctive phonological features related to Mid-Eastern Yiddish - for example, a merger of the vowels /u/ and /i/ as exemplified by the interchangeable use of the masculine and feminine pronouns - while texts from Lithuania display other characteristics attributable to influence from North-Eastern Yiddish. This article concludes with a consideration of how one should take into account not only the geographical dimension but also the social background of the writer, the presence of the standardization process, and the type of text under investigation in the analysis of Ashkenazic Hebrew.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Diversity of endophytic bacterial and fungal microbiota associated with the medicinal lichen Usnea longissima at high altitudes. Endophytic microbial communities of lichen are emerging as novel microbial resources and for exploration of potential biotechnological applications. Here, we focused on a medicinal lichen Usnea longissima, and investigated its bacterial and fungal endophytes. Using PacBio 16S rRNA and ITS amplicon sequencing, we explored the diversity and composition of endophytic bacteria and fungi in U. longissima collected from Tibet at five altitudes ranging from 2,989 to 4,048 m. A total of 6 phyla, 12 classes, 44 genera, and 13 species of the bacterial community have been identified in U. longissima. Most members belong to Alphaproteobacteria (42.59%), Betaproteobacteria (33.84%), Clostridia (13.59%), Acidobacteria (7%), and Bacilli (1.69%). As for the fungal community, excluding the obligate fungus sequences, we identified 2 phyla, 15 classes, 65 genera, and 19 species. Lichen-related fungi of U. longissima mainly came from Ascomycota (95%), Basidiomycota (2.69%), and unidentified phyla (2.5%). The presence of the sequences that have not been characterized before suggests the novelty of the microbiota. Of particular interest is the detection of sequences related to lactic acid bacteria and budding yeast. In addition, the possible existence of harmful bacteria was also discussed. To our best knowledge, this is the first relatively detailed study on the endophytic microbiota associated with U. longissima. The results here provide the basis for further exploration of the microbial diversity in lichen and promote biotechnological applications of lichen-associated microbial strains.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Fetal ultrasonography in maternal PKU. Maternal phenylketonuria (PKU) is teratogenic and results in birth defects that include microcephaly, mental retardation, congenital heart disease, and intrauterine growth retardation. Treatment with a low phenylalanine diet can prevent or reduce the severity of the complications. Optimal benefit, however, requires frequent monitoring with fetal ultrasonography as a critical element. We have studied ultrasonography in 39 pregnancies enrolled in the Maternal PKU Collaborative Study and followed at our centre. First-trimester examinations in 24 pregnancies resulted in the discovery of non-viability in five. In each, this led to discontinuation of the difficult and expensive diet. Among the 33 pregnancies with second-trimester evaluation, congenital heart disease was identified in five. Two of these pregnancies were terminated. Microcephaly as determined by biparietal diameter (BPD) was identified in the second trimester in only one of nine fetuses who had microcephaly at birth. Among 20 pregnancies with third-trimester ultrasound, fetal microcephaly was identified by BPD in three of seven who had birth microcephaly. We conclude that fetal ultrasonography in maternal PKU is valuable during the first trimester in identifying non-viable pregnancies and determining gestational age and is also valuable during the second trimester in identifying congenital heart disease and perhaps other major anomalies, but not in identifying fetal microcephaly. Third-trimester ultrasound seems to be of limited usefulness.", "label": [2, 22, 20]}
+{"token": "Nutritional Status of Baiga - A Primitive Tribe of Madhya Pradesh. Baiga tribe of Baigachak area is declared as one of the primitive tribe of Madhya Pradesh, based on their pre-agricultural technology, low literacy and stagnant population. The present study was carried out to study the nutritional status of this tribe. A cross sectional study was carried out in the Baigachak area in 2002-2003 to study the nutrition profile of the Baiga Tribe. Eight villages were purposely selected from three blocks of Baigachak area. From eight villages 400 households were randomly selected for the study, and one thousand five hundred forty five individuals from four hundred households were covered for anthropometric measurements, and 80 households were covered for diet survey by 24hr recall method. The extent of malnutrition for preschool children was assessed by SD classification and the nutritional status of adults was assessed by BMI classification. About 61% of the pre-school children were under weight (<Median -2SD) out of them 24.3% children were severely under weight. Stunting and wasting were seen in 44.3% and 37% children respectively. Prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (BMI<18.5) was about 76% among adult population. Consumption of cereals was higher than recommended level (460gm), while the consumption of other foodstuff was lower than the RDA. The intake of all nutrients except calcium was significantly lower than recommended level. The present study revealed that malnutrition is widely prevalent among the Baiga tribe which is mainly due to inadequate dietary intake.", "label": [5, 56, 52]}
+{"token": "Survival in infants treated with sebelipase Alfa for lysosomal acid lipase deficiency: an open-label, multicenter, dose-escalation study. Results: Nine patients were enrolled; median age at baseline was 3.0 months (range 1.1-5.8 months). Sixty-seven percent (exact 95% CI 30%-93%) of sebelipase alfa-treated infants survived to 12 months of age compared with 0% (exact 95% CI 0%-16%) for a historical control group (n = 21). Patients who survived to age 12 months exhibited improvements in weight-for-age, reductions in markers of liver dysfunction and hepatosplenomegaly, and improvements in anemia and gastrointestinal symptoms. Three deaths occurred early (first few months of life), two patients died because of advanced disease, and a third patient died following complications of non-protocol-specified abdominal paracentesis. A fourth death occurred at 15 months of age and was related to other clinical conditions. The five surviving patients have survived to age = 24 months with continued sebelipase alfa treatment; all have displayed marked improvement in growth parameters and liver function. Serious adverse events considered related to sebelipase alfa were reported in one of the nine infants (infusion reaction: tachycardia, pallor, chills, and pyrexia). Most infusion-associated reactions were mild and non-serious.Background: Infants presenting with lysosomal acid lipase deficiency have marked failure to thrive, diarrhea, massive hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, rapidly progressive liver disease, and death typically in the first 6 months of life; the only available potential treatment has been hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, which is associated with high morbidity and mortality in this population. The study objective was to evaluate safety and efficacy (including survival) of enzyme replacement with sebelipase alfa in infants with lysosomal acid lipase deficiency. This is an ongoing multicenter, open-label, phase 2/3 study conducted in nine countries. The study enrolled infants with growth failure prior to 6 months of age with rapidly progressive lysosomal acid lipase deficiency; they received once-weekly doses of sebelipase alfa initiated at 0.35 mg/kg with intrapatient dose escalation up to 5 mg/kg. The main outcome of interest is survival to 12 months and survival beyond 24 months of age.Conclusion: Sebelipase alfa markedly improved survival with substantial clinically meaningful improvements in growth and other key disease manifestations in infants with rapidly progressive lysosomal acid lipase deficiency", "label": [2, 18, 20]}
+{"token": "Analysis of Two Polymorphic Repeats IVS3 Poly A and IVS10 CA in Tunisian Cystic Fibrosis Patients: Case-Control Study. The aim of this study was to determine a possible association of IVS3 poly A and IVS10 CA microsatellites with CF in case-control Tunisian groups and to compare the results with the findings in Italian population. Both microsatellites were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis in 70 normal subjects and 60 Tunisian CF patients. The statistical distribution of IVS3 poly A and IVS10 CA polymorphism shows a significant difference between CF patients and controls group. 12 different alleles were found for IVS3 poly A which only five were identified in CF patients. IVS3 poly (A)(19) was the most prevalent allele in CF patients with 75%. Nevertheless, IVS3 poly (A)(18) was more common in normal individuals (27.14%). Seven different alleles were found for IVS10 CA. The IVS10 (CA)(16) was the most prevalent allele both in normal individuals and CF patients with 30.71 and 52.5% frequencies respectively. Concerning the association of these two markers with F508del mutation, we noted that IVS3 poly (A)(19) is the most common in our CF patients but IVS3 poly (A)(18) is specific to the CF Italian patients. Furthermore, IVS10 (CA)(16) and IVS10 (CA)(19) are the most dominant (29.16%) in our samples and IVS10 (CA)(23) is specific to the CF Italian subjects (94.4%). Our study allowed us to identify the haplotype distribution of both markers IVS3 poly A and IVS10 CA in CF and control subjects. The results obtained show a strong association between the most frequent F508del mutation and IVS3 poly (A)(19), IVS10 (CA)(16) and IVS10 (CA)(19).", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "CHANGING THE DELIVERY OF NURSING-CARE - IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES AND QUALITATIVE FINDINGS. Faced with a shortage of professional nurses, 37 hospitals in New Jersey, implemented a variety of approaches to changing the delivery of nursing care. Implementation issues, including the positive and negative effects of the changes, are discussed, most project coordinators reported that implementation was more difficult than they had anticipated.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Morphological study of Batrachedra nuciferae Hodges (Lepidoptera : Coleophoridae). Batrachedra nuciferae Hodges is a pest of the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.) in Brazil. The larvae devour the pollen reducing the probability of fecundation of the female flowers and therefore the coconut production. The present paper is a contribution to the identification of this species. Characters of the external morphology of egg, first and last larval instars, pupae (female and male) and adults (female and male) are described and illustrated.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Resurgence, refusal, and reconciliation in a food movement organization: A case study of Food Secure Canada's 2018 Assembly. Indigenous food systems have been sites of deliberate and sustained disruption in the service of the settler colonial project on Turtle Island. The revitalization of traditional foodways is a powerful and popular means through which Indigenous Peoples are practicing cultural and political resurgence. We are at a crucial moment of societal reckoning reinforced by recent anti-racist uprisings and Indigenous Land Back actions. In this context, food movements have an important role to play in addressing ongoing colonial impacts on Indigenous food systems by supporting Indigenous Food Sovereignty as a way to advance reconciliation between settlers and Indigenous Peoples. Since its founding in 2005, Food Secure Canada (FSC) has become a national leader in food movements in Canada and its biennial Assembly is arguably the largest food movement event in the country. Despite its sustained engagement with Indigenous Peoples and significant efforts toward inclusion, its 2018 Assembly saw Indigenous people, Black people, and other people of color expressing important concerns, culminating in a walk-out on the last day. To understand how these events might guide transformative reconciliation in and through food movements, we analyzed 124 post-Assembly qualitative questionnaires, held 10 interviews, and analyzed organizational archives, in addition to conducting participant observation throughout the following year. This research portrays the actions taken at the Assembly to be a refusal of settler structures and processes, and the creation of a caucus space for Indigenous people, Black people, and other people of color as an act of resurgence. Engagement with FSC by a number of those involved with the protests throughout the year that followed, and the resultant commitment to center decolonization in FSC's work, reveal the intimate connection between resurgence and reconciliation. These acts of generative refusal and resurgence are an essential part of efforts toward reconciliation without assimilation, aligned in a shared struggle toward the decolonized futures at the heart of food sovereignty for all.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Collective action in games as in life: Experimental evidence from canal cleaning in Haiti. This paper explores the impact of exposure to a collective action dilemma in a framed public goods game on farmers' behavior in real-world scenarios characterized by similar strategic trade-offs. From a sample of 841 rice farmers in rural Haiti, I randomly selected 277 to participate in public goods games framed to mimic the real trade-off they face between private work and participation in the management of shared canals. Over the subsequent planting season, the local irrigation association organized voluntary canal-cleaning days to manage the shared canal systems that irrigate farmers' fields. Treated farmers were 56% more likely than those in the control group to volunteer. The mechanisms through which the treatment seemed to operate was by increasing social connections between plot neighbors and shifting participants' expectations of others' contributions to the public good, suggesting that public goods games provide a setting in which to connect with and learn about one's neighbors and to develop common norms of behavior.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "A GH42 beta-galactosidase from Bifidobacterium thermophilum: Biochemical characterization and synthesis of galactosyl glycerol by reverse hydrolysis. In this study, a beta-galactosidase gene (btgal42) was first cloned from Bifidobacterium thermophilum and successfully expressed in Escherichia coli. The molecular weight of the purified BtGal42 was estimated to be 78 kDa by the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 225 kDa by the size-exclusion chromatography, indicating that the native BtGal42 was a homotrimer. BtGal42 belonged to the glycosidase hydrolase family 42, exhibiting the maximum activity at pH of 7 and at temperature of 50 degrees C. The enzyme displayed a strictly specific activity toward substrates with beta-galactosyl linkages at the nonreducing ends, of which the activity on 4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside was the highest, followed by 2-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside and lactose. Among the tested metals and reagents, BtGal42 showed tolerance in the presence of various organic solvents. Importantly, BtGal42 exhibited a high reverse hydrolysis activity when using galactose as the donor and the di-alcohol ethylene glycol and the trialcohol glycerol as the acceptors. Under unoptimized reaction conditions, the galactosyl glycerol yield reached 62.2 g/L (galactose conversion rate, 41.2%). This study might provide a feasible method for the biosynthesis of galactosyl glycerol from low-cost glycerol and galactose, which was associated with high conversion efficiency and few byproducts.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42]}
+{"token": "Description and molecular characterisation of Xiphinema herakliense n. sp (Nematoda: Longidoridae) from wild and cultivated olives in Crete. Xiphinema herakliense n. sp. from wild olive and cultivated trees in Vathy Rema and other localities, Heraklion province of Crete, Greece, is described based on morphological and molecular characters. The new species is characterised by having differentiation in the tubular part of the uterus, body length 4.1 (3.3-5.5) mm, odontostyle 149 (135-163) mu m long, odontophore 85 (71-98) mu m long, female tail dorsally convex-conoid with subdigitate peg, and presence of functional males. The polytomous identification code of the new species is: A4, B2 + 3, C5a, D6(5), E5, F4(5), G3, H2, I3, J5, K5, L2. The new species belongs to morphospecies Xiphinema non-americanum Group 5 characterised by having two equally developed female genital branches with uterine differentiation, presence of pseudo-Z-organ with small granular bodies plus small spines (in low number) and crystalloid bodies along uterus, and a short, rounded tail ending in a peg. Xiphinema herakliense n. sp. appears closely related to X. barense, X. horvatovicae, X. lanceolatum, X. loteni, X. sphaerocephalum and X. thorneanum, from which it may be differentiated morphologically and/or molecularly. The results of the phylogenetic analyses based on the sequences of the D2-D3 expansion regions of the 28S rRNA gene and ITS1 rRNA genes are also supportive of its specific status.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Geometry optimization of a deswirler for cyclone separator in terms of pressure drop using CFD and artificial neural network. Four main geometrical parameters of a deswirler (core diameter, number of vanes, height of vanes and leading edge angle) for cyclone separators have been optimized using CFD and artificial neural network. The results indicated that the most significant geometrical parameters of the deswirler are the number of vanes, the vane angle and the vane height. A new optimized deswirler geometry was obtained using the genetic algorithms and its effects on the flow field, pressure losses and cyclone collection efficiency were numerically investigated. The deswirler positively affects the flow field within a cyclone. It dramatically reduces tangential velocities in the vortex finder and only slightly (by 4.5%) decreases maximum tangential velocities in the separation zone. The deswirler also reduces the length of the inner vortex, redistributes uniformly axial velocities at the vortex finder outlet and prevents backward flow. Additionally, the deswirler converts the dynamic energy of the swirling flow into pressure and allows pressure recovery. It reduces pressure losses in the vortex finder by 95.67% that leads to 43.17% reduction in total pressure drop and slightly decreases the separation efficiency for some particle diameters, increasing the cyclone cut size from 1.5 to 1.72 mu m. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Central bank communication and financial markets: New high-frequency evidence. This paper examines the financial market impact of intermeeting communication of the members of the European Central Bank's Governing Council (GC) using high frequency data between July 2008 and January 2014. Constructing a rich dataset of GC members' public statements (speeches, conference discussions and media interviews) between monetary policy meetings allows us to investigate a detailed pattern of market responses to the ad-hoc communication of central bankers. Using least squares and quantile regressions, we document the impact of policymakers' public statements on interest rates and the stock market with very little or no impact on exchange rates. In general, we find little evidence that the timing, sequencing or content of communication matters in immediate response. On the contrary, the results suggest that the market concentrates on the communication of key members of the committee. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48, 49]}
+{"token": "Space defragmentation for packing problems. One of main difficulties of multi-dimensional packing problems is the fragmentation of free space into several unusable small parts after a few items are packed. This study proposes a defragmentation technique to combine the fragmented space into a continuous usable space, which potentially allows the packing of additional items. We illustrate the effectiveness of this technique using the two- and three-dimensional bin packing problem, where the aim is to load all given items (represented by rectangular boxes) into the minimum number of identical bins. Experimental results based on well-known 2D and 3D bin packing data sets show that our defragmentation technique alone is able to produce solutions approaching the quality of considerably more complex meta-heuristic approaches for the problem. In conjunction with a bin shuffling strategy for incremental improvement, our resultant algorithm outperforms all leading meta-heuristic approaches based on the commonly used benchmark data by a significant margin. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
+{"token": "Heidegger and the Supposition of a Single, Objective World. Christina Lafont has argued that the early Heidegger's reflections on truth and understanding are incompatible with 'the supposition of a single objective world'. This paper presents her argument, reviews some responses that the existing Heidegger literature suggests (focusing, in particular, on work by John Haugeland), and offers what I argue is a superior response. Building on a deeper exploration of just what the above 'supposition' demands (an exploration informed by the work of Bernard Williams and Adrian Moore), I argue that a crucial assumption that Lafont and Haugeland both accept must be rejected, namely, that different 'understandings of Being' can be viewed as offering 'rival perspectives' on a common subject-matter. I develop this case by drawing on an alternative account of what a Heideggerian 'understanding of Being' might be like.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "'Thinking through the world': a tianxia heuristic for higher education. Ancient Chinese civilisation developed two ideas about the ordering of large human spaces. The first was tianxia or 'all under heaven', the inclusive and cosmopolitan world as a whole, with no exterior, and governance on the basis of shared values and benefits, which first shaped statecraft in the Western Zhou dynasty (1047-1771 BCE). Second, the centralised nation-state which emerged in the Qin dynasty (221-206 BCE). Both strands have been influential through Chinese history. In the last twenty years discussion of tianxia has revived, especially through Zhao Tingyang, stimulated by globalisation and the need for practical relations beyond the nation state. This paper proposes one version of tianxia as a heuristic for understanding, rethinking and remaking ethical relations in worldwide higher education. ft reviews different understandings of tianxia in China, identifies a world-centred (rather than China-centred) tianxia , and discusses the potentials of tianxia in higher education. Tianxia is appropriate to world higher education because of its spatiality and its ethical commitment to universal benefit in diverse settings on the basis of mutual respect. The article suggests four clusters of relational values that could constitute a tianxia order in higher education, and compares tianxia to existing practices of globalisation.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Stop Burying the Lede: The Essential Role of Indigenous Law(s) in Creating Rights of Nature. The rapid emergence of rights of Nature over the past decade across multiple contexts has fostered increasing awareness, recognition, and, ultimately, acceptance of rights of Nature by the global community. Yet, too often, both scholarly publications and news articles bury the lede - namely, that the most transformative cases of rights of Nature have been consistently influenced and often actually led by Indigenous peoples. In this article we explore the ontologies of rights of Nature and earth jurisprudence, and the intersections of these movements with the leadership of Indigenous peoples in claiming and giving effect to their own rights (while acknowledging that not all Indigenous peoples support rights of Nature). Based on early observations, we discern an emerging trend of increased efficacy, longevity, and transformative potential being linked to a strongly pluralist approach of lawmaking and environmental management. A truly transformative and pluralist ecological jurisprudence can be achieved only by enabling, and empowering, Indigenous leadership.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 52]}
+{"token": "Early Commercial Electronic Distribution of Software. Commercial electronic distribution of software (EDS) originated in the second half of the 1970s. By the early 1980s, several North American and European companies were already distributing software using common communications networks. This article charts the development of the early commercial EDS industry in North America, focusing on cable television-based, direct-to-home services.", "label": [3, 4, 40, 30]}
+{"token": "Whole-Body Regeneration in the Colonial Tunicate Botrylloides leachii. The colonial marine invertebrate Botrylloides leachii belongs to the Tunicata subphylum, the closest invertebrate relatives to the vertebrate group and the only known class of chordates that can undergo whole-body regeneration (WBR). This dramatic developmental process allows a minute isolated fragment of B. leachii's vascular system, or a colony excised of all adults, to restore a functional animal in as little as 10 days. In addition to this exceptional regenerative capacity, B. leachii can reproduce both sexually, through a tadpole larval stage, and asexually, through palleal budding. Thus, three alternative developmental strategies lead to the establishment of filter-feeding adults. Consequently, B. leachii is particularly well suited for comparative studies on regeneration and should provide novel insights into regenerative processes in chordates.Here, after a short introduction on regeneration, we overview the biology of B. leachii as well as the current state of knowledge on WBR in this species and in related species of tunicates. Finally, we highlight the possible future directions that research might take in the study of WBR, including thoughts on technological approaches that appear most promising in this context. Overall, we provide a synthesis of the current knowledge on WBR in B. leachii to support research in this chordate species.", "label": [4, 45, 42]}
+{"token": "Organizational rationality and project management. Originality/value - The paper shows the importance of the organizational culture of the base organization, especially the degree of formal rationality, for how project work is done. It presents new operationalizations of formal rationality and project perspective to make way for further studies on the relationship between organizational rationality and project management.Findings - The paper shows that the degree of formal organizational rationality affects choice of project perspective: the more rational the base organization, the more dominant the task perspective. The size of the project is of significance, telling us that, in general, larger projects are less task-oriented than smaller and medium-sized, everything else being equal.Design/methodology/approach - Empirical study based on a survey of 164 managers.Practical implications - It is important for managers to know that the way the project work is approached is affected by the organizational rationality of the base organization.Purpose - Does the organizational culture of the base organization affect the way its projects are carried out? The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between one aspect of organizational culture, namely the formal rationality of the base organization and how projects are approached. The concept of McDonaldization is used to describe formal rationality; it covers four aspects: efficiency, predictability, calculability and control. Two types of approaches (here called project perspectives) to project management are studied: the task perspective (focus on a clearly defined endeavour from the start of the project) and the organizational perspective (focus on supporting the base organization in its change efforts). The relationship between formal rationality of the base organization and choice of project perspective is revealed.Research limitations/implications - Further studies may be of interest to reveal the relationship between organizational culture of the base organization and project management. Better operationalizations of the constructs of rationality and project perspective are presented, which opens up for further studies on the relationship between rationality and project management.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
+{"token": "Gall-inducing Psylloidea (Insecta: Hemiptera) - plant interactions. The Psylloidea, >4000 named species known today, are plant-feeding, sap-sucking insects sleeved under the Sternorrhyncha. Most species of Psylloidea are confined to the tropics. They occur as gall-inducing, free-living, and lerp-forming taxa. Lifecycles and generations of gall-inducing Psylloidea vary in temperate and tropical worlds. The Triozidae, Aphalaridae, and Calophyidae include several taxa that induce galls of diverse morphologies, from simple pits and leaf-margin rolls to complex pouches and of two-tier structures. The feeding mechanism and nutritional physiology of the gall-inducing taxa of the Psylloidea differ from those of the free-living and lerp-forming species. A majority of the gall-inducing Psylloidea are associated with the dicotyledons and a small number with the monocotyledons. The gall-inducing Psylloidea are specific to certain plants. Their host specificity is regulated by specific lipids and sterols. The gall-inducing Psylloidea show conservative behavior in terms of geographical distribution. Although the life histories of several gall-inducing Psylloidea are known today, aspects explaining their association with host plants are little known. Details of nutritional physiology of gall-inducing Psylloidea are less known presently compared with that of the free-living species. A better understanding of the association and level of relationship between gall-inducing Psylloidea and their host plants is necessary.", "label": [0, 4, 37, 9]}
+{"token": "Analysing technical choices: improving the archaeological classification of Late Republican Black Gloss pottery in north-eastern Hispania consumption centres. In order to improve archaeological classifications of Late Republican Black Gloss pottery, an assemblage from two consumption sites in north-eastern Hispania has been physicochemically characterized to identify its provenance and to gain an idea of its manufacture process. The study has been organized according to a multiphase sampling (Buxeda i Garrigos and Madrid i Fernandez 2016, 20). In the first phase, chemical characterization by means of wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) and mineralogical characterization by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) were performed. In the next phase, a subsample was microstructurally characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thanks to which the sintering/vitrification stage of the matrix and the gloss was determined. The combination of both disciplines, archaeology and archaeometry, enables us to identify four meaningful ceramic groups: Campanian A, Cales 1, 2 and 3. The study also allowed us to infer that all of them must be related to the Campanian region and assignable to three different chronological periods. The Campanian region thus seems to have been the primary source that supplied the settlements considered. The study also allows us to appreciate that the classification criteria used by the archaeologists working at those sites reflect the technical choices made by the potters and that, in many cases, they can only be detected and therefore interpreted by means of archaeometry.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
+{"token": "A wolf from Gravettian site Pavlov I, Czech Republic: Approach to skull pathology. Limitations: This is a single specimen with differential diagnoses that were not resolvable to a single definitive diagnosis.Objective: Describe pathological features on internal and external aspects of the skull of an ancient grey wolf.Materials: Wolf remains that were found at the southwestern settlement Area A of Gravettian site Pavlov I.Conclusions: Probable first report of otic region osteomyelitis in an ancient grey wolf. Significance: The proximity of the wolf remains to human-related findings, and presence of red ochre and shells, suggest human involvement in the burial.Results: Dorsally, the sagittal crest revealed bone healing and remodeling. The sagittal lesion differential diagnosis was blunt trauma with or without fracture. Ventrally, otic region pathology included severe proliferation and lysis (osteomyelitis). The pathology was not resolvable among differential (microbial) causes of osteomyelitis, although other potential etiologies were ruled out.Suggestions for Further Research: Further investigation of the possible anthropological significance of the burial circumstances.Methods: Visual observation and description; microcomputed tomography; porosity and fragmentation indices for internal and external skull features; histological section of the fourth upper premolar tooth.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 39]}
+{"token": "Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of both kidneys in healthy, non-anaesthetized cats. Conclusions: The herein reported CEUS protocol and the perfusion measurements may serve as a baseline protocol and normal reference values for the evaluation of feline patients. However, the protocol and results may be of limited value in uncooperative animals.Background: Changes in perfusion are considered to play a key role in the pathophysiology of renal disease. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has shown a promising diagnostic imaging technique to non-invasively and repetitively quantify tissue perfusion. Examination protocols have varied between studies regarding US equipment, quantification software, the use of sedation or anaesthesia, and animals. The purpose of the present study was, to assess the feasibility of a standardized CEUS protocol for perfusion analysis of both kidneys in nine healthy, non-anaesthetized cats.Results: CEUS was fairly tolerable for all but one cat. In 6/18 kidneys (2 left, 4 right), a second contrast medium injection was needed due to motion artifacts. Perfusion variables such as peak intensity (PI), wash-in slope (WIS), wash-out slope (WOS) and mean transit time (MTT) did not significantly differ between left and right renal cortex and medulla nor between the cranial and caudal renal cortex within each kidney. In contrast, for all kidneys, mean PI, WIS, and MTT were significantly higher in the cortex than in the medulla (P = 0.001, 0.012 and <0.001, respectively).", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Cooking quality of commercial spaghetti: effect of the water-to-dried pasta ratio. The consumption of two vital resources (e.g., water and energy) during home pasta cooking has so far received limited attention. The main focus of this work was to assess how the instrumental and sensory quality of cooked pasta is affected by the water-to-dried pasta ratio (WPR) using a model cooking system with three commercial brands of spaghetti. At WPR equal to 10 or 3L/kg, the three sensory attributes of firmness, stickiness, and bulkiness, as well as the overall cooking quality, displayed no statistically significant sensitivity towards WPR. Cooked pasta water uptake, diameter, hardness at 90% deformation, and resilience were moreinfluenced by the raw protein content of dried pasta than by WPR, while the cooking loss was regarded as approximately constant. Using the model cooking system that assured mild mixing of spaghetti to avoid their sticking during cooking, it would be possible to use 70% less cooking water and consume about 65% less electricity, the latter cutting significantly the climate change potential of home pasta cooking.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Morphology of the tessera terrain on Venus: Implications for the composition of tessera material. The main goal of this paper is to estimate the possible composition of the tessera material on the basis of an interpretation of the morphology of the tessera precursor terrain. The results of detailed photogeologic analysis of tessera are presented. For the study, 56 randomly chosen areas that characterize the surface of large and small tessera massifs were selected. Each area represents a portion of the F-MAP photomosaics acquired at a 75 m/px resolution. The results of this study show that the tessera precursor terrain appears everywhere as plains. In its morphology, these plains are similar to the plains outside the tessera massifs. An overview of all possible mechanisms of the formation of plains on Venus and comparison of these mechanisms with the data of the chemical measurements on the surface of Venus suggests that the Venusian plains were formed as a result of the emplacement of low-viscous basaltic lava. This rather well-known conclusion is made here for the first time in order to estimate the possible composition of the tessera material. Thus, it is likely that the composition of the tessera precursor plains is similar to the composition of the basaltic plains on Venus. The products of posttessera volcanism in the form of morphologically smooth plains commonly occur within the tessera terrains. Morphologically, these plains are similar to the regional Venusian plains, which strongly suggests a basaltic composition of such plains. There are only two volcanic flows within the whole tessera terrain on Venus whose morphology permits one to interpret them as a manifestation of nonbasaltic, more siliceous volcanism. This means that the material of the regional tessera-bearing highlands very rarely responded to the thermal influence from below by siliceous volcanism. If same hypothetical \\\\'granitelike\\\\' material makes up the main portion of the tessera highlands, this material remains hidden. Therefore, the hypothesis of the granitelike bulk composition of the tessera highlands has little support from observations. At the current stage of the study of Venus, a model in which tessera highlands are composed predominantly of basalt with a possible. hut insignificant component of more siliceous material is thought to be correct.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Entry of muscle satellite cells into the cell cycle requires sphingolipid signaling. Adult skeletal muscle is able to repeatedly regenerate because of the presence of satellite cells, a population of stem cells resident beneath the basal lamina that surrounds each myofiber. Little is known, however, of the signaling pathways involved in the activation of satellite cells from quiescence to proliferation, a crucial step in muscle regeneration. We show that sphingosine-1-phosphate induces satellite cells to enter the cell cycle. Indeed, inhibiting the sphingolipid-signaling cascade that generates sphingosine-1-phosphate significantly reduces the number of satellite cells able to proliferate in response to mitogen stimulation in vitro and perturbs muscle regeneration in vivo. In addition, metabolism of sphingomyelin located in the inner lea. et of the plasma membrane is probably the main source of sphingosine-1-phosphate used to mediate the mitogenic signal. Together, our observations show that sphingolipid signaling is involved in the induction of proliferation in an adult stem cell and a key component of muscle regeneration.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Injured but not Entitled to Legal Insurance Compensation - Ornamental Institutions and Migrant Workers' Informal Channels in China. Due to the rapid industrialization and urbanization of China, an estimated 252 million farmers have migrated from impoverished rural areas to prosperous urban regions, seeking off-farm employment. In China, these are referred to as migrant workers. Workers' compensation insurance law represents one of the most vital formal institutions for Chinese migrant workers. Through in-depth interviews with migrant workers and employers, the authors find that instead of making a formal claim based on workers' compensation insurance law, most injured migrant workers adopt informal channels (e.g. bargaining, negotiation, threats, violence) to receive compensation from employers. Even when migrant workers are insured in accordance with the law, they may be denied legal insurance compensation and thus turn to informal private settlement. Generally, the amount of compensation acquired by means of informal private settlement is significantly smaller than that awarded in the case of legal insurance compensation. This practice reveals that, like some other formal institutions in China, workers' compensation insurance law is merely a symbolic ornament, window-dressing for the public, which are referred to as ornamental institutions'. In the way they are designed, set up and funded, these ornamental institutions can easily prove illusory since they conceal an anarchic world wherein diverse informal channels of social actors emerge, which reflect the reality of Chinese society. Therefore, only through deep empirical research, like this study, can one see beyond the facade of modernity in contemporary China, observe the reality of social actors, and reflect upon the functioning of ornamental institutions.", "label": [5, 52, 51, 57]}
+{"token": "Single-Molecule Localization to Demonstrate the Optical Diffraction of Materials with 2D or Helical Structures. Single-molecule localization has been a helpful tool to identify the position of a single-molecule emitter. Capturing a single fluorophore with the camera pinpoints the molecule with great precision (similar to 1 nm), which is the main concept of single-molecule localization. Hence, we devised an optical system to demonstrate the light diffraction of materials with 2D as well as helical structures. Our optical configuration determined the positions of diffracted spots with a precision of several hundred nanometers (similar to 200-300 nm). This demonstration is very useful to elucidate the concept of light diffraction and single-molecule localization to undergraduate-level and high school students in physical chemistry or physics laboratories.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 53]}
+{"token": "Kuraishia mediterranea sp nov., a methanol-assimilating yeast species from olive oil and its sediment. Six yeast strains isolated from olive oil sediments and spoiled olive oils originating from Slovenia and Portugal, respectively, proved to represent an undescribed yeast species based on DNA sequence comparisons. The analysis of gene sequences for internal transcribed spacer regions and the large subunit rRNA gene D1/D2 domain placed the novel species in the genus Kuraishia in a subclade containing Kuraishia capsulata, the type species of the genus. Although the novel species is well separated genetically from the recognized species of the genus, only a minor phenotypic difference differentiating it from Kuraishia capsulata and K. molischiana was observed. Relevant to its isolation source, no lipolytic activity was detected in the strains of the novel species. To accommodate the above-noted strains, Kuraishia mediterranea sp. nov. (holotype: ZIM 2473(T); isotype: CBS 15107(T); MycoBank no.: MB 822817) is proposed.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Longitudinal Trajectories of Illness Perceptions Among Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes. Objectives To examine development in illness perceptions of type 1 diabetes across adolescence and relationships with intelligence, diabetes responsibility, and diabetes outcomes. Methods Illness perceptions were measured via the Illness Perceptions Questionnaire at 3 times, every 6 months in 213 adolescents (M age = 13.00; SD = 1.54) with type 1 diabetes. Intelligence and adolescents' perceived responsibility for diabetes were examined, and adolescents' report of adherence and quality of life (QOL), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) from medical records addressed diabetes-related outcomes. Results Linear growth models showed significant increases in perceptions of diabetes coherence, chronicity, consequences, personal and treatment control, and decreases in diabetes cyclicality and parental control across time. More favorable illness perceptions were generally associated with adolescent intelligence at baseline, more adolescent responsibility for management, better adherence and QOL, and lower HbA1c at each time point. Conclusions Results suggest that adolescents develop complex illness perceptions, which are associated with better diabetes management.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Digital intermediaries, market competition, and citizen-state interactions. Can market competition between intermediaries improve the quality of citizen-state interactions? I test this question in the context of a public-private partnership (PPP) policy that created a network of digital intermediaries - individuals authorized by the state to submit online applications on behalf of citizens. I use the overtime and staggered expansion of the intermediary network to identify the relationship between greater competition among digital intermediaries for the share of citizen applications and the quality of citizen-state interactions. I find that having an increased presence of intermediaries in a jurisdiction does not improve the citizen experience in engaging with the state. Why doesn't an increase in the presence of intermediaries positively impact the quality of citizen-state interactions? I argue that digital intermediaries selected by the state have limited incentives to compete in the market for citizen applications. To establish the incentives of digital intermediaries, I juxtapose their functioning against informal intermediaries, who submitted paper-based applications before the state moved citizen applications online. Based on qualitative interviews and data on the transition from paper-based to online applications, I show that the PPP policy by formalizing the citizen-state interface disrupts informal mediation arrangement and limits market competition. The lack of relationship between the expansion of the intermediary network and the quality of citizen-state interactions has important implications for how low and middle-income countries deploy information technology for digitizing citizen interfacing governance processes. I conclude by outlining how formalization of citizen-state interface can be implemented in a manner that can improve citizen experience engaging with the state.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "Evaluating Emissions of Nitrous Oxide from Cropland Soils Under Different Rotations in Mato Grosso, Brazil: A Scenario Simulation Study. Expansion of cropland involves immense land use changes, and the resulting intensified management practices have a strong influence on the functioning of the underlying soil. For instance, increased application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is known to enhance fluxes of nitrous oxide (N2O) from the soil to the atmosphere. The emission factor (EF) proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assumes a linear relationship between added N and N2O-N fluxes, but it does not account for environmental factors, such as soil properties or climate. Due to the high spatial and temporal variability of N2O-N fluxes, mechanistic models are preferable in terms of extrapolation to larger scales. In this study, we evaluated simulated N2O-N fluxes from soils under agricultural use in the Brazilian state, Mato Grosso, using the CANDY (Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics) model. A control tool was developed in order to enable the simulation of 1 650 scenarios covering different sites (soil + climate) and management regimes (crop rotation + amount of applied fertilizer + sowing and harvesting dates). Results suggested that the sites had a very strong influence on calculated emissions, which is not accounted for by static EF. Furthermore, most fertilizer-induced N2O-N fluxes derived from the scenario simulations were best described by a non-linear function. For sounder budgeting on the federal and national scale, there is still a strong need for long-term observations of continuous crop rotations and spatial distribution of soil types and their specific characteristics. The presented results provide a valuable starting point for developing further scenario simulations and adapting experimental campaigns for N2O emission study.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "The antibacterial and wear-resistant nano-ZnO/PEEK composites were constructed by a simple two-step method. Although the polyether ether ketone (PEEK) has excellent comprehensive properties, its non-antibacterial and low wear-resistant limit the wide application in the field of artificial joint materials. In this paper, Nano-ZnO was generated in situ on the surface of PEEK powder by one-step hydrothermal method, which improved the binding force of Nano-ZnO and PEEK matrix. Then the PEEK-based nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending with the synthesized Nano-ZnO-PEEK powders and PEEK powders. The microstructure, mechanical, biological and tribological properties of PEEK-based nanocomposites were studied. The results showed that the compressive strength of PEEK-based nanocomposites can reach up to 319.2 +/- 2.4 MPa. Both PEEK and PEEK-based nanocomposites were non-toxic to cells. Meanwhile, PEEK-based nanocomposites showed good antibacterial activity against E.coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and the antibacterial activity was better with the increase of Nano-ZnO content. In addition, when the Nano-ZnO content was 5%, the wear rate of PEEK-based nanocomposites was about 68% lower than that of pure PEEK materials. Thus, PEEK-based nanocomposites has a dual function of good antibacterial property and excellent wear resistance.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "The challenge of implementing exclusive breast-feeding in Burkina Faso. Results: The results show that exclusive breastfeeding is complicated to implement particularly in rural areas because of the use of medicinal plants in the form of washing and gavage. Moreover, the information is not given to mothers of families at the appropriate time.Introduction: The WHO and UNICEF have declared exclusive breast-feeding one of the essential tools in the fight against neonatal mortality. Both international bodies finalized a 40-hour training program to provide counseling in feeding, to teach a body of care-givers to bring qualified assistance to the breast-feeding mothers and to help them to overcome their difficulties. However, in the field and in maternities such as those where the study took place (Boucle du Mouhoun region in the northwest of Burkina Faso), although technical recommendations are generally adopted and respected, exclusive breastfeeding makes it difficult for mothers to find their way. The aim of this study is to examine the blockages existing at the maternity ward and in families which prevent the practice of exclusive breastfeeding from becoming widespread. A qualitative approach was used through open interviews with various socio-professional medical categories and community members.Conclusion: In conclusion, we suggest that maternities be thought out and designed in partnership with the health workers who use them.Method: Fourteen observations were made in the families. Twenty-four observations were made on the care of the newborn at home. Thirty-eight interviews with health and administrative staff and nine interviews with healers using traditional knowledge were also conducted.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Search for biomarkers of asbestos exposure and asbestos-induced cancers in investigations of the immunological effects of asbestos. The immunological effects of asbestos exposure on various lymphocytes such as the regulatory T cell (Treg), responder CD4+ T helper cell (Tresp), CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), and natural killer (NK) cells were investigated. Results show that asbestos exposure impairs antitumor immunity through enhancement of regulatory T cell function and volume, reduction of CXCR3 chemokine receptor in responder CD4+ T helper cells, and impairment of the killing activities of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and NK cells. These findings were used to explore biological markers associated with asbestos exposure and asbestos-induced cancers and suggested the usefulness of serum/plasma IL-10 and TGF-beta, surface CXCR3 expression in Tresp, the secreting potential of IFN-gamma in Tresp, intracellular perforin level in CTL, and surface expression NKp46 in NK cells. Although other unexplored cytokines in serum/plasma and molecules in these immunological cells, including Th17, should be investigated by experimental procedures in addition to a comprehensive analysis of screening methods, biomarkers based on immunological alterations may be helpful in clinical situations to screen the high-risk population exposed to asbestos and susceptible to asbestos-related cancers such as mesothelioma.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Variation in viral shedding patterns between domestic and wild terrestrial birds infected experimentally with reassortant avian influenza virus (H9N2). Avian influenza (H9N2) virus infection is an emerging respiratory problem and its prevalence varies significantly among different species of birds. The current knowledge about virus shedding parameters in terrestrial birds is limited. With this in mind, the present study was conducted in different domestic and wild terrestrial birds to investigate species-related differences in infectivity and pattern of viral shedding associated with H9N2 Al virus. Groups of terrestrial birds (domestic Guinea Fowl Numida meleagridis, Japanese Quail Coturnix coturnix japonica, House Sparrows Passer domesticus, House Crows Corvus splendens and Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus) were inoculated intra-nasally with A/chicken/Pakistan/10RS3039-284-48/2010 (H9N2) Al virus (10(6) EID50) and then examined for infectivity and virus shedding patterns. With the exception of House Crows, all infected birds showed clinical signs of different severity, showing the most prominent disease signs in Japanese Quail. All infected birds showed positive results for virus shedding, however, the pattern of virus shedding was different among wild terrestrial birds. Japanese Quail showed the highest levels of virus shedding while samples collected from House Crows revealed only very low levels. Interestingly, virus shedding was observed predominantly via the gastrointestinal tract in House Sparrows and Bank Myna and via the buccal cavity route in Guinea Fowl and Japanese Quail. Here we investigated that the novel genotype of H9N2 Al virus circulating in Pakistan causes clinical disease signs in domestic and wild terrestrial birds. The results of this study suggest that virus shedding varies between different related avian species and highlights the potential role of Guinea Fowl, Japanese Quail, House Sparrows and Bank Myna as mixing bowls for the transmission and maintenance of H9N2 Al viruses between premises.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 46, 47]}
+{"token": "The contribution of R & D on root-nodule bacteria to future cultivars of tropical forage legumes. The importance of the contribution of nodulated legumes to the nitrogen economy of crops and pastures is recognised. Maximising the opportunities and utilising the legume - root-nodule bacteria (RNB) symbiosis requires an understanding of the genetic or specificity relationship between legumes and RNB for effective, N-fixing nodulation. Recognition of the need to inoculate a legume and the skills required to assess this and, where necessary, to select appropriate strains is discussed. A brief description of a current project is used to illustrate the selection of new strains of RNB for a legume that does not nodulate effectively with existing soil strains.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Characterization of a nuclear localization signal in the C-terminus of the adeno-associated virus Rep68/78 proteins. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) replicates in the nucleus of infected cells, and therefore multiple nuclear import events are required for productive infection. We analyzed nuclear import of the viral Rep proteins and characterized a nuclear localization signal (NLS) in the C-terminus. We demonstrate that basic residues in this region constitute an NLS that is transferable and mediates interaction with the nuclear import receptor importin alpha in vitro. Mutant Rep proteins are predominantly cytoplasmic and are severely compromised for interactions with importin a, but retain their enzymatic functions in vitro. Interestingly, mutations of the NLS had significantly less effect on importin alpha interaction and replication in the context of Rep78 than when incorporated into the Rep68 protein. Together, our results demonstrate that a bipartite NLS exists in the shared part of Rep68 and Rep78, and suggest that an alternate entry mechanism may also contribute to nuclear localization of the Rep78 protein. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Low genetic diversity despite hyperendemicity of hepatitis B virus genotype E throughout West Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa suffers from an excessively high endemicity of hepatitis B virus (HBV), but little is known about the prevalent genotypes. In this study, we investigated the PreS1/PreS2/S genes of 127 viruses obtained from 12 locations in Mali, Burkina Faso, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Except for those obtained from the Cameroon HIV cohort (18/22 HBV genotype A), 96 of 105 sequences belonged to HBV genotype E (HBV/E), and viral DNA was very similar (1.67% diversity) throughout this vast HBV/E crescent, which spans 6000 km across Africa. The low diversity suggests that HBV/E may have a short evolutionary history. Considering a typical mutation rate of DNA viruses, it would take only 200 years for the strain diversity of HBV/E viruses to develop from a single introductory event. The relatively recent introduction of HBV/E into humans would also explain its conspicuous absence in the Americas, despite the forced immigration of slaves from west Africa, until the early 19th century. Infection during infancy is mostly associated with chronic carrier status, and this combination can account for the explosive spread of virtually identical viruses within a community, but whether other routes of long-range transmissions must be considered becomes an important question.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "Micro-economic analysis of the potential impact of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia and its control by vaccination in Narok district of Kenya. There is inadequate herd and community level information on the impact of CBPP and its control by vaccination to allow adequate allocation of resources for CBPP control in affected ecosystems. A study was designed in Narok district of Kenya provide this crucial information for the Maasai ecosystem. Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey involving 232 households, a longitudinal survey involving 39 herds, 32 outbreak investigations and a project vaccination follow up involving 203 households. Data were also collected from secondary sources and from current and past vaccination programs. Deterministic spreadsheet models estimated the cost of vaccination at KSh 34.6 (USD 0.49) to KSh 72.2 (USD 1.03): 1USD=KSh 70 per animal depending on the vaccination program. The value of annual production losses due to CBPP in the district were estimated at KSh 113.1 million (USD 1.62 million). The estimate of annual losses associated with response to outbreaks amounted to KSh 12.8 million (USD 0.18 million). Disease reporting and treatment of the sick accounted for 34.7% and 48.4% of the estimated value of annual losses associated with response to outbreaks respectively. Annual household CBPP losses were estimated at KSh 275.3 thousand (USD 3933), over twice the average annual household net income of KSh 118.8 thousand (USD 1697) from cattle. At community level, the estimated annual cost of preventive CBPP vaccination through a Wellcome Trust project was KSh 8.53 million (USD 0.12 million), 35.2% of which was due to indirect costs following adverse reactions to vaccination. A benefit -cost analysis demonstrated the annual net benefits to be KSh 67.8 million (USD 0.97 million) and BCR to be 9.60. Herd level BCR was 12.81 while annual net benefits were KSh 35.5 thousand (USD 507.81). Sensitivity analysis showed that vaccination was economically beneficial even when costs of vaccination nearly doubled in biannual vaccination. A break even analysis showed that the threshold herd incidence below which vaccination ceases to be economically worthwhile was 1.1% and 2.3% in annual and biannual vaccination respectively. In conclusion, a CBPP outbreak could cause the loss of a household's entire income from cattle keeping. The highest proportion of costs associated with response to outbreaks was in reporting and treatment of the sick. Early reaction to CBPP reports and eventual eradication of CBPP in the community is therefore urgent to safeguard livelihoods. Annual and biannual CBPP vaccination by any of the programs studied would be beneficial even if the incidence of the disease were as low as 2.2% and 3.9% respectively. However, losses due to adverse post-vaccination reactions need to be monitored and adequately managed. Macroeconomic analysis of the impact of CBPP and its control along the value chain is recommended for better decision making regarding CBPP control at national level.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Revisiting the Income Tax Effects of Legalizing Same-Sex Marriages. In this paper we estimate the impacts on income tax collections of legalizing same-sex marriage. We utilize new individual-level data sources to estimate the federal income tax consequences of legalizing same-sex marriages. These data sources also allow us to estimate the impact of legalization on state income tax collections. We find that 23 states would realize a net fiscal benefit from legalization, while 21 states would experience a decline in revenue. The potential (annual) changes in state tax revenue range from negative $29 million in California to positive $16 million in New York. At the federal level, our estimates suggest an overall reduction in revenues, ranging from a potential loss of $187 million to $580 million. Overall, we find that the federal and state impacts are quite modest. We also find that our estimates are only marginally affected by alternative assumptions about how many same-sex couples will choose to marry and which partner will claim any children for tax deduction purposes.", "label": [5, 49, 51]}
+{"token": "Dynamic analysis of effects of phytoplankton dispersal on zooplankton. In this paper, we formulate a delayed phytoplankton-zooplankton model with impulsive diffusion on phytoplankton. Using the discrete dynamical system determining the stroboscopic map, we obtain the zooplankton-extinction periodic solution which is globally attractive. The conditions of the permanence are given by using the theory on the delay and impulsive differential equation. Finally, some numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the results.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Organosolv pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of Parthenium hysterophorus for bioethanol production. The present study aimed at utilizing P. hysterophorus-a harmful weed that infested millions of hectares worldwide-for ethanol production. The organosolv pre-treatment of P. hysterophorus was carried out at 180 degrees C, maintaining ethanol to distilled water ratio of 3:1, solid to liquid ratio of 1:5, and reaction time of 60 min with 2% of H2SO4 (as catalyst). P. hysterophorus was subjected to FTIR, XRD, and FE-SEM analysis to observe the change after pre-treatment. P. hysterophorus produced total reducing sugars of 24.82 +/- 1.2g, ethano-organosolv lignin of 20.11 +/- 1.5g, and acid soluble lignin of 0.95 +/- 0.19g in hydrolysate after organosolv pre-treatment. Pre-treated substrate after enzymatic hydrolysis with Talaromyces stipitatus MTCC-12687 and Aspergillus niger NFCCI-4113 produced total reducing sugars of 32.34 +/- 1.2 and 32.85 +/- 1.2 g/100g of oven-dried material and total mass balance of 79.35 and 79.86 g/100 g of total solids respectively. The glucose and xylose recovery after enzymatic hydrolysis with T. stipitatus MTCC-12687and A. niger NFCCI-4113 were 94.3 and 94.8% and 63.3 and 63.4% respectively from the sample of P. hysterophorus coded as \\\\'H.\\\\' Detoxification of pre-treated hydrolysate was carried out using over-liming followed by activated charcoal treatment, and 86.3% and 94.2% reduction were found in furan and total phenols respectively with a loss of 4.5% of reducing sugar. Total reducing sugars after pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis were mixed and subjected to co-fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae MTCC-170 and Pichia stipitis NCIM-3497 in the ratio of 1:1 and produced 0.422g ethanol/g reducing sugars.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Experimental investigation for performance enhancement of a vapor compression refrigeration system by employing several types of water-cooled condenser. The water-cooled condenser in vapor compression refrigeration system is used in regions where there is a humid subtropical climate and where air-cooled condensers are not much effective. In the current article, the authors have scrutinized various means by which coefficient of performance can be escalated by using various types of water-cooled condensers. The setup has six different arrangements and the experiment is conducted at three ambient temperatures viz. 28 degrees C, 32 degrees C, 36 degrees C. There is an increment in the value of coefficient of performance with better arrangements, the percentage variation of coefficient of performance at 36 degrees C starting from chilled water circulated condenser, condenser with induced cooling tower, condenser with forced cooling tower, condenser with single cellulose pad, condenser with double cellulose pads are as follows: 12.33%, 14.43%, 18.37%, 24.41%, and 29.13%, respectively, with respect to the simple water-cooled condenser whose coefficient of performance is 3.81 at 36 degrees C. More improvements can be expected if materials of high heat transfer coefficient are used.", "label": [1, 4, 17, 15, 35]}
+{"token": "Alcohol and the family in Canada. In the context of the family in Western society, alcohol often has been viewed as a problem. This article traces how the use of beverage alcohol in Canada related to the family in the transition from the preindustrial to late-twentieth-century era. Powerful temperance movements in the nineteenth century, and divisive prohibition policies in the early twentieth, attempted to protect the material and moral health of the family. Although liquor laws and social attitudes became more open starting in the 1930s, the medicalized discourse on alcoholism in the 1940s and 1950s was linked to notions of the family. Liberalization of retail and on-premise sales of alcohol in the 1960s and 1970s attempted to portray moderate drinking by adults as \\\\'normal\\\\' family activity. In the last quarter of the century, a neo-temperance movement, reacting to issues such as impaired and driving and teenage drinking, suggested that alcohol's relationship to the family remained highly ambiguous.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 31, 52]}
+{"token": "On the electrocrystallization of refractory metals in a melt of NaCl-KCl-NaF-MeClX. Morphology of the deposit is another important factor for industrial cell plants. Deposits should be dense and compact with a small specific surface to avoid salt entrainment and oxidation of the metal. By electrorefining and electrowinning titanium and niobium. the influence of temperature, current density, metal and fluorine content in the melt has been investigated. Results show that the addition of fluorine changes morphology and the fraction of metal powder on the cathode increases. With a rising metal content in the bath the grain size rises also to a certain extent. Current density and temperature were found to have only a small influence on the morphology of the deposit within the investigated range.Reduction of group IV and V transition elements by metallothermic processes is discontinuous, energy intensive and yields in a poor metal quality. Electrowinning in a molten bath of NaCl-KCl-NaF-MeClX seems to be an attractive alternative. Main difficulties in electrowinning of refractory metals are their different stable valencies and the high corrosivity of the reactants. Therefore many papers deal with the understanding of the stable valencies and the reaction mechanisms in the melt to optimize electrolyte composition. Only few authors describe the electrocrystallization behavior of refractory metals under different working conditions.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Contactless inspection of CFRP artificial disbonds using combined laser thermography and laser ultrasonics with optical microphone. Precise and efficient inspection of disband defect in sub-mm layers of composite structures is a big challenge for the non-destructive and testing industry. In this work, 16 artificial disbands (flat bottom holes), with different sizes and depths, in carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites were contactless detected using com-bined laser thermography and laser ultrasonics with optical microphone. The presented laser ultrasonic tech-nique employed a membrane free optical microphone is a contactless and nondestructive technique and shows high detectability for flat bottom holes with deep depth in this preliminary investigation. Sizes and depths of the flat-bottom holes were determined by the presented laser ultrasonics technique. This investigation combined the high detection efficiency of laser thermography and high detection sensitivity of laser ultrasonics with the optical microphone together for the contactless inspection of artificial disbonds.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Co-production of future scenarios of policy action plans in a science-policy-industry interface-The case of microfibre pollution from waste water treatment plants in Norway. One of the ambitions of the UN Decade of Ocean Science is stakeholder interaction to co-produce new ideas and solutions for policy action plans to ensure that environmental challenges are mitigated in a timely manner. Regulations around the release of microfibres are largely lacking, and we are at an excellent point of departure to test integrative methods of such co-production. We co-designed conceptual maps and Bayesian Belief Networks with probabilistic future scenarios within both inter-and intra-sectoral workshops with industry and scientific stakeholders to gain comparable results of policy action scenarios for curbing the challenge of microfibre pollution within this context. We found that when scientists worked on this alone, their focus was different than when working together with industry directly. Scientists focused on methods for avoiding release into the environment from a technical vantage point, whereas industry emphasized regulatory requirements needed to avoid ambiguity within the sector.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
+{"token": "Vegetation patterns and biodiversity of peatland plant communities surrounding mid-boreal wetland ponds in Alberta, Canada. Peatland plant communities surrounding small (< 200 ha) boreal ponds were characterized by indicator species, water and peat chemistry, and diversity. Peatland-pond complexes are common in boreal Alberta and are found in three different landforms (clay-till plain, outwash plain, and moraine). Pond area and perimeter were larger in the clay-till plain than in other landforms, although not significantly different. Across the three landforms, cluster analysis detected five peatland communities: marshes, wet open fens, dry open fens, treed fens, and bogs. The zonation pattern of communities surrounding the ponds varied at all sites, and there was no typical pattern, except that marshes were always found closest to water. Based on the bryophyte species, most communities are considered moderate-rich fens. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling indicated communities fell along a wet-to-dry gradient and a bare-to-vegetated gradient. Water depth and temperature, peat depth, and peat C/N ratios differed between open and treed peatland communities, and pH was similar in all communities. Alpha and gamma diversity was highest in the treed fen and lowest in the marsh community in both total species and bryophyte species. The total number of plant species, some of which are considered rare, found in all communities was 139.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Experimental and numerical study of turbulent flow around a Fanwings profile. The main objective of this paper is an experimental and numerical study of airflow on a propulsive wing also called ventilated wing or FANWING, which is a drone operating at low speed. To optimize the aerodynamic shape of the Fanwing, two different configurations of NACA4415 rectangular wing profile were realized. The first one is a wing where the Cross-Flow Fan is fitted directly to the leading edge with a classic niche. For the second one, we truncated the extension of the niche to create a profile without nose. Two flow velocities with constant fan rotation were used and observed in the range of -16 degrees < alpha < +30 degrees. A lift coefficient generated by the profiles increases and the drag coefficient decreases, while the distribution of the pressure coefficient on the upper surface increases abruptly because of the flow recirculation. The experiment was performed in a subsonic wind tunnel TE44 and numerical simulations in software Fluent 6.3.2.6. Both approaches are in good agreement. The visualization showed that the recirculation phenomenon occurs right after the discharge of the cross-flow fan. It reveals that the jet coming out of the fan causes a strong wake behind the profile and suppresses the boundary layer separation.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Bottom-up peacekeeping in southern Kyrgyzstan: how local actors managed to prevent the spread of violence from Osh/Jalal-Abad to Aravan, June 2010. In the aftermath of the June 2010 violence in southern Kyrgyzstan, much scholarly attention has focused on its causes. However, observers have taken little notice of the fact that while such urban areas as Osh, Jalal-Abad, and Bazar-Korgon were caught up in violence, some towns in southern Kyrgyzstan that were close to the conflict sites and had considerable conflict potential had managed to avoid the violence. Thus, while the question, \\\\'What were the causes of the June 2010 violence?\\\\' is important, we have few answers to the question, \\\\'Why did the conflict break out in some places but not others with similar conflict potential?\\\\' Located in the theoretical literature on \\\\'the local turn\\\\' within peacekeeping studies, this article is based on extensive empirical fieldwork to explore the local and micro-level dimensions of peacekeeping. It seeks to understand why and how local leaders and residents in some places in southern Kyrgyzstan managed to prevent the deadly clashes associated with Osh, Jalal-Abad, and Bazar-Korgon. The main focus of the project is on Aravan, a town with a mixed ethnic population where residents managed to avert interethnic clashes during the June 2010 unrest. The answers to the question of why violence did not occur can yield important lessons for conflict management not only for southern Kyrgyzstan, but also for the entire Central Asian region.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 30, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "Deuterium MRSI characterizations of glucose metabolism in orthotopic pancreatic cancer mouse models. Detecting and mapping metabolism in tissues represents a major step in detecting, characterizing, treating and understanding cancers. Recently introduced deuterium metabolic imaging techniques could offer a noninvasive route for the metabolic imaging of animals and humans, based on using H-2 magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) to detect the uptake of deuterated glucose and the fate of its metabolic products. In this study, H-2(6,6 ')-glucose was administered to mice cohorts that had been orthotopically implanted with two different models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), involving PAN-02 and KPC cell lines. As the tumors grew, H-2(6,6 ')-glucose was administered as bolii into the animals' tail veins, and H-2 MRSI images were recorded at 15.2 T. 2D phase-encoded chemical shift imaging experiments could detect a signal from this deuterated glucose immediately after the bolus injection for both the PDAC models, reaching a maximum in the animals' tumors similar to 20 min following administration, and nearly total decay after similar to 40 min. The main metabolic reporter of the cancers was the H-2(3,3 ')-lactate signal, which MRSI could detect and localize on the tumors when these were 5 mm or more in diameter. Lactate production time traces varied slightly with the animal and tumor model, but in general lactate peaked at times of 60 min or longer following injection, reaching concentrations that were similar to 10-fold lower than those of the initial glucose injection. This H-2(3,3 ')-lactate signal was only visible inside the tumors. H-2-water could also be detected as deuterated glucose's metabolic product, increasing throughout the entire time course of the experiment from its approximate to 10 mM natural abundance background. This water resonance could be imaged throughout the entire abdomen of the animals, including an enhanced presence in the tumor, but also in other organs like the kidney and bladder. These results suggest that deuterium MRSI may serve as a robust, minimally invasive tool for the monitoring of metabolic activity in pancreatic tumors, capable of undergoing clinical translation and supporting decisions concerning treatment strategies. Comparisons with in vivo metabolic MRI experiments that have been carried out in other animal models are presented and their differences/similarities are discussed.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 35, 42]}
+{"token": "A Stellar Ranging Scheme Based on the Second-order Correlation Measurement. Stellar ranging is the basis for stellar dynamics research and in-depth research on astrophysics. The parallax method is the most widely used and important basic method for stellar ranging. However, it needs to perform high-precision measurement of the parallax angle and the baseline length together. We aim to propose a new stellar ranging scheme based on second-order correlation that does not require a parallax angle measurement. We hope our solution can be as basic as the parallax method. We propose a new stellar ranging scheme by using the offset of second-order correlation curve signals. The optical path difference between the stars and different base stations is determined by the offset of the second-order correlation curve signals. Then the distance of the stars could be determined by the geometric relation. With the distance to stars out to 10 kpc away, our astrometric precision can be better compared to Gaia by simulation. We also design an experiment and successfully demonstrate the feasibility of this scheme. This stellar ranging scheme enables further and more accurate stellar ranging without requiring any prior information or angle measurement.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Tactile-emotion synesthesia. We discuss experiments on two individuals in whom specific textures (e.g., denim, wax, sandpaper, silk, etc.) evoked equally distinct emotions (e.g., depression, embarrassment, relief, and contentment, respectively). The test/retest consistency after 8 months was 100%. A video camera recorded subjects' facial expressions and skin conductance responses (SCR) were monitored as they palpated different textures. Evaluators' ratings significantly correlated with the valence of synesthetes' subjective reports, and SCR was significantly enhanced for negative synesthetic emotions. We suggest this effect arises from increased cross-activation between somatosensory cortex and insula for 'basic' emotions and fronto-limbic hyperactivation for more subtle emotions. It may represent an enhancement of pre-existing evolutionarily primitive interactions between touch and emotions.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 23, 55]}
+{"token": "Sequential progression of substance use among homeless youth: An empirical investigation of the gateway theory. We examined the sequence of substance-use initiation in 375 street youth (age 13-21) who were interviewed from 1994-99 in Seattle, Washington. Based on the \\\\'gateway theory,\\\\' participants were categorized into six profiles to describe the order in which they initiated use of various substances (i.e., alcohol, marijuana, other drugs), or classified as nonprogressors if they had not tried all three classes of drugs. Youth progressing in the hypothesized gateway order (i.e., alcohol preceding marijuana, followed by other drugs) initiated their use at an earlier age than youth who had not progressed through all three substance classes. However, there was no relationship between a substance initiation profile and current substance-use. Implications include the recognition that street youth may follow different patterns of use than normative groups, and that interventions geared toward youth who use substances heavily must include contextual factors, in addition to substance-use history.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 23, 55]}
+{"token": "Multi-step analysis of public finances sustainability. We use an original multi-step analysis to assess the sustainability of public finances. Firstly, we investigate the mean-reverting behaviour of government expenditures and revenues. Secondly, we apply bootstrap panel cointegration techniques to check for a long-run relationship between expenditures and revenues. Thirdly, we check the coefficient of expenditure in the cointegration relation. Fourthly, we estimate panel error correction models to identify short-run and long-run fiscal developments. While the results imply that public finances were not unsustainable for the EU panel, they highlight that fiscal sustainability is an issue for most countries, as evidenced by a below unit estimated coefficient of expenditure in the cointegration relation. (C) 2014 Elsevier BM. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Strategic entry deterrence in the audit industry: Evidence from the merger of professional accounting bodies. Studies show that incumbents reduce prices in response to higher entry threats in consumer industries. We provide new insights on the importance of an incumbent firm's reputation to the limit-pricing decision by examining a professional service industry where the supplier's reputation serves as an existing barrier. The recent staggered passage of mergers of three Canadian accounting certification bodies exogenously increases the probability of future entry to incumbent audit firms. Employing difference-in-differences analyses and a strict fixed-effects structure (client-firm, audit-firm, province and year-month fixed effects), we find that incumbent audit firms reduce audit fees in response to a higher entry threat induced by the merger. The microstructure of the audit industry provides further insights-non-Big-4 audit firms reduce fees after the merger, while Big-4 audit firms can withstand higher entry threats and do not adjust fees.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Identification and Virulence Characterization of Two Akanthomyces attenuatus Isolates Against Megalurothrips usitatus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall) is one of the most harmful pests of leguminous plants. In order to expand our knowledge on the infection of M. usitatus by entomopathogenic fungi, two newly identified isolates of Akanthomyces attenuatus (Zare & Gams) were tested for their pathogenicity against M. usitatus. Both isolates of A. attenuatus (SCAUDCL-38 and SCAUDCL-56) were isolated from soil and were identified by morphological and molecular analyses. The adult females of M. usitatus were treated with five different concentrations (1 x 10(4), 1 x 10(5), 1 x 10(6), 1 x 10(7), and 1 x 10(8) conidia/mL) of the isolates. Our results revealed 76.25% and 57.5% mortality of M. usitatus after five days of treatment with 1 x 10(8) conidia/mL of SCAUDCL-38 and SCAUDCL-56, respectively. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) of SCAUDCL-38 and SCAUDCL-56 calculated through linear regression analysis after five days of fungal treatment of M. usitatus were 1.9 x 10(6) and 1.5 x 10(7) conidia/mL, respectively, whereas the median lethal time (LT50) observed for 1 x 10(8) conidia/mL of SCAUDCL-38 and SCAUDCL-56 were 3.52 days and 4.9 days, respectively. A. attenuatus isolates SCAUDCL-38 and SCAUDCL-56 are highly pathogenic strains of M. usitatus. These findings offer valuable information on the development and commercialization of alternative control measures against M. usitatus.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "ExerStart: helping seniors be active and independent for less. Originality/value The authors contribute to the literature in two important ways. First, this paper details a cost-effective intervention that improves the physical fitness of a significant and growing portion of the community and suggests additional considerations for future ROI calculations. Second, this paper contributes methodologically by introducing the senior fitness test (a new criterion-referenced clinically relevant physical fitness standard specifically developed for seniors).Purpose The purpose of this research is to examine a downstream social marketing program that slows the typical decline in functional fitness and independence of adults over 55 with particular attention to the ROI and the efficiency of the program. Design/methodology/approach Within subjects quasi-experimental design. Findings The ExerStart program is cost-efficient and effective delivering an ROI of 33 per cent. The participants of the ExerStart social marketing program significantly improved functional fitness. Further, this program demonstrates that this result may be achieved with just four exercises rather than six.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "ADVANCEMENT IN THE SYNTHESIS AND PRODUCTION OF POLYALPHAOLEFIN SYNTHETIC OILS II. Synthesis of Polyalphaolefin Synthetic Oils by Catalytic Oligomerization of Alpha-Olefins in the Presence of Ionic Liquid Catalysts. Synthesis, properties and production of polyalphaolefin synthetic oils using oligomerization of alpha olefins in the presence of various ionic-liquid catalysts have been reviewed according to the latest literary data. A particular attention has been paid to high performance characteristics of the mentioned oils", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Genetic programming in the simulation of Frp-to-concrete patch-anchored joints. Although fiber reinforced polymer composites (FRPs) have proven to be one of the most efficient materials for strengthening existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures against various loading actions, premature debonding remains the major factor limiting their full utilization. Experiments have demonstrated that anchorage systems such as bidirectional fiber patch anchors are an effective method to improve the bond performance of FRP when bonded to concrete substrates and they can be applied to existing strengthening systems to achieve a given level of strengthening using less material. The present research aims to use available experimental data on patch-anchored joints to develop a new anchorage strength model using genetic programming. The model incorporates a number of input parameters which have been found to influence the strength of the anchor: concrete strength, laminate thickness, laminate width, patch anchor size and strength of adhesive. The genetically programmed model is compared with predictions from a semi-empirically derived model and provides less error and better correlations with the available data. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Surface valence transformation during thermal activation and hydrogenation thermodynamics of Mg-Ni-Y melt-spun ribbons. In this work, phase compositions and chemical valence states on the surface and subsurface of Mg67Ni33-xYx (x=0, 1, 3, 6) ribbons during thermal activation have been investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicate that the surface contaminants of melt-spun ribbons are mainly MgO, NiO, Y2O3 and organics. The oxides/hydroxides of Mg67Ni33-xYx (x=0, 1, 3, 6) melt spun ribbons are removed from the surface during thermal activation. Surface chemical valence firstly transforms from oxidized state to the metallic one during thermal activation, which accounts for hydrogenation of Mg67Ni33-xYx. melt-spun ribbons. Hydrogen absorption capacities of Mg67Ni33-xYx. (x=0, 1, 3, 6) melt-spun ribbons are enhanced with the increase of cycle numbers during thermal activation. Hydrogenation thermodynamics of activated Mg67Ni33-xYx. (x=0, 1, 3, 6) melt-spun ribbons have been also compared and correlated with the surface valence transformation. The obtained enthalpy of hydride formation is -55.5, -50.5, -46.9 and -48.6 kJ/mol for Mg67Ni33-xYx melt-spun ribbons with x=0, 1, 3 and 6, respectively. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Methionine and sulphate as competing and complementary sources of sulphur for yeast during fermentation. Study of the uptake of sulphate and methionine by an ale yeast from a range of media showed that utilisation of sulphate was fairly strictly controlled but assimilation of methionine was not. Cells never took up more than about 0.3 mMol sulphate per litre whilst methionine, up to an initial concentration of 10 mMol per litre, was completely absorbed. Sulphate-grown cells had low intracellular pools of amino acids and methinonine was never detected. Methionine-grown cells contained methionine in both cytosol and vacuole and the concentration of several other amino acids also increased in such a way to suggest that methionine catabolism was occurring. With mixed sulphur sources methionine prevented uptake of sulphate when the concentration of sulphate was high but not when it was low suggesting the presence of two sulphate transporters with different control properties. Sulphate did not influence uptake of methionine. Addition of other amino acids to the medium did reduce the rate and extent of methionine uptake but not the intracellular pool sizes. Pilot plant studies suggested that SO2 production in a brewery is more likely to be a reflection of the overall nutritive status of the wort rather than be connected to the initial methionine concentration.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "EURAMET.T-K7 Key Comparison of Water Triple-Point Cells. The results of a EURAMET key comparison of water triple-point cells (EURAMET.T-K7) are reported. The equipment used, the measuring conditions applied, and the procedures adopted for the water triple-point measurement at the participating laboratories are synthetically presented. The definitions of the national reference for the water triple-point temperature adopted by each laboratory are disclosed. The multiplicity of degrees of equivalence arising for the linking laboratories with respect to the \\\\'mother\\\\' comparison CCT-K7 is discussed in detail.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Tribological properties of plasma nitrided and hard coated AISI 4140 steel. In the present study, samples made of AISI 4140 steel pre-treated with plasma nitriding and coated with different PVD coatings (TiN, TiAlN and ta-C) were investigated in terms of their microhardness, surface roughness, scratch adhesion and dry sliding wear resistance. Wear tests, in which duplex-treated pins were mated to hardened ball bearing steel discs, were performed with a pin-on-disc machine. To examine the influence of the nitrided zone on the performance of the coating-substrate composite, coatings were deposited on hardened as well as on plasma nitrided samples, prepared under different nitriding conditions.The results of the investigation showed improved mechanical and wear properties of the plasma nitrided hard-coated specimens compared to the uncoated and pre-hardened ones. Furthermore, the compound layer was found to act as an intermediate hard layer leading to superior sliding wear properties of the composite. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Complete Prevention of Contact Electrification by Molecular Engineering. Electrostatic charges are easily generated on surfaces during contact electrification. Although these invisible charges have emerged as a new dimension in mediating the functions of surfaces, such as energy conversion, liquid transport, reactivity, and adsorbability, the accumulation of charges on surfaces can also pose many undesirable consequences. Despite notable progress, existing approaches in engineering antistatic surfaces suffer from limitations such as the need to modify bulk materials or for delicate control of patterning on surfaces that rely on the neutralization of generated charges. Herein, we report a general toolbox for designing antistatic coatings by leveraging on chemically heterogeneous components with electron-donating and electron-accepting functions, i.e., N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl trimethoxysilane, to molecularly engineer the surface potential to achieve an electrostatic homogeneity and completely prevent charge generation. Our approach is general, which allows the facile fabrication of antistatic coatings on various materials, even flexible and curved, with good re-writability and transparency.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Genetics and mechanisms of permethrin resistance in the YPER strain of house fly. A strain of house fly was collected from the Third Yumenoshima Island in Japan and selected with the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin. Resistance to permethrin evolved to >18,400-fold in the selected (YPER) strain, and the mechanisms and genetics of resistance in this strain were examined. Permethrin resistance was decreased by pretreatment with piperonyl butoxide or 2-propynyl 2,3,6-trichlorophenyl ether, but not S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate or diethylmaleate. The level of total cytochromes P450 was 2.7-fold increased, and the level of cytochrome b(5) was 1.5-fold increased, in YPER compared to the susceptible CS strain. These results suggest P450 monooxygenases, but not hydrolases or glutathione S-transferase, are a mechanism of resistance in the YPER strain. Analysis of the para-homologous sodium channel alpha-subunit gene in YPER indicates this strain has the super-kdr allele. Permethrin resistance in the YPER strain was inherited as a multigenic and incompletely recessive trait. A factorial analysis of resistance in the YPER strain indicated the relative contribution to resistance by the different autosomes was 2 > 3 > 5 greater than or equal to 1. Comparison of YPER with three other strains of house fly having high levels of permethrin resistance (LPR, NG98, and ALHF) indicates the genetic basis of this trait is variable between populations. This indicates there may be a greater difficulty for the development of diagnostic tools that could be used reliably over large areas to monitor pyrethroid resistance in house flies than was previously thought. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 44, 42]}
+{"token": "Synthesis of Acyl Derivatives of Prolyl-leucinamides. Synthetic routes to prolyl-leucinamide, N-benzyl(prolyl)leucinamide, and N-(prolyl-leucyl)morpholine were proposed. Treatment of these compounds with benzoyl chloride or acetyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine afforded the corresponding (N-acylprolyl)leucinamides. Acyl derivatives of N-benzyl(prolyl)-leucinamide, and N-(prolyl-leucyl)morpholine were also synthesized by condensation of (N-benzoylprolyl)-leucine or (N-acetylprolyl)leucine with benzylamine or morpholine in the presence of N, N '-dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Austria-Hungary, Unrestricted Submarine Warfare, and the United States' Entrance into the First World War. This study shows that Austro-Hungarian policy toward the United States of America was in winter 1917 not primarily dictated by its German ally but by the sober evaluation of its own interests. The separate peace, which was offered by the Wilson administration, was not a realistic foreign-policy option for the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Therefore, this article shows why Austria-Hungary did not accept US peace feelers. On the other hand, it also demonstrates that in the winter of 1917 Washington did not treat Germany and Austria-Hungary as equals, with the latter being in a better position. But the monarchy's acceptance of the German course in the submarine war strengthened the perception of the monarchy as an appendage of the stronger Germany in the United States, and finally caused great damage to its reputation across the Atlantic.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Self-Organized One-Dimensional TiO2 Nanotube/Nanowire Array Films for Use in Excitonic Solar Cells: A Review. We review the use of self-assembled, vertically oriented one-dimensional (1D) titania nanowire and nanotube geometries in several third-generation excitonic solar cell designs including those based upon bulk heterojunction, ordered heterojunction, Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET), and liquid-junction dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "The Intergenerational Transmission of Anxiety: A Children-of-Twins Study. Conclusions: The association between parental and offspring anxiety largely arises because of a direct association between parents and their children independent of genetic confounds. The lack of genetic transmission may reflect there being different genetic effects on these traits in adolescence and adulthood. Direct environmental transmission is in line with developmental theories of anxiety suggesting that children and adolescents learn anxious behaviors from their parents through a number of pathways such as modeling. Future analyses should combine children-of-twins data with child twin data in order to examine whether this direct effect solely represents parental influences on the offspring or whether it also includes child/adolescent anxiety evoking parental anxiety.Results: For both anxiety and neuroticism, the models provide support for significant direct environmental transmission from parents to their adolescent offspring. In contrast, there was no evidence of significant genetic transmission.Objective: The transmission of anxiety within families is well recognized, but the underlying processes are poorly understood. Twin studies of adolescent anxiety demonstrate both genetic and environmental influence, and multiple aspects of parenting are associated with offspring anxiety. To date, the children-of-twins design has not been used to evaluate the relative contributions of genetic transmission compared with direct transmission of anxiety from parents to their offspring.Method: Anxiety and neuroticism measures were completed by 385 monozygotic and 486 dizygotic same-sex twin families (37% male twin pair families) from the Twin and Offspring Study in Sweden. Structural equation models tested for the presence of both genetic and environmental transmission from one generation to the next.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Railway vehicle/track interaction analysis using a modal substructuring approach. A method for simulation of the dynamic interaction between vehicle and railway track is proposed. The model has been designed to take into account the complexity of wheel-rail contact, railpad and ballast, with low computational requirements. A modal description of the rails and the sleepers is presented, imposing the coupling between these elements and the vehicle by means of the associated interaction forces. This provides a model with a reduced number of coordinates and therefore a low computational cost is achieved. It is shown that this model also enables to incorporate the associated nonlinear characteristics between the different elements by means of a simple formulation. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Effects of polyvinyl chloride microplastics on reproduction, oxidative stress and reproduction and detoxification-related genes in Daphnia magna. The drastic increase of microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environment has become a serious threat to marine and freshwater ecosystems. However, little information is available regarding the potential detrimental effects of polyvinyl chloride microplastics (PVC-MPs) on aquatic organisms. This study investigated the changes of reproduction parameters, oxidative stress and the expression of reproduction and detoxification-related genes in Daphnia magna after exposed to 2 & PLUSMN; 1 and 50 & PLUSMN; 10 mu m PVC-MPs. The results showed that chronic exposure to 2 & PLUSMN; 1 mu m PVC-MPs prolonged days to the first brood, increased total number of broods per female and frequency of molting per adult, decreased offspring number at first brood and total number of offspring per female in D. magna. Moreover, 2 & PLUSMN; 1 mu m PVC-MPs also disturbed the activities of SOD and CAT, increased GSH and MDA levels. The expression of Vtg, SOD, CAT, CYP314 and CYP360A8 genes also exhibited different response patterns depending on exposure time. Furthermore, 50 & PLUSMN; 10 mu m PVC-MPs decreased offspring at first brood and Vtg mRNA level, increased the transcription levels and activities of SOD and CAT. These results suggest that the presence of PVC-MPs in aquatic environment may cause reproduction toxicity by disrupting the reproduction and detoxification-related genes expression and inducing oxidative stress in D. magna.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 42, 47]}
+{"token": "Hybrid-kinetic Simulations of Ion Heating in Alfvenic Turbulence. We present three-dimensional, hybrid-kinetic numerical simulations of driven Alfven-wave turbulence of relevance to the collisionless near-Earth solar wind. Special attention is paid to the spectral transition that occurs near the ion-Larmor scale and to the origins of preferential perpendicular ion heating and of nonthermal wings in the parallel distribution function. Several novel diagnostics are used to show that the ion heating rate increases as the kineticAlfven-wave fluctuations, which comprise the majority of the sub-ion-Larmor turbulent cascade, attain near-ioncyclotron frequencies. We find that approximate to 75%-80% of the cascade energy goes into heating the ions, broadly consistent with the near-Earth solar wind. This heating is accompanied by clear velocity-space signatures in the particle energization rates and the distribution functions, including a flattened core in the perpendicular-velocity distribution and non-Maxwellian wings in the parallel-velocity distribution. The latter are attributed to transit-time damping and the pitch-angle scattering of perpendicularly heated particles into the parallel direction. Accompanying these features is a steepening of the spectral index of sub-ion-Larmor magnetic-field fluctuations beyond the canonical -2.8, as field energy is transferred to thermal energy. These predictions may be tested by measurements in the near-Earth solar wind.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "The role of volunteers in pilgrimage studies Autobiographic reflections on belief and the performance of multiple roles. Given the predominantly secular approach towards religion by anthropologists and sociologists, we contend that a discussion of the researcher's positionality with regard to faith and belief, as well as the autoethnographic approach in pilgrimage studies, is methodologically important. Drawing on years of volunteering at two pilgrimage sites, we explore what kind of methodological impact our role as volunteers and our private lives have had on both research at and interpretations of the pilgrimage sites. For one of us working as a volunteer was a personal choice motivated by faith, while for the other it was based on the pragmatics of doing research. In both cases gaining access involved the generation of social capital through the gifting of time and free labor within a hierarchical structure of power exchange. Our role as volunteers gave us an opportunity to explore the faith-based positionality and self-interest which informs pilgrimage volunteering and involves power exchange. Our article seeks to show how we address our own religious beliefs but, at the same time, stay grounded in ethnographic observations and analysis.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Cerebral formation of free radicals during hypoxia does not cause structural damage and is associated with a reduction in mitochondrial PO2; evidence of O-2-sensing in humans?. Cellular hypoxia triggers a homeostatic increase in mitochondrial free radical signaling. In this study, blood was obtained from the radial artery and jugular venous bulb in 10 men during normoxia and 9 hours hypoxia (12.9% O-2). Mitochondrial oxygen tension ((P) over bar (mit)(O2)) was derived from cerebral blood flow and blood gases. The ascorbate radical (A(center dot-)) was detected by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and neuron-specific enolase (NSE), a biomarker of neuronal injury, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hypoxia increased the cerebral output of A(center dot-) in proportion to the reduction in (P) over bar (mit)(O2), but did not affect NSE exchange. These findings suggest that neuro-oxidative stress may constitute an adaptive response. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism (2011) 31, 1020-1026; doi: 10.1038/jcbfm.2011.2; published online 9 February 2011", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "Impact of particle morphology on aggregate-asphalt interface behavior. This paper researched interfacial adhesion behavior between asphalt with limestone and granite through surface microtopography comparison. Abrasion was conducted to limestone and granite by Los Angeles Abrader. Angularity coefficient was used to analyze the angularity and roughness changes of limestone and granite before and after abrasion. Digital imaging technique was used to study the macroscopic changes on the particle surface of limestone and granite before and after abrasion. Scanning electron microscope was used to characterize the changes of surface microtopography of limestone and granite before and after abrasion and the interfacial morphology with asphalt binder. The result showed that the texture complexity degree on the particle surface of limestone and granite decreased after abrasion, the relative flat site of surface increased, and the surface texture change of limestone was more significant. The test result of scanning electron microscope showed that asphalt could permeate into the surface texture of particles of limestone longitudinally after limestone was mixed with asphalt to form embedded structure, but there was a single surface adhesion in the interface between granite and asphalt that an embedded structure was not formed. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "GROWTH FOLLOWING SINGLE FRACTION AND FRACTIONATED TOTAL-BODY IRRADIATION FOR BONE-MARROW TRANSPLANTATION. Total body irradiation (TBI) is used as a preparative regimen prior to bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Since there are more long-term survivors, follow up studies are important. We have performed a retrospective analysis of growth for 49 children, who had undergone treatment with cyclophosphamide and TBI before BMT. Of these patients 26 received single fraction (SF) TBI as a dose of 900-1000 cGy, whereas 23 received fractionated (FF) TBI as a total dose of either 1200 cGy divided in six fractions or 1440 cGy divided in eight fractions over 3 days. Half of the patients in the SF-TBI group, and 9 in the FF-TBI group had received low-dose cranial irradiation prior to TBI. In all groups a decrease in height SDS was observed. By evaluating the major factors leading to growth impairment the influence of cranial irradiation, which was demonstrable in the 1st year after TBI, could not be shown after 3 years. At this time growth was significantly more impaired in the SF group with a mean height SDS of -0.9 (+/- SD 0.9) compared to a mean height SDS -0.22 (1.02) in the FF group (P < 0.05). Measurement of segmental proportions showed a significant difference in SDS for sitting height in comparison to SDS for subischial leg length, irrespective of the TBI regimen. This was already evident 1 year after TBI and decreased during the following years. Twenty four of the patients (17 in the single fraction and 7 in the fractionated TBI group) were treated with growth hormone, but demonstrated an inappropriate response with absent catch-up growth in their legs. In conclusion, growth is seriously affected in children after BMT, especially if SF-TBI is administered. Decreased growth rates were also observed after FF-TBI, but to a lesser degree, despite the higher total dose of irradiation.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Bacillus ligniniphilus sp nov., an alkaliphilic and halotolerant bacterium isolated from sediments of the South China Sea. An alkaliphilic and halotolerant Gram-stain-positive bacterium, which was isolated from sediment samples from the South China Sea, was subjected to a taxonomic study. The isolate, strain L1(T), grew well at a wide range of temperatures and pH values, 10.0-45.0 degrees C and pH 6-11, with optima at 30 degrees C and pH 9.0, respectively. The growth of strain LIT occurred at total salt concentrations of 0-10% (w/v) with an optimum at 2% (w/v). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA sequence comparison indicated that the isolate represented a member of the genus Bacillus. The strains most closely related to strain L1(T) were Bacillus nanhaiisediminis JCM 16507(T), Bacillus halodurans DSM 497(T) and Bacillus pseudofirmus DSM 8715(T), with 16S rRNA similarities of 96.5 %, 95.9% and 95.7%, respectively. DNA DNA hybridization of strain L1(T) with the type strains of the most closely related species, B. nanhaiisediminis JCM 16507(T), B. halodurans DSM 497(T) and B. pseudofirmus DSM 8715(T), showed reassociation values of about 21.7%, 14.3% and 13.9 %, respectively. The DNA G+C content of strain L1(T) was 40.76 mol%. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone 7 (MK-7). The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. The predominant cellular fatty acids of strain L1(T) were iso-C-14:0, and anteiso-C-15:0. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. Based on the phenotypic and phylogenetic characteristics, it is proposed that strain L1(T) (=JCM 18543(T)=DSM 26145(T)) should be classified as the type strain of Bacillus ligniniphilus sp. nov.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Subtle Regulation of Potato Acid Invertase Activity by a Protein Complex of Invertase, Invertase Inhibitor, and SUCROSE NONFERMENTING1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE. Slowing down cold-induced sweetening (CIS) of potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers is of economic importance for the potato industry to ensure high-quality products. The conversion of sucrose to reducing sugars by the acid invertase StvacINV1 is thought to be critical for CIS. Identification of the specific StvacINV1 inhibitor StInvInh2B and the alpha- and beta-subunits of the interacting protein SUCROSE NONFERMENTING1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE from the wild potato species Solanum berthaultii (SbSnRK1) has led to speculation that invertase activity may be regulated via a posttranslational mechanism that remains to be elucidated. Using bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, this study confirmed the protein complex by pairwise interactions. In vitro kinase assays and protein phosphorylation analysis revealed that phosphorylation of SbSnRK1 alpha is causal for StvacINV1 activity and that its active form blocks the inhibition of StInvInh2B by SbSnRK1 beta, whereas its inactive form restores the function of SbSnRK1 beta that prevents StInvInh2B from repressing StvacINV1. Overexpression of SbSnRK1 alpha in CIS-sensitive potato confirmed that SbSnRK1 alpha has significant effects on acid invertase-associated sucrose degradation. A higher level of SbSnRK1 alpha expression was accompanied by elevated SbSnRK1 alpha phosphorylation, reduced acid invertase activity, a higher sucrose-hexose ratio, and improved chip color. Our results lend new insights into a subtle regulatory mode of invertase activity and provide a novel approach for potato CIS improvement.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Congestion pricing with continuously distributed values of time. We develop a model for steady-state congestion pricing in which the Value of time has a continuous distribution. Extensions of the usual formula for the toll that maximises the social benefit are found. Different optimal tolls art: found depending on whether the social welfare function is measured in money or time units, and whether toll revenue is or is dot included as part of the benefit. Distribution effects among the population are examined. Ranges of Pareto efficient tolls under different assumptions concerning the distribution of toll revenue are identified.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
+{"token": "Transfixation Pinning and Casting of a Comminuted Metacarpal Fracture in a 870 kg Bull. Study DesignClinical report.ObjectiveTo report metacarpal fracture repair in a bull.AnimalsSimmental bull (n=1; 870kg).MethodsA comminuted right metacarpal fracture was repaired using 2 transfixation pins (6mm diameter) through the distal metaphysis and diaphysis of the radius and a full limb synthetic resin cast.ResultsSlight bending of both pins occurred 1 day after surgery. Both pins were loose and removed at 31 days and a full-limb cast reapplied. The cast was changed at approximately -4 week intervals. On day 50, the right carpus had moderate overextension and a valgus deformity. An exercise program was started on day 62, and on day 110, the cast was replaced with a Robert-Jones-bandage. At 130 days there was circumferential callus formation and the bull was discharged. At 6.5 months, overextension of the right carpus had resolved and carpal valgus had improved. The bull returned to at 7.5 months after surgery, and was successfully used for 4 years.ConclusionFor highly valuable cattle like this breeding bull, a surgical treatment of such a fracture should be attempted despite a primarily poor prognosis.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Scientific Publications and their Impact on Innovation Management. The dissemination and publication of results derived from research carried out by the academic community have been and will continue to be recognized, valued and disseminated through scientific journals. Scientific journals have undergone a powerful revolution in the last decade, driven by the achievement of greater international visibility and impact. With the appearance of the Internet, magazines have found a new context. This work makes a journey through the moments that journals have elapsed since their appearance, with the objective of firstly describing and analyzing the new ways of disseminating scientific journals in the face of the opportunities and changes that derive from the new context of the Open Access (OA); It is, in fact, in relation to the format of the journal itself and of the article itself that some of the main proposals and innovations appear.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Hydrothermal preparation and characterization of octadecahedron Fe3O4 film. A 'green' hydrothermal process was used to prepare Fe3O4 film on steel foil using FeSO4 center dot 7H(2)O as the iron source and H2O2 as the oxidant. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were employed to characterize the film. The results showed that the film was composed of fine particles with regularly octadecahedron morphology. The average diameter of the particles ranged from 300 nm to 1 mu m. Furthermore, the probable mechanism for the formation of Fe3O4 film with octadecahedron morphology was suggested. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Mobility where mobility is illegal: Internal migration and city growth in the Soviet Union. This paper examines an important anomaly in the internal migration history of the former Soviet Union (FSU). While many cities were closed in the sense of explicitly limiting growth of city population from migration, it was difficult to assess the effectiveness of these controls. We analyze a sample of 308 Soviet cities to isolate the impact of closure regulations controlling for city site. We find that while there are pervasive patterns of city growth, the rate increasing through the 1960s and declining thereafter, there are also pervasive differences between controlled and uncontrolled cities, the later growing significantly faster in almost all cases, controlling for city site. JEL classification: J6, P20, R23.", "label": [5, 49, 57]}
+{"token": "Few-Shot Segmentation of Remote Sensing Images Using Deep Metric Learning. Current convolutional neural network (CNN)-based methods for remote sensing image segmentation require a large number of densely annotated images for model training and have limited generalization abilities for unseen object categories. In this letter, we propose a novel few-shot learning-based method for the semantic segmentation of remote sensing images. Our method can perform semantic labeling for unseen object categories with only a few annotated samples. More specifically, our model starts by using a deep CNN to extract high-level semantic features. The prototype representation of each class is then generated by using a masked average pooling on the feature embeddings of the support images with ground truth masks. Finally, our model performs semantic labeling over the query images by matching the feature embedding of each pixel to its nearest prototypes in the embedding space. Our model is optimized with a nonparametric metric learning-based loss function to maximize the intra-class similarity of learned prototypes while minimizing the inter-class similarity. Experiments on International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS) 2-D semantic labeling dataset demonstrate satisfying in-domain and cross-domain transferring abilities of our model.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "Water footprints of irrigated crop production and meteorological driving factors at multiple temporal scales. The water footprint (WF) of crop production indicates the water consumption for crop growth in a specific area over a certain time, enabling comprehensive water use efficiency assessments to be achieved for different types of water in an irrigation district. Daily and monthly blue (irrigation water) and green (rainfall) water resources are unevenly distributed in monsoon climate areas. However, the intra-annual evolution of the WF of crop production for a monsoon irrigation district is lacking. In the current study, maize and wheat production in the Baojixia Irrigation District (BID) of Shaanxi in China selected as the case study for the period 2008-2017, where the WF of crop production was analyzed based on a regional distributed hydrological model and the associated meteorological driving factors on daily, monthly, and yearly scales were identified. Results reveal that the method of WF of crop production established in the study can be applied to hydrological simulation of irrigated areas without drainage system. The blue WFs of maize and wheat production accounted for 34% and 36% of the irrigation water supplies, respectively. On a yearly scale, precipitation had the greatest impact on the green and blue WFs of maize, while sunshine hours and temperature had the greatest impact on those of wheat, respectively. On daily and monthly scales, different meteorological factors played key roles in the WF of crop production in different typical years. The time scale effect existed in the impact of meteorological driving factors on the WF of crop production, reaching its maximum on a monthly scale. Both water shortages and water waste coexist in BID. The irrigated area should rationally allocate blue water and effectively utilize green water resource to improve crop yield. Meanwhile, the time scale effect in the WF assessment of crop production and driving factors cannot be neglected. The irrigation strategy should be adjusted to cope with the impact of meteorological conditions according to the results and actual situation.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 39]}
+{"token": "Rethinking scale in public administration: Scalecraft and frontline work in England's localism agenda. This article reviews how scale concepts feature in governance studies and demonstrates that scales are overwhelmingly used descriptively. Questioning the meaning of scales has been considered peripheral to pursuing the aims of public administration studies, and the article calls for this to change by conceptualizing scale as a political concept. Focusing on the localism agenda reflected in England's academy schools policy', the article empirically demonstrates the political nature of scale by identifying how the local' functions as a powerful political discourse. Analysis shows scales being used strategically by frontline workers, exposing scale as a malleable concept for resisting or supporting political agendasa practice which is called scalecraft'. Revealing contrasting meanings of the local enables analysis to suggest how and why localism has been met with contrasting degrees of controversy. The article suggests how this new approach to scale can be integrated in future studies of governance and frontline work.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "On the micromechanism of inclusion driven ductile fracture and its implications on fracture toughness. The objective is to identify the micromechanisms of ductile crack advance, and isolate the key microstructural and material parameters that affect these micromechanisms and fracture toughness of ductile structural materials. Three dimensional, finite element, finite deformation, small scale yielding calculations of mode I crack growth are carried out for ductile material matrix containing two populations of void nucleating particles using an elasto-viscoplastic constitutive framework for progressively cavitating solid. The larger particles or inclusions that result in void nucleation at an early stage are modeled discretely while smaller particles that require large strains to nucleate voids are homogeneously distributed. The size, spacing and volume fraction of inclusions introduce microstructure based length-scales. In the calculations, ductile crack growth is computed and fracture toughness is characterized. Several features of crack growth behavior and dependence of fracture toughness on microstructural and material parameters observed in experiments, naturally emerge in our calculations. The extent to which the microstructural and material parameters affect the micromechanisms of ductile crack advance and, hence, the macroscopic fracture toughness of the material is discussed. The results presented provide guidelines for microstructural engineering to increase ductile fracture toughness, for example, the results show that for a material with small inclusions, increasing the mean inclusion spacing has a greater effect on fracture toughness than for a material with large inclusions. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Description of three new species of Helconichia Sharkey & Wharton (Hymenoptera : Braconidae : Ichneutinae) with a revised key to all species. Three new species of Helconichia Sharkey & Wharton are described: H. sarria Sharanowski and Sharkey, sp. nov. and H. reina Sharanowski and Sharkey, sp. nov. from Colombia, and H. brenesi Sharanowski and Sharkey, sp. nov. from Costa Rica. These species double the number of described species of Helconichia, bringing the total number to six. The key of Sharkey and Wharton ( 1994) is revised to include the new species. Lateral habitus images of all six holotypes of the species of Helconichia are included, in addition to images of character states used in the identification key.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "A merry heart doeth good like a medicine'': humour, religion and wellbeing. This essay explores the relationship between humour, religion, and wellbeing. It surveys some historical and contemporary psychological approaches to humour, and examines the empirical findings on the relationship between humour and health. It notes the historical antipathy between religion and humour, and argues that this is based on an incomplete analysis of the complexities of both religion and humour, including the chronological aspects of phase in the life of a religion or religious movement, and the capacity of humour both to conserve and subvert received wisdom of the faith tradition. Finally, it argues that aspects of both humour and religion are associated with transcendence, and that this maybe a helpful a conceptual bridge linking the two.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Population trends of Imperial Cormorants (Leucocarbo atriceps) in northern coastal Argentine Patagonia over 26 years. Monitoring programmes are essential for detecting population changes, but data series are difficult to sustain over time. Additionally, wide-scale monitoring is needed to adequately interpret demographic behaviour given the metapopulation dynamics characteristics of most seabird species and to understand the underlying factors, such as anthropogenic pressures and climate change. Many cormorant species are largely dependent on coastal marine environments, which are subject to increasing pressures from human activities. Here, we update information on the distribution and size of Imperial Cormorant (Leucocarbo atriceps) colonies along 1,000 km of coastline in Argentina, and review published information to assess population trends at different spatial scales over 26 years (1990-2016). During 2016, the number of nests per colony ranged between 2 and 5,617 (median: 441 nests; n = 26). Total number of breeding pairs was estimated at 21,482. During the study period, two new locations were colonised, whilst another two were abandoned. Significant growth rates ranged from 1.022 to 1.117 (median: 1.036; n = 6) for increasing colonies and from 0.580 to 0.977 (median: 0.962; n = 8) for declining colonies, but the overall breeding population remained stable between 1990 and 2016 (lambda = 1.000, C.I. 95% = 0.991-1.008). Our study provides one of the longest time series on seabird breeding numbers along a wide coastal sector in South America. Given the high yearly variability in nest numbers at individual Imperial Cormorant colonies, as well as the observed establishment and extinction of colonies, large scale and long term monitoring is necessary for a comprehensive understanding of overall changes in the population distribution patterns.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "(Re)constructing borders through the governance of tourism and trade in Ladakh, India. This paper analyses how everyday life, the state and nationhood are regulated and organised in a conflict-affected borderland space through economic activities. It focuses on two elements that are often overlooked when scholars discuss spatial governmentality: tourism and trade. Both are commonly declared to be elements of peace, peacebuilding and cosmopolitism. However, the spatial governance of tourism and trade can also profoundly shape how national belonging and the limits of territory are perceived and experienced by borderland populations and visitors. These dynamics can be acute in conflict-affected border zones, where state sovereignty may be under existential or territorial threat. This paper exposes such dynamics in the Indian conflict borderland area of Ladakh, a part of Jammu and Kashmir State until October 2019. Building on scholarship that has analysed cultural and social dynamics of \\\\'bordering\\\\' in the region, this paper argues that it is possible to read (socio-) economic boundary-making in Ladakh through the state's influence in the organisation and experience of trade and tourism for Ladakhis and visitors. The paper highlights how their spatial organisation, in part, underwrites difference and separation, and aids in framing the contested territory as 'Indian'.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "MODESTY BIAS IN SELF-RATINGS OF PERFORMANCE - A TEST OF THE CULTURAL RELATIVITY HYPOTHESIS. Although self-ratings of performance are usually higher than ratings obtained from supervisors, Farh, Dobbins, and Cheng (1991) found that Taiwanese workers exhibited modesty bias (i.e., self-ratings that were lower than supervisory ratings). They explained their findings in terms of broad cultural differences between Taiwanese and Western workers. To test this cultural relativity hypothesis, we replicated their study using data from several organizations in mainland China. As is typically found in Western research, Chinese workers showed leniency in self-ratings (i.e., self-ratings that were higher than supervisor or peer ratings), which suggests that broad cultural factors do not explain the modesty bias reported by Farh et al.", "label": [5, 50, 55]}
+{"token": "Infectious Complications in Paediatric Haematopoetic Cell Transplantation for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Current Status. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in paediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is associated with a variety of infectious complications which result in significant morbidity and mortality. These patients are profoundly immunocompromised, and immune reconstitution after HSCT generally occurs in astrictly defined order. During the early phase after HSCT until engraftment, patients are at risk of infections due to presence of neutropenia and mucosal damage, with Gramme-positive and Gramme-negative bacteria and fungi being the predominant pathogens. After neutrophil recovery, the profound impairment of cell-mediated immunity and use of glucocorticosteroids for control of graft-vs.-host disease (GvHD) increases the risk of invasive mould infection and infection or reactivation of various viruses, such as cytomegalovirus, varicella zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus and human adenovirus. In the late phase, characterised by impaired cellular and humoral immunity, particularly in conjunction with chronic GvHD, invasive infections with encapsulated bacterial infections are observed in addition to fungal and viral infections. HSCT also causes a loss of pretransplant naturally acquired and vaccine-acquired immunity; therefore, complete reimmunization is necessary to maintain long-term health in these patients. During the last two decades, major advances have been made in our understanding of and in the control of infectious complications associated with HSCT. In this article, we review current recommendations for the diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of infectious complications following HSCT for ALL in childhood.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "The pre-history of the incarnation of Jesus Christ in the Christology of T.F. Torrance. T.F. Torrance is widely known for his dialogue between theology and the natural sciences. His Christology, however, merits greater attention in the academic literature, particularly in regard to his important discussion of the prehistory of Jesus Christ's incarnation in the nation of Israel. The purpose of this article is to address this inadequacy. The present article provides an overview of Torrance's discussion of the mediation of revelation and reconciliation in Israel and relates it to Jesus Christ's incarnation. Content is based on a review of the primary literature published over a span of more than 40 years, as well as a review of the relatively few secondary resources that include an extensive discussion of this subject matter. Torrance's discussion of the prehistory of the incarnation in Israel provides the biblical-historical background for his Christology. For Torrance, divine self-disclosure and human response in the context of God's covenant interaction with Israel constitute a two-fold but unitary movement of mediation in Israel that is ultimately embodied and enacted in the person and life of Jesus Christ. As Torrance argues, Jesus Christ incorporates in his incarnate person, life, death and resurrection the prehistory of the mediation of revelation and reconciliation in Israel. Torrance's discussion of the prehistory of the incarnation in Israel provides a helpful hermeneutical framework for understanding the purpose, meaning and goal of God's covenant interaction with Old Testament Israel as a preparation for the advent of Jesus Christ.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Microstructure modification by La2O3 and its effect on wear resistance properties of as-cast ZL107 alloy. Modification of ZL107 aluminum alloy has been successfully achieved by using La2O3. The different casting parameters, including casting temperature as well as holding time and modifier content, were carried out to investigate the modification effects. The results show that the best modifier content is 1.0 wt.%, and the casting temperature has little effect. In addition, the wear behavior of modified and unmodified ZL107 has been compared. The wear resistance of as-cast ZL107 aluminum alloy can be significantly improved after modification.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Correlations between IMC thickness and three factors in Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu alloy system. The effects of Ni content, soldering temperature and time on the IMC thickness in Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu and Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu-0.2Co alloys were researched using uniform design method and computer programs. For each alloy, the factors were divided into three levels in the experiment. Two correlative equations are given by regression. They indicate that the effects of three factors on the function are in the mutual and quadratic forms. And the analysis of variance shows the equations are sound and meaningful. Using the equations, it is easy to search, predict and control the IMC thickness. The existence of element Co accelerates the crystallization and growing up of IMC.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "A model for lopsided galactic disks. Many disk galaxies are lopsided; their brightest inner parts are displaced from the center of the outer isophotes or the outer contours of the H I disk. This asymmetry is particularly common in small, low-luminosity galaxies. We argue here that long-lived lopsidedness is a consequence of the disk lying off-center in the potential of the galaxy's extended dark halo and spinning in a sense retrograde to its orbit about the halo center. The stellar velocity field predicted by our gravitational N-body simulations is clearly asymmetric.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "The situatedness of work practices and organizational culture: implications for information systems innovation uptake. This paper addresses work practices and organizational culture as situated actions and the implications for information systems innovation uptake. It reports research being conducted in Tanzania that brings an ethnographic research approach to understanding relations between local health care practices and health information systems development, by asking how health workers' practices and everyday actions are influenced by the context of their specific situation. The research is being conducted in the context of a globally distributed open source software project to introduce and enhance health information systems in developing countries. Drawing on cultural historical activity theory, the study highlights the need for understanding each information system user's and each organization's specific and detailed work processes, and how situational and organizational factors may come together with the health information systems innovation processes in meeting the challenges discussed. In order to establish fully the potential of activity theory to innovation processes, situatedness of work practices focusing on the organization context is emphasized.", "label": [4, 5, 40, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "Novel mutations of the transglutaminase 1 gene in lamellar ichthyosis. Lamellar ichthyosis, one form of congenital autosomal recessive ichthyosis, is caused by mutations in the gene (TGM1) encoding the transglutaminase 1 enzyme. Mutations, deletions, or insertion of TGM1 have been reported so far. Here we report that three novel mutations of TGM1, D101V, N288T, and R306W, cause lamellar ichthyosis in two different families. The patient in family LI-KD has N288T and R306W mutations, and the patient in family LI-LK has D101V and R306W mutations. The activity of the transglutaminase 1 enzyme of the patient in family LI-LK was only about 15% of normal. Also, three-dimensional structural prediction analyses revealed that the N288T and R306W mutations, and possibly the D101V mutation, cause misfolding in the central catalytic core domain of the transglutaminase 1 enzyme that would probably result in reduced enzyme activity. Our data suggest that the greatly reduced transglutaminase 1 activities are due to disruptions of the native folding of transglutaminase 1, and that these mutations may play a critical role in the pathology of lamellar ichthyosis.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Behavioral plasticity and central regeneration of locomotor reflexes in the freshwater oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus, I: Transection studies. Access to the ventral nerve cord in living specimens of Lumbriculus variegatus, an aquatic oligochaete, is normally impossible because surgical invasion induces segmental autotomy (self-fragmentation). We show here that nicotine is a powerful paralytic agent that reversibly immobilizes worms, blocks segmental autotomy, and allows experimental access to the nerve cord. Using nicotine-treated worms, we transected the ventral nerve cord and used non-invasive electrophysiological recordings and behavioral analyses to characterize the Functional recovery of giant nerve fibers and other reflex pathways. Initially, after transection, medial giant fiber (MGF) and lateral giant fiber (LGF) spikes conducted up to. but not across, the transection site. Reestablishment of MGF and LGF through-conduction across the transection site occurred as early as 10 h (usually by 20 h) after transection. Analyses of non-giant-mediated behavioral responses (i.e., helical swimming and body reversal) were also made following nerve cord transection. Immediately after transection, functional reorganization of touch-evoked locomotor reflexes occurred, so that the two portions of the worm anterior and posterior to the transection site were independently capable of helical swimming and body reversal responses. Similar reorganization of responses occurred in amputated body fragments. Reversion back to the original whole-body pattern of swimming and reversal occurred as early as 8 h after transection. Thus, functional restoration of the non-giant central pathways appeared slightly faster than giant fiber pathways. The results demonstrate the remarkable plasticity of locomotor reflex behaviors immediately after nerve cord transection or segment amputation. They also demonstrate the exceptional speed and specificity of regeneration of the central pathways that mediate locomotor reflexes.", "label": [4, 45, 47]}
+{"token": "Self-organization of adiabatic shear bands in ZK60 Magnesium alloy. Self-organization of shear bands in the ZK60 magnesium alloy was investigated by means of the radial collapse of the thick-walled cylinder technique. The distribution, the width, and the spacing of the multiple shear bands were examined under different effective strains. Optical microscopic examination showed the evolution of multiple shear bands was a competitive process, and influenced each other. The perturbation source such as precipitated phase and grain boundary can affect shear-band propagation, and leading to merging and bifurcation. The shear bands propagated along clockwise or counter clockwise direction at 45 degrees or 135 degrees with the radius from the internal boundary of the ZK60 cylindrical specimens, and exhibited approximately a symmetrical distribution pattern without obvious optimum selecting in direction. Results from an experimental investigation, the shear-band averaged width increased with the increase of the effective strain, varied between 3.83 mu m and 9.87 mu m with the effective strain varying from 0.57 to 0.88. The shear-band spacing was measured and compared with theoretical predictions in the frame of Grady-Kipp (momentum diffusion), Wright-Ockendon, and Molinari (perturbation) models. The results are closer to the theoretical predictions of the perturbation models, which indicated the shear-band spacing was determined by small perturbation of initiation, and interaction effect of multiple shear bands also cannot be ignored during the propagation process. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "CERATODUS-DIUTINUS, A NEW CERATODONT FROM CRETACEOUS AND LATE OLIGOCENE MEDIAL MIOCENE DEPOSITS IN AUSTRALIA. Ceratodus diutinus, a new species of ceratodont lungfish similar to but not identical with Ceratodus kaupi Agassiz, 1838-1844, is described from the Lower Cretaceous Griman Creek Formation at Grawan and Lightning Ridge in northern New South Wales, Australia, and the Toolebuc Formation at Canary Station near Boulia in western Queensland. The species also occurred in one Late Oligocene-Middle Miocene deposit at North Prospect, Lake Pinpa, South Australia (Namba Formation). This is the first record from Australia of a species of Ceratodus similar to the Triassic ceratodonts of Europe. The Australian species lasted much longer than the related European species, C. kaupi, which is restricted to Triassic deposits.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Transfusion Practice, Post-Transfusion Complications and Risk Factors in Sickle Cell Disease in Senegal, West Africa. Conclusion: BT therapy is still a risk for SCD polytransfused patients despite advances in blood safety. Although infectious transmission has rare, the risk of alloimmunization and iron overload is high in these patients.Context and Objectives: Blood transfusions (BT) remain a mainstay of therapy for patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) but pose significant clinical challenges. We aim to assess infectious markers, red cell alloimmunization, and iron overload secondary to BT in SCD patients.Materials and Methods: This case-control study included 253 SCD (153 SCD-transfused and 100 SCD non-transfused). We evaluated the transfusion practice (modalities, indications), post-transfusion complications (infections, alloimmunization, iron overload), and risk factors of these complications (socio-demographic, clinical, biological).Results: Median age was 28.5 years (5 - 59). The sex ratio was 0.86. Homozygous SCD was the most common (95.3%). Simple BT was performed in 92.8% and transfusion exchange in 18.9%. Transfusion indications were dominated by acute anemia (57.06%) and vaso-occlusive crisis (VOCs) (14%). Red blood cell concentrates (RBCSs) were administered to 93.46%. The median RBCs received per patient was 10 (2 - 48). The prevalence of VHC in SCD-transfused was 1.33% and 2% for VHB. Anti-HIV antibodies were not found. Red cell alloimmunization frequency was 16%. The most common alloantibodies were anti-rhesus (34.19%) and anti-Kell (23.67%). Iron overload was detected in 7.84%. The number of RBCs transfused was the only risk factor for alloimmunization (p = 0.03) and iron overload (p = 0.023). BT frequency was not related to infectious transmission.", "label": [2, 22, 25]}
+{"token": "Electromagnetic scattering on D3-brane spikes. We consider scattering of electromagnetic plane waves on a D3-brane spike which emanates normal to D3-brane in the extra space direction. We are interested in studying physical effects on D3-brane which are produced by a spike attached to D3-brane. We have observed that the spike sucks almost all electromagnetic radiation and therefore acts like a charged black hole. This is because absorption cross section for j = 1 tends to a constant at low energy limit. This behaviour is appealing for a string interpretation of the spike soliton because the propagation of j = 1 mode is indeed distinctive. Instead, the scattered part of the radiation on a D3-brane tends to zero demonstrating non-Thompson behaviour. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "BIM Education and Recruiting: Survey-Based Comparative Analysis of Issues, Perceptions, and Collaboration Opportunities. A survey was conducted to observe the dynamics between college building information modeling (BIM) education and student career development. The survey results were used to perform a comparative analysis of stakeholder perceptions in the educational and professional communities. The survey findings confirmed substantial gains in BIM adoption and implementation in both communities, and that a gap exists between the rapid growth of the BIM-related job market and the incentives in place to encourage students to commit to a BIM-oriented career path. The survey also evaluated the effectiveness of BIM education in colleges and industry recruiting practices in BIM staffing. The results suggested that an enhanced and more proactive partnership might be the solution to advancing BIM education and BIM talent acquisition in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry.", "label": [1, 5, 53, 15]}
+{"token": "Suffering, Meaning and Hope: Shifting the Focus from Depression in Primary Care. The diagnosis of depression is not fit for the purposes of primary care. It is inherently problematic, with regard to both validity and utility, and can be challenged on ethical and evolutionary grounds. It has iatrogenic effects, including reducing the sense of personal agency. These effects are exacerbated by GPs' deterministic explanatory metaphors, and aggravated in cross-cultural consultations which attempt to integrate experiences of traumatized self-identity within routine technical practices.To provide high quality primary care for depressive feelings, we cannot limit ourselves to individualized biomedical perspectives. In our clinical encounters we do well to see depressive feelings through our patients' eyes. We should acknowledge suffering, explore meaning and offer hope. We need to incorporate concepts of agency and coherence within our dialogues with patients, expand social understandings of distress and encourage engagement at the community level.We need a theory of the person based not on medical assumptions of passivity but on awareness of personal agency. Two key concepts are coherence and engagement. Coherence involves an understanding of ourselves as consistent beings, persons with the capacity to lead our own lives. We make sense of ourselves in terms of our engagement with the world around us: this is crucial in creating and sustaining our sense of identity and well-being.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "ECONOMIC EQUITY, THE WELL-FIELD SYSTEM, AND RITUAL PROPRIETY IN THE CONFUCIAN PHILOSOPHY OF QI. It is argued here that the function of the well-field system of land ownership is consistent with the role of ritual propriety in Zhang Zai's philosophy of which emphasizes the realization of a great harmony; a state of vital, affective harmony and equilibrium. In other words, this configuration of land works to realize economic equity, a means to the further end of producing and sustaining equilibrium and harmony among members of a community, and this, I argue, is also the function of ritual propriety.", "label": [3, 5, 52, 32]}
+{"token": "New sources for high resistance of tomato to the tomato spotted wilt virus from Lycopersicon peruvianum. Mechanical inoculation and transmission by thrips in a growth chamber were used in order to screen Lycopersicon peruvianum and Lycopersicon chilense germplasm for tomato spotted will virus (TSWV) resistance. Two highly aggressive Spanish TSWV isolates (HA-931100 and T-941117), having different restrictotypes were used. L. peruvianum accessions PI-126935, PI-126944, CIAPAN 16, PE-18 and CIAPAN 17 showed high resistance to both isolates in mechanical and thrips transmission. Their resistance appears useful in breeding programmes.", "label": [0, 2, 7, 19, 9]}
+{"token": "Trend of tuberculosis case notifications and their determinants in Africa and South-East Asia during 2000-2018: a longitudinal analysis of national data from 58 countries. Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) regions of Africa and South-East Asia are the epicentres of the global tuberculosis (TB) epidemic. This study aimed at examining the trend and determinants of TB case notifications in the two regions during 2000-2018. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of yearly, new TB cases notified to the WHO. We obtained data on potential determinants for the 58 countries in the two regions during 2000-2018. Multivariable longitudinal fixed-effects regression analysis was used to quantify the association between the determinants and TB notifications. Results: During 2000-2018, TB notifications and incidence declined in Africa. In South-East Asia, case notifications increased while the incidence declined, on average, by 2% per year during the same period. After controlling for health, socioeconomic indicators, country and year fixed-effects, each 1% increase in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage and the TB treatment success was associated with a decrease per 100,000 population in the TB case notification rate of -1.62 (95% CI: -4.93, -1.90; p = .037) and -0.91(95% CI: -1.54, -0.28; p = .005) respectively. Similarly, each 1-year increase in the life expectancy at birth resulted in a decrease in TB case notification rates of -6.64 (95% CI: -12.32, -0.95; p = .037). By contrast, a 1% increase in the unemployment rate resulted in an increase in TB notification rate of 3.49 cases (95% CI: 0.19, 6.79; p = .039). Conclusion: Improving population health and the broad scale-up of ART coverage could complement existing TB treatment coverage and cure programmes to drive down new cases in Africa and South-East Asia.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "Heterarchical Reflexive Conversational Teaching and Learning as a Vehicle for Ethical Engineering Curriculum Design. > Context . South African public universities are currently undergoing a transitional period as they traverse the sensitive road of curriculum redesign that achieves an inclusive approach to education for the goal of the decolonisation of knowledge.> Problem . Many classrooms have students from several cultural backgrounds yet in these spaces there is often a single dominant discourse on offer. An ethical question is raised in terms of what content should be addressed in the classroom.> Method . An approach to curricula design as a conversation is presented. The philosophical aspects underlying shifts in epistemology are presented following an eclectic approach to curricula design that embraces second-order science in achieving the ongoing goal of decolonisation.The method used to achieve this goal is conversational heterarchical curriculum design assuming non quidem tabula rasa. Students can act as reference points (Nunataks) for curricula design, thus reducing the abstraction in the syllabus. > Results . A heterarchical conversational approach offers a platform whereby social justice may be addressed in the classroom by providing a means by which the students' own epistemology is embraced within the curriculum as the students provide the trajectory for the course content based on their own epistemology. A dynamic curriculum is then available that has immediate use in the communities that the students reside in. Students demonstrate understanding of the content as it is tied to their own way of knowing. > Implications . The benefits of this approach include moving away from defining science according to a realist view. Educators may accept the idea that knowledge is not impartial and that method is tied to epistemolog.When the observer is included in science, an awareness arises that theories (at least in the social sciences) affect what is studied, which in turn affects society. > Constructivist content . The approach builds on von Foerster's ideas on reflexivity. Pask's conversation theory is a vehicle for the attainment of reflexive conversational teaching and learning.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Effect of column rectangularity on CFRP-strengthened RC flat plates. This study presents experimental and analytical research that focused on the behaviour of carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP)-strengthened flat-slab specimens for punching shear enhancement. Seven 0.75-scale flat-slab specimens representing interior slab-column connections with different column aspect ratios varying from 1 to 3 were tested. The results revealed that increasing column rectangularity had a detrimental effect on column punching strength of all specimens. A strength increase of at least 30% was obtained for the CFRP retrofitted specimens compared with the companion reference specimen. Three-dimensional finite-element models were successful in providing reasonable estimates of load-deformation behaviour and strains. Based on these results, CFRP strains at failure and the punching failure mechanism are discussed.", "label": [1, 17, 11]}
+{"token": "SOLUTION APPROACHES TO THE BUS OPERATOR PROBLEM. We study urban traffic equilibrium involving three classes of agents: car users, bus users or passengers and bus operators. A partially unregulated transit system is assumed, where bus fares are exogenously determined by municipal or transportation authorities, but bus operators are allowed to choose the routes where they offer service. The paper deals specifically with the bus operators submodel, for which several algorithms are proposed to find equilibrium solutions. Convergence properties of the proposed algorithms are analyzed and computational results, on both small test networks and the Santiago de Chile urban transit network, are reported. Various methods to deal with the problem posed by limited bus capacities are discussed.", "label": [1, 5, 49, 15, 52]}
+{"token": "A study on model experiment and aerodynamic match of Wind Energy Fan (WEF). Wind energy is heavily utilized due to its clean renewability, large reserves and wide distribution. Wind energy is also the main driving force for natural ventilation, but it is very difficult to realize natural ventilation directly in the underground engineering. This study proposed an integrated device called Wind Energy Fan (WEF), which utilizes wind energy to drive the fan linked with the wind turbine directly by a transmission shaft, and this vertical wind turbine can realize the underground ventilation. An experiment platform was established to test the WEF performance with the consideration of three transmission ratios and two kinds of wind turbines with 3 and 5 blades. Results showed that the transmission ratio has a pronounced influence on the fan air volume and should be selected to obtain the rated air volume. The wind turbine with 3 blades is easier to start and its air volume is also 5.43%-17.85% more than that with 5 blades. According to the aerodynamic characteristic curves of the vertical wind turbine and axial fan, their matching method is proposed on the power and the speed. This scheme is an effective wind energy technology to realize the active utilization of wind energy in the underground engineering.", "label": [1, 4, 17, 15, 39]}
+{"token": "Incremental Democracy: The Policy Effects of Partisan Control of State Government. How much does it matter whether Democrats or Republicans control the government? Unless the two parties converge completely, election outcomes should have some impact on policy, but the existing evidence for policy effects of party control is surprisingly weak and inconsistent. We bring clarity to this question, using regression-discontinuity and dynamic panel analyses to estimate the effects of party control of state legislatures and governorships on a new annual measure of state policy liberalism. We find that throughout the 1936-2014 period, electing Democrats has led to more liberal policies, but that in recent decades the policy effects of party control have approximately doubled in magnitude. We present evidence that this increase is at least partially explained by the ideological divergence of the parties' office holders and electoral coalitions. At the same time, we also show that party effects remain substantively modest, paling relative to policy differences across states.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Scientific objectives of current and future WEGENER activities. The WEGENER group has promoted the development of scientific space-geodetic activities in the Mediterranean and in the European area for the last fifteen years and has contributed to the establishment of geodetic networks designed particularly for earth science research. WEGENER currently has three scientific objectives which are related to plate-boundary processes, sea-level and height changes, and postglacial rebound. Tn a full exploitation of the space-geodetic techniques, namely SLR, VLBI and GPS, the individual scientific projects do not only pursue these objectives but also contribute to improving and developing the observation techniques as well as the modelling theories. Tn the past, particularly SLR observations within WEGENER-MEDLAS have provided a fundamental contribution to determine the regional kinematics of the tectonic plates in the Mediterranean with high precision. With GPS, spatially denser site distributions are feasible, and in several WEGENER projects detailed studies of tectonically active areas were possible on the basis of repeated episodic GPS observations. Current projects associated with WEGENER are successful in separating crustal movements and absolute sea-level variations as well as in monitoring postglacial rebound. These tasks require high-precision height determinations, a problem central to all of the present WEGENER activities. In these projects, continuously occupied GPS sites are of increasing importance. Time series of heights observed with continuous GPS can be determined with a few centimeters RMS error thus enabling the reliable estimates of vertical rates over relatively shea time intervals. Regional networks of continuous GPS sites are already providing results relevant, for example, for the study of postglacial rebound. The Mediterranean area is an extraordinary natural laboratory for the study of seismotectonic processes, and the wealth of observations acquired in previous WEGENER projects together with new space-geodetic observations will allow the test of geophysical hypotheses linking three-dimensional deformations of the Earth's surface to the dynamics of the Earth's interior. In particular, it is anticipated that WEGENER projects will aim at a test of the slab-detachment hypothesis. The complex investigations on sea-level fluctuations presently carried out at basin scale from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Black Sea make it possible to study the present and recent past interactions of ocean, atmosphere and solid Earth, as well as to develop appropriate models to assess future aspects. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Analytical and statistical analyses of pseudo skin factors for horizontal wells. It is determined that the performance of a horizontal well of half-length X-f1 with mechanical skin can be replaced by the performance of an equivalent horizontal well of half-length X-f2 with no mechanical skin. The statistical analysis showed that pseudo skin factor for a horizontal well in a given drainage area can be directly correlated with formation thickness, and natural logarithms of horizontal well half-length and permeability anisotropy. These statistical correlations can easily be used to predict skin damage around horizontal wellbores, to evaluate stimulation treatment of horizontal wells, and to compare their performance with unstimulated vertical wells without the need to use complex numerical and/or analytical solutions which require extensive computer use.The pressure behaviour of horizontal wells in bounded anisotropic reservoirs has been investigated in this paper. New equations for calculating the effective length of the horizontal well, mechanical skin factor, shape factor, and productivity Eager of horizontal wells are presented.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Levels Predict Weight, Height and Protein Catabolism in Children and Adolescents with Cystic Fibrosis. Multiple reports have demonstrated the benefit of growth hormone (GH) treatment in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and previous studies have demonstrated low to normal insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels in these patients. Most biological effects of GH are mediated by IGF-I; however, the relationship between height, weight and rate of growth has not been systematically studied in CF. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 52 patients (including control volunteers with CF) who had participated in previous studies of GH treatment to determine the relationship between levels of IGF-I and growth in children with CF. In a subset of these patients, we also evaluated the relationship between protein catabolism and IGF-I. Baseline IGF-I levels and IGF-I z-scores were correlated with same day measures of height, weight, height and weight z-scores. In a subset of patients, IGF-I levels were also correlated with leucine rate of appearance (a measure of protein catabolism). IGF-I levels were obtained every six months during our studies and were correlated with same day height, weight and protein turnover. Height and weight velocity were calculated every six months from study baseline and were correlated with IGF-I levels. In all patients, whether treated with GH or controls, we found a positive linear correlation between IGF-I levels and height (r = 0.66, p<0.0001) and weight (r = 0.61, p<0.0001), as well as height and weight velocity. There was also a strong relationship between leucine rate of appearance and IGF-I. These results suggest a strong correlation between IGF-I and height, weight and protein catabolism and emphasize the need to normalize IGF-I levels in children with cystic fibrosis.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "There goes the neighborhood: White-crowned Sparrow nest site selection and reproductive success as local density declines. Changes in climate, vegetation, and land use are recognized as important drivers of changes in the distribution and abundance of wildlife. However, the behavioral and demographic mechanisms through which these changes affect populations have received less attention. Identifying these mechanisms is an important component of predicting the impacts of increasing environmental change. We used 30 yr of nest monitoring data at a study site where White-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys) breeding density declined 85% to evaluate factors influencing habitat selection and reproductive success. Rapid secondary plant succession occurred at our study site, but the rate of change was faster in some areas than others. White-crowned Sparrows exhibited strong patterns of nest site selection, preferring open shrub vegetation and avoiding forest. As a result, many parts of the study area that were used for nesting early in the study period were no longer occupied by the end of the study period. Over the course of the study, both the weather conditions and the vegetation structure and composition around nests varied. Across the range of occupied habitat, we found no effect of vegetation structure on reproductive success. We also found no support for effects of temperature and rainfall on nest survival, and only weak and inconsistent effects of temperature on clutch size and the number of fledglings per nest. These results indicate that vegetation change drove changes in the nest sites used through habitat selection, and that habitat selection appeared to ameliorate any potential negative effects of vegetation change on per capita reproductive success. Hence, the population's response to rapid vegetation change was driven, at least in part, by site selection, rather than by a decline in reproductive success. In light of increasing environmental variation, it will be important to partition the effects of environmental change on habitat use and reproductive success to predict population viability and extinction risk.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "The Influence of Non-Optimal Rearing Conditions and Substrates on the Performance of the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens). Simple Summary The black soldier fly is one of the insect species most frequently reared as an alternative protein source. Even though many advances have been made in the last decade regarding environmental and process conditions, there are still several gaps that can delay the upscaling of industrial production systems. One of such gaps is related to the effect of suboptimal feeding regimes of mono-waste streams. This research aims to assess the development and bioconversion behaviour of black soldier fly larvae under suboptimal conditions. It was observed that specific types of vegetable and fruit wastes, such as apple, spinach and grape pomace, may contribute to achieve low insect biomass yields and, thus, reduce the efficiency of industrial operations. Among the insect species reared as alternative protein sources, Hermetia illucens (black soldier Fly, BSF) has shown a huge potential mostly due to its high protein content, its bioconversion rates, and versatility in using different feeding substrates. Insect rearing may use continuous or batch feeding regimes and, among the used substrates, supermarket feedstock waste has gained recent interest under a circular economy perspective, but several uncertainties remain regarding the heterogeneity and the potential effects of the quantity and quality of these substrates on BSF larvae (BSFL) development. In this experimental work, five replicates of a hundred BSFL were fed in a continuous feeding regime, using seven different isolated vegetables as substrates (wheat bran, pumpkin, apple, grape pomace, red onion, red cabbage, and spinach), at three different temperatures (20, 25, and 30 degrees C) and two substrate moisture conditions (natural and 70% substrate moisture), until 50% of the larvae achieved the prepupal stage. BSFL performance and bioconversion parameters were evaluated. Our results show that some substrates should be avoided when rearing Hermetia illucens on feedstocks. Among these, apple feed led to poorer and slower development performances with more than 100 days of larval stage, while grape pomace and spinach showed higher mortality rates, which may be due to some anti-nutritional compounds. Larvae fed on pumpkin, red cabbage, and red onion presented good bioconversion results with higher values of efficiency of conversion of digested feed between 14.4 and 25. This work delivers relevant results for black soldier fly reared on a continuous feeding system using vegetable feedstock substrates and their potential trade-offs.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Naturalness as an ethical stance: idea(l)s and practices of care in western herbal medicine in the UK. An association of non-biomedical healthcare with appeals to nature and naturalness, and an invocation of a rhetoric of gentleness, goodness, purity and moral power has been noted previously, and some scholars argue that nature has taken on a meaning broadly opposed to the rational scientific order of modernity. Drawing on an ethnographic study of women's practice and use of western herbal medicine (WHM) in the UK, the intertwining of the perceived naturalness of WHM with distinct care practices points to a further avenue for exploration. To examine patients' and herbalists' discourses of the naturalness of WHM and associated idea(l)s and practices of care, understandings of nature and a feminist ethics of care are utilized as analytical frameworks. The analysis presented suggests that, through WHM, patients and herbalists become embedded in a complex spatio-temporal wholeness and web of care that intertwines past, present and future, self and others, and local and global concerns. In the emerging 'ordinary ethics of care', naturalness constitutes a sign of goodness and of a shared humanity within the organic world, while care, underpinned by idea(l)s of natural and holistic care practices, links human and non-human others. Thus, the naturalness of WHM, as perceived by some patients and herbalists, engages and blends with a continually unfolding field of relationships in the lifeworld(s), where care practices, caring relations and collective wellbeing may constitute an ethical stance that raises deeper questions about the significance of relationality, the values of care/caring and the mutual involvement of nature and human being(s).", "label": [2, 5, 56, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "Exploring the development of library makerspaces in China. Findings While a growing number of Chinese academic publications are concerned with library makerspaces, the existing research focuses on foreign cases and offers few empirical studies on domestic application scenarios. Libraries and researchers in China hold a positive and supportive attitude toward makerspaces. 3D printing is the most frequently mentioned technology, and free-to-use, promoting communication and realization of ideas and dreams are the most emphasized values. Libraries should highlight their own unique advantages and tap into their resources and services in mutually beneficial collaborations with other types of makerspaces.Social implications This paper introduces the development trend of makerspace in Chinese libraries, so that researchers at home and abroad can learn more about the development of Chinese library.Practical implications This paper presents a semantic, visualized analysis of aggregated online news articles and journal articles on library makerspaces in China in an attempt to summarize their characteristics and guiding values, validate the advantages of library makerspaces and give suggestions on improving their service models.Design/methodology/approach The authors aggregated research materials on library makerspaces in China from two sources: journal articles from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database and online news reports from the search engine Baidu.com. Content analysis was used to extract information regarding visions and perceived values, service models and technology adoption.Originality/value This study comprehensively overviews the development of library makerspaces in China. The results provide suggestions to improve maker services in library.Purpose In response to the government's decision to make entrepreneurship and innovation for all a national strategy in its 2015 annual work report, Chinese professionals in the library field have expressed a growing interest in makerspaces. This study aims to provide an overview of their current research studies and attempts in constructing makerspaces.Research limitations/implications First, the results of this study cannot fully summarize the development status of makerspaces in Chinese libraries. Second, the research materials used in this study may be biased, especially the news reports.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Pluralism about practical reasons and reason explanations. This paper maintains that objectivism about practical reasons should be combined with pluralism both about the nature of practical reasons and about action explanations. We argue for an 'expanding circle of practical reasons', starting out from an open-minded monist objectivism. On this view, practical reasons are not limited to actual facts, but consist in states of affairs, possible facts that may or may not obtain. Going beyond such 'that-ish' reasons, we argue that goals are also bona fide practical reasons. This makes for a genuine pluralism about practical reasons. Furthermore, the facts or states of affairs that function as practical reasons are not exclusively natural or descriptive, but include normative facts. That normative facts can be reasons justifies a pluralism about reason explanations, one which allows for what we call enkratic explanations in addition to teleological ones.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "'Enter...] Lorenzo, disguised like an Amazon': Powerdressing in 'Swetnam the Woman-Hater, Arraigned by Women'. This paper offers a feminist reading of the gender politics of Swetnam the Woman-Hater, Arraigned by Women, a play which partook of the Swetnam controversy in the early seventeenth century. The paper begins by challenging modern readings, which interpret the play as proto-feminist, and highlights the manner in which the theatrical discovery of the cross-dressed heroine in fact operates to reassert state power. Drawing on the work of Judith Butler, I then problematise this analysis of power by considering the manner in which the play's overt theatricalisation of gender destabilises essentialist assumptions of gender and sex on which authority depends. I conclude that the play's potential feminist subversion is a function of the theatrical shape-shifting which makes possible its comic resolution.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Effect of Na-chloride on the bioleaching of a chalcopyrite concentrate in shake flasks and stirred tank bioreactors. Oxidative dissolution of chalcopyrite at ambient temperatures is generally slow and subject to passivation, posing a major challenge for developing bioleaching applications for this recalcitrant mineral. Chloride is known to enhance the chemical leaching of chalcopyrite, but much of this effect has been demonstrated at elevated temperatures. This study was undertaken to test whether 100-200 mM Na-chloride enhances the chemical and bacterial leaching of chalcopyrite in shake flasks and stirred tank bioreactor conditions at mesophilic temperatures. Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and abiotic controls were employed for the leaching experiments. Addition of Na-chloride to the bioleaching suspension inhibited the formation of secondary phases from chalcopyrite and decreased the Fe(III) precipitation. Neither elemental S nor secondary Cu-sulfides were detected in solid residues by X-ray diffraction. Chalcopyrite leaching was enhanced when the solution contained bacteria, ferrous iron and Na-chloride under low redox potential (<450 mV) conditions. Scanning electron micrographs and energy-dispersive analysis of X-rays revealed the presence of precipitates that were identified as brushite and jarosites in solid residues. Minor amounts of gypsum may also have been present. Electrochemical analysis of solid residues was in concurrence of the differential effects between chemical controls, chloride ions, and bacteria. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to characterize interfacial changes on chalcopyrite surface caused by different bioleaching conditions. In abiotic controls, the impedance signal stabilized after 28 days, indicating the lack of changes on mineral surface thereafter, but with more resistive behavior than chalcopyrite itself. For bioleached samples, the signal suggested some capacitive response with time owing to the formation of less conductive precipitates. At Bode-phase angle plots (middle frequency), a new time constant was observed that was associated with the formation of jarosite, possibly also with minor amount or elemental S, although this intermediate could not be verified by XRD. Real impedance vs. frequency plots indicated that the bioleaching continued to modify the chalcopyrite/solution interface even after 42 days. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Nations in the Church: towards an eschatological political anthropocentrism?. This article deals with the possibility of a theological encounter between nation, nationalism, and Orthodox theology, and attempts to focus on a third solution beyond both ethno-phyletism and ethno-nihilism, based upon a reassessment of theological eschatology. After an account of the patristic positions, it continues with an examination of modern theories of nation, starting with Gellner, Anderson, Hobsbawm, Hroch and Smith, and concluding with the modern accounts of nation from the School of Frankfurt and the Lacanians. Thence it aims to spell out the main characteristics of a theological intervention in the modern understanding of nation, with the purpose of suggesting an anthropocentric correction of modern political theory.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Efficient simulation of particle-laden turbulent flows with high mass loadings using LES. The paper is concerned with the simulation of particle-laden two-phase flows based on the Euler-Lagrange approach. The methodology developed is driven by two major requirements: (i) the necessity to tackle complex turbulent flows by eddy-resolving schemes such as large-eddy simulation; (ii) the demand to predict dispersed multiphase flows at high mass loadings. First, a highly efficient particle tracking algorithm was developed working on curvilinear, block-structured grids. Second, to allow the prediction of dense two-phase flows, the fluid-particle interaction (two-way coupling) as well as particle-particle collisions (four-way coupling) had to be taken into account. For the latter instead of a stochastic collision model, in the present study a deterministic collision model is considered. Nevertheless, the computational burden is minor owing to the concept of virtual cells, where only adjacent particles are taken into account in the search for potential collision partners. The methodology is applied to different test cases (plane channel flow, combustion chamber flow). The computational results are compared with experimental measurements and good agreement is found. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Pyridoxine responsive epilepsy caused by a novel homozygous PNPO mutation. We report a patient with anti-epileptic treatment refractory neonatal seizures responsive to pyridoxine. Biochemical analysis revealed normal markers for antiquitin deficiency and also mutation analysis of the ALDH7A1 (Antiquitin) gene was negative. Mutation analysis of the PNPO gene revealed a novel, homozygous, presumed pathogenicmutation (c.481C>T; p.(Arg161Cys)). Measurements of B-6 vitamers in a CSF sample after pyridoxine administration revealed elevated pyridoxamine as the only metabolic marker for PNPO deficiency. With pyridoxine monotherapy the patient is seizure free and neurodevelopmental outcome at the age of 14 months is normal. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Cyclosporin A: Conformational Complexity and Chameleonicity. The chameleonic behavior of cyclosporin A (CsA) was investigated through conformational ensembles employing multicanonical molecular dynamics simulations that could sample the cis and trans isomers of N-methylated amino acids; these assessments were conducted in explicit water, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile, methanol, chloroform, cyclohexane (CHX), and nhexane (HEX) using AMBER ff03, AMBER10:EHT, AMBER12:EHT, and AMBER14:EHT force fields. The conformational details were discussed employing the free-energy landscapes (FELs) at T = 300 K; it was observed that the experimentally determined structures of CsA were only a part of the conformational space. Comparing the ROESY measurements in CHX-d12 and HEX-d14, the major conformations in those apolar solvents were essentially the same as that in CDCl3 except for the observation of some sidechain rotamers. The effects of the metal ions on the conformations, including the cis/trans isomerization, were also investigated. Based on the analysis of FELs, it was concluded that the AMBER ff03 force field best described the experimentally derived conformations, indicating that CsA intrinsically formed membrane-permeable conformations and that the metal ions might be the key to the cis/trans isomerization of N-methylated amino acids before binding a partner protein.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 36, 40]}
+{"token": "Chatter mitigation using moving damper. Chatter vibration will lead to poor surface quality of the resulting component and shorten the life of the machine tool unless it is avoided. Damping method is widely used in the engineering practice to mitigate the chatter. Using a moving damper, present paper concerns with the chatter suppression during milling the flexible components. It is realized by supporting the damper at the back surface of the workpiece. During milling process, the damper will move with the cutter at the same velocity. Considering the varying dynamics of the component, coupled with the moving damper, the chatter equation is constructed. The so-called stability lobe diagram (SLD) of the novel method, which describes the relationship between the critical stable depth of cut and corresponding rotational speed of the milling cutter, is also presented and it is compared with the SLD of flexible milling without damper. It is founded that the novel method can significantly improve the system stability. At the end of the paper, the method is experimentally validated. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Non-diphtheriae Corynebacterium species are associated with decreased risk of pneumococcal colonization during infancy. Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a leading cause of severe infections among children and adults. Interactions between commensal microbes in the upper respiratory tract and S. pneumoniae are poorly described. In this study, we sought to identify interspecies interactions that modify the risk of S. pneumoniae colonization during infancy and to describe development of the upper respiratory microbiome during infancy in a sub-Saharan African setting. We collected nasopharyngeal swabs monthly (0-6 months of age) or bimonthly (6-12 months of age) from 179 mother-infant dyads in Botswana. We used 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing to characterize the nasopharyngeal microbiome and identified S. pneumoniae colonization using a species-specific PCR assay. We detect S. pneumoniae colonization in 144 (80%) infants at a median age of 71 days and identify a strong negative association between the relative abundance of the bacterial genera Corynebacterium within the infant nasopharyngeal microbiome and the risk of S. pneumoniae colonization. Using in vitro cultivation experiments, we demonstrate growth inhibition of S. pneumoniae by secreted factors from strains of several Corynebacterium species isolated from these infants. Finally, we demonstrate that antibiotic exposures and the winter season are associated with a decline in the relative abundance of Corynebacterium within the nasopharyngeal microbiome, while breastfeeding is associated with an increase in the Corynebacterium relative abundance. Our findings provide novel insights into the interspecies interactions that contribute to colonization resistance to S. pneumoniae and suggest that the nasopharyngeal microbiome may be a previously unrecognized mechanism by which environmental factors influence the risk of pneumococcal infections during childhood. Moreover, this work lays the foundation for future studies seeking to use targeted manipulation of the nasopharyngeal microbiome to prevent infections caused by S. pneumoniae.", "label": [4, 37, 43]}
+{"token": "ECONOMIC-MODELS FOR SINGLE-SAMPLE ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING PLANS, NO INSPECTION, AND 100 PERCENT INSPECTION. Once a process is stabilized using control charts, it is necessary to determine whether this process is capable of producing the desired quality, as determined by the specifications, without the use of some additional inspection procedure such as 100 percent inspection or acceptance sampling.  One common method of making this determination is the use of process capability ratios.  However, this approach may lead to erroneous decisions due to the omission of economic information.  This paper attempts to remedy this situation by developing economic models to examine the profitability of different inspection policies.  These models employ the quadratic loss function to represent the economic cost of quality from external failures, which is commonly omitted or overlooked.  Moreover, assuming a normal distribution for the quality characteristic allows the use of simplified formulas that are provided.  Thus the calculations can be made using standard normal tables and a calculator.  Additionally, these economic models may be used to determine if additional inspection procedures should be reinstated if the quality of the process was to decline, to make capital budgeting decisions involving new equipment that produces parts of a higher quality, and to determine the preferred 100 percent inspection plan or acceptance sampling plan.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Antagonistic antimicrobial activity of marine fungi and bacteria isolated from marine biofilm and seawaters of Hong Kong. The antagonistic interaction between marine fungi and marine bacteria was investigated using 19 bacterial species isolated from Marine biofilm and 46 waterborne fungal isolates obtained from Hong Kong waters. Of the 46 fungal isolates, 70 % inhibited the growth of at least 1 target bacterial species. Active fungal strains belonged mainly to the genera Cladosporium, Paraphaeosphaeria, Trichoderma, Alternaria, Phoma, and Arthrinium. Eight fungal isolates (17% of all fungal isolates tested) were sensitive to at least 1 target bacterial species. Eleven of the 19 bacterial species showed antifungal activity. Two Staphylococcus strains inhibited the growth of all of the sensitive fungal strains. The results indicated that Marine fungi could provide an important source of natural antimicrofouling compounds and that the interaction between marine fungi and marine bacteria in biofilms cannot easily be generalized.", "label": [4, 37, 45, 43]}
+{"token": "Three new approaches to genomic selection. Conventional genomic selection approaches use breeding values to evaluate individual plants or animals and to make selection decisions. Multiple variants of breeding values and selection approaches have been proposed, but they suffer two major limitations. First, selection decisions are not responsive to changes in time and resource availability. Second, selection decisions are not coordinated with related decisions such as mating and resource allocation. We present three new genomic selection approaches that attempt to address these two limitations, which were designed by engineering students in a class project at Iowa State University. Compared with previous approaches using the same data set from the literature, two of these engineering approaches were found to be comparable to the state of the art, and the third one significantly dominated all the previous approaches.", "label": [0, 2, 7, 19, 9]}
+{"token": "Mixing Potential: A New Concept for Optimal Design of Hydrogen and Water Networks with Higher Disturbance Resistance. During the last decade, the design methods of hydrogen and water networks have been improved greatly. Since the resulting network structure featuring minimum utility consumption is not unique, other properties such as disturbance resistance have drawn more and more attention. In this article, a novel concept, Mixing Potential, is proposed to improve the disturbance resistance ability of the networks in the design stage. This concept originates from measuring the concentration fluctuation of a single sink, and could be calculated by its graphical and algorithmic definition, respectively. In addition, a sufficient condition for minimizing the Mixing Potential of a single sink has been proved. Based on this sufficient condition, a graphical and its corresponding algorithmic method are proposed to design the hydrogen and water networks with minimum utility consumption. Literature examples illustrate that the disturbance resistance ability of the network can be improved by adjusting the satisfying order of sinks. (C) 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Asparaginase (native ASNase or pegylated ASNase) in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The discovery of the tumor-inhibitory properties of asparaginase (ASNase) began in the early 1950s with the observation that guinea pig serum-treated lymphoma-bearing mice underwent rapid and often complete regression. About 4000 cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are diagnosed very year in the US and many more through out the world. The majority of these cases are in children and young adults, making ALL the most common form of malignancy in these age groups. The treatment protocols of ALL are complex and use 6-12 drugs. Consequently, the improvement in the protocol design has improved significantly the success rate for long-term event-free survival in the past 20-30 years, which is now approximately 75% for patients afflicted with the higher risk ALL features and just above this percentage for patients with standard or good features. Despite this success, approximately 15% of patients die from ALL, making leukemic relapse the most-common cause of treatment failure in pediatric oncology. ASNases have been the cornerstone of ALL therapies since the late 1970s. Native or pegylated L-asparaginase (ASNase or PEG-ASNase) are highly specific for the deamination of L-asparagine (Asn) to aspartic acid and ammonia. Depletion of Asn leads to a nutritional deprivation and inhibition of protein biosynthesis, resulting in apoptosis in T-lymphoblastic leukemias, which require Asn from external sources. The reactions of the host exposed to repeated ASNase treatments as well as the up-regulation of the mammalian enzymes to overcome the ASN-depletion toxic condition are of significant importance and may make us relearn the lessons on this important antileukemic drug.", "label": [1, 2, 22, 15]}
+{"token": "Bank failures and assessing the risk of default: Methods and the case of cooperative banks in Argentina. This paper analyses the risk of default that argentinean mutual banks had, using information prior to the december 1994-may 1995 banking analyses the paper shows that, before the crisis, there was a series of characteristics that made a group of banks especially vulnerable to the macroeconomic shock and the deposit run that followed. The paper shows evidence that leads to establish the operation of market discipline mechanisms during the crisis.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Survival analysis in dogs with urinary transitional cell carcinoma that underwent whole-body computed tomography at diagnosis. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate factors associated with survival and to compare characteristics between tumour localizations in dogs with urinary transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) that underwent whole-body computed tomography (CT) at diagnosis. Dogs with histologically confirmed TCC that received medical therapy between 2010 and 2017 were included; dogs that underwent surgery or radiotherapy for the primary tumour were excluded. According to the CT findings, primary tumour localization (classified into the Bladder, Urethra and Bladder and Urethra groups), prostate involvement, iliosacral lymphadenomegaly, sternal lymphadenomegaly and metastasis to the bone and lung were evaluated for survival analysis. CT at diagnosis revealed iliosacral lymphadenomegaly, sternal lymphadenomegaly, bone metastasis and lung metastasis in 47.7%, 18.5%, 24.6% and 35.4% of the 65 included dogs, respectively. The overall median survival time was 196 days. On multivariable analysis, TCC localization (hazard ratio [HR], 1.90; P = .037), bone metastasis (HR, 2.76; P = .013) and sternal lymphadenomegaly (HR, 3.56; P = .004) were significantly associated with survival. Compared to the Bladder group (n = 16), the Urethra group (n = 26) had higher metastasis rates to the bone (6.3% vs 42.3%; P = .045) and lung (6.3% vs 46.2%; P = .022). The survival time was shorter in the Urethra group than in the Bladder group (121.5 vs 420 days; P < .001), and it was similar only in female dogs (247 vs 420 days; P = .031). These findings suggest that whole-body CT could be valuable for predicting the prognosis in urinary TCC.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Detection of the optical afterglow of GRB 000630: Implications for dark bursts. We present the discovery of the optical transient of the long-duration gamma-ray burst GRB 000630. The optical transient was detected with the Nordic Optical Telescope 21.1 hours after the burst. At the time of discovery the magnitude of the transient was R = 23.04 +/- 0.08. The transient displayed a power-law decline characterized by a decay slope of alpha = -1.035 +/- 0.097. A deep image obtained 25 days after the burst shows no indication of a contribution from a supernova or a host galaxy at the position of the transient. The closest detected galaxy is a R = 324.68 +/- 0.15 galaxy 2.0 arcsec north of the transient. The magnitudes of the optical afterglows of GRB 980329, GRB 980613 and GRB 000630 were all R greater than or similar to 23 less than 24 hours from the burst epoch. We discuss the implications of this for our understanding of GRBs without detected optical transients. We conclude that i) based on the gamma-ray: properties of the current sample we cannot conclude that GRBs with no detected OTs belong to another class of GRBs than GRBs with detected OTs and ii) the majority (greater than or similar to 75%) of GRBs for which searches for optical afterglow have been unsuccessful are consistent with no detection if they were similar to bursts like GRP, 000630 at optical wavelengths.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Low-Complexity Set-Membership Channel Estimation for Cooperative Wireless Sensor Networks. In this paper, we consider a general cooperative wireless sensor network (WSN) with multiple hops and the problem of channel estimation. Two matrix-based set-membership (SM) algorithms are developed for the estimation of complex matrix channel parameters. The main goal is to significantly reduce the computational complexity, compared with existing channel estimators, and extend the lifetime of the WSN by reducing its power consumption. The first proposed algorithm is the SM normalized least mean squares (SM-NLMS) algorithm. The second is the SM recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm called BEACON. Then, we present and incorporate an error bound function into the two channel estimation methods, which can automatically adjust the error bound with the update of the channel estimates. Steady-state analysis in the output mean-square error (MSE) is presented, and closed-form formulas for the excess MSE and the probability of update in each recursion are provided. Computer simulations show good performance of our proposed algorithms in terms of convergence speed, steady-state mean square error, and bit error rate (BER) and demonstrate reduced complexity and robustness against time-varying environments and different signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b ']dithiophene and benzotriazole based small molecule for solution-processed organic solar cells. A novel deep HOMO A(1)-pi-A(2)-D-A(2)-pi-A(1) type molecule (D(CATBTzT)BDT), which terminal electron-withdrawing octyl cyanoacetate group is connected to a benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b'] dithiophene (BDT) core through another electron-accepting benzotriazole block, has been synthesized, characterized, and employed as electron donor material for small molecule organic solar cells (SM-OSCs). By simple solution spin-coating fabrication process, D(CATBTzT) BDT/PC61BM based OSCs exhibit a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.61% with a high open-circuit voltage of 0.93 V. The D(CATBTzT) BDT based solar cells device also can show high FF of 72% with PCEs of 2.31% which is one of the best FF results for solution-processed SM-OSCs. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "THERMAL-PROCESSING OF ACIDIFIED VEGETABLES. Effect of lowering the pH, either by adding acid or lactic fermentation, on thermal process requirements for canned vegetables was investigated. Malic acid was preferred for acidification of canned vegetables. Addition of acid to covering brine was preferable to the blanching in acid solution, as the acidification was uniform, and it reduced the extent of discolouration. Acidification by lactic fermentation, using 2% boiling hot brine to cover the prepared vegetable, reduced the pH to 3.8 in 3 days. Fermentation is initiated by the species of Leuconostoc and Lactobacillus followed by Pediococcus and Streptococcus, Process time, based on a sterilisation value of F-100(8.9)=3.5 min, was adequate to render the canned acidified vegetables (pH less than or equal to 4.0) microbiologically safe. The process time required for 77.8x119.1 mm and 103.2x119.1 mm cans, having initial temperature of 65 degrees C, was 15 min or less in boiling water. Colour of the lactic fermented canned products was superior to canned vegetables acidified with malic acid. Both had texture similar to that of the freshly cooked vegetables. Products acidified by fermentation had minimal sour taste.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Language and disability in Japan. Language relating to disability in the public arena has been a sensitive issue in Japan as elsewhere. Since the 1970s and 80s, major media organisations have replaced words considered derogatory with more acceptable equivalents; laws, statutes and other legal documents have likewise been revised. This article examines how the language used to portray people with disabilities has changed, how the changes came about and how they were received. The debate has largely been played out in four public spaces, which to some extent intersect and overlap: the media (both print and visual), the laws, literature and, increasingly now, the Internet. I argue that while the laws were rewritten primarily as the result of external international trends, such as the International Year of Disabled Persons, disability groups achieved media compliance mainly by exploiting the keen desire of Japanese media organisations to avoid public embarrassment resulting from vocal protests over infractions.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 52]}
+{"token": "Taxonomic status of the extinct Canary Islands Oystercatcher Haematopus meadewaldoi. Mitochondrial genes were sequenced from four specimens of the extinct Canary Islands Oystercatcher Haematopus meadewaldoi and compared with African Oystercatcher Haematopus moquini, Eurasian Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus and an old unidentified extralimital 'black' oystercatcher specimen from The Gambia. At these loci, H. meadewaldoi was approximately 99.65% identical to multiple Eurasian Oystercatcher samples and in phylogenetic trees fell within the range of genetic variation observed in that species. The mystery Gambian bird was resolved as an extralimital H. moquini. We conclude that H. meadewaldoi was most likely a recently diverged melanistic morph or subspecies of H. ostralegus, although further genomic studies will be required to determine whether there has been a period of isolation followed by introgression.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Sox proteins and neural crest development. Among the families of transcription factors expressed at the neural plate border in response to neural crest-inducing signals, Sox proteins have emerged as important players in regulating multiple aspects of neural crest development. Here, we summarize the expression of six Sox genes, namely Sox8, Sox9, Sox10, LSox5, Sox4 and Sox11, in neural crest progenitors and their derivatives, and review some aspects of their function pertaining to neural crest development in several species. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Delineating the corporate elite: Inquiring the boundaries and composition of interlocking directorate networks. Corporate elite studies have for long investigated networks of interlocking directorates to test and corroborate key theoretical expectations regarding the cohesive organization of such an elite and their ability and willingness to act on behalf of general business interests. These studies typically collect data on a list of 50, 100, 200 or 500 corporations ranked by economic size, sometimes stratified in sectors. The sampling approach often follows previous studies in order to increase comparability. These relatively arbitrary sampling practices are problematic because they impact the empirical results and our therefore the conclusions drawn from it. Using a sample of 3251 Canada-based corporations, we establish that indeed different sampling criteria - that is sample size, proportion of financial firms, inclusion of state-owned enterprises and so on - significantly impacts network properties of corporate elite networks. We establish rather disturbing differences, especially for smaller sample sizes (<100). Subsequently, we develop alternative demarcation criteria of the corporate elite based on a k-core decomposition. We conclude by emphasizing that the sampling decisions in interlocking directorate studies should much more be carefully be thought through in future research on the topic, both in corporate elite studies and beyond.", "label": [5, 56, 52, 57]}
+{"token": "A Platoon Control Strategy for Autonomous Vehicles Based on Sliding-Mode Control Theory. Platooning is one of the innovations in the automotive industry, which aims to improve the safety and efficiency of automobiles, while alleviating traffic congestion, reducing pollution, and reducing passenger pressure. According to the car-following (CF) theory, a platoon control strategy for autonomous vehicles based on sliding-mode control (SMC) theory is proposed. This strategy can be applied to achieve the rapid platoon forming of multiple autonomous vehicles and maintain the stable state of the vehicle platoon. The Multiple Velocity Difference (MVD) model is selected to describe the positional state of vehicle platoon changing over time. The control target is to converge the error between the actual headway (the distance between front tips of two neighboring cars) and the expected headway to zero while ensuring the stable velocity and acceleration of the platoon. In addition, a hypothetical first car strategy is proposed to improve the control efficiency. Numerical simulation experiments for urban roads and highways are designed, the space-time states of vehicle platoon under different MVD model parameters (non-control strategy) and sliding-mode control strategies are compared. The results show: proposed improved vehicle platoon sliding-mode control strategy can provide a shorter time of forming a platoon and better stability in the simulated environment, and its control effect is better than that of non-control strategy and conventional sliding-mode control strategy. Besides the proposed strategy allows vehicle platoon to quickly reach a stable and controllable state, and it provides an idea for collaborative control of autonomous vehicles.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "The 'Totalitarian Era'? Democracy and dictatorship in the Czech Republic's politics of memory. The politics of the past is the politics of the future. In the Czech Republic, as in other East-Central European countries, the sense of this connection is particularly pronounced. The events of 1989 therefore sparked a genuine boom in history. In the Czech Republic, for example, there was a struggle over the \\\\'rediscovery\\\\' of the First Republic's democratic tradition. Much more controversial than this search for positive landmarks in Czech history was the debate over reassessing the expulsion and resettlement of Czechoslovakia's Germans. For several years now, there has been a struggle over the creation of a view of history that brings together Czech society's dual experience with dictatorship since 1938.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Development of Prelicensure Nursing Competencies in Caring for People With Disabilities Through Delphi Methodology. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a set of nursing competencies to better prepare prelincensure nursing students to provide competent care to PWDs. Methods: A 2-round Delphi survey was administered to experts in the field of disabilities (n = 47, n = 35). Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to analyze data.Background: People with disabilities (PWDs) experience significant health disparities. The complex experience of disability requires that nurses are adequately and deliberately prepared to care for PWDs. However, there are no recognized nursing competencies to direct education and care.Results: Three major themes emerged: unique knowledge, volume and repetition, and distinct disability culture. Competencies were reduced with a focus on 4 dimensions: environment and care, communication, culture, and referral.Conclusions: The 12 new competencies can serve as the foundation for the inclusion of disability content in nursing curricula.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "A molecular perspective on the genera Paragonimus Braun, Euparagonimus Chen and Pagumogonimus Chen. The status of the genera Euparagonimus Chen, 1963 and Pagumogonimus Chen, 1963 relative to Paragonimus Braun, 1899 was investigated using DNA sequences from the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CO1) gene (partial) and the nuclear ribosomal DNA second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2). in the phylogenetic trees constructed, the genus Pagumogonimus is clearly not monophyletic and therefore not a natural taxon. Indeed, the type species of Pagumogonimus, P. skrjabini from China, is very closely related to Paragonimus miyazakii from Japan. The status of Euparagonimus is less obvious. Euparagonimus cenocopiosus lies distant from other lungflukes included in the analysis. It can be placed as sister to Paragonimus in some analyses and falls within the genus in others. A recently published morphological study placed E. cenocopiosus within the genus Paragonimus and probably this is where it should remain.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 47]}
+{"token": "Non chemical control of helminths in ruminants: Adapting solutions for changing worms in a changing world. Infections with gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) remain a major threat for ruminant production, health and welfare associated with outdoor breeding. The control of these helminth parasites has relied on the strategic or tactical use of chemical anthelmintic (AH) drugs. However, the expanding development and diffusion of anthelmintic resistance in nematode populations imposes the need to explore and validate novel solutions (or to re-discover old knowledge) for a more sustainable control of GIN. The different solutions refer to three main principles of action. The first one is to limit the contact between the hosts and the infective larvae in the field through grazing management methods. The latter were described since the 1970s and, at present, they benefit from innovations based on computer models. Several biological control agents have also been studied in the last three decades as potential tools to reduce the infective larvae in the field. The second principle aims at improving the host response against GIN infections relying on the genetic selection between or within breeds of sheep or goats, crossbreeding of resistant and susceptible breeds and/or the manipulation of nutrition. These approaches may benefit from a better understanding of the potential underlying mechanisms, in particular in regard of the host immune response against the worms. The third principle is the control of GIN based on non-conventional AH materials (plant or mineral compounds). Worldwide studies show that non conventional AH materials can eliminate worms and/or negatively affect the parasite's biology. The recent developments and pros and cons concerning these various options are discussed. Last, some results are presented which illustrate how the integration of these different solutions can be efficient and applicable in different systems of production and/or epidemiological conditions. The integration of different control tools seems to be a pre-requisite for the sustainable management of GIN infections. This new era of GIN management requires a new paradigm: to achieve enough control to reduce the negative impact of GIN infections enabling an optimum level of production, health and welfare. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 10]}
+{"token": "Panchronic Comedy: Past to Future Trajectory of Anton Chekhov's The Cherry Orchard. Combining naturalism and symbolism, The Cherry Orchard emphasizes psychology of character rather than plot. Influenced by the plight of the 'superfluous man' in Ivan Turgenev's works, Chekhov presents us with the transformation of the Russian intellectual into Trofimov, the idealist thinker.In consideration of whether (or not) characters can change their future, Chekhov's original intention as to the atmosphere of The Cherry Orchard has been much misunderstood by directors (e.g. Stanislavsky) and critics alike; his play was conceived as being not a tragedy but a comedy. This necessitates a full consideration of the nature of Chekhovian humour and its links to 'laughter through tears' in Dead Souls, Gogol's spiritual odyssey. Chekhov's comic protagonists highlight certain attributes of Mrs Lyuba Ranevsky's character, the dominant theme being the inescapability of socio-economic transformation. Indeed, nearly every character is observed in relationship to status and wealth. As the epitome of change, the self-made, pragmatic merchant, Lopakhin acts as a bridge between the past and the present, between the old world and the new, though, like Chekhov himself, he is receptive to literature, theatre, and beauty.Seen by different characters in different ways, the crucial image of the Cherry Orchard itself spans personal memories and historical events. In Chekhov's own blend of panchronic comedy, its axe connects the past to the future destiny of Mother Russia on the threshold of a new revolutionary era.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Sulfite biosensor based on osmium redox polymer wired sulfite oxidase. A biosensor, based on a redoxactive osmium polymer and sulfite oxidase on screen-printed electrodes, is presented here as a promising method for the detection of sulfite. A catalytic oxidative current was generated when a sample containing sulfite was pumped over the carbon screen-printed electrode modified with osmium redox polymer wired sulfite oxidase. A stationary value was reached after approximately 50 s and a complete measurement lasted no more than 3 min. The electrode polarized at -0.1 V (vs. Ag vertical bar AgCl 1M KCl) permits minimizing the influence of interfering substances, since these compounds can be unspecific oxidized at higher potentials. Because of the good stability of the protein film on the electrode surface, a well functioning biosensor-flow system was possible to construct. The working stability and reproducibility were further enhanced by the addition of bovine serum albumin generating a more long-term stable and biocompatible protein environment. The optimized biosensor showed a stable signal for more than a week of operation and a coefficient of variation of 4.8% for 12 successive measurements. The lower limit of detection of the sensor was 0.5 mu M sulfite and the response was linear until 100 mu M. The high sensitivity permitted a 1:500 dilution of wine samples. The immobilization procedure and the operational conditions granted minimized interferences. Additionally, repeating the immobilization procedure to form several layers of wired SO further increased the sensitivity of such a sensor. Finally. the applicability of the developed sulfite biosensor was tested on real samples, such as white and red wines. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Effects of Environmental Perturbations During Postnatal Development on the Phenotypic Integration of the Skull. Integration and modularity are fundamental determinants of how natural selection effects evolutionary change in complex multivariate traits. Interest in the study of the specific developmental basis of integration through experimental approaches is fairly recent and it has mainly focused on its genetic determinants. In this study, we present evidence that postnatal environmental perturbations can modify the covariance structure by influencing the variance of some developmental processes relative to the variances of other processes that contribute to such structure. We analyzed the effects of the reduction of nutrient supply in different ontogenetic stages (i.e. before and after weaning, and from birth to adulthood) in Rattus norvegicus. Our results show that this environmental perturbation alters the phenotypic variation/covariation structure of the principal modules of the skull (base, vault, and face). The covariance matrices of different treatment groups exhibit low correlations and are significantly different, indicating that the treatments influence covariance structure. Postnatal nutrient restriction also increases the variance of somatic growth. This increased variance drives an increase in overall integration of cranial morphology through the correlated allometric effects of size variation. The extent of this increase in integration depends on the time and duration of the nutritional restriction. These results support the conclusion that environmental perturbations can influence integration and thus covariance structure via developmental plasticity. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 316: 547-561, 2011. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [4, 42, 47]}
+{"token": "'Stratified Contraception': Emergency Contraceptive Pills and Women's Differential Experiences in Contemporary India. Available without prescriptions in India since 2005, emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) and their advertisements have provided women with increased contraceptive options and a vocabulary to talk about their reproductive lives. I draw on long-term fieldwork with women in urban India about ECPs, demonstrating a new form of stratified contraception' enabled by these pills and their advertisements. I posit that there are within India spaces that replicate the luxuries and privileges of the global North. These material conditions, I suggest, are replicated when it comes to contraception as there are hubs of women consumers of contraception and contraceptive advertising that participate in an imagined cosmopolitanism' within the global South in close proximity to contraceptive ghettos.' Moving beyond simplistic binaries, I outline three major stratifications along which women experience this medical technology and outline the implications for women and their contraceptive choices when notions of northern privilege exist in the South.'", "label": [4, 5, 56, 42, 52]}
+{"token": "Safeguarding, Chaplaincy and English Professional Football. In recent years, English professional football has been rocked by allegations of historical sexual abuse and safeguarding concerns around young players. This paper examines the potential contribution that sports chaplains can make to the specific welfare needs of elite youth footballers within the wider context of safeguarding practices and protocols. Comprising a small-scale, sociological study involving welfare personnel at English Premier League and English Football League Championship clubs, the paper identifies the scope and potential of sports chaplaincy in relation to the practical outworking of safeguarding policy. Findings reveal that elite youth footballers face a number of pressures specific to the highly competitive environment in which they work and that various safeguarding issues routinely arise amidst these pressures. The paper concludes by suggesting that sports chaplains are ideally placed to provide safeguarding and wider welfare support to young players as a consequence of their independence from team management structures and their prioritization of holistic care above performance-related issues.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Effect of anaemia on hand grip strength, walking speed, functionality and 1 year mortality in older hospitalized patients. Methods: In a prospective study, data on age, sex, body mass index, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), main clinical diagnosis, number of comorbidities, hand grip strength, gait speed, ADL, haemoglobin, C-reactive protein and estimated Glomerular filtration ratio (eGFR) were recorded in 220 older patients, admitted to the acute geriatric ward of a university hospital. Anaemia was defined as a haemoglobin level < 13 g/dL for men and < 12 g/dL for women and was further specified into severe (haemoglobin level < 10 g/dL for both men and women) and moderate anaemia (haemoglobin between 10 and 12 g/dL for women and 10 and 13 g/dL for men). Gait speed (in meters per second) was calculated after a 4.5 m walk and hand grip strength (in kilogram) was assessed with a hydraulic hand dynamometer. Functionality was assessed in the six basic activities of daily living. Information about the vital status was obtained 1 year after discharge with a telephone call. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to examine the effect of the anaemia status on the walking speed, hand grip strength and premorbid ADL index and logistic regression analysis was used to examine whether anaemia could be identified as risk factors for mortality 12 months after discharge.Background: Anaemia is a common problem in hospitalized older patients and is recognized as a risk factor for a significant number of adverse outcomes. Data of the effect of anaemia on functional status during hospitalization and mortality after discharge are limited. Aim of the study is to examine whether there is an association between anaemia, hand grip strength, gait speed and basic activities of daily living (ADL) during hospitalization and mortality 1 year after discharge in geriatric patients.Conclusion: Our results do not support that anaemia on admission is associated with a decline in physical performance (hand grip strength and gait speed) and functionality (ADL) during hospitalization in older patients. However, severe anaemia is a significant risk factor for an increased mortality over a 1 year period after discharge.Results: Overall, 106 (48 %) patients had anaemia. Hand-grip strength, gait speed and ADL score were not significantly different between anaemic and non-anaemic hospitalized geriatric patients. After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, eGFR, MMSE, number of comorbidities and main clinical diagnosis, the means for hand-grip strength were 17.3, 19.9 and 19.1 kg (p = 0.38); for gait speed 0.57, 0.52 and 0.47 m/s (p = 0.28); and for the ADL score 3.50, 3.05 and 3.30 (p = 0.75) in patients with severe, moderate and without anaemia, respectively. In the unadjusted model, the odds ratio for mortality 1 year after discharge was 2.72 (95 % CI 1.20-6.14) and 4.70 (95 % CI 1.91-11.77) for moderate and severe anaemia, respectively, with no anaemia as the reference group. After adjustment for several confounders, a haemoglobin level less than 10 g/dl (OR 3.87; 95 % CI 1.25-11.99) remained significantly associated with an increased mortality over that 1 year period.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 57]}
+{"token": "Meyer-Neldel rule in amorphous strontium titanate thin films. In this letter, we report the experimental result indicating that the electrical conductivity in thin films of amorphous strontium titanate (a-STO) is well fit to the Meyer-Neldel (MN) rule over the temperature range 300-470 K. The films were ion-beam sputtered and annealed in two different atmospheres: a vacuum and flowing oxygen. The MN plots for the films show two parallel straight lines depending on the annealing atmosphere, which give the identical MN parameters of about 35 meV with the conductivity prefactors of 9.3x10(-10) and 2.3x10(-14)(Omega cm)(-1) for the vacuum- and oxygen- annealed films, respectively. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics. [S0003-6951(00)03941-3].", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Millisecond Radio Spikes in the Decimetric Band. We present the results of the analysis of thirteen events consisting of dm-spikes observed in ToruA\\\\' between 15 March 2000 and 30 October 2001. The events were obtained with a very high time resolution (80 microseconds) radio spectrograph in the 1352 -aEuro parts per thousand 1490 MHz range. These data were complemented with observations from the radio spectrograph at OndA (TM) ejov in the 0.8 -aEuro parts per thousand 2.0 GHz band. We evaluated the basic characteristics of the individual spikes (duration, spectral width, and frequency drifts), as well as their groups and chains, the location of their emission sources, and the temporal correlations of the emissions with various phases of the associated solar flares. We found that the mean duration and spectral width of the radio spikes are equal to 0.036 s and 9.96 MHz, respectively. Distributions of the duration and spectral widths of the spikes have positive skewness for all investigated events. Each spike shows positive or negative frequency drift. The mean negative and positive drifts of the investigated spikes are equal to -776 MHz s(-1) and 1608 MHz s(-1), respectively. The emission sources of the dm-spikes are located mainly at disk center. We have noticed two kinds of chains, with and without frequency drifts. The mean durations of the chains vary between 0.067 s and 0.509 s, while their spectral widths vary between 7.2 MHz and 17.25 MHz. The mean duration of an individual spike observed in a chain was equal to 0.03 s. While we found some agreement between the global characteristics of the groups of spikes recorded with the two instruments located in ToruA\\\\' and OndA (TM) ejov, we did not find any one-to-one relation between individual spikes.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Inferring the inter-host transmission of influenza A virus using patterns of intra-host genetic variation. Influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause acute, highly transmissible infections in a wide range of animal species. Understanding how these viruses are transmitted within and between susceptible host populations is critical to the development of effective control strategies. While viral gene sequences have been used to make inferences about IAV transmission dynamics at the epidemiological scale, their utility in accurately determining patterns of inter-host transmission in the short-term-i.e. who infected whom-has not been strongly established. Herein, we use intra-host sequence data from the viral HA1 (hemagglutinin) gene domain from two transmission studies employing different IAV subtypes in their natural hosts-H3N8 in horses and H1N1 in pigs-to determine how well these data recapitulate the known pattern of inter-host transmission. Although no mutations were fixed over the course of either experimental transmission chain, we show that some minor, transient alleles can provide evidence of host-to-host transmission and, importantly, can be distinguished from those that cannot.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
+{"token": "Opportunities and threats of the fourth industrial revolution and their reflection in the selection of innovative growth strategies. Conclusions and directions of further researches. The obtained results develop innovative management theory concerning the formation of prerequisites for the transition to advanced development in terms of the fourth industrial revolution. Further research should focus on the development and scientific substantiation of appropriate methodological tools.The results of the analysis. Based on a systematic analysis of the literature and practice of management allocated the positive and negative effects of the introduction of innovative technologies (both existing and forecasted), created in line with the fourth industrial revolution. The results of their systematization can be used as basis for the formation of an information base to determine the priorities of innovation.It is shown that distribution of the changes caused by the fourth industrial revolution and the completion of the fifth technological way and the transition to the sixth provide chances to individual institutions and national economies to move to outstripping innovative development.The aim of the article. Analysis and systematization of possible effects of the fourth industrial revolution both positive and negative, development of recommendations for innovative development strategies formation which would allow the use of opportunities for social and economic growth and will prevent treats.On the example of Ukraine and modern forms of work organization (freelance) for the various sectors of activity it is shown that domestic experts have leading positions in global markets, they are successfully implementing the technology generated by the fourth industrial revolution. It demonstrates the significant potential of transition to the sixth technological way. The generalized scheme of formation of Ukrainian innovative development priority directions in line with the concept of technological advance is developed. It is shown that Ukraine has considerable potential for innovation growth which is relevant to the terms of the fourth industrial revolution. In particular, the 2015 world rankings in knowledge and innovation, it had high enough position: knowledge creation - 14; innovation effectiveness - 15; spending on education - 18; number of applications for patents - 19; number of graduates in science and technology - 20; number of employees in knowledge provision - 39. According to the agency \\\\'Bloomberg\\\\', Ukraine is among TOP 50 innovative economies (41 position). According to it the least effective component of the innovation economy of Ukraine is state (government regulation). This factor will be insignificant in the future.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Interactions of CO2 enrichment and temperature on cotton growth and leaf characteristics. Studies on the interactive effects of atmospheric CO2 and temperature on growth and leaf morphology, particularly on stomatal index and density are limited. Upland cotton was grown in naturally-lit plant growth chambers al 30/22 degrees C day/night temperatures from planting until squaring or the fifth or sixth leaf emerged. Five growth chambers were maintained at ambient (350 mu l l(-1)) CO2 and another five at twice ambient (700 mu l l(-1)) CO2 throughout the experiment. Day/night temperature treatments of 20/12, 25/17, 30/22, 35/27 and 40/32 degrees C were imposed at each CO2 treatment for 42 days after squaring. The plants were irrigated with half-strength Hoagland's nutrient solution three times per day. Growth of plant parts was determined at the end of the experiment. Stomatal characteristics, nonstructural carbohydrates and specific leaf weight were measured on the fully expanded tenth mainstem leaf, Stomatal density and index were not affected by elevated CO2. Stomata and epidermal cell numbers pet leaf increased in high CO2 and were positively correlated with final leaf sizes irrespective of CO2 level. Our results suggest that plants do not acclimate to elevated CO2 by changing stomatal density within a single generation. Leaves had greater area and accumulated more biomass when grown in high CO2. Growth stimulation expressed as dry weight at 700 mu l l(-1) over dry weight al 350 mu l l(-1) CO2 was uniform across temperatures. Temperature optimum for vegetative and reproductive growth was 30/22 degrees C and was not altered by CO2 enrichment. Fruit retention was severely curtailed at the two higher temperatures compared to 30/22 degrees C in both CO2 environments. increased carbohydrate storage in leaves may be an added advantage for initiation and growth of vegetative structures such as branches at all temperatures. However, it is unlikely that high temperature effects on flower abortion will be ameliorated by high CO2. Species/cultivars that retain fruits at high temperatures would be more productive both in the present-day cotton producing environments and are even more desirable in the future warmer world. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 5, 52, 9]}
+{"token": "A quantification of diffusion dialysis process: Single electrolyte system (hydrochloric acid solution). This study dealt with diffusion dialysis process of single HCl solution as feed. Water osmosis phenomenon was investigated in detail and modified mass transfer equation with the chemical potential difference as driving force was deduced. It mainly included three parts. Firstly, time dependence of diffusate volume was investigated quantitatively, and when the curves were divided into two parts and two different quadratic polynomials were used to fit them, results showed that the fitting accuracy was satisfactory. Secondly, to calculate the solution chemical potential more easily, average mean activity coefficient and average osmotic coefficient were used. Results showed that with the increase in feed concentration, the coefficients increase accordingly. Thirdly, permeability coefficients were investigated to quantify the diffusion dialysis, results illustrated that when lambda=5 and theta=0.5, P'(HCl) and P'(H2O) were acceptable coefficients to characterize the process. This study can allow a selection of optimum parameters for diffusion dialysis process. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Extraction of FAN from Malting Barley During Malting and Mashing. Optimization of utilizable extract from raw materials is a high priority in both potable and industrial alcohol production. In brewing, free amino nitrogen (FAN) is a predictor of fermentation efficiency and, to maximize its extraction from raw materials, it is important to identify the points in the malting or brewing process where it is formed. In this study, 28 types of two-row malted barley were examined before and after mashing, to determine their amino acid and ammonia composition. Overall, 88% of the total yeast utilizable nitrogen present in wort was a product of endosperm degradation during malting barley germination. The remaining 12% was formed during the mashing stage. Significantly, methionine and aspartic acid, important nitrogen sources for healthy fermentation, were found to be minor amino acids in the malted grain. Consequently, mashing conditions should be optimized for the production of these amino acids from endosperm degradation.", "label": [0, 2, 19, 8]}
+{"token": "The transportation problem with exclusionary side constraints and two branch-and-bound algorithms. The transportation problem with exclusionary side constraints, a practical distribution and logistics problem, is formulated as a 0-1 mixed integer programming model. Two branch-and-bound (B&B) algorithms are developed and implemented in this study to solve this problem. Both algorithms use the Driebeek penalties to strengthen the lower bounds so as to fathom some of the subproblems, to peg variables, and to guide the selection of separation variables. One algorithm also strongly exploits the problem structure in selecting separation variables in order to find feasible solutions sooner. To take advantage of the underlying network structure of the problem, the algorithms employ the primal network simplex method to solve network relaxations of the problem. A computational experiment was conducted to test the performance of the algorithms and to characterize the problem difficulty. The commercial mixed integer programming software CPLEX and an existing special purpose algorithm specifically designed for this problem were used as benchmarks to measure the performance of the algorithms. Computational results show that the new algorithms completely dominate the existing special purpose algorithm and run from two to three orders of magnitude faster than CPLEX. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
+{"token": "Critical mass of female directors, human capital, and stakeholder engagement by corporate social reporting. This paper aims to examine two closely related issues: first, the effect of the presence of female directors on boards on corporate social responsibility disclosure, focusing on the necessary critical mass of this minority group, and, second, the moderation of the human capital of board members-their background, skills, and experience-that could favor the intrinsic female directors' characteristics through the cognitive effect of equal board members. For an international sample of 9,744 firm-year observations from 2007 to 2016, different panel data regressions are proposed. The findings of this study reveal a positive impact of gender board diversity on voluntary socially responsible disclosure by examining the presence of at least three women on the board-the critical mass. Moreover, the paper reports a greater effect when the board's background, skills, and experience are greater. As a supplemental analysis, the evidence shows that the female role does not remain when women achieve the position of chairperson; that is, female directors adopt a male stereotype regarding voluntary information disclosure when they are also the chairperson of the firm, independently of the human capital of the board members.", "label": [5, 48, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "Combination Immunomodulator and Antibiotic Treatment in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Clostridium difficile Infection. BACKGROUND & AIMS: Management of Clostridium difficile infection in patients with flaring inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has not been optimized. We investigated the effects of combination therapy with antibiotics and immunomodulators in patients with IBD and C difficile infection. METHODS: We analyzed data from 155 patients (59% with ulcerative colitis [UC]) from a retrospective, European Crohn's and Colitis organization, multi-center study comparing outcome of hospitalized IBD patients with C difficile infection who were treated with antibiotics (n = 51) or antibiotics and immunomodulators (n = 104). The primary composite Outcome was death or colectomy within 3 months of admission, in-hospital megacolon, bowel perforation, hemodynamic shock, or respiratory failure. RESULTS: The primary outcome occurred in 12% of patients given the combination treatment vs none of the patients given antibiotics alone (P = .01). UC, abdominal tenderness, or severe bloody diarrhea was more common among patients that received the combined therapy. However, multivariate analysis revealed that only the combination therapy maintained a trend for an independent association with the primary outcome (likelihood ratio = 11.9; CI, 0.9-157; P = .06). Treatment with 2 or 3 immunomodulators was correlated with the primary outcome, independent of disease severity at presentation (odds ratio [OR] = 17; CI, 3.2-91; P < .01). Acid-suppressing medications increased the risk of C difficile relapse (OR = 3.8; CI, 1.1-12.9; P = .03), whereas recent hospitalization correlated with increased rate of C difficile persistence (OR = 8; CI, 2.1-2.9; P = .002). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with IBD that also have C difficile infection are frequently treated with a combination of antibiotics and immunomodulators. However, this combination tends to associate with a worse outcome than antibiotic therapy alone. Prospective controlled trials are urgently needed to optimize the management of these challenging patients.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Regulation of the type I protein secretion system by the MisR/MisS two-component system in Neisseria meningitidis. Neisseria meningitidis, an obligate human pathogen, remains a leading cause of meningitis and fatal sepsis. Meningococci are known to secrete a family of proteins, such as FrpC, with sequence similarity to the repeat-in-toxin (RTX) proteins via the type I secretion system. The meningococcal type I secretion proteins are encoded at two distant genetic loci, NMB1400 (hlyB) and NMB1738/1737 (hlyD/to/C), and are separated from the RTX toxin-like substrates. We have characterized the promoter elements of both hlyB and hlyD by primer extension and lacZ reporter fusions and revealed the growth phase-dependent upregulation of both genes. In addition, we showed that the MisR/MisS two-component system negatively regulates the expression of hlyB and hlyD/to/C. Direct binding of MisR to hlyB and hlyD promoters was demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and DNase I protection assays identified MisR binding sites overlapping the promoter elements. Direct repression of hlyB transcription by MisR was supported by in vitro transcription assays. Mutations in the MisR/S system affected, but did not eliminate, the growth phase-dependent upregulation of hlyB, suggesting additional regulatory mechanisms. Increased secretion of RTX toxin-like proteins was detected in the cell-free media from misS mutant cultures, indicating that the amounts of extracellular RTX toxin-like proteins are, in part, controlled by the abundance of the type I secretion apparatus. This is, to our knowledge, the first example of a two-component system mediating secretion of cytotoxin family proteins by controlling expression of the type I secretion proteins.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Contrast Baths. Methods: Of a total of 28 clinical research articles on contrast baths, from 1938 forward, ten met the inclusion criteria set by the authors.Study Design: Systematic review.Introduction: Contrast baths are used as an intervention in hand therapy, yet it is unclear which patients, if any, benefit from this intervention.Purpose of the Study: To examine the nature and quality of the evidence regarding the use of contrast baths using a systematic review process.Results: These Studies addressed the physiological changes of hot and cold on blood flow, intramuscular temperature, subcutaneous temperature, and the influence of room temperature and age. The Subjects included normal/healthy volunteers and patients with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, or foot/ankle injuries. The diversity of conditions, protocols, and outcomes limited the ability to make definitive Conclusions on efficacy.Conclusions: The contrast bath procedure may increase superficial blood flow and skin temperature, though the evidence on the impact on edema is conflicting. No relationship between physiologic effects and functional outcomes has been established.Level of Evidence: 2A", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "REVOLUTION, PEACE, AND JUSTICE IN SUDAN. After decades of internal civil conflict, a peaceful popular revolution toppled longtime dictator Omar al-Bashir in April 2019. The popular revolution paved the way for the transitional government of Sudan to negotiate the October 2020 Juba Peace Agreement, a comprehensive peace agreement with a coalition of regional armed movements. The 2019 revolution and the 2020 peace process created the opportunity for Sudan to transition to a peaceful multi-ethnic participatory democracy with shared constitutional powers, economic prosperity, and respect for human rights throughout all of Sudan. The popular revolution and peace process also laid the groundwork for the establishment of transitional justice and accountability mechanisms for the human rights atrocities committed by the Bashir regime and other parties to Sudan's decades-long violent internal conflicts. Despite the October 2021 military coup of Sudan's transitional government near the one-year anniversary of the signing of the Juba Peace Agreement, a restoration of the democratic transition remains possible. The groundwork laid by the Juba Peace Agreement provides Sudan with a peaceful way forward. This Article serves as a case study of the world's most recently concluded peace process. The Article begins by assessing the peace process and the Juba Peace Agreement using the theoretical peace versus justice framework. In subsequent Sections, this Article examines how themes of peace and justice have unfolded in past Sudanese peace processes and situates the Juba peace process within that history. Through this case study, the Article makes clear that the 2019 popular revolution paved the way for the Juba peace process to address issues of peace and transitional justice in a more fulsome way than would have been possible with a Bashir led government. By bringing the parties to Sudan's ongoing violent conflicts to agreement on peace, justice, and a political path forward, the Juba Peace Agreement lays a clear roadmap to a peaceful and democratic Sudan. With sustained domestic support and international engagement, the Juba Peace Agreement's significant promise can withstand the current volatility of Sudan's political transition.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "A survey of the life cycle assessment of food supply chains. Food supply chains have substantial impacts on our environment, using large amounts of fossil fuel and other non-renewable resources, as well as water and land. Food supply chains are also complex systems, and their evaluation thus requires a study of the entire system, from primary production to end-of-life food-waste solutions. This paper examines the current state-of-the-art of the published food supply chains Life Cycle Assessment studies and their quality and coherency with the existing standards from the methodological perspective. In particular, we have followed the framework of the International Organization for Standardization, and considered the standard's requirements, emphasising goal and scope, inventory, life cycle impact assessment and interpretation. We have surveyed forty-nine research and review papers, sourced from the Web of Science. Additionally, we have carried out a content analysis, identifying research areas and existing research trends. The results identified possible improvements in terms of goals and scope, as well as inventory and life cycle impact assessment, to increase the consistency and reliability of studies. These studies, in turn, affect a transparent and sustainability-oriented decision-making process, which is essential at various levels - company, stakeholders, national and global. Concept maps reveal the most dominant research directions, which are production, use, system and packaging. Missing is a role of socio-economic effects, as food life-cycles include societal and economic functions as well as circular economy options, during production or end-of-life processes. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "An optimal feeding strategy for black soldier fly larvae biomass production and faecal sludge reduction. The dual roles of efficient degradation and bioconversion of a wide range of organic wastes into valuable animal protein and organic fertiliser, has led to increased interest in black soldier fly (BSF) technology as a highly promising tool for sustainable waste management and alternative protein production. The current study investigated the potential application of BSF technology in the valorisation of faecal sludge (FS), a common organic waste in the urban informal settlements in low and middle-income countries. We evaluated the effect of different feeding rates (100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/larva/day), different feeding regimen and supplementation with other waste feedstock (food remains, FR; brewers waste, BW; and banana peelings, BP) on BSF larvae (BSFL) growth rates/yield and FS reduction efficiency. Results showed significantly (P<0.01) higher prepupal yield (179 +/- 3.3 and 190 +/- 1.2 g) and shorter larval development time (16.7 and 15 days) when reared on 200 and 250 mg/larva/day FS, respectively. However, different feeding regimes of FS did not significantly affect larval growth rate and prepupal yield (P=0.56). Supplementation of FS with other organic substrates resulted in significantly increased BSFL biomass production and substrate reduction, and shortened larval development time; with the effect was more pronounced when FS was supplemented with FR and at 30% supplementation. Protein:fat ratios for BSFL reared on FS, FS:FR, FS:BW were significantly (P<0.05) higher (2.51, 2.53, and 2.44, respectively) compared to FS:BP mixture (1.99). These results demonstrated that supplementation of FS with locally available organic waste can be used to improve its suitability as feedstock for BSF production and organic waste bioremediation from the environment. In conclusion, a daily feeding strategy of substrate containing FS supplemented with 30% organic waste co-substrate at feeding rate of 200 mg/larva/day can be used as a guideline for BSFL mass production and bioremediation of FS both at small-and large-scale level.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 44, 8]}
+{"token": "Potential threats of offshoring software R&D: An analysis of US-based firms that use 'Common criteria' certification. With the enormous growth of offshoring software R&D, a concern has arisen that the U.S. may be taking a national security risk by sourcing its software needs to a global innovation network. Offshoring may increase the possibility that malicious parties access software code to steal information, insert harmful code, or carry out other threats. We investigate whether firms that provide software for U.S. defense and critical infrastructure applications perform R&D offshore. Within a sample of 137 U.S.-based firms that submitted software for \\\\'Common Criteria\\\\' (CC) certification, we found that more than half offshored at least some of their software R&D to a variety of locations, including India, China, and Russia. Active CC participants, as well as larger firms, offshored more. We also investigate reasons given by IT managers for offshoring; a common refrain is that it does not matter where this software is written.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Energy requirements of Texel crossbred lambs. Two trials were conducted to determine the energy requirements of feedlot Texel crossbred lambs. In a comparative slaughter trial, thirty 11/16 Texel x 5/16 Ile de France crossbred noncastrated male lambs, weaned at 42 d of age (16.2 +/- 2.1 kg of shrunk BW; SBW), were used. Five lambs were randomly chosen and slaughtered after 10 d of experimental management and diet adaptation (baseline group). Fifteen lambs then were fed for ad libitum intake and slaughtered at 25, 30, or 35 kg of SBW. The remaining 10 lambs were randomly assigned to 2 levels of DMI, either 70 or 55% of the ad libitum intake, and were slaughtered concomitantly with lambs of the 35 kg of SBW group. Total body N, fat, and energy contents were determined. In a digestibility trial, 6 Texel x Ile de France crossbred lambs (30.4 +/- 2.6 kg of SBW) were housed in metabolic cages and used in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square experiment to evaluate the energetic value of the diet at different feed intake levels. Net and ME requirements for maintenance were 58.6 and 91 kcal/ kg(0.75) of SBW, respectively. Consequently, partial efficiency of energy use for maintenance was 0.64. Body fat content varied from 72.7 to 125.9 g/kg of empty BW, respectively, for 13.1 and 28.2 kg of empty BW. Net energy requirements for growth of lambs at 15 and 35 kg of SBW at an ADG of 250 g were 424 and 553 kcal/ d, respectively. Partial efficiency of energy use for growth was 0.47. Texel x Ile de France crossbred growing lambs used in this study showed decreased nutritional requirements than those reported by most nutritional systems.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Basal diet and indigestible marker influence apparent digestibilities of nitrogen and amino acids of cottonseed meal and soybean meal in pigs. This study was to determine the apparent ileal nitrogen (N) and amino acid digestibilities of cottonseed meal (CSM) and soybean meal (SBM) in simple carbohydrate-based and more complex wheat-based diets. Twenty five Large White x Landrace boars (40.9 kg) were randomly allocated to one of 5 dietary treatments: a wheat diet, 40% CSM in either a sugar: starch (1:1) or wheat-based diet, or 40% SBM in either a sugar: starch or wheat-based diet for 14 d. All diets contained vitamins, minerals, and contained acid-insoluble ash (AIA) and Cr2O3 as indigestible markers. Rations were offered (1,800 g/pig per d) in 3 meals/d on d 1 - 11 and 8 meals/d on d 12 - 13. On d 14, the pigs were fed hourly for 8 h. After the 8th meal, pigs were anaesthetised with isoflurothane, and ileal and faecal digesta sampled from the terminal ileum and rectum before lethal injection of barbiturate. Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of N was greater (12.1%) when CSM was fed in the wheat-based diet as compared to the simple carbohydrate-based diet, whereas apparent ileal N digestibility of SBM was slightly lower (-4.5%) in the wheat-based diet as compared to the sugar: starch-based diet. Apparent ileal amino acid digestibility generally respondeds similarly to N. Therefore, while there was a wide difference in apparent N and amino acid digestibilities of SBM and CSM when they were fed in the sugar: starch-based diets, these differences were less apparent when they were fed the wheat-based diet. There was an apparent net release of N into the hindgut of pigs fed CSM in both base diets. Conversely, there was quite substantial apparent digestion of N in the hindgut of pigs fed SBM in both base diets. The use of Cr2O3 as an indigestible marker resulted in lower apparent ileal and faecal digestibilities than using AIA, particularly for diets containing CSM. These data demonstrate that the basal diet and choice of indigestible marker can substantially influence the estimate of apparent N digestibility, this response can differ for different protein meals. (C) 2019, Chinese Association of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.", "label": [0, 6, 10]}
+{"token": "Radiation therapy, cisplatin and hyperthermia in combination in management of patients with recurrent carcinomas of the head and neck with metastatic cervical lymph nodes. Twenty-one patients with recurrent carcinomas of the head and neck with metastatic cervical lymph nodes were treated with radiation therapy, cisplatin and hyperthermia in combination, in an attempt to investigate any potential contribution in terms of safety, response, duration of palliation and quality of life. Patients not initially treated with radiation therapy were treated with a median dose of 70 Gy and patients initially treated with radiation therapy with a median dose of 30 Gy. The median number of weekly cisplatin courses was five and the median number of twice weekly local external ultrasound hyperthermia sessions was five. Average Tg,, Average T-50 and Average T-10 were 39.9 +/- 1.2 degrees C, 42.4 +/- 1.3 degrees C and 44.5 +/- 0.8 degrees C, respectively, and Average CEM 43 degrees C T-90, Average CEM 43 degrees C T-50 and Average CEM 43 degrees C Tio were 7.8 +/- 9.6 min, 22.6 +/- 18.8 min and 39.3 +/- 25.1 min, respectively. Mean follow-up was 1 year. Nodal complete response was achieved in eight patients and palliation of presenting symptoms in 19. Overall survival was 39% at 1 year. Grade 3 acute skin toxicity was observed in one patient and Grade 3 acute haematological toxicity in one. Radiation therapy, cisplatin and hyperthermia in combination appear to be safe and might improve response, prolong duration: of palliation and reinstate quality of life in patients with recurrent carcinomas of the head and neck with metastatic cervical lymph nodes.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Keynes: The Second Coming? Keynote Speech Given at the EAEPE Annual Conference, 04 September 2020. This article outlines principles of a modernised macroeconomic framework, drawing on John Maynard Keynes. It explores the historical context in which Keynes' economic theory arose, and the history of its application and subsequent replacement by neoclassical economics. The article argues that any updated Keynesian programme must address three new problems: globalization, wealth inequality and climate change. It sketches out the ways in which these might be addressed.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Cutaneous extrarenal rhabdoid tumor with myogenic differentiation. Conclusions: The rhabdoid phenotype is rarely seen in cutaneous neoplasms, but when present, portends a poor prognosis adding particular importance to its recognition.Background: The rhabdoid phenotype is characterized by large epithelioid cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and paranuclear inclusions of intermediate filaments. Although originally described in tumors from pediatric kidneys, the rhabdoid phenotype has since been described in a variety of patient ages and extrarenal sites. Extraordinarily, the rhabdoid phenotype has emerged in cutaneous neoplasms, either as a pure extrarenal rhabdoid tumor or a composite phenotype coupled with another malignancy. Regardless of the clinical setting, the rhabdoid phenotype is uniformly associated with aggressive biological behavior. We report the findings from a rare and very aggressive primary extrarenal rhabdoid tumor of the skin with myogenic differentiation.Case report: A 53-year-old woman presented with an ulcerated nodule on her right medial calf and ipsilateral inguinal lymphadenopathy. Histological examination of the skin nodule as well as cytologic examination of a lymph node disclosed the characteristic rhabdoid phenotype. Electron microscopy demonstrated paranuclear globules of intermediate filaments; special stains suggested an underlying myogenic histogenesis. The patient was aggressively treated with chemotherapy but ultimately died of her disease 8 months after presentation.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "The 'default' in our stars: Signposting non-defaultness in ironic discourse. A non-default interpretation is required whenever speakers creatively depart from established norms and defaults. But effective speakers do not travel alone when they move away from default meanings to novel, non-default destinations. Effective speakers bring their readers with them, sometimes by making the non-default destination the only meaningful destination that can be reached with an utterance, but other times by helpfullyif subtlymarking their utterances to facilitate the dislocation of words and meanings. We consider the relative utility of different indicators of non-defaultness in this article, ranging from the subtle to the overt. Our approach argues for the usefulness of machine-generated texts when quantitatively exploring aspects of human linguistic creativity, since machine-tooled utterances can better assure the consistency and comparability of novel utterances that are designed to offer strikingly original points of view. Within this mechanical framework, we measure the extent of the shift from default to non-default interpretations via the downshift from positive to negative affect in machine-generated ironic utterances. In using machine-generated texts, our approach and its results also argue for the possibility that intelligent machines can craft creative utterances of their own, and effectively communicate an ironic point-of-view to human readers.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "A global molecular phylogeny of the small Puffinus shearwaters and implications for systematics of the Little-Audubon's shearwater complex. A molecular phylogeny based on 917 base pairs (bp) of the mitochondrial (nit) DNA cytochrome-b gene was used to test and reassess the systematics and conflicting taxonomic treatments of the small, black-and-white Puffinus shearwaters, including the P. assimilis-lherminieri species complex. Three geographically discrete clades were identified in the North Atlantic, Southern (Australasia) and tropical Pacific and Indian oceans that contain most of the P. assimilis-lherminieri taxa. Together with four other lineages (R puffinus, P. opisthomelas, P. mauretanicus-P. yelkouan, P. newelli-P. myrtae), they form an unresolved polytomy. Puffinus huttoni-P. gavia, P. nativitatis, and P. subalaris are basal to this. The phylogenetic positions of P. myrtae and P. subalaris are unexpected and warrant further investigation. None of the competing taxonomic treatments of the R assimilis-lherminieri complex are supported. Instead, our phylogeny suggests that 14 taxa should be recognized, whereas five others (loyemilleri, colstoni, nicolae, polynesiae, and atrodorsalis) are phylogenetically undifferentiated from more widespread species (lherminieri, dichrous, and bailloni) and are probably not valid. Similarities in plumage and external morphological characters between unrelated species and differences between closely related species suggest that those traditional taxonomic characters are poor indicators of phylogenetic relatedness.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Revolutionizing elementary disaster prevention education and training via augmented reality-enhanced collaborative learning. In light of a recent spike in natural and man-made disasters, there has been an increase in interest in disaster prevention education and training. The effectiveness of both publicly-funded and voluntarily organized disaster education (DE) has attracted wide attention. More studies are needed to understand the innovative pedagogical practice and the impact of technological advances on disaster learning content development, effectiveness and motivation. This study investigates the application of augmented reality (AR) in DE and training. An AR-enhanced tool named 'disaster-proof warrior' was developed and tested to evaluate its enhancement effect on learning under two collaborative learning modes. A series of quasi-experiments involving 85 elementary school subjects was carried out to assess the learning effectiveness and the subjective reaction in learning motivation. The results showed the AR embedded learning tool is effective in engaging and motivating collaborative team knowledge building. This study adds to the existing literature of AR applications in education and training as well as providing a useful reference for future development and improvement of national DE and training.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Dead Men Attack' (Osovets, 1915): Myth or Reality. The article, basing on archive materials, attempts to examine one of the chapters of World War I history, namely, so-called. dead men attack. during Osovets Tower (westward of Bialystok, within the territory of modern Poland) defense by Russian troops in 1915, reconstructs the battle, specifies attack, rather counterattack conditions, introduces new archive sources for scientific use.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "'Dear Participant' - training, rehearsal and response in the work of Goat Island performance group and Francis Alys. Within the realms of collaborative performance practice, 'devising' has become a commonly used term, yet it tells us little more than that an often original process of invention has been elaborated in order to make and rehearse newly composed work. How might we begin to articulate and organise this unmarked and often purposefully a-systematic terrain, one that values the individual yet emphasises collaboration, response and participation as fundamental to a more ethical approach to theatre-making? And how might such processes encourage us to rethink the term 'training'? Written in two parts, including a scripted collaborative 'performed dialogue' (coauthored with ex-Goat Island member, Karen Christopher), this article speculates on questions of training, rehearsal and approaches to collaborative composition examined through the performances and Summer Schools of the now-disbanded Chicago performance group, Goat Island, and the writing and works of Belgian-born artist, Francis Aly \\\\'s. Rehearsal, suggests Aly \\\\'s -a process that aims to preserve uncertainty and deliberation -defines a condition of art practice that certain artists and groups gravitate towards for political, economic, social and aesthetic reasons. Rehearsal can propose a resistant state, reminding us of the world before it settles and the potentiality of conditions that are immanent. Performance itself is the enactment of the dream of a present moment, repeated. Part essay, part conversation, this two-part article considers some of the implications and digressions of such interests.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Development of three-dimensional co-rotational beam model for nonlinear dynamic analysis of highly flexible slender composite blades. The main purpose of this work is to introduce a novel method analyzing the dynamic response of a highly flexible slender composite beam having anisotropic property and variable cross-section. A three-dimensional co-rotational model is developed. The beam deformation in dynamic conditions is obtained by applying HHT-alpha method as dynamic analysis tool. Validation studies with various boundary conditions, multiple external loads and pre-curved structures are performed. Furthermore, dynamic analysis with a large, flexible, and slender composite blade is performed with and without structural couplings. It is shown the developed beam model accurately predicts nonlinear three-dimensional response and anisotropic structural coupling effects.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "MAGNETO-STATIC MODELING OF THE MIXED PLASMA BETA SOLAR ATMOSPHERE BASED ON SUNRISE/IMaX DATA. Our aim is to model the three-dimensional magnetic field structure of the upper solar atmosphere, including regions of non-negligible plasma beta. We use high-resolution photospheric magnetic field measurements from SUNRISE/IMaX as the boundary condition for a magneto-static magnetic field model. The high resolution of IMaX allows us to resolve the interface region between the photosphere and corona, but modeling this region is challenging for the following reasons. While the coronal magnetic field is thought to be force-free (the Lorentz force vanishes), this is not the case in the mixed plasma beta environment in the photosphere and lower chromosphere. In our model, pressure gradients and gravity forces are self-consistently taken into account and compensate for the non-vanishing Lorentz force. Above a certain height (about 2 Mm) the non-magnetic forces become very weak and consequently the magnetic field becomes almost force-free. Here, we apply a linear approach where the electric current density consists of a superposition of a field-line parallel current and a current perpendicular to the Sun' s gravity field. We illustrate the prospects and limitations of this approach and give an outlook for an extension toward a nonlinear model.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Development of brightness on handmade woolen carpets. A process for the achievement of brightness on handmade carpet made from coarse wool fibre considering chlorine based oxidation of wool has been developed. Box-Behnken design of experiment is adopted for three factors (sulphuric acid, sodium hypochlorite and sodium hydroxide concentrations) at three levels for computation of responses like whiteness index, brightness index, and wear and abrasion loss. The optimized conditions are determined by multiple regression analysis aided by computer generated ANOVA analysis of raw data and contour graphs corresponding to various response surface models. The optimum conditions for process parameters are found to be 10 g/L sulphuric acid, 4.5g/L sodium hypochlorite and 10g/L sodium hydroxide. The handle, softness, whiteness, lustre and the anti-shrinkage properties of treated wool fibre improve in comparison to those of original fibre.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "A structural signature motif enlightens the origin and diversification of nuclear receptors. Author summaryThe origin of novelties is a central topic in evolutionary biology. A fundamental question is how organisms constrained by natural selection can divert from existing schemes to set up novel structures or pathways. Among the most important strategies are exaptations, which represent pre-adaptation strategies. Many examples exist in biology, at both morphological and molecular levels, such as the one reported here that focuses on an unusual structural feature called the pi-turn. It is found in the structure of the most ancestral nuclear receptors RXR and HNF4. The analyses trace back the complex evolutionary history of the pi-turn to more than 500 million years ago, before the Cambrian explosion and show that this feature was essential for the heterodimerization capacity of RXR. Nuclear receptor lineages that emerged later in evolution lost the pi-turn. We demonstrate here that this loss in nuclear receptors that heterodimerize with RXR was critical for the emergence of high affinity receptors, such as the vitamin D and the thyroid hormone receptors. On the other hand, the conserved pi-turn in RXR allowed it to accommodate multiple heterodimer interfaces with numerous partners. This structural exaptation allowed for the remarkable diversification of nuclear receptors.Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that modulate gene regulatory networks from embryonic development to adult physiology and thus represent major targets for clinical interventions in many diseases. Most nuclear receptors function either as homodimers or as heterodimers. The dimerization is crucial for gene regulation by nuclear receptors, by extending the repertoire of binding sites in the promoters or the enhancers of target genes via combinatorial interactions. Here, we focused our attention on an unusual structural variation of the alpha-helix, called pi-turn that is present in helix H7 of the ligand-binding domain of RXR and HNF4. By tracing back the complex evolutionary history of the pi-turn, we demonstrate that it was present ancestrally and then independently lost in several nuclear receptor lineages. Importantly, the evolutionary history of the pi-turn motif is parallel to the evolutionary diversification of the nuclear receptor dimerization ability from ancestral homodimers to derived heterodimers. We then carried out structural and biophysical analyses, in particular through point mutation studies of key RXR signature residues and showed that this motif plays a critical role in the network of interactions stabilizing homodimers. We further showed that the pi-turn was instrumental in allowing a flexible heterodimeric interface of RXR in order to accommodate multiple interfaces with numerous partners and critical for the emergence of high affinity receptors. Altogether, our work allows to identify a functional role for the pi-turn in oligomerization of nuclear receptors and reveals how this motif is linked to the emergence of a critical biological function. We conclude that the pi-turn can be viewed as a structural exaptation that has contributed to enlarging the functional repertoire of nuclear receptors.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Nostalgia and political analysis: A perspective from the Israeli case. I argue here for the relevance and importance of the study of nostalgia for political analysis. Focusing on the case of Israel, I propose that a study of nostalgia can yield, at least in the case at hand, insightful views of political reality that other approaches to the study of politics may fail to expose. Specifically, I focus on a nostalgia prevalent among the dominant Ashkenazi ethno-class, accompanied by a Mizrahi 'counter' nostalgia. I argue that these nostalgias tell us volumes - like other nostalgias can do - about the ways people and their socio-political groups understand their world and their place within it in the present and formulate their hopes for the future. In this, nostalgia proves to be an important part of the toolkit of the study of politics, alongside the study of political myth and symbols.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "Presence of antigen and antibodies in serum and genital discharges of heifers after experimental intrauterine inoculation with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. The excretion of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in cervico-vaginal mucus (CVM) or urine and the local and systemic immune responses to the organism were monitored in eight susceptible heifers after intrauterine inoculation while six similar heifers served as controls. All the heifers were inseminated at the subsequent oestrous periods. The overall percentage pregnancy rate (the number of pregnancies divided by the total number of inseminations) was lower in the infected heifers than in the controls though not significantly (33.3 v 50.0 per cent). Leptospires were detected, in either the urine or the CVM of six of the eight infected heifers during the study period of 15 weeks, either by direct immunofluorescence or dark ground microscopy; the bacteria did not grow in culture from any of the CVM samples. The control heifers remained free from evidence of infection. In the infected heifers, mean titres of at least 1:100 in a microscopic agglutination test were maintained for one to two weeks before declining to 1:10 to 1:30, whereas in serum IgG-ELISA tests (developed by using either protein or carbohydrate antigens), antibody titres of at least 1:100 were maintained throughout the study. During oestrous periods. IgA antibodies were detected more frequently in CVM with titres which were usually higher than the titres of IgG.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Geographical variation in bill colour in the Long-tailed Finch: evidence for a narrow zone of admixture between sub-species. The Long-tailed Finch (Poephila acuticauda) is endemic to Australia's northern tropics and comprises two sub-species differentiated by bill colour: yellow in the western sub-species acuticauda and red in the eastern sub-species hecki. We present an extensive survey of bill colour variation across the range of the Long-tailed Finch (more than 700 individuals collected across nearly 1500 km of range). Geographic clinal analysis using bill reflectance spectrophotometry data suggests that the greatest extent of bill colour admixture is only similar to 150 km wide and is centred approximately 50 km west of Katherine, Northern Territory (14.5 degrees S, 132.3 degrees E). Variation in bill colour is generally low outside of this zone, and across widely distributed allopatric populations of both sub-species. However, the best-fit clinal model supports a pattern of asymmetrical introgression of bill colour from the east into the west. The narrow geographic width of bill colour admixture between Long-tailed Finch sub-species and the estimated timing of secondary contact (14-21 kya) suggests a role for selection acting against hybrids and/or parentals in maintaining sub-species as independently evolving populations.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Gelatin-Collagen Nonwoven Scaffold Provides an Alternative to Suprathel for Treatment of Superficial Skin Defects. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a new biologic gelatin-collagen nonwoven scaffold compared with a more common synthetic wound dressing on the healing of superficial wounds. METHODS: Three superficial wounds with a depth of 0.5 mm and a length of 2.4 cm were created on the flanks of six minipigs using a skin dermatome. One wound on each pig was treated with the new nonwoven scaffold, one with the more common synthetic wound dressing, and one functioned as an untreated control wound. All three wounds were then covered with a semipermeable, sterile, transparent film. RESULTS: After 7 days, complete wound closure of all wounds could be detected; epidermal thickness and the number of epidermal cells of all treated wounds were significantly increased compared with the control wounds. The nonwoven dressing showed slightly better results compared with the more common dressing. CONCLUSIONS: The nonwoven scaffold is an interesting and competitive material for promoting epidermal wound healing. Because it is a biologic dressing, it degenerates completely and does not have to be removed from the wound. Further research should be conducted to compare this new dressing with other currently available wound treatments.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
+{"token": "'About confusions of the mind due to abnormal conditions of the sexual organs' by Hermann Joseph Lowenstein. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, several works written by physicians and dealing with sexual issues were published. In addition to other issues (for example, the development of psychiatric disorders stemming from conditions in the sexual sphere), they resumed the discussion - which had been going on for about a hundred years, primarily among teachers - about the dangers arising from onania. One of these physicians was the German psychiatrist Hermann Joseph Lowenstein, who wrote a dissertation in 1823 with the title De mentis aberrationibus ex partium. sexualium conditione abnormi oriundis. It was part of the anti-onania discourse, which was starting to influence the science of sexuality.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 23]}
+{"token": "GIANT BIRDS OF OLD': AN 1837 POEM BY JAMES DWIGHT DANA (?) ON THE SUPPOSED MAKERS OF THE CONNECTICUT VALLEY'S FOSSIL TRACKWAYS. This article first reviews Hitchcock's inferences derived from the fossil evidence that the footprints had been made by multiple species of extinct birds, one of which attained enormous size, and the subsequent controversies regarding those claims that arose in America and Europe. Description by comparative anatomist Richard Owen of fossil bones of the much younger Moa or Dinornis from Recent strata in New Zealand seemingly vindicated Hitchcock's arguments and brought those disputes to a close. While the true identity of the poet remains inconclusive, internal evidence from the poem itself points to it having been composed by Yale graduate James Dwight Dana. His placement as an 'assistant' within the chemistry laboratory under Benjamin Silliman, Sr., at that time appears to support Silliman, Jr.'s assertion regarding the poet's identity. Probable reasons for the apparent suppression of the poem's existence and its authorship are likewise explored. The former was finally eased after Dana's return from the U.S. Exploring Expedition in 1842, but the latter was not.An 1842 letter from Benjamin Silliman, Jr., to Edward Hitchcock contains the only known text of a poem that was reportedly composed five years earlier by an anonymous 'tutor' at Yale College. The poem's light-hearted verses depicted how the recently-described three-toed fossil footprints (now known to have been produced by theropod dinosaurs) were supposedly made by \\\\'giant birds of old\\\\', as Hitchcock's recent investigation had concluded. The poem's lines offered a verbal 'reconstruction' of that ancient scene, along with suggesting the existence of two marsupial animals which may have borne witness to the passage of the trackmakers; one of which was plausible while the other was not. These 'witnesses' provide evidence that the poem's author was well informed upon contemporary geology and paleontology in a manner far beyond that of the common person.", "label": [3, 4, 38, 30]}
+{"token": "Metabolic characterization of amniotic fluids of fetuses with enlarged nuchal translucency. Methods: This study was carried out on a group of women who underwent second-trimester amniocentesis for advanced maternal age (C group) or for NT >= 95th percentile (ENT group) found during first-trimester aneuploidy screening. AFS were analyzed with proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H-1-NMR) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and subsequent multivariate and univariate statistical analyses were conducted, followed by pathway analysis.Results: In total, 67 AFS from the C group and 23 from the ENT group were analyzed. Partial least square discriminate analysis was carried out ((RX)-X-2 = 0.784, (RY)-Y-2 = 0.658, Q(2) = 0.622, P < 0.0001). A different metabolic profile was observed in the ENT group compared with the C group, suggesting an energetic shift to a glycolytic phenotype in an oxidative environment in the ENT group compared to the C group.Conclusion: Metabolomic studies enable the identification of metabolic alterations occurring in fetuses with ENT. These findings may provide a new basis for better understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms in this prenatal phenomenon.Background: In prenatal diagnosis, a thickened nuchal translucency (NT) is one of the most sensitive and specific markers for several defects but it may also be found in 5% of healthy fetuses. The pathophysiological causes that lead to an increase in NT are not yet fully understood. Metabolomics represents a new promising approach, useful for studying different metabolites in biological organisms in response to environmental stressors. The aim of our study was to investigate the metabolomic profile of the amniotic fluid samples (AFS) of euploid fetuses with enlarged nuchal translucency (ENT) compared to a control group (C group).", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Determination of three-layer earth model from Wenner four-probe test data. Based on the solution of the electric field inverse problem, an efficient method for determining three-layer earth models and parameters from Wenner's four-probe test data is presented, i.e., from a set of voltage values measured on the earth surface due to the current injected into the earth. The speed of the iterative convergence is increased by employing the generalized inverse algorithm for solving the relevant nonlinear system of equations, and using a suitable method for determining initial values for the iterative process. The earth structure is the field model for simulating grounding electrodes or grounding grids of substations. The determination of the structure is essential in the simulation and the design of grounding grids.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35]}
+{"token": "Does regulating remuneration affect the market value of European Union banks? Large versus small/medium sized banks. The aim of this paper was to analyze equity market reactions to the mandatory European Union regulation of remuneration policies in financial institutions. Using event study methodology, we investigated market reactions to the first European Directive on compensation policies after the financial crisis using a sample of 124 banks operating in the European Union. We divided the sample into two groups according to bank size considering four criteria: the US Dodd-Frank Act 2010, the Liikanen Report 2012, Global Systemically Important Banks 2011, and the European Central Bank 2014. We found strong evidence of an average negative market reaction to compensation regulation. Moreover, this negative reaction is stronger for large banks than for small/medium sized banks.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "Manipulation of High-Order Scattering Processes in Ultrasmall Optical Resonators to Control Far-Field Emission. By imposing a set of harmonic perturbations to a microcavity boundary, we induce conversion and mixing of orbital angular momentum of light via surface scattering. Multiple scattering paths are available due to high-order scattering, which can be greatly enhanced by quasidegenerate resonances. By manipulating the relative strengths of these scattering processes, we theoretically synthesize the angular momentum spectra of individual modes so as to control their far-field patterns. We demonstrate experimentally that in wavelength-scale cavities of a fixed shape, the neighboring modes can have dramatically different emission directionality. This phenomenon is robust against slight shape deviation and surface roughness, and provides a general mechanism to control the emission direction of ultrasmall resonators.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Pelleting Forest Seeds in Brazil: An Update. In Brazil, the studies with pelleting of seed of forest species are still scarce; the likely reasons are the high cost of this technique and the little use of direct seeding with forest species. Whereas forestry seeds show great variation in size, shape and weight to the different species, the use of the pelleting is presented as a promising alternative as way to standardize sizes and shapes, favoring its use in ecological restoration projects by improving of plantability and / or species for which it was developed a breeding work. The pelleted seeds has other advantages, as it allow the incorporation of several products that helping in proper development of molting, reducing production costs. Thus, there is a gain on the safety at work, it provides a reduction of dust and of inhalation (e.g. pesticides) by operators as well as the protection of the environment.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Philaenus spumarius: when an old acquaintance becomes a new threat to European agriculture. The unique color pattern polymorphism and the foamy nymphal case of the meadow spittlebug Philaenus spumarius have attracted the attention of scientists for centuries. Nevertheless, since this species has never been considered a major threat to agriculture, biological, ecological and ethological data are missing and rather scattered. To date this knowledge has become of paramount importance, in view of the discovery of P. spumarius main role in the transmission of the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa in Italy, and possibly in other European countries. The aim of this review is to provide a state of the art about this species, with particular focus on those elements that could help developing environmental friendly and sustainable control programs to prevent transmission of X. fastidiosa. Moreover, recent findings on the role of the meadow spittlebug as vector of the fastidious bacterium within the first reported European bacterium outbreak in Apulia (South Italy) will be discussed.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "COMPUTATION OF CROSSING SHOCK TURBULENT BOUNDARY-LAYER INTERACTION AT MACH-8.3. A three-dimensional hypersonic crossing shock wave/turbulent boundary-layer interaction is examined numerically at Mach 8.3. The test geometry consists of a pair of opposing sharp fins of angle alpha = 15 deg mounted on a flat plate. Two theoretical models are evaluated. The full three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved using the Baldwin-Lomax and the Rodi (modified k-epsilon) turbulence models. Computed results for both cases show good agreement with experiment for flat plate surface pressure and for flowfield profiles of pitot pressure and yaw angle, indicating that the flowfield is primarily rotational and inviscid. Fair to poor agreement is obtained for surface heat transfer, indicating a need for more accurate turbulence models. The overall flowfield structure is similar to that observed in previous crossing shock interaction studies.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Highly resolved observations and simulations of the ocean response to a hurricane. [1] An autonomous, profiling float called EM-APEX was developed to provide a quantitative and comprehensive description of the ocean side of hurricane-ocean interaction. EM-APEX measures temperature, salinity and pressure to CTD quality and relative horizontal velocity with an electric field sensor. Three prototype floats were air-deployed into the upper ocean ahead of Hurricane Frances (2004). All worked properly and returned a highly resolved description of the upper ocean response to a category 4 hurricane. At a float launched 55 km to the right of the track, the hurricane generated large amplitude, inertially rotating velocity in the upper 120 m of the water column. Coincident with the hurricane passage there was intense vertical mixing that cooled the near surface layer by about 2.2 degrees C. We find consistent model simulations of this event provided the wind stress is computed from the observed winds using a high wind-speed saturated drag coefficient.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS SYSTEM FOR ECONOMIC WELFARE MEASURING. Main object of this research is system of macroeconomic indicators for economic welfare. Main goal is to analyze possibilities to measure welfare by macroeconomic indicators. In trying to achieve main goal main task should be resolved - to offer the system of indicators to measure economic welfare in macroeconomic view. In wish to choose some indicators to measure economic welfare in macroeconomic view the most attention was paid to sources of thought of different historical schools of economic thought (mercantilism, physiocrates, historical school of economics, marginalism, Austrian psychological school as a part of it, neoclassical theory, mathematical school). As a result, if it is wished to create the system of indicators to measure economic welfare all possible indicators should be allocated into two groups: wealth and wealth founding indicators; distribution and distribution founding indicators. That is so because wealth itself could not ensure welfare. It is important to distribute it too. Also it cannot be forgotten what any economic model will be ineffective if it is only static. Dynamical aspect should be evaluated as well. Offered system is based on two main parts: static and dynamic. Static part shows existing situation. Dynamic part evaluates tendencies. Every part includes two parts as well: wealth indicators and distribution indicators. Both part of economic welfare are embraced in such way of analysis. Mentioned model concludes seven macroeconomics indicators: GDP (Gross Domestic Product), inflation, unemployment rate, labor productivity, income distribution indicator, taxes indicator and social payments rate. Some of the indicators are modified; some of them (such as inflation and unemployment) have restrictions.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Triploid-induced complete sterility in the scallop Nodipecten subnodosus might be triggered by an early and sustained DNA damage response. Triploid Nodipecten subnodosus scallops, unlike other mollusks, are completely sterile. In this study we focused on understanding the underlying molecular changes of triploid sterility using a transcriptomic approach. Total RNA from the gonad of diploid scallops in inactive and initial gametogenic stages and triploid scallops of the same cohort and ages were sequenced employing Illumina RNA-Seq. From 68,244 assembled and annotated tran-scripts, 1120 had terms associated with meiosis checkpoint or arrest, DNA damage response, or recombination. Differential gene expression analyses were conducted by contrasting initial vs. inactive stages of gametogenesis in each ploidy. In diploids, genes participating in homologous recombination during meiosis (msh5 and kdm8), spindle organization (nup62), centrosome formation (cenp-T), and sex differentiation (Ns-dmta2 and pum3), were up-regulated during initial gametogenesis. In triploids, a different set of genes were up-regulated during initial gametogenesis, and included genes involved in the DNA damage response and double strand break repair (rad51-C, xpc, myoVI), in the transition of metaphase/anaphase of mitosis (slp1 and nuf2), as well as genes that trigger both the intrinsic and extrinsic (caspase-3, icad, bmcc1) and extrinsic apoptosis pathways only (tnfr1, dab2ip). The results suggest significant DNA damage in triploids initial gametogenesis, possibly as a consequence of failing to repair double-strand breaks during DNA replication. This coincides with previous observations in which few triploid scallops showed gametic stages more advanced than oogonia or spermatogonia, and when present they were few.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
+{"token": "ADHERENCE OF LEGIONELLA-PNEUMOPHILA TO GUINEA-PIG PERITONEAL-MACROPHAGES, J774-MOUSE MACROPHAGES, AND UNDIFFERENTIATED U937-HUMAN MONOCYTES - ROLE OF FC AND COMPLEMENT RECEPTORS. Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, is a facultative intracellular pathogen of alveolar macrophages. Although previous studies have demonstrated that specific antibody facilitates uptake of L. pneumophila by phagocytic cells, the role of complement has been unclear. Thus, we have examined the relative contributions of Fc gamma- and complement receptor-mediated adherence to guinea pig peritoneal macrophages, U937 human monocytic cells, and J774 mouse macrophage cells. Opsonization of L. pneumophila (Philadelphia 2) with polyclonal immunoglobulin G promoted maximum adherence to guinea pig macrophages. In contrast, incubation in the presence of 20% fresh nonimmune human serum from a single donor did not promote adherence. The results obtained with U937 and J774 cells paralleled those obtained with guinea pig macrophages. In the absence of specific antibody, opsonization with guinea pig complement did not enhance adherence of the Philadelphia 1, Philadelphia 2, or Knoxville strain. However, when complement was added to heat-inactivated, specific antiserum, a fourfold increase in the number of adherent organisms was observed. Blocking studies utilizing membrane receptor-specific monoclonal antibodies demonstrated that both Fc and complement receptors mediated adherence of organisms treated with complement in the presence of specific antibody. These results suggest that complement augments adherence of L. pneumophila only when acting in concert with specific antibody.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
+{"token": "A New High-Frequency HEMT GaN Extrinsic Capacitance Extraction Technique. In this letter, a new extraction technique is proposed to determine the GaN high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) extrinsic capacitances using a small-signal model equivalent circuit with 21 elements under cold pinchoff operating conditions. This technique is based on an analytical representation of the various capacitances. The proposed approach achieved successful results through close agreement with published data, up to 60 GHz.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "The Ibadi Approach to the Methodology of Qur'anic Exegesis. In recent times, research on the Ib tradition by both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars has increased, but has not yet shed light on the wider significance of this tradition. While the primary focus of researchers has been on the Ib tradition as a school of thought, its important contribution to various Islamic disciplines is still neglected. For this reason, there is a serious need for a comprehensive study of the Ib works on Islam, especially as new manuscripts are continually being discovered. When we look at Ib Islamic literature in general and compare Ib jurisprudence and theology, we realise that the poorest and most unexplored field of study consists of the Ib works on exegesis (tafsr). The once inaccessible and insufficient amount of Ib sources and materials may have accounted for this lack of interest; however, today, materials related to Ib exegesis and understanding are becoming available. In this article, we focus on the methodology of Qur'anic exegesis with reference to commentators from the Ib tradition. As far as we know, this paper is a first in this field of research, and will discuss the primary features of the Ib method, its similarities to and differences from other exegetical approaches, and its original contributions.", "label": [3, 5, 52, 33]}
+{"token": "The Global 500 - Mapping the world economy at century's end. Fortune magazine's listing of the largest corporations in the global economy, the Global 500, is used to inquire into the industrial structure of the world economy and to speculate about the rise and fall of hegemonic states. The authors' data show that about half the firms are involved in basic production and the rest split between finance and service industries, with Asia, Europe, and the United States each accounting for one third of the firms. The authors begin with an overview of the global economy's industrial and regional structure, trace the development of the tripolar world economy since the 1950s, then examine the overall structure of the world economy in the 1990s. They end with speculation about whether the current financial expansion might provide the staging for a financial crash, leading to a Schumpeterian moment of creative destruction, which could help move the center of productive advantage from North America to Asia in the 21st century.", "label": [5, 52, 55]}
+{"token": "For Health, Strength, and Daily Food: The Dual Impact of Remittances and Public Health Expenditure on Household Health Spending and Child Health Outcomes. Child and infant mortality in developing countries decreased 33.5 per cent and 30.9 per cent, respectively, during 1995-2009, while remittances and public health spending more than doubled. I examine how remittances and government health spending improve these child health outcomes. Neither government health spending nor remittances causally affect household health spending. Public health spending has an insignificant negative impact on mortality. The increase in remittances causally accounts for 32 per cent and 37 per cent of the decline in child and infant mortality, respectively. Remittances reduce mortality through improved living standards from the relaxation of households' budget constraints.", "label": [5, 49, 57]}
+{"token": "Immunogenicity of the Bivalent Oral Cholera Vaccine Shanchol in Haitian Adults With HIV Infection. We evaluated immune responses following bivalent oral cholera vaccination (Shanchol [Shantha Biotechnics]; BivWC) in a cohort of 25 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults in Haiti. Compared with adults without HIV infection, vaccination in HIV-infected individuals resulted in lower vibriocidal responses against Vibrio cholerae O1, and there was a positive relationship between the CD4(+) T-cell count and vibriocidal responses following vaccination. Nevertheless, seroconversion occurred at a rate of 65% against the Ogawa serotype and 74% against the Inaba serotype in adults with HIV infection. These results suggest that the vaccine retains substantial immunogenicity in adults with HIV infection and may benefit this population by protecting against cholera.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "Beyond Town and Gown: Universities, Territoriality and the Mobilization of New Urban Structures in Canada. Cities and universities have been active participants in the creation of new economic structures, but the sociospatial relationships between 'town' and 'gown', and the potential impact of deepening and diversifying the relationship on either side, are neither fully understood nor simple. In this paper, we focus on universities in Canada to provide an integrative review of the changing sociospatial relations of cities and universities in an era of increasing neoliberal and globalized development agendas. We treat these relationships in spatial and institutional terms, recognizing that actors and decision-makers in government and academic bodies understand their links as a combination of both. Our analysis destabilizes established normative understandings regarding the sociospatial structure and governance of the university and the interrelations between universities and urban space. Numerous spatial strategies demonstrate that universities' relations are multi-layered, multi-scaled and multiply topological. Yet while they may be well positioned to adopt a proactive role in shaping economic development and civic agendas, universities have no privileged position in their communities. Despite acting as deliberate place-making agents in rapidly changing metropolitan environments, universities remain located in, yet apart from, their urban and regional context.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "The current response of soil thermal regime and carbon exchange of a paraglacial coastal land system in maritime Antarctica. Ice-free areas of maritime Antarctica (MA) are undergoing rapid environmental adjustment due to climate change because glaciers retreated. In recently deglaciated areas, sensitive indicators related to soil can be used as proxies of the transition phase from glacial to nonglacial conditions at paraglacial coastal systems. This work aims at comprehending how paraglacial coastal land systems respond to adjustment processes in highly dynamic deglaciated areas, based on net ecosystem exchange, soil temperature (ST), and soil moisture (SM) temporal series in two different vegetation communities on a paraglacial coastal land system in MA. We selected a moss community (MC) and a mixed community with mosses and lichens (MLC). MC is located on a hydromorphic area with buffered ST regime, compared with MLC, where greater SM variation range and freezing conditions were observed. MC and MLC are currently acting as an atmospheric CO2 sink. In this work, MC showed a greater capacity of CO2 uptake during measurements (711.20 g CO2 m(-2)). In this part of Antarctica, where a recent trend of decreasing ST occurs, less permafrost and surface land degradation, combined with enhanced carbon storage, are expected. However, in the long term, following the readjustment of the paraglacial period, thawing is expected, coupled with permafrost degradation and carbon release to the atmosphere, under the predicted warming scenario in MA.", "label": [0, 5, 6, 52]}
+{"token": "ASSESSING MULTIVARIATE PREDICTORS OF FINANCIAL MARKET MOVEMENTS: A LATENT FACTOR FRAMEWORK FOR ORDINAL DATA. Much of the trading activity in Equity markets is directed to brokerage houses. In exchange they provide so-called \\\\'soft dollars,\\\\' which basically are amounts spent in \\\\'research\\\\' for identifying profitable trading opportunities. Soft dollars represent about USD 1 out of every USD 10 paid in commissions. Obviously they are costly, and it is interesting for all institutional investor to determine whether soft dollar inputs are worth being used (and indirectly paid for) or not, from a statistical point of view. To address this question, we develop association measures between what broker-dealers predict and what markets realize. Our data are ordinal predictions by two broker-dealers and realized values oil several markets, on the same ordinal scale. We develop a structural equation model with latent variables in an ordinal setting which allows us to test broker-dealer predictive ability of financial market movements. We use a multivariate logit model in a latent factor framework, develop a tractable estimator based on a Laplace approximation, and show its consistency and asymptotic normality. Monte Carlo experiments reveal that both the estimation method and the testing procedure perform well in small samples. The method is then used to analyze our dataset.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Nurse-Led Self-Management Educational Intervention Improves Symptoms of Patients With Functional Constipation. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of self-management educational intervention on the symptoms of patients with functional constipation. From January 2014 to April 2015, 66 patients with functional constipation were randomly assigned into intervention group receiving intensive educational interventions and control group receiving routine nursing care. The constipation score of all clinical symptoms (Bristol stool form scale, defecation interval, incomplete evacuation, evacuatory difficulty) at 1 month postdischarge were all significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group (all, p < .05). At 1 month postdischarge, the intervention group had a significantly higher proportion of patients with good health habits (reasonable diet, regular exercise, good defecation habits, proper use of laxatives) as compared with the control group (all, p < .05). These data suggest educational intervention can effectively improve constipation symptoms and compliance with treatment of patients, and lead to the development of good health habits.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "New Beginnings in Zulu Literature. This essay seeks to present and explore new works in Zulu literature. We consider what is innovative about these works in terms of the changes that have taken place in South Africa generally and in Zulu society in particular. Although we focus on Zulu literature, our observations will be found to have general applicability also to the several African-language literatures of South Africa (Xhosa, Sotho, Tswana, Pedi, Venda, etc).", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Flagellin gene based phylogenetic analysis of Pakistani strain of Borrelia anserina isolated from Argas ticks. Fowl spirochaetosis is an acute septicemic disease of avian species caused by Borrelia anserina and is transmitted by a soft tick known as Argas persicus. In this study, the Argas ticks were collected for the isolation and characterization of the B. anserina. Of the 220 tick samples, 40 (18%) showed granular growth in BSK-H medium. Morphological examination was performed by using the dark field and phase contrast microscope. Furthermore, the entire batch of 40 samples reacted positively to polyclonal IgG anti-Borrelia sera in indirect immunofluorescent assay. For molecular characterization of the isolates, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was applied using gene specific primers for flagellin gene (fla B). This PCR amplified a product of 750 bp from the bacteria of 32 (80%) out of 40 positive samples. The fla B gene from five samples were sequenced; Sequence and phylogenetic analysis indicated that these isolates belong to B. anserina and clustered apart from other species of Borrelia. This is the first report presenting the phylogenetic analysis of B. anserina from Pakistan, despite the fact that it remained one of the most devastating diseases for poultry in the region. The results of this study shed light on the Borrelia population in Pakistan and emphasize the importance of using molecular methods to understand the epidemiology and nature of the bacterium. Such understanding is essential in an effort to control the number and impact of outbreaks that are occurring in poultry industry.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Toxicological detection of pholcodine in blood, urine and hair in three cases of fatal intoxication. Pholcodine is an opioid antitussive reputed for its low toxicity and absence of addictive effect. We report three cases of pholcodine intoxication with fatal outcome. Large concentrations of pholcodine were quantified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in peripheral postmortem blood (respectively 2890 ng/mL, 979 ng/mL and 12,280 ng/mL). Segmental hair analyses by GC/MS and detected pholcodine in three 1.5-2 cm segments (38-161 ng/mg, 8.54-41.6 ng/mg, and 0.26-2.66 ng/mg, respectively). These findings underline that pholcodine can be involved in fatal poisoning and raise the question of misuse or abuse and of taking account of this drug in opioid overdose prevention policies. (c) 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Ethnography Beyond the Human: The 'Other-than-Human' in Ethnographic Work. Recent calls for 'other-than-human' ethnographies draw attention to dimensions of life that have allegedly been overlooked or marginalised in anthropological writings. We take such critique as an opportunity to reconsider selected ethnographic accounts asking: What was the role of animals and plants in these accounts, and what 'hidden stories' may be discerned in texts and images? What might an informed and careful reading teach us about relations of ethnographic production beyond the human, and about the disciplinary conventions shaping how these relations could (or could not) be conveyed? Juxtaposing older ethnographic texts with state of the art ethnographic insight from the same region, we show that ethnographic attention to the 'other-than-human' is not new, but its mode of expression has been thwarted: Shifting theoretical concerns, and human exceptionalism, have shaped ethnographic writing and rendered such modes of knowing less significant than they might have been.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Thermal and thermo-mechanical properties of Ti-Al-N and Cr-Al-N coatings. Metastable Ti-Al-N and Cr-Al-N coatings have been proven to be an effective wear protection due to their outstanding mechanical and thermal properties. Here, a comparative investigation of mechanical and thermal properties, for Ti-Al-N and Cr-Al-N coatings deposited by cathodic arc evaporation with the compositions (c-Ti0.52Al0.48N, c/w-Ti0.34Al0.66N andc-Cr0.32Al0.68N) widely used in industry, has been performed in detail. The hardness of Ti0.52Al0.48N and Ti0.34Al0.66N coatings during thermal annealing, after initially increasing ing to the maximum value of similar to 34.1 and 38.7 GPa with T-a up to 900 degrees C due to the precipitation of cubic Al-rich and Ti-rich domains, decreases with further elevated T-a, as the formation of w-AlN and coarsening of precipitated phases. A transformation to Cr2N and finally Cr via N-loss in addition to w-AlN formation during annealing of the Cr0.32Al0.68N coating occurs, and thus results in a continuous decrease in hardness. Among our coatings, the mixed cubic-wurtzite Ti0.34Al0.66N coating exhibits the highest thermal hardness, but the worst oxidation resistance. The Cr0.32Al0.68N coating shows the best oxidation resistance due to the formation of dense protective alpha-Al2O3-rich and Cr2O3-rich layers, with only similar to 1.4 mu m oxide scale thickness, after thermal exposure for 10 h at 1050 degrees C in ambient air, whereas Ti-Al-N coatings are already completely oxidized at 950 degrees C. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "From Russia with love. Purpose - This paper's aim is to provide an overview of the challenges and solutions to obtaining Russian language materials. Despite the challenges presented by inaccurate or incomplete bibliographic citations and multiple methods of transliterating titles from the Cyrillic to the Latin alphabets, many excellent sources of assistance are available to ILL staff.Design/methodology/approach - The author relies on his extensive professional experience in locating such materials. He provides a broad survey of library collections, Russian language subject specialists, and online book purveyors who are both willing and able to provide assistance.Originality/value - All ILL staff who need to obtain Russian language materials on behalf of their users will find this article especially useful.Findings - Locating and obtaining Russian language materials via ILL is not as difficult as it appears. Excellent Russian language library collections in the US, Russia, and Eastern Europe as well as online booksellers all provide discovery tools, delivery services, and payment methods that are readily accessible to ILL staff.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Regime shifts in the multi-annual evolution of a sandy beach profile. Extreme storms occasionally induce extraordinarily large morphological changes, which may have major impacts on coastal resilience, tourism and the environment. Some of the changes are persistent, and they are defined as regime shifts. During a 28-year period from 1986 to 2014, the foreshore and the inner transition zone of the Hasaki coast of Japan underwent four morphological stages separated by regime shifts in beach profiles. From stage 2 to stages 3 and 4, over a relatively short period between 2006 and 2008, the beach profiles in the foreshore and the inner transition zone drastically changed, mainly because of large offshore waves. From stage 2 to stage 3, the foreshore and the inner transition zone were greatly eroded. Then, from stage 3 to stage 4, although the inner transition zone was further eroded, the foreshore underwent accretion. The severe erosion of the inner transition zone over the 2-year period formed a steep slope, which was inferred to have led to accretion in the foreshore in stage 4. Stage 4 persisted for approximately 7 years, and the beach profile had not returned to a similar morphology to those of stages 1 or 2 by the end of the study period. (c) 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Sexuality and immigration: UK family reunion policy and the regulation of sexual citizens in the European Union. This paper is concerned with how immigration discourses normalise and regulate sexual citizens in the UK and the broader European migratory space. The chief focus of this paper is the Unmarried Partners Rule - the UK family reunion provision, which applies to same-sex couples. This policy will be explored through interviews conducted with same-sex migrant couples that highlight the heterosexist discourses embedded in the policy with its formulation of a 'marriage' model and its emphasis on 'evidence' of at least 2 years cohabitation. In addition, these same couples demonstrate how the possession of attractive skills to the state and financial dependency are an important element in achieving family reunion. The UK policy will be placed in the wider context of legal developments at the EU level. I will argue that the EU mirrors the UK in providing a conservative and narrow definition of the family, which is particularly problematic for sexual citizens making claims for partnership rights. Therefore, the aim is to provide new empirical data that illuminate current debates concerned with sexual citizenship and migration, in particular, critical work concerned with the conservative and normative effects of making claims for same-sex partnership rights. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "A model structure for product quality in processing agro-material for process control purposes. In this paper, a model structure is presented that captures product behaviour with respect to quality properties. Modelling product quality properties involves nominal (bulk) dynamic behaviour and the variation of these properties. Nominal behaviour is modelled using a limited number of basic reactions. To deal with the variation the presented model structure is extended with a three-step approximation procedure using discretised intervals. The model structure is suitable for control purposes and will contribute to closing the gap between product specialists and the system and control community. The applicability of the model structure and the possibility to describe quality properties is shown with existing models from the literature that show a good fit with the described model structure and by an industrial case study on potato storage. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 1, 16, 8]}
+{"token": "A critical overview of privacy-preserving approaches for collaborative forecasting. Cooperation between different data owners may lead to an improvement in forecast quality-for instance, by benefiting from spatiotemporal dependencies in geographically distributed time series. Due to business competitive factors and personal data protection concerns, however, said data owners might be unwilling to share their data. Interest in collaborative privacy-preserving forecasting is thus increasing. This paper analyzes the state-of-the-art and unveils several shortcomings of existing methods in guaranteeing data privacy when employing vector autoregressive models. The methods are divided into three groups: data transformation, secure multi-party computations, and decomposition methods. The analysis shows that state-of-the-art techniques have limitations in preserving data privacy, such as (i) the necessary trade-off between privacy and forecasting accuracy, empirically evaluated through simulations and real-world experiments based on solar data; and (ii) iterative model fitting processes, which reveal data after a number of iterations. (C) 2020 International Institute of Forecasters. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49, 50]}
+{"token": "Evolution of MRI changes and development of bilateral hippocampal sclerosis during long lasting generalised status epilepticus. This report describes a previously healthy 28 year old patient with a 5 month period of intractable generalised status epilepticus ( SE) of unknown aetiology with fatal outcome. Repeated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed no preexisting abnormality, but did show progressive cortical and hippocampal atrophy and T2 hyperintensity in both hippocampal formations, suggestive of progressive tissue damage. Post-mortem histopathological analysis revealed substantial neuronal cell loss including CA1 and CA4 sectors of the hippocampus compatible with bilateral hippocampal sclerosis. There was no evidence of systemic complications including arterial hypotension and hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, hyperpyrexia, or other confounding factors to account for these findings. This case provides further evidence of SE induced hippocampal damage in humans.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
+{"token": "Sometimes You Get Good Ones, and Sometimes You Get Not-so-Good Ones': Vendors' and Consumers' Strategies to Identify and Mitigate Food Safety Risks in Urban Nigeria. This paper uses detailed data from in-depth interviews with consumers (n = 47) and vendors (n = 37) in three traditional markets in Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria. We used observations from those markets to examine how consumers and vendors identify and avoid or manage food safety risks and whom they hold responsible and trust when it comes to ensuring food safety. At the level of the vendor, consumers mentioned seeking \\\\'clean\\\\' or \\\\'neat\\\\' vendors or stalls. Cleanliness was primarily related to the appearance of the vendor, stall, and surroundings; reliance on trusted, known vendors was also noted. Food products themselves were largely evaluated based on visual cues: insects, holes, and colors-with some reliance on smell, also. Similarly, vendors assessed safety of food from suppliers based on a visual assessment or reliance on trusted relationships. On the second research question, both consumers and vendors largely placed responsibility for ensuring food safety on government; when asked specifically, consumers also named specific steps that vendors could take to ensure food safety. Consumers and vendors also generally felt that they could limit many food safety risks through identifying the \\\\'good\\\\' products in the market or from suppliers. The paper discusses the implications of these results for behavior change interventions.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma in a dog. The article describes an uncommon case of peritoneal mesothelioma in an 8 year old male German Shepherd dog. The patient was presented for lethargy, progressive cachexia, abdominal distension with palpation sensitivity and swelling of the scrotum. After routine physical examination followed by essential bloodwork and both radiology and ultrasonography of the abdomen, an exploratory celiotomy and surgical biopsy was suggested. Since client gave an authorization, surgery was performed and samples obtained. Then, final diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma was established based on histopathology and immunohistochemistry and patient was euthanasized in day 14 following surgery upon owner's request for general progression and poor prognosis. Necropsy performed afterwards confirmed the diagnosis with the progression. Discussion deals with diagnostic tools and pitfalls of treatment options.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "On the Illegitimate Use of Force: The Neo-Jacobins of Europe. While in Western discourse terrorism first referred to the \\\\'Reign of Terror\\\\' imposed by the Jacobin state in France (1793-94), in recent decades it has become increasingly associated with non-state actors. Studies on the undertheorized concept of \\\\'state terrorism\\\\' have by and large neglected its role in liberal democratic states. In this essay I attempt to re-establish the link between the state and terror by challenging the Weberian definition of the state as holding \\\\'the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force.\\\\' In 1990, the European Parliament called upon each of its member states to dismantle the formations popularly known as \\\\'Gladio,\\\\' the clandestine organizations stationed in NATO countries during the 1950s to counter potential Soviet invasions. Investigations ranging from Italy's Operation Gladio in 1990 to the recent Ergenekon Affair in Turkey (2008-13) reveal that many terrorist activities were perpetrated by those intrastate clandestine military networks. The aim of the essay is thus to bring the agentival state back into terrorism studies through an analysis of Gladio operations in Cold War Europe.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Mortality plateaus and directionality theory. Recent large scale studies of senescence in animals and humans have revealed mortality rates that levelled off at advanced ages. These empirical findings are now known to be inconsistent with evolutionary theories of senescence based on the Malthusian parameter as a measure of fitness. This article analyses the incidence of mortality plateaus in terms of directionality theory, a new class of models based on evolutionary entropy as a measure of fitness. We show that the intensity of selection, in the context of directionality theory, is a convex function of age, and we invoke this property to predict that in populations evolving under bounded growth constraints, evolutionarily stable mortality patterns will be described by rates which abate with age at extreme ages. The explanatory power of directionality theory, in contrast with the limitations of the Malthusian model, accords with the claim that evolutionary entropy, rather than the Malthusian parameter, constitutes the operationally valid measure of Darwinian fitness.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
+{"token": "Effect of seasonal frost conditions on the permanent strain behaviour of compacted unbound granular materials used as base course. Frost action affects permanent strain behaviour of unbound granular materials' performance by causing an increase in saturation degree as well as a decrease in density. This research aims to improve the understanding on how the base granular materials' permanent strain behaviour changes through seasons. In order to characterise this behaviour, eight permanent strain tests were performed at various water contents, densities and test conditions. Freeze and thaw cycles, for drained and undrained testing conditions, were applied to samples to measure the contribution of frost action to the plastic deformation mechanisms. From the obtained results, it is concluded that the effect of the freeze-thaw cycle on the permanent strain behaviour of unbound granular materials used as pavement base is mostly explained by the increase of water content and, to a lesser extent, by the decrease of dry density.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Size and shape analysis of Trioza erytreae Del Guercio (Hemiptera: Triozidae), vector of citrus huanglongbing disease. BACKGROUND The African citrus triozid (ACT) Trioza erytreae Del Guercio (Hemiptera: Triozidae) is one of the most devastating pests of citrus with a well-known role as a vector of the phloem-limited bacteria (Candidatus Liberibacter africanus) associated with huanglongbing (citrus greening disease), currently considered the world's most serious disease of citrus. Although the pest can successfully develop and reproduce on non-citrus host plants, there is no documented information on the geometric morphometry of ACT. We determine the effect of host plants on ACT morphometry under controlled laboratory conditions using traditional and geometric analysis. RESULTS ACT reared on C. limon and Citroncirus spp. was significantly larger than when reared on the other host plant species. ACT reared on C. anisata and C. tangelo was consistently smaller than that reared on M. koenigii and C. sinensis. Based on warped outline drawings, ACT reared on Citroncirus spp. and Murraya koenigii had narrower wings than when reared on C. anisata, C. limon, and C. sinensis with slightly broader wing patterns. CONCLUSION This study clearly demonstrates that host plant species affect morphometric variation in ACT, which might have a direct impact on fitness parameters of the pest as well as its potential for dispersion. Wing shape and size appear to be useful in separating populations of ACT into different groups. (c) 2018 Society of Chemical Industry", "label": [0, 4, 7, 44]}
+{"token": "Characterization of the New Serum Protein Reference Material ERM-DA470k/IFCC: Value Assignment by Immunoassay. METHODS: We characterized the candidate reference material for 14 proteins by applying a protocol that is considered to be a reference measurement procedure, by use of optimized immunoassays. ERM-DA470 was used as a calibrant.CONCLUSIONS: A new serum protein reference material has been produced, and values have been successfully assigned for 12 proteins. (C) 2010 American Association for Clinical ChemistryRESULTS: For 12 proteins [alpha(2) macroglobulin (A2M), alpha(1) acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid, AAG), alpha(1) antitrypsin (alpha(1)-protease inhibitor, AAT), albumin (ALB), complement 3c (C3c), complement 4 (C4), haptoglobin (HPT), IgA, IgG, IgM, transferrin (TRF), and transthyretin (TTR)], the results allowed assignment of certified values in ERM-DA470k/IFCC. For CRP, we observed a bias between the lyophilized and liquid frozen materials, and for CER, the distribution of values was too broad. Therefore, these 2 proteins were not certified in the ERM-DA470k/IFCC. Different value transfer procedures were tested (open and closed procedures) and found to provide equivalent results.BACKGROUND: The availability of a suitable matrix reference material is essential for standardization of the immunoassays used to measure serum proteins. The earlier serum protein reference material ERM-DA470 (previously called CRM470), certified in 1993, has led to a high degree of harmonization of the measurement results. A new serum protein material has now been prepared and its suitability in term of homogeneity and stability has been verified; after characterization, the material has been certified as ERM-DA470k/IFCC.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Flora Ten Years after the Fukushima Dai-ichi Disaster. The aim of this work is to analyze the effects of ionizing radiation and radionuclides (like Cs-137) in several higher plants located around the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FNPP), evaluating both their adaptive processes and evolution. After the FNPP accident in March 2011 much attention was focused to the biological consequences of ionizing radiation and radionuclides released in the area surrounding the nuclear plant. This unexpected mishap led to the emission of radionuclides in aerosol and gaseous forms from the power plant, which contaminated a large area, including wild forest, cities, farmlands, mountains, and the sea, causing serious problems. Large quantities of I-131, Cs-137, and Cs-134 were detected in the fallout. People were evacuated but the flora continued to be affected by the radiation exposure and by the radioactive dusts' fallout. The response of biota to FNPP irradiation was a complex interaction among radiation dose, dose rate, temporal and spatial variation, varying radiation sensitivities of the different plants' species, and indirect effects from other events. The repeated ionizing radiations, acute or chronic, guarantee an adaptation of the plant species, demonstrating a radio-resistance. Consequently, ionizing radiation affects the genetic structure, especially during chronic irradiation, reducing genetic variability. This reduction is associated with the different susceptibility of plant species to chronic stress. This would confirm the adaptive theory associated with this phenomenon. The effects that ionizing radiation has on different life forms are examined in this review using the FNPP disaster as a case study focusing the attention ten years after the accident.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "An empirical study of cost-sensitive learning in cultural modeling. Cultural modeling aims at developing behavioral models of groups and analyzing the impact of culture factors on group behavior using computational methods. Machine learning methods and in particular classification, play a central role in such applications. In modeling cultural data, it is expected that standard classifiers yield good performance under the assumption that different classification errors have uniform costs. However, this assumption is often violated in practice. Therefore, the performance of standard classifiers is severely hindered. To handle this problem, this paper empirically studies cost-sensitive learning in cultural modeling. We consider cost factor when building the classifiers, with the aim of minimizing total misclassification costs. We conduct experiments to investigate four typical cost-sensitive learning methods, combine them with six standard classifiers and evaluate their performance under various conditions. Our empirical study verifies the effectiveness of cost-sensitive learning in cultural modeling. Based on the experimental results, we gain a thorough insight into the problem of non-uniform misclassification costs, as well as the selection of cost-sensitive methods, base classifiers and method-classifier pairs for this domain. Furthermore, we propose an improved algorithm which outperforms the best method-classifier pair using the benchmark cultural datasets.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
+{"token": "Unusual late July observation of a fledgling Lapland longspur in low Arctic Greenland following the cool spring of 2018. We report an observation of a flightless fledgling Lapland longspur (Calcarius lapponicus (Linnaeus, 1758)) at a long-term study site near Kangerlussuaq, Greenland, in late July 2018. Based on our observations of longspur nests at the site dating back to 1993, we estimate that the fledgling observed in 2018 may have originated from a nest initiated 12-37 d later than nesting in previous years. Onset of spring in 2018 was late, but comparable with other years in which longspur nests were observed a full calendar month earlier than in 2018. An analysis including multiple candidate predictor variables revealed a strong negative association between estimated longspur nest initiation dates and mean May temperature, as well as a weaker association with the length of the annual period of vegetation green up at the site. Given the limitations of our data, however, we are unable to assign causality to the 2018 observation, and cannot rule out other possibilities, such as that it may have resulted from a second clutch.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 52]}
+{"token": "The short-term and long-term outcome of febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome in children. Results: We totally enrolled 25 patients for analysis. Four patients were expired during hospitalization, and one patient was lost to follow-up after discharge. Therefore, a total 20 patients were finally analyzed. The age of disease onset ranged from 1.6 to 17.2 years (mean: 9.6 +/- 4.4 years). Newly acquired epilepsy and cognitive deficit occurred in 100% and 61%, respectively. The duration of the anesthetic agents ranged from 7 to 149 days (mean: 34.2 +/- 36.1 days). The duration of anesthetic agent usage (p = 0.011), refractory epilepsy (p = 0.003), and the use of ketogenic diet (p = 0.004) were significantly associated with the poor long-term motor outcome, and the number of anesthetic agents tended to be associated with the poor long-term motor outcome (p = 0.050). In-hospital mortality was 16%. Significant functional decline at discharge occurred in 100%. However, there was improvement in long-term follow-up.Background: The febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) is a catastrophic epileptic encephalopathy which developed the refractory status epilepticus following or during a nonspecific febrile illness. To analyze the short-term and long-term outcome of FIRES in the children, we retrospectively analyzed the related data.Conclusion: The outcome of FIRES is poor with significant mortality and morbidities. Refractory epilepsy with cognitive deficit in survived cases is common, but improvement is possible. (C) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Methods: The motor outcome was evaluated by modified Rankin scale (mRS). Poor motor outcome was defined as a mRS score of 4 or higher at discharge. Significant motor decline was defined as the mRS difference more than 2 before hospital admission and at discharge.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 23, 55]}
+{"token": "Stages of Gonadal Development of the Southern Green Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): Improved Visualization. The southern green Stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), and other related species have become pests in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., after successful eradication efforts for the boll weevil. In Central Texas, little is known regarding the ecology of N. viridula. The reproductive status of N. viridula adults Can be used to estimate population density and overwintering survival, but previous studies failed to provide clear visualizations for the developmental stages of the reproductive systems, This study was undertaken to provide improved visualizations of the developmental stages of the reproductive systems. Results will be critical in the accurate assessment of population reproductive status, estimation Of population densities, and overwintering survival. Additionally, images presented here may be applicable to other stink bug species that infest row and fruit crops.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Evaluacion de la calidad de vida despues de tres aros del trasplante de celulas madre hematopoyeticas. Objective: To assess the domains of quality of life related to hematologic cancer patient health in the first three years from autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Method: A prospective cohort from September 2013 to February 2019 at a reference service in Latin America with 55 patients. The instruments Quality of Life Questionnaire Core C30 and Functional Assessment Cancer Therapy-Bone Marrow Transplantation were used. For data analysis, Generalized Linear Mixed Model was used. Results: The domains global and overall quality of life presented the lowest scores in the pancytopenia phase: 59.3 and 91.4 in autologous, 55.3 and 90.3 in allogeneic. The mixed method analysis has shown that there was a significant change in scores between the phases throughout the treatment (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Health-related quality of life presented significant changes in the domains between the phases throughout time. Understanding these results enables nursing interventions directed at the domains which were damaged during treatment.<comment>Superscript/Subscript Available</comment", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Binarized Neural Architecture Search for Efficient Object Recognition. Traditional neural architecture search (NAS) has a significant impact in computer vision by automatically designing network architectures for various tasks. In this paper, binarized neural architecture search (BNAS), with a search space of binarized convolutions, is introduced to produce extremely compressed models to reduce huge computational cost on embedded devices for edge computing. The BNAS calculation is more challenging than NAS due to the learning inefficiency caused by optimization requirements and the huge architecture space, and the performance loss when handling the wild data in various computing applications. To address these issues, we introduce operation space reduction and channel sampling into BNAS to significantly reduce the cost of searching. This is accomplished through a performance-based strategy that is robust to wild data, which is further used to abandon less potential operations. Furthermore, we introduce the upper confidence bound to solve 1-bit BNAS. Two optimization methods for binarized neural networks are used to validate the effectiveness of our BNAS. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed BNAS achieves a comparable performance to NAS on both CIFAR and ImageNet databases. An accuracy of 96.53% vs. 97.22% is achieved on the CIFAR-10 dataset, but with a significantly compressed model, and a 40% faster search than the state-of-the-art PC-DARTS. On the wild face recognition task, our binarized models achieve a performance similar to their corresponding full-precision models.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Analysis of Public Service Announcements on National Television, 2001-2006. Although public service announcements (PSAs) are used extensively in social marketing campaigns, few studies have examined the overall landscape of PSAs. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of all PSAs aired on national television from 2001-2006. Data are from an all-inclusive industry database. Units of analysis were the number of ads, estimated amount of airtime, and estimated dollar value of airtime. Over 183,000 PSAs aired on average each year from 2001-2006, estimated to be worth about $1.6 billion per year. PSAs represented 2% of advertisements on national television, with more (30.5%) PSAs airing overnight between 1: 00 am and 5: 00 am than at other times of the day, and more appearing in the fall than other times of the year. The most common topic of PSAs was health. Sports programs contained a smaller percentage of PSAs than other types of programs. The results can help policymakers ensure that PSAs air in sufficient quantity and at effective times, inform campaign decisions about allocation of funds and placements of PSAs, and point to the need to monitor PSAs for each campaign.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Ten new genera of Agathidini (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Agathidinae) from Southeast Asia. The Agathidini (Braconidae: Agathidinae) genera of Southeast Asia are revised based on a phylogenetic analysis of COI and 28S. Ten new genera are proposed, i.e., Agathigma, Asperagathis, Chimaeragathis, Cymagathis, Liragathis, Leuroagathis, Scabagathis, Trochantagathis, Xanthagathis, and Zosteragathis. An illustrated key to the Southeast Asian genera of this tribe is presented. Species from Thailand are keyed and described for all genera of Agathidini except Bassus and Zosteragathis which have too many species for this publication and will be dealt with separately. The phylogenetic analyses indicate that Bassus s.s. is polyphyletic. However, there are no morphological characters to support this and we have retained the current concept of Bassus, which is basically those Agathidini with simple tarsal claws. Numerous new combinations are proposed based on species that are moved to the newly erected genera.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "You've Got to be Joking: Asserting the Analytical Value of Humour and Laughter in Contemporary Anthropology. This paper introduces an edited volume on laughter and joking by way of exploring the relative marginalisation of humorous phenomena within the anthropological literature. In framing a new body of work in the area, rather than suggesting a collective thesis or unified theoretical approach to humorous phenomena, it argues for the necessity and value of detailed ethnographic descriptions of laughing and joking behaviours. In particular, it proposes that such ethnographically specific approaches provide important analytical perspectives on how people in post-colonial and increasingly global social fields manage enduring and emergent social inequalities. In conclusion, the paper suggests that whilst the capacity of anthropologists to write about joking will always be mitigated by the 'you-had-to-be-there' syndrome, it is this same contextual immediacy that defines the ethnographic endeavour and methodology. As such, laughter and humour represent not only important dimensions of social life to be better understood, but important perspectives on the understandings we already take for granted.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Pre-understanding: An interpretation-enhancer and horizon-expander in research. Pre-understanding - our presuppositions of reality - underlies all research. Many researchers probably also draw productively on their pre-understanding in their studies. However, very few rationales and methodological resources exist for how researchers can enrich their research by mobilizing their pre-understanding more actively and systematically. We elaborate and propose a framework for how researchers more actively, systematically and visibly can bring forward their pre-understanding and use it as a positive input in research, alongside formal data and theory. In particular, we show how researchers, in dialogue with data and theory, can mobilize their pre-understanding as an interpretation-enhancer and horizon-expander throughout the research process, including stimulating imagination and idea generation, broadening the empirical base, and evaluating what empirical material and theoretical ideas are interesting and relevant to pursue.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "School Day and Weekend Patterns of Physical Activity in Urban 11-Year-Olds: A Cross-Cultural Comparison. ResultsLeptin, but not adiponectin, was significantly and inversely associated with HRV. Body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat significantly modified the association between leptin and LF (but not HF) HRV. Among officers with BMI<25 kg/m(2), leptin was not significantly associated with HRV. However, among officers with BMI25 kg/m(2), leptin was inversely associated with HRV, after adjustment for age, gender, and race/ethnicity; HF HRV, P=0.019 and LF HRV, P<0.0001. Similarly, among officers with percent body fat25.5%, leptin and LF HRV showed significant, inverse associations (adjusted P=0.001).MethodsLeptin and adiponectin levels were measured in 388 officers from the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress study. HRV was assessed according to methods published by the Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing Electrophysiology for measurement and analysis of HRV. Mean values of high-frequency (HF) and low-frequency (LF) HRV were compared across tertiles of leptin and adiponectin using analysis of variance and analysis of covariance; trends were assessed using linear regression models.ObjectivesPolice officers have a high prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Reduced heart rate variability (HRV) is known to increase CVD risk. Leptin and adiponectin may be related to CVD health. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the relationship between these variables and HRV.ConclusionsLeptin levels were inversely associated with LF HRV, especially among officers with increased adiposity. Increased leptin levels may be associated with CVD-related health problems. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:184-191, 2015. (c) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [4, 5, 56, 42]}
+{"token": "EFFECT OF VARIOUS CULTURE CONDITIONS ON THE ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY BY BACTERIA FROM PASSU GLACIER, PAKISTAN. Microorganisms inhabiting cold environments have an incredible potential to produce secondary metabolites including antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral compounds. The aim of the study was to evaluate the possibility of using cold adapted bacteria isolated from Passu glacier for the production of antimicrobial metabolites. Agar well diffusion assay was used to select four best antimicrobial compound producers coded as HTP12, HTP13, HTP36 and LTP10. These strains were identified as Alcaligenes faecalis, Pseudochrobactrum saccharolyticum, Alcaligenes pakistanensis and Alcaligenes pakistanensis, respectively, by their phylogenetic analysis. The media, temperature, incubation time and pH were optimized for antimicrobial compound production. The effect of nitrogen sources, carbon sources and salts on antibiotic production was also determined. Alcaligenes pakistanensis (LTP10) showed the best antimicrobial activity in Luria Bertani broth, at 25??C, pH 7 and incubation time of 96 hrs against various bacterial ATCC strains and clinical isolates. Yeast extract increased antibiotic activity of Alcaligenes pakistanensis (LTP10) while glucose, starch, tryptophan, threonine, L-leucine, arginine, NaCl and KCl decreased the activity. This study concludes that the psychrophilic bacteria are abundant, undiscovered, and good producers of antimicrobial metabolites under optimum conditions. This will lead to the discovery of potent and novel metabolites which could be of medical and industrial importance.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 52]}
+{"token": "Self-proton/ion radiography of laser-produced proton/ion beam from thin foil targets. Protons and multicharged ions generated from high-intensity laser interactions with thin foil targets have been studied with a 100 TW laser system. Protons/ions with energies up to 10 MeV are accelerated either from the front or the rear surface of the target material. We have observed for the first time that the protons/ions accelerated from the front surface of the target, in a direction opposite to the laser propagation direction, are turned around and pulled back to the rear surface, in the laser propagation direction. This proton/ion beam is able to create a self-radiograph of the target and glass stalk holding the target itself recorded through the radiochromic film stack. This unique result indicates strong long-living (ns time scale) magnetic fields present in the laser-produced plasma, which are extremely important in energy transport during the intense laser irradiation. The magnetic field from laser main pulse expands rapidly in the preformed plasma to rotate the laser produced protons. Radiation hydrodynamic simulations and ray tracing found that the magnetic field created by the amplified spontaneous emission prepulse is not sufficient to explain the particle trajectories, but the additional field created by the main pulse interaction estimated from particle-in-cell simulation is able to change the particle trajectories. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4769380]", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Organochlorine pesticides are not implicated in the decline of the Loggerhead Shrike. I compared pesticide levels in the eggs of Loggerhead Shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus) collected from Illinois in 1995-1996 with those reported for the state in 1971-1972. Pesticides were detected in 19 of 21 (90%) eggs from 1995-1996. DDE was the most frequently detected pesticide, occurring in 17 of 21 eggs. DDT was the second most frequent pesticide detected and was found in nine eggs. Mean DDE levels in shrike eggs from 1995-1996 were 79% lower than in eggs from 1971-1972. Unlike most bird species for which pesticide levels are known to have been reduced (whose populations have tended to increase), Loggerhead Shrike populations have declined during the period in which pesticide levels within their eggs has been reduced. These data suggest that organochlorine pesticides are likely not driving current Loggerhead Shrike declines in Illinois.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Nanofiltration in non-aqueous solutions by porous silica-zirconia membranes. Porous membranes having various average pore sizes, ranging from 1 to 4 nm, were prepared from silica-zirconia composite colloidal sols by sol-gel processes, and were used for nanofiltration (NF) experiments in non-aqueous solutions of ethanol and methanol. Silica-zirconia membranes, which were tested in pure alcohol solutions for the first time after the preparation of the membrane, showed a gradual decrease in flux for approximately 100 h and then reached a steady flux. When the feed, after reaching the steady flux with ethanol, was changed to another alcohol, steady flux was attained after only several hours. Ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol (PEG) of various molecular weights (PEG400, 600, 1000, and 2000) were nanofiltrated in methanol and ethanol solutions at 50 degreesC. Rejections in non-aqueous solutions increased with applied pressure, which is similar to aqueous solutions, Control of pore size of silica-zirconia membranes showing molecular weight cut-offs in methanol solutions at 300, 600, 1000, and >1000, respectively, was possible by the appropriate choice of colloidal particle sizes. Rejection in methanal solution showed a tendency similar to that in ethanol solution, while rejection in methanol was slightly larger than in ethanol solutions. In addition, rejection in water was much smaller than in methanol solution. For example, the rejection of PEG600 in water and methanol was 0.03 and 0.74, respectively. These results suggest that solvent type plays an important role in determining rejection, ass result of the interaction with solvents and/or membrane surface. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
+{"token": "Reclaiming development from the Washington Consensus. This paper summarizes our new book, Reclaiming Development: An Alternative Economic Policy Manual (Chang and Grabel, 2004). It begins from the premise that the view that there is no alternative to neoliberal economic policies in developing countries is fundamentally and dangerously incorrect. The \\\\'no alternative\\\\' dictum has commonly been associated with popularizations (and arguably, misinterpretations) of Williamson's original statement of the \\\\'Washington Consensus.\\\\' We demonstrate that feasible alternatives to neoliberal policies exist that can promote rapid economic development that is equitable, stable, and sustainable. Some of these are proposals for strategies not yet adopted. But many others have already proven their worth in practice across the globe. We offer them in order to shatter the idea that there is no alternative, and to contribute to the vigorous campaign now underway across the globe to \\\\'reclaim development\\\\' from the neoliberal orthodoxy.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Revisiting the linkage between oil and agricultural commodity prices: Panel evidence from an Agrarian state. This paper utilizes panel methods to consider the dynamic relationship between oil and agricultural commodity prices. The study makes use of monthly measures realized data for six agricultural commodity prices, including cocoa, coffee, wheat, palm oil, soybeans, beef and crude oil. The dataset spans the period 2006-2015 and includes a measure for the effective exchange rate. The results of a panel unit root test suggest that all the variables are stationary after taking the first difference. The Fisher/Johansen cointegration test is then used to suggest that the dataset includes a single cointegrating vector. A regression on the long-run characteristics of the data is then used to show that crude oil prices are positively correlated to agricultural commodity prices. This suggests that oil price for the case of Nigeria drives demand for agricultural crop commodity. The results show that agricultural commodity prices in Nigeria are responsive to global oil prices. The subsequent causality test that account for heterogeneity tests performed on the first difference of the variables reject the null hypothesis of no Granger causality in either direction between crude oil prices and agricultural crop commodity. This suggests that oil prices drive agricultural commodity prices and vice versa. Based on these outcomes several policy directions were rendered in concluding section.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Studies on a Nigerian isolate of banana streak badnavirus: I. Purification and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A Nigerian isolate of banana streak badnavirus (BSV) was purified and a polyclonal antiserum was produced in mice. The antiserum titre was between 1:10 000 and 1:40 000 in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and showed a good specificity to BSV antigens. Comparative tests were carried out to determine the sensitivity and reliability of BSV antigen detection by double antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA, triple antibody sandwich (TAS)-ELISA, antigen coated plate (ACP)-ELISA, and protein-A coated antibody sandwich (PAS)-ELISA. TAS-ELISA using rabbit polyclonal antiserum to trap BSV and mouse polyclonal antiserum to detect the virus particles, was more sensitive than ACP-ELISA and PAS-ELISA and detected BSV in plant extracts from both symptomatic and some asymptomatic plants. However, immunosorbent electron microscopy detected more BSV-infected plants from asymptomatic plant samples than did TAS-ELISA. Results of this study showed that detection of BSV antigens in sap extracts by TAS-ELISA was most efficient with symptomatic tissues which occurred most frequently in the 'cool rainy' season. This suggests that for more reliable BSV-indexing of field samples, tissue sampling should be done during the rainy season when most BSV-infected plants express severe symptoms.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Biology and war - American biology and international science. The German-born American scientist Jacques Loeb (1859-1924) was one of the most important promoters of experimental biology around 1900. He was best known for his physico-chemical explanations of psychological processes and his biotechnological approach to artificial parthenogenesis. At the start of the First World War, Loeb was deeply troubled by the deterioration of the international scientific community and the growing alienation of his German and American colleagues. The aim of this paper is to examine Jacques Loeb's activities aimed at advancing scientific internationalism before, during, and after the war. Loeb, for example, tried to negotiate the publication of German authors in American journals during the war, at a time when this was categorically rejected by publishers. Immediately after the war, he tried to create a specific system aimed at disseminating scientific literature and funding selected European colleagues, in order to overcome what he considered reactionary and hegemonic forces within German scientific institutions. His correspondence with eminent scientists from all over the world (amongst them Albert Einstein, Richard Goldschmidt, Otto Meyerhof, Otto Warburg, Paul Ehrlich, Wolfgang Ostwald, Wilhelm Roux, and Ross Harrison) will serve as a source for the analysis. Special emphasis will be placed on the question how Jacques Loeb integrated epistemology, his particular world view, and his social commitment into the workings of his own life and how he tried to extend his scientific goal of controlling biological systems to the sphere of international science.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "A microscopic model for helical twisting power by the optical isomers of an octahedral metal complex. A computational approach to the evaluation of helical twisting powers (HTP) of chiral metal complexes of [Ru(blade)(2)(backbone)] type is presented. The dopant contains helically attached \\\\'blade\\\\' ligands and an elongated \\\\'backbone\\\\' ligand, and some remarkably powerful examples have been reported. In this work, the observed HTP is interpreted in terms of a microscopic interaction of a dopant and host molecules with atomistic details. For this purpose, the stable structure of a triad system comprising a dopant and two host molecules was obtained by geometry optimization using Gaussian03. As a result, the host molecules interacted attractively with the dopant, being twisted in the same direction as observed experimentally. Interaction energy was assessed as a function of the dihedral angle between the two host molecules, leading to a quadratic dependence with a minimum at the equilibrium twisting angle of -32 degrees. Based on this, the expression was derived, in which helical twisting power was given in terms of the equilibrium twisting angle of a pair of strongly interacting host molecules.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Hemostatic alterations associated with supraceliac aortic cross-clamping. Purpose: The causative role of consumptive coagulopathy in the development of bleeding complications after supraceliac (SC) aortic cross-clamping (AXC) has been challenged by recent reports that ascribe this coagulopathy to primary fibrinolysis. This theory is made on the basis of evidence that tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) antigen (Ag) levels increase after SC AXC. However, t-PA Ag levels reflect both active and inactive (bound to serum t-PA inhibitors) forms of serum t-PA, and elevations confirm the presence of fibrinolysis only in conjunction with an increase in t-PA activity.Methods:. To investigate the etiology of this coagulopathy, we submitted eight pigs to SC AXC and six pigs to infrarenal (111) AXC for 30 minutes. Blood was drawn from the portal vein, the hepatic vein, and the carotid artery before AXC, just before unclamping, and 5, 30, and 60 minutes after unclamping. Prothrombin time ( PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), fibrinogen (FBG), platelets (PIT), thrombin-antithrombin complexes (TAT), t-PA Ag, t-PA activity, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and alpha,2-antiplasmin (AP) activities were measured. Statistical analysis was performed by using repeated measures analysis of variance and t tests.Results: The PT did not differ between the two groups at any point. After unclamping, in the SC group there was a drop in PIT levels (P =.005), a decrease in FBG levels (P <.001), and a trend toward PTT prolongation (P =.06) compared with baseline. In contrast, there were no changes in PTT, PIT levels, or FBG levels in the IR group. TAT, a serum marker of thrombin generation, increased with SC AXC (P =.04), remained elevated 5 minutes after unclamping (P =.08), and returned to normal 30 minutes after unclamping. In contrast, TAT levels did not change in the IR control group. In the SC AXC group, the TAT levels did not differ between the three test sites at any time. SC AXC was associated with an increase in t-PA Ag just before unclamping (P <.001) and 5 minutes after unclamping (P =.002), but IR AXC was not. t-PA activity levels decreased in both experimental groups 30 and 60 minutes after unclamping. Levels of alpha,2-AP activity decreased to a similar degree in both groups after unclamping when compared with baseline.Conclusion: Thirty minutes of SC AXC results in intravascular thrombosis that cannot be localized to the ischemic visceral circulation. This intravascular thrombosis is associated with consumption of clotting factors. Thirty minutes of SC AXC causes an activation of fibrinolytic pathways that does not result in a hyperfibrinolytic state. An increase in t-PA Ag without a rise in t-PA activity does not represent true fibrinolysis, but rather an increase in the bound, inactive forms of serum t-PA. Both IR mid SC AXC result in decreased fibrinolytic activity (\\\\'fibrinolytic shutdown\\\\') after release of the aortic clamp.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "The topside sounder database - Data screening and systematic biases. The ionospheric topside sounder measurement database developed at the US National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) is a valuable source of information when investigating the composition and complex dynamics of the upper ionosphere. The database is increasingly used by many scientists around the world for both research and development of empirical models. However, there is always a danger of indiscriminately using the data without properly assessing the data quality and applicability for a given purpose. This paper is concerned with the issue of data screening and pre-processing of the Alouette/ISIS topside sounder database. An overview of the original database availability and formatting is given and the use of solar and geomagnetic indices is discussed. Data screening procedures, concerning detection and handling of erroneous profiles, are also presented. Special attention is drawn to the systematic biases observed in the database and the possibilities for their removal. (c) 2013 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 34, 15, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "Forecasting Yield and Tuber Size of Processing Potatoes in South Africa Using the LINTUL-Potato-DSS Model. The LINTUL-Potato-DSS model uses the linear relationship between radiation intercepted by the crop and radiation-use efficiency (RUE), to calculate dry matter production. The model was developed into a yield forecasting system for processing potatoes based on long-term and actual weather and crop data. The model outcome (Attainable yield, Y-att) was compared to actual yields (Y-act) of a summer crop in South Africa and the ratio Y-act to Y-att was used for forecasting yield in winter crops. Results showed that accurate forecasts (< 20% variation between the actual and forecasted values) could be produced already early in the growing season, and that for the cultivar Innovator, actual and forecasted yields were well correlated (r = 0.797). Forecasted and observed yields at harvest were not significantly different at the 5% level, P = 0.637 (t test). Forecasts of tuber number using LINTUL-Potato-DSS were not accurate in the present study and further research is needed on this aspect. It is concluded that the model is a valuable management tool that can be used to produce accurate forecasts of tuber yield from as early as 8 weeks before the final harvest. Since the model was tested with only one cultivar grown in three different growing regions of South Africa, further evaluation using different cultivars and localities is recommended.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Modeling Kelvin Wave Cascades in Superfluid Helium. We study two different types of simplified models for Kelvin wave turbulence on quantized vortex lines in superfluids near zero temperature. Our first model is obtained from a truncated expansion of the Local Induction Approximation (Truncated-LIA) and it is shown to possess the same scalings and the essential behaviour as the full Biot-Savart model, being much simpler than the later and, therefore, more amenable to theoretical and numerical investigations. The Truncated-LIA model supports six-wave interactions and dual cascades, which are clearly demonstrated via the direct numerical simulation of this model in the present paper. In particular, our simulations confirm presence of the weak turbulence regime and the theoretically predicted spectra for the direct energy cascade and the inverse wave action cascade. The second type of model we study, the Differential Approximation Model (DAM), takes a further drastic simplification by assuming locality of interactions in k-space via using a differential closure that preserves the main scalings of the Kelvin wave dynamics. DAMs are even more amenable to study and they form a useful tool by providing simple analytical solutions in the cases when extra physical effects are present, e.g. forcing by reconnections, friction dissipation and phonon radiation. We study these models numerically and test their theoretical predictions, in particular the formation of the stationary spectra, and closeness of numerics for the higher-order DAM to the analytical predictions for the lower-order DAM.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "IS CHINA INTEGRATED WITH HER MAJOR TRADING PARTNERS: EVIDENCE ON FINANCIAL AND REAL INTEGRATION. Applying the new panel unit root test developed in this paper, we can overcome the pitfalls of old-fashioned panel unit root tests making it possible for researchers testing individual series for a unit root while taking contemporaneous cross-sectional dependence and structural break into account. The proposed test was used to investigate the status of financial and real integration of China, Japan, UK, the European Union, and the United States based on the empirical validity of real interest parity, uncovered interest parity, and relative purchasing power parity. We found strong evidence in favor of those parity conditions and hence concluded that financial and real integration between China and the other four countries was well established using the new developed panel unit root test while the traditional tests (either univariate or panel) fail to do so.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Study of the pozzolanic reaction kinetics in sugar cane bagasse-clay ash/calcium hydroxide system: kinetic parameters and pozzolanic activity. This paper presents a study of the pozzolanic reaction kinetics between calcium hydroxide and a mixture of sugar cane bagasse with 20 and 30% of clay, burned at 800 and 1000 degrees C (SCBCA) by electrical conductivity measurements. A kinetic-diffusive model produced in previous studies by some of the authors was used. The model was fitted to the experimental data, which allowed the computation of the kinetic parameters of the pozzolanic reaction (reaction rate constant and free energy of activation) that rigorously characterised the pozzolanic activity of the materials. The results show that SCBCA demonstrated reactivity and good pozzolanic qualities in the range 800-1000 degrees C.", "label": [1, 17, 11]}
+{"token": "Library book positioning system based on extension analytic hierarchy process and automatic speech recognition technology. At present, the library book positioning system is mostly used to assist the collection resources to complete the inventory work, but the book image processing ability of the system is poor, resulting in the book positioning accuracy is not high. Therefore, a library book location system based on extension analytic hierarchy process and automatic speech recognition technology is designed. The S3C2410 chip of ARM920T core is selected as the CPU to optimize the wireless network gateway structure, and the cc2480 RF chip is selected as the gateway processing chip. This paper uses the decision matrix of the extension analytic hierarchy process and automatic speech recognition technology to realize the recognition of book index number image. The obtained book image is converted from RGB space language to HSV space language, and the processing speed of book positioning is improved through the selection of color. Compared with the existing system, it can be seen that the system has higher data positioning accuracy and better use effect.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Flexible access control policy for SCOOP. The SCOOP model extends Eiffel to support the construction of concurrent applications with little more effort than sequential ones. The model provides strong safety guarantees: mutual exclusion and atomicity at the routine level, and FIFO scheduling of clients' calls. Unfortunately, in the original proposal of the model (SCOOP_97) these guarantees come at a high price: they entail locking all the arguments of a feature call, even if the corresponding objects are never used by the feature. In most cases, the amount of locking is higher than necessary. Additionally, a client that holds a lock on a given processor cannot relinquish it temporarily when the lock is needed by one of its suppliers. This increases the likelihood of deadlocks; additionally, some interesting synchronisation scenarios, e.g. separate callbacks, cannot be implemented. We propose two refinements of the access control policy for SCOOP: a type-based mechanism to specify which arguments of a routine call should be locked, and a lock passing mechanism for safe handling of complex synchronisation scenarios with mutual locking of several separate objects. When combined, these refinements increase the expressive power of the model, give programmers more control over the computation, and enable more potential parallelism, thus reducing the risk of deadlock.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Integrated and Individualized Service Provision for People with Disabilities: Promising Practices in Liberal Welfare States. Public service provision is an essential bridge between the promise of citizenship status and the practice of exercising rights and responsibilities. Delivery systems influence the opportunities and barriers for people with disabilities to participate in all aspects of society. The purpose of this article is to understand the relationships between persons with disabilities and the delivery of public services by agencies in liberal welfare states, specifically, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The article explores concepts of \\\\'promising practices\\\\' in administration and provision; reports on practices on integrated service delivery; and presents evaluation research on the effects of individualized payments to persons with disabilities.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Comparison of vocabulary richness in two translated Hongloumeng. The hypothesis that vocabulary richness of translated language is lower than that of the native language has been found in previous studies and we also assume native speakers have a larger vocabulary than non-native speakers which would present in their writings. The present article, using two vocabulary richness indicators - STTR and lambda, reevaluates the two hypotheses based on the two versions of Hongloumeng, a Chinese literary classic, translated into English respectively by Hawkes and Yang Xianyi. The result indicates that the vocabulary richness in the native speaker's (Hawkes) version is no higher than that in the non-native speaker's version and the vocabulary richness of the two translated Hongloumeng is also lower than native English fictions, though the source text were written in 18th century. A deeper investigation into the wordlists and concordance lines reveals that Hawkes used words more frequently concerning the same word; what is more, Yang used more unfamiliar words in his version, especially in translating culture-loaded words.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Accurate prediction of viscosity of mixed oils. Viscosity of mixed oil is an important parameter which is required in transportation and production processes of mixed crude oils. There is no universal and general model for prediction of viscosity of mixed oils at different conditions. Hence, developing simple, accurate and general models for prediction of mixed oil viscosity is of great importance. In this work three computer based models named MLP-NN, PSO-RBF and Hybrid-ANFIS were developed for prediction of viscosity of mixed oils. A number of 513 experimental data covering wide ranges of influencing parameters were utilized to develop the models. The accuracy of predictions of the developed models was examined by using different statistical quality measure approaches as well as comparing their results with predictions of literature models. Results showed that the developed models present accurate predictions and are superior to literature models. The predictions of MLP-NN model were also better than Hybrid-ANFIS and PSO-RBF models.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "The Microeconomic Theory of the Rebound Effect and Its Welfare Implications. Economists have long noted that improving energy efficiency could lead to a rebound effect, reducing or possibly even eliminating the energy savings from the efficiency improvement. This paper develops a generalized model to highlight features of the theory of the microeconomic rebound effect that are particularly relevant to empirical economists. We demonstrate when common elasticity identities used for empirical estimation are biased and how gross complement and substitute relationships govern this bias. Furthermore, we formally derive the welfare implications of the rebound effect to provide clarity for ongoing policy debates about the rebound.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
+{"token": "Age-sex specific and cause-specific health risk and burden of disease induced by exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) from drinking water: An assessment in four urban communities of Bushehr Province, Iran, 2017. Health risk and burden of disease induced by exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs, four compounds) and haloacetic acids (HAAs, 5 compounds) from drinking water through ingestion, dermal absorption, and inhalation routes were assessed based on one-year water quality monitoring in four urban communities (Bandar Deylam, Borazjan, Bushehr, and Choghadak) of Bushehr Province, Iran. The total average concentrations of THMs and HAAs at all the communities level were determined to be 92.9 +/- 43.7 and 70.6 +/- 26.5 mu g/L, respectively. The dominant components of the THMs and HAAs were determined to be tribromomethane (TBM, 41.6%) and monobromoacetic acid (MBAA, 60.8%), respectively. The average contributions of ingestion, dermal absorption, and inhalation routes in exposure to the chlorination by-products (CBPs) were respectively 65.0, 15.4, and 19.6%. The total average non-carcinogenic risk as the hazard index (HI) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of the CBPs at all the communities level were found to be 4.03 x 10(-1) and 3.16 x 10(-4), respectively. The total attributable deaths, death rate (per 100,000 people), age-weighted disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and age-weighted DALY rate for all ages both sexes combined at all the communities level were estimated to be 1.0 (uncertainty interval: UI 95% 0.3 to 2.8), 0.27 (0.08-0.75), 30.8 (11.3-100.1), and 8.1 (3.0-26.4), respectively. The average contribution of mortality (years of life lost due to premature mortality: YLLs) in the attributable burden of disease was 94.7% (94.4-95.6). Although in most of cases the average levels of the CBPs were in the permissible range of Iranian standards for drinking water quality, the average values of ILCRs as well as attributable burden of disease were not acceptable (the ILCRs were higher than the boundary limit of 10(-5)); therefore, implementation of interventions for reducing exposure to CBPs through drinking water especially in Kowsar Dam Water Treatment Plant is strictly recommended.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "Breeding habitat and nest-site selection of Bearded VultureGypaetus barbatusin the Annapurna Himalaya Range of Nepal. Quantitative studies on nesting habitat selection are important to understand and predict the resource requirements for breeding habitat. In this study, we analysed nest-site (cliff) and territory selection patterns of the Bearded Vulture in the Annapurna Range of the Himalayas (Nepal). Our study area represents high-elevation mountain range systems, where information on nest selection is lacking, despite having the largest remaining populations of Bearded Vultures in the world. Our models indicated selection patterns at both nest and territory spatial scales that are consistent with previous studies at lower altitudes (Pyrenees, the Caucasus), such as a preference for landscape patches with greater food availability. However, our models also indicated selection patterns that are probably a response to the higher altitudes and sheer reliefs of the Annapurna massif, such as avoidance of the steepest slopes and selection of cliffs facing south and west for nest-sites. We did not detect an impact of human activities on the distribution of nests or territories. However, the Annapurna massif is experiencing development of infrastructures (e.g. road construction). Further research efforts will be needed to monitor human impacts on Bearded Vulture populations in the Annapurna Range, as this is a global stronghold for this species.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "The paper technology of confinement: evolving criteria in admission forms (1850-73). This paper investigates the role of admission forms in the regulation of asylum confinement in the second half of the nineteenth century. Taking the Toronto Lunatic Asylum as a case study it traces the evolution of the forms' content and structure during the first decades of this institution. Admission forms provide important material for understanding the medico-legal assessment of lunacy in a certain jurisdiction. First, they show how the description of insanity depended on a plurality of actors. Second, doctors were not necessarily required to indicate symptoms of derangement. Third, patients' relatives played a fundamental role in providing clinical information. From an historiographical perspective, this paper invites scholars to consider the function of standardized documents in shaping the written identity of patients.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 23]}
+{"token": "Prediction of airfield pavement responses from surface deflections: comparison between the traditional backcalculation approach and the ANN model. This study investigated traditional and new approaches for predicting airfield pavement responses from surface deflections measured under Heavy Weight Deflectometer (HWD) testing conducted at National Airport Pavement Testing Facility (NAPTF). In the traditional approach, pavement layer moduli were backcalculated and then pavement responses were predicted based on the multilayer elastic (MLE) theory and the finite element (FE) method. In the new approach, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model was developed to predict the pavement response directly from surface deflections without backcalculation. The ANN model was trained using the synthetic database that was built based on the FE simulation results using different combinations of material property, layer thickness, HWD loading magnitude, and pavement temperature. It was found that the backcalculated moduli of the asphalt surface layer were similar between MLE and FEM methods; however, discrepancies were observed for the backcalculated moduli of unbound materials. In general, the traditional approach of backcalculation and forward calculation overestimated tensile strain in asphalt layers, especially for the pavement section with a thin asphalt layer. On the other hand, the prediction accuracy of the ANN model was found better than the traditional method regarding field measurements. Further analysis of the ANN model showed that the Area Under Pavement Profile (AUPP) and Surface Curvature Index (SCI) had good correlations with critical tensile strain and shear strain in the asphalt layer, respectively.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Sentence final particles as epistemic modulators in Cantonese conversations: A discourse-pragmatic perspective. This paper attempts to extend the investigation of Cantonese sentence final particles (SFPs), and explore in particular their roles and functions in modulating the speaker's epistemic stance in conversational interactions. The stance of a speaker is emerging and continuously being negotiated and shaped in the course of the conversation; conversation participants will need to constantly modify and revise their stance and what they have already said as the conversation progresses. Because of their position as utterance final, SFPs are perfect grammatical devices to be employed to recalibrate and finalize the speaker's epistemic stance. Seeing epistemic modulation as a discourse process, this paper exemplifies how Cantonese SFPs can be deployed to reaffirm, as well as to modulate (i.e. upgrade or downgrade) the epistemic stance of the speaker in our conversational data. It is hoped that this paper could also shed light on other cross-linguistic studies on epistemic modulations and stance-taking. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Minimal area problems for functions with integral representation. We study the minimization problem for the Dirichlet integral in some standard classes of analytic functions. In particular, we solve the minimal area a(2)-problern for convex functions and for typically real functions. The latter gives a new solution to the minimal area a(2)-problem for the class S of normalized univalent functions in the unit disc.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "The Blockchain Revolution: Decoding Digital Currencies. Cryptocurrencies and decentralized finance have grown considerably since the publication of the white paper on bitcoin in 2009. This article presents an overview of cryptocurrencies, blockchain technology, and their applications, explaining the spirit of the enterprise and how it compares with traditional operations. We discuss money, digital money, and payments; cryptocurrencies, blockchain, and the double-spending problem of digital money; decentralized finance; and central bank digital currency.", "label": [5, 48, 49]}
+{"token": "Estimating solar and nonsolar inactivation rates of airborne bacteria. Land application of biosolids is a wide spread practice in the United States, Canada, and Western Europe. Given the potential for biosolid aerosolization during land application, both solar and nonsolar induced inactivation rate information is needed to more accurately predict the fate of bacteria in air. Pilot-scale bioaerosol reactor experiments that independently measure the solar and nonsolar (absence of solar radiation) inactivation rates of airborne Mycobacterium parafortuitum and Escherichia coli were performed. Direct fluorescent microscopy measurements for total airborne bacteria and culture-based assays were used to measure concentrations in a 1 m(3) aerosol reactor that was transparent to UV-A and UV-B wavelengths, and to produce decay curves of airborne bacteria under moderate (50-60%) and high (85-95%) levels of relative humidity (RH). E. coli was more susceptible to airborne decay than M. parafortuitum at all RH levels tested. RH strongly influenced solar and nonsolar airborne inactivation rates in both bacteria. These inactivation rates for both bacteria were greatest at moderate RH levels.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 52]}
+{"token": "LARRY DAVID'S 'DARK TALMUD'; OR KAFKA IN PRIME TIME. Larry David's work in both Seinfeld and Curb Your Enthusiasm is a continuation of a comic tradition that views humor as redemptive, a tradition that mocks persecutors and illogical paradigms. Larry David's \\\\'dark Talmud\\\\' examines systems of thought and belief, searching for the inconsistencies and absurdities and, therefore, the humor. Although Larry David's texts in Seinfeld are often characterized as \\\\'being about nothing,\\\\' this article contends that they reveal a postmodern system of ethics that, at its core, is both Jewish and funny.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "HE SAID, SHE SAID: A quasi-signal detection analysis of daily interactions between close relationship partners. In everyday life, close relationship partners enact behaviors through which they may influence each other To understand how these exchanges affect partners, previous research has emphasized the enactors' reports, the receivers' perceptions, or the congruence of the two. We developed a strategy based on classic signal detection theory that combined elements from these three approaches in a naturalistic daily experience study. Members of 58 heterosexual dating couples reported daily on their own behaviors and their perceptions of their partners' behaviors. Results showed that an enactor's beliefs about his or her behavior and the perceiver's interpretation combined to affect daily mood and relationship satisfaction. However, different patterns of results emerged for positive and negative behaviors, such that the enactor's perspective accounted for independent effects of negative behaviors. Results show the value of simultaneously considering the perspective of both parties in social interaction.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Quality assurance in multilingual legal terminological databases. In addition to several other factors, terminology and terminology management are perceived to be important elements of the quality assurance (QA) system of document production, translation, and multilingual lawmaking. This implies that quality in translation, including legal translation, partly depends on the quality of terminology found in terminological databases (TDBs). In order to use terminology as a QA tool, the quality of TDBs has to be ensured. In this paper, we discuss the relevance of legal TDBs for translation quality and propose a QA framework for multilingual legal TDBs based on a comprehensive approach, which includes QA at workflow level, at product level, and at staff level. For each of this three aspects we address the main features to be implemented - and how they should be implemented - to successfully achieve and maintain high quality of multilingual legal TDBs. Our comprehensive approach to QA therefore considers persons, processes, products and services as well as dedicated tools.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Genetic analyses of mothering ability in sows using field-recorded observations. Accelerating genetic gain for good mothering abilities of sows will be possible. Especially nursing and group behaviour seem to be promising traits. For the implementation in breeding programs, clearly defined traits are required and correlations between mothering ability and common production traits (e.g. daily weight gain) should be investigated. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.The improvement of the postpartum survival rate of piglets is important for pig breeding nowadays. For the improvement, breeding for good mothering abilities of sows offer a promising strategy. The aim of the following study was to estimate genetic parameters for mothering ability traits recorded on an five point ordinal scale (1 =\\\\'best\\\\' to 5=\\\\'worst\\\\'). Information of 48,028 litters and 15,688 sows belonging to different lines and crosses was available. Genetic parameters were estimated by applying a linear mixed and a threshold model. Pairwise bivariate analyses were conducted for the linear mixed model (LMM) in order to calculate correlations.The estimates for the heritability (repeatability) using the LMM are between 0.02 and 0.07 (0.05 and 0:09). With the threshold model the heritability (repeatability) estimates are between 0.05 and 0.15 (0.08 and 0.17). The difference between repeatability and heritability points to a huge impact of the permanent environment. The threshold model seems to be more suitable for analysing the data. The heritability estimated for group and nursing behaviour with the threshold model was highest (0.15 and 0.10). All the correlations, were positive and the genetic correlations were in accordance with the phenotypic correlation. The genetic correlation for piglet vitality and estrus behaviour was zero. The highest genetic correlations were estimated between nursing (group behaviour) and litter balance and piglet weaning weight. For nursing behaviour and piglet weaning weight the genetic correlation was 0.86.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Properties of the lunar wake predicted by analytic models and hybrid-kinetic simulations. An approximate model derived by Hutchinson (2008a), describing the interaction between the solar wind and the Moon, is applied to describe plasma in the lunar wake. The model accounts for plasma entering the wake region from two tangent points around the Moon. Cylindrical geometry is assumed, along with a strong constant magnetic field, and fixed transverse velocity and temperature. Under these approximations two angle-dependent equations for fluid flow are obtained, which can be solved using the method of characteristics to provide the density inside the wake region. It is demonstrated that the model valid under these assumptions provides excellent agreement with observations from the ARTEMIS mission and with large-scale hybrid-kinetic plasma simulations. The model provides a practical alternative to kinetic simulations and is generally useful for determining properties of the lunar wake under different solar wind conditions. It will be useful as well for predicting properties of the plasma environment around unmagnetized bodies that have not yet been visited by spacecraft.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "H-2 and C-13 NMR studies of molecular orientation and dynamics in liquid crystal 6BA. The dynamics and orientation of dimers accompanying the formation and destruction of hydrogen bonds in the nematic phases of 4-n-hexylbenzoic acid (6BA) were studied by degrees 3C and H-2 NMR. The orientational order parameter S in the nematic phase was estimated from the quadrupole splitting of the H-2 NMR spectrum. The intermolecular interaction energy for the molecular order in the nematic phase decreased with increasing temperature. The flexibility of dimers due to the destruction of the hydrogen bond is closely related to a decrease in the intermolecular interaction energy. The proportion of H-2 NMR spin-lattice relaxation time (T-1) to S. which reveals the coupling of the orientational fluctuations with the hydrogen bonding processes, was observed. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
+{"token": "Comparative Study of the Antennal Phenotype in Species of the Belminus (Hemiptera: Triatominae) Genus Using Optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The genus Belminus Stal, 1859 is distinguished by markedly entomophagous species. This genus is a poorly studied group of the Triatominae (Jeannel, 1919), which includes hematophagous species that are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas, 1909), the etiological agent of Chagas disease. This study reports for the first time the description of the antennal sensilla of Belminus corredori (Galvao & Angulo, 2003), Belminus herreri (Lent & Wygodzinsky, 1979), and Belminus ferroae (Sandoval, Pabon, Jurberg & Galvao, 2007) nymphs and adults throughout scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy. Nine morphological types of sensilla were identified in the three species, including bristles I and II, trichobothria, tapered hairs, thin-walled trichoid, thick-walled trichoid, basiconic, campaniform, and coeloconica sensilla. The analysis of the most abundant types of sensilla and their distribution in nymphs and adults shows similarities with the antennal phenotypes described in otherTriatominae. Quantitative differences showed the important phenotypic plasticity of this morphological trait in the genus and allowed for the separation of the species in both sexes.These differences were associated with sexual dimorphism and wing condition (macropterous and brachypterous). The role of the antennal phenotype in sexual behavior, its usefulness as a taxonomic tool, and its relationship with the dispersal capacity of these species are discussed.", "label": [0, 4, 44, 10]}
+{"token": "Consensus measurement in Delphi studies Review and implications for future quality assurance. Consensus measurement plays an important role in Delphi research. Although it is not the technique's aim, the measurement has to be considered an important component of Delphi analyses and data interpretation. During the past 60 years, the Delphi multi-round survey procedure has been widely and successfully used to aggregate expert opinions on future developments and incidents. This paper is dedicated to how consensus (and dissent) has been measured since the technique's emergence in the 1960s and which criteria have been used. The review also includes a description of its relationship with the measurement of stability over Delphi rounds, although the major focus lies on the concept of consensus. In an extensive literature review, 15 types of measure were identified and classified for measuring consensus (and/or stability) in detail. The research reveals that there are obvious deficits in the practice and rigour of consensus measurement for Delphi research: mistakes in statistical tests or their premises have even been made. This article gives a broad understanding of the consensus concept, shows strengths and weaknesses as well as premises of different types of measure and concludes with lessons learned. Its major contribution is therefore on improving the future quality of consensus-oriented Delphi studies. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48, 52]}
+{"token": "Immobilization and ferrous iron bio-oxidation studies of a Leptospirillum sp mixed-cell culture. Immobilization of a mixed bacterial culture (predominantly Leptospirillum sp.) on mechanically modified graphite surfaces and different types of activated carbon fiber supports (felt and textile; both silicated and non-silicated) was studied experimentally. Maximum cell coverage on graphite samples occurred on a surface roughness of 2.08 mu m (3.9 x 10(4) cell/mm(2)). In non-silicated samples the activated carbon fiber support with the greatest surface area per gram (felt) lead to the greatest number of immobilized microorganisms over a 10 h period (2.2 x 10(4) cells/mm(2)). The silication significantly increased surface area in the fibrous matrix voids and thereby increased the number of immobilized microorganisms on both modified activated carbon felt and fabric. The silicated felt exhibited the greatest number of immobilized Leptospirillum sp. cells of all activated carbon fiber cathodes studied (2.9 x 10(4) cells/mm(2)). Physical property and elemental analyses of silicated samples indicated that other methods of augmenting bacterial immobilization should be explored as silication increased electrical resistance of the samples 100 fold. Leptospirillum sp. immobilized on unmodified activated carbon felt yielded the maximum experimentally observed rate of ferrous iron bio-oxidation (similar to 900 mg/L h). (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 13, 39]}
+{"token": "Occurrence and Control of Legionella in Recycled Water Systems. Legionella pneumophila is on the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Candidate Contaminant list (CCL) as an important pathogen. It is commonly encountered in recycled water and is typically associated with amoeba, notably Naegleria fowleri (also on the CCL) and Acanthamoeba sp. No legionellosis outbreak has been linked to recycled water and it is important for the industry to proactively keep things that way. A review was conducted examine the occurrence of Legionella and its protozoa symbionts in recycled water with the aim of developing a risk management strategy. The review considered the intricate ecological relationships between Legionella and protozoa, methods for detecting both symbionts, and the efficacy of various disinfectants.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Predicting depressive symptoms among the mothers of children with leukaemia: A caregiver stress model perspective. The aim of this study was to find out the predictors of depressive symptoms of mothers of children with leukaemia. The potential predictors were chosen in the light of the caregiver stress model [Pearlin, Mullan, Semple, and Skaff, 1990. Caregiving and the stress process: An overview of concepts and their measures. The Gerontologist, 30(5), 583-594.], which examines the caregiver stress as composed of many factors such as the background variables, primary and secondary stressors, mediators and psychological health outcomes. This study included the caregiving tasks, basic needs of the caregivers and role strain as the stressors; coping strategies and perceived social support as mediators and depressive symptoms as the outcome variable. The participants of this study were 90 mothers of children with leukaemia. The results revealed that the satisfaction level of the basic needs and role strain were the predictors of the depressive symptoms. While emotion-focussed coping and perceived social support mediated the stressors and the depressive symptoms relationship, problem-focussed coping did not. The possible explanations of the results were explored and the implications were discussed.", "label": [2, 5, 55, 24]}
+{"token": "An explanatory machine learning framework for studying pandemics: The case of COVID-19 emergency department readmissions. One of the major challenges that confront medical experts during a pandemic is the time required to identify and validate the risk factors of the novel disease and to develop an effective treatment protocol. Traditionally, this process involves numerous clinical trials that may take up to several years, during which strict preventive measures must be in place to control the outbreak and reduce the deaths. Advanced data analytics techniques, however, can be leveraged to guide and speed up this process. In this study, we combine evolutionary search algorithms, deep learning, and advanced model interpretation methods to develop a holistic exploratorypredictive-explanatory machine learning framework that can assist clinical decision-makers in reacting to the challenges of a pandemic in a timely manner. The proposed framework is showcased in studying emergency department (ED) readmissions of COVID-19 patients using ED visits from a real-world electronic health records database. After an exploratory feature selection phase using genetic algorithm, we develop and train a deep artificial neural network to predict early (i.e., 7-day) readmissions (AUC = 0.883). Lastly, a SHAP model is formulated to estimate additive Shapley values (i.e., importance scores) of the features and to interpret the magnitude and direction of their effects. The findings are mostly in line with those reported by lengthy and expensive clinical trial studies.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Changes in cultured dermal fibroblasts during early passages across five wild bird species. With the advent of the usage of primary fibroblasts in comparative and evolutionary biology, it is important for researchers to know the extent to which cells might be altered during the culturing process and how much species might differ in response to cell culture. We compared early changes in cell size and lipid composition of primary dermal fibroblasts grown at physiologically relevant oxygen concentrations (5% O-2) from wild-caught species of birds. Fibroblasts from American Robins (Turdus migratorius L., 1766) and Bobwhite Quails (Colinus virginianus (L., 1758)) increased in size early in the culture process and cells from all five species of wild-caught birds exhibited changes in lipid-class composition. The two most common phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, increased in concentration in all species between early passages and later passages of fibroblasts. Some less abundant lipid species, such as cardiolipin and sphingomyelin, exhibited similar concentrations in all three passages that we measured. Other lipid classes, such as cholesterol, increased in some species in later passages and decreased in others. Although results may vary with cell-culture conditions, this study points to a need for researchers comparing multiple species to take precautions when using cell culture, such as experimenting on the earliest possible passage of cells.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Effect of storage time and conditions on the seed coat colour of Australian adzuki beans. Two varieties of adzuki beans (Vigna angularis), Bloodwood and Erimo, were stored at temperatures of 10, 20 or 30degreesC, and relative humidities (RH) 40 or 65%, and samples were analysed at 0, 1.5, 3 and 6 months. Storage at 30degreesC for > 1.5 months caused a significant decrease in the a(star) and b(star) colour values and darkening of the seed coat. Beans stored at 65% RH had lower L-star but higher a(star) and b(star) colour values than those stored at 40% RH. Bloodwood and Erimo samples showed similar trends in colour during storage. The best storage conditions for the preservation of the adzuki colour were 10degreesC and 65% RH. The Australian beans had lower L-star, a(star) and b(star) colour values than Japanese Erimo-shouzu beans and storage increased the difference.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "First isolation of voriconazole-resistant Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, and Aspergillus niger from the blowholes of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Pulmonary mycosis is a fungal disease that commonly affects bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and is generally treated by the oral administration of azoles, such as itraconazole (ITZ) and voriconazole (VRZ). However, antifungal susceptibility testing of clinical isolates has not been well performed as a routine clinical examination in aquaria. In this study, we collected fungal species from the blowholes of 14 bottlenose dolphins, of which 12 were treated with ITZ or VRZ. All dolphins were housed in the Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium. The fungal species Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, Aspergillus fumigatus, and A. niger were isolated. E-tests were performed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ITZ and VRZ on these isolates. VRZ-resistant C. tropicalis (MIC: >32 mu g/ml) and A. niger (MIC: > 32 mu g/ml) were isolated from three dolphins treated with ITZ or VRZ. Additionally, azole-resistant isolates of C. albicans and C. glabrata were collected from two dolphins that had never received azole therapy. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to report the isolation of VRZ-resistant C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and A. niger from the blowholes of bottlenose dolphins. Thus, antifungal susceptibility testing is a crucial strategy for selecting antifungal agents to treat respiratory fungal infections in bottlenose dolphins in aquaria.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Prolonged parasite clearance in a Chinese splenectomized patient with falciparum malaria imported from Nigeria. Conclusions: This is the first reported case in China of prolonged parasite clearance in a splenectomized patient with imported falciparum malaria. Artemisinin resistance should be distinguished when prolonged parasite clearance is found in a malaria patient who has had splenectomy.Background: The spleen plays a pivotal role in the rapid clearance of parasitized red blood cells in patients with falciparum malaria after artemisinin treatment. Prolonged parasite clearance can be found in patients who have had a splenectomy, or those with hemoglobin abnormalities and/or reduced immunity, which are all distinguishable from artemisinin resistance. This paper reports on a case of prolonged parasite clearance in a Chinese splenectomized patient with falciparum malaria imported from Nigeria.Case presentation: A 35-year-old Chinese male suffered 2 days of febrile illness after returning to Zhumadian city of Henan province from Nigeria on October 1, 2014. The main symptoms were febrile, including the highest axillary temperature of 40 degrees C, headache, and chills. A peripheral blood smear showed parasitemia (53 913 asexual parasites/mu l) of Plasmodium falciparum. The patient had not used any chemoprophylaxis against malaria in Nigeria when he worked there as a construction worker between 2009 and 2014. The patient had three episodes of malaria in Nigeria and had a splenectomy due to a traffic accident 8 years ago from the time he was admitted to hospital. The patient was orally administrated a total of 320 mg/2.56 g dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for 2 days and intravenously administrated a total of 3 000 mg artesunate for 18 days. The axillary temperature of the patient ranged between 37.0 and 37.7 degrees C from Day 0 to Day 3, and blood microscopy revealed falciparum malaria parasitemia (26 674 asexual parasites/mu l) on Day 3. The patient was afebrile on Day 4, falciparum malaria parasitemia was continuously present and then gradually decreased on the next days, and was negative on Day 21. The patient was cured and left hospital on Day 24 after no plasmodium falciparum was found in the blood on Day 21 to Day 23. No mutation was found in the K13 propeller gene when compared with the PF3D7_1343700 K13 propeller gene reference sequence.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
+{"token": "Robust estimation and empirical likelihood inference with exponential squared loss for panel data models. This paper introduces a robust estimation for panel data models using the exponential squared loss function. We propose the method by constructing the robust empirical likelihood ratio function. The Monte Carlo simulations show that the proposed estimator is robust in the fixed and random effects models. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "A pen as an intermediate target becomes a secondary projectile. Firearm projectiles striking intermediate targets have the potential to create secondary projectiles, which can produce identifiable patterns of injury. We present a case in which a father, manipulating a handgun, was demonstrating how the firing pin worked to his adolescent son. He placed a pen inside the barrel of the gun for demonstration but did not recognize that a bullet was loaded into the firing chamber. The weapon was discharged causing fatal injury to the son. The pen, as an intermediate target, created identifiable injuries on the decedent, which were consistent with typical patterns of injury seen with secondary projectiles including a discrepant number of skin defects to number of counted projectiles and pseudo-stippling. Recognition of these identifiable patterns of injury in intermediate target involved gunshot wound cases can help support other autopsy findings and scene investigation.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Modes of infection and oncogenesis by the Epstein-Barr virus. The EBV is a human gamma-herpesvirus associated with various neoplasms. It is responsible for causing cancers of B, T, and NK cells as well as cells of epithelial origin. Such diversity in target cells and the complicated steps of oncogenesis are perplexing when we speculate about the mechanisms of action of EBV-positive cancers. Here, we first note three common features that contribute to the development and maintenance of EBV-positive cancers: effects of EBV oncogenes, immunosuppression and evasion/exploitation of the immune system, and genetic and epigenetic predisposition/alteration of the host genome. Then, we demonstrate the mechanisms of oncogenesis and the means by which each EBV-positive cancer develops, with particular focus on the mode of EBV infection. The EBV has two alternative life cycles: lytic and latent. The latter is categorized into four programs ( latency types 0-III) in which latent viral genes are expressed differentially depending on the tissue of origin and state of cells. The production of viral latent genes tends to decrease with an increase in time, and, in an approximate manner, the expression levels of viral genes are inversely correlated with the degree of abnormalities in the host genome. Occasional execution of the viral lytic cycle also contributes to oncogenesis. Understanding this life cycle of the EBV and its relevance in oncogenesis may provide valuable clues to the development of effective therapies for the associated cancers. Copyright (C) 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Dissipative analysis for aircraft flight control systems with randomly occurring uncertainties via non-fragile sampled-data control. This work investigates the problem of robust dissipative analysis for aircraft flight control systems via non-fragile sampled-data control approach. The uncertainties occurring in the system parameter is assumed to be random and satisfy the Bernoulli distribution. The main objective of this work is to design a non-fragile sampled-data controller such that the resulting closed-loop system is robustly stochastically stable and strictly (Q, S, R)-alpha-dissipative. By constructing a suitable augmented Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional (LKF) with Lyapunov stability theory, some sufficient conditions are composed in the structure of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) and it can be interpreted through some known software collection. Finally, a practical example with simulation is provided to indicate the usefulness of the suggested control design technique. (C) 2018 International Association for Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (IMACS). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 40, 41]}
+{"token": "Methods for Detection and Quantification of Airborne Legionellae Around Cooling Towers. Inhalation of legionellae may cause severe pneumonia and Pontiac fever in humans; however, comprehensive field evaluations using various bioaerosol monitoring techniques are lacking. The performance of samplers for legionellae collection has been investigated in a chamber setting. This study further assessed the capabilities of two filter-based (cassette/polycarbonate filter and IOM/gelatin filter), two agar-based (Andersen one-stage sampler and MAS-100/A), and four liquid-based sampling methods (BioSampler, AGI-30, MAS-100/L, and SASS 2300) for monitoring culturable, viable, and total legionellae around cooling towers. The highest detection rate of culturable legionellae was obtained by the SASS 2300 (25%-31%), followed by the BioSampler (0%-23%), MAS-100/L (5%-9%), and IOM (5%), while no culturable legionellae were recovered by the other four sampling methods under the experimental conditions tested. As for the recovery of total and viable L. pneumophila and Legionella spp., the IOM consistently showed the highest efficiencies relative to the other samplers that were simultaneously tested regardless of sampling time (30-270 min), and these values were statistically comparable to those of the cassette but significantly greater than those of the other liquid- and filter-based sampling methods by 1-3 orders of magnitude (p < .05). In most cases, the biological efficiencies (calculated as a percentage of the viable cell counts to total cell counts, 19.6%-80.2%) were not significantly different between the samplers (p > .05). This study shows that viable and total legionellae can be efficiently sampled by the IOM equipped with a gelatin filter, and culturable cells may be detected more frequently by the SASS 2300.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 16, 15, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Strong solutions to stochastic equations with a L,vy noise and a non-constant diffusion coefficient. The goal of this study is to prove an existence and uniqueness theorem for the solution of a stochastic differential equation with L,vy noise in the case where the drift coefficient can be discontinuous. Additionally, the differentiability of the solution with respect to the initial condition is proved.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Vaccinated farmed Atlantic salmon are susceptible to spinal and skull deformities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vaccination, and starvation after vaccination, on the morphology of skull bones and vertebral bodies, bone mineralization and the development of intra-muscular melanin deposits in farmed Atlantic salmon. For this purpose, triplicate groups of vaccinated (V) or unvaccinated (UV) underyearling smolts (38 g) were fed normal rations (F), or starved for 3 weeks after vaccination (S) (September 2004), leaving four experimental groups (V-F, V-S, UV-F, UV-S). After termination of the starvation period, all groups were fed a normal ration until the fish reached a normal harvest size (January 2006). There were no long term effects of starvation on body weight, bone mineralization or deformity incidence. However, at termination, V fish (pooled mean V-F and V-S, 4.4 kg) were overall significantly smaller than UV fish (pooled mean UV-F and UV-S, 5.1 kg), and they also developed overall significantly more deformities in both the skull (pooled mean UV-F and UV-S 27%, pooled mean V-F and V-S 81%) and the vertebral column (pooled mean UV-F and UV-S 21%, pooled mean V-F and V-S 41%). These deformities were site-specific in both compartments; skull deformities were clearly observed in the ceratohyale anterior, while those in the vertebral column were mainly located in the tail region (V3149). There were no significant correlations among individual relationships between the skull and vertebral column deformities. UV fish had overall significantly higher vertebral bone total ash content than V fish at termination, but there were no effects on vaccination on the ash content or morphology of the vertebrae 2 months after transfer to seawater. The incidences of intra-muscular melanin deposits were not significantly different between UV and V fish. These results show that vaccination can induce deformities in the vertebral column and/or skull in farmed Atlantic salmon. The site-specific location of the deformities in relation to mechanical loading is discussed. Furthermore, the results show that vaccination is not likely the main cause of the current melanin spot problem in Atlantic salmon aquaculture.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
+{"token": "THE BOLOCAM GALACTIC PLANE SURVEY. X. A COMPLETE SPECTROSCOPIC CATALOG OF DENSE MOLECULAR GAS OBSERVED TOWARD 1.1 mm DUST CONTINUUM SOURCES WITH 7 degrees.5 <= l <= 194 degrees. The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey (BGPS) is a 1.1 mm continuum survey of dense clumps of dust throughout the Galaxy covering 170 deg(2). We present spectroscopic observations using the Heinrich Hertz Submillimeter Telescope of the dense gas tracers, HCO+ and N2H+ 3-2, for all 6194 sources in the BGPS v1.0.1 catalog between 7 degrees.5 <= l <= 194 degrees. This is the largest targeted spectroscopic survey of dense molecular gas in the Milky Way to date. We find unique velocities for 3126 (50.5%) of the BGPS v1.0.1 sources observed. Strong N2H(+) 3-2 emission (T-mb > 0.5K) withoutHCO(+) 3-2 emission does not occur in this catalog. We characterize the properties of the dense molecular gas emission toward the entire sample. HCO+ is very sub-thermally populated and the 3-2 transitions are optically thick towardmost BGPS clumps. Themedian observed line width is 3.3 kms-1 consistent with supersonic turbulence within BGPS clumps. We find strong correlations between dense molecular gas integrated intensities and 1.1 mm peak flux and the gas kinetic temperature derived from previously published NH3 observations. These intensity correlations are driven by the sensitivity of the 3-2 transitions to excitation conditions rather than by variations in molecular column density or abundance. We identify a subset of 113 sources with stronger N2H(+) than HCO+ integrated intensity, but we find no correlations between the N2H(+)/ HCO+ ratio and 1.1 mm continuum flux density, gas kinetic temperature, or line width. Self-absorbed profiles are rare (1.3%).", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Kuramoto model of synchronization: equilibrium and nonequilibrium aspects. The phenomenon of spontaneous synchronization, particularly within the framework of the Kuramoto model, has been a subject of intense research over the years. The model comprises oscillators with distributed natural frequencies interacting through a mean-field coupling, and serves as a paradigm to study synchronization. In this review, we put forward a general framework in which we discuss in a unified way known results with more recent developments obtained for a generalized Kuramoto model that includes inertial effects and noise. We describe the model from a different perspective, highlighting the long-range nature of the interaction between the oscillators, and emphasizing the equilibrium and out-of-equilibrium aspects of its dynamics from a statistical physics point of view. In this review, we first introduce the model and discuss both for the noiseless and noisy dynamics and for unimodal frequency distributions the synchronization transition that occurs in the stationary state. We then introduce the generalized model, and analyze its dynamics using tools from statistical mechanics. In particular, we discuss its synchronization phase diagram for unimodal frequency distributions. Next, we describe deviations from the mean-field setting of the Kuramoto model. To this end, we consider the generalized Kuramoto dynamics on a one-dimensional periodic lattice on the sites of which the oscillators reside and interact with one another with a coupling that decays as an inverse power-law of their separation along the lattice. For two specific cases, namely, in the absence of noise and inertia, and in the case when the natural frequencies are the same for all the oscillators, we discuss how the longtime transition to synchrony is governed by the dynamics of the mean-field mode (zero Fourier mode) of the spatial distribution of the oscillator phases.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "The earliest occurrence of a newly described domesticate in Eastern North America: Adena/Hopewell communities and agricultural innovation. Archaic and Woodland period communities in eastern North America domesticated a suite of annual seed crops referred to the Eastern Agricultural Complex (EAC), some of which subsequently fell out of cultivation and were lost. Recently, a domesticated sub-species of one of these lost crops, erect knotweed (Polygonum erectum) has been described. This paper reports the earliest example of this domesticated sub-species, which was recovered from a sub-mound context at an Adena/Hopewell site in central Kentucky (Walker-Noe, 15Gd56) dating to c. 1 AD. Contemporary Middle Woodland erect knotweed assemblages from habitation sites in western Illinois are not domesticated. A review of the paleoethnobotanical record suggests that farmers on the western front of the Appalachian Mountains developed several innovative agricultural practices, beginning around 1000 BC, that subsequently were adopted across the core area of EAC cultivation. The ethnography and sociology of 20th and 21st century farmer networks suggests that Adena/Hopewell exchange and community integration at mounds and earthworks may have been instrumental to this process. Additional analyses of botanical assemblages from mounds and earthworks, especially morphometric analyses of crop seeds, are necessary to test this hypothesis. The dynamics of social learning involved in this process may also be implicated in the spread of crop varieties and agricultural techniques in other regions.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30]}
+{"token": "A hybrid inverse method for evaluating FC-PBGA material response to thermal cycles. This study proposes a hybrid experimental-analytical inverse method that can be used to evaluate thermomechanical cyclic behavior of flip-chip plastic ball grid array modules and the constituent materials. Treating such a package as an adhesively bonded trilayer plate, the structural formulation follows and modifies an existing analytical model. A phase-shifted shadow moir, method is employed to obtain the package thermal warpage variation in responding to a temperature cycle. By correlating the modeling predicted and the experimentally measured package warpage, the application of the method leads to the determination of those uncertain material parameters including temperature dependent modulus of elasticity and coefficient of thermal expansion of the die attachment and the substrate materials. These parameters are difficult to determine otherwise due to the complexity involving the effect of package processing condition and extremely thin thickness of the adhesive layer. As the values of all material parameters are ascertained, shear and peel stresses in the module adhesive layer can also be evaluated based on the analytical model.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Hot, unpredictable weather interacts with land use to restrict the distribution of the Yellow-tailed Black-Cockatoo. Conserving nomadic species is challenging due to the difficulty in monitoring their characteristically transient populations, and thereby detecting range-wide declines. An example is the Yellow-tailed Black-Cockatoo (YTBC; Zanda funerea), which disperses widely in search of food and is regularly - but sporadically - observed across eastern Australia. Under climate warming, a general southward shift in species distributions is expected in the southern hemisphere, with the extreme southern margins being truncated by an ocean barrier. Given these constraints, we ask whether sufficient refugia will exist for the YTBC in the future, by: (i) modelling habitat relationships within the current geographic range of the YTBC based on weather, climate, vegetation, and land use, and (ii) using this framework, coupled with climate-model projections, to forecast 21(st) century impacts. Intensive land use and high variability in temperature and rainfall seem to most limit YTBC occurrence. In contrast, areas with a cooler, stable climate and a network of old-growth forests, such as those in parts of south-eastern Australia and Tasmania, are most suitable for the species. As Australia becomes progressively hotter under climate change, the preferred bioclimatic envelope of the YTBC is forecast to contract poleward (as a general pattern) and to fragment within the existing range. However, despite an extensive loss of climatically suitable regions, the YTBC might find stable refugia at the southern margins of its geographic range, although continued loss of old-growth forests undermines their nesting potential. Therefore, beyond habitat conservation, creating nesting opportunities within plantation forests would likely be an effective conservation strategy to preserve habitat quality in climate refugia.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Study of competitive interactions in poly(methacrylic acid)-poly(ethylene oxide)-2-chloro-10-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)phenothiazine hydrochloride triple systems. The triple system composed of poly(methacrylic acid), poly(ethylene oxide), and 2-chloro-10-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)phenothiazine hydrochloride (known as aminazin or the drug Aminazine) was studied by the potentiometric and turbidimetric titration, viscometry, high-rate sedimentation, and IR spectroscopy. At a low aminazin content, its cations interact with defects of the polyacid-poly(ethylene oxide) interpolymer complex by means of electrostatic forces with an formation of the aminazin-polyacid-poly(ethylene oxide) triple complex. As the content of aminazin in the mixture increases, its ability to form bonds with the polymer complex due to hydrophobic interactions becomes more pronounced. In this case, conformations of the polymer complex particles vary, nonpolar contacts between polyacid and poly(ethylene oxide) tend to break, and aminazin displaces poly(ethylene oxide) from the polymer complex moiety with the formation of a poly(methacrylic acid)-aminazin water-soluble complex.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Paradigmatic saturation in Nuer. Nouns in Nuer (Western Nilotic) have been presented as an extreme example of inflectional complexity, where a 'chaotic' distribution of suffixes combines with dozens of different stem modifications to yield dozens of inflection classes (Frank 1999, Baerman 2012). We show that all of the apparent surface variety can be reduced to a handful of operations. The proliferation of inflection classes is due to a property we call PARADIGMATIC SATURATION: practically every combination of inflectional operations is attested, yielding the maximum variety with the minimum of means.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Investigating the effects of ensemble and weight optimization approaches on neural networks' performance to estimate the dynamic modulus of asphalt concrete. This study hybridized the ensemble and weight optimization approaches with an artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm to forecast the dynamic modulus (E*) of asphalt concrete. For input selection, this study employed the random forest technique and tested various techniques, including evolutionary, backward, forward, and brute force, to be hybridized with random forest. The evolutionary-random forest technique was used as the best input-selection method. The rho 200, V-beff, binder G* (dynamic shear modulus), and binder phi (phase angle) were selected as the most important variables for developing the ANN models. The findings of this research indicated that the artificial neural network-particle swarm optimisation (ANNPSO) model performed better than the other models. Also, the weight optimization techniques were more efficient than the ensemble techniques to improve the predictive power of ANN to forecast the dynamic modulus of asphalt concrete.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Negative partisanship among Independents in the 2020 US presidential elections. Negative partisanship has been on the rise in American politics: While many Americans feel lukewarm about their own party, disdain toward the opposing party is steadily intensifying. Prior scholarship has examined to what extent negative partisanship can arise without any prior attachments to a particular party. Yet, most preceding work focuses on self-declared supporters of a political party who - by definition - have a positive party identification, thereby making it challenging to disentangle positive and negative partisanship. In this paper, I address this conceptual difficulty by surveying self-identified Independents shortly before the 2020 U.S. presidential elections. I show that negative partisanship among Independents predicts turnout, political engagement, strong emotional responses to the election outcome, as well as opposition to bipartisanship. These results confirm the notion that negative partisanship can influence political behavior independently of positive partisanship.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "The Fruit of Knowledge and the Bodies of the Gods: Religious Meanings of Plants among the Baniwa. This article focuses on the sacrificial acts of divinities and other primal beings whose bodies became cultivated, and wild plants, particularly plants as forms of gifts and other types of exchange from the deities to humanity among the Baniwa peoples of the Northwest Amazon. I seek to reflect on Viveiros de Castro's ideas on Amerindian 'perspectivism' (1998, 2002) to evaluate their 'fit' to Baniwa spiritual ethnobotany. Initially, I see a major difference between the perspectivism and agentivity of animal and fish-people, which is very common among all Arawak and Tukanoan-speaking peoples, and the plants which derive more often from a divinity that has been sacrificed, dismembered, transformed, and divided up into many distinct species. The predator-prey relation between animals, fish, and humans is actually secondary when compared to sacrifice and gifting relations between plants and humans, which seem to have more to do with the peaceful development of chiefly and priestly societies.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Towards a Topology of 'Doing Gender': An Analysis of Empirical Research and Its Challenges. 'Doing gender' is a much used term in research on gender, work and organizations. However, translating theoretical insight into empirical research is often a challenging endeavour. A lack of clarity with regard to the conceptualization and operationalization of key terms in turn often limits the theoretical and empirical purchase of a concept. The aim of this article is therefore to provide a systematization of empirical approaches to doing gender'. This systematization leads to a topology of five themes that is derived from empirical research in the field. The five themes identified are structures, hierarchies, identity, flexibility and context specificity, and gradual relevance/subversion. Each theme explores a different facet of doing gender'. This topology helps empirical researchers to be more specific about which aspects of doing gender' they are referring to. This in turn can help to unfold the theoretical potential of the concept of 'doing gender'.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "VOORTREKKER MONUMENT AT WINBURG THRESHOLD FOR A NEW GENERATION OF COMMEMORATIVE ARCHITECTURE. This article aims to contextualise the nascency of the monument and to explore the generative ideas of the design incorporated in the conditions of the brief including the role of the women in the trek. Finally its status as a precedent and condition today is discussed.The Voortrekker Monument at Winburg in the central Free State resulted from an open architectural competition held in 1964. To the surprise of many, it was won by an English-speaking architect from Durban, Hans Hallen, who participated because he believed the jurors were able to judge a modernist design. With his abstract entry of three-dimensional sophistication he set the threshold for a new generation in commemorative architecture in South Africa.", "label": [1, 17]}
+{"token": "Hierarchical models for probabilistic dose-response assessment. Probabilistic risk assessment is gaining acceptance as the most appropriate way to characterize and communicate uncertainties in estimates of human health risk and/or reference levels of exposure such as benchmark doses. Although probabilistic techniques are well established in the exposure-assessment component of the National Research Council's risk-assessment paradigm, they are less well developed in the dose-response-assessment component. This paper proposes the use of hierarchical statistical models as tools for implementing probabilistic dose-response assessments, in that such models provide a natural connection between the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) components of dose-response models. The results show that incorporating internal dose information into dose-response assessments via the coupling of PK and PD models in a hierarchical structure can reduce the uncertainty in the dose-response assessment of risk. However, information on the mean of the internal dose distribution is sufficient; having information on the variance of internal dose does not affect the uncertainty in the resulting estimates of excess risks or benchmark doses. In addition, the complexity of a PK model of internal dose does not affect how the variability in risk is measured via the ultimate endpoint. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 3, 22, 29]}
+{"token": "Production of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Genotypes with Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) Gray and Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.. Adding mulch biomass prior to crop seeding may improve production of tropical soil. We evaluated the response of four bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes to the addition of mulch biomass from Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) Gray and Cajanus cajan L. Millsp. The addition of mulch did not result in significant differences (p < 0.05) in soil characteristics when compared to a control (no mulch addition) except for soil potassium (K), which was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the T. diversifolia mulch biomass treatment. Bean yield and shoot biomass were significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the mulch biomass treatments compared to the control (no biomass added). In these treatments, Phosphorus (P)-efficient bean genotypes had a significantly greater (p < 0.05) yield and shoot biomass. Bean shoot nutrient concentrations were significantly different (p < 0.05) between mulch biomass treatments and between bean genotypes (P, K and magnesium (Mg) only). Phosphorus utilization and uptake efficiencies were significantly different (p < 0.05) between mulch biomass treatments and between bean genotypes. Bean root biomass was not significantly different (p < 0.05) between mulch biomass treatments, but was significantly different (p < 0.05) between bean genotypes. The number of root nodules was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the T. diversifolia mulch biomass treatment and was significantly different between bean genotypes.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Extending the life of INMETCO's submerged arc furnace lining. Recently, lining life of the INMETCO submerged are furnace has been dramatically extended from an average of eleven months in the 1980s to a current record of 34 months. This paper summarizes test work and operating results describing the development and establishment of slag parameters that reduce corrosion of the magnesite-chrome refractory lining. The desired slag parameters are now maintained by utilizing waste streams as slag additives. This paper also discusses the successful evaluation of a rebonded-fused-grain magnesite-chrome refractory as a lower cost, more thermo-mechanically forgiving alternative to a fused-cast magnesite-chrome refractory that had been the refractory of choice iii previous years al INMETCO.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Evaluating the potential for sea lice to evolve freshwater tolerance as a consequence of freshwater treatments in salmon aquaculture. Increasing usage of non-medicinal methods (NMMs) to control sea louse infestations on salmon farms has raised questions about whether sea lice may be able to evolve tolerance of NMMs. Of particular concern is the potential for sea lice to evolve freshwater tolerance as a result of freshwater treatments. Wild trout and some juvenile salmonids swim into freshwater to control infestations and regain ionic balance after disruption by sea lice; freshwater tolerance would compromise this potentially adaptive behavior. Here we evaluated the potential for freshwater tolerance to evolve in the sea louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis. When exposed to low-salinity water, parasitic stages of sea lice are able to osmoregulate through the host, while larval planktonic stages are not. Transcriptomic work suggests that sea lice mount a costly polygenic stress response when exposed to brackish water. The population structure of sea lice is panmictic in both the Pacific and Atlantic, making it conducive to rapid evolutionary responses. It is unknown how much heritable genetic variation these panmictic populations have for freshwater treatments. While usage of freshwater treatments on wellboats is increasing, it is unclear whether the freshwater itself is a strong selective force; during the freshwater exposure, sea lice can die from physical disruption during pumping and filtration on the wellboat. Future studies are advised to quantify the heritable variation in freshwater tolerance in sea louse populations, characterize mechanisms for freshwater tolerance in planktonic and attached sea lice, and assess the risk of freshwater tolerance evolution under different management strategies.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
+{"token": "Relationships between metabolic profiles and gene expression in liver and leukocytes of dairy cows in early lactation. Homeorhetic mechanisms assist dairy cows in the transition from pregnancy to lactation. Less successful cows develop severe negative energy balance (NEB), placing them at risk of metabolic and infectious diseases and reduced fertility. We have previously placed multiparous Holstein Friesian cows from 4 herds into metabolic clusters, using as biomarkers measurements of plasma nonesterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, glucose and IGF-1 collected at 14 and 35 d in milk (DIM). This study characterized the global transcriptomic profiles of liver and circulating leukocytes from the same animals to determine underlying mechanisms associated with their metabolic and immune function. Liver biopsy and whole-blood samples were collected around 14 DIM for RNA sequencing. All cows with available RNA sequencing data were placed into balanced (BAL, n = 44), intermediate (n = 44), or imbalanced (IMBAL, n = 19) metabolic cluster groups. Differential gene expression was compared between the 3 groups using ANOVA, but only the comparison between BAL and IMBAL cows is reported. Pathway analysis was undertaken using DAVID Bioinformatic Resources (https://david.ncifcrf.gov/). Milk yields did not differ between BAL and IMBAL cows but dry matter intake was less in IMBAL cows and they were in greater energy deficit at 14 DIM (-4.48 v -11.70 MJ/d for BAL and IMBAL cows). Significantly differentially expressed pathways in hepatic tissue included AMPK signaling, glucagon signaling, adipocytokine signaling, and insulin resistance. Genes involved in lipid metabolism and cholesterol transport were more highly expressed in IMBAL cows but IGF1 and IG-FALS were downregulated. Leukocytes from BAL cows had greater expression of histones and genes involved in nucleosomes and cell division. Leukocyte expression of heat shock proteins increased in IMBAL cows, suggesting an unfolded protein response, and several key genes involved in immune responses to pathogens were upregulated (e.g., DEFB13, HP, OAS1Z, PTX3, and TLR4). Differentially expressed genes upregulated in IMBAL cows in both tissues included CD36, CPT1, KFL11, and PDK4, all central regulators of energy metabolism. The IMBAL cows therefore had greater difficulty maintaining glucose homeostasis and had dys-regulated hepatic lipid metabolism. Their energy deficit was associated with a reduced capacity for cell division and greater evidence of stress responses in the leukocyte population, likely contributing to an increased risk of infectious disease.", "label": [0, 6, 8]}
+{"token": "The medical malpractice in Milan-Italy. A retrospective survey on 14 years of judicial autopsies. The medical malpractice is a rising and central topic for the forensic pathologist and forensic autopsies are a mandatory step in the judicial evaluation of the suspected medical malpractice. Reliable national and international registers about the medical malpractice are still missing and nowadays the necroscopic archives are therefore one of the best sources of data about such a complex phenomenon. We analyzed the archive of the Institute of Forensic Medicine of the Milan University from 1996 to 2009 and selected 317 lethal cases of suspected medical malpractice. The mean age of our cases was 60 +/- 18 years for males and 58 +/- 19 years for the females. In 70% of such cases the patient death occurred in a hospital setting. The first 24 h of hospitalization turned out to be the hottest period for deaths followed by malpractice claims. The surgical branches were obviously the most involved, with abdominal surgery, orthopedics, neurosurgery and gynecology as the main contributors. Just 12% of the total amount of cases came from all the internistic branches put together. Non-hospital malpractice was typically caused by misdiagnosed myocardial infarctions and aortic ruptures. A full forensic report was present in 71 cases (all belonging to the 2007-2009 period): in 69% of cases the judicial autopsy revealed as a sufficient tool for diagnosing the cause of death; medical malpractice was confirmed in only 17% of the whole cases and a causal link between the ascertained malpractice and the patient death was recognized in only 12.7% cases. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Intelligent Routing Based on Reinforcement Learning for Software-Defined Networking. Traditional routing protocols employ limited information to make routing decisions, which can lead to a slow adaptation to traffic variability, as well as restricted support to the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of applications. This article introduces a novel approach for routing in Software-defined networking (SDN), called Reinforcement Learning and Software-Defined Networking Intelligent Routing (RSIR). RSIR adds a Knowledge Plane to SDN and defines a routing algorithm based on Reinforcement Learning (RL) that takes into account link-state information to make routing decisions. This algorithm capitalizes on the interaction with the environment, the intelligence provided by RL and the global view and control of the network furnished by SDN, to compute and install, in advance, optimal routes in the forwarding devices. RSIR was extensively evaluated by emulation using real traffic matrices. Results show RSIR outperforms the Dijkstra's algorithm in relation to the stretch, link throughput, packet loss, and delay when available bandwidth, delay, and loss are considered individually or jointly for the computation of optimal paths. The results demonstrate that RSIR is an attractive solution for intelligent routing in SDN.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Complementary Medicine Use and Self-perceived Discrimination Among Asylum Seekers in Switzerland: A Cross-sectional Study. Scarce data exist on the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by asylum seekers in Switzerland and their perception of discrimination. A cross-sectional study assessed the prevalence and type of CAM used by asylum seekers in one region of Switzerland and evaluated their self-perceived discrimination. Among the 61 asylum seekers who participated, lifetime prevalence of CAM use was 46%, with 28% reporting its use during the last year. Herbal medicine was the most frequently used CAM. Self-perceived discrimination was reported by 36% of asylum seekers, mainly related to their national origins. CAM users had a tendency to report more discrimination than non-users (44% vs. 30%). CAM use is prevalent among asylum seekers. Considering the importance of herbal medicine use and that only half of the respondents disclosed CAM use to their physician, clinicians should ask about it, notably because of potential risks of herb-drug interaction.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Groundwater environment and related potential engineering disasters of deep underground space in Shanghai. Urban underground space (UUS) in vertical direction is divided into three layers, namely shallow, middle, and deep underground spaces. The utilization of shallow-middle underground space is saturating in Shanghai. Deep underground space (DUS) with the buried depth larger than 50 m will be considered during the UUS development. Especially the UUS between 50 and 65 m below the ground is regarded as the suitable development space in the near future. The Quaternary sediments of Shanghai are composed of an alternated multi-aquifer-aquitard system. Groundwater is regarded as the primary adverse factor for the safety of underground construction during the development of shallow-middle underground space in Shanghai. The confined aquifers relevant to the UUS development from up to bottom contain the shallow aquifers including Aq01, Aq02, and AqI related to the shallow-middle underground space, with deep aquifers including AqII and even AqIII related to the DUS. Since the groundwater environment involving the hydrogeological, hydrogeochemical, and paleochannel characteristics of DUS is different from the shallow-middle underground space, engineering disasters caused by groundwater during the DUS development should be studied according to the specific characteristics of deep aquifers. Regional groundwater withdrawal-recharge, deep foundation pit dewatering, paleochannel, and hydrogeochemical characteristics related to AqII and AqIII should be paid much attention during the development of DUS.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 38]}
+{"token": "Treatment abandonment in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in China: a retrospective cohort study of the Chinese Children's Cancer Group. Conclusions The rate of ALL treatment abandonment has been greatly reduced in China. Standard/high-risk ALL, residence in a low-income region and economic difficulties were associated with treatment abandonment.Results At a median follow-up of 119 weeks, 83 (3.1%, 95% CI 2.5% to 3.8%) of the 2641 patients abandoned treatment. Factors independently associated with abandonment included standard/high-risk ALL (OR 2.62, 95% CI 1.43 to 4.77), presence of minimal residual disease at the end of remission induction (OR 3.57, 95% CI 1.90 to 6.74) and low-income economic region (OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.89 to 7.05). According to the family members, economic constraints (50.6%, p=0.0001) were the main reason for treatment abandonment, followed by the belief of incurability, severe side effects and concern over late complications.Objectives Before 2003, most children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) abandoned treatment, with only approximately 30% treated in China. With the development of national insurance for underprivileged patients, we assessed the current frequency and causes of treatment abandonment among patients with ALL who were enrolled in the Chinese Children's Cancer Group ALL protocol between 2015 and 2016.Methods Demographic, clinical and laboratory data on patients who abandoned treatment, as well as economic and sociocultural data of their families were collected and analysed. General health-related statistics were retrieved from publicly accessible databanks maintained by the Chinese government.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "An evaluation of population estimates in Florida: April 1, 2000. The housing unit (HU) method is the most commonly used method for making small-area population estimates in the United States. These estimates are used for a wide variety of budgeting, planning, and analytical purposes. Given their importance, periodic evaluations of their accuracy are essential. In this article, we evaluate the accuracy of a set of HU population estimates for counties and subcounty areas in Florida, as of April 1, 2000. We investigate the influence of differences in population size and growth rate on estimation errors; compare the accuracy of several alternative techniques for estimating each of the major components of the HU method; compare the accuracy of 2000 estimates with that of estimates produced in 1980 and 1990; compare the accuracy of HU population estimates with that of estimates derived from other estimation methods; consider the role of professional judgment and the use of averaging in the construction of population estimates; and explore the impact of controlling one set of estimates to another. Our results confirm a number of findings that have been reported before and provide empirical evidence on several issues that have received little attention in the literature. We conclude with several observations regarding future directions in population estimation research.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Dopant-Induced Edge and Basal Plane Catalytic Sites on Ultrathin C3N4 Nanosheets for Photocatalytic Water Reduction. The emerging carbon nitride (C3N4) offers a serious possibility for realizing a highly effective hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, their insufficient catalytic sites and poor conductivity hamper the HER performance. Herein, an oxygen, phosphorus dual-doped ultrathin C3N4 nanosheet (O, P-CNS) is synthesized through a two-step method without a liquid solution, including calcination under air and subsequent chemical vapor deposition (CVD) with sodium hypophosphite (NaH2PO2) in N-2 atmosphere. The first thermal treatment in the air atmosphere results in the introduction of O dopant on the edge of C3N4 and the exfoliation of bulk C3N4 into ultrathin nanosheets. The following P incorporation contributes to the activation of the basal plane of C3N4 and the improvement of the intrinsic electronic conductivity, thus giving rise to the facilitated H-2 generation rate. Particularly, a superior H-2 generation rate of 8.7 mmol g(-1) h(-1) under visible light and an apparent quantum yield of 23.65% with 420 nm could be realized after the two-step dual-doping-induced calcination, further confirming the enhanced charge separation with the full activation of the edge and basal plane catalytic sites of C3N4. Our work on dual-doping-induced catalytic site activation on the edge and basal plane of C3N4 will provide more guidance in the field of designing C3N4-based photocatalysts.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36, 39]}
+{"token": "Reclaiming crime prevention in an age of punishment: An American history. Crime prevention has long figured prominently in the scholarly and applied traditions of criminology. Using a socio-historical approach, this article examines the developments of and influences on the concept of crime prevention in the USA over the last century. We argue that crime prevention is a unique social and environmental strategy for reducing crime and is distinct from crime control or punishment. Prevention's main characteristics include a focus on intervening in the first instance - before a crime has been committed - and operating outside of the formal justice system. The historical record of the scholarship and practice of crime prevention in the USA embraces this view. A more current perspective sees crime prevention as the full range of techniques, from prenatal home visits to prison sentences, defined more by its outcome - the prevention of a future criminal event - than its character or approach. A return to the original meaning of prevention is considered.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Meaning, Purpose, and Science in Communities Beyond Belief. ... if there are non-religious alternatives, why do studies show that a sense of life meaning and purpose correlates with religion? One reason is that so much of the research on this question has been conducted in the United States. And it just so happens that in the United States, religious communities have come to provide the kind of things that contribute to a sense of life meaning and purpose.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "A Lille Notable's Learned Manner of Using His Spare Time. Although deeply involved in the region's textile industry of the late XIXth century, Jules-Emile Scrive entertained a relation with time which, in so far as spare time as well as family and cultural life were concerned, still escaped the new model of the constrained and rushing time of manufacturing productivity. In this respect, he proves representative of this bourgeoisie which managed to cultivate a satisfied idleness within a society which exalted the value of work although it had not parted with the models inherited from the XVIIIth century. This paper questions the manner in which spare time found its way into the work schedule of the manufacturer, the nature of the learned activities he dedicated himself to, and the limits of this metamorphosis of the mill manager into a scholar.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Water-Pipe Smoke Exposure-Induced Circulatory Disturbances in Mice, and the Influence of Betaine Supplementation Thereon. Background/Aims: It has been shown, both experimentally and clinically, that water-pipe smoke (WPS) exposure adversely affects the cardiovascular system (CVS) through the generation of oxidative stress and inflammation. Betaine, a naturally occurring compound in common foods, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. However, its potential to mitigate the adverse effect of WPS on the CVS has never been reported before. This is the subject of this study in mice. Methods: Mice were exposed daily for 30 min to either normal air (control), or to WPS for two consecutive weeks. Betaine was administered daily by gavage at a dose of 10 mg/kg, 1h before either air or WPS exposure. Results: Betaine mitigated the in vivo prothrombotic effect of WPS in pial arterioles and venules. Moreover, it reversed the WPSinduced decrease in circulating platelets. Likewise, betaine alleviated platelet aggregation in vitro, and the shortening of activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time induced by WPS. Betaine reduced the increase of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and fibrinogen concentrations in plasma induced by WPS. Betaine also diminished the WPS-induced increase of plasma concentrations of interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor a, and attenuated the increase of lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase. Immunohistochemical analysis of the heart revealed an increase in the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cytochrome C by cardiomyocytes of the WPS-exposed mice. These effects were averted by betaine. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that betaine treatment significantly mitigated WPS-induced hypercoagulability, and inflammation, as well as systemic and cardiac oxidative stress. (C) 2017 The Author(s)", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42]}
+{"token": "An analytical framework for postmortems of European foreign policy: should decision-makers have been surprised?. This paper develops a novel theoretical framework for the conduct of postmortems after major foreign policy surprises for the European Union and its member states. It proposes a taxonomy of surprise which elucidates how officials or organisations experience both sudden and slower-burning threats. It argues that foreign policy surprises in European settings require a closer look at who was surprised, in what way, and when. The paper outlines six vital performance criteria and three key attenuating factors, allowing us to better ground judgements about foreign policy performance as well as to advance realistic recommendations on how to improve.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "Internal shifting impairments in response to emotional information in dysphoric adolescents. Limitations: The study is limited by the absence of a structured clinical interview as dysphoria was determined dimensionally. Furthermore, a comparison of the effects of different negative stimuli on shifting could not be made since sad stimuli were not included in the stimulus set.Results: Dysphoric adolescents showed specific shifting impairments when processing emotional material relative to non-dysphoric adolescents. Valence-specific analyses revealed that shifting was particularly impaired when shifting from negative to neutral information. By comparison, relative to non-dysphoric adolescents, dysphoric adolescents did not show shifting impairments when non emotional features of the pictures had to be processed.Conclusions: The results confirm the link between depressive symptoms and emotion-specific shifting impairments in adolescents and indicate that targeting shifting ability in response to emotional stimuli may be a promising avenue for prevention programs. Longitudinal research is needed to replicate results and to explore the role of internal shifting impairments in the etiology and maintenance of depression. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Background and Objectives: Previous studies have suggested that internal cognitive control impairments may play an important role in the development of depression. Despite a growing body of research in adults, the ability to shift internal attention between mental representations in working memory has received little attention in younger populations. This study investigated internal shifting capacity between emotional and non-emotional information in dysphoric and non-dysphoric adolescents.Methods: Twenty dysphoric and 34 non-dysphoric adolescents (10-17 years) completed an Internal Shifting Task, with pictures of angry and neutral faces, to measure the ability to shift attention between information held in working memory.", "label": [2, 5, 23, 55]}
+{"token": "Neighborhood Sanitation and Infant Mortality. In this paper, we shed new light on a long-standing puzzle: India, Muslim children are substantially more likely than Hindu children to survive to their first birthday, even though Indian Muslims hove lower wealth, consumption, educational attainment, and access to state services. Contrary to the prior literature, we show that the observed mortality advantage accrues not to Muslim households themselves but rather to their neighbors, who are also likely to be Muslim. Investigating mechanisms, we provide a collage of evidence suggesting externalities due to poor sanitation are a channel linking the religious composition of neighborhoods to infant mortality.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "A genetic linkage map of diploid Paspalum notatum. Paspalum notatum Flugge is a subtropical grass native to South America. The most common form in the USA is P. notatum var. saurae Parodi (Pensacola bahiagrass), which is a valuable forage. Pensacola bahiagrass is a sexual diploid, while most other races of P. notatum are apomictic tetraploids. The objective of this work was the construction of a genetic linkage map of diploid P. notatum (2n = 2x = 20) that can be used as a framework for basic genetic studies as well as breeding purposes. The mapping population derived from a cross between the genotypes Q4084(10) and Tift(9) that originated from Cayasta, Santa Fe, Argentina, and Tifton, GA, USA, respectively. Heterologous restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) clones of maize (Zea mays L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), and oat (A vena sativa L.) were used to cover the Paspalum genome uniformly in a comparative approach, while random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were added to condense the linkage groups. A combined map was constructed with the markers segregating from both parental genotypes by the program JoinMap 1.4. A total of 149 marker loci were used for map construction. One hundred twelve loci were allocated to 10 linkage groups, covering a total map distance of 991 centimorgan (cM). The average distance between markers was about 9 cM. Paspalum Linkage Groups 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10 showed syntenic regions with maps of maize and rice. Moreover, several RFLP loci reported to be associated with apomixis in hybrids of maize-Tripsacum and Brachiaria were located on the map. This study provides a genetic linkage map of a subtropical forage grass with both sexual and apomictic forms, which can be used for investigating simple and complex traits.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Design of an iterative multi-item double-auction mechanism. There have been many multi-item auction mechanisms. As it is not allowed for both sellers and buyers to submit bids and offers in nearly all existing multi-item auction mechanisms, the impartial profit distribution for both sellers and buyers cannot be realized in those mechanisms. Although it is possible for both sellers and buyers to submit bids and offers in a combinatorial exchange, the impartial profit distribution for all individual participants cannot be realized due to its pricing mechanism that focuses only on enforcing budget balance. This paper proposes an iterative multi-item unit-demand and unit-supply double-auction mechanism with a new winner determination and pricing mechanism for distributing profit impartially from the viewpoints of individual participants regardless of whether they are buyers or sellers. It also analyzes the theoretical features of the proposed auction mechanism, including those related to its strategic behavior and efficiency.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "The risk for nonpsychotic postpartum mood and anxiety disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. MethodsUnderstanding the factors that increase the risk of NPMADs during the pandemic could help prevent mental disorders during a possible future pandemic.ObjectiveConclusionIn 16 (14.8%) subjects we found a score >= 10 on EPDS. Higher rates on the EPDS were noticed in elderly, single, and unemployed, women who lost their jobs due to the pandemic, or women who were dissatisfied with their household income (p < 0.05). The risk of NPMADs was linked significantly to quarantine, and social isolation, the absence of social support, as well as having emotional problems. Postpartum women, compared to non-postpartum women, were more anxious and had feelings of helplessness during social isolation.ResultsWe assessed 108 postpartum women who completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and an additional survey constructed for this study. We also used the additional, previously mentioned survey, in 67 healthy age-matched women with children who were >= 2 years of age. The additional survey allowed us to gain insight into the impact of the pandemic as well as postpartum period on the risk of NPMADs.The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) appears to be the largest pandemic of our times. The aim was to recognize the risk factors for nonpsychotic postpartum mood and anxiety disorders (NPMADs) in women during the pandemic and state of emergency police lockdown in Serbia.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Influence of adding multiwalled carbon nanotubes to waste cooking oil biodiesel on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine: an experimental investigation. The current experimental work focuses on the influence of adding multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) with waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCME) on the performance, emission and combustion parameters of compression ignition engine. The MWCNT was scrutinized using TEM and XRD analysis, and then it was blended with waste cooking oil biodiesel fuel at a fraction of 25, 50, and 75 mg/L using ultrasonicator. These blends were tested under different engine loads and a constant speed of 2000 rpm. The experimental outcomes demonstrated that by adding MWCNTs to WCME fuel, the cylinder peak pressure, peak pressure rise rate, and heat release rate were slightly reduced in comparison with pure WCME fuel. The innovated fuel blend significantly decreased NOx, CO, and UHC. Additionally, the brake thermal efficiency was amended remarkably, and the specific fuel consumption was reduced compared with pure WCME fuel. According to the comparisons of engine performance and emissions, the recommended dose level of MWCNTs with WCME fuel was concluded to be 50 mg/l, which gave a substantial improvement in all engine performance characteristics (where NOx was reduced by 40%, CO by 40%, UHC by 50% and bsfc by 18%).", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 39]}
+{"token": "Linking Microbial Community Structure and Function to Seasonal Differences in Soil Moisture and Temperature in a Chihuahuan Desert Grassland. Global and regional climate models predict higher air temperature and less frequent, but larger precipitation events in arid regions within the next century. While many studies have addressed the impact of variable climate in arid ecosystems on plant growth and physiological responses, fewer studies have addressed soil microbial community responses to seasonal shifts in precipitation and temperature in arid ecosystems. This study examined the impact of a wet (2004), average (2005), and dry (2006) year on subsequent responses of soil microbial community structure, function, and linkages, as well as soil edaphic and nutrient characteristics in a mid-elevation desert grassland in the Chihuahuan Desert. Microbial community structure was classified as bacterial (Gram-negative, Gram-positive, and actinomycetes) and fungal (saprophytic fungi and arbuscular mycorrhiza) categories using (fatty acid methyl ester) techniques. Carbon substrate use and enzymic activity was used to characterize microbial community function annually and seasonally (summer and winter). The relationship between saprophytic fungal community structure and function remained consistent across season independent of the magnitude or frequency of precipitation within any given year. Carbon utilization by fungi in the cooler winter exceeded use in the warmer summer each year suggesting that soil temperature, rather than soil moisture, strongly influenced fungal carbon use and structure and function dynamics. The structure/function relationship for AM fungi and soil bacteria notably changed across season. Moreover, the abundance of Gram-positive bacteria was lower in the winter compared to Gram-negative bacteria. Bacterial carbon use, however, was highest in the summer and lower during the winter. Enzyme activities did not respond to either annual or seasonal differences in the magnitude or timing of precipitation. Specific structural components of the soil microbiota community became uncoupled from total microbial function during different seasons. This change in the microbial structure/function relationship suggests that different components of the soil microbial community may provide similar ecosystem function, but differ in response to seasonal temperature and precipitation. As soil microbes encounter increased soil temperatures and altered precipitation amounts and timing that are predicted for this region, the ability of the soil microbial community to maintain functional resilience across the year may be reduced in this Chihuahuan Desert ecosystem.", "label": [4, 37, 45, 43]}
+{"token": "Comparison of the sedative effects of morphine, meperidine or fentanyl, in combination with acepromazine, in dogs. This study aimed to compare the sedative effects of morphine, meperidine and fentanyl, in combination with acepromazine (ACP) and their effects on physiologic values in dogs. Six healthy beagle dogs were randomly assigned to four treatments with 7-day washout intervals. In three treatments, ACP (0.05mg kg(-1)) was administered and 20 minutes later, the dogs received administration of 0.5mg kg(-1) of morphine (ACPMOR), 5mg kg(-1) of meperidine (ACPMEP) or 5 mu g kg(-1) of fentanyl (ACPFEN). In treatment ACP(HD)MOR, 0.1mg kg(-1) of ACP was administered in combination with 0.5mg kg(-1) of morphine. All drugs were administered intravenously. Sedation scores were evaluated by a numeric descriptive scale (NDS: 0-3) and a simple numeric scale (SNS: 0-10). All variables were evaluated for 120 minutes. The administration of ACP caused mild to moderate sedation. Sedation was improved in all treatments after opioid administration, but significant differences were detected only in ACPMOR and ACP(HD)MOR. More dogs presented intense sedation (NDS=3.0) after administration of morphine (3/6 and 4/6 dogs in ACPMOR and ACP(HD)MOR versus 1/6 in other treatments). Duration of sedation was longer in ACPMOR and ACP(HD)MOR. Mild to moderate decreases in blood pressure, respiratory rate and temperature were observed in all treatments but decreased HR was observed only in ACPMOR and ACP(HD)MOR. No significant differences were observed in the aforementioned variables when twice the dose of ACP was used (treatment ACP(HD)MOR). Under the conditions of this study, administration of morphine, in combination with ACP, results in greater and longer sedation than meperidine and fentanyl. Increasing the dose of ACP, in combination with morphine, does not improve the degree of sedation. All combinations used were considered to be safe for healthy dogs.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Deleuze and Italian Thought. The tradition of Italian Thought - not the political one but the poetic and naturalistic one - finds in the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze a way to enter into the new century, the century of immanence and animality. In fact, Deleuze himself remained outside the main philosophical traditions of his own time (structuralism and phenomenology). The tradition to which Deleuze refers is the one that begins with Spinoza and ends with Nietzsche. It is an ontological tradition, which deals mainly with life and the world rather than with the human subject and knowledge. Finally, the text sketches a possible dialogue between Deleuze and the poet-philosopher Giacomo Leopardi, one of the most important (and still unknown) figures of Italian Thought.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "The challenges of defining sample adequacy in an era of HPV based cervical screening. Conclusions: Clinician and self-taken samples appear robust specimens for HPV testing and acellular samples are very rare. Efforts to develop endogenous controls for HPV assays that provide greater insight into true sample adequacy for cervical disease detection, beyond measuring the presence of human cells, will be welcome.Methods: The proportion of samples with an invalid HPV test result was calculated by retrospective analysis of routine laboratory data associated with cervical screening programmes in the two countries. Two assays were in use for the programmes at the time (the Abbott RealTime High Risk HPV assay and the BD Onclarity); both have internal endogenous controls for human genes. In addition, acellular cytology samples were reported through a prospective audit (Scotland) and National quality reporting (Denmark).Results: In total, 89,418 clinician samples and 14,677 self-taken samples were assessed. We observed low rates of invalid HPV tests in clinician taken samples (0.05-0.10 %), irrespective of sample collection media (ThinPrep or SurePath), HPV test system/endogenous control type or clinical indication for testing (primary screening, triage or test of cure). For self-taken samples, the number of invalid samples was 0.18 %. Complete absence of sample material (acellular) in clinician taken samples were observed at a level of 1 in approximately 16.5 thousand.Background: The implementation of Human Papillomavirus based cervical screening continues apace on a global scale. Understanding the basis and burden of inadequate or invalid samples is important to ensure confidence in high quality laboratory results and inform the development of new technologies. Here we present population based data from Scotland and Denmark which detail the extent of invalid samples for HPV detection in both clinician-taken and self-taken samples. As a comparator we report on the rate of inadequate cytology preparations in both countries.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Inclusive search for a vector-like T quark with charge 2/3 in pp collisions at root s=8 TeV. A search is performed for a massive new vector-like quark T, with charge 2/3, that is pair produced together with its antiparticle in proton-proton collisions. The data were collected by the CMS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider in 2012 at root s = 8 TeV and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 19.5 fb(-1). The T quark is assumed to decay into three different final states, bW, tZ, and tH. The search is carried out using events with at least one isolated lepton. No deviations from standard model expectations are observed, and lower limits are set on the T quark mass at 95% confidence level. The lower limit lies between 687 and 782 GeV for all possible values of the branching fractions into the three different final states assuming strong production. These limits are the most stringent constraints to date on the existence of such a quark. (C) Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "New measures to assess the social ecology of youth: A mixed-methods study. Objective This project used mixed methods to expand the understanding of social ecological constructs important to youth and develop measures to assess these constructs. Methods Eight focus groups and 24 cognitive interviews were conducted with adolescents and caregivers. These were followed by a survey completed by 440 youth ages 10-21 (average age: 16.38, standard deviation[SD] = 3.04). Results Qualitative data revealed social ecological constructs that have received little prior research attention. These include three psychosocial strengths: relational motivation (inspiration from key adults), group connectedness (bonded to others in teams or organizations), and mattering (knowing your importance to significant others). One outcome was also identified: family well-being (subjective psychological functioning of the family). Psychometric analyses indicated that the new quantitative measures have good to excellent reliability and validity. Implications The social ecology is complex and extends beyond commonly studied constructs such as social support and collective efficacy. More comprehensive assessments can further research.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 55, 24]}
+{"token": "Accurate Photometry of Saturated Stars Using the Point-spread-function Wing Technique with Spitzer. We report Spitzer 3.6 and 4.5 mu m photometry of 11 bright stars relative to Sirius, exploiting the unique optical stability of the Spitzer Space Telescope point-spread function (PSF). Spitzer's extremely stable beryllium optics in its isothermal environment enables precise comparisons in the wings of the PSF from heavily saturated stars. These bright stars stand as the primary sample to improve stellar models, and to transfer the absolute flux calibration of bright standard stars to a sample of fainter standards useful for missions like JWST and for large ground-based telescopes. We demonstrate that better than 1% relative photometry can be achieved using the PSF wing technique in the radial range of 20 ''-100 '' for stars that are fainter than Sirius by 8 mag (from outside the saturated core to a large radius where a high signal-to-noise ratio profile can still be obtained). We test our results by (1) comparing the [3.6]-[4.5] color with that expected between the WISE W1 and W2 bands, (2) comparing with stars where there is accurate K (S) photometry, and (3) also comparing with relative fluxes obtained with the DIRBE instrument on COBE. These tests confirm that relative photometry is achieved to better than 1%.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Subsurface scientific exploration of extraterrestrial environments (MINAR 5): analogue science, technology and education in the Boulby Mine, UK. The deep subsurface of other planetary bodies is of special interest for robotic and human exploration. The subsurface provides access to planetary interior processes, thus yielding insights into planetary formation and evolution. On Mars, the subsurface might harbour the most habitable conditions. In the context of human exploration, the subsurface can provide refugia for habitation from extreme surface conditions. We describe the fifth Mine Analogue Research (MINAR 5) programme at 1 km depth in the Boulby Mine, UK in collaboration with Spaceward Bound NASA and the Kalam Centre, India, to test instruments and methods for the robotic and human exploration of deep environments on the Moon and Mars. The geological context in Permian evaporites provides an analogue to evaporitic materials on other planetary bodies such as Mars. A wide range of sample acquisition instruments (NASA drills, Small Planetary Impulse Tool (SPLIT) robotic hammer, universal sampling bags), analytical instruments (Raman spectroscopy, Close-Up Imager, Minion DNA sequencing technology, methane stable isotope analysis, biomolecule and metabolic life detection instruments) and environmental monitoring equipment (passive air particle sampler, particle detectors and environmental monitoring equipment) was deployed in an integrated campaign. Investigations included studying the geochemical signatures of chloride and sulphate evaporitic minerals, testing methods for life detection and planetary protection around human-tended operations, and investigations on the radiation environment of the deep subsurface. The MINAR analogue activity occurs in an active mine, showing how the development of space exploration technology can be used to contribute to addressing immediate Earth-based challenges. During the campaign, in collaboration with European Space Agency (ESA), MINAR was used for astronaut familiarization with future exploration tools and techniques. The campaign was used to develop primary and secondary school and primary to secondary transition curriculum materials on-site during the campaign which was focused on a classroom extra vehicular activity simulation.", "label": [4, 34, 38, 42]}
+{"token": "LIFE LONG LEARNING: SENIOR CLASSROOMS. In the following lines we can see how there has been an evolution in the educational concept to Life Long Learning. Expand, thus educational margins that were restricted to school, invading other areas of community, environment, areas, and other stages of life. Thus the training offer that is accessible to adults with the need of continuing education has diversified society. In this article we will briefly analyze the main educational methods that are accessible to older people in Spain. Finally, we address the case of Senior Classrooms. This is a unique kind of education for older adults. This method has a high acceptance by increasing the number of programs in recent decades. It consists of a program offer that perform various institutions, mainly universities, aimed at people over 50/55 years, with no requirement for prior certification with the final production of a non-competitive title. It is a form of high programmatic flexibility. The methodology is carried out self-study, which draws on the experiences of students, counting for its implementation with subject specialist teachers. This training is formal and socio-cultural and socio-educational serving the needs concerns of its participants.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "'Material contribution' after Williams v The Bermuda Hospitals Board. This paper reviews the status of the principle that a claimant can demonstrate a causal link between the defendant's wrongful act or omission and his or her damage by establishing that the act/omission made a `material contribution' to the damage. This principle has been reviewed, in the context of cumulative causes that cannot be 'compartmentalised', by the Privy Council in Williams v The Bermuda Hospitals Board. There, the Privy Council regarded the cases of Bonnington Castings v Wardlaw (leaving aside the point as to the divisibility of the disease pneumoconiosis), Bailey v Ministry of Defence and Williams itself as essentially similar to each other. They were to be regarded as cases where the court was entitled to conclude that it was the totality of the exposures/delay in question that caused the ultimate harm. As regards Bailey, this was said in terms not to involve any modification of the but-for test ; presumably the same holds good for Bonnington Castings and Williams itself. So orthodoxy appears to be preserved/restored. But is that so?", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "On generation citizenship: The new Russian protest among young immigrant adults in Israel. This article describes an emerging social protest movement among Generation 1.5 of Russian speakers who immigrated as older children or adolescents and came of age in Israel. It examines the generation, gender, and class aspects of the new social and cultural activism among Russian Israelis, while drawing on the concept of generation citizenship. Contrary to the civic conformism of their parent's generation, the new Generation 1.5 leaders have developed a generational consciousness and perceive themselves as an active force for change. Acting primarily in the civic and cultural fields, the leaders of this large immigrant cohort are challenging the public discourse on Russian Israelis through successful social media campaigns such as video clips, blogs and articles, cultural festivals, public events, and media engagement.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Detection and complete genome sequence of a divergent isolate of cucumber fruit mottle mosaic virus on Coccinia grandis in Sudan. Cucurbit-infecting tobamoviruses known so far belong to six acknowledged or tentative species. Except for cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), which is present worldwide, they are geographically restricted, mostly to Asia, and have not been observed in Africa so far. A tobamovirus isolate infecting a wild Coccinia grandis plant was collected in central Sudan in 2012. Its host range appeared to be mostly limited to cucurbits. Its full-length genome sequence was determined and found to be 85% identical to those of isolates of cucumber fruit mottle mosaic virus (CFMMV) described in Israel and Korea, whereas the aa sequence identity to CFMMV isolates was 92 to 95%, depending on the protein. Based on its biological and molecular properties, we suggest that the Sudanese isolate should be considered a divergent isolate of CFMMV. This is the first description of CFMMV in Africa. Its high divergence from isolates from Israel and Korea suggests a lack of recent exchanges between CFMMV from Sudan and the other known populations.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "The host range of Eccritotarsus catarinensis (Heteroptera : Miridae), a potential agent for the biological control of waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). The host range of Eccritotarsus catarinensis was determined using 33 plant species to assess the risk of using this insect, a native of South America, for the classical biological control of waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in Australia and Papua New Guinea. The results, in conjunction with the results of Hill et al. (1999) who tested 67 species (mostly South African), strongly suggest that E. catarinensis is restricted to the Pontederiaceae, a family of aquatic plants. All five species of Pontederiaceae in the Australian testing, E. crassipes, Pontederia cordata, Monochoria vaginalis, M. cyanea, and M. australasica, were suitable for insect development. Colonies persisted for at least four generations on E. crassipes, P. cordata, and M. vaginalis. Two-way choice and multiple choice preference trials were conducted and discussed. E. catarinensis did not exhibit a clear preference for waterhyacinth over other Pontederiaceae in these trials. Most oviposition occurred into the upper surface of the lamina during laboratory testing despite observations that the underside was preferred in the held. Although not considered suitable for release in Australia, this insect may be useful in other countries where more serious waterhyacinth problems occur and where M. vaginalis is a serious weed, such as in Southeast Asia. a 1999 Academic Press.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 44]}
+{"token": "Convex Hexagonal Systems and Their Topological Indices. Convex hexagonal systems (CHS) i. e., hexagonal systems with no bay regions are studied. Among CHS with a fixed number of hexagons, the species with minimal/maximal number of inlets have minimal/maximal or maximal/minimal values for a variety of vertex-degree-based topological indices. These extremal CHS are characterized.", "label": [4, 36, 40, 41]}
+{"token": "Bioavailability of a Heme-Iron Concentrate Product Added to Chocolate Biscuit Filling in Adolescent Girls Living in a Rural Area of Mexico. A heme-iron concentrate product derived from swine hemoglobin was used to enrich the chocolate-flavored filling of biscuits and the bioavailability of this source of heme-iron was assessed in adolescent girls. The placebo control (PC) group consisted of 35 teenagers with the highest baseline hemoglobin concentrations. The supplemented groups were randomized to receive biscuits fortified with iron sulfate (IS, n = 37) or heme-iron concentrate (HIC, n = 40). Both groups were supplemented with 10.3 mg Fe/d for 7 wk. Blood chemistry and hematology analyses were performed at baseline and at the end of the study. The baseline prevalence of anemia (hemoglobin <12g/dl) in the entire group was 3.9% and by the end of the study it had fallen to 2.3%. The hemoglobin levels in both supplemented groups increased (P < 0.05) during the study period from 13.6 and 13.5 g/dl for HIC and IS, respectively, at baseline to 14 g/dl at the end of the study. Serum ferritin concentrations decreased by the end of the study in both the PC and IS groups (P < 0.05), but not in the heme group. In conclusion, iron bioavailability from HIC-fortified biscuits was calculated to be 23.7% higher than that observed for IS, as shown by the differences observed in serum ferritin levels during the study. The iron contained in the heme-iron concentrate was well absorbed and tolerated by the adolescents included in the study.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Neonatal Ascites: Meconiumileus with perforation secondary to mucoviszidosis. Many conditions are known associated with neonatal ascites such as cardiac and vascular malformations, as well as malformations of the brain, kidney, lung and bone, chromosomal abnormalities, infections, fetal anemias, tumors, metabolic and maternal conditions. In 30% no reason can be found. Meconium ileus is a causal gastrointestinal abnormality. We report about a preterm infant 35 weeks of gestation with complicated meconium ileus because of mucoviscidosis.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "On the (MILD) combustion of gaseous, liquid, and solid fuels in high temperature preheated air. This paper examines the fundamental and industrial application aspects of combustion of natural gas, heavy and light fuel oils, and coal in highly preheated air. The experiments have been carried out in an experimental furnace at 0.58 MW thermal input based on fuel, and the combustion air has been preheated to 1300 degrees C. The fuel injectors are positioned outside of the combustion air stream. Detailed in-furnace measurements of temperature, chemistry (O-2, CO, NOx, and particulates), and heat transfer have been performed. Combustion of natural gas and light oil takes place without a visible presence of flame. Although the furnace was operated with an overall excess air of 10%, the combustion process occurs in strongly substoichiometric conditions due to entrainment of large amounts of recirculated flue gases into the fuel jets before ignition. The experiments demonstrated an effective technology for efficient and environmentally friendly combustion of a wide range of fuels. The technology discussed in the main text offers the potential of high furnace efficiencies, uniform heat flux distribution, and dramatic reductions in CO2, CO, and NO emissions. Therefore, this technology should be considered for future design of industrial furnaces. (c) 2004 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 15, 35]}
+{"token": "A Programmable Optical Filter With Arbitrary Transmittance for Fast Spectroscopic Imaging and Spectral Data Post-Processing. Spectral reconstruction method based on narrow-band measurements has been demonstrated to achieve ultrafast spectroscopic imaging with high spatial and spectral resolution, in which multiple narrow-band images are collected by using several specific filters. Although commercially available filters can be employed in such method, filters with complex transmittance that are difficult to be fabricated typically show significant improvement in spectral reconstruction accuracy. In this study, a two dimensional programmable optical filter based on digital micromirror device (DMD) is proposed, in which its transmittance spectrum can be arbitrarily and quickly switched to realize complex transmittance. Furthermore, its flexible transmittance enables directly hardware-based spectral data post-processing, which can perform data acquisition and analysis simultaneously. Those have been evaluated by the diffuse reflectance spectra from normal and occluded skin flaps, as well as Raman spectra from live, apoptosis and necrosis leukemia cells. Our simulation results show that much higher spectral reconstruction accuracies can be achieved by the optimized filters with complex transmittance. Furthermore, the classification accuracy by using the proposed method is comparable to those achieved by conventional numerical methods. Therefore, based on the proposed programmable optical filter, fast spectroscopic imaging with high spatial and spectral resolution can be achieved for observing fast changing phenomena and even real-time target identification.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Quantitative Energy-Based Evaluation of the Intensity of Mining-Induced Seismic Activity in a Fractured Rock Mass. To elucidate the mechanism of seismic activity taking place away from extracted stopes in underground mines, this study focuses on the influence of a fracture network on the intensity of seismic activity from an energy point of view. Four seismically active regions with local geological structures and one non-active region were identified on 3880 level in the 100 and 900 Orebody areas at Copper Cliff Mine. Subsequently, cube-shaped discrete element method (DEM) models with fracture networks of the regions were generated. The stress analysis for two regions out of the four revealed that the elastic strain energy related to tensile failure quantitatively agrees well with the cumulative radiated seismic energy of the microseismic database. For the other two regions, the computed tensile failure-related strain energy was smaller than the radiated energy, leading to the postulation that the seismicity in the region was caused by violent shear rupture. The postulation was verified by quantitatively computing energy released by brittle shear failure. Then, for the seismically inactive region, the DEM analysis yielded quite small tensile failure-related strain energy. Considering these results, it was concluded that strain energy stored within rock mass with tensile failure potential can be used as an indicator for the intensity of seismicity taking place away from extracted stopes. Also, the seismic energy calculation methodology can give a reasonable estimation of seismic energy released by shear rupture taking place in geologically abnormal regions. These findings should lay a foundation for the further development of a guideline and/or simple formulation to evaluate the risk for mining-induced seismicity.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 38]}
+{"token": "Effect of expanded vermiculite on microstructures and aging properties of styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer modified bitumen. Organic expanded vermiculites (OEVMTs) were prepared using cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and octadecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (ODBA) as intercalation agents. Effect of EVMT organic modification on physical and aging properties of styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) modified bitumen was investigated. The microstructures of the binders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. EVMT/SBS modified bitumen forms a phase-separated structure, while OEVMT/SBS modified bitumens form the exfoliated nanostructures according to XRD analysis. OEVMTs show the more obvious influence on physical properties of SBS modified bitumen in comparison with EVMT. The compatibility between the EVMT and SBS modified bitumen is also improved after organic modification of EVMT. AFM analysis indicates that the contrast between the dispersed phase and the matrix phase in SBS modified bitumen increases with the addition of ODBA-EVMT. As a result of thin film oven test (TFOT), the viscosity aging index of SBS modified bitumen decreases, while the retained ductility and penetration increase obviously with the introduction of EVMT and OEVMTs. ODBA-EVMT/SBS modified bitumen has more pronounced improvements in aging resistance of SBS modified bitumen in comparison with CTAB-EVMT/SBS modified bitumen by preventing the phase-separated trend of the SBS modified bitumen during TFOT. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Flickering images, floating signifiers: optical innovation and visual piety in senegal. A Sufi movement of Senegal known as the Mouride Way possesses a vibrant visual culture made manifest in all manner of popular, devotional, and healing arts. Portraits of Sheikh Amadou Bamba (1853-1927), the saint around whose writings and life lessons the Mouride movement has been created, appear in every imaginable medium, but all are derived from the only known photograph of Bamba, taken by French colonial authorities in 1913. In 2003, lenticular images of the saint were introduced as an optical technology new to Mourides. Astonishingly enough, one of these shifts from a portrait of Bamba to an image of \\\\'the Prophet as a boy,\\\\' underscoring their spiritual proximity. This latter picture has been traced back to a photograph of a Tunisian boy taken around 1904 by the Orientalist Rudolph Lehnert and published in a 1914 issue of National Geographic. Despite such history, visual hagiography has it that the portrait was drawn by a sixth-century Syrian monk named Bahira. When Bahira encountered Muhammad as a 12-year-old boy, he recognized that he would become the Prophet, and Bahira is now assumed to have limned Muhammad's likeness. From these ancient times the image has somehow floated to contemporary Iran, where it is said to have been a favorite of the Ayatollah Khomeini, and on to Senegal. Some Mourides are uncomfortable with portrayal of the Prophet in this manner, and especially as a lenticular image flickering between His picture and that of Amadou Bamba; yet the image does exist, and it raises intriguing intellectual and spiritual issues broached here.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Region-based business strategies: a Portuguese case study. Originality/value - Due to the limitations of the present analysis concerning the way buyers affect small suppliers' ability to maintain core artisanal knowledge, future research should also examine how this influence works. For example, how firms learn from their network links and how belonging to a network might drive them to internationalisation, and the choice of countries made. In addition, future research should explore the impact of the region of origin concept on new business formation and internationalisation.Design/methodology/approach - The authors use case study methodology to understand whether local environment influences the nature of the competitive advantage of the small firms and their ability to gain access to resources that enable them to compete with the industrial low price substitutes produced by larger firms.Purpose - Small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) located in particular geographical areas are producing and selling regional products to domestic and foreign markets. Most of the local activities are embedded in historical tradition and geographic, cultural and social specificity. This article aims to investigate the effect of local environment on the success of two Portuguese SMEs.Fingings - The key conclusion of the study is that the two firms analysed rely strongly on the specific characteristics of the local environment and on partnerships with local producers (raw materials or products) in order to achieve the economic scale that allows them to compete in the domestic and foreign markets.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Distance Learning Engineering Students Languish Under Project-Based Learning, But Thrive in Case Studies and Practical Workshops. The International Engineering Alliance lists 12 important graduate attributes that students must demonstrate during their higher educational career. One of these important graduate attributes is the ability to solve problems, which can be demonstrated by the use of project-based learning, case studies, and practical workshops. The purpose of this paper is to highlight student academic results of practical work done in an electrical engineering qualification that feature these three pedagogies. These three pedagogies are used in an open-distance learning environment to assess engineering students in an electrical engineering qualification involving three separate electronic communication modules. A time-lag study using a nonexperimental descriptive design is employed. Results show that the most frequent student grade for practical workshop assignments was 80%, while the most frequent student grade for case study assignments was 70%. However, the most frequent student grade for project-based learning assignments was 50%. The results show that distance learning engineering students languish under project-based learning, while they thrive in case studies and practical workshops. Possible reasons are given for this, based on the challenges faced by students engaging with these three pedagogies.", "label": [1, 5, 53, 14]}
+{"token": "Cold-water corals off Angola as refuge for a new Aeginella species (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Caprellidae). A new species of caprellid amphipod, Aeginella corallina sp. nov., is described from cold-water corals off Angola. This is the first observation of this genus in the South-Atlantic. The taxon is fully described and figured and is compared with the only known species of the genus, A. spinosa, occurring in deep waters of the northern hemisphere. Both species can be clearly differentiated on the basis of the following characters: (1) pereonite 1 is provided with a large dorsal acute projection in A. spinosa, while this projection is lacking in A. corallina; (2) gnathopod 2 propodus has an acute projection distally which is lacking in A. corallina; (3) the palm of the gnathopod 2 propodus in males is densely setose and it is provided with two distal projections in A. corallina while it is scarcely setose and with less developed projections in A. spinosa; (4) distal article of the mandibular palp is provided by a setal formula of 1-x-1, being x=10-12, in A. spinosa, while in A. corallina x=2-3, and the formula 1-x-1 is not so evident and it could be considered as 1-x-0. (Zoobank: urn: lsid: zoobank.org : act :3D7EB67D-88F2-40D8-99C1-7D62F44F7163)", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Fouling control in a submerged flat sheet membrane system: Part II - Two-Phase flow characterization and CFD simulations. Gas-liquid two-phase flow has been shown to be very effective in reducing fouling for different membrane modules with different feeds, including submerged flat sheet membranes used in membrane bioreactors for treatment of wastewater. Although gas-liquid two-phase flow occurring on the lumen side of tubular or hollow-fiber membranes has been very well characterized the two-phase flow regime in submerged membrane processes is different to that inside external membranes. Characterization of two-phase flow in submerged flat sheet membrane modules has not been previously reported and hence the use of two-phase flow in these modules has not yet been optimized. This paper reports on characterization of two-phase flow for a submerged flat sheet membrane module with the aim of identifying the most effective flow profiles for fouling minimization. In order to better understand the fouling control process by two-phase flow, CFD simulations were also conducted. It was found experimentally that an increase in the bubble size leads to an increase in the cleaning effect, however, for bubbles larger than the channel gap between the submerged flat sheet membranes, any further increase in the bubble diameter had only a minor effect on the cleaning process. CFD simulations revealed that flux enhancement was primarily due to an increase in the overall shear stress on the membrane and to more turbulence generated by introduction of the gas phase.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
+{"token": "EFFECTS OF SUPPLEMENTARY FOOD ON DENSITY-REDUCED BREEDING IN AN AFRICAN EAGLE - ADAPTIVE RESTRAINT OR ECOLOGICAL CONSTRAINT. Breeding within populations was consistent with these density-dependent trends: incidence of two-egg clutches increased in a declining population, and productivity was inversely related to breeding density and rainfall combined. To determine if reduced food resources accounted for reduced output in dense populations, eight pairs were food supplemented: supplementary food failed to induce nonbreeding pairs to breed; nor did it induce earlier laying or increase egg size or clutch-size. Population density itself was unrelated to two correlates of food resources, rainfall and latitude. I conclude that population density influences most aspects of breeding in Wahlberg's Eagles, and reduced food resources do not appear to explain these trends. Hence, adaptive restraint may account for decreased annual reproduction in this species.Increased population density often reduces reproductive output in breeding birds, but the underlying mechanisms (adaptive restraint v reduced food resources) behind decreased productivity are poorly understood. Here I correlatively and experimentally investigated the roles of food, breeding density, latitude, altitude and rainfall in limiting productivity of Wahlberg's Eagles Aquila wahlbergi throughout Africa. Breeding success in equatorial and subtropical Africa (0-degrees-30-degrees-S) was highly density-dependent but showed no latitudinal or rainfall-related trends. Pairs in dense populations produced half as many young annually as pairs in low-density populations. Density (but not rainfall or latitude) also explained much of the geographic variation in the mean proportion of pairs attempting to breed each year and the incidence of two-egg clutches.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Forms without Substance or Synchronism? Attempts to Define Culture and Civilisation in Early Twentieth-Century Romania. This article discusses attempts to define culture and civilisation in early twentieth-century Romania on the basis of two fundamental Romanian models of development: the theory of forms without substance and the theory of synchronism. The former is studied here primarily in relation to the views of Titu Maiorescu (18401917) and Constantin Radulescu-Motru (18681957) and the latter in relation to the views of Eugen Lovinescu (18811943). While the theory of forms without substance asserts a would-be traditional' and organic' development of Romanian culture and civilisation, the theory of synchronism proposes a development according to the spirit of the age' and the law of simulation-stimulation'. In the present study, these opposed models of development are observed in relation to the general tendencies towards a pronounced critical spirit and towards discussing cultural vs. structural changes or culture vs. power in late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century Europe. The Romanian models of development are also studied on the background of wider European discussions on Enlightenment and modernism, historicism, conservatism and liberalism, German vs. French influence and nationalist vs. cosmopolitan attitudes.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Global distribution and environmental suitability for chikungunya virus, 1952 to 2015. Chikungunya fever is an acute febrile illness caused by the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), which is transmitted to humans by Aedes mosquitoes. Although chikungunya fever is rarely fatal, patients can experience debilitating symptoms that last from months to years. Here we comprehensively assess the global distribution of chikungunya and produce high-resolution maps, using an established modelling framework that combines a comprehensive occurrence database with bespoke environmental correlates, including up-to-date Aedes distribution maps. This enables estimation of the current total population-at-risk of CHIKV transmission and identification of areas where the virus may spread to in the future. We identified 94 countries with good evidence for current CHIKV presence and a set of countries in the New and Old World with potential for future CHIKV establishment, demonstrated by high environmental suitability for transmission and in some cases previous sporadic reports. Aedes aegypti presence was identified as one of the major contributing factors to CHIKV transmission but significant geographical heterogeneity exists. We estimated 1.3 billion people are living in areas at-risk of CHIKV transmission. These maps provide a baseline for identifying areas where prevention and control efforts should be prioritised and can be used to guide estimation of the global burden of CHIKV.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "20 nm Line/space patterns in HSQ fabricated by EUV interference lithography. An evaluation of hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) for EUV lithography is presented. The effects of bake temperature and developer concentration on the ultimate resolution, sensitivity and contrast are investigated. It is demonstrated that HSQ as a negative-tone photoresist provides patterns with half-pitches as small as 20 nm with EUV interference lithography. SEM micrographs show that the low line-edge roughness of the patterns is accompanied with the high-quality cross-sectional profiles. This high resolution and pattern quality are achieved through development in high-concentration developers for long development times, which is in line with previous results obtained with e-beam lithography. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35]}
+{"token": "A Brief History of Record Management at the National Archives. Work on the official history of criminal justice prompted Paul Rock's interest in why it was that so many government papers, amounting to some 98% of the files produced, have been destroyed over the years. Successive crises in the accumulation of records, accompanied by only a limited increase in the shelving capacity of the Public Record Office - later The National Archives - led in the 1950s and beyond to a firm emphasis being placed on the destruction rather than the retention of papers. Officials and politicians were adamant that the unforeseeable demands which future historians might make on the archives had to be accorded less importance than the economic practicalities of what was called 'weeding'.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Multiple environmental stressors induce complex transcriptomic responses indicative of phenotypic outcomes in Western fence lizard. Results: Computational analysis including annotation enrichment and correlation analysis identified putative functional mechanisms linking transcript expression and toxicological phenotypes. TNT exposure increased transcript expression for genes involved in erythropoiesis, potentially in response to TNT-induced anemia and/or methemoglobinemia and caused dose-specific effects on genes involved in lipid and overall energy metabolism consistent with a hormesis response of growth stimulation at low doses and adverse decreases in lizard growth at high doses. Functional enrichment results were indicative of inhibited potential for lipid mobilization and catabolism in TNT exposures which corresponded with increased inguinal fat weights and was suggestive of a decreased overall energy budget. Malaria infection elicited enriched expression of multiple immune-related functions likely corresponding to increased white blood cell (WBC) counts. Food limitation alone enriched functions related to cellular energy production and decreased expression of immune responses consistent with a decrease in WBC levels.Background: The health and resilience of species in natural environments is increasingly challenged by complex anthropogenic stressor combinations including climate change, habitat encroachment, and chemical contamination. To better understand impacts of these stressors we examined the individual- and combined-stressor impacts of malaria infection, food limitation, and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) exposures on gene expression in livers of Western fence lizards (WFL, Sceloporus occidentalis) using custom WFL transcriptome-based microarrays.Conclusions: Despite these findings, the lizards demonstrated immune resilience to malaria infection under food limitation with transcriptional results indicating a fully competent immune response to malaria, even under bio-energetic constraints. Interestingly, both TNT and malaria individually increased transcriptional expression of immune-related genes and increased overall WBC concentrations in blood; responses that were retained in the TNT x malaria combined exposure. The results demonstrate complex and sometimes unexpected responses to multiple stressors where the lizards displayed remarkable resiliency to the stressor combinations investigated.", "label": [2, 19, 20]}
+{"token": "An assessment of the potential contribution from waste-to-energy facilities to electricity demand in Saudi Arabia. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is the largest crude oil producer in the world and possesses the largest oil reserves. The crude oil revenue has resulted in a massive socio-economic development over the last four decades. This situation has resulted in rapid growth of the country's electricity demand and municipal solid waste (MSW) generation. The KSA is proposing an impressive plan towards renewable energy utilization that includes waste-to-energy (WTE) facilities. This research assesses the potential contribution of WTE facilities to total Saudi peak power demand up to the year 2032 based on two scenarios: Mass Burn and Mass Burn with recycling for the entire country and for six major cities in the KSA. The analysis shows a potential to produce about 2073 Megawatts (MW) based on a Mass Burn scenario and about 166 MW based on Mass Burn with recycling scenario. These values amount to about 1.73% and 0.14% of the projected 2032 peak electricity demand of 120 Gigawatt. The forecasted results of each city from the two scenarios can be used to design future WTE facilities in the main cities of Saudi Arabia. Further investigations are recommended to evaluate the two scenarios based on financial, social, technical, and environmental criteria. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Natural climatic conditions as a determinant of productivity and economic efficiency of agricultural entities. The scientific contribution builds on the previous scientific studies analysing the determinants of productivity and economic efficiency of the agricultural entities and extends the knowledge of the spatial econometrics area at the NUTS IV level (at the district level) for the reporting period. The paper aimed to assess the development of productivity and economic efficiency of the agricultural entities in the reporting period based on the synthetic evaluation of the selected economic indicators by the methods of cluster analysis, and so to create a spatial map according to the regional differentiation at the NUTS IV level. On the basis of the completed analysis, we can conclude that the natural and climatic conditions have a dominant influence on the achievable productivity and economic efficiency of the agricultural entities in ensuring the sustainability of the economic performance of agriculture in different regions of Slovakia. On the basis of conducting the analysis, there were clearly defined two relatively coherent areas in Slovakia (at the district level), which are characterized by differences in the achieved production indicators and allow the regional differentiation of Slovakia into districts with more and less prosperous agricultural enterprises.", "label": [0, 5, 6, 49]}
+{"token": "Soil tillage and scale effects on erosion from fields to catchment in a Mediterranean vineyard area. Soil erosion surveys and modeling approaches often rely on datasets collected from small experimental plots or fields. Therefore, one important issue is to assess to what extent reference data collected on small areas can be affected by soil tillage practices and extrapolated to larger areas. The objectives of this paper are to discuss: (i) the impact of superficial tillage on the erosion rates at field scale and (ii) the impact of the scale on the erosion rates for areas ranging from small fields to 1 km(2) catchments. We analyzed a dataset of 18 rainfall events including runoff and erosion data from fields of approximately 1200 m(2) and 3200 m(2) consisting of vineyards with two contrasting weeding practices - either superficial tillage or notillage with chemical weeding - and from the outlet of a 0.91 km(2) catchment that was 70% vineyard. Results showed that superficial tillage significantly reduced (4.5 times) soil losses as compared to notillage, with a large event-to-event variability. Considering the natural conditions studied by the authors, no-tillage with chemical weeding is not recommended for the study area. Erosion rates observed at catchment scale were significantly lower than those observed at the scale of individual fields. This trend, which has already been observed by many researchers, confirms that catchment soil loss cannot be estimated by the sum of individual field soil losses. In this context, the scaling transition between the field and the 1 km(2) catchment can be analyzed in terms of the spatial variability of soil management and connectivity between the sediment-producing and deposition areas. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 5, 6, 37, 52]}
+{"token": "Full Stream Ahead Designing a Collection Development Workflow for Streaming Video Content. Academic libraries face many challenges in collecting and maintaining streaming videos, particularly as demand for this unique format continues to increase. At the Oviatt Library at California State University, Northridge, it was determined that streaming video activity needed to be examined and that there was a strong need to develop a workflow for incoming video requests. A Video Streaming Decision Tree Committee composed of librarians and staff from various units within the library including collection development, acquisitions, cataloging, and music and media. Its charge was to create a decision tree workflow for incoming streaming video requests. The committee designed and implemented a detailed decision tree that accounts for many of the complexities of streaming video. This paper discusses various factors involved with collection development for streaming video and provides a detailed description of the committee's workflow for the format.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Effect of Cyclic Oxidation Exposure on Tensile Properties of a Pt-Aluminide Bond-Coated Ni-Base Superalloy. The tensile behavior of a directionally solidified (DS) Ni-base superalloy, namely, CM-247LC, was evaluated in the presence of a Pt-aluminide bond coat. The effect of the thermal cycling exposure of the coated alloy at 1373 K (1100 A degrees C) on its tensile properties was examined. The tensile properties were evaluated at a temperature of 1143 K (870 A degrees C). The presence of the bond coating caused an approximately 8 pct drop in the strength of the alloy in the as-coated condition. However, the coating did not appreciably affect the tensile ductility of the substrate alloy. The bond coat prevented oxidation-related surface damage to the superalloy during thermal cycling exposure in air at 1373 K (1100 A degrees C). Such cyclic oxidation exposure (up to 750 hours) did not cause any further reduction in yield strength (YS) of the coated alloy. There was a marginal decrease in the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) with increased exposure duration. Because of the oxidation protection provided by the bond coat, the drastic loss in ductility of the alloy, which would have happened in the absence of the coating, was prevented.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Firm value and managerial incentives: A Stochastic frontier approach. We provide a direct estimate of the magnitude of agency costs in publicly held corporations. We compute an explicit performance benchmark that compares a firm's actual Tobin's Q to the Q* of a hypothetical value- maximizing firm having the same inputs and characteristics as the original firm. The Q of the average sample firm is around 16% below its Q*, equivalent to a $ 1,432 million reduction in its potential market value. We relate the shortfall to the incentives provided CEOs. Boards appear to grant CEOs too few shares and too many options that are insufficiently sensitive to firm risk.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "An exploratory study of an experiential change program's impact on participants' affective outcomes. Design/methodology/approach - Pre- and post-assessments were completed by mid-level managers at the research organization. Scores were examined to measure any significant differences between their affective outcomes before and after participating in the ECP.Purpose - This exploratory study seeks to examine the impact of an organization's experiential change program (ECP) on participants' affective outcomes. Considering the design and learning objectives of the research organization's ECP, it aims to examine five affective outcomes: organizational alignment, organizational engagement, organizational identification, motivation to change, and job motivation.Findings - Results revealed significant increases across all five affective outcomes with organizational alignment demonstrating the largest change. The theoretical and practical significance behind these findings is discussed.Originality/value - This study extends the landscape of literature on divergent types of implementation methods used to bring about organizational change. Further, this exploratory valuation study offers preliminary evidence underscoring the utility of ECPs.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Waddlia, Parachlamydia and Chlamydiaceae in bovine abortion. The etiology remains unknown in many cases of bovine abortion in Switzerland. Bacteria of the Chlamydiales order are known abortive agents, therefore cases of bovine abortion from three, representative regions of Switzerland were investigated in this study. Particularly Chlamydiaceae as well as the Chlamydia-like organisms Waddlia and Parachlamydia were of interest, especially because of their possible zoonotic potential. Placenta samples (n = 343) were tested for these bacteria by different PCR-methods, immunohistochemistry and serology for Chlamydia abortus. Additionally an attempt for the isolation of Waddlia and Parachlamydia was made by co-cultivation in amoebae.This study brought evidence for the importance of different members of Chlamydiales in different regions of Switzerland although Waddlia is not occurring in a high prevalence. On the other hand mixed infections with different Chlamydiales as well as with other abortigenic agents could be found. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.In 67.3% of the 343 cases a necrotizing and/or purulent placentitis was found histologically. By real-time PCR, 0.9% (3/343) of the cases were positive for Waddlia, 13.4% (46/343) positive for Parachlamydia and 14.6% (50/343) positive or questionable positive for Chlamydiaceae. Of these samples, confirmation by immunohistochemistry was possible in 2/3 cases for Waddlia, 25146 for Parachlamydia and 4/50 for Chlamydiaceae. Of the 50 cases positive or questionable positive for Chlamydiaceae, species-identification by ArrayTube Microarray or 16S rRNA PCR resulted in 41 cases positive for C. abortus whereas the presence of Chlamydia suis was confirmed in four and Chlamydia pecorum in one case.", "label": [0, 4, 43, 10]}
+{"token": "SIMULATING RESOURCE COMPETITION IN MULTISPECIES AGRICULTURAL PLANT-COMMUNITIES. Agricultural systems that utilize reduced tillage, minimal inputs produced off-farm, and/or intercropping are being developed worldwide. In these systems competition for resources among two or more plant species, including weeds, are important. A need exists for improved modelling capabilities of multispecies interactions so that these systems can be studied more quickly and efficiently. The Nitrogen, Tillage, Residue, Management. (NTRM) model was expanded to simulate the concurrent development of several plant species growing together in a field-sized agricultural plant community. Competitive interactions between component plant species were simulated by the addition of algorithms to partition average daily light flux density in a one-dimensional, horizontally layered plant canopy and by expansion of a one-dimensional root zone sub-model to predict the simultaneous extraction of water and soil nitrogen by competing plant root systems. The expanded simulation model, known as NTRM-MSC (-Multiple Species Competition), was calibrated and validated with data obtained from a field study investigating corn (Zea mays L.) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) competitive interactions. Preliminary model validation was performed using data from com/pigweed mixtures and monocultures receiving reduced irrigation inputs or no nitrogen fertilization. Results indicated that the NTRM-MSC model shows promise for simulating canopy light interception in mixed and monoculture stands. The model also performed well (r2 of 0-889 to 0.955) at predicting dry matter accumulation and leaf area development of both com and redroot pigweed growing in mixture and monoculture for irrigated, non-irrigated, and for N-fertilized and non-fertilized conditions. Sensitivity analyses of several model parameters suggest that the NTRM-MSC model may provide information on factors important in driving the competition between species in agroecosystems.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Private contracting of out-of-home placements and child protection case management outcomes. Data from Milwaukee County is used to model child transitions from out-of-home care to a permanent setting as a function of child, parent, and placement factors. Placement factors emerge as robust predictors of transitions to permanency. The rate of a transition to permanency is lower for children that experience private foster care, particularly for foster care homes managed by large, older non-profit agencies. Smaller community-based foster care agencies were associated with a permanent placement rate that was comparable to public foster care. Organizational and institutional factors that may be responsible for these associations are discussed.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Effectiveness of the organ donation process. Conclusion: The state of Parana presented a significant increase in the number of notifications and organ donations in the last six years. The weaknesses identified in the process refer to clinical and cultural issues, which indicate the need for interventions to train health professionals in the identification and maintenance of the potential donor, as well as in raising awareness of the importance of the consent to donation.Objective: to verify the effectiveness of the organ donation process in the State of Parana.Methods: Cross-sectional study carried out with data provided by the Department of Transplantation of the State of Parana referred to the organ donation process, from 2011 to 2016. Of the 3,872 notifications of potential donors with brain death, 2,600 were included in this study since they were eligible organ donors. The outcome of the protocols and variables related to eligible donors, notifying centers and notifications were evaluated. Data were analyzed descriptively by absolute and relative frequencies, and odds ratio was calculated through the Wald Chisquare test, with p<0.05 considered as statistically significant.Results: Out of the 2,600 eligible donors, 1,267 (48.7%) became effective organ donors. The main obstacles of the process were cardiopulmonary arrest, sepsis and family refusal. The odds of donation were significantly higher in the individuals younger than 60 years old (p<0.001), male (p=0.001) and in the East and West Macro-regions of the State (p<0.001). The percentage of organ donations increased from 38.8% to 66.5% in the period studied.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "The use of erythropoietin in neonates. Human recombinant erythropoietin (Epo) has been studied extensively as treatment for a variety of anemias. Numerous clinical trials have reported various levels of success in the treatment of the anemia of prematurity. Recently, Epo has been used in the first weeks of life to alleviate the anemia caused by excessive phlebotomy losses and to prevent the anemia of prematurity. In addition, Epo has been tried clinically in a variety of neonatal populations to decrease or eliminate transfusions. This article describes mechanisms of erythropoiesis in the fetus and in the preterm and term infant, and the use of Epo to prevent and treat anemia in neonates.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "A New Species of Snub-Nosed Monkey, Genus Rhinopithecus Milne-Edwards, 1872 (Primates, Colobinae), From Northern Kachin State, Northeastern Myanmar. We describe a snub-nosed monkey that is new to science from the high altitudes of northeastern Kachin state, northeastern Myanmar, the Burmese snub-nosed monkey, Rhinopithecus strykeri sp. nov. Descriptions are based on a skin and skulls of four specimens obtained from local hunters. The new species is geographically isolated from other snub-nosed monkeys and separated from them by two major barriers-the Mekong and the Salween (Thanlwin) rivers. The species is chiefly diagnosed by its almost entirely blackish fur coloration with white fur only on ear tufts, chin beard, and perineal area, and its relatively long tail (140% of head and body length in the adult male). Preliminary surveys and interviews with hunters indicate that the new species is limited in distribution to the Maw River area, a small region of the Salween-N'mai Hka divide in northeastern Kachin state, northeastern Myanmar. The distribution area appears to cover about 270 km(2), and the species may consist of only three groups with a total population of approximately 260-330 individuals. Our data on hunting pressure suggest that the species is Critically Endangered. Am. J. Primatol. 73:96-107, 2011. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Formulation development and characterization of polymeric nanoparticles of antituberculosis drug Isoniazid. The objective of this study was to develop nanoparticles of Isoniazid, enhancement of bioavailability and reduction in side effects as an antituberculosis drug. Nanoparticles were prepared by Ionotropic gelation method using chitosan as polymer and tripolyphosphate crosslinking agent. Nanoparticles were characterized for particle size, surface morphology, entrapment efficiency, zeta potential and in-vitro drug release. The optimized formulation exhibited a particle size of 412.9 +/- 0.28 nm; drug entrapment efficiency of 67.40 +/- 0.59% and the in-vitro release was 91.87% extended up to 8 hrs. Stability study at 5 +/- 1 degrees C and room temperature (25 degrees C) showed that there was no significant alteration in physical appearance, size, shape, drug content and in-vitro drug release after 45 days.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Three-dimensional optical observations of an upward lightning triggered by positive cloud-to-ground lightning. Based on dual-station optical records, electric field and radar data, a detailed analysis of an instance of upward lightning initiated from Canton Tower, in the city of Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China, is presented. The upward lightning was triggered by a positive cloud-to-ground (PCG) flash nearby. The upward lightning channel and part of the horizontal PCG lightning channel obtained by dual-station optical systems were reconstructed in three dimensions, providing us with spatial channel information on how the PCG lightning process triggered the upward lightning from Canton Tower. The upward lightning occurred in the trailing stratiform cloud area behind a squall line system. The radar echo intensity in this area was relatively weak (30-40 dBZ), and the height of the strongest radar echo center was about 41(m. From the optical records, the two-dimensional length of the horizontal PCG lightning channel was longer than 17.2 km. The length of the three-dimensional reconstructed part of the PCG lightning channel was about 3660 m. Its height increased from 3410 m to 4170 m along the development direction, with an average height of 3640 m. Based on the above result, as well as previous studies on the charge structure of the stratiform region, we infer that the height of the positive charge layer was roughly consistent with the height of the strongest echo center.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Harmonizing Disparate Data across Time and Place: The Integrated Spatio-Temporal Aggregate Data Series. In this article, the authors describe a new data infrastructure project being developed at the Minnesota Population Center. The Integrated Spatio-Temporal Aggregate Data Series (ISTADS) will make it easier for researchers to use publicly available aggregate data for the United States over a time span that covers virtually the entire life of the nation: 1790-2012. In addition to facilitating access and ease of use, ISTADS will facilitate the use of these various data sets in mapping and spatial analysis.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Enlightenment, education, and the republican project: Chile's Instituto Nacional (1810-1830). This article analyses the establishment of the Instituto Nacional de Chile between 1810 and 1830 as a crucial element of a political and cultural project advanced from an enlightened and republican elite. Its early inception in 1813 resulted from the necessity of consolidating a republican order, as shown by the different projects between 1810 and 1813. During its first years, a revolutionary rhetoric emphasising discontinuities with the colonial past prevailed. Yet, after the consolidation of independence, institutional and intellectual links to the inherited Catholic tradition heavily affected the definite shape of the Instituto. In this context, the negotiations with the Catholic church and the role played by the moderate Juan Egana explain the fact that the model of republic related to the Instituto in its first decades focused on virtue and morality.", "label": [5, 53, 52]}
+{"token": "Tobacco cessation Clinical Practice Guideline use by rural and urban hospital nurses: a pre-implementation needs assessment. Background: This study was a pre-program evaluation of hospital-based nurses' tobacco intervention beliefs, confidence, training, practice, and perceived intervention barriers and facilitators. It was designed to identify relevant information prior to implementing tobacco cessation guidelines across a large northern rural region, home to 1 urban and 12 rural hospitals.Results: Nurses were somewhat confident providing cessation interventions, agreed they should educate patients about tobacco, and 94% perceived tobacco counselling as part of their role. Although only 11% had received cessation training, the majority reported intervening, even if seldom-91% asked about tobacco-use, 96% advised quitting, 89% assessed readiness to quit, 88% assisted with quitting, and 61% arranged post-discharge follow-up. Few performed any of these steps frequently, and among those who intervened, the majority spent < 10 minutes. The most frequently performed activities tended to take the least amount of time, while the more complex activities (e.g., teaching coping skills and pharmacotherapy education) were seldom performed. Patient-related factors (quitting benefits and motivation) encouraged nurses to intervene and work-related factors discouraged them (time and workloads). There were significant rural-urban differences-more rural nurses perceived intervening as part of their role, reported having more systems in place to support cessation, reported higher confidence for intervening, and more frequently assisted patients with quitting and arranged follow-up.Methods: This cross-sectional survey was distributed by nurse managers to nurses in the 13 hospitals and returned by nurses (N = 269) via mail to the researchers.Conclusions: The findings showed nurses' willingness to engage in tobacco interventions. What the majority were doing maps onto the recommended minimum of 1-3 minutes but intervention frequency and follow-up were suboptimal. The rural-urban differences suggest a need for more research to explore the strengths of rural practice which could potentially inform approaches to smoking cessation in urban hospitals.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Dimensions in women's experience of the perinatal period. A positive experience of the perinatal period is significant for women in midwifery care. The literature on women's experiences of the care in this period is extensive. However, a clear overview of the dimensions important for women's experiences is lacking. Consequently, care providers and researchers may ignore aspects significant to women's experience. In this short communication, we present a framework identifying the dimensions relevant for women's experiences of the perinatal period. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Phylogenetics and Pathology of Hydatid Disease in Slaughtered Buffaloes of North India. Purpose Hydatid disease is one of the neglected and challenging (for diagnosis as well as for treatment) parasitic diseases. Along with adverse effect on animal's health leading to production losses, hydatidosis is also associated with huge economic losses. The present study was envisaged with an aim to assess the phylogeny and pathological changes due to natural hydatid cysts in lungs and liver of slaughtered buffaloes in north India. Methods A total of 137 slaughtered buffaloes intended for human consumption were screened for the presence of cysts. The retrieved cysts were confirmed molecularly based on the amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 gene (mtCO1), exhibiting a product size of approximately 446 bp. The samples collected from infected lungs and liver were subjected to histopathological examination. Results The hydatid cysts were recorded in 25 (18.2%) animals. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the isolated strain to be closely related to Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (G1) genotype. The nucleotide diversity (pi) obtained was 0.014685, whereas, Tajima's D was negative (- 2.796053), which indicated purifying selection or recent population expansion. Histopathologically, in the infected lungs, fibrosis and inflammatory reaction comprising of mononuclear cells and fibroblasts around the thick coat of granulation tissue were observed. Marked calcified masses and necrosis were also observed in the calcified cysts. However, in case of infected livers, Kupffer cell hyperplasia, degeneration of hepatocytes, fibrosis and inflammatory cells were most commonly observed around the hydatid cysts. Conclusion The findings of the present study are of significant veterinary and medical importance owing to economic and public health impact of G1 genotype of E. granulosus.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 18, 10, 47]}
+{"token": "Vertical meteorological patterns and their impact on the energy demand of tall buildings. In accordance with the developing economy and growing population, an increasing number of tall buildings have been constructed over the last 20 years. In 2017, there were 144 new buildings worldwide that were 200 m or greater in height; 50% of these buildings were in China. Due to the vertical gradient impact of meteorological parameters, the energy performance of tall buildings differs from that of general buildings. Few studies exist on vertical meteorological changes using measured data at different heights. Most studies on dynamic energy simulation simulate meteorological parameters using models. This study explores vertical meteorological patterns using hourly dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed data from 2007 to 2017 for a 325 m meteorological tower in Beijing. The temperature decreased significantly with increasing altitude (similar to 0.9 degrees C per 100 m), while the daily temperature difference decreased with increasing altitude. The absolute humidity did not change significantly with height. The wind speed increased with altitude at approximately 2 m/s per 100 m. The building simulation showed that the annual heating load at a height of 320 m increased by 85% from that at 8 m; the annual cooling load decreased by 20%. Such significant differences in thermal loads for 300-m-tall buildings confirm the need to consider vertical meteorological differences in building performance simulations for tall buildings. A greater number of measurement points at different heights improve the simulation accuracy. Guidance on selecting the heights for vertical metrological measurements is provided based on the influences of building thermal loads. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "CONSERVATION OF GENES ENCODING COMPONENTS OF A TYPE-IV PILUS ASSEMBLY 2-STEP PROTEIN EXPORT PATHWAY IN NEISSERIA-GONORRHOEAE. Three gonococcal genes have been identified which encode proteins with substantial similarities to known components of the type IV pilus biogenesis pathway in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Two of the genes were identified based on their hybridization with a DNA probe derived from the pilB gene of P. aeruginosa under conditions of reduced stringency. The product of the gonococcal pilF gene is most closely related to the pilus assembly protein PiIB of P. aeruginosa while the product of the gonococcal pilT gene is most similar to the PilT protein of P. aeruginosa which is involved in pilus-associated twitching motility and colony morphology. The products of both of these genes display canonical nucleoside triphosphate binding sites and are predicted to be to cytoplasmically localized based on their overall hydrophilicity. The gonococcal pilD gene, identified by virtue of its linkage to the pilF gene, is homologous to a family of prepilin leader peptidase genes. When expressed in Escherichia coli, the gonococcal PilD protein functions to process gonococcal prepilin in a manner consistent with its being gonococcal prepilin peptidase. These results suggest that Neisseria gonorrhoeae is capable of expressing many of the essential elements of a highly conserved protein translocation system and that these gene products are probably involved in pilus biogenesis.", "label": [4, 43, 42]}
+{"token": "The internet user profile of Italian families of patients with rare diseases: a web survey. Conclusion: Italian parents of patients with rare diseases are active Internet users, engaged in information search and in online communities.Background: The use of the Internet for searching and sharing health information and for health care interactions may have a great potential for families of children affected with rare diseases. We conducted an online survey among Italian families of patients with rare diseases with the objective to describe their Internet user profile, and to explore how Internet use affects their health decisions.Methods: All members of UNIAMIO FIMR, a federation of associations of patients with rare diseases, were invited via mail to participate in an online questionnaire including questions on socio-demographic and clinical information, Internet use with a specific focus on health, and impact of web information on health behaviors. Logistic regression models were used to explore the effect of socio-demographic variables and Internet user profile on dependent variables representing the impact of web information on health behaviors. Multiple imputation by chained equations was applied.Results: A total of 516 parents of patients with rare diseases completed the online questionnaire. Mean age was 43 years. 87% of respondents accessed the Internet daily, 40% through their smartphones. 99% had an email account, 71% had a Facebook account. 66% participate in an online forum on health. 99% searched for information on disease characteristics, 93% on therapy, 89% on diagnosis, 63% on alternative therapies, 62% on nutrition and 54% on future pregnancies. 82% stated that web information increased comprehension of the disease, 65% that it improved management of the disease. For 52% web information increased his or her anxiety. 62% recognized diagnosis, 69% discussed online information with their physician. People participating in forums more frequently stated that Internet information was useful for recognizing their child's disease (OR 1.68; 95% CI 1.08-2.63) and for improving its management (OR 1.77; 95% CI 1.11-2.81).Physicians, health care facilities and health agencies have a great opportunity to engage in online interactions for empowering families of patients of children affected with rare diseases.", "label": [2, 18, 20]}
+{"token": "Therapeutic Hypothermia for Treatment of Neonatal Encephalopathy: Current Research and Nursing Care. Neonatal encephalopathy, a condition resulting from perinatal asphyxia, occurs in 2.0-6.0 of every 1000 live births. Without treatment, prognosis is poor and resulting complications such as intellectual delay and cerebral palsy are often severe. Therapeutic hypothermia has emerged as an effective treatment for neonatal encephalopathy. Now, research is aimed at determining prognosis after encephalopathy and therapeutic hypothermia. Additionally, nurses play a large role in the identification and care of infants receiving therapeutic hypothermia and their families. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Characterization of Impact Damage in Composite Plates. Low-velocity impact on composites typically produces a barely visible damage at the impacted surface. The internal defects can be complex, consisting of multimode damage and the extent of the impact damage normally spreads across the thickness under the impacted surface. The characterization of impact damage in composites can be very complicated and varies for every different composite structure. In this paper, independent characterization of the low-velocity impact damage on carbon-fiber/epoxy plates using three different non-destructive evaluation methods were used. The goal is to demonstrate the ability of guided ultrasonic waves imaging technique and compared to the more widely employed techniques such as X-ray imaging and ultrasonic immersion C-scan. It was demonstrated that the low frequency A(0) guided ultrasonic wave mode generated by a low-cost piezoelectric transducer can be successfully employed to detect impact damage in composite plates and managed to estimate the size and shape of the impact damage.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Differentiating Autism from Typical Development: Preliminary Findings of Greek Versions of a Pragmatic Language and Social Communication Questionnaire. Objective: A social pragmatic communication disorder is one of the primary characteristics of children with autism. Although several measures of pragmatics and social communication exist, many are not comprehensive, do not examine the quality of interactions across contexts and interlocutors, and cannot be easily administered and interpreted. The aim of this article is to report on preliminary data collected using the Greek version of comprehensive social communication and pragmatic language questionnaires completed by parents and teachers interacting with young children in different contexts. Methods: A Greek translation of the social communication and pragmatic language questionnaires was administered to parents and teachers of 31 children diagnosed with autism and of 51 typically developing children aged 3.0-6.0 years. Analysis and Results: The performance on the Greek versions of the social communication and pragmatic language questionnaires of typically developing children was compared with the performance of the children with autism using a series of independent t tests. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize participant characteristics and performances on the measure. Preliminary results showed that significant differences with moderate effect sizes were found between groups on 63% of the 30 test items. Conclusions: The performance of children on questionnaires may lead to the development of easily administered and interpretable assessments for differentiating children with pragmatics and social communication impairments, such as children with autism, from typically developing children. (c) 2017 S. Karger AG, Basel", "label": [2, 3, 22, 28]}
+{"token": "Critical review of desalination in Spain: a resource for the future?. There have been significant territorial changes in the Spanish Mediterranean in the last few decades because of the important growth of residential tourism functions. The Spanish National Hydrological Plan () and, to a greater extent, the Action for Management and Use of Water Programme () advocated large-scale desalination of seawater to guarantee a supply for urban, tourism, and even future agricultural demands. The paralysis of urban development planning caused by the financial crisis (2007/08), together with the downward trend in the consumption of drinking water in the last decade, highlighted a capacity to produce desalinated water that was far superior to actual needs. This study reviews the current context in which desalinated water is produced in Spain, weighs up the advantages and disadvantages of this method of water management, and considers the potential role that this non-conventional source of water could play as a strategic resource in the future. The main findings of the study are that desalination is not a panacea; rather, it should be considered in terms of technological parameters tailored to the circumstances of each geographical and socioeconomic environment.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "The biodiversity of testate amoebae within the Mediteranean region of Israel. The species composition of testate amoebae was studied for the first time in the northern and central parts of Israel. One hundred and eight species and infra-species taxa of Testacea belonging to 18 genera and 10 families were identified in 68 samples. The materials were collected along a transect in the Mediterranean phyto-geographical region of Israel, from Mt. Hermon 2100 m above sea level (part of the Anti-Lebanon Mt. Ridge), to the Sea of Galilee 200 m below sea level to the Mediterranean sea shore near Tel Aviv. All the species identified are Holarctic, most of them cosmopolitan. Some of the sampled testaceans require additional taxonomic studies and are possibly new species endemic to the country. A low alpha-diversity index was demonstrated for the specimens collected in the humid and swampy habitats, while the majority of the species assemblages, mainly eury-bionts, were similar among habitats.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
+{"token": "Hormones associated with non-maternal infant care: A review of mammalian and avian studies. Hormonal changes during non-maternal infant care have been demonstrated in many cooperatively breeding bird species, some monogamous rodents and two species of New World primates. Coevolution of hormones and social traits may have provided for the different breeding systems that occur today. Several hormones have been shown to covary with the breeding systems of vertebrates. Elevated levels of the hormone prolactin with male parenting behaviours are common to many birds, rodents and the callitrichid monkeys Callithrix jacchus and Saguinus oedipus. In birds, prolactin may be elevated in both male and female breeders during various stages of nest building, egg laying, incubating and feeding of young. Testosterone levels appear to have an inverse relationship to prolactin levels during infant care in birds and rodents, but this relationship has not been examined for primates. In cooperatively breeding birds, helpers who remain at the nest also have elevated levels of prolactin when displaying pai-ental care behaviours. Prolactin levels are elevated in helper callitrichid monkeys during the postpartum period. Monogamous male rodents demonstrate elevated prolactin levels with parental care behaviour but, in contrast to the birds, the mechanisms mediating prolactin increase appear to differ for male and female rodents. Two factors may influence male parental behaviours and hormonal changes: stimuli from the pregnant female and stimuli from the newborn pups; whereas maternal behaviours are influenced by the maternal hormones of the female and the pup stimuli. An experiential factor may also influence male parental behaviours. Neuropeptides such as oxytocin and vasopressin appear to be involved in male rodent parental care and there may be an interaction between a series of hormones and neurosecretions and stimuli from mates and pups. Studies of Saguinus oedipus, the cotton-top tamarin, suggest that prolactin levels are responsive to stimuli from contact with infants and the level of infant care experience influences the levels of prolactin with male infant care. Father tamarins also have elevated levels of prolactin before the birth of infants suggesting that cues from the pregnant female are important. Prolactin's role in parental care may have evolved from prolactin's role in other reproductive functions. Hormonal regulation of non-maternal care may occur due to a complex interaction of many hormones and neurotransmitters. Studies described here should provide the impetus for further work on parental care hormones in a wide variety of primates. Copyright (C) 2000 S. Karger AG, Basel.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Liver and Pancreatic Involvement in Children with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Related to SARS-CoV-2: A Monocentric Study. Liver and pancreatic involvement in children with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome related to SARS-CoV-2 (MIS-C) has been poorly investigated so far. We reviewed a cohort of MIS-C patients to analyze the prevalence of acute liver injury (ALI) and pancreatic injury and their correlation with clinical outcomes. Demographic, clinical, laboratory and imaging features of children with MIS-C at admission and during hospital stay were prospectively collected. Fifty-five patients (mean age 6.5 +/- 3.7 years) were included. At admission, 16 patients showed ALI and 5 had increased total serum lipase. During observation, 10 more patients developed ALI and 19 more subjects presented raised pancreatic enzymes. In comparison to those with normal ALT, subjects with ALI were significantly older (p = 0.0004), whereas pancreatic involvement was associated to a longer duration of hospital stay compared with patients with normal pancreatic enzymes (p = 0.004). Time between hospital admission and onset of ALI was shorter compared to the onset of raised pancreatic enzymes (3.2 +/- 3.9 versus 5.3 +/- 2.7 days, respectively; p = 0.035). Abdominal ultrasound showed liver steatosis in 3/26 (12%) and hepatomegaly in 6/26 (16%) patients with ALI; 2 patients presented enlarged pancreas. Although liver and pancreatic involvement is commonly observed in MIS-C patients, it is mild in most cases with a complete recovery.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Rosser Provability and Normal Modal Logics. In this paper, we investigate Rosser provability predicates whose provability logics are normal modal logics. First, we prove that there exists a Rosser provability predicate whose provability logic is exactly the normal modal logic KD. Secondly, we introduce a new normal modal logic KDR which is a proper extension of KD, and prove that there exists a Rosser provability predicate whose provability logic includes KDR.", "label": [3, 4, 41, 32]}
+{"token": "A simple control law for reducing the effective characteristic acceleration of a solar sail. The direction and magnitude of a solar sail acceleration are strongly related. For this reason, once the characteristic acceleration has been fixed, it is not possible to modulate the acceleration in a particular direction. In this work, a semi-analytical switching control law is derived, enabling a solar sail to emulate a smaller effective characteristic acceleration (without changes in geometry or optical properties); by periodically changing the pitch (cone) angle of the sail, in average over time, the acceleration produced by the sail matches exactly (in both direction and magnitude) that of a \\\\'smaller\\\\' sail. The range in which this is possible is determined, and the limitations on this range due to the size difference is computed. The method is validated on optimal Earth-Mars trajectories. (C) 2020 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 34, 15, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "Spray Toxicity and Risk Potential of 42 Commonly Used Formulations of Row Crop Pesticides to Adult Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). To combat an increasing abundance of sucking insect pests, > 40 pesticides are currently recommended and frequently used as foliar sprays on row crops, especially cotton. Foraging honey bees may be killed when they are directly exposed to foliar sprays, or they may take contaminated pollen back to hives that maybe toxic to other adult bees and larvae. To assess acute toxicity against the honey bee, we used a modified spray tower to simulate field spray conditions to include direct whole-body exposure, inhalation, and continuing tarsal contact and oral licking after a field spray. A total of 42 formulated pesticides, including one herbicide and one fungicide, were assayed for acute spray toxicity to 4-6-d-old workers. Results showed significantly variable toxicities among pesticides, with LC(50)s ranging from 25 to thousands of mg/liter. Further risk assessment using the field application concentration to LC1 or LC99 ratios revealed the risk potential of the 42 pesticides. Three pesticides killed less than 1% of the worker bees, including the herbicide, a miticide, and a neonicotinoid. Twenty-six insecticides killed more than 99% of the bees, including commonly used organophosphates and neonicotinoids. The remainder of the 13 chemicals killed from 1-99% of the bees at field application rates. This study reveals a realistic acute toxicity of 42 commonly used foliar pesticides. The information is valuable for guiding insecticide selection to minimize direct killing of foraging honey bees, while maintaining effective control of field crop pests.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Nondestructive testing of native and tissue-engineered medical products: adding numbers to pictures. Traditional destructive tests are used for quality assurance and control within manufacturing workflows. Their applicability to biomanufacturing is limited due to inherent constraints of the biomanufacturing process. To address this, photo- and acoustic-based nondestructive testing has risen in prominence to interrogate not only structure and function, but also to integrate quantitative measurements of biochemical composition to cross-correlate structural, compositional, and functional variances. We survey relevant literature related to single-mode and multimodal nondestructive testing of soft tissues, which adds numbers (quantitative measurements) to pictures (qualitative data). Native and tissue-engineered articular cartilage is highlighted because active biomanufacturing processes are being developed. Included are recent efforts and prominent trends focused on technologies for clinical and in-process biomanufacturing applications.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Histologic Examination of the Effects of Low Level Diode Laser Irradiation and Nano-Hydroxyapatite Grafting Materials on Ossification Process on Rat Calvaria Defects. Materials and Methods: This study was performed on 56 adult female Wistar rats weighing 300-250 gr. Animals were anesthetized by intramuscular injection of Xylazine(0.02 ml/kg) and Ketamine Hydrochloride (0.4 ml/kg). A CSD of 5 mm in size was created by surgery. Animals were randomly divided into 4 groups: 1. control group (filled with blood clot), 2. nHA group, 3. LLLT group, and4. nHA+ LLLT group. Animals treated with LLLT received a laser diode with a wavelength of 980 nm, a power of 300 mW and a dose of 4 1/cm(2) in a continuous wave mode. The first radiation was made before the flap was closed, the animals were exposed to radiation every other day for 15 days. 4 and 8 weeks later, 7 rats from each groupwere euthanized, and after decalcification and staining with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H & E), histologic and histomorphometricevaluations were performed and the results were evaluated by oneway ANOVA and Kruskallwallis analysis.Introduction: Periodontitis is one of the most common infectious diseases in humans. aggressive periodontitis causes rapid destruction of the tissues retaining teeth, especially in young people. For this reason, preventing from development and progression is one of the goals of dentists and especially periodontologists. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of low level laser therapy (LLLT) on bone formation in critical size defects in ratcalvariawith or without using nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA).Results: The results of this study did not show any significant differences in the type of newly formed bone, foreign body reaction, and inflammation severity between weeks 4 and 8. Only the inflammation rate in the nHA group was significantly higher than the other groups and in the week 4 (p < 0.05). Also, the average mass of newly formed bone in all groups showed a significantly different between weeks 4 and 8 (P < 0.05).Conclusion: The use of LLLT in combination with nHA can stimulate bone regeneration. The freshly bone formed values in LLLT group was similar to using nHA. Therefore, LLLT may be clinically useful in stimulating bone formation in skeletal defects.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Henri Laborit: cybernetics, biology and the social. This essay explores the work of Henri Laborit, the French cyberneticist renowned for his injection of cybernetic theory into urban cultural analysis. Laborit went beyond a claim of isomorphism to contend a radical continuity of levels of communication between the multicellular system of the body and the internal operations of the city and of human society. In this respect, his version of cybernetics restores a biological framework which bypasses the problems of machine intelligence that characterized much of the American tradition. By tracing aspects of his work, especially his L'Homme et la Ville, the essay ventures a framing narrative of this version of the social body which at once shows its value to scholarship today. It further suggests the value of a limited and situated interdisciplinarity of the kind that Laborit himself practised.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 52]}
+{"token": "Isolation and characterization of Achromobacter xylosoxidans T7 capable of degrading toluidine isomers. A bacterial strain capable of utilizing toluidine isomers as its sole source of carbon and energy for growth was isolated from contaminated soil. The isolate was identified as Achromobacter xylosoxidans and was designated strain T7. Strain T7 differs from other toluidine-degrading strains with respect to the use of all three toluidine isomers even as an equimolar mixture. Additionally, strain T7 harbours the ability to use aniline, phenol, and cresols as growth substrates. Utilization of the toluidine isomers was demonstrated by an increase in the bacterial biomass concomitant with a decrease of the respective toluidine concentration in liquid medium with this compound as sole source of carbon and energy. No accumulation of any intermediate was detectable by HPLC-analyses. Results of oxygen uptake experiments with resting cells of strain T7 pre-grown on the respective toluidine and enzymatic investigations in cell-free extracts indicate the metabolization of the toluidines via the respective methylcatechols as intermediates. These compounds are substrates for the meta-cleavage pathway initiated by inducible catechol 2,3-dioxygenase found in toluidine-grown cells of strain T7.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Are stated preferences convergent with revealed preferences? Empirical evidence from Nigeria. The debate on the relevance of monetary valuation of environmental goods has often hinged around the convergence of stated and revealed preferences, and in turn the actual money choices of respondents. in this paper, we report two separate experiments conducted in southeastern Nigeria to compare irrigators' stated willingness to pay for a river basin restoration scheme designed to mitigate soil and water pollution problems in their farms with their actual expenditures to mitigate the same pollution problems. We found that the farmers' stated and revealed preferences were significantly correlated but yielded significantly different means at 5% level. While econometric analysis reveals a systematic association between key socioeconomic variables and farmers' stated WTP, lending credence to the CVM within its theoretical framework, analysis of the qualitative follow-ups reveals inconsistencies in some farmers' stated and revealed preferences that cannot be satisfactorily explained on the basis of economic theory alone. While individual utility maximisation was a dominant driver of both stated and revealed preferences for most farmers, lack of environmental awareness, information complexity, risk aversion and peer pressure were seen to limit the ability and willingness of the least educated segment of the sample to make apparently rational economic decisions in both markets. Overall, the results question the use of convergent and/or theoretical validity arguments for justifying and/or criticising the use of stated preference experiments in environmental policy. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 49, 52]}
+{"token": "Sleepiness, choice consistency, and risk preferences. We investigate the consistency and stability of individual risk preferences by manipulating cognitive resources. Participants are randomly assigned to an experiment session at a preferred time of day relative to their diurnal preference (circadian matched) or at a non-preferred time (circadian mismatched) and choose allocations between two risky assets [using the Choi et al. (Am Econ Rev 27(5):1921-1938, 2007), design]. We find that choices of circadian matched and mismatched subject are statistically similar in terms of satisfying basic requirements for preference consistency. However, mismatched subjects tend to choose riskier asset bundles.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
+{"token": "Hydraulic Simulation and Analysis of an Urban Center's Aqueducts Using Emergency Scenarios for Network Operation: The Case of Thessaloniki City in Greece. The present work aims at developing a hydraulic simulation model for the aqueducts of Thessaloniki city in Greece to model the current operating state of the network, as well as its response to emergency conditions resulting from failure in one of them. Hydraulic simulations performed using WaterGEMS software in an extended period simulation (EPS) mode entail estimating water demand in all areas of the conurbation and calibrating the model under both normal and abnormal conditions. Calibration parameters set include the pipes' roughness coefficients and head loss characteristics of throttle control valves (TCVs). Failure in the city's aqueducts is confronted with the development and hydraulic simulation of five emergency scenarios of network operation, two of which consider possible interconnections of the studied aqueducts. These scenarios, which include appropriately defined intermittent water supply schedules for the aqueducts, are created on the basis of fair and equitable management of water among the different areas of the city, also assuming a small number of interventions/operations during the crisis. The simulations performed reveal quite a satisfactory compliance of the system's operation with the defined schedules, and an improved management of limited water reserves in some areas of the network when considering interconnections of the city's aqueducts.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Calibration of the modified Mohr-Coulomb fracture model by use of localization analyses for three tempers of an AA6016 aluminium alloy. This paper presents a novel calibration procedure of the modified Mohr-Coulomb (MMC) fracture model by use of localization analyses and applies it for three tempers of an AA6016 aluminium alloy. The localization analyses employ the imperfection band approach, where metal plasticity is assigned outside the band and porous plasticity is assigned inside the band. Ductile failure is thus assumed to occur when the deformation localizes into a narrow band. The metal plasticity model is calibrated from notch tension tests using inverse finite element modelling. The porous plasticity model is calibrated by use of localization analyses where the deformation histories from finite element simulations of notch and plane-strain tension tests are prescribed as boundary conditions. Subsequently, localization analyses are used to establish the failure locus in stress space for proportional loading conditions and thus to determine the parameters of the MMC fracture model. Finite element simulations of notch tension and in-plane simple shear tests as well as two load cases of the modified Arcan test are used to validate the calibrated fracture model. The predictions by the simulations are in good agreement with the experiments, even though some deviations are seen for each temper. The results demonstrate that localization analyses are a cost-effective and reliable tool for predicting ductile failure, reducing the number of mechanical tests required to calibrate the MMC fracture model compared to the hybrid experimental-numerical approach usually applied.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "T cell-derived suppressive activity: Evidence of autocrine noncytolytic control of HIV type 1 transcription and replication. The ability of CD8(+) T lymphocytes to suppress the transcription and replication of HIV-1 is well documented. We have demonstrated that the factor(s) responsible for the suppression of HIV-1 LTR-mediated gene expression are not the CC chemokines RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, and MIP-1 beta. Interestingly, these and other chemokines and cytokines are produced by both CD8(+) and CD4(+) T lymphocytes. On the presumption that CD4(+) T lymphocytes may also be able to modulate HIV-1 expression in vitro we assessed the LTR-modulatory effects of a panel of culture supernatants derived from stimulated CD4(+) T lymphocytes from HIV-positive patients and uninfected controls. Supernatants of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells mediated a suppression of LTR-driven gene expression in Jurkat T cells and an enhancement of gene expression in U38 monocytic cells. On the basis of these results, and using a herpesvirus saimiri (HVS)-transformed CD4(+) T lymphocyte clone (HVSCD4), we demonstrate that both suppressive and enhancing effects are dose dependent. Furthermore, we have shown that supernatants of both HVSCD4 and HVSCD8 cells suppress LTR-mediated gene expression and HIV-1 replication in transfected/infected T cells, In U1 monocytic cells, supernatants of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes from an HIV-1-infected individual enhanced LTR-mediated gene expression, HIV-1 replication, and TNF-alpha production. However, only these effects as induced by CD8(+) T cells were sensitive to the G protein inhibitor pertussis toxin. These results indicate that factors produced by both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells exert dichotomous effects on HIV-1 gene expression and replication in T cells and monocytes.", "label": [2, 18, 25, 21]}
+{"token": "Personal Autonomy as Institutional Form - Focus on Europe Against the Background of Article 27 of the ICCPR. For an attempt to establish an institutional content for personal autonomy, it is submitted that the reference to 'community' in Article 27 of the CCPR implies a certain form of organization. Persons who belong to minorities shall have the complete freedom to organize themselves in associations of various kinds in order to pursue common aims. The notion of 'association' includes, on the top of regular membership associations, a broader spectrum of private law entities, but the main point is that there shall be a freedom for a minority in the creation of non-governmental organizations, leading to personal autonomy as an organizational form. It is hence not necessarily so that all forms of autonomy are created on the basis of special legislation, endowing the autonomous character for the minority institution from top-down. A bottom-up creation of minority institutions can actually involve a right to personal autonomy.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "An Exploratory Study of the Views of Supervision Strategies by Community Corrections Probationers in China. Offenders' attitudes toward supervision models are critical for the success of supervision practices in community corrections. It is surprising, however, that there is a general lack of research on offenders' attitudes toward supervision models or strategies in community corrections. Using a sample of 351 offenders serving community corrections in City W, China, the current study found that the majority of the respondents positively perceived rehabilitation supervision and the environmental supervision strategies. The punishment supervision strategy was supported by the respondents but with a lower degree, relative to the support for other supervision strategies. Institutional factors were the most important predictors of the offenders' attitudes.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "The relevance of budget transparency for development. This study aims to highlight the relevance of budget transparency in improving human development and fill the gap in the literature, which has traditionally considered the concept of development in economic terms. Here, development refers to levels of knowledge, the possibility of enjoying a long and healthy life and having a decent standard of living. Improving human development is the main point of interest in the assessment of public policy outcomes and this study is focussed on one specific policy, namely, budget transparency. By using a pool of 110 countries for the years 2008, 2010, 2012, 2015 and 2017, the empirical results demonstrate a positive effect of the open budget index on the human development index, suggesting that budget transparency is a good way to improve levels of human development. These findings are essential not only for academic debate but also for practitioners because they show transparency as a relevant tool to improve human development. Points for practitioners Budget transparency is a relevant tool to improve human development. Transparency may improve the quality of life through a better quality of governance. The central roles played by transparency and participation coupled with accountability have been confirmed. The complexity of the concept of human development involves, among other things, disclosing information regarding the public policies. Examining budgets, guaranteeing their transparency as well as the transparency of the budgeting process, is highly recommended to improve human development.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Note to chew on: insect damage to musical instruments. Insects have a diverse range of ecologies that leaves many pre-adapted to exploiting manufactured products as food sources, including musical instruments. To review what is known and to make recommendations for preventing and managing insect damage to musical instruments, we conducted a systematic search and a narrative review of the area. Of 339 papers, only eight peer-reviewed publications met the inclusion criteria, and all were on xylophagous insects causing damage to wooden instruments. To supplement this material, we report a case of damage to the key pads (composed of felt enclosed in fish buoyancy bladder skin) of a clarinet by carpet beetles (Anthrenus verbasci(Dermestidae)), the first reported case of non-woody damage and the first instance of insect damage rendering an instrument unplayable. To avoid such damage, regular inspection of instruments is recommended, and rapid treatment of any insect infestations in the immediate environment that could extend to affecting stored instruments. Instruments themselves can be extremely expensive, and if insects are still present these should only be treated by an expert; instrument cases can be more easily dealt with by heat treatment (black plastic bag in the sun) or application of a residual insecticide. (c) 2020 Society of Chemical Industry", "label": [0, 4, 7, 44]}
+{"token": "Avoiding verisimilitude when modelling ecological responses to climate change: the influence of weather conditions on trapping efficiency in European badgers (Meles meles). The signal for climate change effects can be abstruse; consequently, interpretations of evidence must avoid verisimilitude, or else misattribution of causality could compromise policy decisions. Examining climatic effects on wild animal population dynamics requires ability to trap, observe or photograph and to recapture study individuals consistently. In this regard, we use 19years of data (1994-2012), detailing the life histories on 1179 individual European badgers over 3288 (re-) trapping events, to test whether trapping efficiency was associated with season, weather variables (both contemporaneous and time lagged), body-condition index (BCI) and trapping efficiency (TE). PCA factor loadings demonstrated that TE was affected significantly by temperature and precipitation, as well as time lags in these variables. From multi-model inference, BCI was the principal driver of TE, where badgers in good condition were less likely to be trapped. Our analyses exposed that this was enacted mechanistically via weather variables driving BCI, affecting TE. Notably, the very conditions that militated for poor trapping success have been associated with actual survival and population abundance benefits in badgers. Using these findings to parameterize simulations, projecting best-/worst-case scenario weather conditions and BCI resulted in 8.6% +/- 4.9 SD difference in seasonal TE, leading to a potential 55.0% population abundance under-estimation under the worst-case scenario; 38.6% over-estimation under the best case. Interestingly, simulations revealed that while any single trapping session might prove misrepresentative of the true population abundance, due to weather effects, prolonging capture-mark-recapture studies under sub-optimal conditions decreased the accuracy of population estimates significantly. We also use these projection scenarios to explore how weather could impact government-led trapping of badgers in the UK, in relation to TB management. We conclude that population monitoring must be calibrated against the likelihood that weather conditions could be altering trap success directly, and therefore biasing model design.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Inverse opal-like marcoporous RuO(2)electrodes for enhancing the mass transfer in electro-oxidation of tricyclazole. In order to improve the mass transfer of anodic oxidation, an inverse opal-like marcoporous RuO(2)electrode (IOMP-RuO2) was designed to enhance the concentration diffusion and molecule-to-electrode collision. Characterization methods including SEM, XRD, BET, LSV, CV, EIS and CA were performed to evaluate the properties of the IOMP-RuO2. In addition, the electro-oxidation capacity of the RuO(2)electrode prepared at varying calcination temperature was also investigated. Results show that calcination temperature can affect the electro-oxidation performance of IOMP-RuO(2)from the specific surface area, crystallinity of RuO2, voltammetric charge and impedance. Thereinto, crystallinity of RuO(2)and impedance played decisive roles in the electrochemical oxidation. The fine crystallinity and lower impedance of IOMP-RuO(2)acquired by 450 degrees C increased the electronic transport rate and allowed less redox couple to be involved in oxygen evolution, contributing to the best oxidation performance amongst others. Under this calcination temperature, the IOMP-RuO(2)possesses larger electro-active areas, smaller electric resistance and enhanced mass transfer as compared to the planar RuO(2)electrode. Furthermore, the IOMP-RuO(2)gave a 42.7% higher degradation rate than that observed for the planar RuO(2)electrode in the abatement of tricyclazole (TC) after 180 min. The high rate constant (2.14 x 10(-2) min(-1)) and current efficiency (61.1%) achieved by IOMP-RuO(2)contributed to a low energy consumption of 0.04744 kWh mg(-1). Thus, these findings promoted the IOMP-RuO(2)as an alternative electrode for wastewater decontamination.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11]}
+{"token": "Determining Factors of Transparency and Accountability in Local Governments: A Meta-Analytic Study. The importance granted to information transparency in improving the accountability of public administrations has become increasingly greater in recent years under a scenario of economic and financial crisis as a tool of control. Although academic studies are aimed at identifying the key factors underlying a higher level of economic-fmancial information disclosure by local governments, there exists considerable heterogeneity in the results obtained. In this sense, we have carried out a meta-analysis to validate previous empirical results, and highlight causes of the variations and contradictions identified. Our study shows the variables analysed to be positively associated with the disclosure of public financial information, but also that this depends on the context in which the research is carried out.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "Kingdon Reconsidered: Ideas, Interests and Institutions in Comparative Policy Analysis. Initially published in 1984, John W. Kingdon's Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies has long been classic reading in policy studies. This paper systematically explores its contribution to the analysis of the role of ideas in comparative policy analysis, which has dramatically expanded over the last two decades. Looking at this book about agenda-setting as well as two more recent, and much less cited, chapters by Kingdon, the article explores his perspective on ideas as they relate to the problem, the policy, and the political streams, before addressing crucial issues, such as the role of institutions and the relationship between ideas and interests, that remain central to the current debates within the ever-expanding ideational policy literature. As the article shows, Kingdon's work, including its flaws, makes a powerful and most relevant contribution to the ideational approach to public policy, which is why this article ends with a synthetic agenda for future comparative research on the role of ideas in policy development.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Tetratricopeptide-motif-mediated interaction of FANCG with recombination proteins XRCC3 and BRCA2. Fanconi anaemia is an inherited chromosomal instability disorder characterised by cellular sensitivity to DNA interstrand crosslinkers, bone-marrow failure and a high risk of cancer. Eleven FA genes have been identified, one of which, FANCD1, is the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2. At least eight FA proteins form a nuclear core complex required for monoubiquitination of FANCD2. The BRCA2/FANCD1 protein is connected to the FA pathway by interactions with the FANCG and FANCD2 proteins, both of which co-localise with the RADS1 recombinase, which is regulated by BRCA2. These connections raise the question of whether any of the FANC proteins of the core complex might also participate in other complexes involved in homologous recombination repair. We therefore tested known FA proteins for direct interaction with RAD51 and its paralogs XRCC2 and XRCC3. FANCG was found to interact with XRCC3, and this interaction was disrupted by the FA-G patient derived mutation L71P. FANCG was co-immunoprecipitated with both XRCC3 and BRCA2 from extracts of human and hamster cells. The FANCG-XRCC3 and FANCG-BRCA2 interactions did not require the presence of other FA proteins from the core complex, suggesting that FANCG also participates in a DNA repair complex that is downstream and independent of FANCD2 monoubiquitination. Additionally, XRCC3 and BRCA2 proteins co-precipitate in both human and hamster cells and this interaction requires FANCG. The FANCG protein contains multiple tetratricopeptide repeat motifs (TPRs), which function as scaffolds to mediate protein-protein interactions. Mutation of one or more of these motifs disrupted all of the known interactions of FANCG. We propose that FANCG, in addition to stabilising the FA core complex, may have a role in building multiprotein complexes that facilitate homologous recombination repair. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 20]}
+{"token": "Middle-aged Appalachians living with diabetes mellitus - A family affair. Understanding the experiences of low-income Appalachians living with type 2 diabetes mellitus is needed to provide culturally sensitive care. For this qualitative study, 13 adults were recruited from 2 low-income clinics in northern West Virginia through purposive sampling. Through in-depth interviews with the participants, 4 themes were identified: (1) achieving a balance between diet and family needs, (2) adapting to fluctuations in energy levels, (3) balancing family relationships with self-reliance, and (4) dealing with the uncertainty of future health. Nurses working with low-income adults in Appalachia need to provide family-centered diabetes education to meet the cultural needs of this group.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "Structural and electrical properties of HfO2 with top nitrogen incorporated layer. A novel technique to control the nitrogen profile in HfO2 gate dielectric was developed using a reactive sputtering method. The incorporation of nitrogen in the upper layer of HfO2 was achieved by sputter depositing a thin HfxNy layer on HfO2, followed by reoxidation. This technique resulted in an improved output characteristics compared to the control sample. Leakage current density was significantly reduced by two orders of magnitude. The thermal stability in terms of structural and electrical properties was also enhanced, indicating that the nitrogen-doped process is effective in preventing oxygen diffusion through HfO2. Boron penetration immunity was also improved by nitrogen-incorporation. It is concluded that the nitrogen-incorporation process is a promising technique to obtain high-k dielectric with thin equivalent oxide thickness and good interfacial quality.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Cause of internal hemorrhage determined after exhumation: Report of one case. A 36-year-old woman consulted the medical emergency unit of a private health center for abdominal pain and gastroenteritis of 5 days duration. Acute right pyelonephritis was diagnosed. Five hours after admission she became unconscious in a state of clinical shock. She was transferred to an intensive care unit but resuscitation attempts were unsuccessful and she died 3 h later. Three days after death, she was buried in the family vault. Five days after the burial, her husband lodged a complaint with the public prosecutor because he had not received a clear explanation from the physicians concerning the cause of his wife's death. After analysis of the medical records of the deceased by two forensic pathologists, a medicolegal autopsy was ordered by the public prosecutor. The corpse was exhumed and autopsy performed 9 days after death. Massive hemoperitoneum was diagnosed with a macroscopically ruptured subcapsular hematoma. Pathological study confirmed acute right pyelonephritis and demonstrated the precise cause of the hemorrhage: rupture of the hepatic artery at the hilar part, following infectious arteritis which was probably secondary to the acute pyelonephritis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first published report of such a case. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Prostaglandin phospholipid conjugates with unusual biophysical and cytotoxic properties. The synthesis of two secretory phospholipase A(2) IIA sensitive 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) phospholipid conjugates is described and their biophysical and biological properties are reported. The conjugates spontaneously form particles in the liposome size region upon dispersion in an aqueous buffer and both phospholipids are hydrolyzed by phospholipase A(2), but with different conversion rates and extent of hydrolysis. The cytotoxicity was evaluated in HT-29 and Colo205 cells and the conjugates induced cell death in the presence of phospholipase A(2) and surprisingly also in the absence of the enzyme. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 36]}
+{"token": "Anatomical, electrophysiological and pharmacological studies of ascending brainstem hippocampal synchronizing pathways. The present review has provided evidence that very potent ascending brainstem hippocampal synchronizing pathways originate in the rostral pens region (RPO and PPT), and ascend to and synapse with several midline caudal diencephalic nuclei (posterior hypothalamic and supramammillary) which send projections to the medial septal region (MS/vDBB). The medial septal region in turn is a critical nodal point, sending projections to limbic structures such as the hippocampal formation, cingulate cortex, and entorhinal cortex. The pontine and diencephalic nuclei appear to play a critical role in determing the translation of increasing levels of activation into moment to moment changes in the frequency of hippocampal theta field and theta-related cellular discharges, relayed to the MS/vDBB nuclei. The MS/vDBB nuclei appear to play a critical role in translating increasing levels of ascending synchronizing activation into moment to moment changes in the amplitude of hippocampal theta field activity and the accompanying rate and pattern of phasic theta-ON cells. The MS/vDBB carries out this role through a balance of activity in the septohippocampal cholinergic and GABA-ergic projections. Cholinergic projections provide the afferent excitatory drive for hippocampal theta-ON cells and the GABA-ergic projections act to reduce the overall level of inhibition by inhibiting hippocampal GABA-ergic interneurons (theta-OFF cells). Both activities must be present for the generation of hippocampal theta and theta-related cellular activities. The balance between the cholinergic and GABA-ergic projections may determine whether hippocampal synchrony (theta) or asynchrony (LIA, large amplitude irregular activity) occurs. These same ascending pathways influence the electrophysiological and pharmacological properties of the neocortex as well. The functional significance of the ascending brainstem synchronizing pathways is the generalized regulation of activities in these cortical structures as they relate to sensorimotor behavior. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 55]}
+{"token": "The Tokyo Kosei Wind Orchestra: A case study of intercultural music transmission. Instrumental music education in japan has long emphasized wind bands, and in recent decades, Japanese bands have achieved a level of performing excellence that arguably rivals all other nations. This case study of Japan's premier wind ensemble provides insights applicable to bands throughout the nation. The study explores the influence of the ensemble's repertoire and educational activities, traces its religious origins, and examines Frederick Fennel's role as musical ambassador. The findings suggest that Japan has not only assimilated and mastered the band genre, but it has transformed the tradition. Moreover, the subculture of wind bands is argued to be a domain of internationalization that challenges Japanese notions of gender roles and ethnic identity.", "label": [3, 5, 53, 30]}
+{"token": "Profile of the mosaic element BTMR1 in the genome of the bumble bee Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Co-evolution involving a mariner transposon, Botmar1 and the other repeats contained in the Bombus terrestris genome was investigated. We found that the 5'-region of Botmar1 forms one of the components of a mosaic element, known as B. terrestris mosaic repeat 1 (BTMR1), which is also composed of inner segments originating from two different retrotransposons and a pseudogene corresponding to an RNA methyltransferase cDNA. The fact that BTMR1 is interspersed within chromosomes and the differences in its abundance in different species indicate that it is very probably a mobile element. Nevertheless, the absences of direct or inverted repeats at its ends and of target site duplication indicate that its mobility is not ensured by a cardinal transposable element, but putatively by a Crypton-like element.", "label": [4, 44, 42]}
+{"token": "A human minisatellite hosts an alternative transcription start site for NPRL3 driving its expression in a repeat number-dependent manner. Minisatellites, also called variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs), are a class of repetitive elements that may affect gene expression at multiple levels and have been correlated to disease. Their identification and role as expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) have been limited by their absence in comparative genomic hybridization and single nucleotide polymorphisms arrays. By taking advantage of cap analysis of gene expression (CAGE), we describe a new example of a minisatellite hosting a transcription start site (TSS) which expression is dependent on the repeat number. It is located in the third intron of the gene nitrogen permease regulator like protein 3 (NPRL3). NPRL3 is a component of the GAP activity toward rags 1 protein complex that inhibits mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity and it is found mutated in familial focal cortical dysplasia and familial focal epilepsy. CAGE tags represent an alternative TSS identifying TAGNPRL3 messenger RNAs (mRNAs). TAGNPRL3 is expressed in red blood cells both at mRNA and protein levels, it interacts with its protein partner NPRL2 and its overexpression inhibits cell proliferation. This study provides an example of a minisatellite that is both a TSS and an eQTL as well as identifies a new VNTR that may modify mTORC1 activity.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Health promotion in the health insurance: relationships and tensions between private plan providers, beneficiaries and state regulatory agency. The relations between private plan providers, beneficiaries and the state agency in the provision, use and regulation of health promotion programs will be analyzed. Multiple case studies will be investigated, cases whose data were obtained from interviews with 40 participants (managers, professionals and beneficiaries) of 6 health operators in Belo Horizonte/MG, besides participant's observation developed in the programs. The analysis revealed tensions between the logics that guide the actions of the regulatory agency, the provision of programs and the interests of the beneficiaries. Providers aim to reduce costs and attract customers. Beneficiaries seek comprehensive care, but face restrictions on access. The regulatory agency encourages further rapprochement between the industry and public health guidelines, but the means have reduced transformation potential. There is logic of capital accumulation that determines and tensions health promotion in health insurance.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Unified inverse dynamics for a novel class of metamorphic parallel mechanisms. An inverse dynamics model for a novel metamorphic parallel mechanism was developed in this paper. First, the velocity relation between each moving member and the moving platform was analyzed systematically by examining the kinematics of the mechanism based on the metamorphic principle. The metamorphic parallel mechanism can be adapted into 32 configurations by various motor locking cell combinations. Second, a unified inverse dynamics model based on the virtual work principle was established. Finally, a novel 3-PUPS type metamorphic parallel mechanism was analyzed to demonstrate its universality and the correctness of the developed model. (C) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 41, 12]}
+{"token": "Life cycle of the marine leech (Zeylanicobdella arugamensis) isolated from sea bass (Lates calcarifer) under laboratory conditions. Infestation of unidentified marine leeches in Malaysia was first reported in 1988 in grouper (Epinephelus coioides) cultured in floating cages with a prevalence of 0.4%. Recently (2004-2006), the marine leech Zeylanicobdella arugamensis was regularly isolated from marine fish cultured in cages. In May 2006, approximately 60% of moribund sea bass fingerlings reared in cages were infected with Zeylanicobdella arugamensis, which may also serve as a vector for the bacteria. Vibrio alginolyticus. The aim of the present study was to determine the life cycle of Z. arugamensis under laboratory conditions. A total of 105 adult leeches, 4.5-14.0 mm in length, from five trial experiments were sampled and brought to the laboratory. Leeches with average size exceeding 10.00 mm could deposit cocoons after 5-8 h of isolation. Seven days were needed for the new egg inside the cocoon to develop into juvenile under 27 degrees C at 28 ppt. It took another 9 to 10 days for the juvenile leeches to grow to mature adults. Overall, the Z. arugamensis took 16 to 17 days to mature. In the present study, we observed that a single leech can reproduce and this self-fertilization or direct fertilization has never been reported in a piscicolid leech. Crown Copyright (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
+{"token": "Methane fluxes from the sea to the atmosphere across the Siberian shelf seas. The Laptev and East Siberian Seas have been proposed as a substantial source of methane (CH4) to the atmosphere. During summer 2014, we made unique high-resolution simultaneous measurements of CH4 in the atmosphere above, and surface waters of, the Laptev and East Siberian Seas. Turbulence-driven sea-air fluxes along the ship's track were derived from these observations; an average diffusive flux of 2.99mgm(-2) d(-1) was calculated for the Laptev Sea and for the ice-free portions of the western East Siberian Sea, 3.80mgm(-2)d(-1). Although seafloor bubble plumes were observed at two locations in the study area, our calculations suggest that regionally, turbulence-driven diffusive flux alone accounts for the observed atmospheric CH4 enhancements, with only a local, limited role for bubble fluxes, in contrast to earlier reports. CH4 in subice seawater in certain areas suggests that a short-lived flux also occurs annually at ice-out.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Near Trapping Effect on Wave-Power Extraction by Linear Periodic Arrays. Near trapping is a kind of strong hydrodynamic interaction phenomenon in a regular array under specific incident wave conditions, which causes the excitation force on the structures in the array to change suddenly. In this paper, based on linear potential flow theory, the effects of near trapping on the hydrodynamic interaction and wave-power extraction characteristics of linear periodic arrays composed of the oscillating float type wave energy converters are studied by using the higher-order boundary element method in a frequency domain. The parameters considered include the separation spacing, number of devices, and incident wave direction. It is found that the near trapping significantly reduces the overall wave-power extraction, especially for the cases with a large number of devices, and changes the trend of the power distribution. The occurrence of the near trapping phenomenon depends on the ratio of the separation spacing to the wavelength and the incident wave direction. The results highlight the effective layout of linear arrays under the influence of near trapping, which not only ensures the total production power, but also reduces the power difference among wave energy converters.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Soil microbial communities in cucumber monoculture and rotation systems and their feedback effects on cucumber seedling growth. Soil microbial communities from a cucumber monoculture system and the cucumber season of a two-year rotation system (tomato-celery-cucumber-Chinese cabbage) were analyzed by quantitative PCR and high throughput amplicon sequencing. Then, feedback effects of soil biota on cucumber seedlings were evaluated through soil sterilization, addition of soil inoculum, and application of bactericide and fungicide.Increasing temporal plant diversity can change soil microbial communities and enhance crop productivity through positive plant-soil feedbacks mediated by soil biota.Loss of biodiversity caused by intensive agriculture is a major worldwide concern. Crop rotation can enhance crop productivity and increase soil microbial diversity. However, the functional significances of changes in soil microbial communities are poorly understood.Crop rotation increased cucumber yield and bacterial diversity, but decreased fungal diversity and abundance. The bacterial and fungal community compositions also differed between the two cropping systems. Abundances of potential plant pathogens and antagonistic microorganisms were lower while potential plant-growth-promoting microorganisms were higher in the rotation system. The overall effect of soil biota was positive on cucumber seedling growth, and was stronger in the rotation system.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONCENTRATION AND TEMPORAL DURATION ESTIMATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR FLOW EXPERIENCE. It has been suggested that high concentration or flow experience alters the sensation of time. Additionally, attention is known to affect the perception of time. To investigate whether the effect of concentration on time perception is equivalent to that of attention, we investigated the correlation between subjective concentration and the judgment of temporal duration through 3 experiments employing 8 everyday tasks. The results showed that concentration rating was not significantly correlated with duration estimates in ordinary time units and was negatively correlated with categorical duration judgment. With the feedback of physical elapsed time, categorical duration judgment eliminated the correlation, suggesting that concentration was correlated with duration judgment only when the participants did not have access to information concerning duration. Unlike attention, concentration had an effect on subjective time impression but not on duration estimation, suggesting that it affects time perception differently from effort-based mechanisms.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "SERIAL EXECUTION JOSEPHUS PROBLEM. In this paper, we will study a generalized version of Josephus where a serial execution occurs at each iteration and give a non-recursive formula for the initial positions of survivors.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Failure mode analysis of lead-free solder joints under high speed impact testing. Using an Instron micro-impact system, this study investigates the failure characteristics of 96.5Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu lead-free solder joints aged at either room temperature or 125 degrees C, respectively, and then impacted at shear rates of up to 1 m/s. Four types of failure mode are identified, namely M1: interfacial fracture with no residual solder left on the pad; M2: interfacial fracture with residual solder left on the pad; M3: solder ball fracture; and M4: substrate fracture. The experimental results reveal that the solder specimens fail in different failure modes at the same impact speed. The transition from ductile to brittle failure occurs at an impact speed of around 0.5 m/s. At an impact speed of 0.7(+/- 0.05) m/s or more, over 70% of the specimens fail in the M1 or M2 modes under all of the testing conditions. The isothermal aging process is found to reduce the interfacial strength, and hence the percentage of M3 and M4 mode failures reduces significantly. Overall, the experimental results suggest that the failure mode distribution obtained in high speed impact tests performed at 0.5 m/s provides a feasible component-level quality assurance index. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Identification of key regulators associated with colon cancer prognosis and pathogenesis. Colon cancer (CC) is the fourth deadliest cancer in the world. New insights into prognostication might be helpful to define the optimal adjuvant treatments for patients in routine clinical practice. Here, a microarray dataset with 30 primary tumors and 30 normal samples was analyzed using GEO2R to find differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Then, DAVID, KEGG, ChEA and X2K were used to analyze DEGs-related Gene Ontology, pathways, transcription factors (TFs) and kinases, respectively. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed using the STRING database and Cytoscape. The modules and hub genes of DEGs was determined through MCODE and CytoHubba plugins, and the expression of hub genes was verified using GEPIA. To find microRNAs and metabolites associated with DEGs, miRTarBase and HMDB were used, respectively. It was found that 233 and 373 genes were upregulated and downregulated in CC, respectively. GO analysis showed that the upregulated DEGs were mainly involved in mitotic nuclear division and cell division. Top 10 hub genes were identified, including AURKB, CDK1, DLGAP5, AURKA, CCNB2, CCNB1, BUB1B, CCNA2, KIF20A and BUB1. Whereas, FOMX1, E2F7, E2F1, E2F4 and AR were identified as top 5 TFs in CC. Moreover, CDK1, CDC2, MAPK14, ATM and CK2ALPHA was identified as top 5 kinases in CC. miRNAs analysis showed that Hsa-miR-215-5p hsa-miR-193b-3p, hsa-miR-192-5p and hsa-miR-16-5p could target the largest number of CC genes. Taken together, CC-related genes, especially the hub genes, TFs, and metabolites might be used as novel biomarkers for CC, as well as for diagnosis and guiding therapeutic strategies for CC.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Why Do People Laugh during Dog-Human Play Interactions?. Given that human laughter has been posited to signal playfulness to dogs, nonserious social incongruity, and positive affect, laughter should occur during incongruous contexts in an affectively positive, nonserious social activity such as dog human play. A total of 116 laughs in relation to dogs were discerned on videotapes of 46 dog-human play interactions in the US, 23 with familiar and 23 with unfamiliar pairs. Laughter occurred during 61% of interactions, and always expressed positive. affect. Contexts in which laughter occurred (in decreasing frequency) were failure of the dog during play, or to play at all or as the person wanted; exaggerated or unexpected engagement by the dog; excretion; unexpected success by the dog in obtaining an object; and, once, threat from the dog. Laughter never induced play, and usually occurred when a dog was not playing. Women laughed more than men, especially for a male audience when playing with their own dog. In all contexts, participants experienced incongruous events; contexts were nonserious, except for the dog's threat, where laughter signaled friendliness. These data are largely consistent with laughter signaling positive affect and awareness of (usually nonserious) social incongruity, and inconsistent with laughter signaling playfulness to dogs.", "label": [0, 5, 56, 52, 57, 10]}
+{"token": "Genetic relationships between resistances to Fusarium head blight and crown rot in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Fusarium head blight (FHB) and crown rot (CR) are two wheat diseases caused by the same Fusarium pathogens. Progress towards CR resistance could benefit from FHB-resistant germplasm if the same genes are involved in resistance to these two different diseases. Two independent studies were conducted to investigate the relationship between host resistances to these two diseases. In the first study 32 genotypes were assessed and no significant correlation between their reactions to FHB and CR was detected. The second study was based on a QTL analysis of a doubled haploid population derived from a variety with resistance to both diseases. Results from this study showed that loci conferring resistance to FHB and CR are located on different chromosomes. Together, these results suggest that, despite a common aetiology, different host genes are involved in the resistance against FHB and CR in wheat. Thus, although it is possible that genes affecting both diseases may exist in other germplasm or under different conditions, separate screening seems to be needed in identifying sources of CR resistance.", "label": [0, 2, 6, 7, 20, 9]}
+{"token": "ECOSYSTEM-LEVEL WET TEST OF CAFETERIA DRAINAGE USING MICROCOSM SYSTEM. In Japan, the introduction of the WET (Whole Effluent Toxicity) test is under processing in consideration, but this test may be different from the actual ecosystem phenomena because it is a single species test in spite of the natural ecosystem consists of multi species biota. In this study, we developed the WET test using microcosm (M-WET) which is a simulated ecosystem model and consisted of several species of producer, consumer and decomposer. Both the number of organisms as structural parameter and DO as functional parameter after cafeteria drainage addition were analyzed by branched-type ANOVA, and the microcosm no observed effect concentration (m-NOEC) and toxicity unit (TU) were calculated. As result, the m-NOEC of cafeteria drainage was calculated as 5% and the TU was as 10, and assessed that the cafeteria drainage was discharged safely. It is important to assess the complex influences of chemical agents, such as surfactants, medicines and so on, to the environment. To conduct such comprehensive assessments, M-WET tests should be used to examine drainage with collecting total toxicity test data through single-species tests of chemical contaminants in environmental water.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Effects of boron or carbon on solidification behavior of Co-Ni-Al-W-based superalloys. Effects of B or C on the solidification microstructures of Co-Ni-Al-W-based superalloys are studied. The addition of B from 0 to 0.50 at% significantly decreases the solidus temperature from 1270 to 1249 degrees C and enlarges the solidification temperature range from 87 to 96 degrees C. The addition of B increases the solidification segregation of Mo, Ta, Ti, Nb, Cr and W, and promotes the formation of Laves phase and (gamma + gamma')(e) eutectic, but suppresses the formation of beta phase. M3B2 forms at the final solidification stage when the content of B reaches 0.10 at%. The addition of C reduces the segregation of Ta, Ti, Nb, W; suppresses the formation of the Laves phase, (gamma + gamma')(e) eutectic and beta phase. Dot-shaped and rod-shaped MC carbides form when the content of C reaches 0.10 at%, and MC carbides can refine the primary dendrites arm spacing. The above results provide experimental basis for the composition design and heat treatment optimization of the Co-Ni-Al-W-based superalloys. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Experimental overview of mass measurements. Nuclear masses and binding energies are an important input for nuclear models, constituting strong constraints far from the beta -stability valley. During the last decade, new experimental techniques for the production of exotic nuclei and the measurement of their mass were developed. The present paper gives an overview of these techniques.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "A Model Framework for Greedy Routing in a Sensor Network with a Stochastic Power Scheme. A stochastic model is formulated and analyzed to study the advancements of messages under greedy routing in a sensor network with a power- saving scheme. The aim of this model is give a better understanding of stochastic dependencies arising in the system and to offer a method of computing the advancement of message under greedy routing. We observe that the majority of the stochastic dependence from a routing path is captured by including only the previous forwarding node location. We examine a simple uncoordinated power- saving scheme with a new understanding of its effects on local node density. We propose a method for sensibly limiting the number of transmission reattempts before concluding there is no node in the forwarding region. All expressions involving multidimensional integrals are derived and evaluated readily with quasiMonte Carlo integration methods. An importance sampling function is derived to speed up the quasi- Monte Carlo methods. The integral expressions are compared to simulations and give very agreeable results.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Colonization of floats from submerged derelict fishing gears by four protected species of deep-sea corals and barnacles in the Strait of Messina (central Mediterranean Sea). Overall, 41 floats, colonized by deep benthic species, were found stranded on the shore of the Sicilian coast of the Strait of Messina, between 2016 and 2019. Species composition, number and occurrence of colonizing organisms were analyzed. On the basis of the species composition (the association between E. aspera, P. giganteum and Megabalanus tuknformis), the knowledge on their ecology, biogeography, path of local currents, it was possible to define that the area of origin of the most part of these fishing net floats was the Strait of Messina.The distribution of floating litter in marine waters, influenced by currents and wind drag, often determines the dispersal of its encrusting fauna. In the present paper, we observed for the first time the colonization of rafting floats from abandoned, lost or derelict fishing gears (ALDFG) by the four protected deep-sea species: Errina aspera, Desmophyllum pertusum, Madrepora oculata Pathylasma giganteum.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
+{"token": "Featureless expressions: When morphophonological markers are absent. Ackema and Neeleman (2003) discuss three phenomena that arise in the context of agreement and pronominals: agreement asymmetries, cliticization, and null subjects. They develop a unified analysis for these phenomena, claiming that they all involve a process of weakening within prosodic domains. While we agree with their important insight that the PF interface is responsible for some of these phenomena, we will argue against their weakening analysis. We provide arguments that agreement asymmetries cannot be uniformly analyzed as involving the same processes as phonological cliticization or null subjects. We instead propose that the observed asymmetries arise because of the alternative forms of spelling out features at the PF interface.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Performance Analysis of Fiber Fault PON Monitoring Using Optical Coding: SNR, SNIR, and False-Alarm Probability. We evaluate the theoretical performance of recently proposed optical coding (OC) technology for fiber fault monitoring of a PON through the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio (SNIR), and the false-alarm probability. First, we develop a mathematical model and expressions for the detected monitoring signals considering a square law detector and using realistic parameters. Second, we address the effect of the transmitted pulse power, network size and light source coherence on the performance of both one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) OC monitoring systems. We show that the transmitted pulse width can be optimized to trade-off the interference and the detection noises. We give simple analytic equations for this optimal pulse width as a function of network parameters. Both 1D and 2D coding schemes are considered. We find that, under perfect dispersion compensation, an incoherent source performs better than lasers for 1D coding. In addition, 2D coding using lasers offer very good performance and supports networks up to 128 customers with SNIR >= 10dB; a promising candidate for future high capacity PON. Finally, we apply Neyman-Pearson testing to the receiver of our monitoring system and investigate how coding and network size affect the operational expenses (OPEX) of our monitoring system.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Shelf management of store brands: analysis of manufacturers' perceptions. Purpose - This paper seeks to analyze the shelf management actions undertaken by dealers between manufacturer and store brands, from the manufacturer perspective. Particularly, to know whether there is an agreement in manufacturers' perceptions on the merchandising of the different brands on the shelf or, on the contrary, whether different groups of manufacturers can be identified - in the latter case, to characterize these groups of manufacturers.Findings - On average, manufacturers consider that retailers are favoring unequal competition terms between manufacturer and store brands through better merchandising management for their own brands. Nevertheless, different groups of manufacturers are identified according to their perceptions.Design/methodology/approach - The data come from a survey aimed at the business units of mass commodity companies in Spain. The variables are: seven items on agreement degree regarding the shelf management carried out by distributors, manufacturer's descriptive variables and manufacturer's competitive strategy variables. The manufacturers' perceptions are analyzed by univariate and bivariate descriptive analysis techniques. Different groups of manufacturers in relation to their merchandising and shelf space perceptions are identified by multivariate techniques of cluster and hierarchical segmentation.Originality/value - The potential contribution of this research lies in the identification and characterization of different groups of manufacturers regarding their opinions about shelf management actions undertaken by retailers. Moreover, the results evidence an increasing power of retailers and show manufacturers how they can respond.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
+{"token": "Differential susceptibility of Morettini pears to blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum. Pear fruit (Pyrus communis L. cv Beurre Precoce Morettini) developing on the outside of canopy and exposed to sunlight acquires a bright redness on the exposed side, compared to the green peel fruit that develop within the canopy. At harvest, the main physicochemical parameters of the red and green side of the fruit, including firmness, brix and titratable acidity, were similar in pears harvested at the same day and stage of maturity. However, it was observed that fruits with a red side or that mostly green showed a different response to biotic stress, namely to pathogenic fungi attack. Actually, after 7 days under shelf-life conditions, red fruits demonstrated to be more resistant than green ones when challenged with a postharvest Penicillium expansum inoculation. Significant differences were observed in antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds between both sides of the fruits. Several polyphenols related to mechanisms of induced resistance against fungal plant pathogens were identified in the extracts, such as catechin, quercetin, quinic acid or caffeoylquinic acid. These results suggest that the accumulation of phenolic compounds triggered by sun exposure may be one of the mechanisms responsible for the increased resistance of red -skinned Morettini pears.", "label": [0, 7, 8]}
+{"token": "Myoclonus in Angelman syndrome. Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurogenetic imprinting disorder caused by loss of the maternally inherited Ube3a gene and is characterized by generalized epilepsy, limited expressive speech, sleep dysfunction, and movement disorders. Myoclonic seizures are often the first seizure type to appear, and myoclonic status, associated with developmental regression, may occur in the first few years of life. Additionally, there have been rare reports of prolonged episodes of myoclonus without electrographic correlate in adults with AS.The medical records of 200 individuals seen in the Angelman Syndrome Clinic at the Massachusetts General Hospital and the Lurie Center for Autism were retrospectively reviewed to identify and characterize myoclonic seizures and episodes of nonepileptic myoclonus. Myoclonic seizures were reported in 14% of individuals with age of onset occurring before 8 years. These are brief events. unless the individual was experiencing myoclonic status, and electroencephalographs show interictal generalized spike and wave activity. Nonepileptic myodonus occurred in 40% of individuals over 10 years of age, and prevalence appears to increase with age. The episodes of nonepileptic myoclonus arise during puberty or later, with age of onset ranging from 10 to 26 years. These events were captured on 5 video electroencephalographs and had no electrographic correlate. They can last from seconds to hours, always occurring in the hands and spreading to the face and all extremities in some individuals. Episodes of nonepileptic myoclonus have a discrete beginning and end, lacks a postictal period, and are not associated with significant alteration of consciousness or developmental regression. These episodes can be difficult to treat and are often refractory to medication; however, levetiracetam, clobazam, and clonazepam appear to be effective for some individuals. Myoclonic seizures are common in AS, typically occurring in young children and associated with epileptiform changes on electroencephalographs. Prolonged episodes are associated with developmental regression. In contrast, nonepileptic myoclonus typically begins in adolescence or early adulthood and has no electroencephalogram (EEG) correlate, alteration in consciousness, or regression but can significantly impact quality of life. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 23, 55]}
+{"token": "The role of multi-ethnic workforces in the internationalisation of SMEs. Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of ethnic workforce diversity for the internationalisation of small-to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Using the resource-based view, it is argued that an ethnically diverse workforce can help SMEs in overcoming barriers to internationalisation and increase the degree to which they benefit from globalisation.Practical implications - The paper provides a framework of mechanisms that can sensitise practitioners with regard to the importance of workforce diversity for internationalisation activities as well as human resource management practices.Originality/value - The paper addresses an issue that is shown to be of increasing importance to SMEs, but has so far been largely neglected in research on SMEs.Design/methodology/approach - This is a conceptual paper using the resource-based view (RBV) of the firm to investigate the importance of work force diversity.Research limitations/implications - The findings of the paper have implications for research and practice by shedding light on the importance of this so far largely neglected phenomenon. The findings are limited in as far as they are yet to be tested empirically.Findings - The paper identifies a series of mechanisms that link ethnic workforce diversity to increased internationalisation of SMEs as well as a range of contingencies of this relationship. It calls for a stronger appreciation of individual employees' external, co-ethnic networks and knowledge as a hitherto largely ignored resource in the initiation, management and expansion of SMEs' international operations.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "The use of desoxycorticosterone pivalate in dogs with hypoadrenocorticism: a retrospective study of eight cases. In this article, the use of desoxycorticosterone pivalate is retrospectively reviewed in eight dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism, presented at the Small Animal Department of Ghent University. The results showed that desox corticosterone pivalate provided adequate mineralocorticoid replacement in all cases, also in the dogs that had previously been treated with fludrocortisone acetate. A starting dosage of 1.5 - 2.2 mg/kg SC was used, with a fixed dosing interval of 28 days in most of the cases. Each time, prednisolone was added to the therapy as glucocorticoid supplementation. No side effects related to desoxycorticosterone pivalate therapy were noted and all owners were satisfied with the treatment consisting of desoxycorticosterone pivalate and prednisolone.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "The role of genetic variants of matrix metalloproteinases in coronary and carotid atherosclerosis. Current evidence suggests that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have a role in early atherosclerosis, plaque rupture and myocardial infarction. Polymorphisms in MMP genes have been examined for associations with atherosclerosis, but interpretation is complicated by methodological issues. This article presents a systematic review of these association studies and a meta-analysis of available data for polymorphisms where a sufficient number of studies was available. The 5A allele of the MMP3 5A/6A polymorphism was associated with acute myocardial infarction (odds ratio (OR) 1.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1 to 1.4, p < 0.001), suggesting its role in plaque rupture. There was no association with the functional MMP9 - 1562C/T polymorphism (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.3, p = 0.18). Current data provide evidence for the role of MMP3 polymorphism in plaque destabilisation, but elucidation of the role of other MMP gene variants in atherosclerosis will depend on better study design, including a larger sample size, extensive screening of individual genes with haplotype analysis and replication of studies to avoid publication bias.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Four-dimensional N=1 F[R] supergravity. We propose a supersymmetric generalization of f[R] gravity, calling it F[R] supergravity. We adopt the so-called unimodular supergravity (UMSG). We first give an explicitly invariant Lagrangian L-inv equivalent to L-SG + L-H in dimensions 2 <= D-for all <= 11, where L-H is linear in the D-form field strength H = dC, while L-SG is the ordinary supergravity Lagrangian. We then establish the total Lagrangian L-tot equivalent to eF vertical bar e(-1) L-inv vertical bar + L-C, with the constraint term L-C for the UMSG formulation. As an explicit example, we study N = 1 supergravity in four dimensions (4D). We show that the solutions to the field equations for conventional L-SG satisfy the field equation of the new system with L-tot. Since the function F[e(-1)L(ind)] is an arbitrary (non)polynomial function of e(-1) L-inv, there can be many other solutions, including those for non-supersymmetric f[R] gravity. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "Application technology opportunity discovery from technology portfolios: Use of patent classification and collaborative filtering. Technology opportunity discovery (TOD), customized to a firm's current technology capability, can be a good starting point to formulate a technology strategy for a firm that lacks technology information, experts, and/or facilities. Although patent-based studies have suggested systematic methods for customized TOD, these methods have limitations such as insufficient consideration of a target firm's technology portfolio and difficulty of method reproducibility due to expert intervention-based text mining. Therefore, this paper proposes an approach to determine application technology opportunities customized to a target firm by applying collaborative filtering to firms' technology portfolios, which are represented as a set of patent classification codes of the firm's patents. The proposed method involves 1) structuring technology portfolios as firm-international patent classification (IPC) distribution vectors using main group-level IPC codes of the applicants' patents, recommending main group-level IPCs untapped by the target firm and with high preference scores by using collaborative filtering, and 3) classifying the recommended IPCs for the firm's strategic decision-making support using indexes of heterogeneity, growth rate, and competition level. To show the workings of this approach, we applied it to a high-tech firm with wireless communication technology, building on the analysis of large-scale patents and their applicants. This approach is expected to contribute to the systematic identification of application technology opportunities customized to firms and across various industries, and to become a basis for developing future technology intelligence systems. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48, 52]}
+{"token": "Attachment to God, Stressful Life Events, and Changes in Psychological Distress. Considerable research shows that social relationships, attachments, and support systems promote emotional well-being. The present study adds to this literature by examining the connection between attachments to God and psychological distress. Analyzing longitudinal data (two waves) from a study of Presbyterian (PCUSA) elders and rank-and-file laypersons, results show that: (1) a secure attachment to God at baseline is associated with a decrease in distress over time; (2) a secure attachment to God buffers against the deleterious effects of stressful life events on distress; and (3) an anxious attachment to God exacerbates the harmful effects of stress. In these analyses, a secure attachment to God is a more robust predictor of changes in distress than many, more commonly studied variables including race, gender, SES, and church attendance. Future research should therefore replicate and extend this line of promising scholarship by examining additional outcomes such as psychiatric illness, physical health, and even mortality risk.", "label": [3, 5, 33, 57]}
+{"token": "Bubble CPAP versus Ventilator CPAP in Preterm Neonates with Early Onset Respiratory Distress-A Randomized Controlled Trial. Methods: In a randomized controlled trial, preterm neonates with Silverman-Anderson score epsilon 4 and oxygen requirement > 30% within first 6 h of life were randomly allocated to BCPAP or VCPAP. Proportion of neonates with success or failure was compared.Bubble continuous positive airway pressure (BCPAP) is a low cost nasal CPAP delivery system with potential benefits to developing nations.Conclusion: BCPAP has higher success rate than VCPAP for managing preterm neonates with early onset respiratory distress, with comparable safety.Results: In all, 47 of 57 (82.5%) neonates from BCPAP group and 36 of 57 (63.2%) neonates from the VCPAP group completed CPAP successfully (p = 0.03). Neonates who failed CPAP had higher Silverman-Anderson score (p < 0.01), lower arterial to alveolar oxygenation ratio (p < 0.05) and needed surfactant more frequently (p < 0.01).Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety of BCPAP with ventilator-derived CPAP (VCPAP) in preterm neonates with respiratory distress.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Effect of the Size Factor on the Lattice Parameter and the Debye Temperature of Iron Alloys Doped with Chromium or Vanadium. For modelling thermodynamic properties of the Fe-Cr alloys necessary to know the concentration dependences of the Debye temperature, the lattice parameter, the elastic moduli, the average magnetic moment, and the Curie temperature. The investigations are performed on iron alloys with chromium or vanadium in the concentration range 2-8 at %. The lattice parameters of the alloys are determined by comparing them with a standard sample placed on the surface of the sample under study. As the standard, a silicon crystal is used, and its lattice parameter is measured by the high-precision Bond method. The Debye temperatures of the alloys are determined from the temperature dependences of the integrated X-ray diffraction line intensities. The specific magnetization is measured by the Faraday method to compare the magnetic properties of Fe-Cr and Fe-V alloys. The partial magnetic moment of the iron atom is shown to increase with the alloying-element concentration.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Assessment of 12 qualitative RT-PCR commercial kits for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. The emergence of the novel coronavirus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the late months of 2019 had the officials to declare a public health emergency leading to a global response. Public measurements rely on an accurate diagnosis of individuals infected with the virus by using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The aim of our study is to relate the fundamental clinical and analytical performance of SARS-CoV-2 (RT-PCR) commercial kits. A total of 94 clinical samples were selected. Generally, 400 mu l of each respiratory specimen was subjected to extraction using ExiPrep 96 Viral RNA Kit. All kits master mix preparation, cycling protocol, thermocycler, and results interpretation were carried out according to the manufacturer's instructions of use and recommendations. The performance of the kits was comparable except for the LYRA kit as it was less sensitive (F = 67, p < .001). Overall, four kits scored a sensitivity of 100% including: BGI, IQ Real, Sansure, and RADI. For specificity, all the tested kits scored above 95%. The performance of these commercial kits by gene target showed no significant change in CT values which indicates that kits disparities are mainly linked to the oligonucleotide of the gene target. We believe that most of the commercially available RT-PCR kits included in this study can be used for routine diagnosis of patients with SARS-CoV-2. We recommend including kits with multiple targets in order to monitor the virus changes over time.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Plasma-catalytic removal of toluene over the supported manganese oxides in DBD reactor: Effect of the structure of zeolites support. The degradation of toluene in dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor packed with zeolites or MnOx/zeolites was investigated. The supported catalysts were prepared by loading 3 wt% of manganese on different zeolites (MCM-41, ZSM-5 and 13X) and were characterized in detail using N-2 adsorption, XRD, TEM, H-2-TPR and XPS analysis technology. Compared to the non-thermal plasma (NTP) alone system, the toluene degradation was improved significantly in NTP-MnOx/zeolites system. The highest toluene conversion of 99.4%, the CO2 selectivity of 73%, the carbon balance of 99.5% can be achieved in DBD reactor packed with MnOx/MCM-41. Both XRD and TEM results confirm that the manganese oxides were dispersed more uniformly on MnOx/MCM-41 than on MnOx/ZSM-5 or MnOx/13X. H-2-TPR and XPS results suggest that manganese oxides on MnOx/MCM-41 are MnO2 and Mn2O3, while those on MnOx/ZSM-5 or MnOx/13X are MnO2 and MnO. These results indicate that the structures of zeolites play a significant role in the dispersion and oxidation state of manganese oxides, then affecting the activity of catalyst for toluene removal in plasma-catalysis system. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Exploiting 2A peptides to elicit potent neutralizing antibodies by a multi subunit herpesvirus glycoprotein complex. Neutralizing antibodies (NAb) interfering with glycoprotein complex-mediated virus entry into host cells are thought to contribute to the protection against herpesvirus infection. However, using herpesvirus glycoprotein complexes as vaccine antigens can be complicated by the necessity of expressing multiple subunits simultaneously to allow efficient complex assembly and formation of conformational NAb epitopes. By using a novel bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone of the clinically deployable Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vector and exploiting ribosomal skipping mediated by 2A peptides, MVA vectors were generated that expressed self processing subunits of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) pentamer complex (PC) composed of gH, gL, UL128, UL130, and UL131A. These MVA vectors expressed 2A-linked HCMV PC subunits that were efficiently cleaved and transported to the cell surface as protein complexes forming conformational neutralizing epitopes. In addition, vaccination of mice by only two immunizations with these MVA vectors resulted in potent HCMV NAb responses that remained stable over a period of at least six months. This method of eliciting NAb by 2A-linked, self-processing HCMV PC subunits could contribute to develop a HCMV vaccine candidate and may serve as a template to facilitate the development of subunit vaccine strategies against other herpesviruses.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42, 21]}
+{"token": "POPULAR KINEMATICS: TECHNICAL KNOWING IN THE AGE OF MACHINES. The history of knowledge easily includes the history of science but has a harder time including the history of technology. Although the historical profession has productively explored how technology is knowledge, the framing of this equivalence can itself be historicized, and nineteenth-century analyses of machines offer one opportunity to do so. Taking popular illustrated representations of machine components-mechanisms-as its examples, this essay pursues a mechanic's answer to the question of how technology is knowledge. Henry T. Brown's immensely popular Five Hundred and Seven Mechanical Movements (1868) draws on a long publication tradition to present mechanical motion as the key to understanding machines, a notion that would be revised by practitioners of the emergent science of kinematics and profession of mechanical engineering. Brown's book takes up but does not solve the problem of representing mechanical movement on the page, and it exhibits contradictory commitments to technology as ideational-invented by individuals-and technology as the cumulative expressions of human culture. Itself the product of the latest industrial printing techniques, Five Hundred and Seven Mechanical Movements represents technical knowing as a species of intuitive visualization stimulated by text-image correlation as well as by experiencing machines themselves.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Integrated pest management of Tuta absoluta: practical implementations across different world regions. The South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), has invaded most Afro-Eurasian countries and is threatening worldwide tomato production. Various strategies have been developed and implemented to manage this pest. Here, we present a timely review on the up-to-date development and practical implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) programs for tomato crops across different world regions infested by T. absoluta. While insecticide resistance is a growing concern, biological control via releasing or conserving arthropod natural enemies and sex pheromone-based biotechnical control are the most successful management practices. Agronomic control-related research is an emerging area where the soil fertilization and/or irrigation, as well as breeding of resistant cultivars, has the potential to enhance IPM effectiveness. Grower survey responses in the native areas (i.e., South America), early-invaded areas (i.e., first report between 2006 and 2012) and newly invaded areas (i.e., first report after 2012) showed that the control programs evolved along with the areas and time since invasion. Growers in the early-invaded areas shifted more rapidly from chemical control to biological control compared to those from the native area. In all concerned regions, the pest control failure risk following chemical insecticide applications and the high cost associated with either biological or biotechnical control methods have been the greatest concerns for growers. The information gathered from the native and/or early-invaded areas may help achieve a more effective management in newly invaded areas. Lastly, researchers are expected to break the bottlenecks of some key issues that would enable lowering application cost of novel biorational alternative management options.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Examining Private Landowners' Knowledge Systems for an Invasive Species. Shared ecological knowledge about the impacts of biological invasions can facilitate the collective action necessary to achieve desired management outcomes. Since its introduction to an island archipelago in South America, the North American beaver has caused major changes to the ecosystem. We examined landowners' mental models of how beavers impact ecosystem services in riparian areas to understand the potential to implement a large-scale eradication program. We used ethnographic interviews to characterize individual landowners' perceptions about beaver-caused changes to ecosystems and landowners' wellbeing, and examined the degree to which they are shared. While the eradication initiative focuses on ecosystem integrity, landowners considered impacts on provisioning services to be most salient. Landowners did not have a highly shared causal model of beaver impacts, which indicates a diverse knowledge system. This lack of consensus on how beavers impact riparian areas provides some optimism for garnering support for eradication, and also offers insights into challenges with mental modeling methodologies.", "label": [5, 56, 52, 57]}
+{"token": "THE WORLD AS FABLE, STORY AND PICTURE: THE MEANING AND SENSE OF THE CONCEPT OF FABLE IN RENE DESCARTES' PHILOSOPHY. The article is an attempt to interpret one of the most complicated concepts in Rene Descartes' philosophy and writing-the lexeme \\\\'fable which refers to a kind of text that uses the figure of a first-person narrator to blend scientific reasoning and a philosophical moral into a work of literature. The world in Descartes' thinking appears in four types. First, there is the world created by God and recreated by the philosopher in his writings. Second, the world is the book of the world itself, an image so precious to Descartes that he calls it \\\\'My World.\\\\' This leads to the third meaning of \\\\'world\\\\' in Descartes' thinking, which involves secular life and a community of learned men and women. The philosopher's inner world is hidden behind the three worlds already presented. It unfolds in the philosopher's letters, through which he communicates with those close to him and those afar, with both like-minded people and his opponents. The letters reveal the philosopher's strange, bizarre and sometimes phantasmagorical inner world. They show Descartes as a secular and public philosopher, who toward the end of his life also became a court philosopher. Learned women, including royal personages, sought his company, and his inner circle consisted of the hardened freethinkers characterized as libertines in the pamphlets and society of the time. His way of life came under criticism from theologians and pedants.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Ad Quirinum Book Three and Cyprian's Catechumenate. Although widely viewed as an unorganized catechetical document, Cyprian's Ad Quirinum Book Three has not been systematically analyzed for what it might reveal about the third-century North African catechumenate. By mapping discernible patterns in the headings and accompanying Scriptures, I will demonstrate that large sections of Book Three have a logical order, which helped catechists and catechumens memorize and practice the Scriptures. The first twenty-three precepts trained catechumens to practice economic sharing and to nonviolently respond to expected mistreatment. Later sections focus on disciplina, biblical book Studies, and eschatological and baptismal concerns.", "label": [3, 31, 33]}
+{"token": "Barriers to Competitive Integrated Employment of Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often experience barriers to competitive integrated employment during their transition to adulthood. To better understand potential reasons for these barriers, we interviewed 10 young adults with ASD, ages 18-26, and their parents or guardians. We audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed the interviews using grounded theory methods. Four major themes emerged as barriers to employment: (a) pre-employment challenges, (b) logistics, (c) few on-the-job supports, and (d) a disconnect between interests and job tasks. These findings indicated young adults who desire competitive employment may benefit from autism-specific interventions and employment programming. Suggestions for research and practice related to the competitive integrated employment of individuals with ASD are discussed.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 53]}
+{"token": "Mammy, Sapphire, and Jezebel: Historical images of black women and their implications for psychotherapy. The purpose of this article is to identify three historical images of Black women (Mammy, Sapphire, & Jezebel), discuss their historic origins, and describe the impact of each image on various aspects of Black women's psychological functioning. Connections will be made between the Mammy image and disordered eating, concerns about physical features, such as skin color and hair texture, and role strain; between the Sapphire image and the expression of anger; and between the Jezebel image and sexual functioning and victimization. Implications of these images for psychotherapeutic practice will be discussed.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Manufacturing and services: From mass production to mass customization. Manufacturing and services constitute two of the five sectors of every country's economy; depending on the maturity of the economy, they are - in terms of employment - typically the two largest sectors. The outputs or products of an economy can also be divided into goods products (due to manufacturing, construction, agriculture and mining) and services products. To date, the goods and services products have, for the most part, been mass produced; it is the premise of this paper that recent technological advances - including flexible manufacturing, cloud computing, nanotechnology and smart sensing - can better enable the transformation from mass production to mass customization. We regard mass customization as the simultaneous and real time management of supply and demand chains, based on a taxonomy that can be defined in terms of its underpinning component and management foci. From a components perspective, we first consider the value chain of supplier, manufacturer, assembler, retailer, and customer, and then develop a consistent set of definitions for supply and demand chains based on the location of the customer order penetration point. From a management perspective, we classify the methods that are employed in the management of these chains, based on whether supply and/or demand are flexible or fixed. Interestingly, our management taxonomy highlights a very critical research area at which both supply and demand are flexible, thus manageable. Simultaneous management of supply and demand chains sets the stage for mass customization which is concerned with meeting the needs of an individualized customer market. Simultaneous and real time management of supply and demand chains set the stage for real time mass customization (e.g., wherein a tailor first laser scans an individual's upper torso and then delivers a uniquely fitted jacket within a reasonable period, while the individual is waiting). The benefits of real time mass customization cannot be over-stated as goods and services become indistinguishable and are co-produced - as \\\\'servgoods\\\\' - in real time, resulting in an overwhelming economic advantage.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Parent Perspectives on Community Mental Health Services for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. The community mental health (CMH) system provides treatment for behavioral and psychiatric problems in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Although parent stakeholder perspectives are important to improving care, these perspectives have not been systematically examined for this population in the CMH sector. Twenty-one semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with parents of children with ASD who received services in CMH clinics. Themes related to child clinical histories, service access and experiences with the CMH system revealed a specific trajectory of service need identification, obtaining a diagnosis, and experience with services. Each trajectory stage was marked by high parent stress. Results provide information about the characteristics of children with ASD served in community mental health clinics and direction for targeted improvement efforts.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 23, 55]}
+{"token": "The Manganese-Dependent Pyruvate Kinase PykM Is Required for Wild-Type Glucose Utilization by Brucella abortus 2308 and Its Virulence in C57BL/6 Mice. Pyruvate kinase plays a central role in glucose catabolism in bacteria, and efficient utilization of this hexose has been linked to the virulence of Brucella strains in mice. The brucellae produce a single pyruvate kinase which is an ortholog of the Bradyrhizobium manganese (Mn)-dependent pyruvate kinase PykM. A biochemical analysis of the Brucella pyruvate kinase and phenotypic analysis of a Brucella abortus mutant defective in high-affinity Mn import indicate that this enzyme is an authentic PykM ortholog which functions as a Mn-dependent enzyme in vivo. The loss of PykM has a negative impact on the capacity of the parental 2308 strain to utilize glucose, fructose, and galactose but not on its ability to utilize ribose, xylose, arabinose, or erythritol, and a pykM mutant displays significant attenuation in C57BL/6 mice. Although the enzyme pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PpdK) can substitute for the loss of pyruvate kinase in some bacteria and is also an important virulence determinant in Brucella, a phenotypic analysis of B. abortus 2308 and isogenic pykM, ppdK, and pykM ppdK mutants indicates that PykM and PpdK make distinctly different contributions to carbon metabolism and virulence in these bacteria.IMPORTANCE Mn plays a critical role in the physiology and virulence of Brucella strains, and the results presented here suggest that one of the important roles that the high-affinity Mn importer MntH plays in the pathogenesis of these strains is supporting the function of the Mn-dependent kinase PykM. A better understanding of how the brucellae adapt their physiology and metabolism to sustain their intracellular persistence in host macrophages will provide knowledge that can be used to design improved strategies for preventing and treating brucellosis, a disease that has a significant impact on both the veterinary and public health communities worldwide.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Separation of Product Associating E. coli Host Cell Proteins OppA and DppA from Recombinant Apolipoprotein A-I-milano in an Industrial HIC Unit Operation. We have shown how product associating E. coli host cell proteins (HCPs) OppA and DppA can be substantially separated from apolipoprotein A-I-Milano (apo A-I-M) using Butyl Sepharose hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). This work illustrates the complex problems that frequently arise during development and scale-up of biopharmaceutical manufacturing processes. Product association of the HCPs is confirmed using co-immunoprecipitation and Western blotting techniques. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry techniques are used to confirm the identity of OppA and DppA. In this example, clearance of these difficult to separate HCPs decreased significantly when the process was scaled to a 1.4 m diameter column. Laboratory-scale experimentation and trouble shooting identified several key parameters that could be further optimized to improve HCP clearance. The key parameters included resin loading, peak cut point on the ascending side, wash volume, and wash salt concentration. By implementing all of the process improvements that were identified, it was possible to obtain adequate HCP clearance so as to meet the final specification. Although it remains speculative, it is believed that viscosity effects may have contributed to the lower HCP clearance observed early in the manufacturing campaign. (C) 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 25: 446-453, 2009", "label": [0, 2, 19, 8]}
+{"token": "Disappearing coastal dunes: tourism development and future challenges, a case-study from Ravenna, Italy. The importance of tourism and the evident impacts from coastal overdevelopment are two realities that coastal managers have to face. Coastal tourism in the Ravenna province started in the end of 19th century and has grown immensely over the last 60 years, stimulated by a combination of rapid urban built-up and increasing in beach holiday attraction. This paper presents preliminary results on evolution of coastal dunes focusing on tourism development and impacts arising from it. Determination of spatial and temporal dunes settings was performed within a GIS environment. A multitemporal investigation provided a description of coastal dunes transformation with emphasis on historical aspects of landscape changes. Marina di Ravenna was selected as a remarkably representative example illustrating the highest level of tourism development pressure on the coastal dunes. The study shows that extensive stretches of coastal dunes have been removed, mainly due to intensive construction of beach establishments. Total loss of coastal dunes in Marina di Ravenna was estimated about 18 ha over almost 60 years, an equivalent to 28 football pitches. The results reveal that the relation between tourism development and coastal dune evolution in Ravenna coastal area is evident, and requires more detailed investigation at different scales, combining other coastal factors to the analysis.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Role of the general dental practitioner in managing the risks of orthodontic treatment. The aim of this article is to outline the potential risks in orthodontic treatment and the general dental practitioner's role in reducing and managing such risks. The success of orthodontic treatment largely depends on patient understanding of the risk/benefit implications of the orthodontic treatment and all of the potential consequences involved in such treatment. A perfect blend of good case selection, sound clinical judgement and, more importantly, a patient's clear understanding of the potential risks involved and the treatment implications help minimise and manage potential hazards that occur during the course of the treatment.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Thermal dependence of multidrug-resistant-modulator efficiency: A study in anionic liposomes. The results provide evidence that in tissues with high metabolic levels and therefore high temperatures, MDR-reversal is likely to be enhanced via favourable drug-membrane interactions controlled by the electric charge of the modulators.This study was designed to test the hypothesis that there exists a correlation between the ability of lipophilic drugs to mediate the reversal of multidrug-resistance (MDR) by interacting with the membrane phospholipids and the metabolic level in tissues. The permeation properties of five MDR-modulators were studied by quantifying their ability to induce the leakage of Sulphan blue through unilamellar liposomes, over the temperature range 27-42 degreesC.The dye leakage induced by a non-ionic detergent (Triton X-100), two calcium blockers (diltiazem and verapamil) and two antiparasitic agents (thioacridine derivative and mepacrine) was temperature-dependent. The permeation process was a co-operative one (1.1 < Hill coefficient (<7.5) and the permeation doses inducing 50% dye leakage (PD50) were 1.5-14.9mM. The permeation ability of the MDR-modulators (log(1/PD50)) decreased significantly as the net electric charge (z) increased. The passive dye leakage (DeltaG < 0) was found to be an endothermic process (<Delta>H > 0), favoured by an increase in the membrane disorder (DeltaS > 0). The apparent enthalpy factor (DeltaH(50)) associated with 50% dye leakage increased with the net electric charge of the compound, and this energetically non-favoured event was entirely offset by the concomitant increase in the entropy factor (DeltaS(50)) The apparent permeation enthalpy (DeltaH(50)) and entropy (DeltaS(50)) showed the lowest values for Triton X-100 (DeltaH(50) = 7.1 +/- 0.53 kJ mol(-1), DeltaS(50) = 76.9 +/- 1.86 J mol(-1) K-1), and the highest values for mepacrine (DeltaH(50) = 79-5 +/- 3.80 KJ mol(-1), Delta (50) = 306.7 +/- 5.97Jmol(-1) K-1). When the temperature was increased from 27 to 42 degreesC, the apparent Gibbs free energy (DeltaG(50)) Of the dye leakage induced by Triton X-100 decreased by less than 10% of the initial value, and that induced by mepacrine decreased by nearly 40%.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "UNDERSTANDING SPIRITUALITY AN EXPLORATORY STUDY ON ROMANIAN YOUTH AND NEW METHODOLOGICAL DIRECTIONS. The manner in which people define spirituality from their personal perspective is important for their engagement in spiritual concerns. In the present article we employed two approaches for this purpose. Firstly, we investigated the Psychology of religion literature to find how spirituality is defined. Secondly, we conducted an empirical exploratory study, using thematic analysis, in order to tap into the manner in which young people define spirituality. Through the thematic analysis we extracted five major themes which reflect how participants define spirituality: spirituality as personal development, spirituality as inner personal world, spirituality as a relationship between the individual and the divine, spirituality as an unseen world beyond our world and the intrinsic interdependence between spirituality and religiosity. In order to expand the study of spirituality, we propose two alternative and complementary methodological approaches: an intentional focus approach, through analysis of personal goals which focus on the individual character of spirituality and a transdisciplinary approach that allows the conceptualization and accounts for the unseen world spirituality often refers to.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Resistance of listeria monocytogenes F365 cells to synthetic gastric fluid is greater following growth on ready-to-eat deli turkey meat than in brain heart infusion broth. Ready-to-eat (RTE) deli meats have been categorized as high-risk foods for contraction of foodborne listeriosis. Several recent listeriosis outbreaks have been associated with the consumption of RTE deli turkey meat. In this study, we examined whether the growth of Listeria monocytogenes F2365 on commercially prepared RTE deli turkey meat causes listerial cells to become more resistant to inactivation by synthetic gastric fluid (SGF). Listerial cells grown on turkey meat to late logarithmic-early stationary phase were significantly more resistant to SGF at pH 7.0, 5.0, or 3.5 than listerial cells grown in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth. The pH was lower in the fluid in packages of turkey meat than in BHI broth (6.5 versus 7.5). However, listerial cells grown in BHI broth adjusted to a lower pH (6.0) did not exhibit enhanced resistance to SGE The lesser resistance to SGF of listerial cells grown in BHI broth may be due, in part, to the presence of glucose (0.2%). This study indicates the environment presented by the growth of L. monocytogenes on deli turkey meat affects its ability to survive conditions it encounters in the gastrointestinal tract.", "label": [0, 2, 19, 8]}
+{"token": "Factors determining cardiac nurses' intentions to continue using a smoking cessation protocol. OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcome measures were nurses' intentions and motives for continuing to use a smoking cessation protocol for patients who smoke.RESPONDENTS: Respondents were 85 nurses who worked in the cardiology wards of the hospitalsOBJECTIVE: Our objective was to facilitate the continued use of a smoking cessation protocol among cardiac nurses by assessing their intentions and motives for continuation. A model that combines attitude, social influence, and self-efficacy constructs as predictors of intentions (ASE model) served as the theoretical framework.SETTING: The study took place in the cardiology wards of 5 hospitals.RESULTS: Greater perceived simplicity and advantages of the protocol were associated with increased intentions to continue, whereas perceived social influences and self-efficacy were not. The influence of the level of experience in using the protocol and the nurses' own smoking behavior was mediated by attitude about the smoking cessation protocol.CONCLUSIONS: Nurses who do not intend to continue using the protocol need to be convinced of the advantages of working with such a protocol and of its user-friendliness.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
+{"token": "Environmental method for spectrophotometric determination of copper(II). A highly stable ternary complex of copper(II) with 5-(4-nitrophenylazo) salicylic acid (NPAS) and 2,2'-Dipyridyl (Dp) in ethanol medium at room temperature gave a maximum absorption at 520 nm with a molar absorptivity 2.60 x 10(4) L mol(-1) cm(-1). This method was characterized by safety to the environment as there are no uses of hazardous solvents, which may harm our environment. The linear range for copper determination was 2.2-6.3 mg L-1. The method was sensitive, accurate, and tolerant to many foreign ions. All the reagents were stable under the working conditions. Moreover, the method was easy to perform for the determination of copper in pharmaceutical, biological, and water samples.", "label": [4, 36, 39]}
+{"token": "The Personal Learning Environment of Unaccompanied Foreign Minors in Spain. Spain is one of the countries with the greatest number of unaccompanied foreign minors (UFM) whose educational and social inclusion is a challenge and a priority. The present research considers the use of tools and strategies as fundamental for the inclusion of minors and improvement of their personal learning environment (PLE): self-concept of the learning process, planning and management of this process, and communication and social interaction. Thus, a quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study is presented that seeks to answer the question: What perception do unaccompanied foreign minors have of their personal learning environment and what sociodemographic variables influence these perceptions? The sample was formed by a total of 592 UFM aged between 11 and 17 years old. The main finding was that this group perceived their personal learning environment to be characterised by acceptable levels of the four main pertinent dimensions: (1) self-concept of the learning process (x = 3.97); (2) planning and management of learning (x = 3.72); (3) use of resources and tools (x = 3.31); (4) communication and social interaction (x = 3.71) (all considered on a 5-point scale). Personal learning environment was significantly determined by variables including the use of applications, age and language. As a main conclusion, there remains a lot of work to be done by institutions in order to improve the dimensions linked to PLE's and promote the educational and social integration of minors.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Drainage of senescent astrocytes from brain via meningeal lymphatic routes. Recent progress on the central lymphatic system has greatly increased our understanding of how the brain maintains its own waste homeostasis. Here, we showed that perivascular spaces and meningeal lymphatic vessels form a functional route for clearance of senescent astrocytes from the aging brain. Blocking meningeal lymphatic drainage by ligation of the deep cervical lymph nodes impaired clearance of senescent astrocytes from brain parenchyma, subsequently increasing neuroinflammation in aged mice. By contrast, enhancing meningeal lymphatic vessel diameter by a recombinant adeno-associated virus encoding mouse vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) improved clearance of senescent astrocytes and mitigated neuroinflammation. Mechanistically, VEGF-C was highly expressed in senescent astrocytes, contributing themselves to migrate across lymphatic vessels along C-C motif chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21) gradient by interacting with VEGF receptor 3. Moreover, intra-cisternal injection of antibody against CCL21 hampered senescent astrocytes into the lymphatic vessels and exacerbated short memory defects of aged mice. Together, these findings reveal a new perspective for the meningeal lymphatics in the removal of senescent astrocytes, thus offering a valuable target for therapeutic intervention.", "label": [2, 18, 23]}
+{"token": "Production and characterization of slow pyrolysis biochar from lignin-rich digested stillage from lignocellulosic ethanol production. Lignin-rich digested stillage as a novel feedstock for biochar production was subjected to slow pyrolysis. The lignin residue stemmed from a lignocellulosic ethanol pilot run with poplar, from which the stillage was anaerobically digested prior to pyrolysis. Pyrolysis conditions were optimized to meet guidelines put forth by the International Biochar Initiative and the European Biochar Certificate (molar H/C-org ratio and O/C-org ratio <0.4), as biochar could be carbon-negative upon soil amendment, while reallocating nutrients to the field. Bench-scale pyrolysis of the lignin residue and straw were conducted according to a 3(3) factorial design with center runs (ranges: 370-450 degrees C highest treatment temperature, 5-45 min holding time and 5-50 degrees C.min(-1) heating rate). Parametric and nonparametric statistics revealed that the highest treatment temperature was by far the most influencing factor for both feedstocks which 'pushed' H/C and O/C ratios within the desired range. Lignin-based biochar can be obtained with 50.7% yield, a H/C ratio of 0.70 and an O/C ratio of 0.20, already at 384 degrees C. This is considerably better when compared to straw-based biochar with identical H/C and O/C ratios, which came with a lower yield (33.7%) and required a modestly higher temperature (410 degrees C). Results from this study emphasize the feasibility to integrate slow pyrolysis in a lignocellulosic biorefinery.", "label": [0, 1, 2, 6, 19, 15]}
+{"token": "Culture variability associated with the US Environmental Protection Agency Tuberculocidal Activity Test Method. Tuberculosis continues to be a major world health threat, The etiologic agent is among the vegetative organisms most resistant to chemical disinfection. Tuberculocidal efficacy testing for regulatory approval of chemical germicides has evolved considerably over the past decade, A method currently in use is the Environmental Protection Agency Tuberculocidal Activity Test Method, a suspension test using a Mycobacterium bovis culture grown under specific conditions and stored frozen until used. Differing tuberculocidal label claims on products with similar formulations have raised questions concerning the equivalence of test suspensions prepared by different laboratories. Five M. bovis suspensions from laboratories currently performing this test were compared against a battery of three disinfectants at a single test site, A significant difference between test cultures was found, with two of the Eve exhibiting a significant difference from the other three and also from each other, There was a significant culture-by-disinfectant interaction, indicating that the five cultures did not respond in a consistent manner across the different disinfectants used. However, these differences were due to cultures that were not prepared in accordance with the standard procedure or otherwise did not meet the test suspension criteria. In addition, a 0.55% sodium hypochlorite solution was found to be a sensitive indicator of culture variability. These data reinforce the need to adhere to published procedures and guidelines when growing and preparing a tuberculocidal test suspension and shed light on the variables associated with this type of testing.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 43]}
+{"token": "Efficacy of yeasts in the management of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, in Flame Seedless grape vines and the consequent effect on the productivity of the vines. Twenty-two yeast strains were screened for their efficacy in suppression of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on Flame Seedless grapevines. The most effective seven strains were chosen to study their effect on nematode population in vitro and in vivo as well as their impact on crop productivity and fruit quality. Data showed that all treatments significantly reduced the number of juveniles in vitro after 24 and 48 h. The highest percentage of nematode mortality was achieved by the application of Pichia gluilliermondii Moh10, Pachytrichospora transvaalensis Y-1240, Candida albicans Moh Y-5 and Geotichum terrestre Y 2162. Similarly, under greenhouse conditions, all treatments significantly reduced the number of juveniles and disease index compared to the untreated plants during both incubation periods (30 and 50 days). Under field conditions, the tested yeast strains as well as Nemacour (nematocide) resulted in a significant reduction (P<0.05) of populations of Meloidogyne incognita compared to the control in two successive seasons tested. The beneficial impact of application of yeast strains was reflected in crop productivity on Flame Seedless grapevines as well as fruit quality. Percentages of vegetative buds, flower buds, shoot length and leaf number were significantly enhanced as a result of application of the different yeast strains and Nemacour. Bunch weight, berry weight and berry numbers were significantly increased by Pachytrichospora transvaalensis Y-1240, Geotichum terrestre Y-2162 and Candida albicans Moh Y-5. Nemacour and other yeast strains did not show any significant differences compared to the infected vines. Percentage of total soluble solids (TSS%) increased by applying all yeast strains, whereas Nemacour treatment gave the highest value of both TSS percent and percentage of acidity and increased anthocyanins in the skin of berries.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 44]}
+{"token": "Turkish honey bees belong to the east Mediterranean mitochondrial lineage. Honey bees were collected from 12 localities in Turkey. The mitochondrial genomes of these bees were surveyed for the presence or absence of four restrictions sites that differentiate three lineages of honey bee mitochondrial DNA (west European, east Mediterranean and African). Based on these diagnostic sites, all samples match the east Mediterranean lineage. Samples from Thrace also possessed an additional XbaI restriction site in cytochrome oxidase I previously known only from Apis mellifera carnica.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF THE BOLLANDISTS OR ON THE FIRST CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ACADEMIC STUDY OF THE SOURCES FOR THE LIFE AND ACTIVITY OF STS CYRIL AND METHODIUS. This publication traces the shaping of the Latin hagiographic dossier on St Cyril and St Methodius under the impact of the trends of the Counter-Reformation. At the time, under the influence of political and ecclesiastical events, a significant change occurred in attitudes towards the writing of history and the use of sources. The first Baroque hagiographical series appeared as a result of the rivalry between Protestantism and the Catholic Church. Scholars of hagiographies developed a methodology for studying, commenting on, and publishing hagiographical texts. Based on some ideas inspired by the Commentaries on the Roman Martyrology and the Ecclesiastical Annals by Caesar Baronius, the most celebrated hagiographical series, the Acta Sanctorum, arose in Jesuit circles. In keeping with the paradigm set by Pope Gregory XIII's Roman Martyrology, in its March volume, the Bollandists included St Cyril and St Methodius as bishops of Moravia with the See of Olomouc among the memorials for 9 March. Led by the general conception of the series announced in the treatise-praise of the Founder of the Society, Jean Bolland, Henschen and Papebroch subjected all the testimonies about the holy brothers written in Latin and accessible to the first researchers to as complete an analysis and historical, liturgical, and textual commentary as possible. To achieve this they used, on the one hand, the richest collection of manuscripts and transcripts of hagiographies at the time, begun by Rosweide, and, on the other, a network of correspondent scholars. The names of eminent ecclesiastical writers and scholars of the era: Abbot Ughelli, as well as Jesuits - Jean Gamans, Ludovicus Crasius, Theodorus Moretus - stand out among the collaborators on the hagiographic dossier of Sts Cyril and Methodius. Some of the Bollandists' correspondents were also distinguished professors at Jesuit colleges in Bohemia and Poland. Thus, they greatly facilitated the Bollandists' access to primary text sources and sent some autopsy reports. As a result, Henschen and Papebroch presented St Cyril and St Methodius in the Acta Sanctorum as the Apostles of the Slavic peoples. Relying on the analysis of historical evidence in papal letters, the letters of Anastasius the Librarian, Anastasius' preface to the Protocols of the Eighth Ecumenical Council, and hagiographical texts, they offer the first-ever chronology of the apostolic activity of Sts Cyril and Methodius. They publish and comment on four texts - the so-called Italian Legend (BHL 2073), the Moravian Legend (BHL 2073z, BHL 2074), the Breviary readings Blessed Cyril (BHL 2075= excerpts ex BHL 8825) and a fragment of the Life of St Ludmila, recounting their work in Moravia (BHL 5031). They accepted that the Italian legend is the oldest text and attributed its authorship to Gauderich of Velletri. Until the discovery of the Slavonic lives of the Saints, the Italian legend was considered the most important testimony to the life and work of the Holy brothers. Declaring it foundational and generative of some later texts, the Bollandists created the core, to which later scholars added Cyrillo-Methodian Latin sources up to the twentieth century.This review and commentary paper highlights the conclusions of the early researchers that have remained a constant in scholarship. The paper also offers answers to some of the Bollandists' questions and revisions made by subsequent scholars. We stressed the fact that to appreciate the magnitude of the work of the pioneers in Cyrillo-Methodian studies it is necessary to go beyond the narrow confines of the text of the first commentary. That is why we give supplementary accounts from other volumes in the series. The Bollandists themselves made some of the references to readings in Acta Sanctorum. A review of the supporting literature they used to produce the scholarly study is also relevant in assessing the academic method of work. We make new clarifications concerning the deformation of some evidence from liturgical readings about the saints in Polish and Czech Office books from the 15th and 16th centuries.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "On the Fringes of Social Proctection: New Southern European Labour Migration to Germany. The last economic recession has exposed significant differences among EU countries revealing strong core-periphery dynamics. Freedom of movement in the EU has represented an opportunity for workers from peripheral countries to find better employment opportunities in the core countries. However, the mobility of EU workers has been questioned and \\\\'welfare chauvinism\\\\' has become stronger in most EU countries. Drawing from two extensive studies driven by a qualitative-ethnographic methodology with Southern EU citizens who moved to Germany for working reasons since 2008, this paper aims to inquire whether the legal status of European citizens is still a guarantee of social protection for these people by itself. Findings show the magnitude of Southern EU migrants entering the lower part of the German labour market and how they experience increasing difficulties accessing welfare coverage. Despite that, these migrants do not accept passively these welfare exclusions and adopt transnational tactics for achieving social protection.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Updated interim reference levels for dietary lead to support FDA's Closer to Zero action plan. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) utilizes a blood lead reference value (BLRV) to identify children with elevated blood lead levels (BLLs). At or above the BLRV, the CDC recommends actions be taken to reduce children's BLLs. In 2021, the CDC updated its BLRV to 3.5 mu g/dL. To align with the CDC's updated BLRV, the FDA is updating its interim reference levels (IRLs) for lead from food to 2.2 mu g/day for children and 8.8 mu g/ day for females of childbearing age. The updated FDA IRLs for lead will serve as a benchmark to evaluate whether lead exposure from food is a potential concern. The children's BLL associated with the updated IRL is less than those predicted by other agencies to result in 1 intelligence quotient point loss. Dietary lead exposure estimates for children in the U.S. suggest exposures greater than the mean may exceed the updated FDA IRL for children, indicating a need for additional efforts to reduce lead in foods consumed by young children. The US FDA is addressing this need by implementing its Closer to Zero action plan to reduce babies' and children's di-etary exposure to toxic elements (e.g., lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury) over time.", "label": [2, 3, 22, 29]}
+{"token": "Resistivity monitoring of the tephra barrier at Crater Lake, Mount Ruapehu, New Zealand. The eruptions of Mt Ruapehu in the North Island of New Zealand in 1995 and 1996 caused a tephra barrier to be formed across the outlet of Crater Lake. By 2005 seepage from the refilled lake into the barrier raised the possibility of an eventual collapse of the barrier, releasing a catastrophic lahar down the mountain.Subsequent forward 3D numerical modelling of the resistivity structure of the barrier has confirmed that the observed changes in measured resistivity were directly related to the progress of seepage of lake water into the barrier. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.As part of an extensive monitoring programme of the tephra barrier, direct current (dc) resistivity surveys were carried out on a number of lines along and across it in order to test whether the extent of the seepage could be measured (and monitored) by geophysical means. Two dimensional inversion of measured apparent resistivity data showed that between the initial measurements, made in January 2005, and February 2006, there was a gradual decrease in resistivity above the old outlet from similar to 50-60 Omega m to similar to 30 Omega m. This gave the first indication that lake water was seeping into the barrier. Between October and December 2006 there was a rapid rise in lake level to only 2 m below the top of the barrier, and a further resistivity survey in January 2007 showed that there had been a further decrease in resistivity throughout the entire barrier with values dropping to < 10 Omega m. The extent of this low resistivity indicated that the barrier was now saturated. At this stage lake water was penetrating the barrier and starting to cause erosion on its downstream side. Catastrophic collapse occurred on 18 March 2007, accompanied by a lahar in the Whangaehu river valley.", "label": [1, 4, 38, 13]}
+{"token": "Measuring surface pressure with far field acoustics. This paper presents measurements of the wavenumber frequency spectrum of wall pressure fluctuations under a turbulent boundary layer made using sound radiated from hydrodynamically smooth ridges in the surface. The measurements also serve as a test of the scattering theory of roughness noise. The radiated sound reveals a cut through the full three-dimensional wavenumber frequency spectrum of the wall pressure at the wavenumber of the surface. Since ridges can be made with very small wavelengths, this technique can be used to probe the structure of the wall pressure spectrum on scales far smaller than those that can be reached using conventional wall-mounted transducers. Furthermore, the method reveals the wavenumber frequency spectrum directly, without the need for multi-point measurements or the spatial Fourier transforming of data. Measured spectra bear a close similarity to Corcos' and Chase's model forms, and confirm the applicability of the theory of roughness noise and its prediction of roughness noise directivity. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Antimicrobial stewardship: what is it, and how does it work?. Antimicrobial stewardship is emerging as a vital management tool in the efforts to contain antimicrobial resistance and retain the efficacy of available agents. It is based on a set of concepts about antimicrobial use and resistance that have been developed over the past 70 years. There are seven basic requirements for a stewardship program to function at a local level, including (1) 'executive' ownership of the issue, (2) consensus prescribing guidelines, (3) a local formulary with various levels of restricted access, (4) a local champion (or champions) who is a trusted peer, (5) authority to intervene in prescribing and/or dispensing, (6) authority for measurement of use, audit and feedback, and (7) access to reliable laboratory services and their cumulative resistance data. Stewardship programs are most advanced in larger public hospitals, but there is considerable interest and need for developing programs tailored to a wide range of settings in human and animal health, each with their own particular characteristics of access to antimicrobials and potential controls. The potential value of stewardship in food animal production is now recognised globally, and Australia has taken the first steps towards surveillance and stewardship in this sector, supported by a recently released national One Health strategy on the containment of antimicrobial resistance.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Small-scale extrusion of corn masa by-products. cosity, and dough density, were monitored during extrusion. The resulting products were subjected to physical and nutritional characterization to determine the effects of processing conditions for these blends. Extrudate analysis included moisture content, water activity, crude protein, in vitro protein digestibility, crude fat, ash, product diameter, expansion ratios, unit and true density, color, water absorption and solubility, and durability. All blends were suitable for extrusion at the processing conditions used. Blend ratio had little effect on either processing parameters or extrudate properties; extrusion temperature and screw speed, on the other hand, significantly affected both processing and product properties.Corn masa by-product streams are high in fiber and are amenable for utilization in livestock feed rations. This approach is a potentially viable alternative to landfilling, the traditional disposal method for these processing residues. Suspended solids were separated from a masa processing waste stream, blended with soybean meal at four levels (0, 10, 20, and 30% wb), and extruded in a laboratory-scale extruder at speeds of 50 rpm (5.24 rad/sec) and 100 rpm (10.47 rad/sec) with temperature profiles of 80-90-100 degrees C and 100-110-120 degrees C. Processing conditions, including dough and die temperatures, drive torque, specific mechanical energy consumption, product and feed material throughput rates, dough apparent vis", "label": [0, 4, 36, 8]}
+{"token": "The C.H. Nash Museum at Chucalissa Community Engagement at an Archaeological Site. Over the past decade, the C.H. Nash Museum at Chucalissa, located on the grounds of a prehistoric earthwork complex in Memphis, Tennessee, initiated an outreach program to the surrounding African-American community. The archaeological site was first investigated and the Museum founded as a byproduct of the 1930s Jim Crow era segregation policies. Since its inception, the archaeological site and Museum functioned as a place of academic privilege that ignored the surrounding community. Key to the Museum's outreach program is a transparency and commitment to community engagement. Highlights of the Museum's outreach engagement to date include the installation of an African-American Cultural Heritage exhibit, hosting community events, establishment of a community garden, and the collaborative efforts with community partners to carry out service projects. Based in a participatory model, the Museum moved to take its place as a social asset and stakeholder in the Southwest Memphis community.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Obtaining welfare bounds in discrete-response valuation studies: A non-parametric approach. Welfare change estimates obtained from discrete-response contingent valuation experiments normally assume a particular distribution of,willingness-to-pay (WTP). Using conventional microeconomic theory, we derive upper and lower bounds on such estimates. These bounds are interpreted statistically in terms of non-parametric estimators of mean WTP and its variance. Two contingent valuation surveys illustrate the proposed bounds, and the performances of the variance estimators are scrutinized with a Monte Carlo simulation. All calculations can be made by hand, simplifying communication among those involved in interpreting results from contingent valuation studies using discrete-response data. (JEL Q26).", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
+{"token": "Resilient Social Actors in the Transition from the Late Bronze to the Early Iron Age on Cyprus. Our understanding of the earliest Iron Age on Cyprus has long remained somewhat obscure. This is the result of both a relative lack of material evidence and the fact that scholarly attention has focused more on the preceding Late Bronze Age and on the subsequent Cypro-Archaic period. As more, and more varied, data have accumulated, there have been calls for a more theoretically informed approach to considering the social changes involved, and even for prehistorians to extend their work into the Cypriot Iron Age. As a response to this, the present study considers a broad range of material and documentary evidence, attempts to reconstruct the political economy, and offers an interpretative framework based on social understandings of Complex Adaptive Systems theory. Using this approach, the authors conclude that, while the enduring realities of Cyprus-its geography, copper resources and long tradition of agropastoralism-continued to shape Cypriot culture, the Iron Age is not simply a continuation of its Bronze Age sociopolitical forms. We argue instead that the earliest Iron Age involved social actors negotiating new politico-economic agendas in response to changing conditions in the Iron Age eastern Mediterranean.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30]}
+{"token": "Intravesical High Dose BCG Tokyo and Low Dose BCG Tokyo with GMCSF+IFN alpha Induce Systemic Immunity in a Murine Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model. This study evaluates a short therapy schedule for bladder cancer using BCG Tokyo. BCG Tokyo was evaluated in vitro using bone marrow derived dendritic cells, neutrophils, RAW macrophages and the murine bladder cancer cell line, MB49PSA, and compared to other BCG strains. BCG Tokyo > BCG TICE at inducing cytokine production. In vivo, high dose (1 x 10(7) colony forming units (cfu)) and low dose (1 x 10(6) cfu) BCG Tokyo with and without cytokine genes (GMCSF + IFN alpha) were evaluated in C57BL/6J mice (n = 12-16 per group) with orthotopically implanted MB49PSA cells. Mice were treated with four instillations of cytokine gene therapy and BCG therapy. Both high dose BCG alone and low dose BCG combined with cytokine gene therapy were similarly effective. In the second part the responsive groups, mice (n = 27) were monitored by urinary PSA analysis for a further 7 weeks after therapy cessation. More mice were cured at day 84 than at day 42 confirming activation of the immune system. Cured mice resisted the re-challenge with subcutaneous tumors unlike naive, age matched mice. Antigen specific T cells recognizing BCG, HY and PSA were identified. Thus, fewer intravesical instillations, with high dose BCG Tokyo or low dose BCG Tokyo with GMCSF + IFN alpha gene therapy, can induce effective systemic immunity.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 22, 42]}
+{"token": "Governing the ungovernable: spatial policy, markets and volume house-building in a growth region. The global rhetoric surrounding the role of private markets in the provision of new housing masks a more complex reality, highlighted in processes of spatial planning, in which public policy and private developers are deeply enmeshed. This paper discusses some of the tensions with the help of a detailed examination of plans for housing development on the edge of England's growth region (in Milton Keynes and Northamptonshire) during the period 2003-13. It critically reflects on the consequences of pursuing spatial policies that rely on light touch state involvement in a market shaped by the priorities of powerful corporate actors.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "The Medieval Dublin Project: A Case Study. This paper provides an overview of the Medieval Dublin Project. It covers the development and release of the DVD 'Medieval Dublin: From Vikings to Tudors (Schools Edition),' and outlines the major virtual and interactive features developed for that release. The paper also covers the collaboration that took place between the DVD development team and the academic community and discusses the ways in which 3D visualisations, timelines, interactivity and character-based storytelling were used to present Dublin's archaeological heritage in an engaging and interesting way.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Comments on fundamental rights and guarantees under the system. This paper aims to describe some considerations on the study of fundamental rights, described as the rights that every human person, these rights are enshrined in the Constitution. Fundamental rights are key to the protection systems of the Constitutions. This study is framed in a research of Constitutional Law, the methodology is based on a literature study documentary-where the main sources of consultation were the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and the Organic Law on Protection of Rights and Constitutional Guarantees. They respond fundamental rights in the constitutional system, a plurality of ways, so we can say that are exceptional. To explain the nature of some fundamental rights can be said that a fundamental right is an individual right guaranteed by legislation Constitution; in a material sense, it is necessary to incorporate an additional element, which is the close link of these rights to its universal and historically constant since the onset of the Constitutions recognition, making his essential presence in any constitution legitimizes, in this sense it is important that Constitutions provide for these rights and their way of being guaranteed by public authorities, which in the case of Venezuela would be the implementation of the Law on Protection of Rights and Constitutional Guarantees.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "meta-Topolin-induced enhanced biomass production via direct and indirect regeneration, synthetic seed production, and genetic fidelity assessment of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell, a memory-booster plant. The present study reports enhanced in vitro mass propagation, synthetic seed production and its regeneration, acclimatization, and genetic fidelity assessment of in vitro regenerants of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell; a medicinal plant renowned for its memory-enhancing property. For the first time, meta-Topolin (mT) as well as N-6-benzyladenine (BA) and kinetin at their variable concentrations (0.5, 1. 1.5, 2 and 2.5 mg/l) were supplemented individually in Murashige and Skoog (Physiol Plant 15:473-497, 1962) (MS) basal medium to induce multiple shoots from shoot tip explants, initially collected from two-month-old vegetatively propagated plants. The best result in terms of multiplication (similar to 7 shoots/explant) and biomass accumulation (similar to 451.3 mg fresh weight, similar to 104.3 mg dry weight) was obtained in MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l mT. For rooting of in vitro shoots, supplementation of 1.5 mg/l IAA and 0.5 mg/l IBA in MS media resulted in induction of the maximum number (similar to 20) and highest length (similar to 5.5 cm) of roots, respectively. Most efficient indirect regeneration and biomass production from green and hard basal calli (induced spontaneously in BA-supplemented media) was recorded in a simple MS medium. Synthetic seeds were produced from in vitro shoot tips using 2.5% sodium alginate and 75 mM calcium chloride solutions and were successfully regenerated in half-strength MS medium. Six-week-old in vitro regenerants were transferred to different substrates for acclimatization, among which cocopeat was found to be the best exhibiting the highest survival and growth in external conditions. Finally, molecular marker-(ISSR) and phenology-based genetic fidelity assessment of the in vitro regenerants exhibited that the in vitro regenerants were true-to-type in nature within themselves as well as with the mother plant.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Major and minor capsid proteins of human polyomavirus JC cooperatively accumulate to nuclear domain 10 for assembly into virions. The human polyomavirus JC (JCV) replicates in the nuclei of infected cells. Here we report that JCV virions are efficiently assembled at nuclear domain 10 (ND10), which is also known as promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies. The major capsid protein VP1, the minor capsid proteins VP2 and VP3, and a regulatory protein called agnoprotein were coexpressed from a polycistronic expression vector in COS-7 cells. We found that VP1 accumulated to distinct subnuclear domains in the presence of VP2/VP3 and agnoprotein, while VP1 expressed alone was distributed both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. Mutation analysis revealed that discrete intranuclear accumulation of VP1 requires the presence of either VP2 or VP3. However, VP2 or VP3 expressed in the absence of VP1 showed diffuse, not discrete, nuclear localization. The C-terminal sequence of VP2/VP3 contains two basic regions, GPNKKKRRK (cluster 1) and KRRSRSSRS (cluster 2). The deletion of cluster 2 abolished the accumulation of VP1 to distinct subnuclear domains. Deletion of the C-terminal 34 residues of VP2/VP3, including both cluster 1 and cluster 2, caused VP1 to localize both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. Using immunoelectron microscopy of cells that coexpressed VP1, VP2/VP3, and agnoprotein, we detected the assembly of virus-like particles in discrete locations along the inner nuclear periphery. Both in oligodendrocytes of the human brain and in transfected cells, discrete nuclear domains for VP1 accumulation were identified as ND10, which contains the PML protein. These results indicate that major and minor capsid proteins cooperatively accumulate in ND10, where they are efficiently assembled into virions.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Impact of Neoadjuvant Prostate-Specific Antigen Kinetics on Biochemical Failure and Prostate Cancer Mortality: Results From a Prospective Patient Database. Methods and Materials: A total of 502 patients were selected from a prospective database, who had localized prostate adenocarcinoma treated with 2-12 months of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (N-ADT) followed by external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) between 1994 and 2000, and had at least 2 NA PSA values. Seventy-four percent of patients had high-risk prostate cancer. Median initial PSA value, N-ADT duration, total ADT duration, and radiation therapy dose were 14 ng/mL, 6.9 months, 10.8 months, and 68 Gy, respectively.Purpose: To confirm findings from an earlier report showing that neoadjuvant (NA) prostate-specific antigen (PSA) halving time (PSAHT) impacts biochemical failure (BF) rates, and to examine its association with prostate cancer-specific survival (PCSS), in a large prospective cohort of patients.Conclusions: In this large, prospective cohort of patients, NA PSA kinetics, expressed as PSAHT, did not predict BF or PCSS. However, nadir PSAs, in both the NA and post-therapy settings, were significant predictors of BF and PCSS. Optimization of therapy could potentially be based on early PSA response, with shorter durations of ADT for those predicted to do favorably, and intensification of therapy for those likely to have poorer outcomes. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc.Results: At a median follow-up of 9.9 years, 210 patients have had a BF. Median PSAHT was 18 days. On univariate analysis, PSAHT was not shown to predict for BF (P=.69) or PCSS (P=.28). However, NA nadir PSA (nanPSA) and post-therapy nadir PSA (ptnPSA), when analyzed as continuous or categoric variables, predicted for BF (P<.001) and PCSS (P<.001). On multivariate analysis, nanPSA (P=.037) and ptnPSA (P<.001) continued to be significantly associated with BF. However, N-ADT duration lost significance (P=.67), and PSAHT remained a nonsignificant predictor (P=.97). For PCSS, multivariate analysis showed nanPSA (P=.049) and ptnPSA (P<.001) to be significant. Again PSAHT (P=.49) remained nonsignificant.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Operating in a deep underground facility improves the locking of gradiometric fluxonium qubits at the sweet spots. We demonstrate flux-bias locking and operation of a gradiometric fluxonium artificial atom using two symmetric granular aluminum (grAl) loops to implement the superinductor. The gradiometric fluxonium shows two orders of magnitude suppression of sensitivity to homogeneous magnetic fields, which can be an asset for hybrid quantum systems requiring strong magnetic field biasing. By cooling down the device in an external magnetic field while crossing the metal-to-superconductor transition, the gradiometric fluxonium can be locked either at 0 or phi(0)/2 effective flux bias, corresponding to an even or odd number of trapped fluxons, respectively. At mK temperatures, the fluxon parity prepared during initialization survives to magnetic field bias exceeding 100 phi(0). However, even for states biased in the vicinity of 1 phi(0), we observe unexpectedly short fluxon lifetimes of a few hours, which cannot be explained by thermal or quantum phase slips. When operating in a deep-underground cryostat of the Gran Sasso laboratory, the fluxon lifetimes increase to days, indicating that ionizing events activate phase slips in the grAl superinductor. (C) 2022 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "System dynamics modeling: Tools for learning in a complex world. Today's problems often arise as unintended consequences of yesterday's solutions. Business and public policy settings suffer from policy resistance, the tendency for well-intentioned interventions to be defeated by the response of the system to the intervention itself. Just as an airline uses flight simulators to help pilots learn, system dynamics enables us to create management flight simulators to avoid policy resistance and design more effective policies. System dynamics is also a process for working with high-level teams designed to improve the chances for implemented results. This article discusses how system dynamics can be used effectively to design high-leverage policies for sustainable improvement and introduces the next three articles in this issue discussing the application of system dynamics to a variety of critical issues facing business leaders today.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
+{"token": "Scaffolding Assignments and Activities for Undergraduate Research Methods. This article details assignments and lessons created for and tested in research methods courses at two different universities, a large state school and a small liberal arts college. Each assignment or activity utilized scaffolding. Students were asked to push beyond their comfort zone while utilizing concrete and/or creative examples, descriptions, and instructor feedback. We detail an assignment where students assess a single social science article and an assignment that asks students to find examples of bad statistics. Along with the assignments, we outline some of the activities we used during class discussion. These activities include using movies and box office sales to talk about most similar and most different systems design and using an episode of the TV show 30 Rock to talk about coding and operationalization of variables. Creating a bank of engaging, ready-to-use activities and lessons for research methods is valuable for political science instructors, especially those accustomed to teaching more traditional political science courses.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "THE WOMAN IN OTHER CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES. The social status of women is one of the crucial focuses of the ideological and political movement known as ,,feminism''. Its roots lie in the cultural background of the Christian-Jewish-Americas-European civilization of the 20th century. The feminist movement is not fully accepted in some African, Asian, Latin American countries. Analysis based on anthropological data collected in these regions of selected ,,case problems'' such as conceptions of family values ideas about the first human beings and their gender, the division of labour, the monopoly of the media according to the gender, the role of the family in orientation, polygynic families versus European extended families, and divorce show us different ,,cultural solutions'' to those existing in our ,,post-modern'' civilisation. The lack of suitable cultural solutions in our civilization to the discussed ,,case problems'' seems to constitute one of the reasons for contemporary phenomena such as ,,feminism''.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "The Safest Escape problem. In this paper, the Safest Escape (SEscape) problem is defined for providing evacuation plans for emergency egress from large buildings or a geographical region. The objective of the SEscape problem is to determine the set of paths and number of evacuees to send along each path such that the minimum probability of arrival at an exit for any evacuee is maximized. Such paths minimize the risk incurred by the evacuees who are forced to take the greatest risk. The problem is considered in a dynamic and time-varying network, where arc capacities are recaptured over time, arc traversal times are time-varying and arc capacities are random variables with probability distribution functions that vary with time. An exact algorithm, the SEscape algorithm, is proposed to address this problem. Journal of the Operational Research Society (2009) 60, 1749-1758. doi:10.1057/jors.2008.122 Published online 3 December 2008", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
+{"token": "Does disestablishment lead to religious vitality? The case of Switzerland. Economists and sociologists of religion have claimed that religious establishment dampens religious vitality, leading to lower recruitment efforts, low attendance, declining membership within established congregations, and the crowding out' of non-established congregations. Conversely, these authors have told us, disestablishment will lead to more religious vitality. Remarkably, even though these claims rest on the connection between establishment and the organizational and membership behaviour of local religious congregations, no research has directly examined that connection. We use the 2008 Swiss National Congregations Study as well as historical data to assess the effect of different levels of religious establishment on both established and non-established congregations. We find that established congregations do indeed show less religious vitality than non-established congregations. Contrary to the claims of the economic literature, however, these covariations are not caused by differences in religious establishment on the cantonal level. Both our quantitative and historical analyses show that disestablishment has not led to religious vitality for either established or non-established congregations. The only clear effect of disestablishment is a dramatic decrease of income for established congregations. Based on quantitative and historical evidence, we suggest that differences between established and non-established congregations are produced by differences in religious tradition and immigration flows, not by differences in levels of establishment.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "A pilot study on using chlorine dioxide gas for disinfection of gastrointestinal endoscopes. Objectives: This pilot study of employing chlorine dioxide (CD) gas to disinfect gastrointestinal endoscopes was conducted to meet the expectations of many endoscopy units in China for a high-efficiency and low-cost disinfectant. Methods: An experimental prototype with an active circulation mode was designed to use CD gas to disinfect gastrointestinal endoscopes. One type of testing device composed of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tubes (2 m long, inner diameter 1 mm) and bacterial carrier containers was used to simulate the channel of the endoscope. PTFE bacterial carriers inoculated with Bacillus atrophaeus with or without organic burden were used to evaluate the sporicidal activity of CD gas. Factors including exposure dosage, relative humidity (RH), and flow rate (FR) influencing the disinfection effect of CD gas were investigated. Moreover, an autoptic disinfecting test on eight real gastrointestinal endoscopes after clinical use was performed using the experimental prototype. Results: RH, exposure dosage, organic burden, and the FR through the channel significantly (P<0.05) affected the disinfection efficacy of CD gas for a long and narrow lumen. The log reduction increased as FR decreased. Treatment with 4 mg/L CD gas for 30 min at 0.8 L/min FR and 75% RH, resulted in complete inactivation of spores. Furthermore, all eight endoscopes with a maximum colony-forming unit of 915 were completely disinfected. The cost was only 3 CNY (0.46 USD) for each endoscope. Conclusions: The methods and results reported in this study could provide a basis for further studies on using CD gas for the disinfection of endoscopes.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 19, 42]}
+{"token": "Improved stability conditions of time-varying delay systems based on new Lyapunov functionals. This paper is concerned with the stability analysis of time-varying delay systems. Unlike the construction of augmented Lyapunov functional and multiple integral Lyapunov functional, novel three Lyapunov functionals are suggested which are delay product type functions and lead to less conservative results. Based on newly developed Lyapunov functionals, three stability criteria are derived and their superiority is described by three numerical examples. (C) 2018 The Franklin Institute. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 41]}
+{"token": "Attachment of 13 Types of Foodborne Bacteria to Jalapeno and Serrano Peppers and Antibacterial Effect of Roselle Calyx Extracts, Sodium Hypochlorite, Colloidal Silver, and Acetic Acid against These Foodborne Bacteria on Peppers. Chili peppers are a very important crop in Mexico. However, these peppers have been associated with Salmonella infection outbreaks in the United States, and Salmonella and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes have been isolated from jalapeno and serrano peppers in Mexico. To decrease microbial contamination of fruits and vegetables, chemical agents are commonly used; however, chemical agents used to eliminate pathogenic bacteria on vegetables have a limited antimicrobial effect. Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) calyces have been reported to have an antimicrobial effect on pathogenic bacteria. In the present study, the antibacterial effect of four roselle calyx extracts (water, methanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate), sodium hypochlorite, colloidal silver, and acetic acid against foodborne bacteria was evaluated on contaminated jalapeno and serrano peppers. The 13 types of foodborne bacteria evaluated were Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Montevideo, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli 0157:H7, five E. coli pathotypes (Shiga toxin producing, enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic, enteroinvasive, and enteroaggregative), and Vibrio cholerae 01. All 13 types attached to both pepper types, with no significant differences in attachment between jalapeno and serrano peppers. Roselle calyx extract treatment resulted in a greater reduction in levels of all foodbome bacteria than did treatment with sodium hypochlorite, colloidal silver, and acetic acid on both pepper types. Roselle calyx extracts may be a useful for disinfection of chili peppers in the field, processing plants, restaurants, and homes.", "label": [0, 2, 19, 8]}
+{"token": "Memristive operation mode of a site-controlled quantum dot floating gate transistor. We have realized a floating gate transistor based on a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure with site-controlled InAs quantum dots. By short-circuiting the source contact with the lateral gates and performing closed voltage sweep cycles, we observe a memristive operation mode with pinched hysteresis loops and two clearly distinguishable conductive states. The conductance depends on the quantum dot charge which can be altered in a controllable manner by the voltage value and time interval spent in the charging region. The quantum dot memristor has the potential to realize artificial synapses in a state-of-the-art opto-electronic semiconductor platform by charge localization and Coulomb coupling. (C) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "CONSTANTLY WIRED WORLD: OBVIOUS BENEFITS AND HIDDEN COSTS. In \\\\'Love and Information\\\\' the dramatist deliberately complicates comprehension of the action on stage, and it compels the audience to take part in the performance, make their own conclusions and construct the meaning of the play together with theatre directors and actors.The article briefly features the reaction of critics and theatre audience to \\\\'Love and Information\\\\'.The article analyses the play \\\\'Love and Information\\\\' (2012) written by the contemporary British dramatist C. Churchill. Special attention is paid to the experimental structure of this drama: it consists of several dozen of episodes which are but arbitrarily linked by an abstract common topic. However, when working with the text of the play closely, a reader is able to make inferences as to the logic of the conversation and an approximate number of interlocutors. Churchill is at her best as a master of style that feels the subtleties of drama language perfectly.The contributor arrives at the conclusion that changes in the comprehension and functioning of modern drama are inevitably connected with the rapid development of technology and its increasing role in everyday life as well as with the changes of the ways of thinking provoked by globalization. Modern theatre which still remains an important social arena fights for the attention and active comprehension of the audience and some of the means of achieving this goal are kaleidoscopic montage and Brechtian estrangement in drama.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Employee retention in the Malaysian banking industry: Do flexible practices work?. The objective of the study was to determine whether employee retention in Malaysian banks can be improved through flexible working. Using a quantitative approach, the effects of five types of flexible working practice, i.e. flex time, job sharing, flex leave, flex career and flex place, on employee retention were examined. The results suggest that only flex time has a positive significant effect on employee retention, while the effects of other flexible practices are unstable. Unlike most studies which generally demonstrate the positive effects of flexible working on employee retention, the current one indicates that the effectiveness of each flexible practice is influenced by contextual factors. These findings underline the importance of further studies comparing societies of different cultural, political, economic and technological backgrounds. They have also raised the need to re-examine human resource management and organizational culture in the Malaysian work environment. Challenges lie in developing a flexible environment which values continuous learning, trust, accountability and strong corporate governance.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
+{"token": "Informing reform: The views of legal professionals on the unique aspects of Scottish Law. The unique Scottish legal system stands apart from the better-known Anglo-American legal system, with variations relating to jury size (15 vs. 12), the number of verdicts available (3 vs. 2) and majority size (simple majority vs. unanimous). At present, only a handful of investigations have explored the effects of the Scottish 'not proven' verdict on jurors, and only a single study has explored the combined impact of the unique elements of the Scottish legal system on juror and jury decision making. The current study is the first to investigate the views of Scottish legal professionals on the three-verdict system, 15-person jury and simple majority verdict system. The aim of the study is to inform public and political debate, involve legal stakeholders in policy changes and decision making and compare legal professionals' views with findings from previously conducted juror studies. Seventy-eight legal professionals took part in an online survey which asked for ratings and open responses on their attitudes to the Scottish (a) three-verdict system, (b) 15-person jury and (c) simple majority system. The results highlighted strong positive attitudes towards the 'not proven' verdict (particularly in a binary-verdict system of proven and not proven), 15-person juries and both the simple and qualified majority verdict systems. There was minimal support for reform towards an Anglo-American system. Instead, the reforms preferred by the legal professionals would be to require a qualified majority of 12/15 jurors, and to use a binary-verdict system of proven and not proven.", "label": [2, 3, 18, 29]}
+{"token": "Analytical Model for Determination of the Unipolar Ionic Saturation Current During Positive Corona Discharge for Geometries Comprising Cylindrical Emitter Electrodes. This paper presents an analytical model for the assessment of the unipolar corona saturation current limit for positive corona discharge in air, based on the determination of the field line lengths and trajectories. The model is applicable to emitter electrodes with a cylindrical surface facing a plane or an identical cylindrical collector electrode, if their spatial characteristics, the ion mobility of the surrounding medium and the applied voltage are known. Experimental investigation is performed to compare the results of the unipolar corona saturation current limit from the proposed model to the actual corona current flow in an experimental setup that comprises cylindrical emitters of various radii, facing a plane electrode. Both the total current amplitude and the current density distribution over the collecting electrode's surface have been examined.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35]}
+{"token": "Proteomic identification of predictive biomarkers for malignant transformation in complete hydatidiform moles. Discussion: This study identified a set of differentially expressed proteins in molar tissues that could potentially be further examined as predictive biomarkers for the malignant transformation of CHMs. A molar proteome database was constructed and can be accessible online at http://sysbio.chula.ac.th/Database/GTD_DB/Supplementary_Data.xlsx.Methods: Retrospective analysis was done in 14 cases of remission hydatidiform mole and 14 cases of hydatidiform mole who later developed malignancy (GTN group). Molar tissues were retrieved from -70 degrees C frozen tissue. Subsequently, a large-scale proteomic analysis was performed to identify proteins and compare their abundance levels in the preserved molar tissues from these two groups using a dimethyl-labeling technique coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).Introduction: Protein expression in cells are associated with oncogenesis. This study aims to explore proteomic profiles and discover potential biomarkers that can predict malignant transformation of hydatidiform mole.Results: A total of 2,153 proteins were identified from all samples. 22 and 10 proteins were significantly up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively, in the GTN group compared with the mole group. These altered proteins were found in several biological groups such as cell-cell adhesion, secreted proteins, and ribonucleoproteins. Several hormone-related proteins were among the most up-regulated proteins in the GTN group including choriogonadotropin subunit beta (beta-hCG) and alpha (alpha-hCG), growth/differentiation factor 15, as well as both pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoproteins 2 and 3. In contrast, protein S100-A11 and L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain, were down-regulated in molar tissue from most patients in the GTN group.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 42]}
+{"token": "PCL-Coated Multi-Substituted Calcium Phosphate Bone Scaffolds with Enhanced Properties. Ionic substitutions within the hydroxyapatite lattice are a widely used approach to mimic the chemical composition of the bone mineral. In this work, Sr-substituted and Mg- and Sr-co-substituted calcium phosphate (CaP) scaffolds, with various levels of strontium and magnesium substitution, were prepared using the hydrothermal method at 200 degrees C. Calcium carbonate skeletons of cuttlefish bone, ammonium dihydrogenphosphate (NH4H2PO4), strontium nitrate (Sr(NO3)(2)), and magnesium perchlorate (Mg(ClO4)(2)) were used as reagents. Materials were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Whole powder pattern decomposition refinements of XRD data indicated that increased magnesium content in the Mg- and Sr-co-substituted scaffolds was related to an increased proportion of the whitlockite (WH) phase in the biphasic hydroxyapatite (HAp)/WH scaffolds. In addition, refinements indicate that Sr2+ ions have replaced Ca2+ sites in the WH phase. Furthermore, PCL-coated Mg-substituted and Sr- and Mg-co-substituted scaffolds, with the HAp:WH wt. ratio of 90:10 were prepared by vacuum impregnation. Results of compression tests showed a positive impact of the WH phase and PCL coating on the mechanical properties of scaffolds. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were cultured on composite scaffolds in an osteogenic medium for 21 days. Immunohistochemical staining showed that Mg-Sr-CaP/PCL scaffold exhibited higher expression of collagen type I than the Mg-CaP/PCL scaffold, indicating the positive effect of Sr2+ ions on the differentiation of hMSCs, in concordance with histology results. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis confirmed an early stage of osteogenic differentiation.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Shoaling species drive fish assemblage response to sequential large floods in a small midwestern U.S.A. stream. I assessed the short-term impact of two sequential scouring floods on the fish assemblage of a small prairie stream. I tested for changes in fish abundance, fish assemblage composition, and fish-habitat associations within individual pools and across a suite of pools following each flood. Before the second flood, 30-90% of fish were removed by seining in five of eight pools. Overall fish abundance was reduced by approximately 50% following the first flood, but effects varied widely among individual pools. Fish abundance was unaffected by the second flood, despite prior removal of a known proportion of fish, suggesting recolonization of defaunated pools during the flood. Fish assemblage similarity across the entire suite of pools was low following each flood, but varied considerably within individual pools. Defaunated pools were more similar to pre-flood assemblages than control pools, though the mechanism behind this pattern was unclear. Changes in abundance and assemblage composition were driven by interpool movement of two minnow species with the shared behavioral trait of shoaling: bigeye shiner Notropis boops and central stoneroller Campostoma anomalum. Shifts in abundance showed no upstream or downstream pattern, suggesting that flooding allowed fish to move actively among pools that are typically isolated by partial barriers (riffles). This study highlights the importance of considering species' behavioral traits when assessing the impacts of flooding, and suggests that shoaling behavior may be useful trait for predicting fish assemblage change following flooding.", "label": [4, 37, 45]}
+{"token": "Preliminary Study on High-level Expression of Tandem-Arranged Tachyplesin-Encoding Gene in Bacillus subtilis Wb800 and its Antibacterial Activity. To produce tachyplesin, an antimicrobial peptide, by a stable and efficient gene engineering approach, cDNAs containing single tachyplesin gene sequence (tac)(1) and tandem repeat of tachyplesin gene sequence (tac2) were respectively developed by annealing two synthesized complementary single-stranded DNAs and constructed into pSBPTQ shuttle vector under the control of the SacB. p. s promoter. The vectors containing the target gene sequence were then transformed into Bacillus subtilis WB800, respectively. Both expression of tac and tac2 were induced by 2% sucrose. The fermentation supernatant was purified by regenerated cellulose membrane tubing (MWCO 2000) and the secreted TAC(2) and TAC2 were about 5 and 10 mg/l of supernatant, respectively. The antimicrobial activities of TAC and TAC2 were measured by the size of bacteriostatic circle of the fermentation supernatants against Escherichia coli K88. Ultrastructural alteration of E. coli K88 and Salmonella typhimurium was observed under scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that in comparison with TAC, TAC2 was expressed at a higher level and also indicating strong antimicrobial activity both in vitro and in vivo.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 45]}
+{"token": "Automatic Measurement of Cane Crushing Capacity Using a Nuclear-Free Online System Based on Angle Sensor and Distributed Control System. Cane rate (t/h) is a main indicator to evaluate the milling performance of a cane sugar factory. Currently, nuclear scales are being used to measure the cane crushing capacity in most of the sugar factories in China. The gamma rays are generated by the nuclear scale adds risk to the working environment when the sugar factory is in operation. To achieve nuclear-free sugar manufacturing, a new online detecting system with an angle sensor was developed to measure the cane rate. In the present study, comparison of nuclear scale and angle sensor cane rate measurements was discussed. Results showed that the detecting relative error was less than 5 %, which did not effect the production requirements of the factory. In addition with combination of a distributed control system, the nuclear scale can achieve the online detection and control of cane crushing rate.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Meanings and Uses of Design for Innovation: Conversations with UK Companies. In this paper we discuss how design can have different meanings and uses in practice and what of those are related to innovation processes. The paper looks at diverse theoretical stances in regard to the meaning of design. Later on, the paper describes data collected through in-depth interviews with fifteen UK companies in the manufacturing, engineering, transport, urban living and digital services areas. The findings inform our understanding about definitions and uses of design. In addition, we identify some of the difficulties companies experience in measuring the value and contributions of design, and illustrate alternative methods companies use for that purpose. The paper concludes with a synthesis of the findings from this research.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Pseudo2GO: A Graph-Based Deep Learning Method for Pseudogene Function Prediction by Borrowing Information From Coding Genes. Pseudogenes are indicating more and more functional potentials recently, though historically were regarded as relics of evolution. Computational methods for predicting pseudogene functions on Gene Ontology is important for directing experimental discovery. However, no pseudogene-specific computational methods have been proposed to directly predict their Gene Ontology (GO) terms. The biggest challenge for pseudogene function prediction is the lack of enough features and functional annotations, making training a predictive model difficult. Considering the close functional similarity between pseudogenes and their parent coding genes that share great amount of DNA sequence, as well as that coding genes have rich annotations, we aim to predict pseudogene functions by borrowing information from coding genes in a graph-based way. Here we propose Pseudo2GO, a graph-based deep learning semi-supervised model for pseudogene function prediction. A sequence similarity graph is first constructed to connect pseudogenes and coding genes. Multiple features are incorporated into the model as the node attributes to enable the graph an attributed graph, including expression profiles, interactions with microRNAs, protein-protein interactions (PPIs), and genetic interactions. Graph convolutional networks are used to propagate node attributes across the graph to make classifications on pseudogenes. Comparing Pseudo2GO with other frameworks adapted from popular protein function prediction methods, we demonstrated that our method has achieved state-of-the-art performance, significantly outperforming other methods in terms of the M-AUPR metric.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Comparison of McGrath, Pentax, and Macintosh laryngoscope in normal and cervical immobilized manikin by novices: a randomized crossover trial. Conclusions: McGrath VL and Pentax AWS did not show clinically significant decrease in intubation time, however, they achieved higher first attempt success rate, easier intubation and better glottis view compared with Macintosh laryngoscope by novices in a cervical immobilized manikin model. McGrath VL may reduce the risk of dental injury compared with Macintosh laryngoscope in cervical immobilized scenario.Results: Intubation time and success rate during first attempt were not significantly different between the 3 groups in normal airway manikin. In the cervical immobilized manikin, the intubation time was shorter (p = 0.012), and the success rate with the first attempt was significantly higher (p < 0.001) when using McGrath VL and Pentax AWS compared with Macintosh laryngoscope. Both VLs showed less difficulty score (p < 0.001) and more Cormack Lehane grade I (p < 0.001) in both scenarios. The incidence of dental clicks was higher with Macintosh laryngoscope compared with McGrath VL in cervical immobilized airway (p < 0.001).Methods: Thirty-five anesthesia nurses without previous intubation experience were recruited. Participants performed endotracheal intubation in a manikin model at two simulated neck positions (normal and fixed neck via cervical immobilization), using three different devices three times each. Performance parameters included intubation time, success rate of intubation, Cormack Lehane laryngoscope grading, dental click, and subjective difficulty score.Background: The aim of this study was to compare tracheal intubation performance regarding the time to intubation, glottic view, difficulty, and dental click, by novices using McGrath videolaryngoscope (VL), Pentax Airway Scope (AWS) and Macintosh laryngoscope in normal and cervical immobilized manikin models.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Reinventing therapo-spiritual fellowships: The jolang'o in Luo African Independent Churches. Luo society has been cited frequently as one of the most traditional societies in western Kenya. In the past century, their religious situation has changed interestingly. Religious eclecticism is moving the focal point of healing by the jolang'o into dominant African Independent Churches where Luo beliefs handed down from the past are preserved and reorganized with new expression. In these churches, prayer, spiritual, and faith healing are central liturgical activities that meet an incessant need for puodhruok-holistic spiritual healing. The study identifies the major juogi or spiritual forces responsible for spirit attack and healer illumination. It appears that in the area of ethnomedicine, African beliefs are as strong and pervasive as ever before.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Effects of environmental tobacco smoke on the respiratory health of adults. In this paper, current knowledge on the respiratory effects of environmental tobacco smoke among adults is synthesized, and the biological basis and methodological issues are discussed. The Medline database was searched from 1966 through October 2000. All of the related respiratory effects have been linked to both home and workplace exposures. Some evidence of a dose-response relation has also been detected for all respiratory conditions. The strongest evidence of a causal relation exists for chronic respiratory symptoms. Harmful effects on lung function have also been detected, mainly in countries and occupations with high exposure levels. There is limited evidence indicating an increased risk of its causing asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and also for poor control of established asthma. More longitudinal studies with careful assessment of exposure are needed for better risk estimates. Despite these challenges for the future, the combination of toxicologic evidence, abundant evidence on respiratory effects among children, and the studies reviewed in this paper point to an urgent need for measures to prevent exposure to environmental tobacco smoke anion, adults.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Carpal bones of Nacholapithecus kerioi, a Middle Miocene Hominoid From Northern Kenya. Materials and MethodsThe materials comprise a trapezoid, three capitates, two hamates, a centrale, a lunate, a triquetrum, and a pisiform, collected during the 2001 and 2002 field seasons from Nachola, Kenya. We also describe a pisiform recently assigned to the type specimen of N. kerioi, KNM-BG 35250.ResultsIn the Nacholapithecus wrist, the ulnar styloid process articulates with both the triquetrum and pisiform, and the triquetrum facet on the hamate is relatively proximodistally oriented in dorsal view. The Nacholapithecus capitate possesses a moderate distopalmar hook-like process and separated radial articular facets for the trapezoid and the second metacarpal due to the carpometacarpal ligament attachment that is absent in the Proconsul capitate.ObjectivesThe carpal bones of the middle Miocene hominoid Nacholapithecus kerioi are described based on new materials.DiscussionThe carpal anatomy of Nacholapithecus is similar to that of the early Miocene hominoid Proconsul. However, Nacholapithecus wrist anatomy appears to exhibit slightly more emphasized stability. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:469-482, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [4, 5, 56, 42]}
+{"token": "Mapping of new quantitative trait loci for sudden death syndrome and soybean cyst nematode resistance in two soybean populations. Novel QTL conferring resistance to both the SDS and SCN was detected in two RIL populations. Dual resistant RILs could be used in breeding programs for developing resistant soybean cultivars.Soybean cultivars, susceptible to the fungus Fusarium virguliforme, which causes sudden death syndrome (SDS), and to the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines), suffer yield losses valued over a billion dollars annually. Both pathogens may occur in the same production fields. Planting of cultivars genetically resistant to both pathogens is considered one of the most effective means to control the two pathogens. The objective of the study was to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying SDS and SCN resistances. Two recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations were developed by crossing 'A95-684043', a high-yielding maturity group (MG) II line resistant to SCN, with 'LS94-3207' and 'LS98-0582' of MG IV, resistant to both F. virguliforme and SCN. Two hundred F-7 derived recombinant inbred lines from each population AX19286 (A95-684043 x LS94-3207) and AX19287 (A95-684043 x LS98-0582) were screened for resistance to each pathogen under greenhouse conditions. Five hundred and eighty and 371 SNP markers were used for mapping resistance QTL in each population. In AX19286, one novel SCN resistance QTL was mapped to chromosome 8. In AX19287, one novel SDS resistance QTL was mapped to chromosome 17 and one novel SCN resistance QTL was mapped to chromosome 11. Previously identified additional SDS and SCN resistance QTL were also detected in the study. Lines possessing superior resistance to both pathogens were also identified and could be used as germplasm sources for breeding SDS- and SCN-resistant soybean cultivars.", "label": [0, 2, 6, 7, 20, 9]}
+{"token": "SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION SECTOR IN POLAND. Poland is not one of the leaders in the use of renewable energy sources (RES), and most energy is still produced using hard coal and lignite. Therefore, there are noteworthy emissions of air pollution (including ashes and greenhouse gases), and the Polish energy sector is characterized by a substantial degree of carbonization, which, as a result, threatens to expressively increase the costs of electricity production, leading to financial penalties imposed by the EU. The aim of this paper is to analyze socio-economic factors influencing the development of the RES sector in Poland. According to this aim, expert research was carried out, in which the factors influencing development potential of RES were assessed at two levels (level II - 5 factors, level III - 15 factors) according to the factor tree analysis. Based on the analysis of the level II factors, it can be concluded that the development of the RES sector in Poland will depend to a decisive extent on factors such as: EU decisions and Polish legislation affecting the development of the RES sector in Poland, prices and availability of conventional energy carriers. Other two factors - regional policy on ecology and ecological awareness in Poland - have so far little impact on the development of this sector in the state. The analysis of the level III factors shows that the greatest impact on the development of the RES sector in Poland is the influence of European lobbying of manufacturers of machinery and equipment for renewable energy production on EU law, the impact of Polish lobbying of conventional energy producers on Polish law in the production of renewable energy and the influence of European lobbying of renewable energy producers into EU law.", "label": [5, 49, 50]}
+{"token": "Etching Characteristics and Mechanisms of TiO2 Thin Films in HBr/Ar and Cl-2/Ar Inductively-Coupled Plasmas. The TiO2 etching characteristics and mechanisms in HBr/Ar and Cl-2/Ar inductively-coupled plasmas were investigated under fixed gas-mixing ratio and bias power conditions. It was found that in both systems, an increase in gas pressure from 4 to 10 mTorr results in a non-monotonic TiO2 etching rate, while a variation of input power in the range 500-800 W causes a faster-than-linear acceleration of the etching process. Plasma diagnostics performed by Langmuir probes and zero-dimensional plasma modeling provided data on plasma parameters, steady-state densities, and fluxes of the active species on the etched surface. The model-based analysis of the etching mechanism showed that for the given set of processing parameters, the TiO2 etch kinetics correspond to the transitional regime of ion-assisted chemical reaction in which a chemical-etch pathway dominates.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 35]}
+{"token": "Web searchers' attributions of success and failure: an empirical study. Originality/value - The findings provide some empirical support for the notion that locus of control and attribution theory might - subject to the limitations noted above - be potentially useful theoretical frameworks for helping us better understand web-based information seeking. If so, they could have implications particularly for better understanding of searchers' motivations, and for the design and development of more effective search training programmes.Research limitations/implications - The findings are based on a relatively small sample of academic and research staff in a particular subject area. Importantly, also, the study can at best provide a prima facie case for further systematic study since, although the patterns of attribution behaviour accord with those predictable by locus of control and attribution theory, data relating to the predictive elements of these theories (e.g. levels of confidence and achievement) were not available. This issue is discussed, and recommendations made for further work.Purpose - This paper reports the findings of a study designed to explore web searchers' perceptions of the causes of their search failure and success. In particular, it seeks to discover the extent to which the constructs locus of control and attribution theory might provide useful frameworks for understanding searchers' perceptions.Findings - All searchers were readily able to recall \\\\'successful\\\\' and \\\\'unsuccessful\\\\' searches. In a large majority of cases (82.4 per cent), they clearly attributed each search to either internal (e.g. ability or effort) or external (e.g. luck or information not being available) factors. The pattern of such relationships was analysed, and mapped onto those that would be predicted by locus of control and attribution theory. The authors conclude that the potential of these theoretical frameworks to illuminate one's understanding of web searching, and associated training, merits further systematic study.Design/methodology/approach - A combination of inductive and deductive approaches were employed. Perceptions of failed and successful searches were derived from the inductive analysis of using open-ended qualitative interviews with a sample of 37 biologists at the University of Sheffield. These perceptions were classified into \\\\'internal\\\\' and \\\\'external\\\\' attributions, and the relationships between these categories and \\\\'successful\\\\' and \\\\'failed\\\\' searches were analysed deductively to test the extent to which they might be explainable using locus of control and attribution theory interpretive frameworks.", "label": [4, 5, 40, 52]}
+{"token": "Conditions of Possibility versus Conditions of Causality: Some Comments on the Contemporary Reception of Hannah Arendt's Writings on Imperialism and Totalitarianism. Many historians interpret Hannah Arendt's reflections on imperialism and anti-Semitism in the first two parts of The Origins of Totalitarianism as a conventional narrative account of the 'causes' 'leading up to' totalitarianism. In a recent essay, Christopher Lee challenges this interpretation, arguing that Arendt draws a fundamental methodological distinction between the 'causes' of historical phenomena and the 'general \\\\'conditions\\\\' for their occurrence'. Lee is right to stress the fundamentally anti-teleological nature of Arendt's analysis of the 'origins' of totalitarianism. However, Lee's own account of Arendt's theory of totalitarianism shows little evidence of having benefited from this important insight. We are told that for Arendt there is a 'continuum between colonial and totalitarian states' and that 'colonial states were precursors for more totalitarian forms found later in Europe'. This is a feature of the secondary literature analysing Arendt's theory of totalitarianism which is as common as it is erroneous. In this essay I argue that only if we acknowledge the novel features of Arendt's political thought is it possible to understand why, as Lee argues, it is important to 'claim a contemporary place for her within the history of political thought on Africa and imperialism more generally'.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Design and performance of a nanofiltration plant for the removal of chromium aimed at the production of safe potable water. Nanofiltration is an emerging technology applied to increase the availability of safe drinking water. This study evaluates nanofiltration as a feasible process to reach the new regulatory concentration limit for hexavalent chromium (0.01 mg/L) in potable water. Real well water contaminated with chromium was treated using two types of membranes of different selectivity in bench-scale and pilot-scale experiments. The pilot system comprised two modules in series and was run for 42 days without chemical cleaning, at an applied pressure of < 6 bar. A flux decline of around 20% of the initial value was observed with both membrane types. Observed rejection was constant ( > 98%) for the denser membrane, while it decreased from 95% to 70% for the less selective membrane. This result may be attributed to the impairment of charge-based rejection of chromate ions. Based on these results, a full-scale plant is proposed to treat the contaminated well water, equipped with the more selective membranes. The optimal plant configuration would consist of two stages, with a total number of 96 modules to produce 30 L/s of potable water. Based on equations developed to describe contaminant concentrations in the streams entering and exiting a generic plant, guidelines are also provided to perform a preliminary system analysis. An economic assessment showed an average cost of < 0.3 (sic) per cubic meter of product water considering both capital and operational costs, for a plant lifetime of 10 years. From an environmental perspective, power supply would be the most impactful item of the plant.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "An Examination of the Divergent General, Specific, and Other Criminogenic Risk/Needs Across Neuropathic and Psychopathic Pathways to Homicide. The social learning theory underlying Andrews and Bonta's Psychology of Criminal Conduct model has generally been seen as guiding risk assessment, with good relevance to mentally ill as well as non-mentally ill offenders. The current study reports a novel approach to qualitative assessment of 26 murderers found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI), divided into two groups-neuropathic offenders characterised by frontal lobe deficits and psychosis and psychopathic murderers characterised by high scores on psychopathy and an absence of neuropathic factors. The findings of the present research support the notion that the two pathways are embedded in two diverging theoretical frameworks of psychopathology and social learning theory, with each corresponding to the neuropathic and psychopathic pathways, respectively. Models of social learning theory may have limited utility to the total mentally disordered offender population overall as they apply more specifically to offenders within special offender groups or perhaps more specifically to offenders with psychopathic characteristics. However, the significantly greater association of the other social, physical, and mental health risk/needs with the neuropathic pathway suggests that pathological models are important for understanding the neuropathic pathway in relation to homicide offence and risk of future violence in NGRI samples.", "label": [5, 55, 57]}
+{"token": "Could emotional eating act as a mediator between sleep quality and food intake in female students?. BackgroundPoor sleep quality is associated with overeating and unhealthy eating. The aim of this study was to investigate if emotional eating could act as a mediator between poor sleep quality and energy/macronutrients intake.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was performed with 150 female school-age students, 13 to 19years old, living in Tabriz, Iran. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Emotional Eating Questionnaire (EEQ) were completed for data collection. Intake of energy and proportion of calorie from carbohydrate, protein, and fat were evaluated by a semi-quantified food frequency questionnaire. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling.ResultsThe mean (SD) of age, weight, and BMI were not statistically different between poor and good sleepers. The mean (SD) of PSQI score was 6.732.88, with 75.3% of the participants experiencing poor sleep quality (PSQI>5). Students with poor sleep quality had increased energy intake and their proportion of calorie intake from fat was higher (p<0.05). There was a positive correlation between poor sleep quality and emotional eating; however, emotional eating did not mediate the relationship between poor sleep quality and energy/macronutrients intake.ConclusionsEmotional eating did not act as a mediator between poor sleep quality and energy/macronutrients intake in female students. However, poor sleep quality directly influenced energy intake and the proportion of calorie intake from fat as well as emotional eating.", "label": [2, 5, 23, 55]}
+{"token": "Responses of biomarkers of folate and riboflavin status to folate and riboflavin supplementation in healthy and colorectal polyp patients (The FAB2 study). Epidemiologic data suggest that increasing folate intake may protect against colorectal cancer. Riboflavin may interact with folate to modulate the effect. A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled intervention study (the FAB2 Study) was carried out in healthy controls and patients with colorectal polyps (adenomatous and hyperplastic) to examine effects of folic acid and riboflavin supplements on biomarkers of nutrient status and on putative biomarkers of colorectal cancer risk (DNA methylation and DNA damage; to be reported elsewhere). Ninety-eight healthy controls and 106 patients with colorectal polyps were stratified for the thermolabile variant of methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase, MTHFR C677T, and were randomized to receive 400 mu g of folic acid, 1,200 mu g of folic acid, or 400 mu g of folic acid plus 5 mg of riboflavin or placebo for 6 to 8 weeks. Blood samples and colon biopsy samples were collected for the measurement of biomarkers of folate and riboflavin status. Supplementation with folic acid elicited a significant increase in mucosal 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate, and a marked increase in RBC and plasma, with a dose-response. Measures of riboflavin status improved in response to riboflavin supplementation. Riboflavin supplement enhanced the response to low-dose folate in people carrying at least one T allele and having polyps. The magnitude of the response in mucosal folate was positively related to the increase in plasma 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate but was not different between the healthy group and polyp patients. Colorectal mucosal folate concentration responds to folic acid supplementation to an extent comparable to that seen in plasma, but with a suggestion of an upper limit.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "Integrating across scales: effectively applying science for the successful conservation of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is an excellent species on which to focus synthetic, integrative investigations because it is an economically important species that captures the public imagination, is heavily impacted by humans, uses several ecosystems over its life, and is the subject of a large body of extant literature. The following 24 papers were solicited to provide the biological basis for effective and innovative approaches that biologists, managers, and social scientists can use to develop policies that sustain Atlantic salmon and related species. Together these papers highlight the need for and benefits of (a) synthesizing within populations, (b) choosing the appropriate scale, (c) comparing across populations using rigorous, focused, question-oriented methods, (d) integrating across disciplines, (e) incorporating the human perspective, (f) linking multiple ecosystems, and (g) applied problem solving. To show how Atlantic salmon can guide research and conservation efforts for other species in other systems, we review the justification for the supplement and summarize the defining concepts that emerge from the volume.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
+{"token": "Preparation of Co-Fe-Ni alloy micropillar by microanode-guided electroplating. Microanode- guided electroplating (MAGE) was performed to prepare cobalt-iron-nickel alloying micro-pillars. The electrolyte was prepared by fixing [Fe2+] at 0.040 M and varying [Co2+] in 0.040-0.100 M and [Ni2+] in 0.30-0.60 M. The effect of bath composition on the compositional, mechanical, and magnetic properties of the alloying micropillars was investigated. Resulting from FE-SEM and EDS, all the micropillars demonstrated a smooth morphology but in different compositions depending on the bath composition. Through XRD analysis, the micropillars were characterized in nanocrystals of Co-Ni and Co7Fe3. After nano-indentation testing, the reduced Young's modulus of the pillars was estimated at 103.1-185 GPa and the hardness at 5.70-6.38 GPa. Investigation of all the specimens with VSM, Co61Fe27Ni12 and Co63Fe25Ni12 displayed the notable saturation magnetization (Ms = 180 and 175 emu/g) and the lowest coercive magnetic field (H-c = 2.1 and 1.4 Oe) among them. The mechanism of anomalous Co-Fe-Ni electrodeposition is proposed. (C)2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Novel Fuzzy Logic Scheme for Push-Based Critical Data Broadcast Mitigation in VNDN. Vehicular Named Data Networking (VNDN) is one of the potential and future networking architectures that allow Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAV) to exchange data by simply disseminating the content over the network. VNDN only supports a pull-based data forwarding model, where the content information is forwarded upon request. However, in critical situations, it is essential to design a push-based data forwarding model in order to broadcast the critical data packets without any requests. One of the challenges of push-based data forwarding in VNDN is the broadcasting effect, which occurs when every vehicle broadcasts critical information over the network. For instance, in emergency situations such as accidents, road hazards, and bad weather conditions, the producer generates a critical data packet and broadcasts it to all the nearby vehicles. Subsequently, all vehicles broadcast the same critical data packet to each other, which leads to a broadcast storm on the network. Therefore, this paper proposes a Fuzzy Logic-based Push Data Forwarding (FLPDF) scheme to mitigate the broadcast storm effect. The novelty of this paper is the suggestion and application of a fuzzy logic approach to mitigate the critical data broadcast storm effect in VNDN. In the proposed scheme, vehicles are grouped into clusters using the K-means clustering algorithm, and then Cluster Heads (CHs) are selected using a fuzzy logic approach. A CH is uniquely responsible for broadcasting the critical data packets to all other vehicles in a cluster. A Gateway (GW) has the role of forwarding the critical data packets to the nearest clusters via their GWs. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the naive method in terms of transmitted data packets and efficiency. The proposed scheme generates five times fewer data packets and achieves six times higher efficiency than the naive scheme.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Complete Genome Sequence of Chlamydia abortus MRI-10/19, Isolated from a Sheep Vaccinated with the Commercial Live C. abortus 1B Vaccine Strain. We report the complete genome sequence of Chlamydia abortus MRI10/19, recovered from the infected placenta of a sheep that had been vaccinated with the commercial live attenuated C. abortus 1B vaccine strain. Comparative analysis revealed 1 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) difference and 4 indels compared to the vaccine strain.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "The e(+)e(-)-> Z gamma gamma -> q(q)over-bar gamma gamma reaction at LEP and constraints on anomalous quartic gauge boson couplings. The cross section of the process e(+)e(-) --> Zgammagamma --> q (q) over bar gammagamma is measured with 215 pb(-1) of data collected with the L3 detector during the final LEP run at centre-of-mass energies around 205 GeV and 207 GeV No deviation from the Standard Model expectation is observed. The full data sample of 713 pb(-1), collected above the Z resonance, is used to constrain the coefficients of anomalous quartic gauge boson couplings to:-0.02 GeV-2 < a(0)/Lambda(2) < 0.03 GeV-2, -0.07 GeV-2 < a(c)/Lambda(2) < 0.05 GeV-2,at 95% confidence level. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "Measurement reduction method for the Millikan oil-drop experiment. To overcome the shortcomings of the measurement procedure used for the Millikan oil-drop experiment course, this paper suggests a measurement reduction method based on simplification of the conventional formula. In this method, only the voltage and the fall time are required to be recorded. This method can also simplify the analysis and the measurement error of the experiment and give proper parameter intervals, which results in a small measurement error. A solution is conducted to calculate the value of the elementary charge, and this solution verifies the measurement reduction method.", "label": [4, 5, 53, 35]}
+{"token": "Photocatalytic degradation of nitrotoluene in synthetic wastewater by CoFe2O4/SiO2/TiO2 nanoparticles using Box-Behnken experimental design. The release of nitrotoluene (NT) to aqueous media results in a solemn problem in water resources because of harmfulness and its potential carcinogenicity. In this study, the degradation of NT was explored by synthesized CoFe2O4/TiO2/SiO2 nano-photocatalyst. The characterization of catalyst was determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy scattering X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The Box-Behnken design of experiment was used to study the influence of three sovereign parameters on the response to acquire the optimal conditions. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was executed to regulate the significance of the influences of independent factors on the response. The effect of various operational parameters on the degradation efficacy such as solution pH, catalyst dosage and initial NT concentration was investigated. Also, increasing NT concentration results in the formation of degradation intermediates that may be adsorbed on the catalyst surface and inactivate the active sites and too much catalyst leads to accumulation, which leads to a reduction in photocatalyst efficiency based on a decrease in the amounts of active sites of the catalyst. At optimum conditions (25 mg/L of NT, catalyst concentration of 1.03 g/L, and pH at 4) and after 150 min of reaction, the NT and COD removal were 97.8% and 60.7%, respectively. This nano-photocatalyst was influential in removing NT, but it can eliminate the COD to some extent.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 39]}
+{"token": "Landscape configurational heterogeneity by small-scale agriculture, not crop diversity, maintains pollinators and plant reproduction in western Europe. Agricultural intensification is one of the main causes for the current biodiversity crisis. While reversing habitat loss on agricultural land is challenging, increasing the farmland configurational heterogeneity (higher field border density) and farmland compositional heterogeneity (higher crop diversity) has been proposed to counteract some habitat loss. Here, we tested whether increased farmland configurational and compositional heterogeneity promote wild pollinators and plant reproduction in 229 landscapes located in four major western European agricultural regions. High-field border density consistently increased wild bee abundance and seed set of radish (Raphanus sativus), probably through enhanced connectivity. In particular, we demonstrate the importance of crop-crop borders for pollinator movement as an additional experiment showed higher transfer of a pollen analogue along crop-crop borders than across fields or along semi-natural crop borders. By contrast, high crop diversity reduced bee abundance, probably due to an increase of crop types with particularly intensive management. This highlights the importance of crop identity when higher crop diversity is promoted. Our results show that small-scale agricultural systems can boost pollinators and plant reproduction. Agri-environmental policies should therefore aim to halt and reverse the current trend of increasing field sizes and to reduce the amount of crop types with particularly intensive management.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
+{"token": "A mixed lubrication model for inter-ply friction behaviour of uncured fabric prepregs. Inter-ply friction plays a dominant role in the generation of fiber-path defects (e.g. wrinkling) in the consolidation stage of composites manufacturing. In particular, for most thermoset prepregs, the mixed lubrication regime can be a dominating factor controlling the frictional response over the range of the processing window. This article presents a generic computational modelling approach to describe the mixed lubrication regime by combining an inverse hydrodynamic-lubrication (IHL) theory and an asperity contact model. A homogenized resin film thickness can be derived from this analysis, rather than postulating it as in earlier conventional models. Thermal effects and fiber bed compliance in the inter-layer contact area as well as the influence of the resin rheology are assessed, finally enabling the model to be verified against inter-ply friction experiments under a wide range of processing conditions. The model has been exemplified on a fabric carbon/epoxy prepreg.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Epidemiological characteristics of Lassa fever cases in Liberia: a retrospective analysis of surveillance data, 2019-2020. Conclusion: The LF cases in 2019 and 2020 had a high case fatality rate and spread to new counties that had not previously reported LF. The disease occurred during most of the rainy season instead of the usual dry season. There is an urgent need to lower morbidity and mortality, improve early presentation to the hospital, and early initiation of appropriate medical care. (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on cases of LF confirmed at the National Public Health Reference Laboratory from January 2019 to December 2020. Medical records were reviewed, and epidemiological and clinical data were collected in an organized manner. Descriptive and inferential statistics were carried out using Epi Info (version 7.2.5.0).Objectives: Liberia is endemic to Lassa fever (LF) and has the largest reported per capita incidence of LF patients in the West African region. Cases of the disease increased unprecedentedly in 2019 and 2020, characterized by a geographical drift in epidemiology and seasonal variation of occurrence. This study aims to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of LF in Liberia from 2019 to 2020.Results: A total of 382 suspected LF cases were reported, of which 103 were laboratory-confirmed, yielding a case positivity rate of 27% (103/382). The median age of the LF cases was 20 (IQR: 9-30). Children younger than 18 years accounted for 40.8% (42/103) of the cases and healthcare workers' cases constituted 7.7% of the cases. Bong, Nimba, and Grand Bass accounted for 87.4% of the cases with cases in new counties like Lofa, Margibi, and Grand Kru. Hemorrhage (aOR:10.2; 95% CI: 3.11-33.81), patients who did not receive ribavirin (aOR: 4.4; 95% CI: 1.12-17.57, P = 0.034), and patients aged 40 years or older (aOR: 6.2; 95% CI: 1.19-32.53, P = 0.049) were associated with LF mortality.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "Late quaternary glacial/interglacial cyclicity models of the Red Sea. The benthic foraminiferal faunas from samples of two piston cores retrieved along a north-south transect in the Red Sea were studied. The northern core was collected during Meteor cruise M 31/2, while the southern one was collected during the Sonne cruise 121. Benthic foraminiferal faunas from both sites exhibit large variability with respect to density, diversity, species composition and assemblages combined with stable oxygen and carbon isotope records of planktic and benthic foraminifera. One hundered thirty benthic foraminiferal species were identified in the investigated cores. The faunal data set of the northern core was reduced to five assemblages (factors) while the southern one was reduced to four assemblages. All assemblages were ranked according to their ecological significance. Besides, relative abundance of major benthic foraminiferal suborders [Textulariina (agglutinating foraminifera), Miliolina and Rotaliina], in addition to infaunal/epifaunal relative abundance were used as paleoenvironmental proxies allowing the reconstruction of past changes in deep-water salinity, ventilation and organic carbon fluxes at the sea-floor. Four distinct glacial/interglacial cycle during the past 380 Kyr have been recognized in the Red Sea. The identified four cycles reveal deviation in deep-sea ecosystem between the northern and southern Red Sea. In the northern Red Sea salinity fluctuations, productivity and deep-water ventilation and formation had the major impact on benthic foraminiferal pattern corresponding to glacial/interglacial cycles and glacio-eustatic sea level changes coupled with the impact of Mediterranean climate regime. On the otherhand, in the southern Red Sea region the oscillation trend of benthic foraminiferal pattern within the glacials and interglacials stages indicates a high frequency environmental alternation. This alternation is consistent with the extent of NE monsoonal wind that controls the intensity and extension of the productivity, which in turn determine organic matter fluxes and oxygen level at the sea floor.", "label": [4, 5, 38, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Precision measurement of orthopositronium decay rate using SiO2 powder. The intrinsic decay rate of orthopositronium formed in SiO2 powder is measured using the direct 2gamma correction method such that the time dependence of the pick-off annihilation rate is precisely determined using high energy-resolution germanium detectors. As a systematic test, two different types of SiO2 powder are used with consistent findings. The intrinsic decay rate of orthopositronium is found to be 7.0396 +/- 0.0012(stat) +/- 0.0011 (sys) mus(-1), which is consistent with previous measurements using SiO2 powder with about twice the accuracy. Results agree well with a recent O(alpha(2)) QED prediction, varying 3.8-5.6 experimental standard deviations from other measurements. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "Ruth Benedict's Japan: the Benedictions of Imperialism. Critics and defenders continue to debate the meanings and uses of Ruth Benedict's Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture (1946). Recently reporters have used Benedict's ideas to justify the U.S. invasion of Iraq, citing, for example, Pauline Kent's defense of Benedict published in Dialectical Anthropology (1999; 24(2): 181-192). This essay examines the flaws of Chrysanthemum and Kent's views, including Kent's attacks on the best critique of Chrysanthemum to date by Lummis (1981). Drawing from Lummis, it highlights Benedict's radical political transformation during the 1940s, her embracement of U.S. nationalism, and subsequent reversals of her anthropological positions. It shows how in Chrysanthemum Benedict compared nationalist cultures and ideologies rather than ethnic cultures, but demonstrates that Benedict's methodology remained consistent. Finally, it scrutinizes the logic of Benedict's vision and portrayal of Japanese ethnicity as a \\\\'shame culture'' and her argument for saving the emperor system and culturally rehabilitating the Japanese.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Accelerated exchange of exon segments in Viperid three-finger toxin genes (Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii; Desert Massasauga). Background: Snake venoms consist primarily of proteins and peptides showing a myriad of potent biological activities which have been shaped by both adaptive and neutral selective forces. Venom proteins are encoded by multigene families that have evolved through a process of gene duplication followed by accelerated evolution in the protein coding region.Conclusion: Ordered, conserved exon structure strongly suggests that segments in corresponding regions in exons have been exchanged with distinctly different ones during the evolution of these genes. Such a \\\\'switching\\\\' of segments in exons may result in drastically altering the molecular surface topology and charge, and hence the molecular targets of these three-finger toxins. Thus the phenomenon of accelerated segment switch in exons to alter targeting (ASSET) may play an important role in the evolution of three-finger toxins, resulting in a family of toxins with a highly conserved structural fold but widely varying biological activities.Results: Here we report five gene structures of three-finger toxins from a viperid snake, Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii. These toxin genes are structured similarly to elapid and hydrophiid three-finger toxin genes, with two introns and three exons. Both introns and exons show distinct patterns of segmentation, and the insertion/deletion of segments may define their evolutionary history. The segments in introns, when present, are highly similar to their corresponding segments in other members of the gene family. In contrast, some segments in the exons show high similarity, while others are often distinctly different among corresponding regions of the isoforms.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "Global response of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC 53993 to high concentrations of copper: A quantitative proteomics approach. Significance: Using quantitative proteomics we overview the adaptation mechanisms that biomining acidophiles use to stand their harsh environment. The overexpression of several genes present in an exclusive genomic island strongly suggests the importance of the proteins coded in this DNA region in the high tolerance of A. ferrooxidans ATCC 53993 to metals. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Acidithio bacillus ferrooxidans is used in industrial bioleaching of minerals to extract valuable metals. A. ferrooxidans strain ATCC 53993 is much more resistant to copper than other strains of this microorganism and it has been proposed that genes present in an exclusive genomic island (GI) of this strain would contribute to its extreme copper tolerance. ICPL (isotope-coded protein labeling) quantitative proteomics was used to study in detail the response of this bacterium to copper. A high overexpression of RND efflux systems and CusF copper chaperones, both present in the genome and the GI of strain ATCC 53993 was found. Also, changes in the levels of the respiratory system proteins such as AcoP and Rus copper binding proteins and several proteins with other predicted functions suggest that numerous metabolic changes are apparently involved in controlling the effects of the toxic metal on this acidophile.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Improved environmental impact in the architecture industry: LCA analysis of an alternative masonry element. The environmental performance of a building used for living or working depends to a large extent on its design and structure, but the total impact has additional influencing factors as well. The role of masonry elements is especially important when taking the entire life cycle of a building into consideration. This paper aims to analyze the environmental impacts of producing and using an alternative masonry element (AME) which is composed of natural cellulose and biodegradable three-component glue. The direct goal is to compare the environmental impacts of the alternative masonry elements and traditional ones. The calculations model the total life cycle of the elements, including the collection of raw materials and the post-use treatment. Calculations are supported by GaBi Professional software. The study also covers alternative plant installation possibilities in different countries which employ different energymixes to cover the energy used for production. Results of the study show that remarkably saving can be achieved when using the new alternative masonry element. (c) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 39]}
+{"token": "Analysis and modelling of window and glazing systems energy performance for a well insulated residential building. The contributions of the two other terms to the building thermal balance are not independent to each other: the most effective thermal insulating glazing, as triple glazings, are generally characterized by low solar transmittance reducing solar gains. The thermal energy balance of the building is then affected not only in summer but also in winter, potentially increasing heating energy need.The energy performance of a window depends on its thermal transmittance, the glazing solar transmittance, and the air leakage due to the frame and installation airtightness.This work evaluates the impact of different kinds of glazing systems (two double and two triple glazings), window size (from 16% to 41% of window to floor area ratio), orientation of the main windowed facade and internal gains on winter and summer energy need and peak loads of a well insulated residential building. The climatic data of four localities of central and southern Europe have been considered: Paris, Milan, Nice and Rome. A statistical analysis has been performed on the results in order to identify the most influencing parameters. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.In new installations air leakage represents a quite small term which is almost independent from the window and in particular from the glazing system selection.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "FULMINANT THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION WITH SEVERE FIBROSIS. A 57-year old man with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, mild thrombocytopenia and mild hemolytic anaemia was started on Entecavir for treatment of chronic HBV. He was readmitted for fever, confusion, severe hemolytic anaemia, and, severe thrombocytopenia eight weeks later. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type-1 motifs 13 (ADAMTS13) activity and antigen were severely low with a positive ADAMTS13 autoantibody. His serum HBV DNA at this stage was less than 20 IU/ml. He was diagnosed with fulminant TTP. In conclusion, fulminant TTP can occur in those with chronic HBV upon immune recovery induced by potent anti-HBV therapy.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "What Can We Know about Soviet-era Religiosity? A Comparison of Archival and Oral Sources from the Postwar Volga Region. Based on materials from archival research and ethnographic fieldwork in the Middle Volga region, this article considers the relationship between archival evidence and oral history in attempts to learn about religious practices in the Soviet Union. Presenting examples of three possible relationships between the two groups of sources - complementarity, convergence, and contradiction - the article argues for a reflexive methodological pluralism, where no type of source is rejected or given exclusive precedence over another, but different types of evidence are juxtaposed to one another, generating new questions.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Humor in university teaching: role of teachers' achievement goals and self-efficacy for their use of content-related humor. Teachers' content-related humor matters for the quality of higher education. However, little is known about the circumstances under which teachers use it. From a socio-cognitive perspective, teachers' achievement goals and self-efficacy appear to be relevant personal precursors. We investigated their effects on content-related humor in two studies. In Study 1, 229 teachers (79 female; 159 PhDs; 33 full professors) participated with 387 courses while 10,296 students assessed the humor in these courses. Study 2 used a similar design for 45 teachers (20 female; 27 PhDs, 9 full professors), 116 course sessions, and 2,333 student assessments. Three-level-analyses pointed to substantial variance in students' assessments of content-related humor which could be attributed to differences between courses/sessions within teachers (ICC = .12-.13) and between teachers themselves (ICC = .21). In both studies, performance (appearance component) avoidance goals emerged as negative predictors, and relational goals and self-efficacy as positive predictors of content-related humor, highlighting the relevance of instructors' motivations for the use of instructional humor.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "The murine gene encoding apolipoprotein D exhibits a unique expression pattern as compared to other species. The ApoD cDNA coding for murine apolipoprotein D (ApoD) was cloned from a mammary gland library and sequenced. The nucleotide sequence and encoded mature protein are highly homologous to those of rabbit and human. Interestingly, unlike in other species, ApoD RNA is not found in spleen, liver, pancreas or kidney.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "An early (1844) key-driven adding machine. This article presents Jean-Baptiste Schwilgue's 1844 adding machine, which was equipped-with a number of unique features, in particular with what was apparently the first numerical keyboard.", "label": [3, 4, 40, 30]}
+{"token": "DIVERSITY IN URBAN SPRAWL MORPHOLOGY OF RESIDENTIAL AREAS IN PERI-URBAN GREATER MENDOZA. How are the peri-urban residential areas of medium-size Latin American cities developing? How can the frequently subtle differences between some forms of growth characterized by their fragmentation, dispersion and low density. be defined? This research developed a spatial analysis methodology that assessed the residential expansion of Mendoza, Argentina between 1986 and 2010. Mendoza and its metropolitan area have followed a diffuse city model characteristic of medium-size Latin American cities, expanding towards the peri-urban area with the help of favorable socio-economic conditions in the period studied. The analysis defined morphological units associated with variables that made it possible through statistical analysis to characterize these new forms of growth. The results show development based on small isolated nuclei that are low in density and residential in use. Slight differences in certain aspects enabled the identification of six different models: the local unit, the large unit, the gated community, the semi-gated community, the vertical gated community and the country unit. These differences shed light on the success of the units as urban spaces capable of connecting with their surroundings and attracting urban facilities.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Closed-form estimation algorithm for EMVS-MIMO radar with arbitrary sensor geometry. In this paper, we investigate into the problem of target localization in bistatic MIMO radar system with the prototype of arbitrary EMVS. A novel subspace algorithm is derived, which offers closed-form solution to 2D-DOD and 2D-DOA estimation. The core of the proposed algorithm is to construct the normalized Poynting vector via the vector cross-product of two special vectors, which consist of the rotation invariant factors of the array and can be estimated through the least squares technique. The proposed algorithm can provide automatically paired 2D-DOD, 2D-DOA, and polarization parameters estimation. Moreover, it is insensitive to the sensor position error. The proposed algorithm is analyzed in detail, and numerical simulations are provided to verify its effectiveness. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Tarificola bulbosus, new genus, new species, a highly transformed parasitic copepod, with information on its parasitism and larval development. A highly modified copepod, Tarificola bulbosus, new genus, new species, parasitizes the zooids of the compound ascidian Polycitor crystallinus at Tarifa Island (Strait of Gibraltar). The external anatomy of the adult female, the nauplius, and the swimming copepodid are described. Relationships between Tarificola and other highly transformed copepod genera, based on the external anatomy of the female, the nauplius, and the swimming copepodid, are given. Tarificola is probably host-specific, since it is not found in other ascidians in the same biotope.", "label": [4, 45, 47]}
+{"token": "Examining the impact of federally-funded syphilis elimination activities in the USA. In 1999, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) launched a national syphilis elimination plan. Using state-level syphilis incidence data from 1997 to 2005, we found that greater amounts of state-level funding for syphilis elimination in a given year were associated with lower state-level syphilis rates in subsequent years. The findings suggest that federally-funded syphilis elimination activities are having a notable impact on syphilis rates. The recent increases in syphilis in the United States might have been much more pronounced had there been no syphilis elimination activities. Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "Examining the Decision-making Levels of Glider Pilot Trainers and Glider Pilot Candidates in Terms of Socio-demographic Variables. The purpose of the present research is to examine the decision-making levels of glider pilot trainers and glider pilot candidates who serve in the field of Aeronautics in terms of certain socio-demographic variables. The universe of the present research comprises of all the pilot candidates and pilot trainers who performed gliding sports at the Turkish Aeronautical Association in 2013. In the present research, 71 pilot candidates and 21 trainer pilots that is, a total of 92 individuals participated. Obtained data was analyzed using SPSS:18 Statistics Software Package, and the significance levels was taken as p<0.05. Frequency analysis was used for.personal features, oneway variance analysis (ANOVA) was used to analyze variation by age, and independent t-test analysis was used for license status and profession. Consequently, decision-making styles of glider pilot ttainers were higher than glider pilot candidates. Self-respect, avoidant decision-making, suspensive decision-making, and panic decision-making styles were similar.", "label": [5, 56, 52]}
+{"token": "Age-Related and Heteroplasmy-Related Variation in Human mtDNA Copy Number. The mitochondrial (mt) genome is present in many copies in human cells, and intra-individual variation in mtDNA sequences is known as heteroplasmy. Recent studies found that heteroplasmies are highly tissue-specific, site-specific, and allele-specific, however the functional implications have not been explored. This study investigates variation in mtDNA copy numbers (mtCN) in 12 different tissues obtained at autopsy from 152 individuals (ranging in age from 3 days to 96 years). Three different methods to estimate mtCN were compared: shotgun sequencing (in 4 tissues), capture-enriched sequencing (in 12 tissues) and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR, in 2 tissues). The highest precision in mtCN estimation was achieved using shotgun sequencing data. However, capture-enrichment data provide reliable estimates of relative (albeit not absolute) mtCNs. Comparisons of mtCN from different tissues of the same individual revealed that mtCNs in different tissues are, with few exceptions, uncorrelated. Hence, each tissue of an individual seems to regulate mtCN in a tissue-related rather than an individual-dependent manner. Skeletal muscle (SM) samples showed an age-related decrease in mtCN that was especially pronounced in males, while there was an age-related increase in mtCN for liver (LIV) samples. MtCN in SM samples was significantly negatively correlated with both the total number of heteroplasmic sites and with minor allele frequency (MAF) at two heteroplasmic sites, 408 and 16327. Heteroplasmies at both sites are highly specific for SM, accumulate with aging and are part of functional elements that regulate mtDNA replication. These data support the hypothesis that selection acting on these heteroplasmic sites is reducing mtCN in SM of older individuals.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "The political economy of retail change in Chinese cities. Retailing in China has become all important engine driving the nation's economy. Along with the rapid expansion in scale, the retail industry has also experienced profound structural changes in cities. The transformation of the retail sector in large cities like Beijing and Shanghai is characterized by a realignment of ownership structure, diversification of retail functions, the emergence of new retail formats, the increasing concentration of retail capital and rapid expansion of retail chains, and spatial restructuring and retail suburbanization. The transformation not only reflects the changing supply and demand relations and the interaction between retailing and consumption but also is intrinsically connected to the shift in government policies. We present a political-economy perspective to explain the dramatic retail changes that have occurred in Chinese cities. In particular, we discuss the role of the state in retail transformation and in urban and economic development in general. We argue that the concept of 'developmental state' and its alternate variants such as 'local state corporatism' and 'entrepreneurial state' provide valuable and illuminating insights to the understanding of how the Chinese state (and especially the local states) acts in developing the economy in the reform era. Nevertheless, these notions need to be revisited to better recognize the complex and dynamic nature of the Chinese state. Instead, we propose that the Chinese state is better understood as a 'fragmented developmental state, which displays a strong progrowth orientation but which also suffers from a fragmented administrative structure, an inconsistent regulatory system, and market-distorting activities in the transformation from a socialist state to a developmental state of its own", "label": [5, 52, 51]}
+{"token": "Perceptual adaptation by normally hearing listeners to a simulated 'hole' in hearing. Simulations of cochlear implants have demonstrated that the deleterious effects of a frequency misalignment between analysis bands and characteristic frequencies at basally shifted simulated electrode locations are significantly reduced with training. However, a distortion of frequency-to-place mapping may also arise due to a region of dysfunctional neurons that creates a \\\\'hole\\\\' in the tonotopic representation. This study simulated a 10 mm hole in the mid-frequency region. Noise-band processors were created with six output bands (three apical and three basal to the hole). The spectral information that would have been represented in the hole was either dropped or reassigned to bands on either side. Such reassignment preserves information but warps the place code, which may in itself impair performance. Normally hearing subjects received three hours of training in two reassignment conditions. Speech recognition improved considerably with training. Scores were much lower in a baseline (untrained) condition where information from the hole region was dropped. A second group of subjects trained in this dropped condition did show some improvement; however, scores after training were significantly lower than in the reassignment conditions. These results are consistent with the view that speech processors should present the most informative frequency range irrespective of frequency misalignment. 0 2006 Acoustical Society of America.", "label": [3, 4, 35, 28]}
+{"token": "Anticipating the Vargas era: the Paulista Revolution of 1924 and the implementation of the practices of political and social control. The July Revolution of 1924 in Sao Paulo was very little investigated by Brazilian historiography, especially since it determines the beginning of a systematic preventive and social control by the federal government, especially in health and public safety spheres. This paper studies this transformation in the Brazilian state, particularly with regard to the political police during the government of President Arthur Bernardes (19221926). The hypothesis that guides the work is that in this period was inaugurated a new model for the exercise of political power, by Michel Foucault called biopolitics, the precursor of the future social control state of the Vargas era.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Modeling the Effect of Direct and Indirect Contamination of On-Farm Bulk Tank Milk with Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in milk of bovine origin is suspected of being implicated in Crohn's disease in humans. Milk can be contaminated via direct excretion of MAP in milk or indirectly via fecal contamination of the milk. This study aimed at estimating the level of MAP in farm bulk tank milk and simulating the effect of direct and indirect contamination with MAP. The effect of discarding milk from test-positive cows at different prevalences was assessed. The concentration of MAP in milk was estimated using a simulation model, while taking direct and indirect contamination with MAP into account. Direct MAP contamination of milk was related to infection stages, while indirect contamination was associated with within-herd prevalence and distribution of cows in different stages of infection. Discarding of milk based on diagnostic test results was included as a control option. Median MAP load in farm bulk tank milk at within-herd infection prevalences from 7.5% to 60% were estimated to be 0.54-7.53 CFU/mL milk. Maximum concentration at the prevalence of 60% could be 1186 CFU/mL caused by shedding of high amounts of MAP in feces. At the prevalence of 15%, discarding milk from test positive cows would result in discarding 11% of milk and reduce the MAP level by 80%. Due to poor sensitivity of the diagnostic test, removing test-positive cows would not further reduce the already low concentration of MAP and it would not guarantee the milk as MAP-free. The model was relatively simple yet capable of capturing true infection status and associated contributions from milk and feces. Further knowledge on distribution of fecal excretion from infected cows is required because very few \\\\'super-shedders\\\\' might play a major role.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "The relation between coronal holes and coronal mass ejections during the rise, maximum, and declining phases of Solar Cycle 23. We study the interaction between coronal holes (CHs) and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) using a resultant force exerted by all the coronal holes present on the disk and is defined as the coronal hole influence parameter (CHIP). The CHIP magnitude for each CH depends on the CH area, the distance between the CH centroid and the eruption region, and the average magnetic field within the CH at the photospheric level. The CHIP direction for each CH points from the CH centroid to the eruption region. We focus on Solar Cycle 23 CMEs originating from the disk center of the Sun (central meridian distance <= 15 degrees) and resulting in magnetic clouds (MCs) and non-MCs in the solar wind. The CHIP is found to be the smallest during the rise phase for MCs and non-MCs. The maximum phase has the largest CHIP value (2.9 G) for non-MCs. The CHIP is the largest (5.8 G) for driverless (DL) shocks, which are shocks at 1 AU with no discernible MC or non-MC. These results suggest that the behavior of non-MCs is similar to that of the DL shocks and different from that of MCs. In other words, the CHs may deflect the CMEs away from the Sun-Earth line and force them to behave like limb CMEs with DL shocks. This finding supports the idea that all CMEs may be flux ropes if viewed from an appropriate vantage point.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Numerical and experimental studies of concrete damage under impact. This article reports the numerical and experimental studies of concrete damaged under impact loading. in the framework of continuum damage mechanics, a relatively simple damage model is developed by incorporating experimental relations to account for strain rate effects on concrete characteristics, such as tensile and compressive strengths and elastic moduli. The computational study is supplemented by an experimental investigation programme. A test rig with a spring ejector is designed to produce impact on concrete specimens. In conjunction, a thin load cell suitable for measurement of reaction force is specially developed. Comparison of numerical and experimental results show that the proposed model captures well the non-linear behaviour of concrete under impact compressive load.", "label": [1, 17, 11]}
+{"token": "Integral effects of Ca and Sb on the corrosion resistance for the high strength low alloy steel in the tropical marine environment. The integral effects of Ca and Sb on the corrosion properties of E690 steel were studied in a simulated tropical marine environment through immersion and dry/wet cyclic tests, focusing on localized and long-term corrosion properties. Results showed that Ca improved the corrosion resistance of steel by modifying the MnS inclusion into MnS-CaAl2O4 inclusion, and Sb enhanced the consumption of H+ to decrease the electrochemical activity on steel surface. The protectiveness of the rust layer was increased by the enrichment of Ca and Sb, and the alka-lization caused by Sb promoted appositional enrichment of Sb and Ca in the rust layer.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Universal romanticism. This essay considers three of the era's \\\\'universalisms\\\\': universal language, universal rights, and universal egotism, each of which evokes diversity at the heart of \\\\'universal\\\\' thinking. Romantic evocations of music as a \\\\'universal language\\\\' offer an alternative to reading the universe as the \\\\'Book of God,\\\\' one in which the instabilities of the sublime are perceived not as disharmony, but as an uncanny, \\\\'wild\\\\' harmony. Kant's similarly tenuous alignment of freedom and reason becomes showcased during the Revolution controversy in the bitter contention of the term \\\\'universal,\\\\' which evokes on the one hand, order and divine design; on the other, liberty, contingency and randomness. Finally, I will pursue \\\\'the universal\\\\' into the arena of epistemology, where the trope of a \\\\'universal mind\\\\' capable of \\\\' universal\\\\' knowledge undergoes a stringent, ethical critique. What emerges from this critique is the conundrum of \\\\'universal egotism\\\\' - an atomistic universe comprising impossibly \\\\'universal\\\\' minds.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Advocating Environmental Interests in China. This article analyzes two cases of environmental advocacy initiatives in China: institutionalizing environmental information transparency and sanctioning environmental violations. Both initiatives were aimed at achieving policy change at a national or regional level. Although the study shows evidence of advocacy coalitions and pressure groups in the policy process, neither the coalitions nor the groups had a set of core beliefs that enabled them to persist over time. Because they were restricted to limited advocacy on particular concerns, they proved to be ephemeral and disappeared after the issues had been addressed. The cases conform to the pattern of decision making in an authoritarian regime where policy initiatives tend to emanate from the government rather than from the public.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Comparison of Geant4 electromagnetic physics models against the NIST reference data. The Geant4 Simulation Toolkit provides an ample set of physics models describing electromagnetic interactions of particles with matter. This paper presents the results of a series of comparisons for the evaluation of Geant4 electromagnetic processes with respect to United States National Institute of Standards and Technologies (NIST) reference data. A statistical analysis was performed to estimate quantitatively the compatibility of Geant4 electromagnetic models with NIST data; the statistical analysis also highlighted the respective strengths of the different Geant4 models.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Autism: functional brain mapping of exceptional calendar capacity. Results During the calendar task, the left hippocampus, the left frontal cortex and the left middle temporal lobe were activated.Method Positron emission tomography was used to map brain activity in a man who is able to associate a day of the week with the corresponding calendar date.Aims To map the exceptional calendar capacity of a man with primary autism.Background Autistic savants' are individuals with autism who have extraordinary skills. Brain mechanisms underlying such capacities are still unknown.Conclusions The cerebral circuit involved in this man's prodigious calendar skill is similar to that normally involved in memory retrieval tasks. These results suggest that the prodigious capacities may be sustained by memory processing.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Feminist theological methodology: Toward a kaleidoscopic model (Considerations on the pluriformity of the divine mystery as applied to the experience of women). In feminist theology the theoretical subject of method is a relatively recent enterprise. Because of the multiplicity of approaches, the variety of sources, and the complexity of norms, a viable schema is needed to consider the pluriformity and particularity of the mystery of god and the god-world relationship in dialogue with the unity and diversity of women's experiences. a kaleidoscopic model may prove responsive to the challenge of feminist theology and applicable to the broader enterprise.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Genomic-based epidemiology reveals independent origins and gene flow of glyphosate resistance in Bassia scoparia populations across North America. Genomic-based epidemiology can provide insight into the origins and spread of herbicide resistance mechanisms in weeds. We used kochia (Bassia scoparia) populations resistant to the herbicide glyphosate from across western North America to test the alternative hypotheses that (i) a single EPSPS gene duplication event occurred initially in the Central Great Plains and then subsequently spread to all other geographical areas now exhibiting glyphosate-resistant kochia populations or that (ii) gene duplication occurred multiple times in independent events in a case of parallel evolution. We used qPCR markers previously developed for measuring the structure of the EPSPS tandem duplication to investigate whether all glyphosate-resistant individuals had the same EPSPS repeat structure. We also investigated population structure using simple sequence repeat markers to determine the relatedness of kochia populations from across the Central Great Plains, Northern Plains and the Pacific Northwest. We found that the original EPSPS duplication genotype was predominant in the Central Great Plains where glyphosate resistance was first reported. We identified two additional EPSPS duplication genotypes, one having geographical associations with the Northern Plains and the other with the Pacific Northwest. The EPSPS duplication genotype from the Pacific Northwest seems likely to represent a second, independent evolutionary origin of a resistance allele. We found evidence of gene flow across populations and a general lack of population structure. The results support at least two independent evolutionary origins of glyphosate resistance in kochia, followed by substantial and mostly geographically localized gene flow to spread the resistance alleles into diverse genetic backgrounds.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
+{"token": "Interactions between phage-shock proteins in Escherichia coli. Expression of the pspABCDE operon of Escherichia coli is induced upon infection by filamentous phage and by many other stress conditions, including defects in protein exports Expression of the operon requires the alternative sigma factor sigma(54) and the transcriptional activator PspF. In addition, PspA plays a negative regulatory role, and the integral-membrane proteins PspB and PspC play a positive one. In this study, we investigated whether the suggested protein-protein interactions implicated in this complex regulatory network can indeed be demonstrated. Antisera were raised against PspB, PspC, and PspD, which revealed, in Western blotting experiments, that PspC forms stable sodium dodecyl sulfate-resistant dimers and that the hypothetical pspD gene is indeed expressed in vivo. Fractionation experiments showed that PspD localizes as a peripherally bound inner membrane protein. Cross-linking studies with intact cells revealed specific interactions of PspA with PspB and PspC, but not with PspD. Furthermore, amity-chromatography suggested that PspB could bind PspA only in the presence of PspC. These data indicate that regulation of the psp operon is mediated via protein-protein interactions.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Extract from Moringa oleifera seeds suppresses the epithelial-mesenchymal transition-mediated metastasis of gastric cancer by targeting the metastatic suppressor NDRG1. Metastasis is the major feature of gastric cancer (GC) that contributes to poor prognosis. There is an urgent need to identify novel agents targeting GC metastasis. Moringa oleifera Lam (M. oleifera) has long been used by the public as foods for its nutritional and medicinal virtues. However, its anti-metastatic potential against GC remains unknown. Here, we showed that residues of M. oleifera (MO) can specifically suppress metastasis of GC cells at a lower dosage, at least partially through reversing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Furthermore, RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that a bona fide metastasis suppressor, NDRG1, was significantly upregulated by MO treatment. Knockdown of NDRG1 by a short interfering RNA dramatically attenuated the anti-metastasis effect of MO in GC cells. Thus, we demonstrate that MO suppresses EMT-mediated metastasis of GC by augmenting the metastatic suppressor NDRG1. Our findings also address the potential therapeutic significance of MO in the treatment of GC metastasis.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
+{"token": "Implementation of solar energy in smart cities using an integration of artificial neural network, photovoltaic system and classical Delphi methods. Energy supply of megacities is considered as an active research topic in the new aspects of urban management, especially in developing countries like Iran. With an introduction to the sustainable development goals, the smart city concept presents a novel idea for providing energy in a city with the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI), renewable energy, such as Photovoltaic (PV) technologies, and Transformational Participation (TP) based on motivational programs for citizens. This study aims to evaluate the electrical energy consumption in Mashhad, Iran, based on machine learning tools and present the dynamic strategies for promoting citizens' willingness for renewable energy generation based on the experts' knowledge. The main novelty of this research is simultaneous application of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and statistical analysis for creating a Decision Support System (DSS). Then, the solar energy potential is appraised by the PV system simulation tool during one year in our case study in Mashhad, Iran. Furthermore, a Classical Delphi (CD) method is applied for motivational strategies and further TP implementation. In particular, the motivational strategies are suggested by 45 experts and then are prioritized in sequential expert meetings. The outcomes of this research indicate that the ANN model can successfully forecast the electrical energy consumption in summer and winter periods with a 99% accuracy. Then, based on the solar energy computations in the PV system, the peak of electrical energy consumption can be controlled in the hottest and coldest months. Last but not least, the superposition of experts' and citizens' opinions reveal A4 (sharing benefits of optimized costs with the citizens by solar energy generation), B2 (reducing the electrical energy cost for solar energy generation, especially in peak times) and C1 (creating the energy coin in the city with credits instead of spending money in urban activities fits to solar energy generation) as the main motivational strategies for solar energy generation in short, middle and long-term planning horizons.", "label": [1, 4, 17, 15, 39]}
+{"token": "LIGHT-REGULATED PHOTOSYNTHETIC GENE EXPRESSION AND PHOSPHORIBULOKINASE ENZYME ACTIVITY IN THE HETEROKONT ALGA VAUCHERIA LITOREA (XANTHOPHYCEAE) AND ITS SYMBIOTIC MOLLUSKAN PARTNER ELYSIA CHLOROTICA (GASTROPODA). Photosynthesis is composed of tightly coupled reactions requiring finely tuned nucleocytosolic-plastid interaction. Herein, we examined the influence of light on select photosynthetic gene expression and enzyme activity in the plastid-containing mollusk (sea slug) Elysia chlorotica and its heterokont algal prey Vaucheria litorea C. Agardh. Transcript levels of nuclear photosynthetic genes (psbO and prk) were significantly lower in E. chlorotica compared with V. litorea, whereas plastid photosynthesis genes (psaA and rbcL) were more comparable, although still lower in the animal. None of the genes responded similarly to changes in light conditions over a 24 h period in the sea slug compared with the alga. Activity of the nuclear-encoded photosynthetic enzyme phosphoribulokinase (PRK) exhibited redox regulation in vitro in crude extracts of both organisms sequentially treated with oxidizing and reducing agents. However, PRK was differentially affected in vivo by redox and light versus dark treatment in V. litorea, but not in E. chlorotica. Overall, these results support the active transcription of algal nuclear and plastid genes in E. chlorotica, as well as sustained activity of a nuclear-encoded plastid enzyme, even after several months of starvation (absence of algal prey). The apparent absence of tight transcriptional regulation and redox control suggests that essential nuclear-encoded regulatory factors in V. litorea are probably not present in the sea slug. These findings are discussed relative to light regulation of photosynthetic gene expression in the green and red algal lineages and in the context of the sea slug/algal plastid kleptoplastic association.", "label": [0, 4, 45, 9]}
+{"token": "On spectra of algebras over ultranormed fields. Algebras over ultranormed fields are studied. Conditions under which spectra of such algebras are non-void are investigated. For this purpose extensions of fields are considered. (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Royal Dutch Mathematical Society (KWG).", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Microstructure and texture development during solid consolidation recycling of Ti-6Al-4V. Ti-6Al-4V machining chips were recycled using equal channel angular pressing (ECAP). The microstructural and texture evolution of the recycled Ti-6Al-4V have been investigated using scanning electron microscopy, electron backscattered diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. For samples consolidated at 500 degrees C with a back pressure of 100 MPa, the as-pressed density reached up to 99.9% after 8 passes. Pronounced grain refinement was also observed with increasing number of passes. The morphology of the grains has been changed from elongated and coarse to equiaxed and ultrafine as the number of passes increases. Strong textures were also introduced during multiple passes via B-c route. Texture has been developed with basal planes parallel to the inclination direction which is at 21 degrees of the extrusion direction. After 4 and 8 passes, basal planes were rotated towards the transverse direction. No oxide can be detected at the chip-chip boundaries when the Ti-Al-4 V machining chips was consolidated at 500 degrees C. When the sample was processed at 550 degrees C, significant grain growth and clear oxide layers at the chip-chip interface were observed. In addition, the c-axis were rotated towards the longitudinal direction due to the non-basal slip activity. TEM observation revealed the < <(a)over right arrow> + (c) over right arrow > dislocations presence in the 550 degrees C ECAP-processed sample.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Ornithine decarboxylase of the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum higginsianum plays an important role in regulating global metabolic pathways and virulence. Colletotrichum higginsianum is an important fungal pathogen causing anthracnose disease of cruciferous plants. In this study, we characterized a putative orthologue of yeast SPE1 in C. higginsianum, named ChODC. Deletion mutants of ChODC were defective in hyphal and conidial development. Importantly, deletion of ChODC significantly affected appressorium-mediated penetration in C. higginsianum. However, polyamines partially restore appressorium function and virulence indicating that loss of ChODC caused significantly decreased virulence by the crosstalk between polyamines and other metabolic pathways. Subsequently, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses demonstrated that ChODC played an important role in metabolism of various carbon and nitrogen compounds including amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids. Along with these clues, we found deletion of ChODC affected glycogen and lipid metabolism, which were important for conidial storage utilization and functional appressorium formation. Loss of ChODC affected the mTOR signalling pathway via modulation of autophagy. Interestingly, cAMP treatment restored functional appressoria to the Delta ChODC mutant, and rapamycin treatment also stimulated formation of functional appressoria in the Delta ChODC mutant. Overall, ChODC was associated with the polyamine biosynthesis pathway, as a mediator of cAMP and mTOR signalling pathways to regulate appressorium function. Our study provides evidence of a link between ChODC and the cAMP signalling pathway and defines a novel mechanism by which ChODC regulates infection-associated autophagy and plant infection by fungi.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Frequency and Type of Renal Lesions in Dogs Naturally Infected with Leptospira Species. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and type of renal lesions associated with positive titers against Leptospira sp. in a stray dog population. Three hundred fifty pairs of kidneys and an equal number of serum samples were collected from dogs captured by the dog pound of Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. Euthanasia of dogs was performed following the regulations of the Official Mexican Health Ministry (NOM-033-ZOO-1995). Serum samples were evaluated with the microscopic agglutination test, and tissue samples were processed and fixed in paraffin. After staining with hematoxylin and eosin, the frequency of renal lesions was determined and classified. As an additional evaluation, samples with interstitial nephritis were stained by the Warthin-Starry method in order to observe the presence of spirochete forms that could be morphologically compatible with Leptospira spp. We found that 98% of cases presented at least one type of lesion. The main histological lesions found were mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) in 63.7% (n = 223), mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis and interstitial nephritis (MPGN+IN) in 34% (n = 119), nephrosclerosis in 0.57% (n = 2), mesangial glomerulonephritis in 0.28% (n = 1), and interstitial nephritis (IN) in 0.28% (n = 1). Thirty-four percent (n = 122) of the dogs were seropositive to Leptospira sp., mainly against serovar canicola. Among dogs with IN (alone or associated with MPGN) (n = 120), 49.1% were seropositive to Leptospira sp., but only 17% of them showed spirochete forms compatible with the bacteria. A statistical association between seropositive dogs and the presence of MPGN+IN was determined (P < 0.0001; odds ratio 2.7, confidence interval 1.7-4.5). We concluded that the frequency of renal lesions found in this study is high and L. canicola is probably the most common circulating serovar in dogs from this area. Dogs that have been in contact with Leptospira spp. have a higher risk of developing renal lesions of the type MPGN+IN.", "label": [0, 4, 37, 10]}
+{"token": "Benthic respiration in a seep habitat dominated by dense beds of ampharetid polychaetes at the Hikurangi Margin (New Zealand). Many biological seep studies focused on the distribution, structure, nutrition and food web architecture of seep communities as well as on their interaction with the seep geochemistry However, overall respiration at cold seeps received only little attention. We conducted in-situ oxygen flux measurements in combination with ex-situ oxygen micro-profiles, respiration measurements, as well as rate determinations of microbial methane and sulfate turnover to assess respiration pathways as well as carbon turnover at a seep habitat that was recently discovered alongside the Hikurangi Margin offshore northern New Zealand This habitat is dominated by dense beds of tube-building, heterotrophic ampharetid polychaetes. Average total oxygen uptake (TOU) from this habitat was very high (83 7 mmol m(-2) day(-1)) TOU at a non-seep reference site ranged between 27 and 58 mmol m(-2) day(-1). About 37% (30 8 mmol m(-2) day(-1)) of the average TOU was consumed by ampharetids Considering mean diffusive oxygen uptake (85 mmol m(-2) day(-1)) the remaining fraction of similar to 53% of the TOU (44 4 mmol m(-2) day(-1)) might be explained by respiration of epibenthic organisms as well as aerobic methane and sulfide oxidation at the sediment-water interface The strongly negative carbon isotopic signatures (-52.9 +/- 5 parts per thousand VPDB) of the ampharetid tissues indicate a methane derived diet. However, carbon production via anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) was too low (0.1 mmol C m(-2) day(-1)) to cover the mean carbon demand of the ampharetid communities (21 mmol C m(-2) day(-1)) Likely, organic carbon generated via aerobic methane oxidation represents their major carbon source This is in contrast to other seep habitats, where energy bound in methane is partly transferred to sulfide via AOM and finally consumed by sulfide-oxidizing chemoautotrophs providing carbon that subsequently enters the benthic food web (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "Shield structure optimisation studies for the west beam port of the KAMINI reactor. KAMINI is the Kalpakkam Mini Reactor and its main purpose is to cater to the experimental needs and for neutron radiography. It is a water-cooled reactor with U-233 as the fissile material. The reactor has three neutron beam ports for experimental needs, which are made of graded cylindrical aluminium channel. All the beam ports start from the core, pierce the biological shield and are 2 m long. The shield structure optimisation studies for the beam port towards the west side of the reactor are presented here. The diameter of the west beam channel at the core centre is 54 nun and at the other end is 250 mm. The west beam tube opening is 530 mm below the floor level and hence the pit housing the experimental cavity is below the floor level with dimensions 2 m x 2.5 m x 1.3 m. The beam tube opening into the experimental cavity serves as the neutron source for radiation physics experiments and is assumed as a surface source in the calculations. Rough estimate of the shield design is made based on the literature on dose-equivalent index transmission through concrete for average neutron energy of 1.5 MeV. Detailed radiation transport calculations are performed using Monte Carlo neutral particle transport code (MCNP) to optimise the shield design. Neutron and capture gamma dose rates at the accessible areas are estimated. The contribution of prompt fission gamma rays is found to be negligible compared to the dose rates due to capture gamma rays. The details of the optimised shield structure proposed for the west beam port are as follows. Fixed concrete shields of thickness 650 mm on the lateral sides and a composite shield (500 mm paraffin and 50 turn concrete) in the front side at a distance of 1 m from the beam tube opening are recommended inside the experimental pit. During reactor operation, a composite mobile shield (500 mm paraffin and 500 mm concrete) closes the experimental cavity at the floor level. Fixed concrete shields are recommended to close the pit fully. The shield structure proposed increases the experimental cavity volume from 0.2 to 1.4 m(3) with the dose levels at the accessible areas less than one muSv/h. The MCNP computed neutron and gamma dose rates are compared with the measured values with the existing shield structure to verify the source term used. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "The Widening Circle: Honour, Shame, and Collectivism in the Parable of the Prodigal Son. This study presents a reading of Jesus' parable of the Prodigal Son through the context of collectivism. After a brief survey of how honour and shame function in a collectivistic society, the essay examines the parable using Luke's expressed occasion of the story as a starting point. The three characters are examined, as each display behaviour that is outside the accepted norms of Jewish and Greco-Roman society. The study reveals that a major element of the message of Jesus lies in the re-definition of boundaries. The Lukan Jesus remarkably does not abolish the community-first value of the Pharisees and scribes, but upholds the priority of the collective through expanding the boundaries of those who are honoured. The parable is then situated into the grand Lukan narrative, showing how the Jesus movement as described in Luke-Acts widens the circle of the collective.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Development of an Interdisciplinary, Intercultural Master's Program on Sustainability: Learning from the Richness of Diversity. The purpose of this article is to describe a joint effort between three European and six Latin American universities to create an international Master's degree program on Sustainable Development and Management. Faculty members from these institutions are working together on this unusual and innovative project, which recognizes the importance of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) tools in international projects and programs. The article provides information about the ongoing interdisciplinary and intercultural dialogue and the learning process that is occurring throughout the development of the program.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Forced exo-nido rhoda and ruthenacarboranes as catalyst precursors: a review. Forced exo-nide rhoda and ruthenacarboranes containing monothio and monophosphinocarboranes have been tested as catalyst precursors in different catalytic reactions. The catalyst precursors employed were [Rh(7-SR-8-R'-7,8-C2B9H10)(PPh3)(2)] (R=Ph, Et; R'=Ph, Me), [Rh(7-PR2-X-R'-7,8-C2B9H10)(PPh3)2] (R=Ph, Et, Pr-i; R'=H, Me), [Rh(7-PPh2-8-Me-7,8-C2B9H10)(cod)], [Rh(7-SR-8-R'-7, 8-C2B9H10)(cod)], [RuX(7-PR2-8-R'-7,8-C2B9H10)(PPh3)(2)] (X = Cl, H; R = Ph; R' = H, Me, Ph) and [RuCl(7-SR-8-R'-7,8-C2B9H10)(PPh3)(2) (R=Ph, Et; R'= Me, Ph). These complexes are obtained by the reaction of the tetramethylammonium or cesium salt of the nide ligand with Rh(I) or Ru(II) complexes incorporating ancillary ligands. Although two molecular structures are possible, the close and the exo-nido, only the exo-nido tautomer is generally formed. The cluster is coordinated to the metal through the S or P atom and one or two B-H-M interactions, depending on the metal. These exo-nido rhoda and ruthenacarboranes have been shown to catalyze in very good yield the hydrogenation of terminal alkenes but they are not active in the hydrogenation of internal alkenes. Both rhoda-monothio and monophosphinocarboranes present comparable activity at P = 45 bar and T = 66 degreesC, in the hydrogenation and isomerization of I-hexene. However, while the monothioether precursors are active at P = 1 atm and T = 25 degreesC, the monophosphino exhibited a very low activity. Ruthenamonophosphinocarboranes are also active in the hydrogenation of l-hexene, with a higher selectivity that the respective rhodacarboranes. On the other hand, [Rh(7-PPh2-8-R'-7,8-C2B9H10)(PPh3)(2) (R' = H, Me) catalyze the hydrogenation of methacycline to doxycycline with high yield (ca. 100%) and very high diastereoselectivity, ruthenacarboranes are not active. All these complexes are recoverable after completion of the catalytic reaction. These exo-nino rhoda and ruthenacarboranes displayed a very low activity in the hydrogenation of internal alkenes, however, the close species [closo-3-(C8H13)-1-SR-2-R'-3,2,1-RhC2B9H9] (R = Ph; R' = Me, Ph) obtained from [Rh(7-SR-8-R'-7,8-C2B9H10)(cod)] were very efficient catalysts in the hydrogenation of cyclohexene exhibiting higher activity than the parent exo-nido isomers. In addition to hydrogenation, exo-nino rhoda and ruthenamonothio and monophosphinocarboranes have also been tested as catalyst precursors in the insertion of carbenes to C=C and O-H bonds. The rhodamonophosphinocarboranes exhibited a high activity and similar stereoselectivity for the cyclopropanation of olefines (80-90%) and represent the first example of Rh(I) cyclopropanation catalysts. Furthermore, ruthenacarboranes are excellent cyclopropanation catalysts for activated olefins such as styrene and their derivatives while the cyclopropane yields were lower for cyclic olefins and terminal linear monoolefines (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Transcultural Travel in Late Qing Shanghai: On Two Travelogues of Wang Tao and Yuan Zhu Chih. This essay shows a reading strategy of the Late Qing shanghai studies through analyzing two travelogues, Wang Tao and Yuan Zhu Chih. These two books written with the most traditional but familiar genre-poetry (shih), tz'u, and pi-chi, made foreign/alien objects and experiences imaged, which influenced the mass media and cultural sphere in Shanghai at that time. The modernity and civil consciousness created by the two books became a totally new approach of the transcultural perspective during the late 19th century.", "label": [3, 5, 28, 52]}
+{"token": "Alien species of the Romanian and Bulgarian Black Sea coast: state of knowledge, uncertainties, and needs for future research. In order to assist the implementation of the European policies on Invasive Alien Species (IAS Regulation) and mitigate the impact of alien species that threaten the marine ecosystem services and biodiversity, accurate lists of alien species per European Member State are required. Although inventories of marine alien species and relevant information about them have been reported for the Black Sea marine region of Romania and Bulgaria, a validated list of alien species for the two countries is still lacking. In this paper we (i) propose a validated list of the marine alien species occurring in the Romanian and Bulgarian Black Sea regions, and (ii) address errors, gaps and uncertainties associated with listing alien species from the marine waters of the two countries. The list of alien species includes 37 species for Romania and 26 for Bulgaria, with the highest number of alien species belonging to the phylum Arthopoda for both countries. The majority of alien species have been classified as successfully established in the marine waters of both countries. Thirteen alien species were classified as invasive in Romania whilst eight alien species were classed as invasive in Bulgaria. The historical overview indicates that the number of alien species has steadily increased over the last 50 years both in Romania and Bulgaria. The results of our study provide the baseline list and information for addressing marine alien species at a national level and a starting point for selecting the invasive alien species for risk assessment towards an effective implementation of the IAS Regulation. In conclusion, this study provides supporting information for implementing measures to tackle the introduction of alien species in the western region of the Black Sea. These measures are needed to build an early warning, prevention, and control of invasive alien species in the Black Sea, a unique and fragile ecosystem.", "label": [4, 37, 45]}
+{"token": "Particle image velocimetry and constant temperature anemometer measurements of the jet produced by a centrifugal fan. This article presents a detailed investigation of the three-dimensional flow field produced by a small centrifugal fan used for cooling of electronic components, for instance, in the automotive industry. A particle image velocimetry (PIV) system captured numerous cross sections of the fan jet for analysis of velocity distribution and jet development. General parameters, such as the spreading rate, and flow specifics, such as the full width at half maximum contours in planes parallel to the fan outlet and the jet's rotation rate, were thus evaluated. In addition, constant temperature anemometry enabled a thorough investigation of the flow field at the fan's outflow port. Hot-wire measurements complement the PIV results by providing the power spectral density of the turbulent kinetic energy at several locations. Our results demonstrate that the cross-flow profile at the fan outlet consists of two counter-rotating vortices. This leads to a jet with a nearly elliptical, rotating cross section, which does not propagate in a direction perpendicular to the outlet plane. Several aspects of these distinctive flow features are evaluated and presented to provide both fluid mechanics and heat transfer engineers with (i) data on the air jet produced by a small centrifugal fan and (ii) reference data for computational fluid dynamics simulations. Despite complex flow development in the near field of the jet and the nonaxisymmetric jet contour in the intermediate field, our results are in good agreement with published data on axisymmetric jets in terms of spreading rate and the development of turbulence spectra observed in the intermediate field.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Comparative genomics of koala, cattle and sheep strains of Chlamydia pecorum. Conclusions: The genomic data revealed that variation between C. pecorum strains were mainly due to the accumulation of SNPs, some of which cause gene inactivation. The identification of these genetic differences will provide the basis for further studies to understand the biology and evolution of this important animal pathogen.Results: Comparisons of the draft C. pecorum genomes against the complete genomes of livestock C. pecorum isolates revealed that these strains have a conserved gene content and order, sharing a nucleotide sequence similarity > 98%. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) appear to be key factors in understanding the adaptive process. Two regions of the chromosome were found to be accumulating a large number of SNPs within the koala strains. These regions include the Chlamydia plasticity zone, which contains two cytotoxin genes (toxA and toxB), and a 77 kbp region that codes for putative type III effector proteins. In one koala strain (MC/MarsBar), the toxB gene was truncated by a premature stop codon but is full-length in IPTaLE and DBDeUG. Another five pseudogenes were also identified, two unique to the urogenital strains C. pecorum MC/MarsBar and C. pecorum DBDeUG, respectively, while three were unique to the koala C. pecorum conjunctival isolate IPTaLE. An examination of the distribution of these pseudogenes in C. pecorum strains from a variety of koala populations, alongside a number of sheep and cattle C. pecorum positive samples from Australian livestock, confirmed the presence of four predicted pseudogenes in koala C. pecorum clinical samples. Consistent with our genomics analyses, none of these pseudogenes were observed in the livestock C. pecorum samples examined. Interestingly, three SNPs resulting in pseudogenes identified in the IPTaLE isolate were not found in any other C. pecorum strain analysed, raising questions over the origin of these point mutations.Background: Chlamydia pecorum is an important pathogen of domesticated livestock including sheep, cattle and pigs. This pathogen is also a key factor in the decline of the koala in Australia. We sequenced the genomes of three koala C. pecorum strains, isolated from the urogenital tracts and conjunctiva of diseased koalas. The genome of the C. pecorum VR629 (IPA) strain, isolated from a sheep with polyarthritis, was also sequenced.", "label": [2, 19, 20]}
+{"token": "Christian violence in America. As the millennium approaches, the wave of antimodernism that has brought violent movements of religious nationalism in its wake around the world has arrived at America's shores. In the United States, attacks on abortion clinics, the killing of abortion clinic staff, and the destructive acts of members of Christian militia movements are chilling examples of assaults on the legitimacy of modern social and political institutions, based on the theological frameworks of reconstruction theology and Christian Identity thinking. These examples of Christian militancy present a religious perception of warfare and struggle in what is perhaps the most modern of twentieth-century societies. The secular political order of America is imagined to be trapped in vast satanic conspiracies involving spiritual and personal control. This perception provides Christian activists with both the justification and the obligation to use violent means to fulfill their understanding of the country's Christian mission-and at the same time offers a formidable critique of Enlightenment society and a reassertion of the primacy of religion in public life.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "Weed management in maize using crop competition: A review. Weeds are a major constraint to crop production, and are responsible for considerable yield losses in maize production systems throughout the world. Herbicides are widely used for weed control in maize production systems, but can have negative environmental consequences. Researchers have evaluated the use of crop competition and suppression to manage weeds in various crop combinations, including maize-based systems. Crop competition in maize may involve techniques such as reduced row spacing, increased planting density, and the use of competitive cultivars that exhibit weed suppressive potential. In this review, examination of the literature has revealed the considerable value of using crop competition in integrated weed management programs. Research has demonstrated that narrowing row spacing to half the standard distance reduced weed biomass by 39-68%, depending on weed species. Researchers have also demonstrated that increasing maize planting density by up to twice the standard rate achieved a reduction in weed biomass of 26-99%. While little research has been conducted into the use of competitive maize cultivars for weed management, several studies have documented cultivars with potential to suppress weeds. Attributes of weed competitive cultivars include high leaf area index, and other elements of leaf architecture that improve light interception by the crop, so increasing the shading of weeds. Combining crop competition methods with other agronomic practices can increase their effectiveness in controlling weeds. For example, biomass of Setaria italica (L) Beauv was reduced by 60% when maize planting density was increased by 1.5 times the recommended spacing, and this effect was more pronounced when fertilizer was banded rather than broadcast. In summary, the strategic use of crop competition to control weeds has been a success in many regions, and is an important tool in integrated weed management. The importance of crop competition methods has particular relevance where farmers are unable to afford herbicides, as making use of crop competition is more economical. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of Long-Lasting Sensorimotor Consequences following Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in Rats: The Neuroprotective Role of MgSO(4). Perinatal asphyxia (PA) is a major determinant for long-term sensorimotor and locomotor deficits. The model of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) in 7-day-old rats produces sensorimotor cortex, thalamus and striatum injury, which are all critical for the maintenance of sensory motor function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term neurodevelopmental disturbances in the above experimental model and to assess the neuroprotective effect of MgSO(4) in terms of long-term behavioral and morphological changes. Seven-day-old rats were separated into three groups: A (control), neither ligated nor exposed to hypoxia; B (HI/MgSO(4)) ligated, exposed to hypoxia and treated with MgSO(4) (2 g/kg b.w., i.p.), and C (HI) ligated and exposed to hypoxia. At the age of 42 days, the behavior of the rats was evaluated using 5 sensorimotor tests. Muscle power, motor coordination, reflexes, and limb placing were tested to different sensory stimuli. The study was completed with the histopathological evaluation of brain tissue damage. In all individual tests the HI-treated rats performed significantly worse than the control and MgSO(4)-treated rats and this difference was more pronounced in the limb placing tests. Additionally, neonatal HI resulted in extensive neuronal damage that was limited after MgSO(4) administration. Behavioral alterations represent a useful endpoint for studying the consequences of a perinatal HI insult and the efficacy of potential neuroprotective treatments. MgSO(4) administration resulted in prevention of HI-induced sensorimotor deficits and brain injury. Copyright (C) 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Instrumentalisation, patchworking, suppression Russia's unwanted anniversary of the Revolution. The Soviet image of the October Revolution is only slowly disappearing from people's minds. Many still view 1917 from the perspective of the Party history written by Stalin and the literature produced for the masses during the 1960s. At the same time, the Putin regime is promoting a specific reinterpretation. The aim is to anchor stability and a strong state as the core political values among the population. Surveys show that this venture has succeeded. This point of view is supported both by those who regard the October Revolution as a catastrophe and those for whom the Bolsheviks overcame chaos and the dissolution of the state. By contrast, the liberal ideas of the February Revolution have been completely suppressed.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Estimating the Instantaneous Frequency of Linear and Nonlinear Frequency Modulated Radar Signals-A Comparative Study. Automatic modulation recognition plays a vital role in electronic warfare. Modern electronic intelligence and electronic support measures systems are able to automatically distinguish the modulation type of an intercepted radar signal by means of real-time intra-pulse analysis. This extra information can facilitate deinterleaving process as well as be utilized in early warning systems or give better insight into the performance of hostile radars. Existing modulation recognition algorithms usually extract signal features from one of the rudimentary waveform characteristics, namely instantaneous frequency (IF). Currently, there are a small number of studies concerning IF estimation methods, specifically for radar signals, whereas estimator accuracy may adversely affect the performance of the whole classification process. In this paper, five popular methods of evaluating the IF-law of frequency modulated radar signals are compared. The considered algorithms incorporate the two most prevalent estimation techniques, i.e., phase finite differences and time-frequency representations. The novel approach based on the generalized quasi-maximum likelihood (QML) method is also proposed. The results of simulation experiments show that the proposed QML estimator is significantly more accurate than the other considered techniques. Furthermore, for the first time in the publicly available literature, multipath influence on IF estimates has been investigated.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Progress with retroviral gene vectors. Retroviral vectors have become a standard tool for gene transfer technology. Compared with other gene transfer systems, retroviral vectors have several advantages, including their ability to transduce a variety of cell types, to integrate efficiently into the genomic DNA of the recipient cells and to express the transduced gene at high levels. The relatively well understood biology of retroviruses has made possible the development of packaging cell lines which provide in trans all the viral proteins required fur viral particle formation. The design of different types of packaging cells has evolved to reduce the possibility of helper virus production. The host range of retroviruses has been expanded by pseudotyping the vectors with heterologous viral glycoproteins and receptor-specific ligands. The development of lentivirus vectors has allowed efficient gene transfer to quiescent cells. This review describes different strategies adopted for developing vectors to be used in gene therapy applications. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "DEVELOPING PUBLIC POLICIES: GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF THE INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES' TERRITORIES. DIAGUITA-CALCHAQUI COMMUNITY 'EL DIVISADERO. This article examines the implications of the Argentine government actions and the social actors' practices during the implementation of the Geographical Survey Program in the Diaguita-Calchaqui indigenous community \\\\'El Divisadero\\\\', in Cafayate, province of Salta, Argentina. The Program will be analyzed from an ethnohistorical perspective as part of the state's process of re-territorialization, a process with not unusual negotiations and power struggles. This paper will firstly describe the public policies on the indigenous issue carried out in Argentina and in the international framework. Secondly, it will assess the Geographical Survey Program in Salta province considering its implementation process and goals set out during its drafting. Finally, some implications will be presented on the implementation of the Program in the Diaguita-Calchaqui indigenous community \\\\'El Divisadero\\\\'. In this case, the indigenous involvement in the program implementation has been reflected in map drawings and new partnerships with government agencies. Thus, the article will show how the challenges of implementing the Geographical Survey Program in Salta reveal the tensions and conflicts arisen during the interaction of the participating social actors.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30]}
+{"token": "Functional relationships of three NFU proteins in the biogenesis of chloroplastic iron-sulfur clusters. Iron-sulfur clusters are required in a variety of biological processes. Biogenesis of iron-sulfur clusters includes assembly of iron-sulfur clusters on scaffold complexes and transfer of iron-sulfur clusters to recipient apoproteins by iron-sulfur carriers, such as nitrogen-fixation-subunit-U (NFU)-type proteins. Arabidopsis thaliana has three plastid-targeted NFUs: NFU1, NFU2, and NFU3. We previously discovered that nfu2(-/-) nfu3(-/)- mutants are embryo lethal. The lack of viable nfu2(-/)- nfu3(-/-) mutants posed a serious challenge. To overcome this problem, we characterized nfu2-1(-/-) nfu3-2(+/-) and nfu2-1(+/-) nfu3-2(-/-) sesquimutants. Simultaneous loss-of-function mutations in NFU2 and NFU3 have an additive effect on the declines of 4Fe-4S-containing PSI core subunits. Consequently, the sesquimutants had much lower PSI and PSII activities, much less chlorophyll, and much smaller plant sizes, than nfu2-1 and nfu3-2 single mutants. These observations are consistent with proposed roles of NFU3 and NFU2 in the biogenesis of chloroplastic 4Fe-4S. By performing spectroscopic and in vitro reconstitution experiments, we found that NFU1 may act as a carrier for chloroplastic 4Fe- 4S and 3Fe-4S clusters. In line with this hypothesis, loss-of-function mutations in NFU1 resulted in significant declines in 4Fe-4S- and 3Fe-4S-containing chloroplastic proteins. The declines of PSI activity and 4Fe-4S-containing PSI core subunits in nfu1 mutants indicate that PSI is the main target of NFU1 action. The reductions in 4Fe- 4S-containing PSI core proteins and PSI activity in nfu3-2, nfu2-1, and nfu1 single mutants suggest that all three plastid-targeted NFU proteins contribute to the biogenesis of chloroplastic 4Fe- 4S clusters. Although different insertion sites of T-DNA lines may cause variations in phenotypic results, mutation severity could be an indicator of the relative importance of the gene product. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that NFU3 contributes more than NFU2 and NFU2 contributes more than NFU1 to the production of 4Fe-4S-containing PSI core subunits.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Constructivism as a philosophy and a sociology of science: Problems, possibilities and limits (L.P. Berger, T. Luckman). The paper gives an analysis of the role of constructivism in post-positivist epistemology and in the philosophy of science. The role of constructivism is thus analyzed in the sphere of the sociology of cognition. The author gives a detailed interpretation of Berger's and Luckman's social constructivisms. Attention is paid also to the relationship between constructivism and co called \\\\'standpoint epistemology\\\\' and reflexivity. The author sheds light especially on the various characteristics of social determinacy of scientific knowledge.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Hyperbolic language and its relation to metaphor and irony. Hyperbolic use of language is very frequent but has seldom been thought worthy of serious analytical attention. Hyperbole is usually treated as a minor trope which belongs with one or the other of the two dominant figurative uses of language, metaphor and irony. In this paper, we examine the range of ways in which hyperbole is manifest, in both its 'pure' uses and its prevalent co-occurrences with other tropes. We conclude that it does not align closely with either metaphor or irony but is a distinctive figure of speech in its own right, characterized by the blatant exaggeration of a relevant scalar property for the purpose of expressing an evaluation of a state of affairs. The relative simplicity of hyperbole enables its exploitation of a range of independent mechanisms of non-literal linguistic communication including loose use, metaphor, simile, and expressions of ironical and other attitudes. (C) 2015 Elsevier BM. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Exploring the Effects of Culture on Acceptance of Online Banking: A Comparative Study of Pakistan and Turkey by Using the Extended UTAUT Model. This study investigates and compares online banking (OB) acceptance in the cultures of Pakistan and Turkey by employing the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2) integrated with perceived credibility to predict customers' behavioral intentions (BI) and their usage of online banking. This study further investigates the moderation influence of five cultural dimensions on customers' usage behavior (UB). Using an online survey, data were collected through a questionnaire from 322 bank customers in Pakistan and 405 in Turkey. Structural equation modeling through Smart-PLS was used to analyze relationships among the constructs. Our analysis shows that performance expectancy (PE), hedonic motivation, habit (HT), and perceived credibility (PC) are determinants of OB acceptance in Pakistan, whereas PE, social influence, price value, HT, and PC are the factors affecting Turkish bank customer intentions. Results of the cultural moderators show that collectivism and long-term/short-term orientation affect customers' UB in Pakistan while uncertainty avoidance, power distance, and masculinity/femininity moderate the UB of Turkish customers. Our findings provide new insights for developing online banking in both countries.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "The twofold transition: Framing digital innovations and incumbents' value propositions for sustainability. Although digital technology offers many sustainable business model opportunities, they are not always exploited. We argue that the framing of technology is still rarely considered a cognitive antecedent of business models for sustainability, despite that it offers insightful explanations, connecting technology's sustainability potential to its business model implementations. We conduct a qualitative multicase study of virtual power plants, adopted by seven incumbent companies in the German energy sector, and explore how they frame innovative digital technology, as well as how it affects their value propositions and the energy transition. Our research reveals several value proposition differences between two company groups. The first generates a single-focused technological frame, concentrating on economic value. The second constructs a twofold digital and sustainable technological frame, resulting in additional socioenvironmental value components. Overall, companies that create a twofold frame operate as renewable energy enablers or system supporters and contribute to the energy transition.", "label": [5, 48, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "Physiological quality of surinam cherry seeds submitted to different procedures of drying and substrates - Part 2. This study had as its objective the determination of ideal procedure of drying and the substrate to evaluate the vigour and the initial growth of surinam cherry seedlings (Eugenia uniflora L.). The used design was entirely randomized in factorial scheme 2 x 4 (2 procedures of drying: shade and sun; 4 substrates: sand, vermiculite, coconut fiber and paper towels) with four replications of 25 seeds each. The following parameters were also analyzed: average time of germination, length of primary root and epicotyl and dry weight of the seedling. The experiment was conducted in BOD regulated at constant temperature of 25 degrees C and regime of continuous light. The shade method of drying and the vermiculite substrate can be recommended to test the vigour of this specie.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Pharmacophore-guided Virtual Screening to Identify New beta(3)-adrenergic Receptor Agonists. The beta(3)-adrenergic receptor (beta(3)-AR) is found in several tissues such as adipose tissue and urinary bladder. It is a therapeutic target because it plays a role in thermogenesis, lipolysis, and bladder relaxation. Two beta(3)-AR agonists are used clinically: mirabegron 1 and vibegron 2, which are indicated for overactive bladder syndrome. However, these drugs show adverse effects, including increased blood pressure in mirabegron patients. Hence, new beta(3)-AR agonists are needed as staffing points for drug development. Previous pharmacophore modeling studies of the beta(3)-AR did not involve experimental in vitro validation. Therefore, this study aimed to conduct prospective virtual screening and confirm the biological activity of virtual hits. Ligarid-based pharmacophore modeling was performed since no 3D structure of human beta(3)-AR is yet available. A dataset consisting of beta(3)-AR agonists was prepared to build and validate the pharmacophore models. The best model was employed for prospective virtual screening, followed by physicochemical property filtering and a docking evaluation. To confirm the activity of the virtual hits, an in vitro assay was conducted, measuring cAMP levels at the cloned beta(3)-AR. Out of 35 tested compounds, 4 compounds were active in CHO-K1 cells expressing the human beta(3)-AR, and 8 compounds were active in CHO-K1 cells expressing the mouse beta(3)-AR.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 40, 42]}
+{"token": "Criteria and methodology for evaluating aerial wildfire suppression. Aircraft are often used to drop suppressants and retardants to assist wildfire containment. Drop effectiveness has rarely been measured due to the difficulties in collecting data from wildfires and running field experiments and the absence of definitions and measures. This paper presents a set of criteria and methodologies for evaluating the effectiveness of aerial suppression drops. These consider drop placement, coverage and effect on fire behaviour. This paper also details drop site and delivery conditions that are required for determining causal factors that influence drop effectiveness and allow drops to be compared. Examples of drop impact evaluations made during experimental fires are used to demonstrate these methodologies. The main methods proposed are based on the analysis of orthorectified airborne infrared imagery of drops, which can be used to measure drop dimensions, proximity to fire perimeter and their effect on fire spread. These evaluations can be used to compare tactics, suppressants and delivery systems and to inform cost-benefit analyses of aerial suppression.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Microencapsulation of a Pseudomonas Strain (VUPF506) in Alginate-Whey Protein-Carbon Nanotubes and Next-Generation Sequencing Identification of This Strain. Alginate is a common agent used for microencapsulation; however, the formed capsule is easily damaged. Therefore, alginate requires blending with other biopolymers to reduce capsule vulnerability. Whey protein is one polymer that can be incorporated with alginate to improve microcapsule structure. In this study, three different encapsulation methods (extrusion, emulsification, and spray drying) were tested for their ability to stabilize microencapsulated Pseudomonas strain VUPF506. Extrusion and emulsification methods enhanced encapsulation efficiency by up to 80% and gave the best release patterns over two months. A greenhouse experiment using potato plants treated with alginate-whey protein microcapsules showed a decrease in Rhizoctonia disease intensity of up to 70%. This is because whey protein is rich in amino acids and can serve as a resistance induction agent for the plant. In this study, the use of CNT in the ALG-WP system increased the rooting and proliferation and reduced physiological complication. The results of this study showed that the technique used in encapsulation could have a significant effect on the efficiency and persistence of probiotic bacteria. Whole genome sequence analysis of strain VUPF506 identified it as Pseudomonas chlororaphis and revealed some genes that control pathogens.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Determinants of daily smoking in Turkish young adults in the Netherlands. Results: Prevalences for men were 51% for daily smoking, 12% for former smoking, and 38% for never smoking. For women they were 44%, 11%, and 47%, respectively. Without adjustment for other determinants, higher prevalence was associated with: emotional problems, boredom, life events, and being male; and, specifically among women, with low self-esteem and having children. The strongest determinants of daily smoking In multivariate models were alcohol use and demographic and socio-economic factors. Of the cultural factors only strong Muslim identification was associated with lower smoking prevalence.Conclusion: The high prevalence of smoking warrants action. Many of the well-known determinants of smoking in Western countries were also important among young adults from ethnic minorities. Women with children and people of a low educational level deserve special attention.Background: As little is known about the determinants of smoking in large ethnic minorities in the Netherlands and other Western European countries, we studied the determinants of smoking young adult offspring of Turkish migrants to the Netherlands.Methods: Cross-sectional survey of 439 Turkish adults ( 18 - 28 y) in 2003. Smokers were compared with never smokers for five groups of determinants: demographic and socioeconomic factors, behavioral and emotional problems, psychosocial factors, and cultural factors. Associations were measured by prevalence rate ratios.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Alveolar Macrophages and Neutrophils Are the Primary Reservoirs for Legionella pneumophila and Mediate Cytosolic Surveillance of Type IV Secretion. Legionella pneumophila, an intracellular pathogen responsible for the severe pneumonia Legionnaires' disease, uses its dot/icm-encoded type IV secretion system (T4SS) to translocate effector proteins that promote its survival and replication into the host cell cytosol. However, by introducing bacterial products into the host cytosol, L. pneumophila also activates cytosolic immunosurveillance pathways, thereby triggering robust proinflammatory responses that mediate the control of infection. Thus, the pulmonary cell types that L. pneumophila infects not only may act as an intracellular niche that facilitates its pathogenesis but also may contribute to the immune response against L. pneumophila. The identity of these host cells remains poorly understood. Here, we developed a strain of L. pneumophila producing a fusion protein consisting of beta-lactamase fused to the T4SS-translocated effector RalF, which allowed us to track cells injected by the T4SS. Our data reveal that alveolar macrophages and neutrophils both are the primary recipients of T4SS-translocated effectors and harbor viable L. pneumophila during pulmonary infection of mice. Moreover, both alveolar macrophages and neutrophils from infected mice produced tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 alpha in response to T4SS-sufficient, but not T4SS-deficient, L. pneumophila. Collectively, our data suggest that alveolar macrophages and neutrophils are both an intracellular reservoir for L. pneumophila and a source of proinflammatory cytokines that contribute to the host immune response against L. pneumophila during pulmonary infection.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
+{"token": "Assessing Karenia brevis red tide as a mortality factor of sea turtles in Florida, USA. Data on Karenia brevis red tides (>= 10(5) cells I-1) and on dead or debilitated (i.e. stranded) Kemp's ridleys Lepidochelys kempii, loggerheads Caretta caretta, green turtles Chelonia mydas, hawksbills Eretmochelys imbricata, and leatherbacks Dermochelys coriacea documented in Florida during 1986-2013 were evaluated to assess red tides as a sea turtle mortality factor. Unusually large numbers of stranded sea turtles were found coincident with red tides primarily along Florida's Gulf coast but also along a portion of Florida's Atlantic coast. These strandings were mainly adult and large immature loggerheads and Kemp's ridleys, and small immature green turtles and hawksbills. Unusually large numbers of stranded leatherbacks never coincided with red tide. For the 3 most common species, results of stranding data modeling, and of investigations that included determining brevetoxin concentrations in samples collected from stranded turtles, all indicated that red tides were associated with greater and more frequent increases in the numbers of stranded loggerheads and Kemp's ridleys than in the number of stranded green turtles. The mean annual number of stranded sea turtles attributed to K. brevis red tide was 80 (SE = 21.6, range = 2-338). Considering typical stranding probabilities, the overall mortality was probably 5-10 times greater. Red tide accounted for a substantial portion of all stranded loggerheads (7.1%) and Kemp's ridleys (17.7 %), and a smaller portion of all stranded green turtles (1.6%). Even though K brevis red tides occur naturally, the mortality they cause needs to be considered when managing these threatened and endangered species.", "label": [0, 6, 10]}
+{"token": "A longitudinal assessment on the economic effects of hosting major sporting events. Hosting major sporting events (MSEs) has become a globalized strategy for many countries. This paper is to incorporate event study and dynamic panel data analysis with annual secondary data to examine and clarify the long-term economic effects of host countries that had hosted the Asian Games and the Olympic Games from 1950 to 2014. The results indicate that hosting MSEs to create positive economic effects like the real economic growth rate, investment, employment and international trade may be a myth even for developing countries. The evidences can provide the sport management or authority with longitudinal and comprehensive elaboration for biding or hosting MSEs in the future.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "The Expansion of the Korean Welfare State and Its Results - Focusing on Long-term Care Insurance for the Elderly. Since the early 2000s, there has been considerable expansion of the Korean welfare state. In particular, a new compulsory long-term care insurance (LTCI) for older people was introduced in 2008, facilitating the socialization of long-term care (LTC) services at a national level. This study aims to examine how the Korean welfare state has coped with the increasing LTC needs of older people caused by introducing and implementing a new LTCI system and reforming it. This study argues that the LTCI was designed to meet limited objectives, such as providing minimal coverage and affording private for-profit market forces a predominant role in the provision of LTCI services. Owing to the implementation of the insurance, a number of achievements and shortcomings with respect to the LTCI have become evident. To address the challenges that have emerged, the Korean government announced a reform plan in 2012, which emphasized changes such as increasing coverage and improving the quality of services. Although the reform plan also shows a number of fundamental limitations, it is expected to contribute to the development of the Korean LTCI to a certain extent.", "label": [5, 52, 51, 57]}
+{"token": "Repressed, Manipulated and Instrumentalized Memory. Issues of Transmission of Slave Memory in the Mandara Mountains of Cameroon. This article is focussed on the work of memory, especially with respect to the ability of peoples of the Mandara Mountains to sort and to silence certain aspects of their servile past, yet resurface when changes the context of their muting. I am particularly interested in discharge strategies of slave memory through the myths of origin and in the mechanism of its domestication through historical songs. I also show how, in the 1960s, the montagnards managed to take some distance from the \\\\'official\\\\' memorial speech that strove to define them as repressed and victims of slavery, and how they have substituted him another memory, this time, centered around the myth of resistance. The 1990s is another turning point in the memorial speech since the montagnards, through their elites, claim their servile past in national politics in a democratic context, by publicly taking a stance of victimhood. These three memorial times (repression, instrumentalization and requalification) are central in this article, and help to demonstrate how the passage of time of memory, as opposed to the time of history, is anachronistic kind. The reason is that the work of memory is an ongoing reinterpretation of the elements of the past, always performing in line with the temporal context, which itself determines the transmission or repression of any aspect of the servile past.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Continuous isolation of plasmid DNA by annular chromatography. The loading factor is found to be the most decisive parameter for the transfer of a given separation method between the continuous and the batch columns. Under nonoptimized conditions, plate numbers tended to be lower in the continuous compared to the batch columns. This is shown to be largely due to an artifact created by the CAC design (collection of averaged fractions at the outlets) and can be overcome by optimizing the rotation speed. Surprisingly the large batch column consistently gave better plate numbers than either the small batch or the CAC column. Compared to the preparative batch column, wall effects are more pronounced in the CAC (respectively the small diameter batch column), which may translate into better bed stability but conceivably also contributes to an increase in plate height, due to the reduction in bed density usually observed in the proximity of the wall. The CAC is shown to be a powerful approach to continuous chromatography, which allows a direct and straightforward upscale of chromatographic bioseparation methods. (C) 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 445-454, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10149.Continuous chromatographic separations, especially of multicomponent mixtures, constitute interesting options for biotechnological downstream processing. Taking the separation of plasmid DNA from clearified lysates on hydroxyapatite as a pertinent example, we discuss the potential of continuous annular chromatography (CAC) in comparison with conventional (preparative) batch chromatography. In CAC the column is realized in the form of a thin (5 mm, height 210 mm) slowly rotating annulus. The performance of such a CAC column is compared to that of an (\\\\'analytical\\\\') batch column of similar thickness (diameter) and length (4 x 250 mm) and that of a (\\\\'preparative\\\\') batch column of similar cross-sectional surface area and height (50 x 210 mm). The quality of the obtained plasmid as defined by the appearance of the corresponding agarose gets (native and linearized plasmid), the 260/280 ratio and the biological activity (transient transfection of HEK 293 cells) was found to be identical in all three cases. The yields are also shown to be equivalent.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "The impact of early life shocks on human capital formation: evidence from El Nino floods in Ecuador. This paper investigates the persistent effects of negative shocks in utero and in infancy on low-income children's health and cognitive outcomes and examines whether timing of exposure matters differentially by skill type. Specifically, I exploit the geographic intensity of extreme floods in Ecuador during the 1997-1998 El Nino phenomenon, which provides exogenous variation in exposure at different periods of early development. I show that children exposed to severe floods in utero, especially during the third trimester, are shorter in stature five and seven years later. Also, children affected by the floods in the first trimester of pregnancy score lower on cognitive tests. Additionally, I explore potential mechanisms by studying health at birth and family inputs (income, consumption, and breastfeeding). I find that children exposed to El Nino floods, especially during the third trimester in utero, were more likely to be born with low birth weight. Furthermore, households affected by El Nino suffered a decline in income, total consumption, and food consumption in the aftermath of the shock. Falsification exercises and robustness checks suggest that selection concerns such as selective fertility, mobility, and infant mortality do not drive these results. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 49]}
+{"token": "Molecular Genotyping and Epidemiology of Measles Virus Transmission in the World Health Organization European Region, 2007-2009. Results. Since 2007, MV genotype D6 has not been reported in the WHO European Region, suggesting that its chains of transmission have been interrupted, whereas several other MV genotypes are still circulating. Although several European countries have already interrupted indigenous MV transmission, genotyping showed that 3 endemic MV transmission chains have been reestablished in other countries.Methods. National and regional laboratories performed molecular characterization of MV detected between 2007 and 2009 in the WHO European Region. To document indigenous transmission and importations into the region, we analyzed genotyping results and epidemiological data on measles outbreaks reported by the member states.Conclusions. The WHO European Region 2010 goal will not be met, as indigenous transmission of MV has not been interrupted. As the region begins to document its process of elimination verification to monitor progress toward the goal, countries will need to ensure that genotyping is performed in all measles outbreaks.Background. In 2002, the World Health Organization (WHO) adopted a goal to eliminate measles in the European Region by 2010. Measles elimination is defined as the interruption of indigenous measles virus (MV) transmission. The molecular epidemiology of MV transmission in the WHO European Region was studied through the investigation of reported cases and outbreaks to monitor the region's progress toward its measles elimination goal.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "Carme Serrallonga (1909-1997). Living the ideal. Just after the centenary of the birth of the translator and educator Carme Serrallonga (Barcelona 1909-1997), this article, fruit of a lecture given at the inaugural session of the academic year 2009-2010 at the Faculty of Translation and Interpretation of the Autonomous University of Barcelona, presents this multifaceted figure and outlines her defining qualities. After the period of the progressive national project in Catalonia in the 1920s and 1930s and with the subsequent imposition of the Franco dictatorship, her singular character and world view were clearly manifested in her intellectual, social and political endeavours with the collective project of the Isabel de Villena school of which she was head for several decades. She was also one of the most active participants in the world of Catalan theatre through her work after 1960 in the Adria Gual School of Dramatic Art. Headed by Ricard Salvat and Maria Aurelia Capmany, this school achieved nothing less than the recovery of contemporary Catalan theatre and Carme Serrallonga's second domain of teaching with actors and writers of the new generations represented a major contribution. Finally, the paper discusses the ideological and personal relationships that Serrallonga established with her translations of German playwrights and novelists.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Analysis of news of the Japanese asbestos panic: a supposedly resolved issue that turned out to be a time bomb. Background Asbestos-linked public health problems were widely reported in Japan, in 2005. The objective is to apply text mining with network analysis to characterize these problems.Conclusions Text mining with network analysis, which presents one of the methods for visualization of text data, suggests the following insight. Insufficient steps against asbestos had been taken for 20 years, which is compatible with the latency period. It has resulted in widespread exposure to asbestos and more severe asbestos-related public health problems among citizens. This methodology suggests that analyzing text data by this method can serve future surveillance and efficient use of epidemiological knowledge.Results In 36 headlines, which contained the word 'asbestos' in 1987, the word 'pollution' (40%) appeared most frequently, followed by 'removal' (31%) and 'campaign' (29%). For combinations of words, the following occurred most frequently: 'campaign and expulsion' (26%) followed by 'removal and campaign' (14%). Of 293 headlines in 2005, the following words appeared: 'hazard' (31%), 'person' (16%) and 'death' (13%). For combinations, the following appeared: 'person and death' (9%). Asbestos pollution and removal campaigns were reported in 1987, but the death of citizens was reported in 2005.Methods Text mining with network analysis of newspaper headlines including the word 'asbestos' published in 1987 and 2005 was conducted. Outcome measures are occurrence of the words and simultaneous occurrence of two words in the newspaper headlines.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Differences in Factors Associated With High- and Low-Risk Oral Human Papillomavirus Genotypes in Men. In the HIM study, high-risk oral HPV prevalence was associated with residing in Mexico, smoking, and sexual behaviors. Low-risk oral HPV was associated with history of consistent bleeding of gums while brushing, lifetime number of sex partners, and sexual orientation.BackgroundHuman papillomavirus (HPV) causes oral warts and oropharyngeal cancer (OPC). Human papillomavirus-attributable OPC incidence among men is significantly increasing worldwide, yet few studies have reported oral HPV across multiple countries or examined factors associated with low- and high-risk HPV separately. MethodsOral gargles from 3095 men in the multinational HPV Infection in Men (HIM) Study were HPV genotyped. Multivariable models assessed factors independently associated with high-risk and low-risk HPV prevalence. ResultsThe prevalence of high-risk and low-risk HPV was 6.0% and 2.8%, respectively. Greater number of sexual partners was only associated with high-risk HPV (1.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22-2.90) prevalence. In multivariable models, residing in Mexico (1.66; 95% CI, 1.15-2.40) and smoking (1.66; 95% CI, 1.13-2.44) were significantly associated with high-risk HPV, and history of consistent gum bleeding (2.16; 95% CI, 1.35-3.45) was significantly associated with low-risk HPV. Gender of the sexual partner did not alter the results for either high- or low-risk HPV endpoints. ConclusionsDifferent factors were independently associated with high- and low-risk oral HPV. Oral sexual behaviors were associated with high-risk HPV, and oral health was associated with low-risk HPV. High-risk HPV prevalence differed by country of residence, highlighting the need for additional studies in multiple countries.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "Changes in caregiver burden and health-related quality of life of informal caregivers of older people with Dementia: evidence from the European RightTimePlaceCare prospective cohort study. ResultsInformal caregivers of about 2014 were interviewed. Informal caregivers of people with dementia at home experienced more burden compared with informal caregivers of recently institutionalised people with dementia. Almost no differences in health-related quality of life were found between groups. Large differences between countries on outcomes were found. Informal caregivers of people with dementia who made the transition to an institutional long-term care facility experienced a statistically significant decrease in burden and psychological distress at follow-up.ConclusionCross-country differences may be related to differences in health and social care systems. Taking this into account, informal caregiver interventions need to be tailored to (country specific) contexts and (individual) needs. Findings highlight the positive impact of admission to institutional long-term care on informal caregiver well-being.AimsTo describe differences in caregiver burden and health-related quality of life of informal caregivers of people with dementia in eight European countries and assess changes after transition from home to institutional long-term care.DesignProspective cohort study.BackgroundCountry differences in the experience of burden and health-related quality of life are rarely described.MethodsData on burden and health-related quality of life were collected at baseline (conducted between November 2010-April 2012) and follow-up (after 3months) using face-to-face interviews. Two groups of informal caregivers included those: (1) of people with dementia recently admitted to institutional long-term care facilities; and those (2) of people with dementia receiving home care. Statistical analyses focused on descriptive comparisons between groups and countries.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Solvent- and Microwave-Assisted Dehydrations of Polyols to Anhydro and Dianhydro Polyols. Carbohydrate polyol (sorbitol, mannitol, and xylitol) dehydrations by both strong and weak acid catalysts were enhanced by microwave irradiation when performed in aqueous dioxane. Reaction conditions such as the percent of water, type and concentration of acid, reaction time, and temperature were varied. Reactions with different conditions were compared by using the \\\\'combined severity\\\\' parameter. An 88% yield of the dianhydropolyol isosorbide was achieved by heating sorbitol in a microwave for only 20 min at 205 degrees C in 7% water/dioxane with H2SO4 as the catalyst, while heating for 1.5 h at 210 degrees C with the weak acid salt NaHSO4 gave 74% isosorbide. An 85% yield of 1,4-anhydroxylitol was achieved by heating xylitol in a microwave, with H2SO4 as the catalyst, for 15 min at 180 degrees C in 28% water/dioxane. Increasing reaction severity in the presence of the H2SO4 catalyst gave organic sulfate impurities due to solvent cleavage; in contrast, no solvent cleavage was observed with the weak acid catalyst NaHSO4.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Molecular and kinetic features of transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder: biological and clinical implications. Molecular and kinetic analyses have contributed to our understanding of the biology of transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) of the bladder. The concordant pattern of X-chromosome inactivation of multiple TCCs appearing at different times and at different sites and concordant genetic abnormalities in a subset of muscle-invasive TCC strongly support a monoclonal origin and a homogeneous tumor cell selection throughout the neoplasm. However, topographic intratumor heterogeneity results from the accumulation of genetic lesions in tumor suppressor genes, predominantly neurofibromatosis (NF)-1-defective in the superficial compartment and tumor protein p53 (TP53)-defective in the deep one, with lower proliferation and down-regulation of apoptosis in the latter. TCCs follow the general concept of multistep carcinogenesis and proceed through two distinct genetic pathways responsible for generating different TCC morphologies. These are the inactivation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (p15, p16, and p21(WAF/CIP1)) in low-grade TCC and early TP53-mediated abnormalities in high-grade TCC. TCC progression correlates with genetic instability and accumulation of collaborative genetic lesions mainly involving TP53, retinoblastoma (RB)-1, and growth factors. Distinctive genetic (low incidence of RB-1 and NF-1 abnormalities) and kinetic (slower cell turnover) profiles also correlate with a \\\\'single-file\\\\' infiltration pattern and poor survival in muscle-invasive TCCs. The underlying molecular changes of carcinoma in situ involve multiple and more extensive deletions (normally TP53-defective) than coexistent invasive TCC, suggesting an independent genetic evolution, while low-grade dysplasia is mainly polyclonal and shows a low rate of gene deletions.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "The Usage of Scientific Knowledge by Independent Regulatory Agencies. The normative justification for delegation to independent regulatory agencies (IRAs) is that they operate by using technical analysis and expertise rather than political considerations in their decision-making processes. Although delegation has been discussed as a design principle, systematic evidence on the conditions under which IRAs make use of scientific knowledge and how is still scarce. Scientific knowledge can be used to achieve instrumental learning, but also to seek legitimacy from the policy environment or to improve the agency's standing in the political games with the principal. This article will suggest how comparative empirical research can be usefully organized, by enriching delegation and organizational theories with the insights of the literature on knowledge utilization. Drawing on the methodological device of explanatory typologies, the article aims at shedding light on different types of knowledge utilization and the scope conditions that lead to a certain use of knowledge by IRAs.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "A global inventory of stratospheric chlorine in 2004. [1] Total chlorine (Cl-TOT) in the stratosphere has been determined using the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) measurements of HCl, ClONO2, CH3Cl, CCl4, CCl3F (CFC-11), CCl2F2 (CFC-12), CHClF2 (HCFC-22), CCl2FCClF2 (CFC-113), CH3CClF2 (HCFC-142b), COClF, and ClO supplemented by data from several other sources, including both measurements and models. Separate chlorine inventories were carried out in five latitude zones (60 degrees - 82 degrees N, 30 degrees - 60 degrees N, 30 degrees S - 30 degrees N, 30 degrees - 60 degrees S, and 60 degrees - 82 degrees S), averaging the period of February 2004 to January 2005 inclusive, when possible, to deal with seasonal variations. The effect of diurnal variation was avoided by only using measurements taken at local sunset. Mean stratospheric Cl-TOT values of 3.65 ppbv were determined for both the northern and southern midlatitudes (with an estimated 1 sigma accuracy of +/- 0.13 ppbv and a precision of +/- 0.09 ppbv), accompanied by a slightly lower value in the tropics and slightly higher values at high latitudes. Stratospheric Cl-TOT profiles in all five latitude zones are nearly linear with a slight positive slope in ppbv/km. Both the observed slopes and pattern of latitudinal variation can be interpreted as evidence of the beginning of a decline in global stratospheric chlorine, which is qualitatively consistent with the mean stratospheric circulation pattern and time lag necessary for transport.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "What Happened After T4? Starvation of Psychiatric Patients in Nazi Germany. This paper explores the role of starvation in the so-called wild euthanasia that followed the termination of the T4* program in Germany in August 1941. One way of killing patients was to starve them to death, and excess mortality secondary to the ill effects of prolonged and deliberate starvation continued until 1949.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 23, 55]}
+{"token": "Theophrastus Bombastus Von Hohenheim: Theological Reformer, Philosopher and Physician. Theophrastus Bombastus Von Hohenheim (1493-1541), known as Paracelsus, was a German-Swiss Renaissance man. His interests included alchemy and medicine. During the early 1500s, he worked as a physician, introducing mineral-based therapies to treat ailments. He is credited with developing the first recipe for laudanum, a powerful opium-based pain medication. He had radical beliefs, claiming that supreme knowledge could be reached by observing nature, not by reading books. He expressed rebellious opinions on religious topics and, though devoted Christian, criticized the Catholic Church, preaching that the spirit of Christianity dwells in the human soul and not within the church walls. Paracelsus' efforts to \\\\'renovate\\\\' the expression of the Christian faith by limiting the ritual and augmenting the spirituality among believers are presented.", "label": [2, 3, 24, 33]}
+{"token": "Cardiovascular involvement in systemic rheumatic diseases: An integrated view for the treating physicians. Systemic autoimmune diseases can affect various kinds of organs including the kidney, the skin, soft tissue and the bone. Among others, cardiovascular involvement in rheumatic diseases has been shown to affect myocardium, pericardium, cardiac vessels, conduction system and valves, eventually leading to increased mortality. In general, underlying chronic inflammation leads to premature atherosclerosis, but also other manifestations such as arrhythmia and heart failure may have a 'silent' progress. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors play a secondary role, while disease-specific factors (i.e. disease duration, severity, antibody positivity, persistent disease activity) can directly influence the cardiovascular system. Therefore, early diagnosis is critical to optimize management and to control inflammatory activity and recent data suggest that risk factors (i.e. hypercholesterolemia and hypertension) need intensive treatment as well. With the advent of immunosuppressive agents, most rheumatic diseases are well controlled on treatment, but information related to their cardioprotective efficacy is not well-defined. In this review, we focus on cardiovascular involvement in rheumatic diseases and highlight current evidence which should be of help for the treating physicians. Moreover, cardiotoxicity of immunosuppressive drugs is a rare issue and such potential adverse events will be briefly discussed. (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Enzootic sarcoptic mange in red foxes in Spain. This paper describes the distribution and epizootiology of red fox sarcoptic mange in Spain and discusses the impact of the enzootic disease on free-living fox populations. Mange distribution and trends in red fox abundance were studied in the whole Spanish mainland through direct interviews with hunters or game-keepers. In the Ebro Valley study area, fox carcasses mere collected for necropsy and field data were obtained during spotlight-censuses. Mange was detected in 70 (22.5%) out of 311 localities surveyed. The analysis of log-linear parameters showed that declining fox populations were associated with mange more often than random. Overall prevalence of foxes mich mange-compatible lesions in a sample of 728 (mostly shot) fox carcasses was 3.16 +/- 1.3%, the prevalence of mangy foxes varying with habitat characteristics. However, in local populations of the study area, mange showed prevalences of up to 23.1% and was apparently not compensated by other mortality factors.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Environmental risk perception and its influence on well-being. Findings - Results show that environmental risk perception has a direct negative influence on perceived socioeconomic development and on subjective total well-being (i.e. both hedonic and eudaimonic well-being). The perceived socioeconomic development has a direct positive effect on the subjective total well-being; thus, it plays a partial mediation role between environmental risk perception and subjective total well-being.Originality/value - This study demonstrates a significant negative effect of environmental risk perception on the total well-being of people according to SEM approach. This study determines two independent paths for government and policy makers to increase the total well-being of people in China, namely, increasing socioeconomic value to people and controlling and reducing environmental threats.Social implications - Promoting pro- environment and health behaviors is important in developing a happy society.Research limitations/implications - Findings suggest that the environment protection act of the government and their contribution to socioeconomic development will significantly affect the total well-being of people. The empirical analysis is based on survey data; thus, this study may suffer the common problems of questionnaire survey.Design/methodology/approach - Aquestionnaire survey was conducted, and data were collected from 408 participants of four major universities and government organizations in Changsha, China. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the collected data and to test the hypotheses with regard to the relationship among latent variables. Bayesian method was used as the statistical inference procedure.Purpose - This study aims to investigate the effects of environmental risk perception on the evaluation of socioeconomic development and subjective well-being in China.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Molecular epidemiology of Clostridium difficile isolated from piglets. Information on the epidemiology of C. difficile infection (CDI) in South-East Asian countries is limited, as is data on possible animal reservoirs of C. difficile in the region. We investigated the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of C. difficile in piglets and the piggery environment in Thailand and Malaysia. Piglet rectal swabs (n = 224) and piggery environmental specimens (n = 23) were collected between 2015 and 2016 from 11 farms located in Thailand and Malaysia. All specimens were tested for the presence of C. difficile with toxigenic culture. PCR assays were performed on isolates to determine the ribotype (RT), and the presence of toxin genes. Whole genome sequencing was used on a subset of isolates to determine the evolutionary relatedness of RT038 (the most prevalent RT identified) common to pigs and humans from Thailand and Indonesia. C. difficile was recovered from 35% (58/165) and 92% (54/59) of the piglets, and 89% (8/9) and 93% (13/14) of the environmental specimens from Thailand and Malaysia, respectively. All strains from Thailand, and 30 strains from Malaysia (23 piglet and 7 environmental isolates) were non-toxigenic. To our knowledge, this is the first and only report with a complete lack of toxigenic C. difficile among piglets, a feature which could have a protective effect on the host. The most common strain belonged to RT038 (ST48), accounting for 88% (51/58) of piglet and 78% (7/9) of environmental isolates from Thailand, and all 30 isolates tested from Malaysia. Piglet RT038 isolates from Thailand and Malaysia differed by only 18 core-genome single nucleotide variants (cgSNVs) and both were, on average, 30 cgSNVs different from the human strains from Thailand and Indonesia, indicating a common ancestor in the last two decades.", "label": [0, 4, 43, 10]}
+{"token": "Developing a Transliteracies Framework for a Connected World. This article introduces a transliteracies framework to conceptually account for the contingency and instability of literacy practices on the move and to offer a set of methodological tools for investigating these mobilities. Taking the paradox of mobility-the simultaneous restricting or regulation of movement that accompanies mobility-as its central dialectic, a transliteracies framework functions as a flexible heuristic for attending to how meaning making and power are intertwined in and distributed across social and material relationships. We argue that a transliteracies framework encompasses two primary dimensions of mobile literacy practices: (a) the everyday activity of creating, maintaining, and disassembling associations across movements of people and things (indicated by the prefix trans-) and (b) the dynamic and material nature of meaning making in activity (indicated by the plural root word literacies). To trace the emergent and consequential ways mobilities are managed within and across systems, we introduce four analytical tools for inquiry: emergence, uptake, resonance, and scale. These inquiry tools address the paradox of mobility by highlighting the systemic dimensions of practice that create and perpetuate inequities. We argue that these transliteracies tools facilitate an inquiry stance that positions researchers to attend to people's emic meaning- making processes, work to balance multiple perspectives, account for privilege and position, question normative assumptions and beliefs, and engage in and value multiple ways of knowing.", "label": [5, 53, 55]}
+{"token": "MEASUREMENT OF GALAXY CLUSTERING AT z similar to 7.2 AND THE EVOLUTION OF GALAXY BIAS FROM 3.8 < z < 8 IN THE XDF, GOODS-S, AND GOODS-N. Lyman-break galaxy (LBG) samples observed during reionization (z greater than or similar to 6) with the Hubble Space Telescope's Wide Field Camera 3 are reaching sizes sufficient to characterize their clustering properties. Using a combined catalog from the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field and CANDELS surveys, containing N = 743 LBG candidates at z >= 6.5 at a mean redshift of (z) over bar = 7.2, we detect a clear clustering signal in the angular correlation function (ACF) at greater than or similar to 4 sigma, corresponding to a real-space correlation length r(0) = 6.7(-1.0)(+0.9) h(-1)cMpc. The derived galaxy bias b = 8.6(-1.0)(+0.9) is that of dark matter halos of M = 10(-0.3)(11.1)(+0.2)M(circle dot) at z = 7.2, and highlights that galaxies below the current detection limit (M-AB similar to -17.7) are expected in lower-mass halos (M similar to 10(8)-10(10.5) M-circle dot). We compute the ACF of LBGs at z similar to 3.8 - z similar to 5.9 in the same surveys. A trend of increasing bias is found from (z) over bar = 3.8 (b similar to 3.0) to (z) over bar = 7.2 (b similar to 8.6), broadly consistent with galaxies at fixed luminosity being hosted in dark matter halos of similar mass at 4 less than or similar to z less than or similar to 6, followed by a slight rise in halo masses at z greater than or similar to 7 (similar to 2 sigma confidence). Separating the data at the median luminosity of the (z) over bar = 7.2 sample (M-UV = -19.4) shows higher clustering at (z) over bar = 5.9 for bright galaxies (r(0) = 5.5(-1.6)(+1.4) h(-1)cMpc, b = 6.2(-1.5)(+1.2) ) compared to faint galaxies (r(0) = 1.9(-1.0)(+1.1) h(-1)cMpc, b = 2.7(-1.2)(+1.2)) implying a constant mass-to-light ratio (dlogM/dlogL) similar to 1.2(-0.8)(+1.8) . A similar trend is present in the <z)over bar> = 7.2 sample with larger uncertainty. Finally, our bias measurements allow us to investigate the fraction of dark matter halos hosting UV-bright galaxies (the duty cycle, is an element of(DC)). At (z) over bar = 7.2 values near unity are preferred, which may be explained by the shortened halo assembly time at high redshift.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Uploading your best self: Selfie editing and body dissatisfaction. Social media have given rise to new forms of self-presentation, in particular, the posting of self-portrait photos, commonly known as \\\\'seines.\\\\' The aim of the present study was to experimentally investigate the relationship between selfie editing and body dissatisfaction. Participants were 130 women aged 18-30 years who were asked to view Instagram images of thin women or of average-sized women, with a view to inducing body dissatisfaction in the former group. Participants were then asked to take a selfie on an iPad and were given 10 min. to edit the selfie. They completed state measures of mood, body dissatisfaction, and facial dissatisfaction at baseline, after viewing the images, and after editing their selfies. It was found that although viewing the thin images increased negative mood and body/facial dissatisfaction, experimental condition had no effect on the time spent or extent of editing of the selfie. However, taking and editing the selfie resulted in increased negative mood and facial dissatisfaction in both groups. Further, the observed extent of editing predicted the degree of increase in facial dissatisfaction. It was concluded that investing heavily in and editing one's self-presentation on social media is a detrimental activity for young women. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 23, 55]}
+{"token": "Body size and sex allocation in simultaneously hermaphroditic animals. Sex allocation theory predicts that hermaphrodites optimally divide resources between male and female function, and this strategy may vary with a wide range of individual and population traits. We present a model of reproductive strategies for simultaneously hermaphroditic animals that incorporates multiple sex allocation tactics depending on the traits of an individual, its current mate, and the population at large. We examined the effect of resource variation on sex allocation in a sperm-storing population with two body-size classes. We found that an individual's sex allocation depends on its own size relative to its mate; when stored sperm is displaced exponentially, small animals (with fewer resources) invest a greater proportion of resources in male function than do large animals, and animals of either size invest more in male function when mating with a large mate than with a small mate. Optimal sex allocation depends on the size distribution in the population, the disparity of resources between size classes, the cost of filling a sperm storage organ, and the shape of the sperm displacement function. A function with S-shaped returns to sperm transfer results in a contrary finding: large animals invest more resources in male function than small animals when the cost of filling a sperm storage organ is high. Under many conditions, pronounced sex allocation differences between individuals result in similar proportions of sperm displaced and paternity gained. Thus, variation in individual traits within a population leads to multiple sex-allocation strategies that can produce equal outcomes in the game of sperm competition.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 42, 55, 47]}
+{"token": "Social injustice unveiled by genetic analysis: Argentina as a case study. Background The population of the American countries is genetically heterogeneous, whose genesis result from of recent admixture events. In this process, the transoceanic European component displaced the original inhabitants of the continent. Aim To investigate whether socially differentiated cohorts exhibit underlying ancestry components within an urban admixed population, two cohorts of individuals inhabiting Argentina were studied. One cohort included genetically unrelated individuals involved in voluntary paternity testing while the other included sexual or blood-crime suspects. Materials & Methods We analyzed over 2500 unrelated individuals: four Native American maternal lineage mtDNA markers in 1024 samples, five Y chromosome haplogroups in 658 male samples, 24 autosomal ancestry informative markers (AIMs) in 205 samples, and 15 autosomal short tandem repeats (STRs) in 1557 samples; countrywide and divided by regions. Results While our results confirm a tricontinental ethnic contribution to both cohorts, their proportions showed statistically significant differences, with a higher proportion of Native American ancestry in the cohort linked to violent crimes compared to those in paternity testing. This hallmark was observed with all the marker sets used and at various levels of analysis. Discussion Since paternity tests are costly, socio-economic differences might help to interpret our observations. The effect of discrimination against descendants of Native American minorities, and exposure to violent social environments, might link marginal groups to criminality. Conclusion Our findings underscore the relevance of proper social management since only by improving living conditions, reducing discrimination, promoting education, and providing job opportunities will it be possible to attain equality in a heterogeneous society. Genetic markers proved to be highly informative in unveiling unexpected social differences.", "label": [4, 5, 56, 42]}
+{"token": "SiO2-like film deposition by dielectric barrier discharge plasma gun at ambient temperature under an atmospheric pressure. A medium-frequency dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma gun was used to deposit SiO2-like films at ambient temperature under atmospheric pressure. SiO2-like films were deposited on Si and stainless-steel surfaces by flowing Ar gas containing hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) monomer through the gun. The authors found that the chemical structure of the deposited SiO2-like film strongly depended on the HMDSO monomer ratio in the flowing gas and on the incident power. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed no hydroxyl group in the chemical structure under the low HMDSO ratio in flowing gas or high incident plasma power. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy revealed that SiO2-like films began to grow as islands and then formed in columns having porosity. Oxygen added to the plasma-gun flow plays a lesser role in the SiO2-like deposition from a DBD plasma gun at atmospheric pressure, and the critical temperature for pure SiO2 formation is also greatly lowered. (c) 2006 American vacuum Society.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Modeling of molecular reorientation in nematic liquid crystals. In this paper, the modeling of molecular reorientation in nematic liquid crystals is described. The theoretical model is based on Frank-Oseen elastic theory. By minimizing the equation on free energy, an equation describing molecular reorientation is obtained. To get a solution, two numerical methods (Successive Over-Relaxation and Multigrid) are employed and compared for the numerical results of director orientation and computation time.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Who are you designing your tunnel for?. This conference will cover many aspects of tunnel use and design. Experts from a broad range of disciplines will share with us their experiences and no doubt, at times their frustrations encountered in getting the job done. Most will focus only on their particular field. Some however will be responsible for the eventual overall outcome which is the ongoing life of the tunnel and its intended use. We each have our barrow to push, and in the case of emergency services it's the safety of the tunnel user and emergency service workers called in when things go wrong. In this paper I will attempt to explain where we are coming from and why. To this end the paper is not a technical one but intended more as a guide on the needs and processes. At the end of this conference I hope it will be clearer to all of us who we are designing tunnels for. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "A NEW MESSAGE-RECOVERY-COMBINED FAIR BLIND SIGNATURE SCHEME WITH PROVABLE SECURITY USING SELF-CERTIFIED PAIRING-BASED CRYPTOSYSTEM. The fair blind signature scheme indeed plays significant roles in a wide variety of e-commerce and network applications; for example, it can withstand the misapplication of financial crime in electronic cash payment systems. In this paper, we propose a new fair blind signature scheme with message recovery using the self-certified pairing-based public key cryptosystem. Preserving the merits inherent in the pairing-based cryptosystem, it can possess fewer bits to achieve the higher security level. In addition, our new scheme has the advantage that the authentication of the public key can be accomplished with the verification of the fair blind signature in a logically single step due to the use of the self-certified public key cryptosystem. Furthermore, the fairness of blind signature with message recovery can be actually achieved in our proposed scheme. Based on the proposed security proofs and performance evaluation., we affirm that we not only improve the efficiency of the previously proposed schemes, but also achieve the essential properties of blind signature With provable security.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "School-based evidence for the validity of curriculum-based measurement of reading and writing. Research has shown curriculum-based measurement (CBM) to be valid and reliable for a number of assessment purposes. This study provides school-based evidence of CBM validity for screening and placement purposes. CBM oral reading fluency and written expression scores for 465 students in Grades 6 and 7 were compared with their year-end English and social studies marks received in Grades 8, 9, and 10. Correlation and regression analyses provided evidence of the predictive validity of CBM scores as Indicators of academic performance. Discriminant analysis procedures demonstrated the ability of CBM to differentiate between student groups of various proficiency levels. Overall, our findings supported the inclusion of CBM scores, particularly oral reading fluency, in the assessment information used to make special education screening and placement decisions.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "SDSS unveils a population of intrinsically faint cataclysmic variables at the minimum orbital period. We discuss the properties of 137 cataclysmic variables (CVs) which are included in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) spectroscopic data base, and for which accurate orbital periods have been measured. 92 of these systems are new discoveries from SDSS and were followed-up in more detail over the past few years. 45 systems were previously identified as CVs because of the detection of optical outbursts and/or X-ray emission, and subsequently re-identified from the SDSS spectroscopy. The period distribution of the SDSS CVs differs dramatically from that of all the previously known CVs, in particular it contains a significant accumulation of systems in the orbital period range 80-86 min. We identify this feature as the elusive 'period minimum spike' predicted by CV population models, which resolves a long-standing discrepancy between compact binary evolution theory and observations. We show that this spike is almost entirely due to the large number of CVs with very low accretion activity identified by SDSS. The optical spectra of these systems are dominated by emission from the white dwarf photosphere, and display little or no spectroscopic signature from the donor stars, suggesting very low mass companion stars. We determine the average absolute magnitude of these low-luminosity CVs at the period minimum to be << M-g >> = 11.6 +/- 0.7. Comparison of the SDSS CV sample to the CVs found in the Hamburg Quasar Survey and the Palomar Green Survey suggests that the depth of SDSS is the key ingredient resulting in the discovery of a large number of intrinsically faint short-period systems.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Efficacy of a heel offloading boot in reducing heel pressure injuries in patients in Australian intensive care units: A single-blinded randomised controlled trial. Results: Within 28 days of admission, one pressure injury was recorded in the intervention group and 11 in the control group. Hazard of pressure injury incidence within 28 days of admission was significantly lower (p = 0.0239) in heels assigned to the intervention (hazard ratio 0.0896 [95% CI 0.0110, 0.727]). Odds of pressure injury incidence within 28 days of admission were significantly lower (p = 0.0261) in the intervention group (odds ratio 0.0883 [95% CI 0.0104, 0.749]). The pressure injury recorded in the intervention group was superficial (stage 1) whereas those recorded in the control group were more severe (stage 2 to 4).Objectives: To compare time to incidence, extent of incidence and severity of heel pressure injury with a heel offloading boot (intervention) or pillows (control).Conclusion: The heel-offloading boot used in this study significantly reduced heel pressure injury occurrence compared with heel offloading using pillows.Setting: Three hospital intensive care units; two in greater Sydney, Australia and one in regional New South Wales, Australia.Main outcome measures: Time to intensive care unit-acquired pressure injury in heels of patients without preexisting heel pressure injury within 28 days from intensive care unit admission. Secondary outcomes: incidence of heel pressure injury within 28 days of intensive care unit admission; severity of intensive care unitacquired heel pressure injuries; occurrence of plantar contractures (a change in ankle dorsiflexion of 5 degrees or greater) within 28 days of admission.Research methodology/design: Multi-centre, single-blinded randomised controlled trial of 394 critically ill patients. Patients were randomised to the intervention or control for heel offloading.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Biological evaluation of an ornithine-modified Tc-99m-labeled RGD peptide as an angiogenesis imaging agent. Conclusion: Due to its relatively high tumor uptake, renal elimination and negligible abdominal localization, the new Tc-99m-RGD peptide is considered promising in the field of imaging alpha(v)beta(3)-positive tumors. However, the preparation of multifunctional SPECT/MRI contrast agents (RGD-conjugated nanoparticles) for dual modality imaging of integrin expressing tumors should be further investigated. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Introduction: Radiolabeled RGD peptides that specifically target integrin alpha(v)beta(3) have great potential in early tumor detection through noninvasive monitoring of tumor angiogenesis. Based on previous findings of our group on radiopeptides containing positively charged aminoacids, we developed a new cyclic cRGDfK derivative, c(RGDfK)-(Orn)(3)-CGG. This new peptide availing the polar linker (Orn)(3) and the Tc-99m-chelating moiety CGG (Cys-Gly-Gly) is appropriately designed for Tc-99m-labeling, as well as consequent conjugation onto nanoparticles.Results: The complex c(RGDfK)-(Orn)(3)-[CGG-Tc-99m] was obtained in high radiochemical yield (>98%) and was stable in vitro and ex vivo. It presented identical to the respective, fully analytically characterized Re-185/187 complex retention time in RP-HPLC. In contrary to other RGD derivatives, we showed that the new radiopeptide exhibits kidney uptake and urine excretion due to the ornithine linker. High tumor uptake (3.87 +/- 0.48% ID/g at 60 min p.i.) was observed and was maintained relatively high even at 24 h p.i. (1.83 +/- 0.05 % ID/g), thus providing well-defined scintigraphic imaging. Accumulation in other organs was negligible. Blocking experiments indicated target specificity for integrin receptors in U87MG glioblastoma cells.Methods: A tumor imaging agent, c(RGDfK)-(Orn)(3)-[CGG-Tc-99m], is evaluated with regard to its radiochemical, radiobiological and imaging characteristics.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "The Viable System Model and Its Application to Complex Organizations. Stafford Beer's Viable System Model is the best known of the many cybernetic models he constructed over a career spanning more than 50 years. He explored the necessary conditions for viability in any complex system whether an organism, an organization or a country. Although the model was first applied in his work in the steel industry, many further applications were made during his later work as a consultant. The best known of these was when he was invited by President Salvadore Allende of Chile in 1970 to model the social economy of that country. That experiment was brutally cut short in 1973 by the CIA assisted coup during which Allende was killed and Pinochet's dictatorship installed. The model itself draws on mathematics, psychology, biology, neurophysiology, communication theory, anthropology and philosophy. It was first expressed in mathematical terms in 'The Cybernetic Factory'; next it was described in neurophysiological terms in Brain of the firm; and finally according to logic and graphic presentation in Heart of Enterprise and Diagnosing the System for Organizations. This last version is the one that is most accessible. It enables people to address organizational issues in a way that skirts the usual categories and organization charts and gets down to the actual necessary functions, no matter who is performing them. With this model people can get a boost as they diagnose or design an organizations. One aspect is to discover what the organization's critical variables are and to find or install the homeostats that will show that they are maintaining equilibrium. Within that context, the model will help you ascertain that the principle functions and communications channels are in place and can function effectively. A crucial aspect of the VSM is that it is recursive; that is that the same relationships can be traced from the shop floor to the corporation or from the village to the country. Two examples will be discussed: a small business and the Chilean work from the 1970s. It is hoped that this will encourage people to imagine a world that works much better than it does now and where management is not defeated by complexity.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "An overview of multiuser detection techniques for DS-CDMA in the light of IMT-2000/UMTS. Third generation mobile communication systems are currently being developed. The use of DS-CDMA in these systems leads to a multiple access interference limited system. Due to cross-correlation between the codes used for spreading the system performance is degraded: Multiuser detection techniques have been developed to limit the impact of this interference. In this paper an overview of Multiuser detection techniques is given: Interference cancellation receivers, such as decorrelator, MMSE receiver, parallel interference cancellation receiver and successive interference cancellation receiver are discussed. The importance of parameter estimation is stessed and the complexity of different multiuser detection schemes is analysed.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Ukraine: Improbable democratic 'Nation-State' but possible democratic 'State-Nation'?. A political scientist uses the familiar \\\\'nation-state\\\\' ideal type and the new \\\\'state-nation\\\\' type to explore the prospects for democracy in multinational societies. Are the ideal type distinctions between \\\\'nation-state\\\\' and \\\\'state-nation\\\\' strategies a useful way to analyze Ukraine's situation at independence in 1991? Data from public opinion surveys and the political science literature are used to examine compromises, conditions, and identities that facilitate the use of \\\\'state-nation\\\\' policies in Ukraine. Comparing Ukraine with countries such as Belgium, Spain, and India, the ways in which both ideal types aim to create identification with a democratically usable state by systematically different policies toward cultural communities are explored.", "label": [5, 49, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "Recommendations for photo-identification methods used in capture-recapture models with cetaceans. Capture-recapture methods are frequently employed to estimate abundance of cetaceans using photographic techniques and a variety of statistical models. However, there are many unresolved issues regarding the selection and manipulation of images that can potentially impose bias on resulting estimates. To examine the potential impact of these issues we circulated a test data set of dorsal fin images from bottlenose dolphins to several independent research groups. Photo-identification methods were generally similar, but the selection, scoring, and matching of images varied greatly amongst groups. Based on these results we make the following recommendations. Researchers should: (1) determine the degree of marking, or level of distinctiveness, and use images of sufficient quality to recognize animals of that level of distinctiveness; (2) ensure that markings are sufficiently distinct to eliminate the potential for twins to occur; (3) stratify data sets by distinctiveness and generate a series of abundance estimates to investigate the influence of including animals of varying degrees of markings; and (4) strive to examine and incorporate variability among analysts into capture-recapture estimation. In this paper we summarize these potential sources of bias and provide recommendations for best practices for using natural markings in a capture-recapture framework.", "label": [4, 45, 47]}
+{"token": "The Bavarian's Surprise: Ratzinger's Spirit of the Liturgy as the Spirit of the Council. \\\\'I am convinced that the crisis in the Church that we are experiencing today is to a large extent due to the disintegration of the liturgy .... When the community of faith, the world-wide unity of the Church and her history, and the mystery of the living Christ are no longer visible in the liturgy, where else, then, is the Church to become visible in her spiritual essence? Then the community is celebrating only itself, an activity that is utterly fruitless .... This is why we need a new Liturgical Movement, which will call to life the real heritage of the Second Vatican Council.\\\\'", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Fantasy Literature: The Teratological Imaginary between Utopia and Dystopia. The issue of the monstrous in culture (with its ramifications in literature) can be assessed from a double perspective: teratogenic and teratological. From a teratogenic perspective, I shall try to draw a genealogy of the monstrous which, in the European space, originates in antiquity Pursuing an archaeological approach, I shall create a clinical chart of the monstrous and, in keeping with recurrent aspects of monstrosity, I shall emphasise the manner in which authors of fantasy literature relate to this cultural genealogy of deformities. From a teratological perspective, I shall try to structure the various forms of monstrous found in fantasy literature according to criteria relating, in general terms, to either the manner in which the human characters perceive the fantastic world, or the manner in which fantastic characters perceive the human, or even the manner in which both the human and the supernatural contribute to the construction of dystopian dimensions.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 52]}
+{"token": "Egg-feeding in the freshwater piscicolid leech Cystobranchus virginicus (Annelida, Hirudinea). Leeches are common terrestrial and aquatic annelids, parasitizing or feeding on a wide range of host taxa. Here we report evidence for-an unusual feeding behavior of egg-feeding in the piscicolid leech Cystobranchus virginicus. We identified distended specimens of C. virginicus in the nests of at least 4 different fish species: Campostoma anomalum, Moxostoma carinatum, Moxostoma sp. (either M. anisurum and/or M. breviceps), and Nocomis leptocephalus. We collected a total of 41 leeches from the nests of these host species and documented at least I leech in 19 of 55 nests (35%), with many sites containing multiple leeches. Individuals of C. virginicus were not identified feeding on any of the 41 adult specimens of Moxostoma spp. or the 635 adult specimens of Nocomis leptocephalus examined, and were never found in the absence of active host spawning (26 sites). These results are consistent with individuals of C. virginicus being an opportunistic or possibly even an obligate egg-feeder, potentially timing their own reproductive activities with the spawning of their fish hosts. The current distribution of C. virginicus has been expanded to include North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee. The potential for leech species to induce mortality in developing fish eggs could be a concern for fish conservation and merits further investigation.", "label": [4, 45, 47]}
+{"token": "Anticipation of COVID-19 vaccines reduces willingness to socially distance. We investigate how the anticipation of COVID-19 vaccines affects voluntary social distancing. In a large-scale preregistered survey experiment with a representative sample, we study whether providing information about the safety, effectiveness, and availability of COVID-19 vaccines affects the willingness to comply with public health guidelines. We find that vaccine information reduces peoples' voluntary social distancing, adherence to hygiene guidelines, and their willingness to stay at home. Getting positive information on COVID-19 vaccines induces people to believe in a swifter return to normal life. The results indicate an important behavioral drawback of successful vaccine development: An increased focus on vaccines can lower compliance with public health guidelines and accelerate the spread of infectious disease. The results imply that, as vaccinations roll out and the end of a pandemic feels closer, policies aimed at increasing social distancing will be less effective, and stricter policies might be required.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 49]}
+{"token": "Landscape Assessment of Habitat and Population Recovery of Common Loons (Gavia immer) in Massachusetts, USA. Common Loons (Gavia immer) recolonized Massachusetts in 1975 from a single breeding pair on the Quabbin Reservoir. Since then, the population has grown to 33 pairs that occupy 14 lakes, but the full recovery potential of the population is unknown. This study analyzed population data and habitat suitability, as well as compared population dynamics, of the Common Loon population in Massachusetts to the Common Loon population in New Hampshire to determine if a recovery similar to the one seen in New Hampshire is possible. Results indicated that a large-scale recovery may be possible as enough suitable habitat exists to support about 300 pairs statewide. Current population stresses have not led to a decline; thus, management efforts can be increased to encourage further growth. Due to a small initial population, some aspects of a small population paradigm and an allee affect may have contributed to the slow population growth since 1975 as compared to Vermont and New Hampshire.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Strengths and limitations of diagnostic tools for endometriosis and relevance in diagnostic test accuracy research. Endometriosis is a chronic systemic disease that can cause pain, infertility and reduced quality of life. Diagnosing endometriosis remains challenging, which yields diagnostic delays for patients. Research on diagnostic test accuracy in endometriosis can be difficult due to verification bias, as not all patients with endometriosis undergo definitive diagnostic testing. The purpose of this State-of-the-Art Review is to provide a comprehensive update on the strengths and limitations of the diagnostic modalities used in endometriosis and discuss the relevance of diagnostic test accuracy research pertaining to each. We performed a comprehensive literature review of the following methods: clinical assessment including history and physical examination, biomarkers, diagnostic imaging, surgical diagnosis and histopathology. Our review suggests that, although non-invasive diagnostic methods, such as clinical assessment, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, do not yet qualify formally as replacement tests for surgery in diagnosing all subtypes of endometriosis, they are likely to be appropriate for advanced stages of endometriosis. We also demonstrate in our review that all methods have strengths and limitations, leading to our conclusion that there should not be a single gold-standard diagnostic method for endometriosis, but rather, multiple accepted diagnostic methods appropriate for different circumstances. (c) 2022 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 35]}
+{"token": "Investigation on CAST, CAPN1 and CAPN3 porcine gene polymorphisms and expression in relation to post-mortem calpain activity in muscle and meat quality. This study aimed to detect variability in CAST, CAPN1 and CAPN3 porcine genes and to investigate the effect of CAST and CAPN1 polymorphisms on the activity of native and autolyzed mu-calpain and m-calpain, measured from 1 to 72 h post-mortem in Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle of 30 pigs. Effects of polymorphisms on meat quality parameter such as pH, color and drip loss were also evaluated. Samples carrying CAST EU137105: g.76,872AA genotype showed higher autolyzed mu-calpain activity 24 and 72 h post-mortem, as well as lower drip loss values. Expression of CAST, CAPN1 and CAPN3 was assessed in LD muscles divergent for shear force. Higher CAST and CAPN3 expression was found in LD with high shear force (P<0.2), confirming a direct role for calpastatin but not for calpain 3 in meat tenderization. In conclusion, CAST gene affected post-mortem activation time of calpain and drip loss. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Continuity of Academic Library Services during the Pandemic The University of Toronto Libraries' Response. The suspension of in-person services and loss of access to physical collections at the University of Toronto's network of academic libraries has left more than 100,000 students, staff, and faculty with only remote library support available for their research. Leveraging and expanding existing online services and digital collections, and acquiring or building new research tools for scholars to deploy, are two approaches the University of Toronto Libraries' staff have taken since the COVID-19 pandemic changed library operations. This paper describes the continuity of library services and collections access at the University of Toronto during the period of March, April, and May of 2020 and briefly considers how these services may evolve moving forward.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 52]}
+{"token": "Are premorbid personality traits linked to the risk of Alzheimer's disease? A case series of subjects with familial mutation. Background: The identification of the premorbid manifestation of Alzheimer's disease (AD) usually is carried out retrospectively by eliciting information from caregivers. However, the study of subjects with familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) not yet affected by AD allows the direct identification of premorbid characteristics of the disease. Methods: This is a psychometric assessment of 3 mutated and 5 control subjects, belonging to an Italian family associated with a missense mutation linked to the presenilin 2 gene. The assessment included an evaluation of personality traits, cognitive and affective condition, social disabilities, experiential and familial context. Results: According to the MMPI, the mutated subjects did not show consistent personality traits. Also other questionnaires (HADS, WAIS, BDQ) were negative for definite cognitive or behavioural patterns. ApoE genotypes did not differentiate mutated from control subjects. Conclusions: Our results may be considered important for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of AD. The heuristic and practical importance of longitudinal prospective studies is emphasised, Copyright (C) 2000 S. Karger AG, Basel.", "label": [2, 5, 23, 55]}
+{"token": "Human trans-editing enzyme displays tRNA acceptor-stem specificity and relaxed amino acid selectivity. Accurate translation of genetic information into proteins is vital for cell sustainability. ProXp-ala prevents proteome-wide Pro-to-Ala mutations by hydrolyzing misacylated Ala-tRNA(Pro), which is synthesized by prolyl-tRNA synthetase. Bacterial ProXp-ala was previously shown to combine a size-based exclusion mechanism with conformational and chemical selection for the recognition of the alanyl moiety, whereas tRNA(Pro) is selected via recognition of tRNA acceptor-stem elements G72 and A73. The identity of these critical bases changed during evolution with eukaryotic cytosolic tRNA(Pro) possessing a cytosine at the corresponding positions. The mechanism by which eukaryotic ProXp-ala adapted to these changes remains unknown. In this work, recognition of the aminoacyl moiety and tRNA acceptor stem by human (Homo sapiens, or Hs) ProXp-ala was examined. Enzymatic assays revealed that Hs ProXp-ala requires C72 and C73 in the context of Hs cytosolic tRNA(Pro) for efficient deacylation of mischarged Ala-tRNA(Pro). The strong dependence on these bases prevents cross-species deacylation of bacterial Ala-tRNA(Pro) or of Hs mitochondrial Ala-tRNA(Pro) by the human enzyme. Similar to the bacterial enzyme, Hs ProXp-ala showed strong tRNA acceptor-stem recognition but differed in its amino acid specificity profile relative to bacterial ProXp-ala. Changes at conserved residues in both the Hs and bacterial ProXp-ala substrate-binding pockets modulated this specificity. These results illustrate how the mechanism of substrate selection diverged during the evolution of the ProXp-ala family, providing the first example of a trans-editing domain whose specificity evolved to adapt to changes in its tRNA substrate.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Population Structure, Movement Patterns, and Frequency of Multiple Matings in Tenodera sinensis (Mantodea: Mantidae). Models of the evolution of sexual cannibalism show that the frequency of male mating opportunities has significant impact on male choice and male risk aversion. In this study, we examined ecological components that should affect opportunities for multiple mating in wild populations of the Chinese mantid (Tenodera sinensis Saussure). While conducting mark-recapture studies of two field populations over the course of two seasons, along with Global Positioning System data on locations of individuals, we collected data on population densities, movement patterns, and individual ranges to estimate the overlap of adult males and female mantids. Our results show that local populations of mantids range from 89 to 161 individuals and occur at densities ranging from 10 to 39 mantids per 1,000 m(2). Males move greater distances daily compared with females, giving males larger home range sizes. The ranges of male mantids overlapped with multiple females, thus offering the potential for multiple mating by males. We directly observed 11 encounters between male and female T. sinensis, including one multiple mating by an individual male. The overall mate encounter rate for males was 12.5%. We also provide additional observations of interspecific sexual attraction between T. sinensis and Mantis religiosa Linne (Mantodea: Mantidae). Mantids were most commonly found within the top 20% of two flowering plants, goldenrod (Solidago Linnaeus spp. (Asterales: Asteraceae)) and mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris Linnaeus (Asterales: Asteraceae)), which should place them in prime locations for capturing flying pollinators.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Getting it right: oncology nurses' understanding of spirituality. Aim: To explore oncology nurses' understanding of spirituality in order to shed some light on this complex area. Method: The study used a qualitative cross-sectional design, inspired by a grounded theory approach. A non-probability sample of seven nurses took part in a focus group and individual semi-structured interviews. Inspired by the framework analysis technique, the data were displayed and reduced to underlying themes. Findings: Five major themes were identified: understanding of spirituality, the nurses' own spirituality, skills required, constraints and barriers to providing spiritual care, and education and support needs. The study found diverse definitions of spirituality, which was viewed as a vague and ambiguous concept, with some participants finding it difficult to differentiate between spirituality and religion. The impact of nurses' own spirituality was also uncovered, with unique findings of guilt, inadequacy, and stress in attempting to address patients' spiritual needs. Lack of time was seen as the main barrier to addressing spiritual needs, along with the emotional demands on the nurse, and a lack of training and education. Conclusion: The study finds a need for improved education in spirituality and spiritual care.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "BASES FOR THE ORGANIZATIONAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE TEXT. During the complex process of text reading or analysis, readers must apply their knowledge and strategic capacity in order to reach the maximum degree of textual understanding or inferential understanding. There are a number of factors which may constitute an obstacle to the achievement of this goal, including a lack of knowledge with regard to the specialised nature of the text or to textual structures. This paper focuses on the knowledge of these structures and their relevance in order to achieve good organisational understanding as a basis for inferential understanding. The methodology proposed consists mainly of guided reading based on global and partial text models and text organisation outlines which, through practice, become tools to help readers understand and recall what they have read.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Trepanation and (ritual?) perimortem actions in the Neolithic period at Grotta Patrizi (Lazio, Italy). Grotta Patrizi (Cerveteri, Roma, Lazio) discovered by Patrizi in 1933 is a vast karst network. Excavation by Radmilli revealed an individual burial reliably attributed to the Ceramica a Linee Incise group that contributed to the Neolithization of central and Tyrrhenian Italy around 5000 cal BC. The remains of the individual bore signs of numerous pathological conditions and of trepanation. Expanding on previous studies, a stereomicroscopic examination of the trepanation site suggests new interpretations of the bone changes. This latest analysis confirms the hypothesis that the individual survived an initial complete trepanation, and it specifies the nature and form of the operator's hand movements. A repeat intervention was apparently made during the perimortem period. It can be hypothesized that this intervention was performed after the death of the individual and possibly on the severed head of the deceased, as an integral part of the funerary treatment. If so, this would be the earliest evidence of the practice of ritual trepanation in this chrono-cultural context.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30]}
+{"token": "HIGH HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE INDUCES SYNTHESIS OF HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS AND TREHALOSE-6-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE IN Anastrepha ludens LARVAE. The Mexican fruit fly (Anastrepha ludens) is responsible for losses of up to 25% of crops such as mango and citrus fruits in Central America and Mexico. The larval life cycle of A. ludens comprises three stages with a duration ranging from 3 to 8 days. Because of the damage caused by A. ludens, several methods of control have been studied and implemented. High hydrostatic pressures (HHP) are currently applied to foods and it is now proposed to be employed to inactivate eggs and larvae of A. ludens. Originally HHP was designed to inactivate microorganisms, since it exerts marked effects on cell morphology, and can affect enzymatic reactions and genetic mechanisms of microbial cells, with no major changes altering the sensory or nutritional quality of the foodstuff. In this study, A. ludens in two larval stages (5- and 8-day-old) were subjected to HHP treatments. The biochemical response of the larvae of A. ludens was dependent on their stage of development. The third larval stage (L3) developed a better protection mechanism based on the synthesis of stress proteins or heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and the enzyme trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, which are linked and possibly act together to achieve greater survivability to stress caused by hydrostatic pressure.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 44, 42]}
+{"token": "Earth Jurisprudence, Wild Law, Emergent Law: The Emerging Field of Ecology and Law-Part 1. The article does two things. First, it explores the emerging field of ecology and law through the examination of Earth Jurisprudence developed in the work of Berry, Cullinan, and Burdon. Second, it puts this Earth Jurisprudence and the emerging field of ecology and law in connection with the wide ranging philosophical work of Deleuze and Guattari. Earth Jurisprudence and the emerging field of ecology and law are introduced through the exploration of four themes that characterise the field of study: a critique of the dominant western worldview and image of thought; a new philosophy of nature widely informed by contemporary science and cosmology; a new relation to the Earth and nature in affectual intensities, image of thinking, and investment of the social field; and, the realisation of the necessity and centrality of a fundamental reconceptualization of legality and governance. The Earth Jurisprudence of Berry, Cullinan, and Burdon (particularly Cullinan's Wild Law: A Manifesto for Earth Justice) is then explored substantively in Cullinan's reconceptualization of legality, the Grand Jurisprudence that informs Earth Jurisprudence, the Earth Jurisprudence of the promotion of mutual ecocentric human-Earth enhancement, the development of Earth rights, the reconceptualization of property and land, and the Wild Law that Earth Jurisprudence produces as the outcome of its creativity. Earth Jurisprudence and the emerging field of ecology and law are a far-reaching development within legal studies, with potentially profound implications for our contemporary conceptualisation of legality and governance and the creation of a concept of law for a new Earth. When put into connection with the wide ranging philosophical joint work of Deleuze and Guattari there emerge striking commonalities, convergences, and a common jurisprudential project of the creation of a legality for a new Earth. The article concludes with the argument that the work of Deleuze and Guattari could provide a key resource for the development of Earth Jurisprudence and the emerging field of ecology and law, particularly the Deleuze and Guattari jurisprudential concept of emergent law.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, carvyl acetate, CAS registry number 97-42-7. The existing information supports the use of this material as described in this safety assessment.Carvyl acetate was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data show that carvyl acetate is not genotoxic. The repeated dose, reproductive, and local respiratory toxicity endpoints were evaluated using the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) for a Cramer Class I material, and the exposure to carvyl acetate is below the TTC (0.03 mg/kg/ day, 0.03 mg/kg/day, and 1.4 mg/day, respectively). Data from the target material and read-across analog pinocarvyl acetate (CAS # 1078-95-1) provided carvyl acetate a No Expected Sensitization Induction Level (NESIL) of 550 mu g/cm(2) for the skin sensitization endpoint. The phototoxicity/photoallergenicity endpoints were evaluated based on ultraviolet (UV) spectra; carvyl acetate is not expected to be phototoxic/photoallergenic. The environmental endpoints were evaluated; carvyl acetate was found not to be Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic (PBT) as per the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) Environmental Standards, and its risk quotients, based on its current volume of use in Europe and North America (i.e., Predicted Environmental Concentration/Predicted No Effect Concentration [PEC/ PNEC]), are <1.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
+{"token": "Pre- and postoperative force plate analysis of dogs with experimentally transected cranial cruciate ligaments treated using tibial plateau leveling osteotomy. Study Design In vivo experimental biomechanical evaluation.Methods-Dogs were screened by orthopedic and radiographic examination before study entry. Force plate analysis of gait was measured before extirpation of the right CrCL and TPLO and again at 8 and 18 weeks after surgery.Clinical Relevance-TPLO induces lameness that returns to near normal at 18 weeks. The severity and duration of lameness was similar to that reported for other experimental models of stifle instability repaired by different techniques. (C) Copyright 2004 by The American College of Veterinary Surgeons.Animals-Six healthy adult foxhounds.Conclusion-TPLO can restore kinetic measures of limb function at 18-weeks after surgery when compared with preoperative values after experimental transection of the CrCL in dogs.Results-There was a significant decrease in peak vertical forces (PVFs) and vertical impulse (VI) of the treated hindlimb at 8 weeks when compared with preoperative and 18-week measurements. When compared with preoperative values, there was no significant difference in 18 week PVF and VI in dogs that had TPLO.Objective-Quantitative and objective assessment of hindlimb kinetics after cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) transection and subsequent stifle stabilization using the tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) in normal dogs.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Deuterium composition and flow path analysis as additional calibration targets to calibrate groundwater flow simulation in a coastal wetlands system. A conceptual model of the Lake Warden coastal wetlands system, Western Australia, was developed using hydraulic, chemical and stable isotopic data, and formed the basis for a groundwater flow model using the finite element numerical code (FEFLOW). The system to be modeled is complex. The surface water and groundwater within the wetlands system show varying salinity and isotopic composition over short distances and time frames. As a first step, the flow model was calibrated to observed groundwater levels measured since 2001 for both steady state and transient stresses. Particle tracking analysis was conducted to test the source areas of water discharging to the lakes within the wetlands system. The analysis was able to delineate the connectivity between the lakes in the wetland and the flow path. Enrichment of isotopic concentration is evident along a NE-SW transect and the data set provides a means for calibrating a detailed transport model. The study incorporates the varying deuterium composition of the water bodies directly into a transport model and a good match between observed and simulated temporal variations along the transect indicates that the model closely simulated the dynamics of water exchange between the lakes and groundwater within the system.", "label": [4, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "Role of Cacopsylla pyri in the epidemiology of pear decline in Spain. The frequency of pear decline-positive insects and transmission of pear decline (PD) phytoplasma by Cacopsylla pyri in Spain has been studied. Psyllids were used for experiments on phytoplasma transmission both to healthy Pyrus communis trees and to an artificial feeding medium. Over a period of 1 year, about 100 psyllids were collected monthly from pear trees, cv. Williams, using the beating tray method, and tested for the presence of PD phytoplasma. Results indicate that the frequency of PD positive psyllids changes through the year and that C. pyri transmits the pear decline associated disease agent. Phytoplasma transmission was also effective under laboratory conditions using a feeding medium. The relationship between PD positive Cacopsylla pyri, Pear decline phytoplasma transmission and the sex of the vector was also evaluated. Although the percentage of PD positive psyllids was similar in both genders, PD phytoplasma transmission by females was significantly higher than by males. Since the sex ratio (male/female) was less than 1:1 for most of the year, these results should be taken into consideration for controlling Pear decline in Mediterranean climates.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Air-assisted spraying and electrically charged droplets for Bemisia tabaci control in soybeans. BACKGROUND The improvement of surface coverage and plant protection products deposition can be obtained by electrifying droplets, which are strongly attracted by plants, including the abaxial part of the leaves. Moreover, air assistance improves droplet penetration into the crop canopy, especially in the lower third of the plants. These technologies can help control soybean (Glycine max) whitefly, which preferentially lodges on the abaxial surface of the leaves. Thus, this study aimed to assess the effect of air-assisted spraying and electrically charged droplets to control whitefly in soybean, besides assessing surface coverage, plant protection product deposition, droplet size, and crop yield. RESULTS Droplet electrification and air assistance did not change droplet size and uniformity classified as Fine. Surface coverage was not enhanced using air assistance and electrically charged droplets, where maximum coverage in the middle third of the plants was 4.55%. The results were not significant for spray plant protection products deposition. The number of nymphs per leaflet in the 2019/20 growing season was reduced with the used technologies, reducing from 10.9 to 3.0 nymphs per leaflet in the application with air-assisted and charged droplets, but not enough to differ from the untreated. On the other hand, the reduction was significant from the first assessment in the 2020/21 growing season. CONCLUSION Air-assisted spraying plus electrically charged droplets, under the conditions of this experiment which corresponds to the application carried out in production areas, were not effective to affect whitefly control and soybean yield in comparison to the conventional application method. (c) 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 44]}
+{"token": "Reliability and responsiveness of incremental shuttle walk test to estimate exercise capacity in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the reliability and responsiveness of the incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) to estimate exercise capacity in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). This was a cross-sectional longitudinal study performed on stable PAH patients (n=30, mean age +/- standard deviation, 60 +/- 13.6 years) with World Health Organization functional class II & III. Reliability was assessed by comparing the distance covered between ISWT-1 (initial) and ISWT-2 (retest). Responsiveness was determined by comparing the distance covered in the ISWT-3 post pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) to the ISWT-1. The distance covered between ISWT-1 (177 +/- 87.85 m) and ISWT-2 (191.67 +/- 96.39 m) was not statistically significant. The result of the relative reliability has shown to be excellent with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1 = 0.98, 95%CI = 0.95-0.99). Absolute reliability was evaluated through the standard error of the measurement and minimal detectable change at a 95% confidence interval (MDC95) were 12.29 and 33.9 m, respectively. Bland Altman plot showed good agreement between the two ISWTs. Following PR, the effect size (ES=0.78) and standardised response mean (SRM=1.50) were moderate and large respectively. ISWT is considered to be a reliable and responsive measure to estimate exercise capacity in patients with PAH. The ISWT may be considered a suitable alternative tool over a 6-min walk test and in the absence of equipment availability or expertise for conducting cardiopulmonary exercise test for the assessment of exercise capacity in these patients.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "The European initiative on low-dose risk research: from the HLEG to MELODI. The importance of low-dose risk research for radiation protection is now widely recognised. The European Commission (EC) and five European Union (EU) Member States involved in the Euratom Programme set up in 2008 a 'High Level and Expert Group on European Low Dose Risk Research' (HLEG) aimed at identifying research needs and proposing a better integration of European efforts in the field. The HLEG revised the research challenges and proposed a European research strategy based on a 'Multidisciplinary European LOw Dose Initiative' (MELODI). In April 2009, five national organisations, with the support of the EC, created the initial core of MELODI () with a view to integrate the EU institutions with significant programmes in the field, while being open to other scientific organisations and stakeholders, and to develop an agreed strategic research agenda (SRA) and roadmap. Since then, open workshops have been organised yearly, exploring ideas for SRA implementation. As of October 2014, 31 institutions have been included as members of MELODI. HLEG recommendations and MELODI SRA have become important reference points in the radiation protection part of the Euratom Research Programme. MELODI has established close interactions through Memorandum of Understanding with other European platforms involved in radiation protection (Alliance, NERIS and EURADOS) and, together with EURADOS, with the relevant medical European Associations. The role of Joint Programming in priority setting, foreseen in the forthcoming EU Horizon 2020, calls for keeping MELODI an open, inclusive and transparent initiative, able to avoid redundancies and possible conflicts of interest, while promoting common initiatives in radiation protection research. An important issue is the establishment of a proper methodology for managing these initiatives, and this includes the set-up of an independent MELODI Scientific Committee recently extended to Alliance, NERIS and EURADOS, with the aim of identifying research priorities to suggest for the forthcoming Euratom research calls.", "label": [1, 2, 5, 22, 15, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "Lipoarabinomannan, and its related glycolipids, induce divergent and opposing immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis depending on structural diversity and experimental variations. Exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) may lead to active or latent tuberculosis, or clearance of Mtb, depending essentially on the quality of the host's immune response. This response is initiated through the interaction of Mtb cell wall surface components, mostly glycolipids, with cells of the innate immune system, particularly macrophages (M phi s) and dendritic cells (DCs). The way M phi s and DC alter their cytokine secretome, activate or inhibit different microbicidal mechanisms and present antigens and consequently trigger the T cell-mediated immune response impacts the host immune response against Mtb. Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is one of the major cell wall components of Mtb. Mannosyl-capped LAM (ManLAM), and its related cell wall-associated types of glycolipids/lipoglycans, namely phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs) and lipomannan (LM), exhibit important and distinct immunomodulatory properties. The structure, internal heterogeneity and abundance of these molecules vary between Mtb strains exhibiting distinct degrees of virulence. Thus ManLAM, LM and PIMs may be considered crucial Mtb-associated virulence factors in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Of particular relevance for this review, there is controversy about the specific immunomodulatory properties of these distinct glycolipids, particularly when tested as purified molecules in vitro. In addition to the variability in the glycolipid composition conflicting reports may also result from differences in the protocols used for glycolipid isolation and for in vitro experiments including immune cell types and procedures to generate them. Understanding the immunomodulatory properties of these cell wall glycolipids, how they differ between distinct Mtb strains, and how they influence the degree of Mtb virulence, is of utmost relevance to understand how the host mounts a protective or otherwise pathologic immune response. This is essential for the design of preventive strategies against tuberculosis. Thus, since clarifying the controversy on this matter is crucial we here review, summarize and discuss reported data from in vitro stimulation with the three major Mtb complex cell wall glycolipids (ManLAM, PIMs and LM) in an attempt to conciliate the conflicting findings. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 22, 43]}
+{"token": "Leisure attitude, leisure satisfaction, and perceived freedom in leisure within family dyads. Interdependence theory suggests that individual attitudes, beliefs, and dispositions are influenced through long-term relationships. This study explored the role of interdependence in dyadic, or two-person, relationships within families (spouses, adult child and parent, and siblings) in shaping beliefs about, and perceptions of leisure. The sample consisted of 272 predominantly Anglo college students and their family members, aged 17-84. Participants completed the Leisure Attitude (LAS), Leisure Satisfaction (LSS), and Perceived Freedom in Leisure (PFL) Scales. Interdependence theory is partially supported as LAS scores were correlated for three family dyads, LSS scores were correlated for three for three family dyads, and PFL scores were correlated for four family dyads. It appears that family members experience a similar degree of enjoyment and sense of control in leisure even though interests and knowledge may vary.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
+{"token": "Newborn screening for homocystinurias: Recent recommendations versus current practice. ResultsNBS programmes, algorithms and decision limits varied considerably. Only nine centres used the recommended second-tier marker total homocysteine (tHcy). The median decision limits of all centres were2.35 for high and0.44 MoM for low methionine, 1.95 for high and0.47 MoM for low methionine/phenylalanine, 2.54 for high propionylcarnitine and2.78 MoM for propionylcarnitine/acetylcarnitine. These decision limits alone had a 100%, 100%, 86% and 84% sensitivity for the detection of CBSD, MATI/IIID, iRMD and cRMD, respectively, but failed to detect six individuals with cRMD. To enhance sensitivity and decrease second-tier testing costs, we further adapted these decision limits using the data of 15000 healthy newborns.MethodsTwenty-two of 32 NBS programmes from 18 countries screened for at least one form of homocystinuria. Centres provided pseudonymised NBS data from patients with cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency (CBSD, n=19), methionine adenosyltransferase I/III deficiency (MATI/IIID, n=28), combined remethylation disorder (cRMD, n=56) and isolated remethylation disorder (iRMD), including methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency (MTHFRD) (n=8). Markers and decision limits were converted to multiples of the median (MoM) to allow comparison between centres.ConclusionsDue to the favorable outcome of early treated patients, NBS for homocystinurias is recommended. To improve NBS, decision limits should be revised considering the population median. Relevant markers should be combined; use of the postanalytical tools offered by the CLIR project (Collaborative Laboratory Integrated Reports, which considers, for example, birth weight and gestational age) is recommended. tHcy and methylmalonic acid should be implemented as second-tier markers.PurposeTo assess how the current practice of newborn screening (NBS) for homocystinurias compares with published recommendations.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 20]}
+{"token": "Capitalism, Crisis, and Class: The United States Economy after the 2008 Financial Crisis. The literature on the outcomes of the financial crisis in low- and middle-income countries in the post-1980 era presents three broad findings: first, the burden of crises falls disproportionately on labor in general and low-income segments of the society in particular. Wages and the labor share of income fall, unemployment increases, the power of labor declines, and income inequality and poverty increase. Capital, on the other hand, recovers quickly and gains more ground. Second, government policies favor capital, especially financial capital, at the expense of the larger public. Crises also present opportunities for further deregulation and liberalization in financial markets and the rest of the economy. Third, following financial crises, foreign capital inflows may increase as international capital seeks to take advantage of the crisis and acquire assets at fire-sale prices. The 2008 U.S. financial crisis provides an opportunity to extend this analysis to a leading high-income country. By examining the experience of the United States after the financial crisis in terms of the questions and issues typically raised in examinations of low- and middle-income countries, this paper makes an original contribution, while, at the same time, contributing to the gradually emerging literature on the consequences of the U.S. financial crisis. We first look at the distributional effects of the financial crisis and compare this with the impacts of the crisis on capital. Then, we investigate the changes in income shares of labor and capital before shifting our attention to changes in inequality and poverty. Next, we focus on the role of government policies through an analysis of government taxation and spending policies. Finally, we examine the changes in capital inflows before concluding with a discussion of our overall findings and further research areas.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Physical Layer Security: A Paradigm Shift in Data Confidentiality. Physical layer security (PLS) draws on information theory to characterize the fundamental ability of the wireless physical layer to ensure data confidentiality. In the PLS framework it has been established that it is possible to simultaneously achieve reliability in transmitting messages to an intended destination and perfect secrecy of those messages with respect to an eavesdropper by using appropriate encoding schemes that exploit the noise and fading effects of wireless communication channels. Today, after more than 15 years of research in the area, PLS has the potential to provide novel security solutions that can be integrated into future generations of mobile communication systems. This chapter presents a tutorial on advances in this area. The treatment begins with a review of the fundamental PLS concepts and their corresponding historical background. Subsequently it reviews some of the most significant advances in coding theory and system design that offer a concrete platform for the realization of the promise of this approach in data confidentiality.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "IMMUNOBLOT ANALYSES OF THE SEROLOGIC RESPONSE TO ASPERGILLUS-FUMIGATUS ANTIGENS IN EXPERIMENTAL INVASIVE ASPERGILLOSIS. The antibody response to Aspergillus fumigatus proteins was studied by the immunoblot technique in a rabbit model of invasive aspergillosis.  Components of an A. fumigatus mycelial homogenate unbound by concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B chromatography were fractionated using SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose papers.  The protein fraction was probed with serial sera obtained from immunosuppressed or nonimmunosuppressed rabbits inoculated intravenously with saline or graded inocula of A. fumigatus conidia.  Seroconversion against antigens of 41, 54, and 71 kDa was demonstrated in 7 (50%), 3 (21%), and 3 (21%) of 14 infected animals that survived greater-than-or-equal-to 10 days.  Antibodies against the three antigens were detected in 4 (12.5%), 19 (59%), and 14 (44%) of 32 rabbits before immunosuppression or infection.  Two-dimensional immunoblotting revealed that the 41-, 54-, and 71-kDa antigens were derived in denaturing conditions from a single component resolved in nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "Trypanosoma cruzi Bromodomain Factor 3 Binds Acetylated alpha-Tubulin and Concentrates in the Flagellum during Metacyclogenesis. Bromodomains are highly conserved acetyl-lysine binding domains found mainly in proteins associated with chromatin and nuclear acetyltransferases. The Trypanosoma cruzi genome encodes at least four bromodomain factors (TcBDFs). We describe here bromodomain factor 3 (TcBDF3), a bromodomain-containing protein localized in the cytoplasm. TcBDF3 cytolocalization was determined, using purified antibodies, by Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses in all life cycle stages of T. cruzi. In epimastigotes and amastigotes, it was detected in the cytoplasm, the flagellum, and the flagellar pocket, and in trypomastigotes only in the flagellum. Subcellular localization of TcBDF3 was also determined by digitonin extraction, ultrastructural immunocytochemistry, and expression of TcBDF3 fused to cyan fluorescent protein (CFP). Tubulin can acquire different post-translational modifications, which modulate microtubule functions. Acetylated alpha-tubulin has been found in the axonemes of flagella and cilia, as well as in the subpellicular microtubules of trypanosomatids. TcBDF3 and acetylated alpha-tubulin partially colocalized in isolated cytoskeletons and flagella from T. cruzi epimastigotes and trypomastigotes. Interaction between the two proteins was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation and far-Western blot assays with synthetic acetylated alpha-tubulin peptides and recombinant TcBDF3.", "label": [4, 43, 42]}
+{"token": "One-Step Functionalization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs) with Cyclopentadienyl-Capped Macromolecules via Diels-Alder Chemistry. Without previous modification, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) react as dienophiles in a single-step Diels-Alder [4 + 2] cycloaddition with diene terminal polymer strands. Cyclopentadienyl-capped poly(methyl methacrylate) (M-n, = 2900 g mol(-1), PDI = 1.2) was grafted onto SWCNTs under mild conditions at ambient temperature as well as at 80 C in the absence of any catalyst. Thermogravimetric analysis, elemental analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirm the success of the reaction and allow to estimate the grafting density of the polymer chains on the SWCNTs via the above three independent methods (average grafting density of 0.064 mmol g(-1) (0.029 chains nm(-2)) for samples reacted at ambient temperature and 0.086 mmol g(-1) (0.039 chains nm(-2)) for samples reacted at 80 degrees C). In addition, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images confirmed the presence of an amorphous polymer layer (similar to 3 nm) around the SWCNTs after functionalization.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Formation mechanism and criterion of linear segregation in ZL205A alloy. The experiments and numerical simulation were conducted for ZL205A aluminum alloy cylindrical shell casting. The formation mechanism of the linear segregation produced by the low pressure die casting (LPDC) process was investigated. And the heat transfer of the casting during solidification process was analyzed by simulation technique, resulting from the information of linear segregation obtained by plenty of experiments. The new linear segregation criterion was proposed through the simulation and experimental results. It was found that the melting metal with high Cu contents was feeding the crack shrinkage formed by the tearing under the effect of feeding pressure during the later solidification, which led to the formation of linear segregation. The control methods for the linear segregation were suggested based on the proposed mechanism. Finally, the criterion of linear segregation was confirmed by the production of the actual castings.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Modeling of transient flow phenomena in continuous casting of steel. This paper describes initial efforts to develop and apply 3D finite-difference models to simulate transient flow in the mold. These transient how phenomena include flow pattern oscillations caused by sudden changes in nozzle inlet conditions and rapid fluctuations in the molten steel/flux interface level at the top surface of the mold. The flow model incorporates interactions with other transport phenomena, including turbulence, superheat removal and argon gas bubble injection. Predictions are shown for the oscillatory evolution of the flow pattern from biased steady flow to symmetrical steady flow after a sudden change in inlet conditions. In addition, the predicted turbulent kinetic energy levels at steady state are shown to correlate with measured surface level fluctuations. The effect of processing conditions are consistent with experimenter findings. Without argon, the greatest lever fluctuations are found near the narrow face, while increased argon moves the maximum towards the center. Fluctuations decrease with deeper submergence and lower casting speed. These transient phenomena are important because they may lead to defects in the final steel product from entrainment of slag, disruption of solidification at the meniscus and non-uniform heat transfer. (C) 1998 Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Accelerated simulation of unfolding and refolding of a large single chain globular protein. We have developed novel strategies for contracting simulation times in protein dynamics that enable us to study a complex protein with molecular weight in excess of 34 kDa. Starting from a crystal structure, we produce unfolded and then refolded states for the protein. We then compare these quantitatively using both established and new metrics for protein structure and quality checking. These include use of the programs CONCOORD and DARVOLS. Simulation of protein-folded structure well beyond the molten globule state and then recovery back to the folded state is itself new, and our results throw new light on the protein-folding process. We accomplish this using a novel cooling protocol developed for this work.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Genetics of intellectual disability in consanguineous families. Autosomal recessive (AR) gene defects are the leading genetic cause of intellectual disability (ID) in countries with frequent parental consanguinity, which account for about 1/7th of the world population. Yet, compared to autosomal dominant de novo mutations, which are the predominant cause of ID in Western countries, the identification of AR-ID genes has lagged behind. Here, we report on whole exome and whole genome sequencing in 404 consanguineous predominantly Iranian families with two or more affected offspring. In 219 of these, we found likely causative variants, involving 77 known and 77 novel AR-ID (candidate) genes, 21 X-linked genes, as well as 9 genes previously implicated in diseases other than ID. This study, the largest of its kind published to date, illustrates that high-throughput DNA sequencing in consanguineous families is a superior strategy for elucidating the thousands of hitherto unknown gene defects underlying AR-ID, and it sheds light on their prevalence.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42, 23]}
+{"token": "If star scientists do not patent: The effect of productivity, basicness and impact on the decision to patent in the academic world. We run an Event History Analysis on a sample of Italian researchers in the field of Materials Science, aiming at understanding how the characteristics of the research trajectories followed by scientists in academia affect their opportunities to do development of industrial applications. Results of our estimates suggest that all measures of academic performances have a dual effect, although different in magnitude. Scientists that are moving along applied research trajectories find it easier to produce industrial applications than their colleagues engaged in the quest for very fundamental understanding. We interpret our results by suggesting that, for the former, more academic research results in more exploitable results, hence in more chances to patent; for the latter, more academic research makes it just more unlikely that they will find the time to produce industrial applications. Similar results apply for the low versus high research impact. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "A note on the long-run determinants of economic growth. Variable selection is the issue of major concern in practical regressions. This note provides a simple and efficient method to examine the robustness of predictor variables in cross-country economic growth models. Our results confirm the general findings of Sala-i-Martin et al. (2004), indicating the importance of a number of same predictor variables. In addition, we also identify that some other variables are associated with economic growth.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Estimating future cyanobacterial occurrence and importance in lakes: a case study with Planktothrix rubescens in Lake Geneva. Among the multiple forms of freshwater pelagic cyanobacteria, the phycoerythrin-rich species Planktothrix rubescens is well adapted to temperate, deep and large lakes. In Lake Geneva, this filamentous and microcystin-producing species has been the dominant cyanobacterial species observed since the early years of this century. In addition to the trophic state (e.g., the phosphorus level), the influences of air and water temperature on the occurrence and development of cyanobacteria are particularly relevant in the context of global climate change. The latter may indeed be particularly marked for lakes in the Alpine region, with a rate of warming that may be twice as large as the global average. The impact of climate change on P. rubescens is thus an important challenge and it has been analysed in this study through two different approaches: (1) the extreme air temperature events as a proxy for future climate and (2) the multi adaptive regression splines (MARS) model to predict future P. rubescens biomass. These methods allowed us to determine whether Lake Geneva will still sustain an important biomass of P. rubescens in forthcoming years, provided there is no severe over-enrichment with nutrients in the future. The outcomes strongly suggest that the fraction of cyanobacterium could increase with respect to the total phytoplankton community by as much as 34 % by the end of this century and induce a significant change in the microalgal composition. Additionally, the results point to the fact that spring is a key period during which air temperature and nutrients become the determinant factors for outbreaks of this species in the subsequent seasons.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "THE FEUD IN THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CUSTOM AND LEGAL PROCESS. A CASE STUDY OF 1686 BLOODFEUD IN KOPER. It was precisely the complex inquisitorial judicial rites that were assigned to be exercised by the (state) judge with nearly limitless jurisdiction, including the implementation of torture in all phases of the judicial procedure, which gradually took over the mediatory role of the community in feud and fundamentally disrupted the traditional relationships of values of honour and kinship connections. Studies of early-modern Europe have shown the changes that took place starting from the late 16th century The introduction in various European countries of authentic inquisitorial procedures, which limited the right to defence and the intervention of the parties concerned, represented a significant step forward in limiting at least the bloodiest developments of feud. From France to England, to Germany and Italy, the new procedures were characterized not so much by ex-officio initiation of trials as by the public jurisdictional nature that the trials took on.Nonetheless, in accordance with the customary system of conflict resolution, the vengeful homicide alone might have been perceived as an established and socially acknowledged end of the conflict. It was based on the fundamental social principle of gift giving, namely that the given gift should be returned, and the insult should demand suitable retribution.The implementation of a strict inquisitorial judicial procedure might have nonetheless prevented possible retaliation after a vindicatory homicide, as is also shown in the judicial practice in other Central and Western European countries of that time.With this intrusion and with the legal and ideological criminalisation of feud and blood feud the ruler or the state gradually took away the judicial jurisdiction from former holders of (local) authority: the nobility. Thereafter, the supreme right to revenge and pardon was in the hands of the ruler (state), which also signifies that this was the means of attaining of absolute power.However, the case of the 1686 vendetta in Koper is a good example of how lasting and entangled was this process.The state judicial apparatus earned the right of prosecution ex officio, whereas the trespasses became individualised. While earlier, in the so-called adversarial law; the judicial investigative process was only able to be led after a lawsuit from the affected communities, in the inquisitorial procedure the judicial trial was initiated by the central judicial authorities, which was the primary reason for their creation. The state inquisitorial trial rites introduced in most Western and Central European countries from the 16th century onwards, which substantially differed from the ecclesiastical inquisitorial procedure (from the 12th century onwards), led to an important innovation.It is interesting how the local, and especially the central political judicial authorities intervened in the feud (faida) after the first homicide, in accordance with the principles of the customary system of conflict resolution, by encouraging and lastly forcing the parties in the feud to make peace.The paper deals with a case study of 1686 vendetta in Koper, based on original archival documents from judicial bodies of the Republic of Venice and narrative material from the protagonists in the feud.Along with great social changes in the second half of the 15th century, a centralization of justice came about, in addition to fiscal and military reorganization, that was of fundamental importance in European rulers' efforts to establish supreme control over the entire territory under their jurisdiction.However, the attempt to integrate the customary system of conflict resolution into a court settlement apparently failed in this case, as precisely the prevention of the customary system of conflict resolution with a (seeming) state guarantee of security and with force things led to an uprising, caused by an intentional break from the traditional values of honour and roles of kinship connections.In order to achieve this goal, however, the rulers first had to restrict, by means of legislation and other coercive means, the system of arbitrary conflict resolution by custom. For this purpose, they established a judicial system, i.e. punitive control over both individual influential families and clans, as well as over the population in general.It regards a classic case of vengeance due to the conflicts between various noble kinship groups, formed on the idiom of honour. The reason for the vengeance was a forbidden or at least an unwanted marriage between representatives of two noble families that escalated into the homicide of one relative of the married woman. After an almost three-year lasting, apparently unsuccessful negotiations for the conflict settlement, a retributive homicide of the most prominent representative of the perpetrator's family took place, which was performed by a maternal uncle of a third family, connected by kinship.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Stellar velocity field in the galactic bar. A survey has been made in the SiO J = 1-0, v = 1 and 2 transitions (similar to 43 GHz) for the color-selected IRAS sources in the central part of the Galaxy, -10 degrees < l < 40 degrees and \\\\\\\\ b \\\\\\\\ less than or equal to 3 degrees with the Nobeyama 45-m telescope. We have detected 338 out of 622 observed sources in SiO masers. Distances to the sources range approximately from 2 kpc to 13 kpc (estimated from the IRAS 12 and 25 mu m flux densities). Radial velocities of the detected sources spread between -310 km s(-)1 and 300 km s(-)1. The subsets of sources in -10 degrees < l < 15 degrees, which are divided by distance exhibit a systematic velocity shift with distance, suggesting evidence of noncircular motions of stars along the bulge bar.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Optogenetic stimulation of lateral hypothalamic orexin/dynorphin inputs in the ventral tegmental area potentiates mesolimbic dopamine neurotransmission and promotes reward-seeking behaviours. Reward and reinforcement processes are critical for survival and propagation of genes. While numerous brain systems underlie these processes, a cardinal role is ascribed to mesolimbic dopamine. However, ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons receive complex innervation and various neuromodulatory factors, including input from lateral hypothalamic (LH) orexin/hypocretin neurons which also express and co-release the neuropeptide, dynorphin. Dynorphin in the VTA induces aversive conditioning through the Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) and decreases dopamine when administered intra-VTA. Exogenous application of orexin or orexin 1 receptor (oxR1) antagonists in the VTA bidirectionally modulates dopamine-driven motivation and reward-seeking behaviours, including the attribution of motivational value to primary rewards and associated conditioned stimuli. However, the effect of endogenous stimulation of LH orexin/dynorphin-containing projections to the VTA and the potential contribution of co-released dynorphin on mesolimbic dopamine and reward related processes remains uncharacterised. We combined optogenetic, electrochemical, and behavioural approaches to examine this. We found that optical stimulation of LH orexin/dynorphin inputs in the VTA potentiates mesolimbic dopamine neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core, produces real time and conditioned place preference, and increases the food cue-directed orientation in a Pavlovian conditioning procedure. LH orexin/dynorphin potentiation of NAc dopamine release and real time place preference was blocked by an oxR1, but not KOR antagonist. Thus, rewarding effects associated with optical stimulation of LH orexin/dynorphin inputs in the VTA are predominantly driven by orexin rather than dynorphin.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 23]}
+{"token": "Life and Deeds of Captain Francisco Afan de Ribera (1589-1651). A Soldier in Europe. Autobiography is not only a literary genre but also one of the types of historical source that provides a more realistic insight into the life of its protagonists. We aim to show that Captain Francisco Alan de Ribera's nor only exalts military virtues in order to honour his predecessors and descendants, but also a reliable source of information about his family -which is especially significant concerning the figure of his wife-, and the educational and formative values that were expected of young noblemen in his time. He lived in a period (1589-1651) of great significance for the history of the Hispanic Monarchy. Targets: to outline and characterise the three periods into which this autobiographical text divides the life of this soldier, born in Guadix (Granada) and married and settled in Murcia. The map of his travels and the cities he visited, his positions and military commissions (including battles in which he participated), and his family life, demographic regime, and the spiritual and family networks to which he belonged are also addressed to draw a complete picture of this soldier's life in early-seventeenth century Europe.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "WIND BLADE DEMONSTRATOR Testing of 6m Hybrid Glass/Carbon Fibre Powder Epoxy Composite Wind Blade Demonstrator. This paper describes work carried out as part of the Horizon 2020 POWDERBLADE project aimed at developing large (60m+) commercial wind turbine blades. The aims of the project were to reduce blade cost and weight without compromising reliability and performance, by introducing a carbon/glass fibre hybrid composite spar and leveraging novel powder epoxy resin technology. A 6.0m torsion box demonstrator was designed by Suzlon Energy, manufactured by EireComposites, and tested by the University of Edinburgh. The tests followed the DNVGL-ST-0376(12) blade test specification and applied four critical load cases identified during its design. The test cases were performed in ascending load order, after which the lowest load case was repeated. The torsion box demonstrated no reduction in stiffness or natural frequency throughout the test. This work gives a detailed description of the test program carried out to validate the torsion box design.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Experimental evaluation of shear and compression strength of masonry wall before and after reinforcement: Deep repointing. Masonry presents some inadequacies due to its almost total lack of tensile strength. Typical damage to multiple leaf walls during earthquakes is the loss of bond between the leaves with consequent collapse of the external leaf. Retrofitting or repair of this damage is a very difficult task. In many cases grout injection or wall jacketing fail due to incompatibility with the construction technique of the walls.A complementary technique to the grouting has been proposed by the authors. Experimental results and applications of the technique on site have shown positive characteristics and the results of tests carried out on site show, in some cases, increases in shear strength and stiffness of the masonry walls. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Removal of methanol vapors in a jet-loop bioscrubber equipped with a venturi injector. A jet loop reactor equipped with a Venturi injector was used as a bioscrubber to treat air polluted with methanol. The oxygen transfer coefficient of the reactor was first characterized under abiotic conditions at different volumetric power inputs, ionic strengths and dynamic viscosities. The oxygen transfer coefficient (KLa) ranged 46.9-1272.82 h(-1) with an actual volumetric power inputs from 3.6 to 21.5 kW m(-3). Then, the reactor was inoculated with a mixed culture and applied for the treatment of air artificially polluted by methanol. Over 91 days, the actual volumetric power input was maintained at 11 kW m(-3) and the KLa ranged from 720 to 860 h(-1), while the volumetric loading rate was increased from of 5-60 g L-1 d(-1) and the hydraulic residence time was increased from of 12-96 h. The volumetric methanol removal rate reached a maximum of 40.75 g L(-1)d(-1), at a removal efficiency of 67.6%. Under the optimal conditions tested, the microbial growth yield reached a mini-mum value of 0.11 g COD g(-1) COD. These results suggest that high efficiency reactors such as the Venturi jet loop tested in the present work allow to reach high volumetric removal rates while maintaining low growth yield.", "label": [1, 2, 19, 16]}
+{"token": "Leaf and floral heating in cold climates: do sub-Antarctic megaherbs resemble tropical alpine giants?. High latitude and altitude floras are characterized by low-statured, small, wind-pollinated plants, which mainly reproduce by self-pollination or asexual reproduction. However, at odds with this are some sub-Antarctic islands that have plant species with giant growth forms and large, brightly coloured flowers which require insect visitation for pollination. The size, colour and shape of the inflorescences and leaves of these megaherbs suggest thermal benefits similar to giant tropical alpine plants of equatorial Africa, South America and Hawaii. We evaluated whether heating occurs in sub-Antarctic megaherbs, and to what extent it is related to environmental variables. We measured leaf and inflorescence temperature in six sub-Antarctic megaherb species on Campbell Island, latitude 52.3 degrees S, New Zealand Biological Region. Using thermal imaging techniques, in combination with measurement of solar radiation, ambient air temperature, wind speed, wind chill and humidity, we assessed environmental influences on leaf and floral heating. We found that leaf and inflorescence temperatures of all megaherbs were higher than simultaneously measured ambient temperatures. Greatest heating was seen in Pleurophyllum speciosum, with observed leaves 9 degrees C higher, and inflorescences nearly 11 degrees C higher, than ambient temperature. Heating was highly correlated with brief, unpredictable periods of solar radiation, and occurred most rapidly in species with hairy, corrugated leaves and darkly pigmented, densely packed inflorescences. This is the first evidence that floral and leaf heating occurs in sub-Antarctic megaherbs, and suggests that leaf hairiness, flower colour and shape could provide thermal benefits like those seen in tropical alpine megaherbs.", "label": [4, 37, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "Mind inside matter: The physics of interface in William Gibson's The Peripheral. William Gibson's novel The Peripheral re-envisions the relationship between humans and technology, emphasizing a technological interface physically grounded between human and machine as opposed to a disembodied virtual connection. While continuing the theme of user disembodiment during interface found in his earlier texts, Gibson then embodies that user into a sensory world by deploying different versions of a tool he refers to as a peripheral. This peripheral bridges bodies within the fictional world of his novel and also between the reader and the text. He corrects the poststructuralist deployment of reader as sole meaning-maker and suggests a horizontal relationship between author, reader, and text. This asserts a collaborative method of reading in which Gibson reformats his reader's processing of the text. The Peripheral provides a means to understand humanity's evolving relationship to technology as well as forming a primer for reinterpreting the book's potential as a data-processing device.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "The Punctum and the Past Sartre and Barthes on Memory and Fascination. This article extrapolates a theory of memory as an intentional consciousness from Sartre's early, scattered references to memory. There are three key questions: How does Sartre conceive of memory's intentional structure? Its temporal structure? And how does memory display both continuity and discontinuity in the stream of consciousness? Starting from the Sartrean insight that memory is a 'double consciousness' the article offers an analysis of how memory helps to constitute a temporally complex mode of being-in-the-world. Aside from memory's usefulness in this regard, memory also has the power to disturb consciousness and disrupt its projects. Roland Barthes's concept of the punctum - which is connected to analyses of mourning - helps to clarify this. A synoptic analysis of Sartre and Barthes allows for a phenomenological description of how consciousness can be stuck in the past, confronted by something that was, and which holds the mind captive.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Preliminary design optimization of profile losses in multi-stage axial compressors based on complex method. This paper illustrates a numerical technique undertaken for preliminary design optimization of profile losses in multi-stage axial compressors. Design process has been carried out based on one-dimensional row by row calculations along compressor mean line. The main objective of the optimization process was to find the best distribution of pressure ratios along compressor stages in order to maximize the overall efficiency, which is itself a non-linear function of governing variables. In this respect, only profile losses, identified as the most dominant ones, are focused on and minimized during the optimization process. Pressure ratios of stages have been taken as design variables. Diffusion factor and De Haller number of each blade row were considered as the main constraints during the optimization process. Numerical optimization was based on a sequential search technique, referred to as complex method. Design process in parallel to the numerical optimization is examined oil a ten-stage axial compressor of known general performance data. Final results showed an increase of about 2.7 per cent in the total efficiency relative to its initial value calculated during the preliminary design process.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Do competitors respond to capacity changes? Evidence from US manufacturers. The dynamics of strategic response among competing firms have been widely studied in strategic management literature-but this topic remains largely unaddressed in operations management. We develop and empirically test a competitive tactical response (CTR) framework for understanding action and reaction cycles. We use archival financial statement data on U.S. manufacturing companies from the COMPUSTAT data base for the years from 1987 to 2015 to investigate competitive responses to capacity decisions between market-leading firms and their principal competitors. We perform regression analysis on forty industries in which a market share leader and a principal challenger could be identified. This yielded 5355 observations lagged by one year from each focal firm's capacity action to the competitor's response. We find support for the hypothesis that the rival firm's capacity actions influence the competitor's capacity decisions. We did not find support for the hypotheses that the rival firm's capacity response is moderated by industry growth, leader-challenger market share gap, or industry concentration. This research extends the study of dynamic competitive response to tactical operational decisions, and informs management practice by providing insight into the potential reaction of competitors to a focal firm's capacity decisions.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Pathway and Importance of Photorespiratory 2-Phosphoglycolate Metabolism in Cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria invented oxygenic photosynthesis about 3.5 billion years ago. The by-product molecular oxygen initiated the oxygenase reaction of RubisCO, the main carboxylating enzyme in photosynthetic organisms. During oxygenase reaction, the toxic side product 2-phosphoglycolate (2-PG) is produced and must be quickly metabolized. Photorespiratory 2-PG metabolism is used for this purpose by higher plants. The existence of an active 2-PG metabolism in cyanobacteria has been the subject of controversy since these organisms have evolved an efficient carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM), which should considerably reduce the oxygenase activity of RubisCO. Based on emerging cyanobacterial genomic information, we have found clear indications for the existence of many genes possibly involved in the photorespiratory 2-PG metabolism. Using a genetic approach with the model Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, we generated and characterized defined mutants in these genes to verify their function. Our results show that cyanobacteria perform an active photorespiratory 2-PG metabolism, which employs three routes in Synechocystis: a plant-like cycle, a bacterial-like glycerate pathway, and a complete decarboxylation branch. In addition to the detoxification of 2-PG, this essential metabolism helps cyanobacterial cells acclimate to high light conditions.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 43]}
+{"token": "Potential for biotic interference of a classical biological control agent of the soybean aphid. The degree to which resident biota can inhibit the ability of an introduced biological control agent to establish and be effective is termed biotic interference. Studying biotic interference prior to a release using the actual agent is logistically difficult, however, due to quarantine restrictions. An alternative solution is to study biotic interference against a surrogate species in the intended range of introduction, with the expectation that biotic interference against the actual agent will be similar. This study assessed how biotic interference, mostly by generalist predators, may affect establishment of classical biological control agents of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura in North America. The parasitoid Aphidius colemani Viereck was used as a surrogate for Asian aphidiine braconids such as Binodoxys communis (Gahan). We conducted a factorial field experiment that measured the effect of releasing A. colemani and of excluding resident natural enemies using field cages on soybean aphid populations. We also conducted molecular gut-contents analyses on predators collected in release plots to determine which species fed upon A. colemani. Releasing A. colemani in open field plots increased soybean aphid control beyond that observed in open field plots alone, despite indications that intraguild predation of A. colemani occurred. Thus, biotic interference was not sufficient to eliminate the contribution of A. colemani on soybean aphid suppression during the course of our experiment. Molecular gut-contents analysis revealed that at least two predators, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) and Chrysoperla carnea Stephens, engaged in intraguild predation against A. colemani. The prolonged effect of intraguild predation on parasitoid establishment remains to be determined. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 44]}
+{"token": "Cool Christianity: The Fashion-Celebrity-Megachurch Industrial Complex. In this article, I analyze the ways in which fashion, megachurches, and celebrity and youth cultures coalesce in the 21(st) century, giving rise to the phenomenon of \\\\'Cool Christianity.\\\\' I contend that this repackaged Christianity, directed at the middle-class Millennials and Generation Z, is created not only by megachurches in a bid to attract new generations, as it is usually argued. It is also produced by celebrities, the fashion industry, and young Christian entrepreneurs. I argue that this assemblage of different elements generates a \\\\'Fashion-Celebrity-Megachurch industrial complex\\\\' that makes Christianity attractive to middle-class youth who do not find a home in more conservative churches that reject youth cultures. I show that this industrial complex creates an \\\\'aesthetic formation\\\\' that bonds and binds particularly young people as they transition into adulthood. I also demonstrate that because Cool Christianity is a relatively new aesthetic style, it becomes highly visible and needs to be negotiated with older styles of Christianity. This paper draws on six years of multi-sited fieldwork with the Australian megachurch Hillsong in Australia and Brazil, and monitoring and analyzing media reports on this church, its many social media accounts, and how followers interacted with them.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "COMPANY-COMMUNITY AGREEMENTS IN THE MINING SECTOR. Findings - Based on an evaluation of two recent company - community agreements and surveying of executives from mining firms that have signed agreements with Indigenous communities, it was found that: (1) though imperfect as a proxy for many of the \\\\' community relations\\\\' expectations of responsible investors, company - community agreements offer benefits and make provisions that exceed current expectations, especially with respect to the recognition of the right of Indigenous communities to offer their free, prior, and informed consent to mine developments; and (2) mining executives recognize the utility of agreementmaking with communities, and are comfortable with such efforts being interpreted as recognition of the right of Indigenous communities to consent to development.Purpose - The chapter describes the phenomenon of company - community agreements in the mining sector, situates them relative to two veins of responsible investment activity, and assesses whether they might serve as a proxy for the \\\\' community relations\\\\' expectations of responsible investors.Social implications - The chapter serves to introduce responsible investors to the emergence of company - community agreements in the global mining sector, and calls upon them to advocate for their further use in order to reduce the riskiness of their investments, address social justice concerns, and assist communities to visualize and realize their goals.Originality/ value of chapter - For the first time, the growing phenomenon of company - community agreements in the mining sector is situated within responsible investment scholarship. Additionally, drawing on both logic and evidence, the chapter challenges the responsible investment community to rethink its approach to screening and engaging the mining sector in order to advance the interests of Indigenous communities.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Strategic Retirement in Comparative Perspective: Supreme Court Justices in Presidential Regimes. Students of judicial behavior debate whether justices time their retirement to allow for the nomination of like-minded judges. We formalize the assumptions of strategic retirement theory and derive precise hypotheses about the conditions that moderate the effect of partisan incentives on judicial retirements. The empirical implications are tested with evidence for Supreme Court members under democracies and dictatorships in six presidential regimes between 1900 and 2004. The theory of strategic retirement finds limited support in the United States and elsewhere. We conclude that researchers should emphasize sincere motivations for retirement, progressive political ambitions, andcrucial in weakly institutionalized legal systemspolitical pressures.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Implications of genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms in jade perch (Scortum barcoo) reveals the putative XX/XY sex-determination system, facilitating a new chapter of sex control in aquaculture. Jade perch (Scortum barcoo) is a new teleost in the developing aquaculture freshwater finfish grow-out sector in Australia and China. However, key information on the breeding sex determination system (SDS) remains poorly understood, hampering sex control programs and genetic improvement. In this study, the jade perch SDS was examined by investigating genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using diversity arrays tech-nology and cytogenetics analysis to identify the genomic variants associated with sex-linked regions. Although the cytogenetic results showed no variation in the chromosomal patterns between males and females, one male-specific locus and 13 male-linked loci were observed, suggesting that jade perch exhibits male heterogametic XX/ XY SDS. Male-specific loci on the putative Y sex chromosome were also identified as an extremely small pro -portion of the genome. A homology search of the SNP loci revealed the male-specific loci were homologous to the Gypsy transposable element. This might be a remnant of an initial accumulation of repeats on the Y chromosome at the early stage of sex chromosome differentiation. The results provide a base for sex control breeding bio-technologies and genetic improvements to promote sexual size dimorphism and other new approaches to improve the commercial value of jade perch.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
+{"token": "Research on Differentiation of Accidents at Work Considering Demographic Features of Workers in Steel Sector in Poland. This article focuses on the number of accidents at work in enterprises in the steel industry. Accidents have a significant effect on the operations of enterprises due to the social and economic costs they generate. This article presents the dependence between the number of accidents at work, demographic characteristics (sex, age) and work experience of injured persons, which allows for the identification of risk groups based on to the tested feature. The scope of the analysis covers the structure of accidents at work in the steel industry in the years 2009-2015. The aim of this article is to present the dependence between the number of accidents at work and the demographic characteristics and work experience of workers employed in the industry under examination. The conducted analysis led to the conclusion that there is a relation between the number of accidents at work and the demographic characteristics of persons sustaining an accident at work. In the period between 2009-2015, male workers aged 30-39 were involved in accidents at work the most frequently. The research methodology applied in this article consists of: absolute and generic analysis of work accidents, ratio analysis and statistical analysis of the relation between the number of accidents at work and the demographic characteristics of workers injured in accidents. The applied methodology of analysis of accidents at work may be used for a benchmark analysis of various industry sectors in any country or the same sectors in various countries.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Covert Action and the Pentagon. The White House and the Pentagon have designated the military's Special Operations Command as the lead organization in the 'war on terror'. As the military has become more involved in fighting terrorism since 9/11, special operations forces have become increasingly active in the covert, or unacknowledged, operations that have traditionally been the CIA's bailiwick. This article examines the turf battles caused by the Pentagon's new covert profile, as well as its ramifications for congressional oversight.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "Nanocomposite Membrane Films on the Basis of Ether of Cellulose and Tetraethoxysilan. Hybrid nanocomposite membrane films with different silicon contents (4.5-12.3%) are acquired by the hydrolytic polycondensation of tetraethoxysilan (TEOS) in 4% solution of cellulose diacetate (CDA) and ethylcellulose (ECel) in organic solvents (acetone and tetrahydrofuran (THF)). Fourier IR spectroscopy is used to confirm the formation of a Si-network with Si-O-Si bonds that are linked with the cellulose derivatives by H-bonds. Hybrid films are insoluble in aqueous solutions containing 5-20 vol % of an organic component. Atomic force microscopy is used to confirm the presence of nanosized structures on the surfaces of the obtained films. The sizes of these structures depend on the polymer nature ratio of polymer and TEOS in synthesis, and they reduce as the Si content in the film increases. The equilibrium degree of swelling of hybrid films and a coefficient of diffusion of an organic substance from organic-water solutions (acetone water or THF water) are highest for the films obtained at the equimolar ratio polymer-TEAS in synthesis. The thermodynamic parameters of the interaction between hybrid films (Flory-Huggins parameter) with the liquid medium, as well as the factor of the relation THF from the THF-water solutions in Ecel/TEOS films, are calculated. Correlations of the structure and composition of hybrid films and their behavior in organic-water solutions are shown and discussed.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Insidious Safety Threat of Fatigue: Investigating Construction Workers' Risk of Accident Due to Fatigue. The construction industry is among the most hazardous occupations. Workers are expected to fulfill physically and mentally demanding tasks in construction environments while they are exposed to numerous safety hazards. The dynamic and demanding nature of construction activities makes workers vulnerable to experience levels of fatigue on a daily basis. Fatigue is ubiquitous among construction workers and has been frequently cited as an underlying cause of the accidents. Despite the high rates of accidents in construction, research has shown that most of them can be prevented if workers identify hazards and perceive the associated safety risks. However, the impact of fatigue on the two leading safety indicators (i.e., hazard recognition and safety risk perception) has not been empirically studied before in the construction industry context. Therefore, this study aims to fill this gap by investigating the impact of fatigue on construction workers' hazard recognition and safety risk perception. To achieve the research goals, 135 construction workers were recruited to participate in the study. A validated safety instrument and three subjective fatigue assessment scales were used to measure safety performance and fatigue levels of the participants, respectively. The analysis of the data showed statistically significant correlation (p-value<0.001) between fatigue and hazard recognition (rp=-0.58) and fatigue and safety risk perception (rp=-0.51). Linear regressions associated 37% of the variability in hazard recognition and 28% of safety risk perception with elements of fatigue. The findings revealed that among all aspects of fatigue, intershift recovery and acute fatigue have the most profound impacts on the safety performance of workers. A novel model was developed and tested to explain how construction workers' safety performance (i.e., hazard recognition and safety risk perception) are impacted by elements of fatigue. This study offers practical recommendations for construction professionals and practitioners to control and mitigate the undesirable influences of fatigue on workers. These recommendations are presented as the hierarchy of fatigue interventions in the order of most effective to the least effective including (1) Elimination, (2) Substitution, (3) Engineering Solutions, (4) Administrative Interventions, and (5) Personal Assistive Equipment (PAE). (c) 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "Atmospheric Lifetime of Fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide. CO2 released from combustion Of fossil fuels equilibrates among the various Carbon reservoirs of the atmosphere, the ocean, and the terrestrial biosphere on timescales of a few centuries. However, a sizeable fraction Of the CO2 remains in the atmosphere, awaiting a return to the solid earth by much slower weathering processes and deposition of CaCO3. Common measures of the atmospheric lifetime Of CO2, including the e-folding time scale, disregard the long tail. Its neglect in the calculation Of glaobal Warming potentials leads many to underestimate the longevity of anthropogenic global warming. Here, we review the past literature on the atmospheric lifetime of fossil fuel CO2 and its impact on climate, and we present initial results from a model intercomparison project on this topic. The models agree that 20-35% of the CO2 remains in the atmosphere after equilibration with the ocean (2-20 centuries). Neutralization by CaCO3 draws the airborne fraction down further on timescales of 3 to 7 kyr.", "label": [4, 34, 38]}
+{"token": "Performance, gut morphology and microbiology effects of a Bacillus probiotic, avilamycin and their combination in mixed grain broiler diets. 1. This study aimed to determine the effect of avilamycin (AGP) and a multi-strain Bacillus probiotic (DFM) on the performance, gut histology and microbiology of broilers fed on a mixed grain diet.2. A total of 800 chicks were allocated to four treatments: a control diet, control+AGP, control+DFM, or control+AGP+DFM. Bodyweight, feed intake and FCR were measured at d 0, 21 and 42. Samples were taken at d42 to determine villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD) and ratio (VH:CD). Mucosal E. coli and Lactobacilli counts were measured at d42.3. At d42, DFM and AGP+DFM significantly increased weight over the control, with AGP returning an intermediate value. FCR followed a similar pattern. DFM and AGP+DFM significantly increased VH and CD in all gut sections compared to the control.4. DFM and AGP+DFM reduced E. coli counts compared to control, with AGP reducing caecal counts only, while Lactobacilli counts were increased.5. Divergent histology and microbiology between treatments highlight the different modes of action of AGP and DFM for improving broiler growth and feed efficiency.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Human Cytomegalovirus IE1 Protein Elicits a Type II Interferon-Like Host Cell Response That Depends on Activated STAT1 but Not Interferon-gamma. Human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) is a highly prevalent pathogen that, upon primary infection, establishes life-long persistence in all infected individuals. Acute hCMV infections cause a variety of diseases in humans with developmental or acquired immune deficits. In addition, persistent hCMV infection may contribute to various chronic disease conditions even in immunologically normal people. The pathogenesis of hCMV disease has been frequently linked to inflammatory host immune responses triggered by virus-infected cells. Moreover, hCMV infection activates numerous host genes many of which encode pro-inflammatory proteins. However, little is known about the relative contributions of individual viral gene products to these changes in cellular transcription. We systematically analyzed the effects of the hCMV 72-kDa immediate-early 1 (IE1) protein, a major transcriptional activator and antagonist of type I interferon (IFN) signaling, on the human transcriptome. Following expression under conditions closely mimicking the situation during productive infection, IE1 elicits a global type II IFN-like host cell response. This response is dominated by the selective up-regulation of immune stimulatory genes normally controlled by IFN-gamma and includes the synthesis and secretion of pro-inflammatory chemokines. IE1-mediated induction of IFN-stimulated genes strictly depends on tyrosine-phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and correlates with the nuclear accumulation and sequence-specific binding of STAT1 to IFN-gamma-responsive promoters. However, neither synthesis nor secretion of IFN-gamma or other IFNs seems to be required for the IE1-dependent effects on cellular gene expression. Our results demonstrate that a single hCMV protein can trigger a proinflammatory host transcriptional response via an unexpected STAT1-dependent but IFN-independent mechanism and identify IE1 as a candidate determinant of hCMV pathogenicity.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 43, 21]}
+{"token": "Study of some characteristics of solar energetic particles and associated solar activities during 1996-2016. Solar energetic particles (SEP) are believed to originate from two different sources, coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and solar flares. In this paper, we have also investigated some statistical properties such as speed, apparent angular width, acceleration, latitude distribution of SEP effective CMEs observed during the period 1996-2016 covering the solar cycle 23 and solar cycle 24. We find that 76% SEP event associated with solar flares originates in the western hemisphere. We also found that SEP associated CMEs are faster and nearly halo in nature. The study shows that mean starting frequency of SEP events associated DH-type II radio burst is 10.9 MHz. We have also investigated the time delay between the flare start/peak time and related SEP, CME and type II burst start time and it is to be found that almost all SEP events occur later than the start time of the flare, CME, m-type II bursts and DH type II radio events.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Comparison of Efficacy Between Transabdominal and Transthoracic Surgical Approaches for Siewert Type II Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagogastric Junction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Background: The optimal surgical approach, whether transabdominal (TA) or transthoracic (TT), for Siewert type II adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction (AEG) remains controversial. This study compares the efficacy of TA and TT surgical approaches for Siewert type II AEG. Methods: Studies comparing the surgical and oncological outcomes of TA and TT surgical approaches for Siewert type II AEG up to June 2021 were systematically searched on the Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library. A pooled analysis was performed for the available data regarding the baseline features, surgical, and oncological outcomes. The RevMan 5.3 software was used to perform the statistical analysis. Quality evaluation and publication bias were also conducted. Results: Twelve studies with a total of 2,011 patients, including 985 patients in the TA group and 1,026 patients in the TT group, were included in this study. In the pooled analysis, the surgical outcomes, namely, operative time (MD = -54.61, 95% CI = -123.76 to 14.54, P = 0.12), intraoperative blood loss (MD = -28.85, 95% CI = -71.15 to 13.46, P = 0.18), the number of dissected lymph nodes (MD = 1.90, 95% CI = -1.32 to 5.12, P = 0.25), postoperative complications (OR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.65 to 1.07, p = 0.16), anastomotic leakage rate (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.63 to 1.65, p = 0.93), and postoperative death rate (OR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.46 to 1.72, p = 0.73), and the oncological outcomes, namely, overall recurrence rate (OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.37 to 1.50, p = 0.41), 3-year overall survival (OS) rate (OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 0.54 to 2.65, p = 0.66), and 5-year OS rate (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 0.84 to 1.74, p = 0.30) of the two groups were all comparable. Conclusions: Both TA and TT surgical approaches are appropriate for Siewert type II AEG, and neither has a significant advantage in terms of short- and long-term outcomes. However, more high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm this conclusion.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Performance of SiPMs in the nonlinear region. Silicon photomultipliers present saturation effects as they have a limited number of pixels and work in Geiger mode. Their response to light pulses in the nonlinear region is very complex for two reasons: pixel recharging after an avalanche affects the trigger probability and charge multiplication of subsequent avalanches, and non-trivial effects due to crosstalk and afterpulsing.A parametrization of the nonlinear response of silicon photomultipliers was developed where the above effects were readily accounted for. The model was tested on a setup of gamma-ray spectrometry using different combinations of scintillation crystals and detectors. The model parameters were interpreted in terms of fundamental characteristics of the setup (e.g., lifetime of the scintillation crystal and pixel recovery time). The proper conversion from signal resolution to energy resolution was provided. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35]}
+{"token": "Identification of a putative nuclear receptor involved in cytochrome P450 induction by cypermethrin in IPLB-LdFB cells. Cypermethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, was administered to the fat body cell line of Lymantria dispar (IPLB-LdFB) to investigate cytochrome P450 (CYP450) induction at the cellular level. CY-P450 activity increased according to the length of induction time in cypermethrin-treated IPLB-LdFB cells compared to non-treated cells. CYP450 activity was also increased by carbaryl and 3-methylcholanthrene, but not by monocrotophos. To search for a nuclear receptor that can mediate the cypermethrin-induced CYP450 expression, comparative 2-dimensional electrophoresis was conducted using soluble proteins from both the cytosolic and nuclear fractions of IPLB-LdFB, with or without cypermethrin pretreatment. Five protein spots were identified as more localized (over-expressed) in the cypermethrin-treated cells, particularly in the nuclear fraction, and were characterized by tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Among these five proteins, one was determined to nuclear receptor possessing both zinc finger and ligand-binding domain. The full-length cDNA fragment of a HNF4-like gene (LdFB-HNF4) was cloned and determined to possess both ligand- and DNA-binding domains. RNA interference (RNAi) using a 497-bp dsRNA was performed to silence the LdFB-HNF4 gene in IPLB-LdFB. RNAi resulted in ca. 43% reduction in the level of LdFB-HNF4 transcript and ca. 50% suppression of the CYP450 induction by cypermethrin in the dsRNA-treated cells. These findings suggest that LdFB-HNF4 in IPLB-LdFB is associated with CYP450 induction by cypermethrin. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 44, 42]}
+{"token": "Stability capacity design of grid cylindrical-lattice shells loaded axially. This paper presents the stability behaviours and capacity design of the grid cylindrical-lattice shell (GCLS) which consists mainly of the multi-columns located circumferentially and the multi-story ring-beams uniformly distributed along the height. The GCLS under axial compression is investigated in the stability capacity by using a finite element model that has been validated by an experimental investigation carried previously out by the authors. A large number of numerical examples of GCLSs covering a common design range of engineering applications are analyzed numerically by employing the validated finite element (FE) model to investigate the ultimate load-carrying capacity, and accordingly a stability capacity design method regarding the compression stability coefficient phi N and the normalized slenderness ratio lambda N is established. Based on a design criterion that the failure of the ring beams does not precede the multi-column instability, the strength design formula of the ring beam is proposed accordingly and validated by using FE numerical results. In summary, this paper supplies a complete design method for predicting the stability capacity of the GCLSs as well as strength check of the ring beams in the GCLSs under axial compression. This study lays a preliminary research foundation for subsequent research on the stability capacity design of GCLSs under a combined action of axial compression and bending moment.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "The construction of religion as a 'public problem': The emergence of Islam in the public space during Tunisia's transition to democracy (2011-14). The object of the present study is to analyze how, over the transition period of 2011-14, Islam became a 'public problem', to understand how it came to pervade the public space. I will investigate the place of religion in the public space both before and after the 2011 elections, and to do so will start with a few 'affairs' and controversies surrounding Islam and its place in the new Constitution as well as in the broader framework of Tunisian society.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "DISSOCIABLE ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITIES DIRECTED AGAINST CARDIOVIRUSES ARE EXPRESSED IN L-CELLS TREATED WITH INTERFERON. Interferon (IFN) restricts a wide variety of viruses. To do so it elicits many antiviral pathways. For example, subclones of the same cell line with a reduced antiviral spectrum are thought to lack one or more antiviral pathways. Our line of L cells exhibits two distinct antiviral activities. The first delays the yield of both wild-type mengovirus (is+) and an IFN-sensitive mutant (is-1). The second specifically inhibits is-1 virus yields 100-fold. From these cells, a subclone was isolated which had lost the second antiviral activity (i.e. in these cells is-1 virus acts like is+ virus). To see whether other cardioviruses are sensitive to these activities, two additional strains [m-mengovirus and encephalomyocarditis-R (EMC-R) virus] were tested in our subclones. Like is+ virus, m-mengovirus yields were delayed by IFN in both subclones; EMC-R virus behaved like is-1 virus in both cell lines. When actinomycin D was added at the time of infection, is-1 virus was phenotypically reversed to is+ virus, but EMC-R virus was still inhibited. The 2-5A synthetase/RNase L pathway is expressed in both clones. Therefore, at least three antiviral activities against cardioviruses can be distinguished in IFN-treated L cells, and two of them appear not to involve the 2-5A synthetase/RNase L pathway.", "label": [2, 19, 21]}
+{"token": "Four new caponiids species (Araneae, Caponiidae) from the West Indies and redescription of Nops blandus (Bryant). We update the knowledge of the unusual Caponiidae spiders from the West Indies with the description of four new species, and the redescription of Nops blandus (Bryant) including the first description of the female. Specimens previously assigned to N. blandus from Hispaniola and Puerto Rico represents two new species: Nops hispaniola n. sp. and Nops agnarssoni n. sp. respectively; while the distribution of the former is limited to British and U. S. Virgin Islands. The others two new species are Nops finisfurvus n. sp. from British Virgin Islands and Cubanops luquillo n. sp. from Puerto Rico. Female internal genitalia of Nops species are described, photographed and illustrated for the first time.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "POWER AND CONFLICT IN ORGANIZATIONS: THE CASE OF A FAMILY COMPANY IN THE CIVIL CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY. This teaching case tells the story of a family-owned civil construction company operating in the construction materials trade, focusing on the power and conflict relations existing in it. Throughout the case we present the dilemmas faced by Construction & Company, which occur between the father and his children and also between the siblings themselves, related to the department they manage. The founder and current owner of the company considers that at the moment no changes are necessary in the organization. However, his three children consider important to adapt to the current context and, consequently, internal conflicts in the store appear. No action can be taken in the company without the approval of the patriarch of the family, who has more power and is responsible for the decision-making process. This way, this case aims to report the problems of this organization and stimulate the students to think and propose possible solutions for them. It is hoped that the students will understand the different power and conflict relations present in family businesses, which will be done by approaching theory and practice.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Agrarian doctrines of development: Part I. Doctrines of development are understood through a distinction between intentional development and the immanent process of capitalist development. Agrarian doctrine consists of proposals, usually associated with official policy, to undertake agrarian schemes of development based on small-farm, household production. The intention is to compensate for mass unemployment, urban poverty and the threat of rural emigration. This article gives a historical account of two cases of agrarian doctrine. The first, that of nineteenth-century Quebec following self-government in 1848 illustrates the intention of land colonisation schemes to prevent emigration from French Canadian territory to the United States. Zn the second case, that of twentieth-century Kenya, schemes of household production were developed in the face of the emergence of mass unemployment; their promotion, especially after political independence in 1963, accompanied the development of indigenous capitalism. The social trusteeship of development is the key to understanding agrarian doctrine. The article concludes by showing why agrarian doctrine underlies the 'decentralised despotism' at the heart of Mahmood Mamdani's recent book; Citizen and Subject, and is an integral part of the historical roots of contemporary advocacy of decentralised rural development.", "label": [5, 56, 57]}
+{"token": "Characterization of Phytophthora infestans Isolates from Jersey, Channel Islands. Potato production on the island of Jersey, in the English Channel, is dominated by Jersey Royal, a selection of the early cultivar International Kidney. Jersey Royal is very susceptible to Phytophthora infestans, the cause of potato late blight, and Jersey's climate is frequently conducive to infection. During 2004-2006, isolates of P. infestans were obtained from Jersey Royal plant samples from 41 different sites (24 crops, one infected tuber, 16 volunteers) and from five outdoor tomato crops and characterised by mating type, mtDNA haplotype, Gpi and Pep allozyme genotype, metalaxyl resistance and RG57 fingerprint. A subset of 17 isolates was additionally characterised by simple sequence repeat (SSR). All but one isolate from potato belonged to a single A1 multilocus genotype or a variant. The five isolates from tomato represented three distinct genotypes, none of which was found on potato and included one which was A2 mating type. The populations of P. infestans on potato and tomato in Jersey appear distinct, with that on potato being highly clonal.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "AN EFFECTIVE STRATEGY TO REDUCE THE INCIDENCE OF Phytophthora ROOT AND CROWN ROT IN BELL PEPPER. This work evaluated the effectiveness of combining grafted bell pepper and metam sodium fumigated soil to reduce the incidence of Phytophthora root and crown rot, a disease that significantly reduces crop yields. The experiment was carried out during 2011 in Chihuahua, Mexico. Six trials were established in a previously fumigated soil using 'Facinato' variety grafted onto 'Robusto' and 'Terrano' rootstocks, besides four self-rooted varieties. To identify the pathogen, ribosomal loci corresponding to the ITS region were amplified and sequenced. The general linear model described the increase in disease incidence in all trials. Grafted plants had a lower slope of disease incidence than the four self-rooted varieties. Results indicated that final disease incidence (Yf) of the varieties ranged 37-69%, while grafted plants exhibited a Yf of only 13-16%. Fumigation caused a better reduction of disease incidence when used for grafted plants. Disease onset and slope increase coincided with the possible fumigant degradation. These findings expand present knowledge regarding plant response to preventive fumigations and grafted plants use to decrease natural infection in bell pepper plants caused by this oomycete.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Disparities in Subjective Wellbeing: Political Status, Urban-Rural Divide, and Cohort Dynamics in China. This paper investigates disparities in subjective wellbeing in China by analyzing the Chinese General Social Survey (2003-2015). Our hierarchical age-period-cohort models reveal how Chinese Communist Party membership, the urban-rural divide, and cohort differences have jointly shaped levels of happiness. Interestingly, the significance of political status in shaping happiness varies profoundly across birth cohorts and locations of residence. In earlier cohorts (1910-1948), Communist Party members in rural areas have a considerable advantage over nonmembers, but this advantage gradually diminishes later, except the 1977-1985 cohort. The advantage of urban party membership keeps increasing up to the cohort born during 1957-1965 but declines rapidly after that. Findings suggest that in the planned economy, political status plays a central role in promoting subjective wellbeing especially in urban China; the transition to a market economy in post-Mao China has reduced political disparities among younger cohorts, mainly for urban residents.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "The Effect of Healing Perception on the Visitors' Place Attachment and Their Loyalty toward a Metropolitan Park-Under the Aspect of Environmental Design. Healing perception is considered to increase visitors' place attachment and loyalty. This research employed structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the structural relationship between healing perception, place attachment, environmental design, and visitors' loyalty to a place. The study investigated a metropolitan park in Gaoxiong, Taiwan, and collected 431 valid questionnaires on the site. The results showed that the environmental design affected the human perception of healing and place attachment, which substantially affected the visitors' loyalty toward the place. The healing perception powerfully impacted loyalty (0.76), which contained an indirect effect through place attachment and enhanced the direct impact of healing perception. Moreover, the environmental design had a capable direct effect (0.62) on visitors' loyalty through two full mediation paths: healing perception and place attachment. The study sheds light on designing a healing park that could enhance visitors' place attachment and strongly affect their loyalty to the park.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "Adolescent Bullying, Dating, and Mating: Testing an Evolutionary Hypothesis. Traditionally believed to be the result of maladaptive development, bullying perpetration is increasingly being viewed as a potentially adaptive behavior. We were interested in determining whether adolescents who bully others enjoy a key evolutionary benefit: increased dating and mating (sexual) opportunities. This hypothesis was tested in two independent samples consisting of 334 adolescents and 144 university students. The data partly supported our prediction that bullying, but not victimization, would predict dating behavior. The data for sexual behavior more clearly supported our hypothesis that bullying behavior predicts an increase in sexual opportunities even when accounting for age, sex, and self-reports of attractiveness, likeability, and peer victimization. These results are generally congruent with the hypothesis that bullying perpetration is, at least in part, an evolutionary adaptive behavior.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Live weight, body size and carcass characteristics of young bulls of fifteen European breeds. Significant differences were found between breeds for all variables studied, however, the body size measurements and the carcass traits were more useful to discriminate among cattle breeds, than either live weight or daily gain. With respect to the body size and carcass traits the studied breeds could be grouped as:Intermediate group, Avilena, Marchigiana and Simmental: these breeds were characterized by an intermediate muscle conformation and fatness level and were relatively tall.Specialized beef breeds, comprising Piemontese, Asturiana de los Valles, Pirenaica, Limousin, South Devon, Charolais and Aberdeen Angus, all of which were characterized by high muscularity, wide pelvis and medium height and a low to medium level of fatness.Local and dairy breeds, comprising Jersey, Casina, Highland, Holstein and Danish Red, the latter two breeds were tall animals, while the former three breeds were small in size. In general the group was poorly muscled and tended to have a high or medium level of fat.A total of 436 young bulls from fifteen Western European breeds, including beef, dairy and local types from five countries, were studied to assess variability in live weight, live weight gain, body measurements and carcass traits. Animals were logged indoors, and fed a diet based on concentrate and straw offered ad libitum from 9 months of age to slaughter at 15 months of age. The weight, body length, height at withers and pelvis width, of the animals were recorded at 9, 12 and 15 months of age. After slaughter, 15 carcass variables were recorded, including carcass weight, EU classification scores, morphological measurements and dissection data. Data were analysed by GLM, regression and principal component analysis procedures.This study provides a detailed assessment or a wide range of variables in the major breeds, and several minor breeds, that are used in breeding programmes across Europe and elsewhere, and will provide information that will be of use to define breeding strategies to meet the demands of the European beef market. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "A Conceptual Framework Encompassing the Psychoneuroimmunoendocrinological Influences of Listening to Music in Patients With Heart Failure. Patients with heart failure have been traditionally treated with a pharmacology-based approach, diet, exercise, and rehabilitation for reducing symptoms, hospitalizations, and mortality. We have developed a solid conceptual framework for music listening-based protocols, showing how music may have a broad range of positive effects on cardiovascular health through psychoneuroimmunoendocrinological pathways.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
+{"token": "Political economy of debt and growth. A theory of endogenous fiscal policy and growth is developed. Fiscal policy-debt, income tax, spending on local public goods, and public investment-is determined through legislative bargaining. Economic growth depends directly on public investment, private investment in human capital, and, via learning-by-doing, labor supply. The model economy converges to a balanced growth path. During the transition to the balanced growth path, public debt grows faster than GDP, provisions of public goods and infrastructure grow slower than GDP, and the tax rate declines. The model is used to assess welfare implications of austerity programs. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48, 49]}
+{"token": "Influence of flux on wetting behavior of lead-free solder balls during the infrared-reflow process. The effects of two different fluxes (A6 and B6) on the wetting performance of Sn-3.5Ag-0.5Cu lead-free solder balls were investigated during the reflow process. Solder ball wetting behavior in real time via an optical microscope coupled with a video recorder during the reflow process was studied. The lead-free solder balls started to melt and wet at 210 degrees C by using A6, which is 8 degrees C lower than the melting point (218 degrees C) of the solder material used. The wetting performance of the lead-free solder ball was dramatically enhanced by using A6. The wettability test indicated that the height of the solder ball after the reflow process with flux A6 was significantly lower than that with B6. It was found that strong fluxing capability caused these phenomena.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "One Class of Problems of the Theory of Elasticity and Seismology and a Problem of Earthquake Prediction. Spatial quasi-static and dynamic problems of the theory of elasticity, simulating the behavior of lithospheric plates and blocks of Earth's crust are solved for a layered package. According to the data of seismic stations, GPS, inclinometers, and other measuring instruments, slow (age-related) and transient motions of lithospheric plates are considered. It is shown that by carrying out regular measurements, based on the obtained solutions, it is possible to trace the entire process of preparation and occurrence of earthquakes.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Intelligent gravitational search random forest algorithm for fake news detection. Online social media has made the process of disseminating news so quick that people have shifted their way of accessing news from traditional journalism and press to online social media sources. The rapid rotation of news on social media makes it challenging to evaluate its reliability. Fake news not only erodes public trust but also subverts their opinions. An intelligent automated system is required to detect fake news as there is a tenuous difference between fake and real news. This paper proposes an intelligent gravitational search random forest (IGSRF) algorithm to be employed to detect fake news. The IGSRF algorithm amalgamates the Intelligent Gravitational Search Algorithm (IGSA) and the Random Forest (RF) algorithm. The IGSA is an improved intelligent variant of the classical gravitational search algorithm (GSA) that adds information about the best and worst gravitational mass agents in order to retain the exploitation ability of agents at later iterations and thus avoid the trapping of the classical GSA in local optimum. In the proposed IGSRF algorithm, all the intelligent mass agents determine the solution by generating decision trees (DT) with a random subset of attributes following the hypothesis of random forest. The mass agents generate the collection of solutions from solution space using random proportional rules. The comprehensive prediction to decide the class of news (fake or real) is determined by all the agents following the attributes of random forest. The performance of the proposed algorithm is determined for the FakeNewsNet dataset, which has sub-categories of BuzzFeed and PolitiFact news categories. To analyze the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, the results are also evaluated with decision tree and random forest algorithms. The proposed IGSRF algorithm has attained superlative results compared to the DT, RF and state-of-the-art techniques.", "label": [4, 35, 40]}
+{"token": "Infectivity and complete nucleotide sequence of the genome of a genetically distinct strain of maize streak virus from Reunion Island. A complete infectious genome of an isolate of maize streak subgroup 1 geminivirus from Reunion Island (MSV-R) was cloned and sequenced. Using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti plasmid delivery system, the cloned 2.7 kb circular DNA was shown to be infectious in maize. The agroinfected virus could be transmitted by Cicadulina mbila, the most common vector species of MSV in Reunion. Analysis of open reading frames (ORFs) revealed seven potential coding regions including the 4 ORFs conserved in all geminiviruses infecting monocotyledonous plants, the 2 on the viral ''+'' strand (MP, CP), and the 2 on the complementary ''-'' strand (RepA, RepB). The nucleotide sequence of MSV-R was compared to previously determined sequence of three African clones from Nigeria (MSV-N), Kenya (MSV-K), and South Africa (MSV-S). More similarity was found between the African clones (97.0-97.3%) than between these and MSV-R (94.4-95.3%). Nucleotide substitutions were frequent in the large intergenic region, particularly in and around the most likely TATA box for the complementary sense genes, and in the 5' end of ORF V1. The comparison of the predicted peptide sequences of the proteins encoded by ORFs MP, RepA and RepB confirmed the higher similarity between the African clones (97.8-99.3%) than between these and MSV-R (95.1-97.1%). However the amino acid sequences of the protein encoded by ORF CP (capsid protein) were very conserved among all the 4 clones, suggesting a high selection pressure on this ORF.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Comparative evolution of Jupiter and Saturn. We present evolutionary sequences for Jupiter and Saturn, based on new non-gray model atmospheres, which take into account the evolution of the solar luminosity and partitioning of dense components to deeper layers. The results are used to set limits on the extent to which possible interior phase separation of hydrogen and helium may have progressed in the two planets. When combined with static models constrained by the gravity field, our evolutionary calculations constrain the helium mass fraction in Jupiter to be between 0.20 and 0.27, relative to total hydrogen and helium. This is consistent with the Galileo determination. The helium mass fraction in Saturn's atmosphere lies between 0.11 and 0.21, higher than the Voyager determination. Based on the discrepancy between the Galileo and Voyager results for Jupiter, and our models, we predict that revised observational results for Saturn will yield a higher atmospheric helium mass fraction relative to the Voyager value. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Thyroid peroxidase antibody positivity is associated with symptomatic distress in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. In contrast, TPO-Abs positivity, defined as TPO-Abs > 100 IU/l, significantly predicted poorer psychosocial well-being in all of the three SCL-90-R global indices after three years, even after correction (all p <= 0.02). In conclusion, high TPO-Abs are associated with poor physical and psychological well-being and appear to predict future health perception in HT patients. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Previous studies suggest impairments of physical, mental, and psychic well-being in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), but these impairments have been shown to be independent of thyroid dysfunction.In 64 euthyroid patients with HT, symptomatic distress was assessed with the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), a 90-item multidimensional self-report symptom inventory using a 5-point rating scale. In a subgroup of patients, endocrine testing 3 years prior to the current investigation was available.Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Abs) were associated with the three SCL-90-R global indices Global Severity Index (GSI), Positive Symptom Distress Index (PSDI), and Positive Symptom Total (PST) as well as with somatization and obsessive-compulsive symptoms after adjustment for age, gender, and thyroid function as assessed by TSH levels (all p < 0.05). HT patients positive for TPO-Abs showed poorer results in the three SCL-90-R global indices as well as in the three domains: somatization, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and depression (all p <= 0.02), though the aforementioned associations did not withstand sequential Bonferroni correction for multiple testing.", "label": [2, 18, 23]}
+{"token": "pH-dependent binding interaction between functionalized thiol monolayers and electroactive ions. The charge transfer kinetics at ionizable thiol monolayer-modified gold electrodes was investigated as a function of the redox-couple composition and the solution pH by potential scan voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The adsorption of indigotetrasulfonate and chromate onto a 4-aminothiophenol monolayer, at low pH values, resulted primarily from an electrostatic attraction between the protonated terminal amino groups and the anions, An increase in the solution pH, however, raised the apparent heterogeneous rate constant of indigotetrasulfonate at a 4-aminothiophenol-modified electrode. This pH dependence, which was opposite to that observed at a 1-butanethiol-modified electrode, can be ascribed to a change in the potential difference between the gold electrode and monolayer surface. A large change in the heterogeneous rate constant with the pH implies that in addition to electrostatic interaction, a specific intermolecular force contributes to the interactions between the 4-aminothiophenol monolayer and the redox species. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "MONETARY POLICY AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FOR THE EU-15. This paper presents an empirical research on how monetary policy can affect income distribution. After describing the channels through which monetary policy may have an impact on income distribution, we perform a panel analysis of 15 EU (European Union) countries covering the period 1995-2014. The results provide evidence of a significant positive relationship between real interest rates and income inequality measured as the Gini coefficient. However, this relationship only becomes significant in the medium term but not in the short term. Our findings call for greater attention by central bankers to the redistributive effects of monetary policy.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Effect of microwave treatment on thermal and ultrasonic properties of gabbro. The mining and tunnelling industries are looking for solutions to increase the rates of advance of mechanical excavators in hard and abrasive rocks. Microwave assisted rock breakage has substantial advantages in the volumetric heating, selective heating, instantaneous control and energy savings, which is regarded as a promising technology. A 2 kW single-mode industrial microwave system was used to heat the Austral Black gabbro specimens at the frequency of 2.45 GHz. The temperature and temperature distribution on the specimen surface after microwave treatment were immediately measured by an infrared thermal camera and a thermal gun. The P-wave velocity was measured using ultrasonic transducers to quantify the local and overall thermal-induced damage of specimens. We studied the influence of power levels (0.5-2 kW) and exposure times (30-120 s) on the temperature and P-wave velocity. The microwave induced macrocracks and microcracks were analysed using petrographic thin-section observations and the fluorescent resin technique. Testing results indicate that microwave can efficiently weaken rocks by either generating macro/micro cracks or melting specimens. Both the maximum and average temperatures increase linearly with the power level and exposure time. Non-uniformly spatial thermal gradients increase as the power level and exposure time increase. The overall P-wave velocity and the P-wave velocity in the middle of specimens are reduced by up to 55% and 80%, respectively, implying a significant reduction of strength. Experimental results also show that under the same energy, heating at higher power levels for shorter durations has a better weakening effect. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Skin-inspired gelatin-based flexible bio-electronic hydrogel for wound healing promotion and motion sensing. Next generation tissue-engineered skin scaffolds promise to provide sensory restoration through electrical stimulation in addition to effectively rebuilding and repairing skin. The integration of real-time monitoring of the injury motion activities can fundamentally improve the therapeutic efficacy by providing detailed data to guide the clinical practice. Herein, a mechanically-flexible, electroactive, and self-healable hydrogels (MESGel) was engineered for the combinational function of electrically-stimulated accelerated wound healing and motion sensing. MESGel shows outstanding biocompatibility and multifunctional therapeutic properties including flexibility, self-healing characteristics, biodegradability, and bioelectroactivity. Moreover, MESGel shows its potential of being a novel flexible electronic skin sensor to record the injury motion activities. Comprehensive in vitro and in vivo experiments prove that MESGel can facilitate effective electrical stimulation, actively promoting proliferation in Chinese hamster lung epithelial cells and therefore can accelerate favorable epithelial biology during skin wound healing, demonstrating an effective therapeutic strategy for a full-thickness skin defect model and leading to new-type flexible bioelectronics.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Dynamics of a misaligned Kaplan turbine with blade-to-stator contacts. Rotor-to-stator contacts can occur in hydropower systems due to mechanical and electrical misalignment as well as high unbalance forces. It can result in high impact forces and damages in case of malfunction of the machine. As a result, a real hydropower rotor is studied to evaluate the different types of dynamic motion due to multiple impacts when it is initially misaligned. In this paper, the simplicity of its blade rubbing modelling allows us to evaluate in a fast and efficient way the dynamics of this system as a function of several design parameters. It is observed that the global dynamics of the system are similar to simple bladed Jeffcott rotors when scaled with the number of blades. Since the rotor runs at its operating point, the contact forces are also evaluated at nominal speed. A parametric study - as a function of contact stiffness and damping - is performed and results are given in terms of Poincare sections, bifurcation diagrams and maximum displacements at steady state. These simulations are used to determine if the system is safe to operate. It can be used to design hydropower rotors by choosing the operating speed in a suitable range, or to analyse if the machine can be stopped before a catastrophe occurs. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Dynamic behavior of prostate cancer cells under antitumor immunity and pulse vaccination in a random environment. Advanced prostate cancer (PCa) is usually treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), which is initially effective but can lead to metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. The dendritic cell vaccine immunotherapy can enhance the antitumor immune responses to help fight cancer and has been shown to be effective. A stochastic impulsive PCa model incorporating ADT and immunotherapy is developed in this article to analyze the elimination of androgen-dependent and androgen-independent cancer cells under the noise interference. Besides the existence, uniqueness and boundedness of global positive solution of the model, some sufficient conditions of extinction and persistence in mean of PCa cells are also obtained by using the Ito's formula and the comparison theorem of stochastic differential equation. Our study illustrates that high-intensity noise perturbation can inhibit the development of PCa and verifies theoretically and numerically that frequent vaccination can improve the survival time of the patient with ADT.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Procedural justice, conflict of interest and the stolen generations' case. Meagher junior was by his own public admission concerned about the findings of the HREOC report and its implications for his father's reputation. He felt it dishonoured his father's name while also sullying the standing of his father's contemporaries. Meagher indicated he believed the case must not be allowed to set a precedent. The public evidence on display in these comments reflects a hostility towards child removal policies which raises questions about the suitability of Meagher's appointment as counsel. As Meagher himself pointed out, he wondered whether his involvement in the case was 'inappropriate for counsel' and 'possibly contrary to the client's interest', but later decided it was not. His appointment raises questions about the Commonwealth's conformity to the model litigant standards.In this article attention is given to aspects of the case that have not yet received due consideration. It is argued here the Commonwealth government had an overriding resolve to win the Cubillo-Gunner case, which sat incongruously with the principle and practice of the federal government as a 'model litigant'. I consider whether the Commonwealth breached those standards in respect to three central elements of the model litigant standards - namely (1) the exercise of proportionate power, (2) the over-reliance on technical defences, and (3) a proper regard for accepting a responsibility to administer justice and fair play.The Cubillo and Gunner hearing in the Federal Court of Australia possessed enormous historical, political and moral significance. The applicants' suit against the Commonwealth argued that having been removed they were then wrongfully detained, that government breached its statutory and fiduciary duties and duty of care, and the Commonwealth was responsible for the injuries and damages they incurred as a result of their removal and detention. They sought monetary compensation and exemplary damages. In response the Commonwealth government sought to have the case for damages dismissed on a variety of grounds. From the perspective of the plaintiffs, the case had the potential to set an important precedent. From the Commonwealth's perspective a lot was at stake. Beyond the financial costs, the government's reputation was at risk. The Cubillo-Gunner action tested the Australian legal system's capacity to deal justly with a critical range of moral, historical and political issues raised by the 'stolen generations'. In his judgment delivered on 11 August 2000, O'Loughlin J dismissed each of the claims for damages by Lorna Cubillo and Peter Gunner.I ask whether the appointment of Meagher as the Commonwealth's leading counsel was in the public interest? The case is put that Meagher had a conflict of interest relating to his own biography which connected to the HREOC report on the 'stolen generations' in general and the Cubillo-Gunner case in particular. Meager is the son of a man deeply implicated in the politics of Aboriginal affairs during the period under question. (Meagher's father was Chairman of the Aborigines Welfare Board and Minister for Aboriginal Affairs in Victoria until 1972.)", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Preference of medicine and patient-reported quality of life in community-treated schizophrenic patients receiving aripiprazole vs standard of care: Results from the STAR study. Objective. - To evaluate quality of life and patient preference for schizophrenia treatment in a community based study comparing the use of aripiprazole to the standard of care (SOC).Conclusion. - The study findings suggest that quality of life and patient medication preference measures were better for a6piprazole than for SOC. (c) 2008 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.Method. - This open-label, 26-week, multi-centre, randomised study compared aripiprazole with SOC (olanzapine, quetiapine or rispendone) in patients with schizophrenia (DSM-IV-TR criteria). The primary effectiveness variable was the mean total score of the Investigator Assessment Questionnaire (IAQ) at Week 26. The outcome research variables included the Preference of Medicine (POM) questionnaire, the Quality of Life Scale (QLS), and the EuroQoL-5D (EQ-5D). The results from these outcome research variables are the focus of this paper addressing quality of life and patient preference.Results. - A total of 555 patients were randomised to receive aripiprazole (n = 284) or SOC (n = 27 1). The OC data at Week 26, reported that more respondents rated the study medication as 'much better' compared with their previous medication in the aripiprazole group versus SOC for patients (59% vs 35%, P < 0.001) and caregivers (58% vs 30%, P = 0.014). The improvement in QLS total score was also significantly greater in the aripiprazole group compared with SOC - mean change from baseline in QLS total score of 16.21 vs 10.01 (P < 0.001) at Week 26 (OC data set). A greater proportion of patients (93% vs 85%; P = 0.005) in the aripiprazole group had a satisfactory response on the EQ-5D Self Care Scale; all other EQ-5D scores were similar.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Updated measurement of decay-time-dependent CP asymmetries in D-0 -> K+ K- and D-0 -> pi(+)pi(-) decays. A search for decay-time-dependent charge-parity (CP) asymmetry in D-0 -> K+ K- and D-0 -> pi(+)pi(-) eff decays is performed at the LHCb experiment using proton-proton collision data recorded at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.4 fb(-1). The D-0 mesons are required to originate from semileptonic decays of b hadrons, such that the charge of the muon identifies the flavor of the neutral D meson at production. The asymmetries in the effective decay widths of D-0 and (D) over bar (0) mesons are determined to be A(Gamma)(K+ K-) = (-4.3 +/- 3.6 +/- 0.5) x 10(-4) and A(Gamma) (K+ K- ) = (2.2 +/- 7.0 +/- 0.8) x 10(-4), where the uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively. The results are consistent with CP symmetry and, when combined with previous LHCb results, yield A(Gamma) (K+ K-) = (-4.4 +/- 2.3 +/- 0.6) x 10(-4) and A(Gamma) (pi(+)pi(-))= (2.5 +/- 4.3 +/- 0.7) x 10(-4).", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "A New Fossil Amiid from the Eocene of Senegal and the Persistence of Extinct Marine Amiids after the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary. We report a new fossil amiid from Eocene rocks of West Africa representing the first record of this clade from Senegal. The new specimen has a maxilla that is very similar in size to that of Amia calva. It is distinctly smaller than reported remains of another West African Eocene taxon, dagger Maliamia gigas. We tentatively refer the Senegal specimen to Vidalamiini because it has the large postmaxillary process diagnostic of this clade; however, it also exhibits anatomical features not previously described in extinct amiids. We recovered the specimen in rocks of the Lam-Lam Formation in Central-Western Senegal that we interpret to have been a shallow marine depositional environment. The occurrence of an Eocene marine amiid contradicts existing hypotheses that marine amiids were generally absent after the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary having been replaced by freshwater taxa. Research completed since the initial discovery of dagger Maliamia gigas indicates that this Eocene taxon was also found in shallow marine rocks.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Assessment of Mutation Drift Equilibrium and the Occurrence of a Recent Genetic Bottleneck in South Indian Zebu Cattle. Simple Summary This study was conducted on eight Indian zebu breeds with an objective to reveal any cryptic genetic bottlenecks in the population. The alarming reduction in the effective population size of these breeds was the major reason for conducting this study. Genotyping of 27 FAO/ISAG-recommended microsatellite markers and further statistical analysis using allele frequency data under three different models of mutation revealed the absence of recent genetic bottlenecks in any of the populations under study. The results from the qualitative test of mode shift distortion were in accordance with the above findings. Even though the results of the present study indicated little or no critical loss of rare alleles in any of the breeds understudy, the chances of this happening cannot be completely ignored. One of the plausible explanations for this scenario could be the potential gene flow from commercial taurine cattle through indiscriminate crossbreeding in the native tract of these breeds. Thus, we here emphasize the need of further initiatives for improving selective breeding practices in order to conserve and effectively utilize the existing South Indian zebu cattle genetic diversity. During the last few decades, the effective population size of indigenous zebu cattle breeds has declined drastically, resulting in the classification of some of them into the vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered category. Drastic reductions in the effective size of a population may result in genetic bottlenecks and can affect within-breed genetic variability and its viability. The present study was undertaken with the objective of evaluating South Indian zebu cattle populations for mutation drift equilibrium and to detect the occurrence of recent genetic bottleneck events. A total of 293 cattle from eight indigenous breeds were genotyped at 27 FAO/ISAG-recommended microsatellite marker loci. Three different statistical tests, viz., the sign test, standardized differences test, and Wilcoxon sign rank test were performed using allele frequency data to detect loci with heterozygosity excess under the infinite alleles, stepwise, and two-phase mutation models. Under the infinite alleles model, the observed number of loci with heterozygosity excess (He > Heq) ranged between 10 and 19 among the investigated cattle breeds. However, the observed heterozygosity excess was not statistically significant (p > 0.05) in any of the studied breeds. Similarly, the standardized differences test and Wilcoxon sign rank test revealed no concrete evidence for the occurrence of a recent genetic bottleneck in South Indian zebu cattle breeds. The qualitative test for mode-shift distortion revealed a normal L-shaped distribution of allele frequencies, suggesting a lack of evidence for the loss of low-frequency alleles in all the investigated South Indian zebu cattle breeds.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 10, 47]}
+{"token": "Optical implementation of bipolar codes. The physical implementation of a bipolar encoding scheme suitable for fiber-optic networks is reported with both experimental and theoretical results. The power spectrum of an erbium-doped superfluorescent fiber source is encoded, the bipolar correlations of the codes are verified, and rejection of multiple-access interference is demonstrated in a fiber-based testbed, Simulations of the correlation process identify key optical parameters and physical characteristics important to the design of future systems. A modification to the experimental testbed, made according to the theoretical analysis, results in improved correlation performance.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35]}
+{"token": "Principal Concepts in Henry George's Theory of Natural Law: A Brief Commentary on The Science of Political Economy. George sees the obstruction of the interaction between the active and passive factors of production, between the human and the natural, or anything that exacerbates the dualism between us and nature, as contrary to the functioning of political economy. His deliberations on the nature of action and desire lead to his formulation of the fundamental law of political economy. This essay elaborates on the guiding principles of that law, examines its basis in light of Ciceronian versus descriptive economics, considers its ramifications for socio-political institutions and economic reform, and addresses the question of social versus economic justice. The recognition of the power of economic rent in the distribution of income and wealth has once again made George's philosophy of economics a guide for reforms in public finance, the alleviation of poverty, and the long-term stewardship of the environment.", "label": [5, 49, 57]}
+{"token": "Enhancing material efficiency of energy absorbers through graded thickness structures. At present, there has been constant aspiration of advanced thin-walled structures in vehicular industries for more efficient usage of materials to achieve much lighter weight and even higher energy absorption. In this paper, functionally graded thickness (FGT) tubes with a varying wall thickness are introduced and their energy-absorbing efficiency is enhanced. Apart from the geometrical parameters such as diameter and length, the gradient exponent that controls the variation of thickness distributions has also a significant effect on the increase in absorbed-energy. Numerical model is validated by performed crashing experiments of FGT tube. Parametric analysis demonstrates that the FGT column is superior to the uniform thickness (UT) column. Further, the multiobjective optimization (MOO) of FGT tubes is conducted for axial impacting by considering specific energy absorption (SEA) and crashing force efficiency (CFE) as objectives, and the diameter, initial length and gradient exponent of thickness variation as the design variables. The multiobjective particle swarm optimization algorithm (MOPSO) is applied to obtain the Pareto optimal solutions. In addition, a comparative study on different surrogate models, such as response surface method (RSM), Kriging method (KRM), and radial basis function (RBF), is also carried out to gain insights into their relative performance and features in computational modeling and design optimization. It is indicated that the performance of FGT tubes can be significantly improved by optimizing the geometrical parameters and gradient exponent. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Ideologies of Self, Suffering, and Gender Nonconformity at Work in a US Gender Identity Clinic. Health care institutions are often severely criticized for regulating the lives of individuals who deviate from socially sanctioned norms. In teaching people where they fit in the conventional scheme of things, institutions often reproduce socially dominant ideologies of normality, health, and self. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted at a university-based gender identity clinic in the United States, I demonstrate that while some institutions adopt dominant cultural frameworks, others critically assess these. To understand the intricacies of the clinic's psychotherapeutic practices, I analyze the clinicians' constructions of health and suffering. Instead of viewing transgenderism as a psychiatric condition, these clinicians approach it as a normal human condition that is marginalized by society's heteronormative values. The analysis, attentive to the interaction among social context, institutional work, and psychotherapeutic ideologies, shows that while some institutions reproduce hegemonic cultural frameworks, others, in their attempts to alleviate people's suffering, do challenge dominant social norms.", "label": [4, 5, 56, 42, 52]}
+{"token": "The distribution of lagomorph syphilis caused by Treponema paraluisleporidarum in Europe. Treponema paraluisleporidarum infects both rabbits (ecovar Cuniculus) and hares (ecovar Lepus). While the occurrence of the bacterium has previously been reported for European brown hares (Lepus europaeus) and domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus f. domestica), there are no data available that report infection in the European context. We tested a total of 1,995 serum samples and 287 genital swabs from opportunistically sampled European brown hares (Lepus europaeus; n = 2135), Mountain hares (Lepus timidus; n = 4), European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus; n = 138), and pet rabbits (O. cuniculus f. domestica; n = 5). The samples originated from eight European countries. In case only serum was available, we tested the samples for the presence of anti-treponemal antibodies. For this, we utilized the Treponema pallidum-particle agglutination test (TP-PA), which is suited for the use in lagomorphs due to the antigenic cross-reactivity of anti-T. pallidum and anti-T. paraluisleporidarum antibodies. In addition, the results of 380 sera were confirmed using the fluorescent-Treponema antibody absorption test (FTA-ABS). In all cases where swab samples were available, DNA was extracted and tested using quantitative PCR to test for the presence of the lagomorph syphilis-bacterium. We were able to detect antibodies in 825 of 1,995 lagomorph sera (41.4%; brown hare: 825/1,868; rabbit: 0/127) and obtained positive qPCR results from 182 of 287 swab samples (63.4%; European brown hare: 167/267; mountain hare: 4/4; rabbit: 11/16). While all rabbit sera (n = 127) tested negative for anti-treponemal antibodies, the presence of the bacterium was confirmed in eight wild (n = 8/11) and three domestic rabbits (n = 3/5) from Germany using qPCR.", "label": [4, 37, 47]}
+{"token": "Amylase properties and its metal tolerance during rice germination improved by priming with rhizobacteria. Seed germination is one of the most critical and complex physiological stages in the plant life cycle. It is highly affected by environmental stress. Priming is a promising tool for the improvement of the plant withstanding against different biotic and abiotic. Most studies that deal with the evaluation of the role of priming on germination evaluate the metabolic and biochemical reactions through germination and not evaluate the enzyme kinetics. From this point of view; this study investigates the effect of the rice grain biopriming with rhizobacteria on amylase properties and its tolerance to metals. The rice grains were divided into two groups the first was hydroprimed as the agricultural instruction mentioned, the second group was bioprimed with Pseudomonas fluorescens suspension. The two groups were germinated for 4 days (complete germination) after that the germination parameters were determined and the amylase enzyme was extracted from the two groups of germinated grains. The effect of different temperature and pH values on the activity of the purified amylase, amylase tolerance to metals and its Km and Vmax were determined. Results showed that biopriming with rhizobacteria can effectively increase the rice grain germination more than the hydropriming. The superior of the biopriming in germination improvement is related to the improvement of amylase properties such as the improvement of its activity under different temperatures and pH values, and its tolerance to metals. Also the biopriming increase the affinity between amylase and substrate with increasing in its maximum velocity (decreasing the Km and increasing the Vmax).", "label": [0, 6, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Small forcing makes any cardinal superdestructible. Small forcing always ruins the indestructibility of an indestructible supercompact cardinal. In fact, after small forcing, any cardinal kappa becomes superdestructible-any further <kappa-closed forcing which adds a subset to kappa will destroy the measurability, even the weak compactness, of kappa. Nevertheless, after small forcing indestructible cardinals remain resurrectible, but never strongly resurrectible.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Detection of antibodies against free-living amoebae Balamuthia mandrillaris and Acanthamoeba species in a population of patients with encephalitis. Results. During the course of the study, 7 cases of Balamuthia encephalitis were detected; all cases were detected in Hispanic individuals, and all cases were fatal. Examination of hematoxylin-eosin-stained and immunostained sections of brain tissue obtained at biopsy or autopsy for amoebae confirmed balamuthiasis in all serum samples with positive IFA results. One case of Acanthamoeba encephalitis was detected in an immunocompromised individual with a normal antibody titer by identification of amoebae in immunostained brain tissue obtained at autopsy.Conclusions. IFA can be successfully used in screening for balamuthiasis and acanthamoebiasis in patients whose clinical presentation, laboratory results, and neuroimaging findings are suggestive of amoebic encephalitis. Ideally, this can lead to an earlier definitive diagnosis and earlier start of antimicrobial therapy. Without IFA staining, the balamuthiasis cases in our study would have been diagnosed as neurocysticercosis, tumor, tuberculosis, or viral encephalitis or would have been undiagnosed.Background. Balamuthia mandrillaris and Acanthamoeba species are 2 free-living amoebae responsible for granulomatous amoebic encephalitis in humans and animals. We have screened serum samples from hospitalized patients with encephalitis for antibodies against these 2 amoebae as a means of detecting a disease with few defining symptoms and a poor prognosis.Methods. Indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) staining of serum samples from patients with encephalitis was conducted over a period of 6 years to detect amoeba antibodies. More than 250 serum samples from patients hospitalized with encephalitis were screened. Most of the samples were from patients in California and were screened as part of the California Encephalitis Project, with a small number of specimens from other states.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "Autopoiesis, self-organization and operative closure in organizations in poststructuralist perspective. In the current framework of theoretical pluralism and the search for solutions of philosophical social poststructuralism among various organizational theories, the Niklas Luhmann General Theory of Social Systems provides operational responses to diverse viewpoints and open systems with the concepts of self-referential, close operational and self-organization. However in its abstraction presents theoretical ambiguities that have not been considered in empirical observations, standing controversial issues concerning the operational closure and dehumanization of the subject.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Characterization of the wear response of a modified zinc-based alloy vis-a-vis a conventional zinc-based alloy and a bearing bronze at a high sliding speed. In this investigation, an attempt has been made to examine the wear response of a modified zinc-based alloy at a high speed (4.60 m/s) of sliding over a range of applied pressures. A conventional zinc-based alloy and a bearing bronze have also been subjected to identical tests with a view to assess the working capability of the modified alloy with respect to the existing ones. The wear characteristics of the alloys have been correlated with their microstructural features, while operating wear mechanisms have been studied through analyses of wear surfaces, subsurfaces, and debris particles. The conventional zinc-based alloy attained most inferior wear behavior when compared with that of the modified (zinc-based) alloy and the bronze. Interestingly, the modified alloy exhibited its wear response to be much better than that of the conventional zinc-based alloy due to the presence of nickel/silicon containing (hard and thermally stable) microconstituents. Moreover, the modified alloy also seized at a pressure similar to that of the bronze, although its wear rate prior to seizure was more than that of the latter. The study clearly indicates that it is possible to develop modified versions of zinc-based alloys having much improved wear characteristics over the conventional variety; the information gains special attention in view of the high speed of sliding selected in this study.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Continuous infusion of calcium gluconate in 5% albumin is safe and prevents most hypocalcemic reactions during therapeutic plasma exchange. While therapeutic plasma exchanges (TPEs) performed with 5% albumin are considered safe, concerns regarding venous access and hypocalcemic toxicity remain. We reviewed the frequency of complications during TPEs performed with 5% albumin supplemented with calcium gluconate and potassium chloride for a 5 year period in our institution. Eighty-four adult patients (46 males and 38 females) underwent 581 plasma exchanges during the study period. The most common indications were myasthenia gravis (37%), acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (31%), and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (13%). All procedures used 2.2% ACD-A delivered at a calculated average rate of 0.26 mg/kg/min, which led to a mean dose of citrate per TPE of 2.18 +/- 0.48 g or 27.8 +/- 5.24 mg/kg of body weight. Venous access difficulties occurred in 85 procedures (14.6%), but most TPEs were completed successfully. Hypotension and citrate toxicity were seen in <5% of the TPEs and were mostly reversible. Only 17 exchanges (3%) had to be aborted because of the loss of venous access (n = 9), hypocalcemic toxicity (n = 3), hypotension (n = 2), panic attacks (n = 2), and one atypical reaction due to the interaction with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. Comparison between pre- and post-TPE potassium levels showed a statistically significant mean decrease of 7%, from 4.1 mequiv/l to 3.8 mequiv/l (P < 0.0001). We attribute the low rate of hypocalcemia to our practice of adding calcium and potassium to the replacement fluid and suggest that this method could become standard of care.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "The 5 '-untranslated region of the tobacco Alcohol dehydrogenase gene functions as an effective translational enhancer in plant. The alcohol dehydrogenase gene (NtADH) was previously isolated from tobacco BY2 suspension cultured cell. Expression of this gene was dramatically increased only during the early stationary phase, and the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) was hypothesized to be involved in the stimulatory effect at the post-transcriptional level. In this paper, we investigated whether the NtADH 5'-UTR possesses the ability to positively enhance gene expression at the translational level. For easily estimating translational efficiency, we used beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene as a reporter and tobacco BY2 cell, Arabidopsis thaliana T87 cell, and rice Oryza sativa suspension cultured cells as host cells in a transient assay system. Compared with the control plasmid pBI221, insertion of the NtADH 5'-UTR enhanced GUS expression levels about 30- to 100-fold and 30- to 60-fold in transiently transformed BY2 and T87 cells, respectively. However, in transiently transformed O. sativa cells, expression was barely enhanced. In comparison with the 5'-UTR of tobacco mosaic virus (Omega sequence), a known translational enhancer, the NtADH 5'-UTR enhanced translation to a similar level. Meanwhile, the translational efficiency was affected by the sequence context around the AUG initiation codon at the translational initiation step. Moreover, this NtADH 5'-UTR also worked in stable tobacco transformants. Therefore, it is expected that this 5'-UTR will serve as a powerful tool for enhancing foreign gene expression.", "label": [0, 2, 19, 8]}
+{"token": "Solitons and other solutions of the long-short wave equation. Originality/value - The results are new and are sharp with Lie symmetry analysis and other advanced integration techniques in place. These lead to the connection between these integration approaches.Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to discuss the integrability studies to the long-short wave equation that is studied in the context of shallow water waves. There are several integration tools that are applied to obtain the soliton and other solutions to the equation. The integration techniques are traveling waves, exp-function method, G'/G-expansion method and several others.Design/methodology/approach - The design of the paper is structured with an introduction to the model. First the traveling wave hypothesis approach leads to the waves of permanent form. This eventually leads to the formulation of other approaches that conforms to the expected results.Findings - The findings are a spectrum of solutions that lead to the clearer understanding of the physical phenomena of long-short waves. There are several constraint conditions that fall out naturally from the solutions. These poses the restrictions for the existence of the soliton solutions.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 41, 12]}
+{"token": "Study of a Prominence Eruption using PROBA2/SWAP and STEREO/EUVI Data. Observations of the early rise and propagation phases of solar eruptive prominences can provide clues about the forces acting on them through the behavior of their acceleration with height. We have analyzed such an event, observed on 13 April 2010 by SWAP on PROBA2 and EUVI on STEREO. A feature at the top of the erupting prominence was identified and tracked in images from the three spacecraft. The triangulation technique was used to derive the true direction of propagation of this feature. The reconstructed points were fitted with two mathematical models: i) a power-law polynomial function and ii) a cubic smoothing spline, in order to derive the accelerations. The first model is characterized by five degrees of freedom while the second one is characterized by ten degrees of freedom. The results show that the acceleration increases smoothly, and it is continuously increasing with height. We conclude that the prominence is not accelerated immediately by local reconnection, but rather is swept away as part of a large-scale relaxation of the coronal magnetic field.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Public Policies in the Archetype of Democratic Governance. The article analyzes the relevance that public policies have in the democratic governance's procedures, in which the process of power relates the society, the State, citizens and market in a complex way until edify processes connected with the public management which has as target to asseverate the functionality of associated life over the base of attention and solution of public problems. In order to achieve this goal, the political and economic agreements are fundamental to aloud that the courses of government action to be, not a result of vertical postures which respond more to an authoritarian vision of power, which takes place when contemporary societies as well as citizen mobilizations that define them, are the most constant tendency which reflects how the power exercise has public dimensions that originate horizontal relations that combines actors, networks, and strategies that make pressure in order to not be excluded from the decision making and the distribution of public resources, which feed the programs to route the development of productivity activities that have market economy and public action as an axis. It is emphasized that the organized intervention of civil society in the institutional agendas, and the adoption of policies has transformed the ways through which power is used to generate results by means of cooperation, coordination and joint responsibility, and in that way, public direction is the result of new interactions that simultaneously sustain the correlation of forces in the public space, since this is plural, diverse and interdependent. In this sense, the government processes need to be more open and deliberative in order to fortify the spirit and content of democracy, understood as the way that allows solving, in the most including and peaceful form, collective problems.The document emphasizes that the value of democracy also depends from institutional adjustments that are formalized considering the increasing demands, limited resources and interested actors, in an active way, in public issues; which means that they are not a monopoly of the constitutive authority, but they have civic and social amplitude that is fortified as it increases the citizen participation in the processes of public policies. In this logic, they are reclaimed by diverse public form society; issue, that orders the necessity of building a bridge of communication and collaboration between the \\\\'public of the society and public of the State\\\\' in order to achieve that design and implementation of public policies to be interactive. Another relevant point in this paper is that the collective goals demand that the articulation of interests has to be guaranteed, not by centralized practices, but with a democratic scope that allows politics as a result of open discussions and arguments, which are consistent with a form of government that responds to citizens by the design of institutional ways, that stimulate the cooperation of society organizations in the management of common matters.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "Investigation of larvae digestive beta-glucosidase and proteases of the tomato pest Tuta absoluta for inhibiting the insect development. The tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta is one of the most devastating pests for tomato crops. Digestive proteases and beta-glucosidase enzymes were investigated using general and specific substrates and inhibitors. Maximal beta-glucosidase and proteolytic activities occurred at temperature and pH optima of 30 and 40 degrees C, 5 and 10-11 unit of pH, respectively. Zymogram analysis showed the presence of distinguished beta-glucosidase exhibiting a specific activity of about 183 +/- 15 mu mol min(-1) mg(-1). In vitro inhibition experiments suggested that serine proteases were the primary gut proteases. Gel based protease inhibition assays demonstrated that the 28 and 73 kDa proteases might be trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like enzymes, respectively. Overall gut trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like activities were evaluated to be about 27.2 +/- 0.84 and 1.68 +/- 0.03 mu mol min(-1) mg(-1), respectively. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis showed that T. absoluta gut serine proteases are responsible for Bacillus thuringiensis Cry insecticidal proteins proteolysis. Additionally, bioassays showed that T. absoluta larvae development was more affected by the beta-glucosidases inhibitor (D-glucono-delta-lactone) than the serine proteases inhibitor (soybean trypsin inhibitor). These results are of basic interest since they present interesting data of beta-glucosidases and gut serine proteases of T. absoluta larvae.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Platelet characteristics change with aging: role of estrogen receptor beta. Estrogen receptor beta (PER) is the predominant estrogen receptor in platelets. Experiments were designed to define phenotypic changes in platelets with aging following deletion of beta ER (beta ERKO). Blood was collected from wild-type and beta ERKO female mice at 4-7 (young) and 24-25 (aged) months of age. In young animals, total number of platelets, number of platelets containing RNA (reticulated platelets), aggregation, dense body adenosine triphosphate secretion, and alpha granular secretion were the same in both groups. With aging, total number of platelets decreased but reticulated platelets increased in beta ERKO mice; aggregation and dense granule adenosine triphosphate secretion decreased whereas basal expression of fibrinogen receptors increased with age in wild-type and beta ERKO mice. Basal expression of P-selectin and annexin V binding increased with aging only in beta ERKO mice; thrombin did not increase expression in these mice. Therefore, deletion of beta ER is associated with specific platelet functions, which are expressed only with age-associated reproductive senescence.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 57]}
+{"token": "THE BODY AND THE YARN. A VISUALIZATION OF A METAPHOR IN THE ANNUNCIATION ICONOGRAPHY. In this article, I show the semantic connection between one pictorial detail of the traditional Annunciation iconography in Christianity and an apocryphal detail of the Virgin Mary biography, dating back to the antique metaphor of the body as clothing or cloth. In the Annunciation scene, the archangel Gabriel and the Mother of God are present, while the Virgin is often depicted with a spindle and a purple yarn in her hands. This detail sends the viewer to the metaphor of birth as the creation of flesh and blood, as the spinning of the body in the womb of the mother, and also symbolically means the entry of God into the corporeal world through the Virgin and the blood sacrifice offered for the salvation of the world. The described \\\\'apocryphal\\\\' detail of the Annunciation scene can be understood as a visualization of the metaphor, known in antiquity, of the body creation as spinning or weaving.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Changing attitudes: lessons for countering the trafficking of cultural objects. The illicit transnational trades in cultural goods and wildlife, while distinct, share many characteristics. This article identifies and compares the intricacies of controlling trafficking in cultural objects and wildlife from a customs perspective. Findings indicate that in Norwegian customs, the countering of wildlife trafficking benefits from at least two conditions: 1) officers have become more aware of the characteristics and harmful consequences of the trade, and 2) efficient interactions with other stakeholders ensure tangible outcomes in the form of seizures and punishment of offenders. While challenges remain, these factors serve to motivate officers and, in the last decade, have strengthened the control of wildlife trafficking. The countering of illicit trade in cultural objects, however, does not benefit from such circumstances. Findings suggest that the officers' awareness of, and attitude towards, trafficking of such materials are key factors to consider for evolving the response.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Effectiveness of a Culturally-Tailored Smoking Cessation Intervention for Arab-American Men. To date, no smoking cessation programs are available for Arab American (ARA) men, who are a vulnerable population with high rates of smoking. Thus, the primary aim of this one group pre-test/post-test study was to assess the effectiveness of Sehatack-a culturally and linguistically tailored smoking cessation program for ARA men. The study sample was 79 ARA men with a mean age of 43 years who smoked between 5 and 40 cigarettes (mean = 19.75, SD = 9.1) per day (98.7%). All of the participants reported more interest in smoking cessation post-intervention and many of the participants in the baseline (38.5%) and post-intervention phases (47.7%) wanted to quit smoking \\\\'very much\\\\'. For daily smokers who completed the smoking cessation program, the median number of cigarettes smoked daily was significantly lower than those in the post-intervention phase (Z = -6.915, p < 0.001). Results of this preliminary study indicate that: (a) Sehatack may be a promising way for ARA men to quit smoking, and (b) culturally relevant smoking cessation counselors can be trained to recruit and retain ARA smokers in an intensive group smoking cessation program. Strengths of this study were community engagement and rapport between three faith organizations and the University of Florida College of Nursing. However, a larger trial is needed to address study limitations and to confirm benefits in this population.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "School performance measurement - Politics and equity. Growing political pressure for increased efficiency in government has led many to support the use of performance measurement schemes. Such schemes are never neutral and frequently influence the allocation of resources and power. The increased use of performance measures in the public sector raises questions regarding the fairness of the measures and the justness of the accompanying sanctions and rewards. Focusing on public schools, this study demonstrates the need to assess governmental performance measurement schemes for their impact on equity. Three measurement schemes (No Child Left Behind, value added, and adjusted performance measures) are evaluated and compared regarding their impact on majority African American public schools in the state of Arkansas.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "NADPH-consuming enzymes correlate with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Purkinje cells: an immunohistochemical and enzyme histochernical study of the rat cerebellar cortex. In this study, we searched for a possible correlation between G6PD and other NADPH-consuming enzymes, such as NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (P450R), glutathione reductase (GR) and NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d). This study was performed by means of immunohistochemistry and enzyme histochemistry followed by quantitative densitometric and confocal laser scanning microscopic analyses.Our results demonstrated that G6PD, P450R and GR have a similar distribution pattern characterized by the highest concentration of these enzymes in the somata of Purkinje cells, and by lower concentrations in the molecular and the granule cell layers. Moreover, in Purkinje cells, G6PD colocalized with both P450R and GR. NADPH-d activity showed a different distribution pattern when compared to the other enzymes, revealing the highest activity in the molecular layer and the lowest in Purkinje, cells. Our results suggest a coordinated regulative mechanism of G6PD, P450R and GR based on the request of NADPH or on specific transcription factors. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd and the Japan Neuroscience Society. All rights reserved.In cerebellum of the adult rat, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity is particularly localized in Purkinje cells, showing lower activity in the molecular and granule cell layers. G6PD is the first and rate-limiting step of the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS), which has the physiological role of providing NADPH for reductive biosynthesis and detoxifying reactions.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "The use of quantitative PCR to detect Felis catus papillomavirus type 2 DNA from a high proportion of queens and their kittens. Squamous cell carcinomas are common feline skin cancers that have been associated with infection with Felis catus papillomavirus type 2 (FcaPV-2). Currently, little is known about the epidemiology of FcaPV-2 infection. The aim of this study was to develop a real-time PCR assay to quantify FcaPV-2 DNA in plucked hairs and skin swabs from 11 healthy breeding queens and their kittens. Samples were taken prior to kittening and then 2, 7 and 28 days after kittening to determine the age at which the kittens were first exposed to the virus. FcaPV-2 DNA was amplified from all of the queens and from 91% of the kittens at 2 days of age. There was a wide range in the quantity of FcaPV-2 DNA detected, from I to 92,520 copies per swab, and from 0.01 to 234 copies per copy of reference gene DNA in the hair plucks. The quantity of FcaPV-2 DNA detected in samples collected from the kittens was strongly correlated to that of their respective queens and the mean viral DNA load was similar for cats within a household but varied significantly between households. This is the first time that quantitative PCR has been used to detect FcaPV-2 DNA and the results suggest that the virus is ubiquitous but there is a wide variation of viral DNA loads. Kittens appear to be exposed to FcaPV-2 early in life, presumably from direct contact with their queen. These results are important when determining if FcaPV-2 infection of cats is preventable. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 43, 10]}
+{"token": "Multilevel quasi-Monte Carlo path simulation. This paper reviews the multilevel Monte Carlo path simulation method for estimating option prices in computational finance, and extends it by combining it with quasi-Monte Carlo integration using a randomised rank-1 lattice rule. Using the Milstein discretisation of the stochastic differential equation, it is demonstrated that the combination has much lower computational cost than either one on its own for evaluating European, Asian, lookback, barrier and digital options.", "label": [4, 5, 48, 49, 41]}
+{"token": "Effect of geometry change of rough point contact due to lubricated sliding wear on lubrication. The geometry change of a single asperity due to lubricated wear was studied by an experimental simulation with a ball-on-disc set up. The wear leads to the formation of a tilted section at the tip of the ball, which is proved to be due to the presence of oil during the process. The effect of the geometry change of rough surface contacts due to wear was examined by a micro-EHL analysis. A non-Newtonian visco-plastic fluid model which includes the effect of a limiting sheer strength was used.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "The clinical significance of neutrophilic pleocytosis in cerebrospinal fluid in patients with viral central nervous system infections. Results: Of the 182 patients included in the study, 45 (24.7%) had CSF neutrophilic pleocytosis. Enterovirus infections were the cause of 64% of neutrophil-predominant CSF and 33% of lymphocyte-predominant CSF (p < 0.001), while herpes infections were the cause of 46% of lymphocytic pleocytosis and 20% of neutrophilic pleocytosis (p = 0.003). Moreover, neutrophilic pleocytosis was seen more commonly in younger patients (p = 0.001), patients with respiratory symptoms (p = 0.04), and patients with higher CSF white cell counts (p = 0.004). Twenty-nine patients had an adverse clinical outcome (15.9%); the only predictor independently associated with an adverse clinical outcome on multivariable logistic regression analysis was an encephalitis presentation (p = 0.01).Methods: A retrospective study of patients with confirmed viral CNS infections was conducted. The patients were divided into those with CSF neutrophilic pleocytosis and those with CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis. Clinical findings and outcomes were compared between the two groups.Conclusions: The results of a study exploring the association between CSF neutrophilic pleocytosis and clinical and prognostic significance are presented here. This study suggests that CSF neutrophilic pleocytosis is not associated with higher adverse clinical outcomes. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.Background: Viral central nervous system (CNS) infections are typically characterized by a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lymphocytic pleocytosis. A CSF neutrophilic pleocytosis presentation has been described, but its prognostic and clinical significance is unknown. The objectives of this study were to (1) compare the clinical and laboratory characteristics of viral CNS infections with a CSF neutrophilic pleocytosis to those with a lymphocytic pleocytosis, and (2) evaluate factors associated with an adverse clinical outcome.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "Properties of Asphalt Concrete Using Aggregates Composed of Limestone and Steel Slag Blends. This research investigates the mechanical properties of asphalt concrete using aggregates consisting of limestone (L) and steel slag (S) blends. The properties of the L/S asphalt concrete were compared with those of L asphalt concrete. Two commercially available asphalt cements were used: asphalt cement penetration grade AC60/70, and polymer-modified asphalt (PMA). Test results indicated that S replacement improves the stability of L asphalt concrete. The flow value and the strength index were found to be insignificantly affected by the asphalt cement and aggregate. The stability of L/S asphalt concrete was higher than that of L asphalt concrete for both AC60/70 and PMA. The L/S asphalt concrete using AC60/70 exhibited a high stability compared with the limestone asphalt concretes using PMA. This indicates that the L/S asphalt concrete using AC60/70 can be used as a green and economical pavement surface for a high-traffic-volume road alternative to L asphalt concrete using PMA.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Should we consider a 'fourth 90' for tuberculosis?. The international community has committed to end the tuberculosis (TB) epidemic by 2030. To facilitate the meeting of the global incidence and mortality indicators set by the World Health Organization's End TB Strategy, the Stop TB Partnership launched the three 90-(90)-90 diagnostic and treatment targets in 2014. In this paper, we argue that a 'fourth 90'-Ensuring that 90% of all people successfully completing treatment for TB can have a good health-related quality of life'-should be considered. Many individuals who successfully complete anti-TB treatment are burdened with lifelong comorbidities-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and diabetes mellitus, obstructive and restrictive lung disease, involving lung destruction, cavitation, fibrosis and bronchiectasis, that either pre-existed or developed as a result of TB (e.g., chronic pulmonary aspergillosis), permanent disabilities such as hearing loss resulting from second-line anti-TB drugs, and mental health disorders. These need to be identified during TB treatment and appropriate care and support provided after anti-TB treatment is successfully completed. A 'fourth 90' has also been proposed for the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets similar in scope to what is being suggested here for TB. Adoption by both HIV and TB control programmes would highlight the current focus on integrated person- and family-centred services.", "label": [2, 22, 25]}
+{"token": "Using Java reflection to automate extension language parsing. An extension language is an interpreted programming language designed to be embedded in a domain-specific framework. The addition of domain-specific primitive operations to an embedded extension language transforms that vanilla extension language into a domain-specific language. The LUxWORKS processor simulator and debugger from Lucent uses Tcl as its extension language. After an overview of extension language embedding and LUxWORKS experience, this paper looks at using Java reflection and related mechanisms to solve three limitations in extension language - domain framework interaction. The three limitations are gradual accumulation of ad hoc interface code connecting an extension language to a domain framework, over-coupling of a domain framework to a specific extension language, and inefficient command interpretation.Java reflection consists of a set of programming interfaces through which a software module in a Java system can discover the structure of classes, methods and their associations in the system. Java reflection and a naming convention for primitive domain operations eliminate ad hoc interface code by supporting recursive inspection of a domain command interface and translation of extension language objects into domain objects. Java reflection, name-based dynamic class loading, and a language-neutral extension language abstraction eliminate language over-coupling by transforming the specific extension language into a runtime parameter. Java reflection and command objects eliminate inefficiency by bypassing the extension language interpreter for stereotyped commands. Overall, Java reflection helps to eliminate these limitations by supporting reorganization and elimination of handwritten code, and by streamlining interpretation.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "High Content Image Based Analysis Identifies Cell Cycle Inhibitors as Regulators of Ebola Virus Infection. Viruses modulate a number of host biological responses including the cell cycle to favor their replication. In this study, we developed a high-content imaging (HCI) assay to measure DNA content and identify different phases of the cell cycle. We then investigated the potential effects of cell cycle arrest on Ebola virus (EBOV) infection. Cells arrested in G1 phase by serum starvation or G1/S phase using aphidicolin or G2/M phase using nocodazole showed much reduced EBOV infection compared to the untreated control. Release of cells from serum starvation or aphidicolin block resulted in a time-dependent increase in the percentage of EBOV infected cells. The effect of EBOV infection on cell cycle progression was found to be cell-type dependent. Infection of asynchronous MCF-10A cells with EBOV resulted in a reduced number of cells in G2/M phase with concomitant increase of cells in G1 phase. However, these effects were not observed in HeLa or A549 cells. Together, our studies suggest that EBOV requires actively proliferating cells for efficient replication. Furthermore, multiplexing of HCI based assays to detect viral infection, cell cycle status and other phenotypic changes in a single cell population will provide useful information during screening campaigns using siRNA and small molecule therapeutics.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "A series of the twelve-vertex ferratricarbollides [2-(eta(5)-C5H5)-9-X-closo-2,1,7,9-FeC3B8H10] (Where x = H2N, MeHN, Me2N, (BuHN)-H-t, Bu-t(Me)N). A highly stable metallatricarbaborane system with amine functions in the para position to the metal center. Treatment of the zwitterionic amine tricarbollides of general formula 7-XH-nido-7,8,9-C3B8H10 (1) [X = H2N (1a), Me2N (1b), (BuHN)-H-t (1c), Bu-t(Me)N (1d)] with [(eta(5)- C5H5)Fe(CO)(2)](2) in refluxing xylene for 24 h resulted in the formation of a series of new mixed-sandwich metallaticarbollides [2-(eta(5)-C5H5)-9-X-closo-2,1,7,9-FeC3B8H10 (2) [X = H2N (2a), Me2N (2b), Hu(t)HN (2c), (BuMeHN)-Me-t (2d)] in yields 16-54%. The reaction of Id is associated with partial loss of isobutylene and formation of the 9-MeHN-derivative 2e. Derivatives 2a and 2c were also isolated from reactions between the thallium salts T1(+)[7-X-nido-7,8,9-C3B8H10] (-) (T1(+)1(-)) [X = H2N (T1(+)1a(-)), (BuHT)-T-t (T1(+)1c(-))] and [(eta(5)-C5H5)Fe(CO) I-2] in refluxing toluene (yields 38 and 55%, respectively). All complexes of type 2 contain amine functionalities in para-positions with respect to the metal center, the complexation being in all cases associated with an extensive rearrangement of the cluster carbons into positions of maximum separation. The structures of all compounds were established by high-field NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, and that of 2c was determined by an X-ray diffraction study.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Exploring the garden of Uzza: Death, burial and ideologies of kingship. The Garden of Uzza (2 Kgs 21,18.26) is commonly regarded as a pleasure garden in or near Jerusalem which came to be used as a royal burial ground once the tombs in the City of David had become full. However, in this article it is argued that the religious and cultic significance of royal garden burials has been widely overlooked. In drawing upon comparative evidence from the ancient Near East, it is proposed that mortuary gardens played an ideological role within perceptions of Judahite kingship. Biblical texts such as Isa 65,3-4; 66,17 and perhaps 1,29-30 refer not to goddess worship, but to practices and sacred sites devoted to the royal dead.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Different solutions by bees to a foraging problem. Honeybees (Apis mellifera) were used as a model insect system to explore how foragers solve problems involving cost as well as reward. Reward difference was created by varying sucrose molarity, whereas cost difference was created by varying flower-handling time in artificial flower patches. Unlike earlier work, flower-handling time was a function of stamen length rather than corolla length, such that longer stamens increased flower-handling time. When changing from short- to long-stamen flowers, access to nectar becomes limited to specific routes, which differ in difficulty. Experiments were performed with 2 mu l and 6 mu l sucrose rewards. Differences in reward and/or handling time were associated with flower colour difference (blue versus white flowers). Higher energy reward (2 M) and shorter handling time were preferred by bees when foraging problems involved only a reward or a handling-time difference, which followed energy maximization expectations. However, when the two variables were combined so that greater handling time was combined with higher reward, behaviour differed between individuals. Some bees made choices based solely on reward, some only on effort (handling time), and some simply on flower colour. These results contrast with early work where handling time was a function of corolla length and all bees avoided longer corollas. Results suggest that honeybees do not always behave as predicted by simple energy maximization principles; rather, individuality in choice arises when the foraging problem becomes more difficult because of increased complexity (dimensionality) of the problem. (C) 2009 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 55, 47]}
+{"token": "The era of the user. Testimonies in the digital age. In her seminal work, 'The era of the witness', the French historian Annette Wieviorka has described the rise of the witness as key figure in the cultural memory of the Holocaust and the Second World War since the 1960s. This article elaborates on the concerns Wieviorka has expressed regarding what she referred to as the new technologies of dissemination, which have become ubiquitous by now: searchable online portals to video testimony collections. These testimony portals have two important characteristics: they 'force' users to choose from a large number of testimonies; and they reconfigure the relation between witness and audience. In effect, as will be argued with as will be argued with the notion tertiary witnessing, a different approach to testimonies has emerged, in which the user is central, not the witness. An online questionnaire and the web statistics of the online portal getuigenverhalen.nl ('eyewitness stories') provided data on the use of this portal and users' perceptions of eyewitness accounts. These data not only offer detailed information on the important issues Wieviorka addressed. They also substantiate the notion that we have entered a new phase in public memory of the Holocaust and the Second World War: that of the 'era of the user'.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "IMAGES AND SYMBOLS IN ANCIENT AND MODERN SPORT. The present analysis refers to a limited number of images and symbols concerning ancient and modern sport, which include a primordial Ur-symbol, that of bodily action or of body in movement. Others concern various aspects of the athlete's life, such as expression of religious beliefs, immortality, eternal return and the front. It suggests that many of these images and symbols may still be found in contemporary sports, in open contrast with some of the Olympic principles suggested by De Coubertin and chiefly prevalent in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries.Several aspects of human life are pervaded with images and symbols that often belong to what Jung (1981) called archetypes, characteristics of the mind with a profound influence on most aspects of culture and sport. The rationality introduced into our society, as the fruit of both the positivist concept of progress and the rapid development of technology, has, albeit while driving out excessiveness due to irrational explanations and often knavery, also disregarded the importance of images and symbols in everyday life. Yet a number of these inevitably still exist, since they are archetypal. With this observation as a starting point, the present work has been designed to analyse whether it is still possible to find ancient images and symbols in modern sport activities. The a priori reason for such a question arises from the acceptance that modern and ancient sports are profoundly different. This has been historically proved in terms of organisation and quantification, among other characteristics (Guttmann 1978).", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Time-Division Multiplexing for Testing DVFS-Based SoCs. Dynamic voltage-frequency scaling (DVFS) is used in system-on-chips (SoCs) for power management, but it increases test time because every core must be tested at multiple voltage settings. In addition, testing at lower power supply voltage settings increases the length of each test due to the corresponding reduction in frequencies that can be used for scan shift operations. Existing test scheduling techniques do not consider test applications at multiple voltage settings, therefore they are not effective for reducing test time for DVFS-based SoCs. We propose a time-division multiplexing (TDM) architecture, which uses the highest available frequency for shifting test data into the SoC and then distributes the test data into multiple cores using lower shift frequencies. TDM is accompanied by three test scheduling methods, which are suitable for different scenarios: 1) an integer linear programming-based formulation that offers optimal results for SOCs of moderate size; 2) a greedy approach that provides good results with very short run time even for very large SoCs; and 3) a rectangle-packing approach combined with simulated-annealing that offers a trade-off between run time and test-time reduction for all SoCs. Experimental results on two industrial SoCs highlight the effectiveness of TDM and the associated scheduling methods.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
+{"token": "Precise excision of TTAA-specific lepidopteran transposons piggyBac(IFP2) and tagalong (TFP3) from the baculovirus genome in cell lines from two species of Lepidoptera. Transposon mutagenesis of baculoviruses provides an ideal experimental system for analysis of the movement of a unique family of mobile element identified from lepidopteran genomes, Members of this family of short-inverted-repeat elements are characterized by their extreme specificity for TTAA target sites. This report describes the analysis of excision events for two representatives of this family, tagalong (formerly TFP3) and piggyBac (formerly IFP2). These elements were tagged with a polyhedrin/lacZ reporter gene and inserted back into the virus genome either by homologous recombination or by transposition, Revertants were selected based on a white plaque phenotype. Both elements excise in a precise fashion from their positions in the baculovirus genome in either TN-368 cells or IPLB-SF21 AE cells, The precise excision of these elements in infected IPLB-SF21 AE cells occurs in the absence of either tagalong or piggySac element encoded functions. The common characteristics of both insertion and excision for these elements provides further validation for their inclusion in a single family of unique transposons.", "label": [4, 44, 42]}
+{"token": "Blood accusation and Orthodox liturgy in the Russian Empire before and after the Beilis Case. Although Gavriil died in 1690, he became the object of cult veneration in late imperial Russia at the end of the 19th century. This period, the golden age of what Eric Hobsbawm called \\\\'the invention of tradition\\\\', was also a time of rising anti-Semitism and blood accusation in the Russian empire. The 1908 service (Small Vespers, Great Vespers, Matins) composed in Gavriil's honor contains numerous quotations and reworkings of the anti-Jewish texts from Byzantine Passion Week, Great Friday in particular. The imagery from Byzantine liturgy provided a familiar and resonant template that allowed it to spark associations in the Russian empire between the revolutions of 1905 and 1917. The Gavriil service prompts the question of whether liturgical texts can be held responsible for Christian religious antisemitism. It provides context for anxieties focusing on the Jews in late imperial Russia and as a possible background for the 1911-1913 Beilis blood accusation case. Most historians argue that by the early 20th century, the theological underpinnings of antisemitism were replaced by a backlash against the ideologies of liberalism and Marxism, and-in the Russian empire-the greater integration of Jews into society as a result of the Great Reforms of Alexander II. The service to Gavriil and the persistent tensions during Holy Week, however, shows the enduring importance of the religious context in ritual murder trials and accusations, particularly in the Pale of Settlement (present-day Belarus and Ukraine). The veneration of Gavriil in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods in Poland, Belarus, and beyond, reflects different tensions.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Ecstasy (MDMA) mimics the post-orgasmic state: Impairment of sexual drive and function during acute MDMA-effects may be due to increased prolactin secretion. Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or \\\\'Ecstasy\\\\') is a major stimulant drug of abuse worldwide. MDMA produces euphoria, enhances interpersonal communication and feelings of closeness with others. In contrast to the induced emotions of affection and sensual enhancement, clinical studies show that it impairs sexual drive and functioning. In drug-free humans, sexual stimulation with orgasm induces a pronounced secretion of prolactin, which may mediate the post-orgasmic state. The phenomenological features of the psychological state induced by MDMA show some similarities with features of the post-orgasmic state. In addition, MDMA also induces a prominent increase of prolactin plasma levels with a similar time kinetic compared to the post-orgasmic prolactin increase. Here, we present the hypothesis that the impairment of sexual parameters after MDMA may be mediated by increased prolactin. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "The use of Vis/NIRS and chemometric analysis to predict fruit defects and postharvest behaviour of 'Nules Clementine' mandarin fruit. The use of chemometrics to analyse Vis/NIRS signal collected from intact 'Nules Clementine' mandarin fruit at harvest, to predict the rind physico-chemical profile after eight weeks postharvest was explored. Vis/NIRS signals of 150 fruit were obtained immediately after harvest. Reference data on the rind were obtained after eight-week storage, including colour index (CI), rind dry matter (DM), and concentration of sugars. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was applied to develop models. Principal component analysis (PCA) followed by PLS-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were used to classify fruit according to canopy position. Optimal PLS model performances for DM, sucrose, glucose and fructose were obtained using multiple scatter correction pre-processing, showing respective residual predictive deviation (RPD) of 3.39, 1.75, 2.19 and 3.08. Clusters of sample distribution in the PCA and PLS-DA models based on canopy position were obtained. The results demonstrated the potential applications of Vis/NIRS to predict postharvest behaviour of mandarin fruit. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 36, 22, 8]}
+{"token": "A LIMITED CAPACITY TO TREAT - EXAMINING THE EFFECTS OF PRISON POPULATION-CONTROL STRATEGIES ON PRISON EDUCATION-PROGRAMS. The number of prisoners across the country has increased dramatically throughout the 1980s.  Texas is one state that has felt the strain of prisoner population pressures.  To keep abreast of demand, more state prison units were built.  However, new prisons were soon filled to capacity.  This situation forced policymakers to implement a population cap and an allocation formula.  To keep the prisoner population within the cap, prisoners were released early and time served declined rapidly over the course of 1980s.  These latter consequences severely affected the ability of the Windham School System to deliver prison education programs.  The data showed that one in seven inmates was released prior to taking a vocational certification test.  Various policy options are then explored.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Socioeconomic gaps in science achievement. Background: In contrast to the extensive research on socioeconomic gaps in reading and math achievement, little attention has been given to socioeconomic disparities in science skills, particularly during the early years of schooling. This emphasis on later years may be problematic because large socioeconomic disparities emerge in the early years, thus it is crucial to document the size of disparities in science achievement and begin unpacking the range of factors that contribute to these disparities. Additionally, it is crucial to know which components of socioeconomic status are more strongly linked to children's science skills so that resources can be more effectively targeted to address disparities. Using nationally representative data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998-99 (N = 9250), this study examines disparities in science achievement across elementary and middle school related to parental income and parental education separating their effects from each other and from a range of confounding factors. Additionally, it considers whether characteristics of children, families, and schools are pathways through which socioeconomic disparities emerge.Conclusion: First, this study highlights the importance of considering the contributions of multiple measures of socioeconomic status, instead of a composite. Second, it shows that socioeconomic disparities in science achievement emerge early and that programs and policies aimed at addressing these gaps may need to target children during the early elementary and preschool years. Third, our findings suggest that elementary instructional approaches that simultaneously address science instruction with reading and/or mathematics instruction will likely be especially important for improving overall science outcomes.Results: Results show moderate gaps in science achievement related to both household income and parental education. The primary pathways through which parental education and family income influenced science achievement was through mathematics and reading achievement. For parental education gaps, smaller indirect effects also operated through access to informal science learning opportunities both inside and outside of the home environment.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Poly(propylene imine) dendrimer complexes of Cu(II), Zn(II), and Co(III) as catalysts of hydrolysis of bis-(p-nitrophenyl) phosphate. Poly(propylene imine) dendrimers having 8, 32, and 64 primary amine end groups (D8, D32, and D64) form Cu(II), Zn(II), and Co(III) complexes that are identified spectrophotometrically. Solutions of D32 containing 2 or 4 primary amine groups per metal ion catalyze the hydrolysis of bis(p-nitrophenyl) phosphate in unbuffered NaClO4 solutions at 45 degrees C with rate maxima at pH 6.6-7.25. The observed rate constants for all 3.0 mM Co(III) and Cu(II) complexes were about 7.10(-5) s(-1), and for 1.5 mM Zn(II) at 2 NH2/Zn was 6.10(-5) s(-1). The results are consistent with the accepted mechanisms of electrophilic metal ion catalysis of hydrolysis of phosphate diesters by nucleophilic attack of metal-bound hydroxide ion on bis(p-nitrophenyl) phosphate. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
+{"token": "Performance monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with hyperactivity of brain structures involved in performance monitoring. It has been proposed that this pathophysiology results in the generation of inappropriate or excessive internal error signals, giving rise to the characteristic symptoms of OCD. We measured an electrophysiological correlate of performance monitoring, error-related negativity (ERN), to study whether OCD patients exhibit enhanced brain activity associated with errors and negative performance feedback. We found that OCD patients (n=16) and healthy control participants (n=16) did not differ in the amplitude of the ERN associated with errors and negative feedback in a probabilistic learning task. The discrepancy between these results and the results from previous studies is discussed. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Impression creep characterization of 90Pb-10Sn microelectronic solder balls at subsolvus and supersolvus temperatures. The creep behavior of Pb-10wt.%Sn, a common high-lead solder used in microelectronic packaging, was studied by impression creep testing of ball-grid-array (BGA) solder balls attached to an organic substrate, both above and below the solvus temperature (408 K). Below the solvus temperature, the solder microstructure consists of roughly equiaxed grains of the Pb-rich solid solution alpha, which contains < 5wt.%Sn in solution, with a coarse dispersion of Sn-rich beta precipitates. Here, the creep behavior of the solder is controlled by dislocation climb via dislocation core diffusion, yielding n approximate to 4 and Q approximate to 60 kJ/mole. Above the solvus temperature, where the entire 10wt.%Sn is in solution, the creep mechanism becomes controlled by viscous glide of dislocations, limited by solute drag, with n approximate to 3 and Q approximate to 92 kJ/mole. Based on experimental data, creep equations for the as-reflowed solder in the two temperature regimes are given. Comparison of the present data with those available in the literature showed good agreement with the proposed laws.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Differential regulation of human antigen-specific Th1 and Th2 lymphocyte responses by isozyme selective cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Our study explores the relative efficacy of phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors on antigen-specific Th1 and Th2 clonal responses. Proliferative responses for both phenotypes were down-regulated by the PDE4 inhibitor, rolipram, but not the PDE3 inhibitor, siguazodan. The Th2 clones were more sensitive than the Th1 clones to PDE4 inhibition (P <.05 at 10 and 100 mu M rolipram). The addition of 1 mu M of the adenylyl cyclase activator, isoproterenol, significantly decreased both the EC50 and IC50 of rolipram in both phenotypes (P <.05). Gene expression for interleukin-4, interleukin-5, or interferon-gamma, assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, was down-regulated by the PDE4 inhibitor, but not the PDE3 inhibitor, in each respective clone. Cytokine protein secretion paralleled the results of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for IL-4 and interferon-gamma (P <.01 for each). No differential efficacy on cytokine generation parameters between T helper phenotypes was apparent. Rolipram treatment significantly elevated intracellular cyclic AMP (adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate) in clonal T cells (P <.01 for Th1 or Th2 clones); these elevations were consistently greater in the Th2 clones (P <.05). Finally, Th1 cells showed reduced gene expression for the PDE4C isoform and a lack of gene expression for the PDE4D isoform by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, compared to the Th2 cells. These data demonstrate the potent immunomodulatory efficacy of PDE4 inhibition on antigen-specific T cell clones. The enhanced sensitivity of Th2 cells to PDE4 inhibition may be due, in part, to the differential expression of PDE4 isoforms between Th1 and Th2 cells.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Cross-protection in Arabidopsis against crucifer tobamovirus Cg by an attenuated strain of the virus. Cross-protection is a procedure that has been utilized to protect crops against virulent strains of viruses by pre-treatment with closely related attenuated strains of the virus. We constructed a mutant of crucifer tobamovirus Cg, which is analogous to L,,A, an attenuated strain of Tomato mosaic virus-L (ToMV-L). This mutant, named CgYD, caused few disease symptoms and could spread throughout Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 plants. Initial infection with CgYD was shown to efficiently cross-protect against a challenge with wild-type Cg. Thus, we have established in Arabidopsis a powerful system for investigating mechanisms of cross-protection. Using this system, we showed that cross-protection was not overcome, even if a higher concentration of the virion, or purified virion RNA, were used in the challenge. We also demonstrated that cross-protection requires that the second virus be very similar in sequence to Cg, which is a characteristic of RNA silencing. However the RNA dependent RNA polymerase SDE1/SGS2 associated with post-transcriptional gene silencing was not required for cross-protection.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Needs-adapted Data Presentation in e-Information Tools. (iii) Lexicography is a genuine part of information science and can use theories and learn from practice in the information society, but it also needs special theories for lexicography.It is the third opinion we will maintain in this paper by discussing the information needs in the information society and partly using the function theory of lexicography.(ii) Lexicography needs a special theory' for the lexicographical praxis, but this discipline is still a part of linguistics.(i) Lexicography does not have or need any kind of own theory but can use all relevant linguistic theories.In the current debate about the status of lexicography there are at least three quite different opinions:", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Evolutionary model for convergent margins facing large ocean basins: Mesozoic Baja California, Mexico. Mesozoic rocks of the Baja California Peninsula form a convergent-margin complex that is one of the best-preserved and longest-lived convergent-margin complexes in the world. It shows a three-phase evolutionary trend that we propose is typical of are systems facing large ocean basins. The trend progresses from phase 1, highly extensional intraoceanic-are systems, to phase 2, a mildly extensional fringing-are system, to phase 3, a compressional continental-are system. This trend is largely due to the progressively decreasing age of lithosphere that is subducted. The modern Earth is strongly biased toward long-lived are-trench systems, which are compressional, and so evolutionary models for convergent margins must be constructed from well-preserved ancient examples like Baja California.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Allopatric speciation in ticks: genetic and reproductive divergence between geographic strains of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Background: The cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, economically impact cattle industry in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The morphological and genetic differences among R. microplus strains have been documented in the literature, suggesting that biogeographical and ecological separation may have resulted in boophilid ticks from America/Africa and those from Australia being different species. To test the hypothesis of the presence of different boophilid species, herein we performed a series of experiments to characterize the reproductive performance of crosses between R. microplus from Australia, Africa and America and the genetic diversity of strains from Australia, Asia, Africa and America.Results: The results showed that the crosses between Australian and Argentinean or Mozambican strains of boophilid ticks are infertile while crosses between Argentinean and Mozambican strains are fertile. These results showed that tick strains from Africa (Mozambique) and America (Argentina) are the same species, while ticks from Australia may actually represent a separate species. The genetic analysis of mitochondrial 12S and 16S rDNA and microsatellite loci were not conclusive when taken separately, but provided evidence that Australian tick strains were genetically different from Asian, African and American strains.Conclusion: The results reported herein support the hypothesis that at least two different species share the name R. microplus. These species could be redefined as R. microplus (Canestrini, 1887) (for American and African strains) and probably the old R. australis Fuller, 1899 (for Australian strains), which needs to be redescribed. However, experiments with a larger number of tick strains from different geographic locations are needed to corroborate these results.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "BIOINFORMATICS ANALYSIS OF PUTATIVE CAUSES FOR CROSS-REACTIVE ANTIBODIES INTERACTING WITH ANTIGENS DERIVED FROM VARIOUS PATHOGENIC HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUSES. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) belong to highly abundant resulting in sexually transmitted virus infections, and cause cervical cancer holding place 4 among most common cancer types in women. In 2012, there were registered 266,000 death cases and 528,000 new cases. At present, three HPV prophylactic vaccines were generated worldwide: bivalent Cervarix, quadrivalent Gardasil and nonavalent Gardasil-9. Examining such vaccines uncovered that they are able to induce anti-HPV antibody production against viral antigens lacked in vaccine formula. The mechanism of such cross-neutralizing antibodies recognizing antigens derived from various HPV pathogenic types remains unknown. In our study we attempted to uncover putative basis underlying cross-reactive interaction between vaccine-induced antibodies and non-vaccine antigens by bioinformatical approaches, that might allow optimize generation of future candidate vaccines and obtain more effective polyvalent immunobiological preparations against HPV. We used amino acid sequences of L1 coat protein of four top high-risk oncogenic HPV types (16, 18, 31 and 45) in the study. Work sequences were retrieved from the International Data Base of NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) and aligned by using Clustal Omega' and BioEdit software. A search and analysis of distinct antigenic determinant (epitopes) were performed by using software suite BepiPred-2.0: Sequential B-Cell Epitope Predictor, DiscoTope 2.0 Server, and SYFPEITHI. Bioinformatics data revealed pronounced potential of cross-neutralizing vaccine-induced antibodies and non-vaccines antigens derived from high-risk pathogenic types HPV 16, 18, 31 and 45 owing to the similarity in antigenic determinants (epitopes). Common linear determinants for T- and B-cells were found in all four types of L1 protein counterparts. In addition, similar three-dimensional B-cell determinants were discovered in HPV16 L1 and HPV18 L1. Antigenic determinants derived from HPV16 L1 and HPV31 L1 exhibited most close similarity. Hence, while immunizing with HPVI6 L1, a more pronounced and moderate cross-reactive antibodies interacting with HPV31 L1 as well as HPV18 L1 and HPV45 L1 antigens, respectively, should be expected. Inversely, immunization with HPV18 L1might elicit active and less efficient cross-neutralizing response with HPV45 L1 as well as HPV16 L1 and HPV31 L1, respectively.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "Genome characterization of fig umbra-like virus. The complete genome of a new umbra-like virus from edible fig (Ficus carica) was identified by high-throughput sequencing. Based on its similarity to umbra-like virus genome sequences available in GenBank, the proposed name of this new virus is \\\\'fig umbra-like virus\\\\' (FULV). The genome of full-length FULV-1 consists of 3049 nucleotides organized into three open reading frames (ORFs). Pairwise comparisons showed that the complete nucleotide sequence of the virus had the highest identity (71.3%) to citrus yellow vein-associated virus (CYVaV). In addition, phylogenetic trees based on whole-genome nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase showed that FULV forms a monophyletic lineage with CYVaV and other umbra-like viruses. Based on the demarcation criteria of the genus Umbravirus, and lack of two umbravirus ORFs, we propose that FULV is a putative new member of the umbra-like virus clade within the family Tombusviridae.", "label": [2, 20, 21]}
+{"token": "Characteristics and properties of oil-well cements additioned with blast furnace slag. The present paper addresses the alkali activation of Portland cements containing blast furnace slag (20 and 30% by cement weight) with a view to the possible use of these materials in oil well construction.The hydration studies conducted showed that in cement/slag blends, the sodium silicate activator partially inhibited the dissolution of the silicate phases in the Portland cement, retarding cement hydration and reducing the precipitation of reaction products. Due to such partial inhibition, the cement/slag blends had significantly lower mechanical strength than Portland cements hydrated with water. Si-29 and Al-27 MAS NMR and BSE/EDX studies, in turn, showed that the CSH gel forming in the alkali-activated cement/slag pastes contained Al in tetrahedral positions and low Ca/Si ratios.", "label": [1, 17, 11]}
+{"token": "Language as an issue in international internal communication: English or local language? If English, what English?. The present paper discusses internal communication in the global context, with a focus on language as an issue for the organization. Although 'language', naturally, is a resource that enables any - internal or other - communication, it has not been examined in public relations research but has been taken for granted or as given. The current pace of globalization in all sectors has rapidly globalized internal communication and the language issue needs to be addressed. On the basis of two empirical studies we discuss language strategy and language use in international internal communication. Our findings show that although a common 'corporate language' - which mostly today refers to English - enables internal communication, it is not a straightforward solution but a number of issues need to be considered. For example, as international communication in a business context is today mostly conducted by non-native speakers of English, their language can be characterized as BELF (English as Business Lingua Franca), which differs from 'standard English' in many ways. Also, language issues need to be considered for organizational credibility and knowledge sharing and for constructing trust and rapport in international interaction. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48, 52]}
+{"token": "What Is (No Longer) an Image? Iconic Difference, Immersion, and Iconic Simultaneity in the Age of the Screen Culture. This paper starts from a presumption that the concepts of iconic difference by Gottfried Boehm and immersion by Oliver Grau should be understood as two opposing ways of understanding the nature of images today The first one aims at making visible all the differences that exist between image and non-image, while the other considers immersion to be the reason for making images undistinguishable from physical reality and thus shifting the discourse on images from signs to phenomena and experiences. Contemporary media images, televisuality, surveillance, and manipulation with electronically produced images lead us to a completely new situation where images are not-anymore-different and not-yet-immersive. In order to explain images which are neither representations nor phenomena of virtual reality I will propose the concept oficonic simultaneity.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Translational data analytics in exposure science and environmental health: a citizen science approach with high school students. Background Translational data analytics aims to apply data analytics principles and techniques to bring about broader societal or human impact. Translational data analytics for environmental health is an emerging discipline and the objective of this study is to describe a real-world example of this emerging discipline. Methods We implemented a citizen-science project at a local high school. Multiple cohorts of citizen scientists, who were students, fabricated and deployed low-cost air quality sensors. A cloud-computing solution provided real-time air quality data for risk screening purposes, data analytics and curricular activities. Results The citizen-science project engaged with 14 high school students over a four-year period that is continuing to this day. The project led to the development of a website that displayed sensor-based measurements in local neighborhoods and a GitHub-like repository for open source code and instructions. Preliminary results showed a reasonable comparison between sensor-based and EPA land-based federal reference monitor data for CO and NOx. Conclusions Initial sensor-based data collection efforts showed reasonable agreement with land-based federal reference monitors but more work needs to be done to validate these results. Lessons learned were: 1) the need for sustained funding because citizen science-based project timelines are a function of community needs/capacity and building interdisciplinary rapport in academic settings and 2) the need for a dedicated staff to manage academic-community relationships.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "The Story of 'KINDNESS' From Rural Alaska A Model for Comprehensive Infant Feeding Support. Introduction: Breastfeeding peer-counseling programs have been shown to be successful across a variety of settings. This program description of the Kodiak KINDNESS Project adds to the body of evidence.Conclusion: The unique geographical isolation and culture of Kodiak Island has allowed collection of a robust database documenting feeding patterns of 90% of births since 2006. One family at a time, KINDNESS has effectively changed Kodiak's infant feeding culture and shown excellent results in breastfeeding duration rates.Results: KINDNESS breastfeeding rates exceed the World Health Organization 2025 target o f 50% exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months, demonstrating efficacy of a tailored, readily accessible, and comprehensive community program.Method: KINDNESS offers a trusting relationship and individualized support on every aspect of infant nutrition to all families with infants living on Kodiak Island, Alaska.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "ON THE PROOF-THEORY OF A FIRST-ORDER EXTENSION OF GL. We introduce a first, order extension of GL, called ML3, and develop its proof theory via a proxy cut-free sequent calculus GLTS. We prove the highly nontrivial result that cut is a derived rule in GLTS, a result that is unavailable in other known first-order extensions of GLTS. This leads to proofs of weak: reflection and the related conservation results for ML3 as well as proofs for Craig's interpolation theorem for GLTS.Turning to semantics we prove that ML3 is sound with respect to arithmetical interpretations and that it is also sound and complete with respect to converse wdl-founded and transitive finite Kripke models. This leads us to expect that a Solovay-like proof of arithmetical completeness of ML3 is possible.", "label": [3, 4, 41, 32]}
+{"token": "Effects of Irrigation, Environmental Variability and Predatory Wasp on Leucoptera coffeella (Guerin-Meneville) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae), in Coffee Plants. The population density of the coffee leaf miner Leucoptera coffeella (Guerin-Meneville) can be affected by environmental variables in irrigated agroecosystems and the occurrence of predatory wasps such as Vespidae. In here, we aimed to evaluate the effects of environmental variables, drip irrigation depths and predation by wasps on the population density of L. coffeella. The experiment was carried out during 2004 and 2005 in a Coffea arabica plantation cultivated in the county of Jaboticatubas, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The different irrigation depths set through drip were established considering the daily depth required by the IRRIPLUS program, which was equal to 100%, and two other lower (51% and 72%) and higher (124% and 145%) values, having the control without irrigation. In order to evaluate the coffee leaf miner population density and predation, the number of active and preyed mines was determined on the fourth pair of leaves in a group of ten plants. For the study of interactions among the environmental variables, irrigation depths with the mine density of L. coffeella and predatory wasps, the following methods were used: multivariated analysis, simple linear regression and trail. We concluded that higher pluvial precipitation, solar radiation and irrigation depths would reduce population density of the coffee leaf miner. Furthermore, the increase in density of the predatory wasps was dependent on the population level of L. coffeella.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Regression tree approach to studying factors influencing acoustic voice analysis. Multiple factors influence voice quality measurements (VQM) obtained during an acoustic voice assessment including: gender, intrasubject variability, microphone, environmental noise (type and level), data acquisition (DA) system, and analysis software. This study used regression trees to investigate the order and relative importance of these factors on VQM including interaction effects of the factors and how the outcome differs when the acoustic environment is controlled for noise. Twenty normophonic participants provided 20 voice samples each, which were recorded synchronously on five DA systems combined with six different microphones. The samples were mixed with five noise types at eight signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. The resulting 80,000 audio samples were analyzed for fundamental frequency (F-0), jitter and shimmer using three software analysis systems: MDVP, PRAAT, and TF32 (CSpeech). Fifteen regression trees and their Variable Importance Measures were utilized to analyze the data. The analyses confirmed that all of the factors listed above were influential. The results suggest that gender, intrasubject variability, and microphone were significant influences on F-0. Software systems and gender were highly influential on measurements of jitter and shimmer. Environmental noise was shown to be the prominent factor that affects VQM when SNR levels are below 30 dB. Copyright (c) 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel.", "label": [2, 3, 22, 28]}
+{"token": "THE EFFECTS OF INNOVATION ADOPTION ON THE BUSINESS CREATIVITY OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS INDUSTRIES IN MALAYSIA. The innovation has become a vital element to improve the business creativity and performance and obtain the focus of recent studies and regulators. Therefore, paper aim is to analyze the impact of culture innovation, product innovation and market innovation on the business creativity of the electrical and electronics industries in Malaysia. This paper also investigates the mediating role of organizational learning between the relations of culture innovation, product innovation, market innovation, and business creativity of the electrical and electronics industries in Malaysia. This paper has followed the quantitative methods and used survey questionnaires for data collection, while SPSS and AMOS were used to test the hypotheses. The results indicated that culture innovation, product innovation and market innovation have a positive association with business creativity of the electrical and electronics industries in Malaysia. The findings also exposed that organizational learning significantly mediates among the nexus of culture innovation, product innovation, market innovation, and business creativity of the electrical and electronics industries in Malaysia. This paper is suitable for the regulation developing authorities that they should formulate effective policies related to the innovation adoption that enhance the business creativity and performance.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "A Note On The Sparing Number Of The Sieve Graphs Of Certain Graphs. Let No denote the set of all non-negative integers and P(N-o) be its power set. An integer additive set -indexer (IASI) of a given graph G is an injective function f: V(G) -> P(N-o) such that the induced function f(+) : E(G) -> P(N-o) defined by f(+)(uv) = f (u) + f (v) is also injective. An IASI f of a graph G is said to be a weak IASI of G if f(+)(uv) = max(f(u), f(v)) for all u,v is an element of V(G). A graph which admits a weak IASI may be called a weak IASI graph. The sparing number of a graph G is the minimum number of edges with singleton set -labels required for a graph G to admit a weak IASI. In this paper, we introduce the notion of k -sieve graphs of a given graph and study their sparing numbers.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "The role of 3D and speckle tracking echocardiography in cardiac amyloidosis: a case report. This case underlines the importance of news, noninvasive techniques such as eco 3D and STE for early diagnosis of CA, especially when RMN cannot be performed.Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is a disorder characterized by amyloid fibrils deposition in cardiac interstitium; it results in a restrictive cardiomyopathy with heart failure (HF) and conduction abnormalities.The \\\\'gold standard\\\\' for diagnosis of CA is myocardial biopsy but possible sampling errors and procedural risks, limit it's use. Magnetic resonance (RMN) offers more information than traditional echocardiography and allows diagnosis of CA but often it's impossible to perform.We report the case of a man with HF and symptomatic bradyarrhythmia that required an urgent pacemaker implant. Echocardiography was strongly suggestive of CA but wasn't impossible to perform an RMN to confirm this hypothesis because the patient was implanted with a definitive pacemaker. So was performed a Speckle Tracking Echocardiography (STE) and a 3D echocardiography: STE allows to differentiate CA from others hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by longitudinal strain value < 12% and 3D echocardiography shows regional left ventricular dyssynchrony with a characteristic temporal pattern of dispersion of regional volume systolic change.On the basis of these results, finally was performed an endomyocardial biopsy that confirmed the diagnosis of CA.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "JOHN WESLEY, HETERODOXY, AND DISSENT. While John Wesley's opposition to Calvinism is well known, he also devoted much of his later life to counteracting what he regarded as serious threats to Christian orthodoxy, namely the denial of original sin and the rejection of the doctrine of the Trinity. As a result he became involved in controversy with several leading Protestant Dissenters, including John Taylor of Norwich and Joseph Priestley. This article examines the relationship, sometimes friendly but more frequently uneasy, between Wesley and his followers and the Dissenting denominations. When prominent ministers among those denominations promulgated heterodox teaching over original sin and the Trinity, Wesley responded with a degree of vehemence that emphasized and indeed widened the differences between Methodism and the older Dissent, and hence shaped the identity of Wesleyan Methodism in the early nineteenth century.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Magnetization Losses of Roebel Cable Samples With 2G YBCO Coated Conductor Strands. Roebel cable with second-generation YBCO strands is one of the promising high-temperature superconducting solutions of fully transposed high current conductors for high field accelerator magnets. Following the considerable research effort on the manufacturing of Roebel cables in recent years, sample conductors are now available in useful lengths with reproducible performances to allow for detailed characterizations beyond the standard critical current measurements. The ac loss and strands coupling are of significant interest for the field quality of the accelerator magnets. We report a set of systematic ac loss measurements on two different Roebel cable samples prepared for the EuCARD-2 collaboration. The measurements were performed over a wide range of temperature values between 5 and 90 K, and the results were analyzed in the context of strands architecture and coupling. The results show that the transposed bundles are partially decoupled, and the strands in transposition sections behave as an isolated single tape if the strands are insulated.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35]}
+{"token": "Analysis of the financial burden of the Czech enterprises in period 1996-2005. The aim of this contribution is to analyze the financial burden of the Czech enterprises in period 1996 - 2005 and point out the factors, which influenced their structure of capital and efficiency. According to Du Pont equations financial burden is given as an interest and taxes reduction of earnings before interests and taxes. It was found out asynchronical dependence between real payments and changes of rates of interests and taxes in the analysis.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "A constrained total variation model for single image dehazing. Haze removal (or dehazing) is very important for many applications in computer vision. Because depth information and atmospheric light are usually unknown in practice, haze removal is a challenging problem, especially for single image dehazing. In this paper, we propose a new variational model for removing haze from a single input image. The proposed model combines Koschmieder's law with Retinex assumption that an image is the product of illumination and reflection. We assume that scene depth and surface radiance are spatially piecewise smooth, total variation is thus used for regularization in our model. The proposed model is defined as a constrained optimization problem, which is solved by an alternating minimization scheme and a fast gradient projection algorithm. Theoretical analyses are given for the proposed model and algorithm. Some numerical examples are presented, which have shown that our model has the best visual effect and the highest average PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio) compared to six relevant models in the literature. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
+{"token": "Profiles of criminal justice system involvement of mentally ill homeless adults. Methods: Self-report data on criminal justice system involvement of 2221 adults participating in a Canadian Housing First trial were analyzed using multiple correspondence and cluster analysis.Objectives: This study aims to examine the rates of self-reported contacts with the criminal justice system among homeless adults with mental illness, to identify the characteristics of participants who have had contacts with the criminal justice system, to report the dimensional structure of criminal justice system involvement in this sample, and to identify typologies of justice-involved participants.Results: Almost half of the participants had at least one contact with the criminal justice system in the 6 months prior to study enrollment. Factors associated with justice involvement included age, gender, ethnic background, diagnosis, substance misuse, impulse control, compliance, victimization, service use, and duration of homelessness. A typology of criminal justice involvement was developed. Seven criminal justice system involvement profiles emerged; substance use and impulse control distinguished the clusters, whereas demographic and contextual variables did not.Conclusions: The large number of profiles indicates the need for a diverse and flexible range of interventions that could be integrated within or in addition to current support of housing services, including integrated substance use and mental health interventions, risk management strategies, and trauma-oriented services. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 3, 29, 23]}
+{"token": "Teaching an Old Molecule New Tricks: Drug Repositioning for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is one of the most severe forms of inherited muscular dystrophies. The disease is caused by the lack of dystrophin, a structurally essential protein; hence, a definitive cure would necessarily have to pass through some form of gene and/or cell therapy. Cell- and genetic-based therapeutics for DMD have been explored since the 1990s; recently, two of the latter have been approved for clinical use, but their efficacy is still very low. In parallel, there have been great ongoing efforts aimed at targeting the downstream pathogenic effects of dystrophin deficiency using classical pharmacological approaches, with synthetic or biological molecules. However, as it is always the case with rare diseases, R&D costs for new drugs can represent a major hurdle for researchers and patients alike. This problem can be greatly alleviated by experimenting the use of molecules that had originally been developed for different conditions, a process known as drug repurposing or drug repositioning. In this review, we will describe the state of the art of such an approach for DMD, both in the context of clinical trials and pre-clinical studies.", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
+{"token": "Preffered Methods of Treating Obesity in Late Adulthood and Senior Age. Conclusion: Obesity is a global social problem which is not to be solved just in healthcare and it is certainly not an issue of an individual.Results: An adjustment of the diet as a part of the solution of the overweight and obesity therapy would be chosen by the most respondents, 75 (46.5%) of them. 44 (27.0%) respondents would choose sport or other physical activity. 11 (6.7%) respondents would deal with overweight and obesity pharmacologically -with the help of medications, and only 25 (15.3%) respondents would choose surgery as a way of dealing with overweight and obesity. On the contrary, only 8 (4.9%) respondents were not interested in dealing with the weight gain. 24 (25.0%) respondents would choose the surgical way of solving obesity. Ananswer \\\\'possibly yes\\\\' was chosen by 13 (13.5%) respondents. 21 (21.9%) individuals inclined to the \\\\'rather not\\\\' variant. 33 (34.4%) respondents chose the \\\\'certainly not\\\\' answer. An answer \\\\'I don't know\\\\' was chosen by 5 (5.2%) respondents.Methods: The data obtained by the processing of the questionnaires were analytically evaluated. For statistical processing a program StatisticaCz version 9 was chosen, a descriptive analysis of the data was performed, followed by analysis by comparing averages and particular tests of statistical significance (Chi-square test, Kruskal Wallis, KendalovoTau).Participants: A total of 110 respondents were contacted, out of which 14 refused to cooperate or filled in the questionnaire incorrectly. The return of questionnaires was 96, i.e. 100%. The group of respondents consisted of individuals of both sexes, aged 50 and over, living in a natural social environment or in one of the selected institutions. Due to the fact that - in our opinion - a relatively large amount of attention is paid to the senior age group while the group of people in the age range of 50-64 is forgotten, we have not chosen the senior age respondents exclusively.Objective: To identify preferred solutions - therapy - for overweight and obesity in older adults and seniors", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Developmental toxicity of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) and endosulfan sulfate derived from insecticidal active ingredients: Abnormal heart formation by 3-PBA in zebrafish embryos. Pyrethroid and organochlorine insecticides are enormously used to control agricultural and indoor insect pests. The metabolites of pyrethroid and endosulfan were used to evaluate environmental toxicities using a representative animal model, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos in this study. The LC50 values in 3-phenoxy benzoic acid (3-PBA) and endosulfan sulfate (ES) were 1461 mu g/L and 1459 mu g/L, respectively. At the concentration of 2000 mu g/L, spine curvature was observed in the ES-treated embryos. ES showed seizure-like events with an EC50 value of 354 mu g/L. At the concentration of 1000 mu g/L, the pericardial edema was observed in 3-PBA-treated embryos. The inhibition of heart development and the reduction of beating rates were observed in Tg(cmlc2:EGFP) embryos after the exposure to 3-PBA. Down-regulation of the vmhc gene coding ventricular myosin during heart development was significantly found in 3-PBA-treated embryos at 48 hpf, but recovered afterward. It indicates that ventricular malformation occurred at the initial stage of 3-PBA exposure. Considered together, both 3-PBA and ES need public concerns with periodic monitoring of these metabolites in households and agricultural areas to prevent humans and environmental organisms from their unexpected attacks.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 52]}
+{"token": "FLAME INHIBITION BY CF3CHCL2 (HCFC-123). A kinetic model is suggested for hydrocarbon/air flame propagation with addition of hydrochloroflurocarbon (HCFC) fire suppressant, encompassing the combined chemistry of fluorine-and chlorine-containing species. Calculated burning velocities using the kinetic model are in good agreement with available experimental burning velocity data for CF3Cl, CF2Cl2, or CFCl3 added to CO/H-2/O-2/Ar flames. The agent CF3CHCl2 is more effective than C2HF5, and reaction pathway analysis shows that the inhibition effect of chlorine reactions is greater than that of fluorine. The main reactions of the chlorine inhibition cycle are H+HCl=H-2+Cl, OH+HCl=H2O+Cl, Cl+CH4=HCl+CH3, Cl+HCO=HCl+CO, and Cl+CH2O=HCl+HCO. The inhibition effect of CF3CHCl2 is largely the result of competing reactions of chlorine-containing species with hydrogen (and other radical pool) species, decreasing the rate of the chain-branching reaction H+O-2, with additional effects from substitution of the reactive chain-branching radicals for less reactive fluorine-and chlorine-containing radicals.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 15, 35]}
+{"token": "How to Choose between Different Bayesian Posterior Indices for Hypothesis Testing in Practice. Hypothesis testing is an essential statistical method in experimental psychology and the cognitive sciences. The problems of traditional null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) have been discussed widely, and among the proposed solutions to the replication problems caused by the inappropriate use of significance tests and p-values is a shift toward Bayesian data analysis. However, Bayesian hypothesis testing is concerned with various posterior indices for significance and the size of an effect. This complicates Bayesian hypothesis testing in practice, as the availability of multiple Bayesian alternatives to the traditional p-value causes confusion which one to select and why. In this paper, various Bayesian posterior indices which have been proposed in the literature are compared and their benefits and limitations are discussed. The comparison shows that conceptually not all proposed Bayesian alternatives to NHST and p-values are beneficial, and the usefulness of some indices strongly depends on the study design and research goal. However, the comparison also reveals that there exist at least two candidates among the available Bayesian posterior indices which have appealing theoretical properties and are widely underused in the cognitive sciences.", "label": [4, 5, 41, 52, 55]}
+{"token": "Stress Physiology in Azospirillum and Other PGPRs. Rhizobacteria are constantly faced with environmental stimuli stresses and should be responding to a wide range of factors through signal transduction pathways that convert extracellular information into intracellular forms. The cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria is permeable to water but forms an effective barrier for most solute present in the cytoplasmic. To survive osmotic stresses, rhizobacteria need to adapt by accumulating specific solutes under hyperosmotic conditions and releasing them under hyposmotic conditions. These solutes are referred to compatible solutes and glutamate, K+, trehalose, betaine, among others solutes, are used to response. But new studies to proteins, phospholipids, and polysaccharides and their pattern in response to stress are necessary.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 42]}
+{"token": "The Uniqueness of Teaching and Learning Chemistry. Unfortunately, the current perception of Chemistry held by many students and the general public alike appears to be in stark contrast to its true nature. Although chemistry is ubiquitous in all aspects of our daily lives it continues to be perceived as highly theoretical and of little relevance. A clearer understanding of the fundamental Nature of Chemistry will be needed if students are to recognize its true importance and character. It is not possible to fully understand, and as a consequence accept on an intuitive basis, the 'mystery' and fascinations arising from the transformation of matter, without first adopting a convincing sub-microscopic view, able to connect observed macroscopic properties to the behaviours of atoms and molecules. Insightful use of models and computer generated visualization techniques now offer a way forward, but only once the learning difficulties being encountered by students have been fully appreciated by their university lecturers.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 53]}
+{"token": "Decay estimates for the solutions of some multidimensional nonlinear evolution equations. This paper considers the global existence and optimal temporal decay estimates of solutions to a class of multidimensional nonlinear evolution equations whose dispersive and dissipative terms have the same order p(p > 1), Such a class includes the multidimensional generalized Benjamin-Ono-Burgers equation and the multidimensional generalized Schrodinger-Burgers equations as special examples.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Weak temperature dependence of P (+) H (A) (-) recombination in mutant Rhodobacter sphaeroides reaction centers. In contrast with findings on the wild-type Rhodobacter sphaeroides reaction center, biexponential P (+) H (A) (-) -> PH (A) charge recombination is shown to be weakly dependent on temperature between 78 and 298 K in three variants with single amino acids exchanged in the vicinity of primary electron acceptors. These mutated reaction centers have diverse overall kinetics of charge recombination, spanning an average lifetime from similar to 2 to similar to 20 ns. Despite these differences a protein relaxation model applied previously to wild-type reaction centers was successfully used to relate the observed kinetics to the temporal evolution of the free energy level of the state P (+) H (A) (-) relative to P (+) B (A) (-) . We conclude that the observed variety in the kinetics of charge recombination, together with their weak temperature dependence, is caused by a combination of factors that are each affected to a different extent by the point mutations in a particular mutant complex. These are as follows: (1) the initial free energy gap between the states P (+) B (A) (-) and P (+) H (A) (-) , (2) the intrinsic rate of P (+) B (A) (-) -> PB (A) charge recombination, and (3) the rate of protein relaxation in response to the appearance of the charge separated states. In the case of a mutant which displays rapid P (+) H (A) (-) recombination (ELL), most of this recombination occurs in an unrelaxed protein in which P (+) B (A) (-) and P (+) H (A) (-) are almost isoenergetic. In contrast, in a mutant in which P (+) H (A) (-) recombination is relatively slow (GML), most of the recombination occurs in a relaxed protein in which P (+) H (A) (-) is much lower in energy than P (+) H (A) (-) . The weak temperature dependence in the ELL reaction center and a YLH mutant was modeled in two ways: (1) by assuming that the initial P (+) B (A) (-) and P (+) H (A) (-) states in an unrelaxed protein are isoenergetic, whereas the final free energy gap between these states following the protein relaxation is large (similar to 250 meV or more), independent of temperature and (2) by assuming that the initial and final free energy gaps between P (+) B (A) (-) and P (+) H (A) (-) are moderate and temperature dependent. In the case of the GML mutant, it was concluded that the free energy gap between P (+) B (A) (-) and P (+) H (A) (-) is large at all times.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "The effect of diabetes on disability in middle-aged and older adults. Results. Diabetes was strongly associated with subsequent physical disability (measured by a composite variable combining activities of daily living, mobility, and strength tasks) in middle-aged and older adults. Controlling for socioeconomic characteristics and common diabetes-related and unrelated comorbidifies and conditions reduced the diabetes effect substantially. but it remained a significant predictor of disability in both groups.Background. Physical disability is increasingly recognized as an adverse health consequence of type 2 diabetes in older adults. We studied the effect of diabetes on disability in middle-aged and older adults to: 1) characterize the association of diabetes with physical disability in middle-aged adults, and 2) determine the extent to which the effect of diabetes is explained by related covariates in either or both age groups.Methods. We used data from two parallel national panel studies of middle-aged and older adults to study the effect of self-reported diabetes at baseline on disability 2 years later, adjusting for baseline covariates.Conclusions. Our analyses demonstrated that disability is an important diabetes-related health outcome in middle-aged and older adults that should be prevented or mitigated through appropriate diabetes management.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 57]}
+{"token": "Amelogenesis Imperfecta and Other Biomineralization Defects in Fam20a and Fam20c Null Mice. The FAM20 family of secreted proteins consists of three members (FAM20A, FAM20B, and FAM20C) recently linked to developmental disorders suggesting roles for FAM20 proteins in modulating biomineralization processes. The authors report here findings in knockout mice having null mutations affecting each of the three FAM20 proteins. Both Fam20a and Fam20c null mice survived to adulthood and showed biomineralization defects. Fam20b(-/-) embryos showed severe stunting and increased mortality at E13.5, although early lethality precluded detailed investigations. Physiologic calcification or biomineralization of extracellular matrices is a normal process in the development and functioning of various tissues (eg, bones and teeth). The lesions that developed in teeth, bones, or blood vessels after functional deletion of either Fam20a or Fam20c support a significant role for their encoded proteins in modulating biomineralization processes. Severe amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) was present in both Fam20a and Fam20c null mice. In addition, Fam20a(-/-) mice developed disseminated calcifications of muscular arteries and intrapulmonary calcifications, similar to those of fetuin-A deficient mice, although they were normocalcemic and normophosphatemic, with normal dentin and bone. Fam20a gene expression was detected in ameloblasts, odontoblasts, and the parathyroid gland, with local and systemic effects suggesting both local and/or systemic effects for FAM20A. In contrast, Fam20c(-/-) mice lacked ectopic calcifications but were severely hypophosphatemic and developed notable lesions in both dentin and bone to accompany the AI. The bone and dentin lesions, plus the marked hypophosphatemia and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase and FGF23 levels, are indicative of autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia in Fam20c(-/-) mice.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 10]}
+{"token": "Weed Control in Cotton by Combinations of Microencapsulated Acetochlor and Various Residual Herbicides Applied Preemergence. Residual herbicides are routinely recommended to aid in control of glyphosate-resistant (GR) Palmer amaranth in cotton. Acetochlor, a chloroacetamide herbicide, applied PRE, controls Palmer amaranth. A microencapsulated (ME) formulation of acetochlor is now registered for PRE application in cotton. Field research was conducted in North Carolina to evaluate cotton tolerance and Palmer amaranth control by acetochlor ME alone and in various combinations. Treatments, applied PRE, consisted of acetochlor ME, pendimethalin, or no herbicide arranged factorially with diuron, fluometuron, fomesafen, diuron plus fomesafen, and no herbicide. The PRE herbicides were followed by glufosinate applied twice POST and diuron plus MSMA directed at layby. Acetochlor ME was less injurious to cotton than pendimethalin. Acetochlor ME alone or in combination with other herbicides reduced early season cotton growth 5 to 8%, whereas pendimethalin alone or in combinations injured cotton 11 to 13%. Early season injury was transitory, and by 65 to 84 d after PRE treatment, injury was no longer noticeable. Before the first POST application of glufosinate, acetochlor ME and pendimethalin controlled Palmer amaranth 84 and 64%, respectively. Control by acetochlor ME was similar to control by diuron plus fomesafen and greater than control by diuron, fluometuron, or fomesafen alone. Greater than 90% control was obtained with acetochlor ME mixed with diuron or fomesafen. Palmer amaranth control was similar with acetochlor ME plus a full or reduced rate of fomesafen. Acetochlor ME controlled large crabgrass and goosegrass at 91 and 100% compared with control at 83 and 91%, respectively, by pendimethalin. Following glufosinate, applied twice POST, and diuron plus MSMA, at layby, 96 to 99% control was obtained late in the season by all treatments, and no differences among herbicide treatments were noted for cotton yield. This research demonstrated that acetochlor ME can be safely and effectively used in cotton weed management programs.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Hydrogen peroxide treatment and its impacts on Lepeophtheirus salmonis originating from the Bay of Fundy, Canada. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is used to treat sea lice infections of farmed salmonids in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and issues with resistance to this treatment, and others are a major threat to the sustainability of the industry. The objectives of this study were to determine how H2O2 exposure affects survival and antioxidant-related gene expression in salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) collected from the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick. The maximum recommended dose of H2O2 is 1,800 mg/L, while the EC50 values (with 95% CI) for the population tested were 1,486 (457, 2,515) mg/L for males and 2,126 (984, 3,268) mg/L for females. Neither temperature nor pretreatment with emamectin benzoate (EMB) impacted survival after H2O2 exposure. RT-qPCR was performed on pre-adult sea lice exposed to H2O2 and showed that four genes classically involved in the response to oxidative stress were unchanged between treated and control groups. Seven genes were found to be significantly upregulated in males and one in females. This is the first report on the efficacy and molecular responses of Atlantic Canada sea lice to H2O2 treatment.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45, 10]}
+{"token": "Efficacy and safety of a combination of selamectin plus sarolaner for the treatment and prevention of flea infestations and the treatment of ear mites in cats presented as veterinary patients in the United States. In the two studies, 405 cats received treatment with selamectin plus sarolaner; of these, 256 cats received three monthly treatments in the flea study. There were no serious adverse reactions to treatment with selamectin plus sarolaner; health issues noted were typical of the normal ailments or minor traumatic injuries expected in the general cat population and were similar in both treatment groups. Efficacy against fleas based on geometric (arithmetic) means was 97.2% (95.9%), 99.5% (99.4%), and 99.8% (99.8%) in the selamectin plus sarolaner group and was 79.7% (70.5%), 91.4% (77.3%), and 95.5% (87.4%) in the imidacloprid plus moxidectin group on Days 30, 60, and 90, respectively. Flea counts for the selamectin plus sarolaner group were significantly lower than the counts for the imidacloprid plus moxidectin group at all time-points after treatment administration on Day 0 (P < 0.001). Treatment reduced the clinical signs of flea allergy dermatitis (alopecia, dermatitis/pyodermatitis, erythema, pruritus, scaling, and papules) in affected cats by 86.7%-100% in the selamectin plus sarolaner group and by 66.7%-100% in the imidacloprid plus moxidectin group.Selamectin plus sarolaner (Revolution (R) Plus/Stronghold (R) Plus) administered topically at monthly intervals for three months was well tolerated and highly effective for the treatment and prevention of natural infestations of fleas on cats presented as veterinary patients. Clinical signs of flea allergy dermatitis improved in affected cats following treatment administration. A single topical treatment was also safe and highly effective for the treatment of ear mite infestations in naturally infested cats.Two randomised, single-masked, multi-center field studies were conducted in the United States in cats presented as veterinary patients. The first study evaluated the efficacy and safety of a topically applied formulation of selamectin plus sarolaner (Revolution (R) Plus/Stronghold (R) Plus, Zoetis) against natural flea infestations; the second study evaluated its efficacy against natural ear mite infestations. The product was administered topically by the cats' owners at the dose range provided in the market product of 6.0-12.0 mg selamectin and 1.0-2.0 mg sarolaner per kg bodyweight. Imidacloprid plus moxidectin (Advantage (R) Multi for Cats, Bayer) was used as a positive control in both studies at the label dosage. In the flea study, treatments were administered on Days 0, 30, and 60. Efficacy was calculated based on the mean percent reduction of live flea counts on Days 30, 60, and 90 relative to the pre-treatment count. In the ear mite study, a single treatment was applied on Day 0 and efficacy was determined on Days 14 and 30 based on the presence or absence of ear mites. In both studies, patients were randomly allocated to treatments in the ratio of 2:1, selamectin plus sarolaner: imidacloprid plus moxidectin.In the ear mite study, a single application of selamectin plus sarolaner resulted in the clearance of mites from 87.5% of cats within 14 days and 94.4% of cats within 30 days of treatment. The respective percentages of mite free cats in the imidacloprid plus moxidectin group were 64.0% and 72.0%. There were significantly more cats with no mites noted in the selamectin plus sarolaner group than in the imidacloprid plus moxidectin group on Day 14 and Day 30 (P <= 0.018).", "label": [0, 2, 18, 10]}
+{"token": "Changes in hydraulic architecture across a water availability gradient for two contrasting commercial Eucalyptus clones. The increase in global temperature results in changes in rainfall patterns and can cause structural and functional changes in trees. Each plant is forced to face hydraulic safety limits and adopt a behavior to regulate its water status. The objective of this work was to evaluate the changes in the hydraulic architecture of the xylem of commercial eucalyptus clones in order to distinguish the hydraulic adjustments in a wide gradient of water availability. Eucalyptus urophylla (A1) and E. grandis x E. camaldulensis (C3) clones at six years old at 4 sites in Brazil distributed in a rainfall gradient and in two water conditions were analyzed: control (100% of total local rainfall) and rainfall reduction (RR). Xylem traits were evaluated at annual intervals and averaged over the entire growth period of the seven trees sampled at each site and water condition. The sites influenced the clones, with the greatest effect being the rainfall reduction treatment in C3 on the vessel wall diameter, area and thickness, double wall thickness, conduction area, vessel composition index, theoretical and potential hydraulic conductivities, vessel implosion resistance and vulnerability. The rainfall reduction provided an increase of 12% in vessel density, 8% in the double vessel wall, and 27% in theoretical hydraulic conductivity in the drought-tolerant C3 clone. The vessel wall thickness in the A1 clone was more responsive with a 3% increase in rainfall reduction, with an effect on double-wall thickness and vessel implosion resistance. Other hydraulic adjustment strategies were observed, such as the highest occurrence of tylose and a tradeoff between vessel diameter and frequency for the C3 clone. The greater variation in wood density was explained by variations in the lumen area of the xylem vessels and by vessel implosion resistance.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Agricultural systems in Bangladesh: the first archaeobotanical results from Early Historic Wari-Bateshwar and Early Medieval Vikrampura. The present paper reports the first systematic archaeobotanical evidence from Bangladesh together with direct AMS radiocarbon dates on crop remains. Macro-botanical remains were collected by flotation from two sites, Wari-Bateshwar (WB), an Early Historic archaeological site, dating mainly between 400 and 100 BC, with a later seventh century AD temple complex, and Raghurampura Vikrampura (RV), a Buddhist Monastery (vihara) located within the Vikrampura city site complex and dating to the eleventh and sixteenth centuries AD. Despite being a tropical country, with high rainfall and intensive soil processes, our work demonstrates that conventional archaeobotany, the collection of macro-remains through flotation, has much potential towards putting together a history of crops and agricultural systems in Bangladesh. The archaeobotanical assemblage collected from both sites indicates the predominance of rice agriculture, which would have been practiced in summer. Spikelet bases are of domesticated type rice, while grain metrics suggest the majority of rice was probably subspecies japonica. The presence of some wetland weeds suggests at least some of the rice was grown in wet (flooded) systems, but much of it may have been rainfed as inferred from the Southeast Asian weed Acmella paniculata. Other crops include winter cereals, barley and possible oat, and small numbers of summer millets (Pennisetum glaucum, Sorghum bicolor, Setaria italica), a wide diversity of summer and winter pulses (14 spp.), cotton, sesame and mustard seed. Pulse crops included many known from India. Thus, while most crops indicate diffusion of crops from India eastwards, the absence of indica rice could also indicate some diffusion from Southeast Asia. The later site RV also produced evidence of the rice bean (Vigna umbellata), a domesticate of mainland Southeast Asia. These data provide the first empirical evidence for reconstructing past agriculture in Bangladesh and for the role of connections to both India and mainland Southeast Asia in the development of crop diversity in the Ganges delta region.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
+{"token": "The clergy in Spain in XVIth and XVIIth centuries. Historiography and last tendencies. We describe the investigations made about the Spanish clergy of XVI and XVII centuries, starting off of from pioneering work of Dominguez Ortiz, and pointing the different phases from the investigation, that will not have its great impulse until the Nineties of the last century. We indicate the aspects more treated by the historiography, like the impact of the catholic Reformation, the sociological aspects, the means of doctrinal diffusion used by the Church, and the answer of the people towards this propagandistical campaign.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Sleep Disordered Breathing in Patients With Prader-Willi Syndrome: A Multicenter Study. Objectives: Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is common in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and systematic screening is recommended, especially before growth hormone treatment. The aim of the study was to describe the baseline SDB and therapeutic interventions in a large cohort of patients. Study design: Retrospective study. Subject selection: Eighty-eight patients with PWS, median [interquartile range] age of 5.1 [1.0-14.5] years old (range 0.3-44.3), who were followed in three centers (France, Italy). Methodology: Anthropometrics, polygraphy (PG), and gas exchange data were analyzed. Results: Median body mass index (BMI) was 20 [16-34] kg/m(2), BMI z-score for patients aged 2-20 years old was 2.1 [1.2-2.8] SD, mixed-obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (MOAHI) 1.8[0.6-5.0] events/hr, and central apnea index (CAI) 0.1 [0.0-0.6] events/hr. Minimum pulse oximetry (SpO(2)) was 88 [84-91]%, percentage of time with SpO(2)<90%0.1 [0.0-1.0]%, and oxygen desaturation index 2 [1-4]/hr. An apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) >= 1.5 and >= 5 events/hr was observed in 53% of children and 41% of adults, respectively. No correlations were observed between MOAHI and anthropometrics data (age, BMI, BMI z-score), while MOAHI significantly correlated with SpO(2) indexes. Age and BMI only weakly correlated with SpO(2) indexes. Growth hormone could be initiated in 48 patients. Regarding post-PG therapy, 9 patients had upper airway surgery, and noninvasive CPAP/bilevel ventilation was started in 16 patients. Conclusions: Patients with PWS exhibit a high prevalence of SDB. The lack of association between obesity and SDB leads to hypothesize that hypotonia and/or facial dysmorphic features may play a major role in the occurrence of SDB. (C) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Aphid (Hemiptera : Aphididae) species composition and potential aphid vectors of plum pox virus in Pennsylvania peach orchards. Plum pox, an invasive disease recently identified in Pennsylvania stone fruit orchards, is caused by the aphid-transmitted Plum pox virus (genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae, PPV). To identify potential vectors, we described the aphid species communities and the seasonal dynamics of the dominant aphid species within Pennsylvania peach orchards. Aphids were trapped weekly in 2002 and 2003 from mid-April through mid-November within two central Pennsylvania orchards by using yellow and green water pan traps. In total, 42 aphid species were identified from both orchards over 2 yr. Within orchards, actual species richness ranged from 24 to 30 species. The Abundance Based Coverage Estimator predicted species richness to range from 30 to 36 species, indicating that trap catches were identifying most aphid species expected to occur in the orchard. Three species, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), Aphis spiraecola Patch, and Myzus persicae (Sulzer), were consistently dominant across locations and years. Orchard-trapped populations of these three species peaked in a similar chronological sequence each year. As expected, trap color influenced the total number and distribution of the predominate species collected. However, the same dominant species occurred in both yellow and green traps. Based on the seasonal population dynamics reported here and on published vector efficacy studies, the most probable significant PPV vector was identified as A. spiraecola. If the PPV pathogen escapes current quarantine or if subsequent reintroductions of PPV occur, these data will be useful for developing plum pox management strategies.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Fostering Innovation Performance of Russian Manufacturing Enterprises: New Opportunities and Limitations. The argument here is that policies that foster a stable regulatory environment attract innovation and investment, which helps augment the population of innovative firms. Such measures boost others more directly fostering innovation, especially new firms that need help in distributing risk.This paper is based on an autumn 2011 survey of top managers of more than 600 Russian industrial enterprises. The authors analyze the success of current instruments for fostering business innovation and and identify business demand for public policies. It focuses on factors hindering Russian firms' innovation, including the instable business climate and internal bureaucratization of business processes, which limit openness to innovation, and factors promoting it, strengthening competitiveness, improving public procurement, and reinforcing industrial standards. More than half of the managers of innovative companies observed effects of policies promoting innovation, although this observation was mainly by champions rather than outsiders. According to the respondents the maximum policy outreach is attributable in the survey to tax incentives. In this sense, policy tools that were appreciated were those contributing to the expansion of innovation activity than to its start. The productivity of innovation naturally depends on management quality.The tendency of respondents to appreciate import-substitution policy is associated here with their lack of export orientation for the hi-tech products they produce. Policies restraining foreign trade, however, should be avoided as providing an adverse incentive to innovate as well as worsening conditions for technology adoption and adjustment.Russian innovation policy has fostered considerable discussion: how to encourage innovation, what methods work best, and what institutional and resource bases are required, including a broad perception among decision-makers of the range of instruments commonly used. However, at the public level, by contrast with some local innovative projects, policy has not yet succeeded in finding an efficient way to leverage business innovation performance.", "label": [5, 49, 50]}
+{"token": "Density of Liquid Tantalum and Estimation of Critical Point Data. In order to determine the density of tantalum over the entire liquid phase (at the pressure applied) and several hundred K into the super-heated region, the method of ohmic pulse-heating was applied. For this purpose, images of the thermal radial expansion of the resistively heated sample wires were taken with an adapted CCD system. A newly integrated high-power photoflash and improved triggering of the experiment allowed the acquisition of high-contrast shadow images of the expanding wires. To reduce the uncertainty arising from simultaneous pyrometric temperature measurement, the change in normal spectral emissivity as a function of temperature was additionally taken into account. In this work, the density versus temperature relationship of tantalum is reported and compared to existing literature data. From the newly obtained liquid-phase density, critical point data of tantalum, such as critical temperature and critical density, were estimated via an extrapolation procedure. Furthermore, an estimate of the phase diagram in the density versus temperature plane is given. The work is concluded by a rigorous density uncertainty estimation according to the guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM).", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Never Ending Analysis of a Century Old Evolutionary Debate: 'Unringing' the Urmetazoon Bell. Our understanding of the early evolution of animals will be greatly improved if a final solution can be found to the evolutionary relationships between Porifera, Placozoa, Ctenophora, Cnidaria, and Bilateria. There have been many recent attempts to solve this key issue at the base of the metazoan tree of life, and these have sparked heated discussions and highlighted fundamental analytical problems. We argue that solving this problem will necessitate analysis of disparate data types, including phylogenomic data, larger scale genomic characters, developmental data, and morphological characters. At the least, morphological and developmental data must be used to cross-validate phylogenomic conclusions, but ideally solutions should be sought to the problems of combining disparate data sources with appropriate character weighting and algorithm choice.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Hip fractures in Norway 1999-2008: time trends in total incidence and second hip fracture rates. A NOREPOS study. Declining incidences of hip fractures are reported from western countries. Norway has among the highest rates in the world. The aim of this study was to investigate trends in total hip fracture rates in Norway between 1999 and 2008 and risk of second hip fractures. All hospitalizations given a hip fracture diagnosis code (International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 9 or ICD 10) (cervical, trochanteric or subtrochanteric) in Norwegian hospitals were retrieved with accompanying surgical procedure codes and additional diagnoses. A total of 93,123 hip fractures were identified between 1999 and 2008 in persons a parts per thousand yen50 years. Annual incidences of hip fractures were calculated and tested for trends. Rates of first and second hip fractures (2006-2008) were compared. The age-standardized total incidence of hip fracture decreased by 13.4 % (95 % confidence interval (CI): 11.0-15.6) in women and 4.8 % (95 % CI: 0.7, 8.7) in men. Age-adjusted rates of second hip fractures did not change in the observation period. In those with a prior hip fracture, the age-standardized risk of a subsequent hip fracture was 2.5-fold (95 % CI: 2.5, 2.6) in women, and 4.6-fold (95 % CI: 4.5, 4.7) in men. Total hip fracture rates declined in both genders during 1999-2008, whereas rates of second hip fractures did not change.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Interpreting interrater reliability coefficients of the Braden scale: A discussion. There are many studies investigating psychometric properties of the Braden scale, a scale that predicts the risk for pressure ulcers. The main focus of these studies is validity as opposed to reliability. In order to estimate the degree of interrater reliability a literature review revealed that numerous statistical approaches and coefficients were used (Pearson's product-moment correlation, Cohen's kappa, overall percentage of agreement, intraclass correlation). These coefficients were calculated for the individual items and the overall Braden score and were used inconsistently. The advantages and limitations of every coefficient are discussed and it is concluded that most of them are inappropriate measures. Therefore, estimating the degree of the Braden scale interrater reliability is limited to a certain extent. It is shown that the intraclass correlation coefficient is an appropriate statistical approach for calculating the interrater reliability of the Braden scale. It is recommended to present intraclass correlation coefficients in combination with the overall percentage of agreement. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Food Autonomy within Food Sovereignty: Evidence from a Structural Model. Food sovereignty as a model to solve food problems is being used in political, economic, and agricultural thought, but academic literature does not offer insight into its impact and the dimension of food autonomy. We have chosen to study Ecuador, given that, in 2008, the country reformed its constitution and adopted the concept of food sovereignty as a right of the Ecuadorian people, being the first country to do so. In this article, we apply the multiple indicators and multiple causes model to uncover scientific findings with the observable data available, and estimate the phenomenon of food sovereignty, which will be called the latent variable. The article aims to determine the main indicators associated with a synthetic index of food sovereignty and one that integrates a measurement model. In order to meet the goal of this research, eight hypotheses are raised, of which four are confirmatory and four are exploratory. The exploratory hypotheses are given because the theoretical foundations contradict themselves in favor of and against the latent variable. The findings of the statistical model relate to inflation, cereal yield, agricultural-value added, prevalence of malnutrition, food export, and food import as causes and indicators that are part of food sovereignty.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Dynamic transit accessibility and transit gap causality analysis. Public Transit Accessibility (PTA) analysis helps transit agencies and planners identify areas in need of transit service improvements and prioritize transit investments. To evaluate the accessibility of existing transit services and identify access gaps, it is critical to accurately estimate travel times between transit stops, which change throughout the day due to transit schedule variations. Commonly used methods in PTA ignore such temporal fluctuation. Moreover, these methods are unable to elucidate the causes of poor PTA. To address these issues, we first implemented an algorithm to effectively compute travel times at multiple departure times throughout the day in order to enable spatiotemporal PTA analysis. A series of indicators that are intuitive to interpret were developed to determine the varying causes of poor PTA and identify areas with immediate needs for improvements. We showcase the analytical framework using a transit network in the State of Utah operated by the Utah Transit Authority. The analysis is based solely on publicly-available open datasets, which makes it generally adaptable to other transit networks. Results can assist transit agencies with identifying areas in need of service improvement and prioritizing future investments. Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
+{"token": "Curatorial 'Translations': The Case of Marcel Duchamp's Green Box. In curatorial studies, translation is a trope that is beginning to define a mode of praxis, through which the mediating role of the curator has developed into a methodology that entails principles of categorization, montage, displacement and assembly. The artist Marcel Duchamp is famous for the popularization of such techniques in the modern and contemporary art context. Furthermore, the theme of translation informs interpretations of his art in differing and unexpected ways, as well as influencing its reception by English-speaking audiences. This article negotiates the tension between artist and curator and explores the concept of curatorial translation in three exhibitions of Duchamp's work. The Green Box (1934) - and its contentious presentation as a verbal exposition of the seminal piece, the Large Glass (1915-23) - is the key work through which this concept of translation will be examined.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "SOHO/SWAN observations of the structure and evolution of the hydrogen Lyman-alpha coma of Comet Hale-Bopp (1995 O1). The SWAN all-sky camera on the SOHO spacecraft observed the hydrogen Lyman-alpha coma of Comet Hale-Bopp (1995 O1) from January through May 1997, The observations covered heliocentric distances from 1.75 AU before perihelion to 1.29 AU after, showing the hydrogen coma to vary in brightness, shape, and orientation with the comet's orbital position. The water production rate of the comet was determined from an analysis of these images with a model that accounts for the detailed physics and chemistry. The model incorporates coma dynamics (expansion velocity and kinetic temperatures), which have been shown to be consistent with a variety of other observations. The distribution of brightness in the modeled images reproduces the absolute magnitude and distribution of brightness seen in the observations. We find that the maximum water production rate occurred about 2 weeks after perihelion, and that the magnitude and variation with time are consistent with other published observations which were analyzed in a consistent manner. (C) 2000 Academic Press.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Thermodynamic properties and electrical conductivity of copper and magnesium near critical point of liquid-vapor phase transition and metal-nonmetal transition. Study of thermodynamic parameters of copper and magnesium in near-critical point region of liquid-vapor phase transition and predicted metal-nonmetal transition was carried out. The measurements of electrical conductivity of the investigated metals after shock compression and expansion in gas (helium) medium at different final pressure were carried out. The electrical conductivity of expanded copper and magnesium is 10(4)-10(6) times lower than the electrical conductivity of ones under normal conditions. It was discovered that registration of time dependence of electrical resistivity of the expanded metals provides of estimating their density in the near-critical point region of liquid-vapor phase transition.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "From a Financial to an Entity Model of ESG. ESG investing evolved over time from the earlier concept of CSR. The process of evolution moved the focus from the external impact of corporate activities to the risk and return implications for financial investors of failing to address ESG issues in their portfolio selection and corporate engagement. The bridge between the two approaches was the framing of sustainability in the early part of the millennium as an overarching concept that could be mapped onto the supply of capital and the techniques employed by institutional investors. The financial model of ESG investing is now the standard approach around the world and is reflected in ESG ratings, codes, guidance and regulatory rules. It focuses on the role of capital and investors in driving change in sustainability practices and pays much less attention to the role of board decision-making and directors' fiduciary duties. In this research, we trace the origins and trajectory of this change in emphasis from CSR to ESG and attempt to explain why it occurred. We identify shortcomings in the financial model of ESG investing and propose an alternative 'entity' model, which we argue would more effectively promote sustainability in the corporate sector around the world.", "label": [3, 5, 48, 29]}
+{"token": "Archive Film Defect Detection and Removal: An Automatic Restoration Framework. In this paper, we present an automatic restoration system targeting on dirt and blotches in digitized archive films. The system is composed of mainly two modules: defect detection and defect removal. In defect detection, we locate the defects by combining temporal and spatial information across a number of frames. A hidden Markov model is trained for normal observation sequences and then applied within a framework to detect defective pixels. The resulting defect maps are refined in a two-stage false alarm elimination process and then passed over to the defect removal procedure. A labeled (degraded) pixel is restored in a multiscale framework by first searching the optimal replacement in its dynamically generated random-walk-based region of candidate pixel-exemplars and then updating all its features (intensity, motion, and texture). Finally, the proposed system is compared against the state-of-the-art methods to demonstrate improved accuracy in both detection and restoration using synthetic and real degraded image sequences.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
+{"token": "Processes and Microorganisms Involved in the Marine Nitrogen Cycle: Knowledge and Gaps. Nitrogen (N) is a key element for life in the oceans. It controls primary productivity in many parts of the global ocean, consequently playing a crucial role in the uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The marine N cycle is driven by multiple biogeochemical transformations mediated by microorganisms, including processes contributing to the marine fixed N pool (N-2 fixation) and retained N pool (nitrification, assimilation, and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia), as well as processes contributing to the fixed N loss (denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation and nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation). The N cycle maintains the functioning of marine ecosystems and will be a crucial component in how the ocean responds to global environmental change. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the marine microbial N cycle, the ecology and distribution of the main functional players involved, and the main impacts of anthropogenic activities on the marine N cycle.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
+{"token": "The Fourth National Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance Survey in Viet Nam. SETTING: Viet Nam's Fourth National Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance Survey was conducted in 2011.CONCLUSIONS: The fourth drug resistance survey in Viet Nam found that the proportion of MDR-TB among new and previously treated cases was not significantly different from that in the 2005 survey. The National TB Programme should prioritise the detection and treatment of MDR-TB to reduce transmission of MDR-TB in the community.RESULTS: A total of 1629 smear-positive tuberculosis (TB) patients were eligible for culture. Of these, DST results were available for 1312 patients, including 1105 new TB cases, 195 previously treated TB cases and 12 cases with an unknown treatment history. The proportion of cases with resistance to any drug was 32.7% (95%CI 29.1-36.5) among new cases and 54.2% (95 %CI 44.3-63.7) among previously treated cases. The proportion of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) cases was 4.0% (95%CI 2.5-5.4) in new cases and 23.3 (95%CI 16.7-29.9) in previously treated cases.METHODS: Eighty clusters were selected using a probability proportion to size approach. Drug susceptibility testing (DST) against the four main first-line antituberculosis drugs was performed.OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of resistance to the four main first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs in Viet Nam.", "label": [2, 22, 25]}
+{"token": "SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE SERVICE OF CULTURAL HERITAGE About the Convention for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage. While it is common to associate the protection of \\\\'culture\\\\' with \\\\'sustainable development\\\\' - the idea of conserving an element of heritage for the benefit of present and future generations is, in fact, inherent to both concepts - the classic definition of sustainable development and the content of this notion, as made explicit through certain foundational texts, generally bypass the importance of culture for the development of societies. However, there are close legal relationships which from now one bring both notions together, as witnessed in the recent developments in this area in international law. These normative aspects of change, which, in large measure, are based on an awareness of the inestimable contribution of culture to sustainable development in societies, have a tendency to bypass the other dimension in the relationship, namely the potential represented by the notion of sustainable development for the protection of cultures. By using the example of the conservation of the intangible cultural heritage, this contribution will explore this potential in three stages: first, by identifying the international legal instruments which have contributed to the explicit recognition of a link between culture and sustainable development (I); next, in specifying the conceptual and legal content of this notion of sustainable development to which are attached certain \\\\'principles of sustainable development\\\\' (II); and finally, moving to a critical analysis of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in light of these principles of sustainable development (III).", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Politics and the Judiciary in Contemporary Brazil: A Portrait of the Supreme Federal Court Based on its Representation in Folha de Sao Paulo Newspaper. The aim of this article is to discuss the visibility of Brazil's Supreme Federal Court (STF) based on its representation in the mass media. To do so, we describe how Folha de Sao Paulo (FSP) newspaper depicted the court's activities in the period from 1999 to 2014, focusing on the predominant type of coverage (whether political or legal), the subjects most frequently framed in terms of the institution, and the factors determining the representation. We discuss the extent to which the coverage traces the court's activities, examining which rulings were deemed newsworthy by analyzing the contents of 6,271 news items, using the data to problematize the shaping of the public image of the court and the way in which the media come to position the institution in the Brazilian political system. We conclude that the FSP shaped a predominantly political image of the STF, with this representation exacerbating the institution's personalization, the individual profiles of its ministers, and promoting an excessive emphasis on cases of anti-corruption judicialization.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Emotional labour: a case of gender-specific exploitation. In this paper, I argue that women are exploited in a gender-specific way. Women?s exploitation is gender-specific (i) if they are exploited in virtue of their social position within hierarchical gender relations and (ii) if the object of exploitation, the good that is transferred, is in a specific way linked to gender and as a result not adequately valued. This form of exploitation is unjustifiably overlooked by dominant accounts of exploitation. My argument proceeds in two steps. First, I will challenge dominant accounts for failing to accommodate gender-specific exploitation. Second, I will develop a positive account of gender-specific exploitation and use the case of emotional labour to illustrate this form of exploitation. A gender-specific account of exploitation will provide a new instrument to analyse how hierarchical gender relations are sustained and reproduced.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "New application of strontium isotopes reveals evidence of limited migratory behaviour in Late Cretaceous hadrosaurs. Dinosaur migration patterns are very difficult to determine, often relying solely on the geographical distribution of fossils. Unfortunately, it is generally not possible to determine if a fossil taxon's geographical distribution is the result of migration or simply a wide distribution. Whereas some attempts have been made to use isotopic systems to determine migratory patterns in dinosaurs, these methods have yet to achieve wider usage in the study of dinosaur ecology. Here, we have used strontium isotope ratios from fossil enamel to reconstruct the movements of an individual hadrosaur from Dinosaur Provincial Park in Alberta, Canada. Results from this study are consistent with a range or migratory pattern between Dinosaur Provincial Park and a contemporaneous locality in the South Saskatchewan River area, Alberta, Canada. This represents a minimum distance of approximately 80 km, which is consistent with migrations seen in modern elephants. These results suggest the continent-wide distribution of some hadrosaur species in the Late Cretaceous of North America is not the result of extremely long-range migratory behaviours.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
+{"token": "Practice of family-centred care in intensive care units before the COVID-19-pandemic: A cross-sectional analysis in German-speaking countries. Conclusion: The majority reported that family-centred care policies had been implemented in their units, including open visiting policies, allowing children as visitors without age restriction and other family centred care activities. (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.Methods/Design: Online-survey with a mixed methods approach. Leading clinicians (n = 1943) from German-speaking countries were invited to participate. Outcomes included the percentage of intensive care units with open visiting policies, age restrictions, family-centred care activities and barriers. Setting: Paediatric, mixed and adult unitsObjectives: To provide insights into visiting policies and family-centred care practices with a focus on children as visitors in Intensive Care Units in German-speaking countries.Results: In total, 19.8% (n = 385) of the clinicians responded. Open visiting times were reported by 36.3% (n = 117), with significant differences between paediatric (79.2%), adult (21.3%) and mixed-age (41.2%) units (p < 0.01). Two-thirds of clinicians stated that their units had no age restrictions for children as visitors (n = 221, 68.4%). The family-centred care activities most frequently implemented were open visiting times and dissemination of information. Significantly more German units have open visiting policies and more Swiss units allow children as visitors, compared to the other countries (both p < 0.001). Barriers to family-centred care were concerns about children being traumatized, infection and workload.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Understanding Cultural Diversity Policymaking by Exploring its Tools at the Urban Level. Cities are important grounds for cultural diversity, both in terms of perception and impact of diversity, and in terms of political and cultural reproduction. Nonetheless comparative studies with an urban focus are limited, partly due to methodological difficulties. The paper proposes to explore a policy tool approach in order to detect and compare given characteristics of cultural diversity policymaking at the urban level and to compare them internationally. Drawing on relevant examples of grant use to support cultural diversity in four European and American cities, the paper discusses how cultural diversity policy is conceived and fosters public action in the urban environment according to the policy tool adopted. This concept allows the technical and political dimensions of cultural diversity policy to be analysed and compared, and requires further attention both in the academic and policy debate.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Hirschsprung's Disease Prevalence in Europe: A Register Based Study. Background: Hirschsprung's disease is a congenital gut motility disorder, characterised by the absence of the enteric ganglion cells along the distal gut. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of Hirschsprung's disease, including additional congenital anomalies, total prevalence, trends, and association with maternal age. Methods: Cases of Hirschsprung's disease delivered during 1980 to 2009 notified to 31 European Surveillance of Congenital Anomaly registers formed the population-based case-series. Prevalence rates and 95% confidence intervals were calculated as the number of cases per 10,000 births. Multilevel Poisson regression was performed to investigate trends in prevalence, geographical variation and the association with maternal age. Results: There were 1,322 cases of Hirschsprung's disease among 12,146,210 births. The total prevalence was 1.09 (95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.15) per 10,000 births and there was a small but significant increase in prevalence over time (relative risk = 1.01; 95% credible interval, 1.00-1.02; p = 0.004). There was evidence of geographical heterogeneity in prevalence (p < 0.001). Excluding 146 (11.0%) cases with chromosomal anomalies or genetic syndromes, there were 1,176 cases (prevalence = 0.97; 95% confidence interval, 0.91-1.03 per 10,000 births), of which 137 (11.6%) had major structural anomalies. There was no evidence of a significant increased risk of Hirschsprung's disease in cases born to women aged >= 35 years compared with those aged 25 to 29 (relative risk = 1.09; 95% credible interval, 0.91-1.31; p = 0.355). Conclusion: This large population-based study found evidence of a small increasing trend in Hirschsprung's disease and differences in prevalence by geographic location. There was also no evidence of an association with maternal age. (C) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 42]}
+{"token": "Explaining change in the international agro-food system. This article serves as an introduction to the collection that follows. The articles engage with theoretical debates around the restructuring of international agro-food systems with particular emphasis on advanced industrial economies. This introductory article outlines the nature of recent changes in agro-food systems, introduces the contemporary debates around the causes and consequences of restructuring processes and identifies three arenas of creative tension which concern: the relationship between global processes and local change; the characterization of production systems as Fordist or flexibly specialist; and the relationship between political economy and micro-sociological perspectives.", "label": [5, 49, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "The effect of sand-bed filtration on the oxygen demand characteristics of wastewaters from domestic, institutional and industrial sources. Wastewaters from three different sources, private residence (domestic), medical clinic (institutional) and polymer industry (industrial) were characterised for their pollution potentials. The results of analysis show pH of 7.6, 6.5 and 6.3 for domestic, institutional and industrial wastewater, respectively. The DO, BOD and COD was found to be 4.01, 66 and 114 mg/l for the domestic wastewater, 3.70, 88.6 and 196.8 mg/l for the institutional wastewater and 3.60, 234 and 567 mg/l for the industrial wastewater. Solids concentration were 391.8 mg/l TS, 381 mg/l TSS and 10.8 mg/l TDS for the domestic wastewater; the institutional wastewater gave 1123 mg/l TS, 893 mg/l TSS and 230 mg/l TDS; while the solids present in the industrial wastewater are 674 mg/l TS, 554 mg/l TSS and 120 mg/l TDS. The total bacteria count (TBC) per 100 ml sample was 3.5 x 10(3), 4.6 x 10(6) and 6.0 x 10(6) for domestic, institutional and industrial wastewater respectively. The effect of sand-bed filtration on these characteristics were also studied and it was found that while sand-bed filtration increases the values of DO, while the values of BOD and COD were reduced accordingly. It is however recommended that oxygen demand tests should be combined with other test like bacteriological to ascertain the quality and hence the portability of water abstracted for uses.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Gorham-Stout syndrome presenting in a 5-year-old girl with a successful bisphosphonate therapeutic effect. Gorham-Stout syndrome (GSS), also known as Gorham-Stout disease, massive osteolysis, disappearing bone disease or phantom bone, is a rare disorder of the musculoskeletal system. It most commonly involves the skull, shoulder and pelvic girdle. Histological examination reveals a progressive osteolysis always associated with an angiomatosis of blood vessels and sometimes of lymphatics, which seemingly is responsible for the destruction of the bone. It is extremely rare that Gorham-Stout syndrome involves the bones of the entire body. A 5-year-old girl complaining of intermittent and dull back pain for 3 months was admitted to a local hospital. X-ray revealed left pleural effusion, and the patient was diagnosed with tuberculous pleurisy. Thus, anti-tuberculosis therapy was performed. However, it was not effective. A soft mass with significant tenderness was found in the upper segment of the right leg 50 days afterwards. X-ray revealed multiple osteolysis of the bilateral clavicle, scapula, rib, vertebral body, ilium, sacrum, femur and tibia. The biopsy from the right tibia disclosed that the lesion was composed of hyperplastic blood vessels and fibrous tissues similar to hemangioma. Based on the above clinical, radiological and histopathological findings, the clinical physician confirmed a diagnosis of Gorham-Stout disease, and prescribed oral anti-osteoclastic medications consisting of bisphosphonates. At present, the girl is alive and healthy, and new lesions have not been noted.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "The Visual Turn in Academic Research and University Study Programs in Lithuania. Visual turn and replacement of linear sequential communication with visual analogues cause growing variety of scopic regimes and interest in the topic of visuality. This interest is particularly apparent in Lithuanian academic magazines Santalka (CoactiviO) and Creativity Studies (former Limes), which are devoted to the topics of philosophy, creative industries and communication within the creative society. The role of images in mass medias, creative industries, advertisement, urban planning, social mapping, various scopic regimes are often analyzed in Lithuanian academic discourse. Traditional university disciplines (art history and theory, culture studies and philosophy) are replaced by new, unconventional study programs, such as Creative Industries, Entertainment Industries, New Media Art, Visual Communication etc. Students are learning how to generate images and to understand how they function in mass media, advertising, public relations, public show organization, creative project coordination and other creative industries.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Row spacing affects grain yield and other agronomic characters of proso millet. Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), a short-season summer annual with excellent water-use efficiency, is well adapted to crop production systems in semi-arid environments. It is used as an emergency crop or as a rotation crop in a three-year rotation with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Row spacing and cultivar may impact the success of proso millet in the semi-arid Great Plains. Six row spacings; 15, 19, 23, 30, 38, and 46 cm, were compared in three environments; conventional tillage irrigated, conventional tillage dryland, and no-tillage dryland. These plots were evaluated at two different weed density levels: weedy (allowed all weeds to grow in the plots during the growing period) and weed-free (did not allow any weeds during the growing period). These trials were conducted in 1995 at the High Plains Agriculture Lab, Sidney, Nebraska (latitude 41 degrees 16' North and longitude 103 degrees 00' West) at an elevation of 1250 m. Proso millet responded to changes in row spacing. Grain yield, tiller number, and straw weight decreased as row spacing increased while seed weight and plant height increased with row spacing. Seed weight increased with row spacing at all row spacings in the irrigated treatment while in the dryland sites, the increase was only at the narrower row spacing. The relatively light weed pressure in all but the no-till treatment reduced the effect of weeds in the response of grain yield to row spacing. Even in the no-till treatment, row spacing had little influence on weed weight. Narrow rows were superior for grain yield and weed control. In areas of limited moisture, however, 15 cm appears to be too narrow. Thus, 19 cm would appear to be a better choice of row spacing for areas where drought is likely.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 7, 36, 9]}
+{"token": "A study of the LiNH2-MgH2 system for solid state hydrogen storage. The influence of different high energy milling times and of the addition of catalysts such as Nb2O5, TiCl3 and graphite on the hydrogen absorption/desorption (AID) kinetics of a mixture of 2LiNH(2) + 1.1MgH(2) has been studied in the temperature range 220-240 degrees C. It is found that a prolonged milling time is effective in improving the A/D kinetics, irrespective of the presence or not of any kind of tested additive. The enthalpy of decomposition reaction results to be about 40.4 kJ/mol, as derived from van't Hoff plot using the values of the plateau pressures measured in desorption mode. This thermodynamic parameter fits well with the current literature data. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "What Explains Racial/Ethnic Inequality in Job Quality in the Service Sector?. Precarious work in the United States is defined by economic and temporal dimensions. A large literature documents the extent of low wages and limited fringe benefits, but research has only recently examined the prevalence and consequences of unstable and unpredictable work schedules. Yet practices such as on-call shifts, last minute cancellations, and insufficient work hours are common in the retail and food-service sectors. Little research has examined racial/ethnic inequality in this temporal dimension of job quality, yet precarious scheduling practices may be a significant, if mostly hidden, site for racial/ethnic inequality, because scheduling practices differ significantly between firms and because front-line managers have substantial discretion in scheduling. We draw on innovative matched employer-employee data from The Shift Project to estimate racial/ethnic gaps in these temporal dimensions of job quality and to examine the contribution of firm-level sorting and intra-organizational dynamics to these gaps. We find significant racial/ethnic gaps in exposure to precarious scheduling that disadvantage non-white workers. We provide novel evidence that both firm segregation and racial discordance between workers and managers play significant roles in explaining racial/ethnic gaps in job quality. Notably, we find that racial/ethnic gaps are larger for women than for men.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Contracting in a newsvendor problem. Purpose - Contracting is an important issue in supply chain management. In this paper, the authors aim to discuss and compare the manufacturer's contracting options when the retailer faces a traditional newsvendor problem with a fixed retail price: a wholesale price only contract, a wholesale price discount contract, a returns policy contract, and a returns policy with the wholesale price discount contract. The paper also aims to examine how these contracting options affect decisions of the manufacturer and the retailer, as well as the supply chain efficiency.Design/methodology/approach - Models are developed based on the manufacturer's four contracting options. The manufacturer's optimal wholesale prices have been obtained. The ordering decisions of the retailer are discussed in each of the manufacturer's four contracting options. The paper also uses numerical examples to illustrate the author's managerial insights and results.Findings - As compared to the wholesale price only contract, it is found that implementing a wholesale price discount policy effectively encourages the retailer to order more product and enhances the retailer's profit at the expense of lowering the manufacturer's profit. It is also found that when the manufacturer offers a returns policy and if this policy cannot enhance the retailer's profit, a returns policy with the wholesale price discount contract can lead to a win-win situation for both the manufacturer and the retailer.Originality/value - The research provides managerial insights on how different contracts affect decisions and efficiency of the supply chain.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Multizonal thermochemical modelling of heavy metal transfer in incineration plants. In the work at hand, a multizonal thermochemical process model of an incineration plant is developed. The chemical reactions within the incinerator are modelled as a sequence of thermochemical equilibria. Reaction kinetic as well as mass transport related inhibitions are accounted for by choosing a proper model structure.Heavy metals enter an incineration plant as trace components in the fuel and are inhomogeneously distributed into the ash streams exiting the plant. Their concentration in the respective ash streams mainly depends on their chemical properties, especially on their volatility. Several authors already modelled the chemical state within an incinerator by one single thermochemical equilibrium calculation and achieved qualitative characterization of the heavy metals' behavior.Test calculations for a waste and a biomass fired incinerator show that the model is capable of simulating the distribution of As, Cd, and Sn into the ash streams with better quantitative accuracy compared to the abovementioned single-equilibrium approach. The distribution of Cu and Pb is found to be closely coupled to the volatility of Cl on the grate. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Institution of Chemical Engineers.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Doctrine and violence: The impact of combatant training on civilian killings. Military theorists and practitioners have long argued that training shapes how combatants treat civilians during war. Yet there is little systematic evidence regarding the impact of training on wartime behavior, and almost none for non-state armed groups, despite the fact that such groups intensively train their fighters in order to shape their behavior towards civilian populations. This article argues that among insurgent groups that emphasize the strategic and tactical importance of restraint towards civilian populations, political training can reduce civilian killings. We test the observable implications of our theory in the case of Colombia, using survey data on former Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) insurgents and sub-national data on civilian killings. We find support for our hypothesis, with results that are robust to a range of model specifications and controls, including alternate sources of combatant discipline and obedience, such as military training and punishment.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "Allelic polymorphism and site-specific recombination in the opc locus of Neisseria meningitidis. The ope gene is widespread in epidemic and endemic Neisseria meningitidis, but most strains of certain epidemic clones (ET-37 complex, Cluster A4) and a few random endemic isolates lack an ope gene. Four percent of the 1148 bp that contain ope plus the surrounding intergenic region was polymorphic (18 alleles), and many of the alleles contained a 230 bp insertion at a fixed location in the intergenic region. The presence or absence of the insertion reflects site-specific recombination. The alleles are stably inherited within clonal groupings for up to at least 50 years, with rare cases of horizontal genetic exchange. Most statistical methods indicated significant intragenic recombination events within this dataset.", "label": [4, 43, 42]}
+{"token": "Constraints on modified Gauss-Bonnet gravity during big bang nucleosynthesis. Modified gravity is considered to be one of the possible explanations of the accelerated expansions of the present and the early universe. We study the effects of modified gravity on big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN). If the effects of modified gravity are significant during the BBN epoch, they should be observed as changes of primordial light element abundances. We assume a f(G) term with the Gauss-Bonnet term G, during the BBN epoch. A power-law relation of df/dG proportional to t(p) where t is the cosmic time was assumed for the function f(G) as an example case. We solve time evolutions of physical variables during BBN in the f(G) gravity model numerically, and we analyzed the calculated results. It is found that a proper solution for the cosmic expansion rate can be lost in some parameter region. In addition, we show that calculated results of primordial light element abundances can be significantly different from observational data. Especially, observational limits on the primordial D abundance leads to the strongest constraint on the f(G) gravity. We then derive constraints on parameters of the f(G) gravity taking into account the existence of the solution of expansion rate and final light element abundances.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "SEMANTIC MEMORY FOR MUSIC IN DEMENTIA. THERE IS CURRENTLY LIMITED INFORMATION ABOUT THE effects of dementia diseases on semantic memory for music: memory for musical objects and concepts. Here we review available evidence and emerging research directions in semantic memory for music in the degenerative dementias. Neurodegenerative pathologies affect distributed brain networks and can therefore provide a perspective on musical semantic memory that complements the traditional neuropsychological paradigm of the focal brain lesion. Recent work suggests that semantic memory for music may be fractionated and may share certain cognitive organizational principles with semantic memory for other kinds of material. Profiles of impairment on different dimensions of musical semantic memory may show some specificity for particular dementia diseases (for example, semantic dementia versus Alzheimer's disease).", "label": [3, 5, 30, 55]}
+{"token": "Aperiodically Driven Integrable Systems and Their Emergent Steady States. Does a closed quantum many-body system that is continually driven with a time-dependent Hamiltonian finally reach a steady state? This question has only recently been answered for driving protocols that are periodic in time, where the long-time behavior of the local properties synchronizes with the drive and can be described by an appropriate periodic ensemble. Here, we explore the consequences of breaking the time-periodic structure of the drive with additional aperiodic noise in a class of integrable systems. We show that the resulting unitary dynamics leads to new emergent steady states in at least two cases. While any typical realization of random noise causes eventual heating to an infinite-temperature ensemble for all local properties in spite of the system being integrable, noise that is self-similar in time leads to an entirely different steady state (which we dub the \\\\'geometric generalized Gibbs ensemble\\\\') that emerges only after an astronomically large time scale. To understand the approach to the steady state, we study the temporal behavior of certain coarse-grained quantities in momentum space that fully determine the reduced density matrix for a subsystem with size much smaller than the total system. Such quantities provide a concise description for any drive protocol in integrable systems that are reducible to a free-fermion representation.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Effects of solid aerosols on partially glaciated clouds. Sensitivity tests were conducted using a state-of-the-art aerosol-cloud to investigate the key microphysical and dynamical mechanisms by which solid aerosols affect glaciated clouds. The tests involved simulations of two contrasting cases of deep convectiona tropical maritime case and a midlatitude continental case, in which solid aerosol concentrations were increased from their pre-industrial (1850) to their present-day (2010) levels. In the midlatitude continental case, the boosting of the number concentrations of solid aerosols weakened the updrafts in deep convective clouds, resulting in reduced snow and graupel production. Consequently, the cloud fraction and the cloud optical thickness increased with increasing ice nuclei (IN), causing a negative radiative flux change at the top of the atmosphere (TOA), that is, a cooling effect of -1.96 +/- 0.29W/m(2). On the other hand, in the tropical maritime case, increased ice nuclei invigorated upper-tropospheric updrafts in both deep convective and stratiform clouds, causing cloud tops to shift upwards. Snow production was also intensified, resulting in reduced cloud fraction and cloud optical thickness, hence a positive radiative flux change at the TOAa warming effect of 1.02 +/- 0.36W/m(2) was predicted.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Tweet Me Your First Assaults': Writing Shame and the Rhetorical Work of #NotOkay. This essay features a study of the #NotOkay Twitter thread, which arose as a response to the Access Hollywood Trump tape and comprises thousands of tweets by women who describe their first experience of sexual assault. I analyze this hashtag as an act of what Elspeth Probyn calls writing shame. I first trace the cultural habitus of emotion around sexual assault and harassment, which teaches survivors to internalize shame and normalizes assault. I then examine how #NotOkay contributorsboth before and after the electionparticipate in writing shame, a practice that does the following rhetorical work: serves as an invitational space for women to rewrite assault-related shame; revises the locus of shame from the individual to the culture that shames; and generates calls to transform this emotional and rhetorical sphere.", "label": [3, 5, 28, 52, 32]}
+{"token": "The Israelopalestine Diction in Two Poems by Dahlia Ravikovitch. What is necessary to see through a seemingly limited and limiting window? The Israeli poet Dahlia Ravikovitch offers us, through her poetic instruments, her discursive and poetic experiences on Israeli-Palestinian relations in chronic personal, cultural and political confrontations through thousands of years, worsening in the 20th and 21st centuries. This study, in this aesthetic-social context will analyze two poems of this activist artist that are: \\\\'The Tale of the Arab Who Died by Fire\\\\' and \\\\'The Baby Can not Be Killed Twice\\\\'. Poems that deal with the ethical and aesthetic positioning of a large Israeli social segment in the framework of the living metaphor and of the minor literature in the face of possible dialogues with Palestinian society that hybridizes identity aspects.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Filament tip-associated antigens involved in adherence to and invasion of murine pulmonary epithelial cells in vivo and HeLa cells in vitro by Nocardia asteroides. The interactions of Nocardia asteroides GUH-2 with pulmonary epithelial cells of C57BL/6 mice and with HeLa cells were studied. Electron microscopy demonstrated that only the tips of log-phase cells penetrated pulmonary epithelial cells following intranasal administration, and nocardiae were recovered from the brain, Coccobacillary cells neither invaded nor disseminated. Serum from immunized mice (IMS) decreased attachment to and penetration of pulmonary epithelial cell surfaces by log-phase GUH-2 and inhibited spread to the brain. IMS was adsorbed against stationary-phase cells, Western immunoblots suggested that this adsorbed IMS was reactive primarily with 43- and 62-kDa proteins. Immunofluorescence shelved that adsorbed IMS preferentially labeled the tips of log-phase GUH-2 cells. Since this IMS was reactive to culture filtrate antigens, several of these proteins were cut from gels, and mice were immunized. Sera against 62-, 55-, 43-, 36-, 31-, and 25-kDa antigens were obtained. The antisera against the 43- and 36-kDa proteins labeled the filament tips of GUH-2 cells. Only the antiserum against the 43-kDa antigen increased pulmonary clearance, inhibited epical attachment to and penetration of pulmonary epithelial cells, and prevented spread to the brain. An in vitro model with Hr La cells demonstrated that the tips of log-phase cells of GUH-2 adhered to and penetrated the surface of HeLa cells. Invasion assays with amikacin treatment demonstrated that nocardiae were internalized, Adsorbed IMS blocked attachment to and invasion of these tells. These data suggested that a filament tip-associated 43-kDa protein was involved in attachment to and invasion of pulmonary epithelial cells and HeLa tells by N. asteroides oides GUH-3.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
+{"token": "Is macroeconomics dead? Monetary and fiscal policy in historical context. There was no macroeconomic policy in the classical system of economic thought. Monetary policy was determined without discretion within the Gold Standard, and budget outcomes were guided by a 'balanced budget rule'. Intellectual and policy support for the classical rules evaporated when large shocks upset the classical adjustment mechanisms and led to high and persistent unemployment. For a number of decades after Keynes's general theory, discretionary adjustment of fiscal and monetary policy to maintain balance between supply capacity of the economy and demand replaced the classical rules. This has now, in turn, been replaced by a variation on the classical theme. A 'goods and services standard, designed to keep inflation steady and low, a freely floating exchange rate, and a 'small, steady budget surplus' are the elements of the new system in Australia. This has worked well enough in the particular circumstances of the past one and a half decades, but would be vulnerable to a reversal of recent Australian good fortune in its terms of trade.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Mucocutaneous nasal histoplasmosis in an immunocompetent dog. Background Histoplasma (H.) capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus, and infection is typically via inhalation of microconidia. After conversion to the yeast phase within the lung, the organism is subsequently disseminated to other tissues by macrophages. Nasal histoplasmosis appears to be a rare condition in dogs. Case presentation We report the clinical case of a 4.5-year-old male neutered Cocker spaniel/Poodle mix, 7.7 kg, body condition score 6/9, that presented with a 3-month history of sneezing and left-sided mucoid nasal discharge. The history also included a mild swelling (transient) of the right carpus with a lameness (grade II-III/IV), coinciding with the onset of sneezing and nasal discharge. The dog lived primarily indoors in the Texas Gulf Coast area. On physical examination, the dog was febrile, and the left nostril was swollen, ulcerative, deformed, and hypopigmented. Mandibular lymph nodes were firm and mildly enlarged bilaterally. Mild lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and hyperglobulinemia were noted. Thoracic radiographs were unremarkable. Computed tomography and rhinoscopy revealed swelling of the rostral portion of the left and right nasal passages. Cytology and histology of biopsies of the affected nasal tissue showed pyogranulomatous inflammation and yeast organisms consistent with H. capsulatum. Weak antigenuria was detected on the MVista H. capsulatum antigen test. Treatment with oral itraconazole led to a resolution of the nasal signs and normalization of the appearance of the nostril over 13 weeks, and neither antigenuria nor antigenemia was detected on several recheck examinations. The dog remained in good general and physical condition and showed no signs of disease recurrence more than 6 years after the last examination. Conclusion We report a rare case of nasal mucocutaneous histoplasmosis in an immunocompetent dog, with an excellent clinical response to oral itraconazole. This case documents that histoplasmosis in dogs can affect primarily the nasal cavity, which responds rapidly to triazole antifungal therapy and has a good prognosis. A similar case has only been reported in human medicine in a young adult.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Antioxidants: Positive or Negative Actors?. The term antioxidant is one of the most confusing definitions in biological/medical sciences. In chemistry, antioxidant is simply conceived a compound that removes reactive species, mainly those oxygen-derived, while in a cell context, the conceptual definition of an antioxidant is poorly understood. Indeed, non-clinically recommended antioxidants are often consumed in large amounts by the global population, based on the belief that cancer, inflammation and degenerative diseases are triggered by high oxygen levels (or reactive oxygen species) and that through blocking reactive species production, organic unbalances/disorders can be prevented and/or even treated. The popularity of these chemicals arises in part from the widespread public mistrust of allopathic medicine. In fact, reactive oxygen species play a dual role in dealing with different disorders, since they may contribute to disease onset and/or progression but may also play a key role in disease prevention. Further, the ability of the most commonly used supplements, such as vitamins C, E, selenium, and herbal supplements to decrease pathologic reactive oxygen species is not clearly established. Hence, the present review aims to provide a nuanced understanding of where current knowledge is and where it should go.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "The Effects of Leniency on Cartel Pricing. We analyze how leniency affects cartel pricing in an infinitely repeated oligopoly model where the fine rates are linked to illegal gains and detection probabilities depend on the degree of collusion. A novel aspect of this study is that we focus on the worst possible outcome. We investigate the maximal cartel price, the largest price for which the conditions for sustainability hold. We analyze how the maximal cartel price supported by different cartel strategies adjusts in response to the introduction of (ex-ante and ex-post) leniency programs. We disentangle the effects of traditional antitrust enforcement, leniency, and cartel strategies on the maximal cartel price. Ex-ante leniency cannot reduce the maximal cartel price below the price under antitrust without leniency. On the other hand, for ex-post leniency, improvement is possible and granting full immunity to single-reporting firms achieves the largest reduction in the maximal cartel price. To reduce adverse effects under both leniency programs, fine reductions to multiple-reporting firms should be moderate or absent. Finally, ex-post leniency should provide less generous fine reductions to multiple-reporting firms, which is supported by the current practice in the US and the EU.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Thermal stability of metallizations on GaN/AlxGa1-xN/GaN heterostructures. This study examines two different forms of thermal stability of gate metallizations on GaN/AlxGa1-xN/GaN heterostructures: long-term anneals at moderate temperatures (accelerated ageing) and high-temperature rapid thermal anneals (commonly used for ohmic contact formation). The metallizations Re, Pt, Pd, An, Ni, Ni/Au, Ni/Ga/Ni, Co and Co/Au were selected based on criteria associated with thermodynamic predictions and the metal work function. Long-term (200 h) thermal stability experiments for unpassivated samples annealed at 500 degrees C within a tube furnace revealed very good thermal stability of Pt/Au diodes. In addition, Re and Ni/Ga/Ni Schottky diodes may also provide thermally stable gate metallizations for high-temperature devices. As a result of short-term annealing, all metals tested apart from Au and Re yielded stable diodes when annealed for 60 s up to 400 degrees C. Re contacts showed increases in reverse current densities after annealing at temperatures between 400 and 600 degrees C, with a dramatic return to as-deposited values following an anneal at 800 degrees C for 60 s. Upon longer-term annealing at 800 degrees C for 10 min, dissolution of Ga into the Re film and complete loss of the thin GaN cap on the heterostructure were observed, resulting in the Re metal and underlying AlxGa1-xN layer making direct contact.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Fibrinolysis protease receptors promote activation of astrocytes to express pro-inflammatory cytokines. Background Astrocytes contribute to the crosstalk that generates chronic neuro-inflammation in neurological diseases; however, compared with microglia, astrocytes respond to a more limited continuum of innate immune system stimulants. Recent studies suggest that the fibrinolysis system may regulate inflammation. The goal of this study was to test whether fibrinolysis system components activate astrocytes and if so, elucidate the responsible biochemical pathway. Methods Primary cultures of astrocytes and microglia were prepared from neonatal mouse brains. The ability of purified fibrinolysis system proteins to elicit a pro-inflammatory response was determined by measuring expression of the mRNAs encoding tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2). I kappa B alpha phosphorylation also was measured. Plasminogen activation in association with cells was detected by chromogenic substrate hydrolysis. The activity of specific receptors was tested using neutralizing antibodies and reagents. Results Astrocytes expressed pro-inflammatory cytokines when treated with plasminogen but not when treated with agonists for Toll-like Receptor-4 (TLR4), TLR2, or TLR9. Microglia also expressed pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to plasminogen; however, in these cells, the response was observed only when tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) was added to activate plasminogen. In astrocytes, endogenously produced urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) converted plasminogen into plasmin in the absence of tPA. Plasminogen activation was dependent on the plasminogen receptor, alpha-enolase, and the uPA receptor, uPAR. Although uPAR is capable of directly activating cell-signaling, the receptor responsible for cytokine expression and I kappa B alpha phosphorylation response to plasmin was Protease-activated Receptor-1 (PAR-1). The pathway, by which plasminogen induced astrocyte activation, was blocked by inhibiting any one of the three receptors implicated in this pathway with reagents such as epsilon ACA, alpha-enolase-specific antibody, uPAR-specific antibody, the uPA amino terminal fragment, or a pharmacologic PAR-1 inhibitor. Conclusions Plasminogen may activate astrocytes for pro-inflammatory cytokine expression through the concerted action of at least three distinct fibrinolysis protease receptors. The pathway is dependent on uPA to activate plasminogen, which is expressed endogenously by astrocytes in culture but also may be provided by other cells in the astrocytic cell microenvironment in the CNS.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "A Pilgrimage to the Disneyland of Faith. As part of a course considering \\\\'American Democracy in Theory and Practice,\\\\' we took 36 students to Rick Warren's Saddleback Church in Lake Forest, California. During that visit, students observed a community that seeks self-sufficiency and yet proves to be simultaneously responsive to and reflective of American democracy more broadly. Specifically, in a few short hours, they were able to see the virtues of civic association, the difficulty of respecting individualism in large-scale polities, the influence of regional identity, and the two-way interaction between politics and culture all themes that featured prominently in our course. We offer this reflection to suggest the pedagogical benefits of showing the tensions of American politics in action and to encourage colleagues to consider integrating similar ventures into their own courses.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Automated hematology analysers and spurious counts. Hematology analysers provide now quick, accurate, and reproducible cell blood counts. However, depending on detection methods, spurious counts may occur. If undetected, such spurious counts may lead to inappropriate medical care and to unneeded explorations. Focusing first on platelet counts, situations leading to spurious decrease include several preanalytical considerations, the major one corresponding to EDTA-induced platelet aggregation and to platelet satellitism around polymorphs. In other instances, related to the presence of small particles mimicking platelets, including fragmented red blood cells, lipids, cryoglobulins, fibrin strands, or cytoplasmic fragments of leukocytes, spurious elevation of platelet count may occur. According to the analyser and to the methods used for the determination of the cell blood count, flags or messages related to these spurious changes differ. For each spurious change, the authors describe the mechanism leading to the anomaly, the way the analysers generate flags, and what should be done to provide accurate results.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "Construction of a Canadian Yachting in the 19th Century; Cultural transfers across the Atlantic. French yachting, torn between British norms and American references, prompts the question of whether other racing nations are experiencing identical processes. The study of yachting in Canada seems interesting from this point of view. We will try to understand how sailing practices have been constructed in Canada. What relationship do French-Canadian sailors have with their English-speaking counterparts? What are their models for making racing rules or building sailboats: British, French or nearby American standards? Has a Canadian system developed? Above all, we will try to show the issues underlying the sailing activity. The hypothesis that can be formulated is that of a practice that was able to combine the political, territorial and ethnic issues of Canada and to forge its identity on plural bases combining the codes defended by the Francophones, the norms carried by the Anglophones and the innovations coming from the United States.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Community science reveals biennial irruptive migration in the White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis). The White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis) is usually considered a resident species, despite occasional reports of local movement. We show that the eastern North American population engages in regular, approximately biennial irruptive migration that extends from the northern edge of the range to as far south as the mid-Atlantic states. Both adults and juveniles take part, and neither sex nor age proportions differ between years with or without irruption. The biennial pattern is detectable in daily counts at migration concentration sites and, more subtly, across the landscape as reflected by a variety of broad-scale community science initiatives. Within northeastern North America, indices of irruption from all data sources were negatively correlated with indices of soft mast production by plant species monitored across southern and central Ontario. Perturbation in the biennial pattern of irruption coincided with change in the pattern of plant masting. Size of the breeding population was unrelated to size of irruption in the same fall, unlike the case for the Red-breasted Nuthatch (S. canadensis). The geographic scale and regular occurrence of irruption in White-breasted Nuthatch have likely been overlooked because migrants are widely dispersed and remain within the breeding range, where immigrants mix unnoticed with local residents. Community science programs provide opportunities for novel insights into seemingly well-known bird species, and further studies may reveal similar patterns in other temperate species thought to move only sporadically.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Serum carotenoids and alpha-tocopherol and risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Background: Carotenoids and tocopherols have been hypothesized to protect against cancer. Methods: We prospectively evaluated associations of several carotenoids and alpha-tocopherol with risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer using serum collected at baseline from 302 subjects in the Isotretinoin-Basal Cell Carcinoma Prevention Trial. All subjects had at least two BCCs in the 5 years prior to randomization. During 5 years of follow-up, 70 subjects did not develop a nonmelanoma skin cancer, 221 developed a BCC, and 85 developed a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate risk ratios. Models were stratified by clinical center and gender and adjusted for age, solar damage, skin type, number of prior BCCs and/or SCCs, treatment group, body mass index, and serum low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Results: Risk of developing a subsequent BCC was not related to serum levels of any of the carotenoids measured or to alpha-tocopherol. Serum levels of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene, and alpha-tocopherol also were not independently related to risk of a subsequent SCC. However, serum lutein, zeaxanthin, and beta-cryptoxanthin were positively related to SCC risk; risk ratios for subjects in the highest versus lowest tertiles of these micronutrients were 1.63 [95% confidence interval (95% Cl) 0.88-3.01; P for trend = 0.011, 2.40 (95% Cl 1.30-4.42; P for trend = 0.01), and 2.15 (95% Cl 1.21-3.83; P for trend = 0.09), respectively. Conclusion: Additional research is needed on the relationship of carotenoids to SCC risk in the general population and in subsets of the population who are at increased risk.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "Metformin and retinal diseases in preclinical and clinical studies: Insights and review of literature. Metformin is one of the most prescribed drugs in the world giving potential health benefits beyond that of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Emerging evidence suggests that it may have protective effects for retinal/posterior segment diseases including diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), inherited retinal degeneration such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP), primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), retinal vein occlusion (RVO), and uveitis. Metformin exerts potent anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and antioxidative effects on the retina in response to pathologic stressors. In this review, we highlight the broad mechanism of action of metformin through key preclinical studies on animal models and cell lines used to simulate human retinal disease. We then explore the sparse but promising retrospective clinical data on metformin's potential protective role in DR, AMD, POAG, and uveitis. Prospective clinical data is needed to clarify metformin's role in management of posterior segment disorders. However, given metformin's proven broad biochemical effects, favorable safety profile, relatively low cost, and promising data to date, it may represent a new therapeutic preventive and strategy for retinal diseases.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "A tangible tool to facilitate learning design and analysis discussions: Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the ACAD Toolkit. From the perspective of educational innovation, learning design is one of the most important and complex teaching tasks that people with and without previous pedagogical training usually face at all educational levels. The ACAD (Activity-Centred Analysis and Design) Framework and Toolkit were created in the English-speaking world to facilitate the discussion processes that underpin these learning design and analysis processes.This article presents the process of translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the ACAD Toolkit into Spanish. The process has been carried out in two phases: a double round of translation and a pilot phase carried out in five seminars with professionals from different contexts and levels of professional expertise, in two different countries. The result is a full version of the ACAD Toolkit (illustration and card set), as well as suggestive conclusions from the seminar discussions.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "The effect of volume fraction of primary alpha phase on fracture toughness behaviour of Timetal 834 titanium alloy under mode I and mixed mode I/III loading. The effect of volume fraction of primary alpha phase on mode I and mixed mode I/III fracture toughness of Timetal 834 titanium alloy was investigated. The mode I and mixed mode I/III fracture toughness values for loading angle of 30 degrees were found to initially decrease and subsequently increase with increase in volume fraction of primary alpha phase. On the other hand, mixed mode I/III fracture toughness for loading angle of 45, was found to monotonically decrease with increasing volume fraction of alpha phase. The fracture toughness was also found to marginally increase with increasing loading angle for the two lower primary alpha volume fractions, i.e. 6% and 15% whereas it marginally decreases with increasing loading angle for primary alpha volume fraction of 30%. The results were explained on the basis of the nature of stress field ahead of the crack tip under mixed mode I/III loading as well as the fracture mechanisms operative in this alloy for different alpha volume fractions. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Membrane fouling and modification using surface treatment and layer-by-layer assembly of polyelectrolytes: State-of-the-art review. Membrane technology has been recognized as one of the most important technologies in water desalination. However, this technology is challenged with the fouling phenomenon which causes higher operating pressure, flux decline, frequent replacement of membranes and eventually higher operating costs. Therefore, researchers have focused on developing methods to overcome this problem and to enhance the membrane resistance to fouling. In this paper, we reviewed the membrane fouling and control through surface modification techniques. Special attention was paid to the layer-by-layer assembly of polyelectrolytes (LbL) which has been widely used as a powerful technique for surface modification and multifunctional film preparation. Furthermore, detailed effects of LbL key-parameters on the membrane performance were revealed to help understanding the working mechanism of this method. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 15, 39]}
+{"token": "Data science as knowledge creation a framework for synergies between data analysts and domain professionals. ABSTR A C T The road from data generation to data use is commonly approached as a data-driven, functional process in which domain expertise is integrated as an afterthought. In this contribution we complement this functional view with an institutional view, that takes data analysis and domain professionalism as complementary (yet fallible) knowledge sources. We developed a framework that identifies and amplifies synergies between data analysts and domain professionals instead of taking one of them (i.e. data analytics) at the centre of the analytical process. The framework combines the often-cited CRISP-DM framework with a knowledge creation framework. The resulting framework is used in a data science project at a Dutch inspectorate that seeks to use data for risk-based in-spection. The findings show first support of our framework. They also show that whereas more complex models have a higher predictive power, simpler models are sometimes preferred as they have the potential to create more synergies between inspectors and data analyst. Another issue driven by the integrated framework is about who of the involved actors should own the predictive model: data analysts or inspectors.", "label": [5, 48, 52]}
+{"token": "Possible Host Adaptation as an Evolution Factor of Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus Deduced by Coat Protein Gene Analysis. Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV) causes major diseases in cowpea and passion flower plants in Brazil and also in other countries. CABMV has also been isolated from leguminous species including, Cassia hoffmannseggii, Canavalia rosea, Crotalaria juncea and Arachis hypogaea in Brazil. The virus seems to be adapted to two distinct families, the Passifloraceae and Fabaceae. Aiming to identify CABMV and elucidate a possible host adaptation of this virus species, isolates from cowpea, passion flower and C.hoffmannseggii collected in the states of Pernambuco and Rio Grande do Norte were analysed by sequencing the complete coat protein genes. A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the obtained sequences and those available in public databases. Major Brazilian isolates from passion flower, independently of the geographical distances among them, were grouped in three different clusters. The possible host adaptation was also observed in fabaceous-infecting CABMV Brazilian isolates. These host adaptations possibly occurred independently within Brazil, so all these clusters belong to a bigger Brazilian cluster. Nevertheless, African passion flower or cowpea-infecting isolates formed totally different clusters. These results showed that host adaptation could be one factor for CABMV evolution, although geographical isolation is a stronger factor.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "A Comparison of Teacher and Parent Delivered Consequences: Improving Classroom Behavior in Low-Income Children with ADHD. Both teacher and parent delivered consequences have been shown to be effective in improving the classroom behavior of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). However, there is a delay between the behavior and delivery of parent provided consequences. The delay may make the consequences less salient and effective, for children with ADHD. The current study compared the effectiveness of parent delivered consequences (PC) to teacher delivered consequences (TC) for increasing academic performance and appropriate classroom behavior in African American, low income, elementary students with ADHD. Results indicate that the two interventions are equally effective in improving childrens on-task behavior and classwork productivity.", "label": [5, 52, 55]}
+{"token": "Influence of liveweight, liveweight change, and diet on wool growth, staple strength, and fibre diameter in young sheep. The effects of initial liveweight, liveweight change, and composition of the diet on wool growth and staple strength in weaner sheep were investigated. Weaner wethers (64) were allocated to treatments in a factorial design (2(3)). The factors were initial liveweight (heavy, 33 kg; light, 25 kg), liveweight change (fed at maintenance for 56 days, or 28 days at 0.6 x maintenance then 28 days at 1.6 x maintenance), and diet (lupin seed based diet or canola meal based diet). The heavier weaners grew approximately 1.9 g/day more wool than the light sheep during the experimental period and this resulted in a higher clean fleece weight (1.8 v. 1.4 kg), staple strength (37 v. 27.4 N/ktex), and fibre diameter (18.0 v. 17.4 mu m). Substituting canola meal for lupin seed increased wool growth during the experiment and clean wool yield, but did not affect clean fleece weight or staple strength. The weaners fed to lose and then gain weight grew wool with a lower staple strength than the weaners fed to maintain weight through the experiment (28.6 v. 35.8 N/ktex), but there were no differences in any of the other fleece characteristics. The ratio of wool growth to dry matter intake (DMI) was higher in the sheep fed canola meal than those fed lupins (by approximately 1.5 g/kg DMI) and higher in weaners losing weight than those fed to maintain weight (by approximately 4.5 g/kg DMI). From a practical perspective, these results indicate that initial liveweight and liveweight change both influence staple strength and wool growth and need to be included in any management strategy to improve wool quality of young sheep.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Two properties of fuzzy subquasigroups of a quasigroup. In a recent paper, Biswas (1996) studies two properties of fuzzy subrings of a ring. We extend them to quasigroups and to a certain generalization thereof. In its most basic form the first property is that a fuzzy subquasigroup R of a quasigroup satisfies R(a . a') = min(R(a), R(a')) whenever R(a) not equal R(a'). The second property relates the cardinalities of level sets of R. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 40, 41]}
+{"token": "Role of iron homeostasis in trypanosomiasis-associated anemia. Anemia is a well-established infection-associated immunopathological feature of trypanosomiasis and the degree of the anemia is a reliable indicator of the severity of infection. Since infections with trypanosomes triggers a strong cytokine production and a type I immune response, the trypanosome-elicited anemia may be type I cytokine driven. This type of anemia termed anemia of chronic disease is characterized by an imbalance between erythrophagocytosis and erythropoiesis that is linked to a perturbed iron homeostasis including altered iron recycling by macrophages and iron sequestration. To further unravel the mechanisms underlying trypanosome-elicited anemia the expression profile of genes involved in erythrophagocytosis, uptake of iron-containing complexes and iron homeostasis was performed during the acute and chronic phase of experimental Trypanosoma brucei infections in a murine model. The results suggest that liver-associated erythrophagocytosis mediated by cytokine-activated macrophages (M1 cells) is the most likely main initiating event of aggressive anemia during the acute phase of infection. Persistence of strong type I cytokine production during the chronic phase of infection leads to hyper-activated M1 cells and a more progressive anemia. RT-PCR analysis of liver tissue demonstrates a strong increase of cell surface receptors involved in uptake of RBC and iron-containing compounds. For genes involved in iron processing we found an increase of ferroportin-1 (FPN-1), transferrin (Tf) and ceruloplasmin (CP) only in the acute phase, suggesting that export of iron is hampered in the chronic phase of infection. Our results suggest that in the chronic phase of trypanosomiasis, the iron-processing pathway is skewed towards iron sequestration, as evidenced by increased ferritin expression, while enhanced uptake of RBC/iron-containing compounds is maintained. (D) 2008 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "On 'Manorial Boroughs' in Early Modern England. The paper offers a number of problems connected with specificity and dual social nature of Wilton - the center of the Pembrokes' estates in Wiltshire (England, 16th - 30s of 17th century) and the center of the Rochdale manorial complex Wardleworth in Lancashire (England, 20s of 17th century), which are denoted in the manorial surveys simultaneously as. \\\\'manor\\\\' (feudal and Early Modern estate) and. \\\\'borough\\\\' (small town). These centers are described in the manorial sources in one and the same row with typical manors according to traditional scheme of description. A number of criteria, demonstrating these centers as a dual social phenomena are put forward. Main \\\\'manorial\\\\' characteristics of Wilton and Wardleworth were as such: considerable role of agricultural occupations of the population, remains of domain land and common pastures, tenements of typically manorial type, specifically feudal operations with land, juridical and administrative organizing of inner existence according to manorial functioning (manorial court, but not a town council). Main \\\\'urban\\\\' features were: additional non-agricultural occupations of population - crafts, trade, combined with agriculture, market place as a center of the borough, small area of holdings and some others. Phenomenon of \\\\'urban manor\\\\' seems to be very important for economic and social growth of Early Modern England. Together with other factors, have been noticed by the scholars (e.g.: early capitalist development of English village, early dispersed country manufacture, encloses, differentiation of peasantry, etc.), it testifies to transitional character of the period. Nowadays such an example of social development of an Early Modern period as borough of manorial nature is being also studied in the researches of some scholars from abroad; but nevertheless it still remains rather a mysterious phenomenon of the world historiography.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Complex feeding behaviour by magpies in nests with great spotted cuckoo nestlings. Parent decisions about food allocation are usually based on simple time-saving rules that optimize their own fitness; however, they can sometimes vary depending on the prevailing ecological conditions both outside and inside the nest. Parent-offspring interactions also become more complex when parents suffer from brood parasitism, which implies that they care for the parasite's eggs and unrelated young. The great spotted cuckoo Clamator glandarius is a specialist brood parasite that uses the magpie Pica pica as its primary host. Here, by filming food allocation by magpie parents in natural non-parasitized and experimentally parasitized and non-parasitized magpie nests, we have found that magpie provisioning behaviour is highly complex including two types of feedings apart from normal ones. First, false feedings, when the parent touched the chick's beak but did not leave any food, occurred more frequently when feeding a cuckoo than when feeding magpie nestlings. Second, two types of what we have called coax feedings: 2a) when magpie parents induce a nestling to beg by waking it up by touching it softly with the beak, and 2b) when parents disregard begging signals (always from brood parasitic great spotted cuckoos) while coaxing one non-begging nestling (always one of their own) to feed it. We suggest that brood parasitism, involving selfish excessively begging nestlings, could have acted as a selective pressure for both false and coax feedings to evolve, as both imply ignoring nestlings that beg too much. We also discuss that these parental responses could have evolved either by a discrimination without recognition mechanism, or, more probably, by a recognition-based discrimination mechanism.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "EFFECT OF GENETIC SELECTION FOR INCREASED BODY-WEIGHT AND SEX OF POULT ON ANTIBODY-RESPONSE OF TURKEYS TO NEWCASTLE-DISEASE VIRUS AND PASTEURELLA-MULTOCIDA VACCINES. Line F turkeys had significantly higher 9-week and 15-week serum antibody titers to NDV than line RBC2. However, line RBC2 had significantly higher serum antibody titers to P. multocida at 15 weeks of age than line F. The 9-week and 15-week serum antibody titers to NDV were significantly higher in females than males, but males had significantly higher 15-week serum antibody titers to P. multocida than females. Sex of poults did not contribute significantly to variation in serum antibody response to P. multocida at 9 weeks of age.Primary and secondary antibody responses of 671 turkeys of two genetic lines to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and Pasteurella multocida vaccines were examined. The randombred control line (RBC2) and a subline (F) of RBC2 had been selected for increased 16-week body weight. Poults were vaccinated at 6 and 12 weeks of age, and serum samples were collected 3 weeks after each vaccination. Antibody titers were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "The Syrian conflict and infectious diseases. The conflict in Syria is a big humanitarian emergency. More than 200,000 Syrians have been killed, with more than half of the population either having been displaced or having immigrated. Healthcare has been interrupted due to the destruction of facilities, a lack of medical staff, and a critical shortage of life-saving medications. It produced suitable conditions leading to the re-emergence of tuberculosis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, polio, and measles. Lebanon and Jordan reported increased rates of tuberculosis among Syrian refugees. Cutaneous leishmaniasis outbreaks were noted not only in Syria but also in Turkey, Jordan, and Lebanon. After a polio-free 15 years, Syria reported a polio outbreak. Ongoing measles outbreaks in the region was accelerated by the conflict. Iraq declared a cholera outbreak among the Syrian refugees. The healthcare facilities of the countries hosting immigrants, mainly Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, and Egypt, are overburdened. The majority of the immigrants live in crowded and unsanitary conditions. Infectious diseases are big challenges for Syria and for the countries hosting immigrants. More structured support from international organizations is needed for the prevention, control, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious diseases.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "APPRECIATIVE EVALUATION OF A LEGAL PRACTICE CENTER. This article seeks to make an appreciative evaluation of the Recife Law School (LPC/RLS) Legal Practice Center. Following the appreciative paradigm, the framework combines theory, method, and action aligned with the 5-D model (Definition/Discovery/Dream/Design/Destiny). To this end, an exploratory, descriptive, and collaborative research was developed, held by documentary survey, workshops, and interviews. As a result, were identified the areas that work well in LPC/RLS, as well as the ones that also require adjustments, improvements, and innovations. The conclusion points to an evaluation experience, which combines the learning process and self-knowledge, in order to acknowledge the role of the institution, run by its participants. Finally, the study highlights the role played by LPC in students' legal education, associated to the strengths of functional design adopted, in order to meet the needs of those who come looking for the service that LPC provides.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Order and structure in Langmuir-Blodgett mono- and multilayers of resorcarenes. Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of 19 resorcarenes and pyrogallenes have been assembled. It has been shown that a wide variety of structure, in both the bowl rim of these molecules and in the pendant legs, can be tolerated in the deposition process, except when these lead to very rigid monolayer structures. The behavior of these resorcarenes and pyrogallenes under pressure on the water surface has been studied through their II-A curves, which are presented and interpreted. Functionalization of the bowl-rim hydroxyl groups notably reduces collapse pressures and increases the surface area. This is consistent with destabilization of the cone conformer of these molecules. LB multilayers have been examined by low-angle X-ray diffractometry, and the results reveal the significance of interdigitation of pendant legs, the disruption of multilayer packing by bulky substituents, and the requirement of long straight hydrophobic chains for efficient multilayering.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11]}
+{"token": "Zombie Bolano: Revolution and the Undead in 'El hijo del coronel. This article interrogates two curious claims made by Roberto Bolafio in \\\\'El hijo del coronel,\\\\' an understudied and posthumously published short story about a zombie movie. The first claim is that the zombie feature upon which the story is based serves as a \\\\'biography or autobiography\\\\' of the writer's life, and thus that Bolano, too, is a zombie; secondly, Bolano insists that the movie and zombies are about revolution. I argue here that one should take Bolaiio seriously on both accounts: meaning that he is some kind of zombie and that zombies signify the potential for some kind of revolution. In the course of my discussion, I engage with scholarship on and mass obsession with Bolafio-and join in current debates within the emerging field of zombie studies. I further mobilize related concepts of posthumousness, the autoimmunological, and the interregnum, ultimately arguing in favor of the reanimated revolutionary promise of both zombies and an undead Bolano in an all too dead world.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Determining Existing Human Population Immunity as Part of Assessing Influenza Pandemic Risk. Zoonotic influenza infections continue to threaten human health. Ongoing surveillance and risk assessment of animal viruses are needed for pandemic preparedness, and population immunity is an important component of risk assessment. We determined age-stratified hemagglutinin inhibition seroprevalence against 5 swine influenza viruses circulating in Hong Kong and Guangzhou in China. Using hemagglutinin inhibition seroprevalence and titers, we modeled the effect of population immunity on the basic reproduction number (R-0) if each virus were to become transmissible among humans. Among 353 individual serum samples, we reported low seroprevalence for triple-reassortant H1N2 and Eurasian avian-like H1N1 influenza viruses, which would reduce R 0 by only 18%-20%. The smallest R-0 needed to cause a pandemic was 1.22-1.24, meaning existing population immunity would be insufficient to block the spread of these H1N1 or H1N2 variants. For human-origin H3N2, existing population immunity could suppress R-0 by 47%, thus reducing pandemic risk.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
+{"token": "The representation of disability in physical education textbooks in Spain. The objective was to identify the main characteristics of the way that people with disabilities are represented in secondary physical education textbooks. The study was empirical and descriptive. The sample comprised 6.773 photographs. The methodology employed was a content analysis using anad hocobservational instrument which was scientifically validated through a pilot study, a consultation with experts and an inter-coding test. Univariate and bivariate analysis were carried out; statistical calculations utilised SPSS 20.0. Results showed that the representation of people with disabilities in physical education textbooks is very limited, both in terms of frequency and diversity. Some positive changes were noted with regards to similar, previously published research. There are signs of a move away from an elite sports model towards a more varied representation that includes artistic motor expression, physical fitness training and physical activities in natural environments which do not necessarily take place in the traditional educational environment.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
+{"token": "Political Economy as a Test of Modern Judaism. According to a common narrative, Jews entered the modern world at a steep price. From an autonomous corporation, ruling themselves internally according to their own standards and law, Judaism became a religion, divested of political power and responsible only for the internal sphere of faith or belief. The failure of this project, in turn, gave rise to the sharp split between Jewish nationalism and religion-based conceptions of Judaism. Many modern Jewish thinkers sought to resolve this antinomy by imagining ways for Judaism to once again form the basis of a complete life. This essay seeks to challenge this narrative by examining the extent to which economics, another one of the spheres emerging together with modernity and often considered under the same broadly Weberian process of rationalization, ever truly formed part of the holistic, self-contained Jewish autonomous life for which modern thinkers expressed so much nostalgia. It will argue that rather than forming part of the internal world of Judaism and then being fragmented outward into a separate sphere under the pressure of modernity, the economic sphere was imagined and defined for the first time in modernity, and projected backwards into earlier eras. This projection was then taken as proof of Judaism's ability to be about everything, whether in a religious or nationalist idiom.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Why won't they grow? - Inhibitory substances and mollusc hatcheries. Molluscs are known to be seriously affected by trace amounts of environmental pollutants such as tributyltin at concentrations in seawater that are below the level of detection by all but the most sensitive chemical analytical techniques. This extreme sensitivity by molluscs has led to use of both adults and larvae as biomonitors for environmental pollution. Mollusc aquaculture has led to an increasing demand for commercial hatcheries to supply seed stock, including selected genetic lines of spat and juveniles. It is becoming apparent that many of the unexplained \\\\'crashes\\\\', ill thrift or failures of larvae to metamorphose in such hatcheries are primarily due to their being compromised for a range of reasons including traces of inhibitory or toxic substances in the water supply. Because dead and dying larvae are ideal substrates for bacterial and ciliate growth, such invaders are often assumed to be the primary cause of the problem and this hinders finding a solution. In addition, many of the toxins which may be implicated in crashes are sporadic in occurrence and are both difficult to detect and hard to remove from the water supply. This paper provides evidence for these toxic effects and suggests ways of reducing the problems.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Prediction of outcome of construction dispute claims using multilayer perceptron neural network model. The occurrence of disputes in Indian construction contracts results in damaging the relationship between the parties apart from the time and cost overruns. However, if the parties to a dispute can predict the outcome of the dispute with some certainty, they are more likely to settle the matter out of court resulting in the avoidance of expenses and aggravation associated with adjudication. Dispute resolution process is mainly based upon the facts about the case like conditions of the contracts; actual situations on site; documents presented during arbitrational proceedings, etc., which are termed as 'intrinsic factors' in this research. These facts and evidences being intrinsic to the cases have been explored by researchers to develop dispute resolution mechanisms. This study focuses on determining the intrinsic factors for construction disputes related to claims raised due to variation from 72 arbitration awards through Case Study approach and furthermore statistically proving their importance in arbitral decision making by seeking professional cognizance through a questionnaire survey. It also further asserts the feasibility of the multilayer perceptron neural network approach based on the intrinsic factors existing in the construction dispute case for predicting the outcome of a dispute. Data from 204 variation claims from the awards is employed for developing the model. A three-layer multilayer perceptron neural network was appropriate in building this model, which has been trained, validated, and tested. The tool so developed would result in dispute avoidance, to some extent, and would reduce the pressure on the Indian judiciary. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. APM and IPMA. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Cancer survivors' experience of OptiMal, a 6-week, occupation-based, self-management intervention. Introduction Cancer survivors experience persistent symptoms such as pain, fatigue, anxiety and depression post-treatment, resulting in social isolation and decreased activity participation. A 6-week, occupation-focused, self-management programme, OptiMal, was delivered to cancer survivors. A mixed methods approach was employed to explore the impact of the programme. For the purpose of addressing the focus of this paper, only qualitative data were extrapolated. Methods A qualitative description design was undertaken with survivors to explore their perceptions of the impact of OptiMal on cancer survivorship and opinions of the programme. Qualitative data were collected through focus groups and semi-structured interviews post-intervention and at 3 months follow-up. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results Four OptiMal programmes were delivered with 26 individuals of mixed cancer diagnoses over an 18-month period. Following thematic analysis, two themes emerged: 1. Supporting the transition to survivorship; 2. Programme design and delivery. The content and design of OptiMal was reported to meet cancer survivors' needs. However, many survivors stated that they would have benefited from it earlier post-treatment. Conclusion An occupation-based group programme, OptiMal, appears to assist cancer survivors to transition from treatment to survivorship. However, many survivors stated that they would have benefited from the programme earlier post-treatment.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Pre-Service Teachers' Perceptions of Learning a Foreign Language Online: Preparing Teachers to Work with Linguistic, Cultural, and Technological Diversity. Due to the continuing linguistic and cultural diversity among K-12 students in the US and across the English-speaking world and the increasing influence of digital technologies on learning, this qualitative study explores pre-service teachers' perceptions of learning a foreign language online, and how such experience influence teaching linguistically, culturally, and technologically diverse students in the U.S. Participants comprised 35 teacher education students, all of whom took a 9-week online Chinese language/culture course designed specifically for pre-service teachers. Surveys with closed and open-ended questions were conducted before, during, and after the course. Data were collected online and then coded and analyzed. The participants' responses suggested that: 1) new forms of online learning were engaging to teacher-learners with diverse learning styles, prior technological experience, needs and goals; 2) the pre-service teachers perceived that online foreign language learning during their teacher education program enhanced their linguistic, cultural and technological awareness; and 3) the participants felt that they benefited from being prepared to work with linguistic, cultural, and technological diversity in classrooms. This study has implications for similar contexts around the world.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "A review of visualization techniques of post-mortem computed tomography data for forensic death investigations. Postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) is a standard image modality used in forensic death investigations. Case- and audience-specific visualizations are vital for identifying relevant findings and communicating them appropriately. Different data types and visualization methods exist in 2D and 3D, and all of these types have specific applications. 2D visualizations are more suited for the radiological assessment of PMCT data because they allow the depiction of subtle details. 3D visualizations are better suited for creating visualizations for medical laypersons, such as state attorneys, because they maintain the anatomical context. Visualizations can be refined by using additional techniques, such as annotation or layering. Specialized methods such as 3D printing and virtual and augmented reality often require data conversion. The resulting data can also be used to combine PMCT data with other 3D data such as crime scene laser scans to create crime scene reconstructions. Knowledge of these techniques is essential for the successful handling of PMCT data in a forensic setting. In this review, we present an overview of current visualization techniques for PMCT.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "On modified convex interval valued functions and related inclusions via the interval valued generalized fractional integrals in extended interval space. In this paper, we propose a new family of interval valued (IV) convex functions termed as generalized modified (p, h)-convex IV functions. We obtain the counterpart of Hermite-Hadamard H . H inequality by extending the IV fractional integral to the IV psi(k)-Riemann-Liouville (psi(k) - RL) fractional integrals. Also, several inequalities using extended operations on the newly defined class of convex IV functions are given.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "A study of the acid-base properties of melts in the Na2O-B2O3-SiO2 system: III. Composition joins with a constant sodium oxide content from 40 to 50 mol %. Three joins in the Na2O-B2O3-SiO2 system at constant Na2O contents of 40, 45, and 50 mol % are studied by the high-temperature method of determining oxygen ion exponents pO for oxide melts. It is found that, unlike the melts with a lower sodium oxide content, the basicity of the studied melts increases when changing over from the pseudobinary silicate system to the sodium borate system. The acid-base properties of ternary melts are simulated under the assumption that their basicity is determined by the interaction in pseudobinary systems. It is shown that the basicity of the melts under investigation is governed, to a large extent, by the dissociation of structural-chemical groupings of the sodium metasilicate-sodium metaborate composition.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Performance Improvement of an Archimedean Spiral Antenna for 2-18 GHz Applications. Low-profile wideband spiral antennas suffer from poor impedance matching and cross polarization at lower frequencies or high variation in gain at higher frequencies. These significant differences, primarily caused by electromagnetic coupling with a conventional conductive backing, and the resulting interference are addressed in this letter by suitably designing the profile of the conductor. The proposed geometry has a maximum height of 0.08 lambda(m) at the minimum operating frequency and has wideband circular polarization performance with a good boresight gain response over 2-18 GHz range. After numerical investigations, a prototype antenna is fabricated and characterized. An excellent impedance matching and circular polarization behavior are measured close to 2 GHz while the variation in gain is limited between 5.8 and 8.6 dBic above 10 GHz.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Fluctuating asymmetry and blood parameters in three endangered gazelle species. There is currently no agreement about the suitability of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) as an estimate of individual quality. We investigated the relationship between FA and health, a proxy for individual quality, in captive populations of three endangered gazelle species: Gazella cuvieri, G. dama, and G. dorcas. FA indices including information from sexual (horns) and/or non-sexual ordinary traits were calculated for each individual. Health was assessed using 15 blood parameters, and inbreeding coefficient was also included in the analyses. In the three species, the FA index was significantly related to at least one blood parameter (platelets, mean platelet cell volume, albumin, and lactate dehydrogenase), with levels indicating unhealthy condition in more asymmetric individuals. The exception was the negative relationship between FA and aspartate aminotransferase in ordinary traits of G. cuvieri and G. dama. FA was related to different blood parameters in every species and type of trait. As a large number of diseases can cause abnormal blood parameter levels in humans, we assumed that this also might be the case in gazelles. In general, the results suggest that FA is related to health in the three gazelle species studied, and thus, we concluded that FA can provide useful information about individual quality. (C) 2011 Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Saugetierkunde. Published by Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Marriage as Crisis Revisiting a Major Dispute among Hadhramis in Indonesia. Disputes over marriage rules triggered perhaps the most significant crisis in the history of the Hadhrami diaspora in Indonesia. Once this trade diaspora had become integrated into the colonial economy of the nineteenth century, rules that emphasized endogamy, especially for women, were questioned by those Hadhramis infl uenced by Islamic reformism, resulting in a schism of the community. Th is article revisits the marriage issue by looking at current disputes among Hadhramis, and at how the initial crisis has become institutionalized as well as engrained in collective memory. It also examines what upholding these rules implies for young women today, with personal crises triggered by difficulties in finding suitable marriage partners. Th e article's main argument rests upon a conception of crisis that attends to its latent character, to its longevity and recurrent appearance, and sees it as inherent to the intricacies of Hadhrami marriage.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Phase formation and structural changes in two-layer film systems Ti/Co and Ni/(Ti, V, Co, Cr) during an isochronous annealing. By the electron-diffraction method and electron microscopy, the processes of phase formation in double-layers' film systems Ti/Co, Ni/Ti, Ni/V, Ni/Co, and Ni/Cr, obtained and annealed in a vacuum of 10(-4)-10(-5) Pa during 10 minutes at the temperatures 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000 K, arc studied (thickness of a system-100 nm, the ratio of thicknesses corresponds to the concentration of components 40-60% at.). As revealed, the formation of intermediate phases and solid solutions is not descend in a full conformity with the equilibrium diagram, as at lower temperatures of annealing the phase formation can descend independently in. both layers of a system, and the. diffusion processes, can be suppressed with formation of oxides V2O3, Cr2O3, and TiO2.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Mirror encodes a novel PBX-class homeoprotein that functions in the definition of the dorsal-ventral border in the Drosophila eye. The Drosophila eye is composed of dorsal and ventral mirror-image fields of opposite chiral forms of ommatidia. The boundary between these fields is known as the equator. We describe a novel gene, mirror (mrr), which is expressed in the dorsal half of the eye and plays a key role in forming the equator. Ectopic equators can be generated by juxtaposing mrr expressing and nonexpressing cells, and the path of the normal equator can be altered by changing the domain of mrr expression. These observations suggest that mrr is a key component in defining the dorsal-ventral boundary of tissue polarity in the eye. In addition, loss of mrr function leads to embryonic lethality and segmental defects, and its expression pattern suggests that it may also act to define segmental borders. Mirror is a member of the class of homeoproteins defined by the human proto-oncogene PBX1. mrr is similar to the Iroquois genes ara and caup and is located adjacent to them in this recently described homeotic cluster.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "Differences in succession of Coleoptera species attracted to pig carcasses in rural and urban habitats in Eskisehir Province, Turkey. The aim of this study was to determine Coleoptera succession in pig carcasses in Eskisehir Province, Turkey, and to evaluate differences in successional patterns between rural and urban habitats. A total of 24 pig carcasses were placed in rural and urban areas in Eskisehir Province for one-year period between June 2012 and May 2013. A total of 80 species belonging to the families Staphylinidae, Histeridae, Dermestidae, Silphidae and Cleridae (Coleoptera) were collected either directly from carcasses or sifted for the specimens hiding in the soil. The months and duration of all species on the different stages of carcass decomposition were recorded. In addition, new records were added to the Coleoptera fauna of carcass for Turkey. The study revealed that, both species number and activity periods were different even in areas very close to each other. It is suggested that this type of long-term succession study should be performed across all provinces of Turkey. Acquired data could potentially be used for estimating the minimum post-mortem interval in forensic cases in Turkey.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Spreading sequence estimation algorithms based on ML detector in DSSS communication systems. In this study, the authors address the spreading sequence estimation in direct-sequence spread-spectrum signals. At first, the maximum-likelihood (ML) estimator is derived. In order to alleviate the greater computational complexity of the ML estimator, an innovative algorithm based on the ML method is proposed. The authors' proposed algorithm uses an initial estimation with low complexity and low estimation accuracy as a result. In the second step, the estimation accuracy increases using the ML decision rule. They analyse their proposed algorithm and they derive an analytical approximation for the error probability of the proposed suboptimal algorithm. Simulation and analytical results show great performance and acceptable complexity of the proposed method.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Thermodynamic modeling of Au-Ce-Sn ternary system. Phase relationships in Au-Ce-Sn ternary system have been thermodynamically modeled by using the CALPHAD technique. Out of the three binary systems, two systems (i.e. Au-Ce, and Sn-Ce) were thermodynamically assessed in this work, and the description of the third one (i.e. Au-Sn) was significantly improved from that of the previous one by adopting the recently published lattice stability of Sn(hcp). Ab initio calculations were employed to support the present thermodynamic assessment via calculating the enthalpies of formation of the relevant binary compounds as well as those of the two stoichiometric ternary compounds. All the intermetallic compounds in binary systems and two out of the seven ternary compounds were treated as stoichiometric phases. The other five ternary compounds were modeled with two or three sublattice sites based upon their homogeneity ranges. The solution phases, including liquid, fcc, bcc, hcp and dhcp, were modeled as substitutional solution phases. The Au-Ce-Sn ternary system was assessed by utilizing the thermodynamic descriptions of the three binary systems, and by taking into account the recently reported isothermal section at 750 degrees C. The set of thermodynamic parameters, obtained in this work, can be used to reproduce the experimentally determined phase equilibria at 750 degrees C. Besides, the liquidus projection was extrapolated utilizing the present database. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Prevention of aflatoxicosis in farm animals by means of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate addition to feedstuffs: A review. This review comments on the in vitro and in vivo application of HSCAS to sorb aflatoxins and other mycotoxins. The effect on animal performance of dietary addition of HSCAS to feedstuffs contaminated with mycotoxins is discussed in a variety of farm animals. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.Mycotoxins are a wide group of fungal toxins that have been associated with severe toxic effects in man and animals. Aflatoxins are the most dangerous of these fungal secondary metabolites. Because there is no definitive way in which complete detoxification of food and feed contaminated with mycotoxins can be achieved, new methods to eliminate mycotoxicosis are sought.Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS), a sorbent compound obtained from natural zeolite, has demonstrated an ability to sorb mycotoxins with a high affinity. Addition of this compound to feedstuffs contaminated with aflatoxins has shown a protective effect against the development of aflatoxicosis in farm animals.Several authors have postulated that the main mechanism implicated in this process could be chemisorption of the toxins through the formation of a stable complex comprising HSCAS and the mycotoxins. This complex is not able to cross the luminal membrane of the gastrointestinal tract and therefore the bioavailability of aflatoxins is reduced in a dose-dependent manner.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Forensic-paternity effectiveness and genetics population analysis of six non-CODIS mini-STR loci (D1S1656, D2S441, D6S1043, D10S1248, D12S391, D22S1045) and SE33 in Mestizo and Amerindian populations from Mexico. Background: STRs are powerful tools intensively used in forensic and kinship studies.Aim: In order to assess the effectiveness of non-CODIS genetic markers in forensic and paternity tests, the genetic composition of six mini short tandem repeatsmini-STRs(D1S1656, D2S441, D6S1043, D10S1248, D12S391, D22S1045) and the microsatellite SE33 in Mestizo and Amerindian populations from Mexico were studied.Subjects and methods: Using multiplex polymerase chain reactions and capillary electrophoresis, this study genotyped all loci from 870 chromosomes and evaluated the statistical genetic parameters.Results: All mini-STRs studied were in agreement with HW and linkage equilibrium; however, an important HW departure for SE33 was found in the Mestizo population (p 0.0001). Regarding paternity and forensic statistical parameters, high values of combined power discrimination and mean power of exclusion were found using these seven markers. The principal co-ordinate analysis based on allele frequencies of three mini-STRs showed the complex genetic architecture of the Mestizo population.Conclusion: The results indicate that this set of loci is suitable to genetically identify individuals in the Mexican population, supporting its effectiveness in human identification casework. In addition, these findings add new statistical values and emphasise the importance of the use of non-CODIS markers in complex populations in order to avoid erroneous assumptions.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 56, 42, 24]}
+{"token": "Isolation and pathogenicity of Xylella fastidiosa from grapevine and almond in Iran. Symptoms similar to those of Pierce's disease (PD) of grapevine and leaf scorch of almond were observed in vineyards and almond orchards in several provinces of Iran. Grafting of scions from symptomatic almond trees onto seedlings of a local almond (cv. Mamaee) under greenhouse conditions resulted in the transmission of the leaf scorch agent. A number of symptomatic samples from orchard and greenhouse plants were positive for presence of Xylella fastidiosa when tested by DAS-ELISA and PCR with X. fastidiosa specific antibodies and primers. A Gram-negative bacterium similar to X. fastidiosa was isolated on 'periwinkle wilt' (PW) medium. Selected isolates induced symptoms similar to those caused by X. fastidiosa when inoculated on Nicotiana tabacum, seedlings of almond and grapevine under greenhouse conditions. DAS-ELISA and PCR confirmed the identity of the isolated bacteria. On the basis of disease symptoms, graft transmission, isolation on specific X. fastidiosa culture medium, pathogenicity tests and positive reactions in DAS-ELISA and PCR, X. fastidiosa is associated with almond leaf scorch and Pierce's disease in grapevine in Iran. This is the first report on the presence of X. fastidiosa in the Middle East and western Asia.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Improvement of solar based rainwater disinfection by using lemon and vinegar as catalysts. The inefficiency of solar disinfection (SODIS) for the disinfection purposes can be improved by concentrating the sunlight i.e. by using solar collector disinfection (SOCO-DIS) system as investigated by authors in previous research or by increasing the exposure time of the targeted water to direct sunlight. Under weak sunlight conditions, however, this still remained ineffective as highlighted by earlier research. The efficiency of solar-based disinfection systems for the treatment of stored rainwater is further improved based on the better performance of these systems at low pH. by adding commonly available and inexpensive food preservative products, such as lemon and vinegar. Lemon and vinegar both increased the disinfection efficiency in SODIS by about 40% and completely disinfected rainwater in a SOCO-DIS system under weak weather conditions by lowering the pH to 3. An optimum combination of 2.5 ml (0.25%) of lemon and 1.7 ml (0.17%) of vinegar was selected to avoid any taste or odor problems while maintaining complete disinfection. Results showed that the choice of catalyst (lemon or vinegar in this study) was also an important factor in addition to low pH for disinfection using sunlight. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 39]}
+{"token": "Brain engraftment of autologous macrophages transduced with a lentiviral flap vector: an approach to complement brain dysfunctions. Transplantation of ex vivo gene-corrected autologous cells represents an attractive therapeutic approach for brain diseases. Among the cells of the central nervous system, brain macrophages are promising candidates due to their role in tissue homeostasis and their implication in several neurological diseases. Up to now, gene transfer into macrophages has proven difficult by most currently available gene delivery methods. We describe herein, an efficient transduction of rat bone marrow-derived and brain macrophages with an HIV-1-derived vector containing a central DNA flap and encoding the GFP reporter gene (TRIP-DeltaU3-GFP). In primary cultures of macrophages our results show that more than 90% of the cells were transduced by the TRIP vector and that GFP expression remained stable for 1 month without cytopathic effect. In vivo, transplants of transduced macrophages into the striatum of adult rats exhibited long-term expression of GFP up to 3 months. Transduced macrophages were observed around the brain injection site and exhibited the brain macrophage/microglia phenotype, There was no significant sign of astrogliosis around the graft. These results confirm the potential of lentiviral vectors for efficient and stable ex vivo transduction of macrophages. Moreover, transduced autologous macrophages appear as a valuable vehicle for long-term and localized gene expression into the brain.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 19, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "The political testament of the epoch: the principles of the public administration in the A.I. Osterman's projects and reports. In this article I turn to the projects and reports by an outstanding politician of the first half of the 18th century, Count A.I. Osterman. In their attempts to reconstruct his concepts of the public administration scholars face the lack of his own projects. Usually it was explained by his specific way of behavior aiming at concealment of his private initiatives to avoid responsibility. I reject this myth and suggest that it was not the only reason explaining the lack of the projects, and another possible reason is that these projects were not realized. In any case, having gathered all of his opinions, drafts of the projects, and other writings by Osterman I try to reconstruct his views on the political structure of the government,which he followed in his international and domestic policy being one of the ministers in the Cabinet.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF TELLURIDE ZINTL ANIONS. A novel electrochemical synthetic technique has been developed recently for the generation of heteropolyatomic Zintl anion clusters via the cathodic dissolution of telluride electrodes. Whereas previous synthetic techniques for the generation of these compounds have relied on high temperature fusion of the elements and/or extraction methods, this technique simply relies on the constantly increasing concentration of anions as they are discharged from a cathode, is performed at loom temperature and in many cases yields X-ray quality single crystals in as little as 3-5 days. In the process of our study of this technique, it has also been shown that it allows for the preparation of Zintl anions which have not been and may not be accessible by these standard high temperature and extraction techniques. The versatility of this synthetic technique has been demonstrated by the isolation of small six- to seven-atom anions, larger 15-atom cluster anions and one-dimensional chain materials from the Au, Ga, In, Sn, As and Sb telluride systems. Ongoing research suggests that the synthesis of additional materials should be possible.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "'To Consolidate Peace'? The International Electro-technical Community and the Grid for the United States of Europe. Why did engineers and policy-makers together argue for a European electricity network? This article shows, first, how ideas of European cooperation were conceived in both circles, and second, how the two came together in an alliance that brought the idea for European grid into the League of Nations (LoN) and International Labour Organization. Non-government organizations in the field of electricity acted as intermediary platforms, and close links between some engineers and politicians enabled a next step. It argues furthermore that such an alliance was made possible through a set of shared ideas, stressing technical networks as an extension of international politics, viewing 'Europe' as an obvious unit of optimization, and relying on a 'technical' approach rather than political consultation.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Researching-acting-reflecting on public health services in Venezuela. II. Community action and critique. This paper, the second in a \\\\'duology\\\\' reporting on an action research project about public health services in Venezuela, presents a narrative of an intervention process launched on the basis of the conceptual framework presented in the first paper of the \\\\'duology.\\\\' Thereafter, a deeper reflection on such process, its meaning and its historical possibilities is presented. In this way a cycle of research-action-research is completed.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Theism, possible worlds, and the multiverse. God is traditionally taken to be a perfect being, and the creator and sustainer of all that is. So, if theism is true, what sort of world should we expect? To answer this question, we need an account of the array of possible worlds from which God is said to choose. It seems that either there is (a) exactly one best possible world; or (b) more than one unsurpassable world; or (c) an infinite hierarchy of increasingly better worlds. Influential arguments for atheism have been advanced on each hierarchy, and these jointly comprise a daunting trilemma for theism. In this paper, I argue that if theism is true, we should expect the actual world to be a multiverse comprised of all and only those universes which are worthy of creation and sustenance. I further argue that this multiverse is the unique best of all possible worlds. Finally, I explain how his unconventional view bears on the trilemma for theism.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Population dynamic of Aedes vexans and Ochlerotatus sticticus in flooded areas of the River Drava in Osijek, Croatia. Populations of adult mosquitoes occurring in the Osijek area in eastern Croatia were monitored from May 1995 to September 2000 with Centers for Disease Control-style traps baited with dry ice. A total of 106,663 adults was caught, ranging from 0 (several times) to 21,120 in May 1995. The mosquitoes captured represented 18 species. Aedes vexans was the most abundant, followed by Ochlerotatus sticticus. Both of these species have breeding sites in flooded areas in the areas surrounding Osijek. Furthermore, these 2 species comprised 86% of total adult mosquitoes collected. The life cycles of these species and their abundances were positively correlated with water level. The peak occurrence of these species was in late spring to early summer. During 6 years, adult mosquito populations were significantly correlated with the x ater level of the Drava River.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Isolation and structure elucidation of lipopeptide antibiotic taromycin B from the activated taromycin biosynthetic gene cluster. In the ongoing effort to unlock the chemical potential of marine bacteria, genetic engineering of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) is increasingly used to awake or improve expression of biosynthetic genes that may lead to discovery of novel bioactive natural products. Previously, we reported the successful capture, engineering and heterologous expression of an orphan BGC from the marine actinomycete Saccharomonospora sp. CNQ-490, which resulted in the isolation of the novel lipopeptide antibiotic taromycin A. Herein we report the isolation and structure elucidation of taromycin B, the second most abundant product of the taromycin biosynthetic series, and show that taromycins A and B exhibit complex chromatographic properties indicative of interconverting conformations. Taromycins A and B display potent activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium clinical isolates, suggestive that the taromycin molecular scaffold is a promising starting point for further derivatization to produce compounds with promising antibiotic characteristics.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 19, 22, 43]}
+{"token": "Load-Inversion Device for the High Strain Rate Tensile Testing of Sheet Materials with Hopkinson Pressure Bars. A high strain rate tensile testing technique for sheet materials is presented which makes use of a split Hopkinson pressure bar system in conjunction with a load inversion device. With compressive loads applied to its boundaries, the load inversion device introduces tension into a sheet specimen. Two output bars are used to minimize the effect of bending waves on the output force measurement. A Digital Image Correlation (DIC) algorithm is used to determine the strain history in the specimen gage section based on high speed video imaging. Detailed finite element analysis of the experimental set-up is performed to validate the design of the load inversion device. It is shown that under the assumption of perfect alignment and slip-free attachment of the specimen, the measured stress-strain curve is free from spurious oscillations at a strain rate of 1,000 s(-1). Validation experiments are carried out using tensile specimens extracted from 1.4 thick TRIP780 steel sheets. The experimental results for uniaxial tension at strain rates ranging from 200 s(-1) to 1,000 s(-1) confirm the oscillation-free numerical results in an approximate manner. Dynamic tension experiments are also performed on notched specimens to illustrate the validity of the proposed experimental technique for characterizing the effect of strain rate on the onset of ductile fracture in sheet materials.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "A review of the genus Kanakia Distant, 1892 (Insecta: Hemiptera, Cicadoidea, Cicadidae) from New Caledonia. Among New Caledonian cicada taxa, the endemic genus Kanakia Distant, 1892 appears as the most spectacular one, especially because of the large size of its species (length up to 50 mm for males). Recent new specimen collections helped to clarify the taxonomy of this spectacular genus. According to morphological characteristics, we were able to redefine and to split the present genus into three distinct genera: Kanakia Distant, 1892, Pseudokanakia Delorme gen. nov. and Panialna Delorme gen. nov. These two new genera are monotypic and have been respectively established from revision of Kanakia flavoannulata (Distant 1920) and Kanakia parva Boulard 1991. Also, the type species, Kanakia typica Distant, 1892, appears to be a complex of cryptic species. New acoustic and morphological observations allowed us to redefine K. typica and to describe four new species in this complex: Kanakia paniensis Delorme sp. nov., Kanakia rana Delorme sp. nov., Kanakia salesnii Delorme sp. nov. and Kanakia fuscocosta Delorme sp. nov. Kanakia gigas Boulard 1988 is also briefly discussed and the female is described. An identification key of the Kanakia species and allied genera is also provided.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Investigation of Longitudinal Data Analysis Hierarchical Linear Model and Latent Growth Model Using a Longitudinal Nursing Home Dataset. The appropriate use of the data analysis method in a longitudinal design remains controversial in gerontological nursing research. The objective of the current study is to compare statistical approaches between a hierarchical-linear model (HLM) and a latent-growth model (LGM) in random effects, variance explained, growth trajectory, and model fitness. Secondary analysis of longitudinal data was used. Two variables were chosen to demonstrate the comparison between statistical methods. The HLM was superior in addressing unbalanced data in repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate ANOVA because its nested data structure and random effects could be estimated. The LGM had advantages in modeling growth trajectories and model-fit comparisons. Superior to the HLM, the LGM reported more acceptable data fit, reporting a quadratic model, and successfully differentiated between and within components. The current research provides some evidence for applying appropriate statistical methods when addressing longitudinal datasets in gerontological nursing research.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Interleaving Semantics for Multi-Disciplinary Collaborative Design in A/E/C. The purpose of collaboration is to integrate the separate knowledge possessed by the participants in the design process into one meaningful whole. The integration of the individual participants data is not enough to comprehend, critique, debate, adopt, or incorporate the propositions made by other participants into their own part of the project. Centralized data structures were considered by many researchers to be the solution to the problem of shared understanding, minimizing the complexity of translating one form of representation into others and reducing the potential for errors due to such translations. Rather than facilitating collaboration, this form of centralized representation actually showed that the A/E/C (Architecture / Engineering / Construction) industry is so fragmented that the data-centric approach is not feasible, for technical and procedural reasons: the shared database quickly becomes too large and unwieldy to support the dynamic process of multi-disciplinary collaborative design. In this paper, we propose a distributed model that includes a mechanism to facilitate the exchange of participants' knowledge by incorporating semantics into their representations. We also present how the semantics would be authored and published through the mechanism so that a higher level of shared understanding among the participants would be achieved.", "label": [4, 5, 48, 40, 52]}
+{"token": "Preparation of monodispersed iron nanoparticles by thermal decomposition. Monodispersed iron nanoparticles were prepared by thermal decomposition of iron carbonyl at low temperatures of 160-180 degrees C in kerosene. The iron nanoparticles were spherical and their average size was decreased from 11.2 nm to 8.6 run with increasing decomposition temperatures in the range of 160 degrees C to 180 degrees C. The as-prepared iron nanoparticles were amorphous, but the surface of the particles was easily oxidized to be spinel structured.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Seasonal changes in populations of sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus (L., 1758) (Acari: Ixodinae) in natural biotopes of St. Petersburg and Leningrad province, Russian Federation. The season of activity of the adults shows one peak, the largest numbers show up in July-August (September). The population of adults is composed of two generations. The first generation is active from the beginning of the season until nearly its end, mid-October. Until the end of June, young individuals with large fat reserves predominate in the population. From July to the end of September, the adult population is formed mainly of mature individuals. Older individuals in the population appear from mid-July, and become dominating only in August and, mainly, in September. Ticks of the second generation, as young individuals, were recorded from the end of August until the end of the season of activity. The active nymphs were captured from late April until late October. The season of activity of nymphs begins and ends with a 100% content of young individuals. The spring population (April-May) consists of young nymphs, in June the proportions of young and mature are equalized, in July and August the ratio of mature and old nymphs is balanced, in September old individuals prevail, which were not found in October. The first generation is the nymphs who have hatched from August to October during the previous season, and the second one is the nymphs hatching in August of the current year. The lifespan of adults and nymphs can reach 13-15 months. The proportion of infected ticks in May and June is 24.5% and 25%, with the highest rates of in the young (10-12 months) part of population (70-85% of individuals). In July, the number of mature (12-13 months) individuals increases (up to 75-95%), at the same time the average values of infection fall to 20.8%. In August, the shares of mature (45-55%) and old - 13-15 months (45-55%) individuals are approximately balanced. Borrelia contamination is also decreasing (14.3%). In September, the number of mature individuals (29.7%) was about 2 times lower than the old ones (65.3%), and the infection rate decreased to 11.4%.The population of nymphs and adults is composed of two tick generations in the season of activity. The season of activity of adult ticks is holistic; it is not interrupted during the summer months. Infection of adults with Borrelia decreases simultaneously with the ageing of the population.Changes in the seasonal activity and age composition of adults and nymphs in populations of the Ixodes ricinusin northwestern Russia have been studied. Adult ticks and nymphs were collected on flag twice a month from April to October in 2014-2016. They were investigated for biological age (light-optical preparations of the midgut after staining fat with Sudan III). DNA isolated from ticks was analyzed using real-time PCR (fluorescent probe technology) for the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. pathogens based on amplification of the 16SrRNA and Hbb gene fragments.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Soviet Dissidents and the Legacy of the 1917 Revolutions. This article seeks to explain why, as the dissident movement burgeoned in the Soviet Union in the 1960s, there was almost no discussion about the October Revolution in samizdat, and it was the anti-Stalinist motif that predominated instead. It argues that at the time anti-Stalinism constituted a unifying language of activism for the \\\\'sixtiers\\\\' generation for several reasons: their communist upbringing; family ties to repressed communists; and the tacit acceptance of Khrushchev's de-Stalinization as a reformist framework for their action. As they feared Stalin's public rehabilitation, anti-Stalinism became the most pressing cause, pushing any deeper reflection on the regime's legitimacy into the background. However, by the 1970s, as a result of increased repression and the growing isolation of dissidents, the movement had split into several currents. An avowedly non-political current, the human rights movement emerged as a result of the rejection of revolutionary violence. Renouncing the prospect of regime change, it staked instead on a \\\\'legalist\\\\' strategy, which precluded any questioning of the Revolution as the foundation of the current regime. By contrast, for the more politicized Russophile current represented by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, and for the democratic socialist current embodied by Roy Medvedev, it became important to affirm their vision of the Revolution and its place in history in order to affirm their own political programs. While Medvedev sought to offer a demythologized account of the October Revolution to bolster its legitimacy, Solzhenitsyn denounced the February Revolution as a fateful caesura in Russian history.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "THE HISTORIAN OF THE FUTURE AND THE DISGUISED PROPHET: PROPHECY, HISTORY AND RHETORIC IN THE HISTORY OF THE FUTURE, BY FATHER ANTONIO VIEIRA. The Livro Anteprimeiro da Historia do Futuro, by Father Antonio Vieira (1608 - 1697), should be a prolegomenon to a larger prophetical work, the History of the Future, which would end up not being concluded. There one can find the basis for a treatise of prophetical interpretations presented as a \\\\'historical\\\\' work. To achieve such aim, Vieira recurred to classical historiographical and rhetorical elements, mainly as regards to the demonstration of the veracity of his report. Whether due to the context that emerged after the Council of Trent, which was not prone to ideas suspected of heterodoxy, or to the circumstances of the process that Vieira would face later in the Holy Office, that strategy served as a form to create a distance between its author and a polemical issue such as prophecy, as well as a form to impress persuasive force to his ideas.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Na+/K+ selectivity in the formation of ion pairs in aqueous solutions. The integral equations of liquids (RISM) and molecular dynamics method were used to calculate the mean force potential for the SO3 and COO hydrophilic groups and the CH3 hydrophobic group in the acetate, methyl sulfonate, and hydrosulfate anions, which form ion pairs with sodium and potassium cations in water. The carboxyl group selectively binds sodium ions from solutions containing Na+ and K+ ions, in spite of their equal charges, because the potassium ion experiences stronger steric hindrances near this group compared with sodium. The biophysical consequences of the revealed selectivity are discussed.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Free Legal Databases at IALS Library. Laura Griffiths provides information about the portals or gateways of qualitatively evaluated links to legal information on the internet, including FLAG, INTUTE: Law and eagle-I, and repositories of information produced by IALS and its partners such as FLARE and the Current Legal Research Topics database.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Common variants near MC4R are associated with fat mass, weight and risk of obesity. To identify common variants influencing body mass index (BMI), we analyzed genome-wide association data from 16,876 individuals of European descent. After previously reported variants in FTO, the strongest association signal (rs17782313, P = 2.9 x 10(-6)) mapped 188 kb downstream of MC4R (melanocortin-4 receptor), mutations of which are the leading cause of monogenic severe childhood-onset obesity. We confirmed the BMI association in 60,352 adults (per-allele effect = 0.05 Z-score units; P = 2.8 x 10(-15)) and 5,988 children aged 7-11 (0.13 Z-score units; P = 1.5 x 10(-8)). In case-control analyses (n = 10,583), the odds for severe childhood obesity reached 1.30 (P = 8.0 x 10(-11)). Furthermore, we observed overtransmission of the risk allele to obese offspring in 660 families (P (pedigree disequilibrium test average; PDT-avg) 2.4 x 10(-4)). The SNP location and patterns of phenotypic associations are consistent with effects mediated through altered MC4R function. Our findings establish that common variants near MC4R influence fat mass, weight and obesity risk at the population level and reinforce the need for large-scale data integration to identify variants influencing continuous biomedical traits.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Factors affecting the bid/no bid decision in the Saudi Arabian construction contractors. The bid/no bid decision requires an understanding of a company's assessment in relation to factors affecting the decision. Different companies might have different assessment values. The aim is to investigate how bid/no bid decisions are influenced by different characteristics of contractors. Various factors are identified and then analysed in order to investigate their influence and relative significance. A questionnaire survey was used to identify and rank the factors affecting the bidding decision and then analyse them in terms of differences between the returned responses with respect to the differing respondent characteristics. The findings have established the ranking order of the factors affecting the bid/no bid decision and identified their weights of importance. In addition, the influence of these characteristics upon the different weights of importance given by the survey respondents is found to be statistically significant. The most influential characteristics that affected their assessment of the weight of importance are contractor size, classification status of the contractor and the main client type. Different contractors' characteristics should be reflected in the way that the bid/no bid decisions are modelled. Also, the data collected should be categorized with regards to contractors' characteristics before starting the data analysis and modelling processes.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Transthoracic 3-dimensional echocardiography in the assessment of subaortic stenosis due to a restrictive ventricular septal defect in double inlet left ventricle with discordant ventriculoarterial connections. To evaluate the accuracy and clinical utility of three-dimensional echocardiography in the assessment of the size and shape of the ventricular septal defect in double inlet left ventricle. Methods. We validated the technique in an autopsy study, and then performed a clinical investigation. Six autopsied hearts were immersed in a waterbath and examined with 3-dimensional echocardiography. We identified the cross-section within the dataset which optimally displayed the ventricular septal defect \\\\'en face\\\\', and compared its smallest and largest diameters, as well as its area. The ventricular septal defect was then filled with a silicone sealant and a section prepared for direct measurement. In patients, we measured the diameters and area of the ventricular septal defect in endsystole nad computed the aortic valvar area in endsystole from the cross-section showing the aortic valve \\\\'en face\\\\'. Ten patients with double inlet left ventricle, aged between 2 and 15 years, were studied using rotational or parallel scanning. All patients had undergone banding of the pulmonary trunk at a mean age of 7 (3-36) days, usually at the time of repair of the coarctation. Two patients had undergone surgical enlargement of the ventricular septal defect prior to echocardiographic examination. Results: The correlation between the areas of the ventricular septal defect in the specimens measured directly and by 3-dimensional echocardiography was r = 0.98, with limits of agreement between -0.1 - 0.08 cm(2). In the patients, the area of the defect was measured as 3.9 +/- 2 cm2, whereas the aortic valvar area was 2.6 +/- 0.9 cm(2). The ratio between the areas was 1.5 (0.5 - 2.3). Three patients with areas of the ventricular septal defect smaller than those of the aortic valve had resting Doppler gradients between double inlet left ventricle and the aorta of 16, 20 and 30 mm Hgs, respectively. Conclusions: 3-dimensional echocardiography provides accurate assessment of the area of the ventricular septal defect in double inlet left ventricle, and is helpful in identifying patients with subaortic stenosis caused by restrictive defects.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "The importance of video recordings in signed language interpreting research. This chapter goes on to discuss the advantages and possible challenges of the use of video as a recording tool in signed language interpreting research, based on a case study on interpreting strategies used by Flemish Sign Language interpreters (Heyerick forthcoming). The same example also illustrates the role of video as an elicitation tool within signed language interpreting research.In signed language interpreting studies, researchers have devoted attention to the role of video recordings in data collection since the very beginning. Given the visual nature of signed languages, such recordings are imperative in order to investigate various aspects of signed language interpreting such as for instance interpreting strategies, interpreting quality, and interactional aspects of the interpreter mediated communication.While the chapter explores the benefits, opportunities and potential obstacles of working with video in research on signed language interpreting, I argue that including video recordings in any research examining communication and/or interaction has the potential to provide very rich data. Video allows for interactive events to be registered in their full multimodal effect and to be regarded and researched as multimodal events (Mondada 2011). This approach can broaden the understanding of human interaction in any field of study.In this chapter I claim that, in line with recent shifts in the understanding of communication and interaction (Mondada 2011), any research on interpreting which is a communicative act - should be based on multimodal data, including the visual, audiological, gestural and any other layers of interaction.This differs from studies looking at spoken language interpreting, where traditionally audio recordings were and to some extent still are the primary source of data in research.As a way of introduction, the chapter gives an overview of how and to which extent video recordings as a data collection tool have been used in three research fields in spoken and signed languages; spoken interaction studies, sign linguistics and interpreting studies, drawing primarily on Erickson (2011), Lucas et al. (2013), and Napier & Leeson (2016).", "label": [3, 5, 28, 52]}
+{"token": "Chemical characterization of synthetic cannabinoids by electrospray ionization FT-ICR mass spectrometry. The synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) represent the most recent advent of the new psychotropic substances (NPS) and has become popularly known to mitigate the effects of the Delta(9)-THC. The SCs are dissolved in organic solvents and sprayed in a dry herbal blend. However, little information is reported on active ingredients of SCs as well as the excipients or diluents added to the herbal blend. In this work, the direct infusion electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry technique (ESI-FT-ICR MS) was applied to explore the chemical composition of nine samples of herbal extract blends, where a total of 11 SCs (UR-144, JWH-073, XLR-11, JWH-250, JWH-122, AM-2201, AKB48, JWH-210, JWH-081, MAM-2201 and 5F-AKB48) were identified in the positive ionization mode, ESI(+), and other 44 chemical species ( saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, sugars, flavonoids, etc.) were detected in the negative ionization mode, ESI(-). Additionally, CID experiments were performed, and fragmentation pathways were proposed to identify the connectivity of SCs. Thus, the direct infusion ESI-FT-ICR MS technique is a powerful tool in forensic chemistry that enables the rapid and unequivocal way for the determination of molecular formula, the degree of unsaturation (DBE-double bond equivalent) and exact mass (<1 ppm) of a total of 55 chemical species without the prior separation step. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Between-year variation in determinants of offspring survival in the Sand Lizard, Lacerta agilis. 5. In the poor year, relatively larger offspring survived better than smaller ones.2. Offspring size in Swedish Sand Lizards (Lacerta agilis) decreases up to 60% during a female's life with a concomitant increase in clutch size; why do female Sand Lizards not produce an offspring of approximately equal size through life, while adjusting clutch size in accordance with available resources?1. Life-history theory predicts that clutch size and offspring size should evolve to an optimal offspring size vs number (OSN) equilibrium.3. Our results show that there is year-to-year variation in what factors determine female reproductive success, estimated by the number or proportion of recruits into the second year cohort.4. In a year with relatively poor female growth rate, poor female condition and probably relatively low potential for resource acquisition, females mating with many partners did relatively better than females mating with fewer partners.6. In a year with relatively high resource levels, females producing both relatively large young and large clutches were favoured by selection.7. Depending on environmental conditions, female 'optimal tactics' may differ between episodes of selection.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Study on the Effect of Climate Changes on the Composition and Quality Parameters of Virgin Olive Oil 'Zalmati' Harvested at Three Consecutive Crop Seasons: Chemometric Discrimination. Trees of the olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivar Zalmati grown in Zarzis (Mednine) with different main climate traits (temperature, precipitation, humidity, and wind) were studied for 3 years to evaluate the impact of climate on the quality of olive oil. The effect on quality indices, free fatty acids, peroxide value, UV spectrophotometry, pigment content, and phenol and O-diphenol concentrations, of the three harvesting periods was considered. Linking to the purity parameters (fatty acid, triacylglycerol, total phenols, and tocopherols composition), our results showed a trivial reduction in fatty acid composition and polyphenols content caused by the high temperature. In fact, precipitation strongly affects the pigment content, which showed a significant decrease during rainy seasons. Nevertheless, principal component analysis allowed us to highlight the correlation between parameters and indicates that 57.8% of the variation of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), MUFA/PUFA, alpha-tocopherol, C 18:1, and C 18:2 amounts was explained by the mean temperature.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Phencyclidine-induced cognitive impairments in repeated touchscreen visual reversal learning tests in rats. Reversal learning, a component of executive functioning, is commonly impaired among schizophrenia patients and is lacking effective treatment. N-methyl-?-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, such as phencyclidine (PCP), impair reversal learning of rodents. Touchscreen-based pairwise visual discrimination and reversal test is a translational tool to assess reversal learning in rodents. However, to fully exploit this task in testing of novel compounds, it is necessary to perform several reversal learning experiments with trained animals. Firstly, we assessed whether PCP-induced deficits in visual reversal learning in rats would be detectable with a short (5 sessions) reversal learning phase, and whether the short reversal phases could be repeated with novel stimulus pairs. Secondly, we assessed whether the PCP-induced deficits in reversal learning could be seen upon repeated PCP challenges with the same animals. Finally, we tested the effect of a novel compound, a selective alpha(2C) adrenoceptor antagonist, ORM-13070, to reverse PCP-induced cognitive deficits in this model. A 4-day PCP treatment at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg/day impaired early reversal learning in male Lister Hooded rats without inducing non-specific behavioral effects. We repeated the reversal learning experiment four times using different stimulus pairs with the same animals, and the PCP-induced impairment was evident in every single experiment. The alpha(2C) adrenoceptor antagonist ameliorated the PCP-induced cognitive deficits. Our results suggest that repeated PCP challenges in the touchscreen set-up induce schizophrenia-like cognitive deficits in visual reversal learning, improve throughput of the test and provide a protocol for testing novel drugs.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 55]}
+{"token": "Effects of folic acid on polyamine concentrations and polyamine oxidase activity in regenerating rat liver. Folic acid, in the active state as a tetrahydrofolate participates in a variety of enzymatic reactions that are intimately related to the synthesis of DNA, RNA and proteins. As a coenzyme of methionine synthase it participates in the transfer of methyl group to homocysteine forming methionine, which serves for the biosynthesis of spermidine and spermine. Metabolism of polyamines - spermine, spermidine and putrescine - is closely associated with cell growth and differentiation. Polyamine oxidase catalyses the degradation of spermine and spermidine. In the present study, effect of folic acid supplementation on polyamine concentrations and polyamine oxidase activity in regenerating rat liver tissue after partial hepatectomy was studied. M.-le albino Wister rats weighing 150180 g were used. Partial hepatectomy was performed by resection of the left lobe of the liver (30 %) under ether anesthesia. The hepatectomized animals were divided in two parts: animals that received folic acid intraperitoneally in a single dose of 2.5 mg per 100 g body weight and animals receiving 0.9% NaCl instead of the vitamin. There were five groups of experimental animals sacrificed 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after hepatectomy. Results suggest that polyamine concentrations in hepatic liver tissue change during regenerating period, after an initial decrease (at 12 and 24 hours) spermine and spermidine increase; polyamine oxidase activity decreases during regeneration period. The administration of folic acid to animals also decreases the amount of spermine (12 and 24 hours after operation), followed by an increase of spermine, spermidine and putrescine. In regenerating hepatic tissue the polyamine oxidase activity is lower than in control group. Supplementation with folic acid in hepatectomised animals results also in diminution of polyamine oxidase activity in regenerating rat liver tissue after hepatectomy.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Rock pillars shaped by columnar joints in granite at Mt. Mizugaki, Central Japan. Rock pillars of granite form a special type of characteristic topography in granite, but their origin is not well understood, partly because their 3D morphology has never been well characterized. Rock pillars were investigated at Mt. Mizugaki, which is underlain by Neogene granite that intruded into the Cretaceous accretionary complex in central Japan. Three rock pillars and their surrounding areas were investigated in detail using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images and structure from motion (SfM). The rock pillars were up to 70 m high and were shaped by columnar joints, which has hardly been reported before in granitic rocks. Columnar joints in granite are much larger than columnar joints in volcanic rocks. The columnar joints curved vertically, and some of them showed dipyramid shapes. The large size and curved morphology of the columnar joints may be the result of the slow cooling of the granite, compared to that of volcanic rocks. Thus, the columnar joints at Mt. Mizugaki made large, high rock pillars, which are not common in volcanic rocks.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Modelling of the outburst on 2015 July 29 observed with OSIRIS cameras in the Southern hemisphere of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Images of the nucleus and the coma (gas and dust) of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko have been acquired by the OSIRIS (Optical, Spectroscopic and Infrared Remote Imaging System) cameras since 2014 March using both the wide-angle camera and the narrow-angle camera (NAC). We use images from the NAC camera to study a bright outburst observed in the Southern hemisphere on 2015 July 29. The high spatial resolution of the NAC is needed to localize the source point of the outburst on the surface of the nucleus. The heliocentric distance is 1.25 au and the spacecraft-comet distance is 186 km. Aiming to better understand the physics that led to the outgassing, we used the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo method to study the gas flow close to the nucleus and the dust trajectories. The goal is to understand the mechanisms producing the outburst. We reproduce the opening angle of the outburst in the model and constrain the outgassing ratio between the outburst source and the local region. The outburst is in fact a combination of both gas and dust, in which the active surface is approximately 10 times more active than the average rate found in the surrounding areas. We need a number of dust particles 7.83 x 10(11) to 6.90 x 10(15) (radius 1.97-185 mu m), which correspond to a mass of dust (220-21) x 10(3) kg.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Bioprospecting by Phage Display of Mimetic Peptides of Chlamydia trachomatis for Use in Laboratory Diagnosis. Background: Chlamydia trachomatis infection is a major public health problem and the most common sexually transmitted infection in the world. Although highly prevalent, 70% to 80% of cases are asymptomatic and undiagnosed.Purpose: To overcome some limitations in terms of rapid diagnosis, phage display technology was used to bioprospect peptide mimetics of C. trachomatis immunoreactive and immunogenic antigens to be selected for the production of synthetic peptides.Methods: Initially, IgG from 22 individuals with C. trachomatis and 30 negative controls was coupled to G protein magnetic beads. The phage display technique consisted of biopanning, genetic sequencing, bioinformatics analysis and phage ELISA.Results: Clones G1, H5, C6 and H7 were selected for testing with individual samples positive and negative for C. trachomatis. Reactions were statistically significant (p < 0.05), with a sensitivity of 90.91, a specificity of 54.55, and AUC values >0.8. One-dimensional analysis with C. trachomatis components indicated that the G1 clone aligned with cell wall-associated hydrolase domain -containing protein, the H5 clone aligned with glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase PlsX protein, the C6 clone aligned with a transposase and inactivated derivatives, and the H7 clone aligned with GTP-binding protein. Molecular modeling and three-dimensional analysis indicated the best fit of the four clones with a protein known as chlamydial protease/proteasome-like activity factor (CPAF), an important virulence factor of the bacterium.Conclusion: The peptides produced by phage display are related to the metabolic pathways of C. trachomatis, indicating that they can be used to understand the pathogenesis of the infection. Because of their high sensitivity and AUC values, the peptides present considerable potential for use in platforms for screening C. trachomatis infections.", "label": [2, 22, 25]}
+{"token": "Non-destructive and rapid evaluation of aflatoxins in brown rice by using near-infrared and mid-infrared spectroscopic techniques. The applicability of near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics was explored in this study to develop rapid, low-cost and non-destructive spectroscopic methods for classification and quantification of aflatoxins in brown rice. A total of 132 brown rice samples within the aflatoxin concentration range of 0-2435.8 mu g/kg were prepared by artificially inoculated with A. flavus and A. parasiticus strains of fungus. For the classification of samples at varying levels of aflatoxin B-1, the linear discriminant analysis model obtained correct classification rate of 96.9 and 90.6% for NIR and MIR spectroscopy, respectively. For the simultaneous determination of aflatoxins B-1, B-2, G(1), G(2) and the total aflatoxins, partial least squares regression also showed good predictive accuracy for both NIR (r (v) = 0.936-0.973, RPD = 2.5-4.0) and MIR spectroscopy (r (v) = 0.922-0.970, RPD = 2.5-4.0). The overall results indicated that the two spectroscopic techniques offered the feasibility to be used as alternative tools for rapid detection of various aflatoxin contaminations in grain.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "The aesthetics of the Gorozhane group. This study discusses a group of authors who came together in the mid-1960s and attempted to publish two collections of short stories and novellas. They called themselves Gorozhane (Urbanists) to show their opposition to the expressive means used by the village prose writers. These young prose writers, in declaring their intention of establishing an independent literary association, were making a deliberate reference to the literary groupings of the 1920s (prior to the imposition of Socialist Realism) and, in particular, the Serapion Brothers. The stories examined in this article, all written in the mid-1960s, reveal a number of characteristics that bind the group together. Besides their overriding concern with the renovation of language, we find formal experimentation, innovatory approaches to the relation of narrative and dialogue, original methods of organizing material, and (at least in the period under review) a preference for small forms, short story or novella.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "The powers that be: Processes of control in 'crew scene hardcore'. This article adds to the literature about youth orientated music scenes by analyzing norms of control in 'crew scene hardcore'. Data were collected in three northeastern US cities. This study contributes by proposing a framework in which enclave groups known as 'crews' can be studied; by exploring the experiences of women who are involved with crew scene hardcore; and by illustrating how norms of control are formed and managed through processes of interaction. Distinctive gender roles illustrate that the norms of this music scene are derived from 'hypermasculine' controls. This results in the marginalization of women in the scene, no matter what their contribution to it is.", "label": [5, 56, 57]}
+{"token": "Suspended Sediment Dynamics in the Macrotidal Seine Estuary (France): 2. Numerical Modeling of Sediment Fluxes and Budgets Under Typical Hydrological and Meteorological Conditions. Understanding the sediment dynamics in an estuary is important for its morphodynamic and ecological assessment as well as, in case of an anthropogenically controlled system, for its maintenance. However, the quantification of sediment fluxes and budgets is extremely difficult from in-situ data and requires thoroughly validated numerical models. In the study presented here, sediment fluxes and budgets in the lower Seine Estuary were quantified and investigated from seasonal to annual time scales with respect to realistic hydro- and meteorological conditions. A realistic three-dimensional process-based hydro- and sediment-dynamic model was used to quantify mud and sand fluxes through characteristic estuarine cross-sections. In addition to a reference experiment with typical forcing, three experiments were carried out and analyzed, each differing from the reference experiment in either river discharge or wind and waves so that the effects of these forcings could be separated. Hydro- and meteorological conditions affect the sediment fluxes and budgets in different ways and at different locations. Single storm events induce strong erosion in the lower estuary and can have a significant effect on the sediment fluxes offshore of the Seine Estuary mouth, with the flux direction depending on the wind direction. Spring tides cause significant up-estuary fluxes at the mouth. A high river discharge drives barotropic down-estuary fluxes at the upper cross-sections, but baroclinic up-estuary fluxes at the mouth and offshore so that the lower estuary gains sediment during wet years. This behavior is likely to be observed worldwide in estuaries affected by density gradients and turbidity maximum dynamics.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "DIEL PERIODICITY AND INFLUENCE OF AGE AND MATING ON SEX-PHEROMONE TITER IN GYPSY-MOTH, LYMANTRIA-DISPAR (L). The diel periodicity of sex pheromone titer from pheromone glands of female Lymantria dispar is described. On the day of emergence (day 0), pheromone titer was generally low; means ranged from 1 to 4 ng cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane during photophase and gradually increased to 8.4 ng over the course of scotophase. For day-1, -2, and -3 females, the diel fluctuations of titer were more pronounced. Lowest titers (5-9 ng) occurred 0-4 hr after lights-on, and peak titers (19-32 ng) were found 0-4 hr before lights-off. Comparison of the average daily titer among the different age groups (data pooled over six time points at 4-hr intervals) indicated that significantly less pheromone was extracted from glands of day-0 (4.5 ng) than day-1 (12.4 ng), day-2 (15.4 ng), or day-3 females (13.5 ng). No significant differences were found among the three older ages. Females in copula exhibited a rapid reduction in titer within the first 0.5 hr of mating initiation (7.6 ng vs. 19.5 ng from virgin females of similar age). After the second 0.5 hr, the reduction in titer was not nearly as marked, falling only to 4.5 ng. Twenty-four hours after mating, titer fell below the limits of detection (0.5 ng). All extracts from pheromone glands of virgin or mated females contained < 1.0 ng of the putative pheromone precursor, 2-methyl-cis-7-octadecene.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
+{"token": "Gross worker flows and unemployment dynamics in Japan. This paper studies the dynamics of worker flows in Japan between 1980 and 2009. We construct gross worker flows data using the monthly Labor Force Survey. Our data enables us to examine the size and cyclical patterns of the flows and transition rates between employment, unemployment, and not being-in-the labor force. We find that the cyclical pattern of worker flows is similar to that found in other countries; however, worker flows in Japan are generally smaller than those in the US and European countries. We also decompose changes in unemployment into contributions from unemployment inflow and outflow rates. We find that both inflow and outflow rates significantly affect variations in unemployment. J. Japanese Int. Economies 26 (1) (2012) 44-61. Graduate School of International Relations, International University of Japan, 777 Kokusai-cho, Minami Uonuma-shi, Niigata 949-7277, Japan. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Lin, Ching-Yang, and Miyamoto, Hiroaki-Gross worker flows and unemployment dynamics in Japan", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
+{"token": "Conjecture O holds for the odd symplectic Grassmannian. Property O, introduced by Galkin et al. for arbitrary complex, Fano manifolds X, is a statement about the eigenvalues of the linear operator obtained by the quantum multiplication by the anticanonical class of X. We prove that property O holds in the case when X= IG (k,2n+1) is an odd symplectic Grassmannian. The proof uses the combinatorics of the recently found quantum Chevalley formula for IG (k,2n+1), together with the Perron-Frobenius theory of nonnegative matrices.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "A study of the silvering process of the Gallo-Roman coins forged during the third century AD. We have observed by fast neutron activation analysis (FNAA) that the global composition of the official silver coins of the Gallic emperor Postumus is not the same as those from the contemporary unofficial mints. In order to explain this phenomenon, we have carried out a metallographic study of the artefacts. Then, we have re-created the silvering process of unofficial coins in order to better understand the manufacturing process of silvering. The different steps of the replication process are explained in this paper.", "label": [3, 4, 36, 38, 30]}
+{"token": "Imaginal Bind. This article pretends to be a critic to the social bind between modernity represented by differentiation, the economic and the ethic domains. On the other hand, the posmodernity means the liberation of the reason of body. Its passions represent new forms of social bindingness more precarious and contingents. In posmodernity the identification is more important than the quest of identity. The \\\\'I\\\\' disappears in the Alterity through images that offer recognition and meaning.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Distinguishing Long-Discussed Cryptic Species of the Epibiotic Goose-Neck Barnacle of the Genus Conchoderma (Thoracicalcarea: Lepadidae) with Integrative Taxonomy. Naked goose neck barnacles Conchoderma can grow on a wide variety of marine organisms. The taxonomic status of two of its species-C. virgatum and C. hunteri-are currently controversial. Some studies suggest that C. hunteri is a subspecies, variety or growth forms of C. virgatum, because both have great morphological variations, but other studies consider C. hunteri and C. virgatum to be distinct species. The present study examines the morphology and sequence divergence of the COI gene in C. virgatum, C. hunteri and other closely related species. There are consistent morphological differences between C. virgatum and C. hunteri in the tergum, carina and fifth teeth of the mandible. Phylogenetic analysis based on the divergence in the COI gene revealed that C. virgatum and C. hunteri form sister clades with high bootstrap values. The K2P distances within C. hunteri and C. virgatum are 0.034 +/- 0.008 and 0.002 +/- 0.001 for the COI sequences, respectively. The K2P distance between C. hunteri and C. virgatum is 0.097 +/- 0.016. Morphological and molecular evidence confirm that C. hunteri is a valid species.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
+{"token": "Generalized acyclic edge colorings via entropy compression. An r-acyclic edge coloring of a graph G is a proper edge coloring such that any cycle C has at least colors. The least number of colors needed for an r-acyclic edge coloring of G is called the r-acyclic edge chromatic number or the r-acyclic chromatic index of G, denoted by . In this paper, we study the r-acyclic edge chromatic number with and prove that . We also prove that when r is even, , which is asymptotically optimal. In addition, we investigate how the r-acyclic edge chromatic number performs as the girth increases. It is proved in this paper that for every graph G with girth at least , holds. Our approach is based on the entropy compression method.", "label": [4, 40, 41]}
+{"token": "Novel cholesteric liquid crystalline elastomers containing dimer type nematic and chiral liquid crystalline side-chains. A new set of cholesteric side chain liquid crystalline elastomers (ChLCEs) E-1-E-7 were graft copolymerized by hydrosilylation reaction with poly(methylhydrogeno)siloxane, nematic monomer (M-1), chiral monomer (M-2), and crosslinking agent (CL). The two monomers were both dimers, and the chiral 2-octyl terminal group was firstly used in the ChLCE systems. The chemical structures of M-1, M-2 and CL were carefully examined by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), elemental analysis (EA), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-1 NMR); and their mesomorphic phases were determined by observation using polarizing optical microscopy (POM), and double confirmed by calculations from the results of Xray diffraction (XRD). The helical structure of combining the chiral and achiral liquid crystalline side chains endowed the obtained ChLCEs with cholesteric liquid crystalline properties. By tailoring the dosage of the crosslinking agent, the mesomorphic properties of ChLCEs could be adjusted. The mesophase-isotropic phase ranges of the ChLCEs were gradually narrowed with the increasing addition of CL according to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Thermal analysis (TG) results showed the temperatures at which 5% weight loss occurred were greater than 300 degrees C for all the ChLCEs. The effective crosslink density ((M) over bar (c)) of the ChLCEs was characterized by swelling experiments showing that the molecular weight between the crosslinking points decreases with the increase of the CL. Fourier transform infrared imaging (FT-IR imaging) and FT-IR indicate the functional groups of all the ChLCEs are finely distributed.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Advances on asymptotic normality in non-parametric functional time series analysis. We consider a stationary process and wish to predict future values from previous ones. Instead of considering the process in its discretized form, we choose to see it as a sample of dependent curves. Then, we cut the process into N successive curves. Obviously, the N curves are not independent. The prediction issue can be translated into a non-parametric functional regression problem from dependent functional variables. This paper aims to revisit and complete two recent works on this topic. This article extends recent literature and provides asymptotic law with explicit constants under -mixing assumptions. Then we establish pointwise confidence bands for the regression function. To conclude, we present how our results behave on a simulation and on a real time series.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Would you rather collect data in the rain or attend a virtual field trip? Findings from a series of virtual science field studies. Virtual field trips open new possibilities for instructional designers to create more interactive worlds for learners. Three virtual field trips are examined which have all been developed for the Open University undergraduate science courses and make clever and innovative use of QuickTime Virtual Reality to allow students to enter three contrasting environments.Learning gains have been ascertained from pre-and post-test cognitive change scores. Perceived learning was also measured with a post experience questionnaire. The findings are interesting in that students felt they learnt more from the virtual environment than standing in the cold identifying biological samples. However, when it came to dealing with rock samples, students wanted to handle the real thing. This paper describes the advantages and disadvantages of using virtual science field trips and suggests the fine-tuning of feedback to students requires careful consideration in these types of virtual learning environments.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Did the Affordable Care Act Decrease Veteran Enrollment in the Veterans Health Administration?. Background: Provisions of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) provided nonelderly individuals, including Veterans, with additional health care coverage options. This may impact enrollment for health care through the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). National enrollment data was used to: (1) compare characteristics of enrollees at 3 time points in relation to the implementation of ACA insurance provisions (2012); and (2) examine enrollment trends. Methods: The study population included a 10% sample of Veterans under age 65 who were VHA enrollees between January 2012 and September 2015. Demographic and baseline characteristics were compared between 3 enrollment groups: pre-2012, pre-ACA (2012-2013), and post-ACA (2014-2015). Using an interrupted time series approach, we employed pooled logistic regression to assess trends in new VHA enrollment, overall, and by select enrollee characteristics. Results: A total of 429,833 enrollees were identified. Compared with pre-ACA enrollees, post-ACA enrollees were more likely to be older, have a service-connected disability, live further away from a VHA medical center, but less likely to use primary care within 6 months. The post-ACA quarterly trend in the odds of being a new enrollee was 3% lower (95% confidence interval: 0.96, 0.98) as compared with the pre-ACA trend. This decline was consistent across sex, geography, (all but 1) priority group, and state Medicaid-expansion subgroups. Conclusions: The ACA appears to have contributed to a decline in new VHA enrollment. In addition, the profile of newer enrollees differs from that of pre-ACA enrollees. The VHA must continue to monitor trends in demand in order to continue delivering high-quality, efficient care.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "Path-contractions, edge deletions and connectivity preservation. We study several problems related to graph modification under connectivity constraints from the perspective of parameterized complexity. In particular, we study (a) (Weighted) Biconnectivity Deletion, where we are tasked with deleting k edges while preserving biconnectivity in an undirected graph, and (b) Path-contraction Preserving Strong Connectivity, where we want to maintain strong connectivity of a digraph while path-contracting k arcs. The parameterized tractability of this last problem was posed in Bang-Jensen and Yeo (2008) [1] as an open question and we answer it here in the negative. On the other hand, we show that preserving (weighted) biconnectivity is fixed-parameter tractable (FPT) and the unweighted case even admits a randomized polynomial kernel. Finally, we show that the most general case of the (unweighted) problem where one would like to preserve rho-vertex connectivity for any rho is (non-uniformly) FPT parameterized by k and rho. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Factors of Proactive Disclosure of Information at the Local Level. In our paper, we concentrate on proactive transparency, provision of data without prior information requests. To do so, we collected data from all 2,926 municipalities in Slovakia and analyze political, economic, and social factors that affect the proactive transparency of these local bodies. This case selection provides two advantages. First, we study a relatively new democracy, where proactive transparency has not been analyzed so far. Second, our sample size is substantially larger than samples in most existing studies, and unlike in the case of the majority of previous research, we focus on a country with a highly fragmented municipal structure, where most municipalities have a small population. We find that a higher population, lower unemployment and female municipal leadership enhance the level of proactive transparency. The results also show a connection between reactive and proactive transparency at the local level. In general, our findings indicate that municipalities with a small population face substantial obstacles in disclosing information to the public.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Fear of crime in public transport: Research in Mexico City. Levels of fear of crime across different modes of public transport in Mexico City are analysed, using data from the 2007 Survey on Victimization and Institutional Efficacy conducted in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. Approximately 36 per cent of public transport users reported feeling either unsafe or not very safe. Ordinal logistic regression results showed that fear of crime was similar across transportation modes and was higher for those travelling more than 30 min. In addition, fear of crime in public transport was higher among crime victims, younger users, individuals with a poor opinion on local police and those with higher levels of fear of crime in their neighbourhood of residence. These findings suggest that fear reduction policies are an important partner of crime reduction policies in increasing quality of life, and that public transport is an important, although neglected, dimension of such policies.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Near Infrared Spectrometry for Rapid Non-Invasive Modelling of Aspergillus-Contaminated Maturing Kernels of Maize (Zea mays L.). Aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus spp. produce carcinogenic metabolites that contaminate maize. Maize kernel absorbance patterns of near infrared (NIR) wavelengths (800-2600 nm) were used to non-invasively identify kernels of milk-, dough- and dent-stage maturities with four doses of Aspergillus sp. contamination. Near infrared spectrometry (NIRS) spectral data was pre-processed using first derivative Savitzky-Golay (1d-SG) transformation and multiplicative scatter correction on spectral data. Contaminated kernels had higher absorbance between 800-1134 nm, while uninoculated samples had higher absorbance above 1400 nm. Dose and maturity clusters seen in Principal Component Analysis (PCA) score plots were due to bond stretches of combination bands, CH and C=O functional groups within grain macromolecules. The regression model at 2198 nm separated uninoculated and inoculated kernels (p < 0.0001, R-2 = 0.88, root mean square error = 0.15). Non-invasive identification of Aspergillus-contaminated maize kernels using NIR spectrometry was demonstrated in kernels of different maturities.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "An improved ventilation system for settling stage of a wastewater treatment plant: a computational simulation analysis. The present study examines the development of a push-pull ventilation system with localized extraction located for use in wastewater treatment. The proposed approach aims to minimize the concentration of H2S in the settling stage of a wastewater treatment plant located in Santiago de Chile. Computational fluid dynamic simulations were implemented, and these were contrasted with actual measurements of H2S emission to assess and to improve the existing forced crossed ventilation system in place. Along with the measurement of H2S emissions, other important operating parameters of the existing ventilation system, including air velocity and NH3 concentration were measured. The measurements at different positions of the settling stage of the wastewater treatment process showed H2S concentrations as high as 21 mg/m(3) at the center over the water surface when utilizing the existing crossed ventilation system. In general, the measured H2S concentrations agree with those predicted by computational simulations, with discrepancies between 8.1% and 28.4%. An assessment of the improved ventilation system with localized extraction systems (push-pull) was carried out to determine the level of effectiveness of decreasing the concentration of H2S in the settling plant. According to the obtained results, the concentration of H2S in the corridors of the plant does not surpass 7.5 ppm, which meets the required Chilean regulation.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Dynamin 2 mutations cause sporadic centronuclear myropathy with neonatal onset. We report four hererozygous dynamin 2 (DNM2) mutations in five centronuclear myopathy patients aged I to 15 years. They all presented with neonatal hypotonia with weak suckling, Thereafter, their phenotype progressively improved. All patients demonstrated muscle weakness prominent in the lower limbs, and most of them also presented with facial weakness, open mouth, arched palate, ptosis, and ophthalmoparesis. Electrophysiology showed only myopathic changes, and muscle biopsies showed central nuclei and type I fiber hypotrophy and predominance. Our results expand the phenotypic spectrum of dynamin 2 - related centronuclear myopath), from the classic mild form to the more severe neonatal phenotype.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "Physical activity and sports rehabilitation measures in Spain. This article analyses Spain's low rating in physical activity and sports therapy measures within the context of its current rehabilitation concepts as well as physical act ivity and sports science training. The author outlines the conceptual differences of the different professional fields and research disciplines, and offers examples from the field of Adapted Physical Activity (APA) and the rehabilitation of drug addicts.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Identification of allatostatins in the brown-winged green bug Plautia stali. Juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis is inhibited under short-day conditions in the brown-winged green bug Plautia stali. We investigated allatostatic molecules in the brain of P. stali. Methanol brain extracts strongly inhibited JH biosynthesis. The allatostatic activities of the brain extracts were heat stable but gently suppressed by trypsin treatment, indicating that the allatostatic molecules were peptides. Grybi-MIP1, found in Gryllus bimaculatus as an allatostatic molecule, inhibited JH biosynthesis in P. stali. In contrast, peptides such as Dippu-AST2, 8, and 9, found in Diploptera punctata, did not affect JH biosynthesis in P. stali. We found a cDNA sequence encoding a peptide precursor of myoinhibitory peptides (MIPs), which we named Plast-MIP. Three synthetic peptides, AWKDLSKAW-NH2 (Plast-MIP1), GWSDLQSAGW-NH2 (Plast-MIP5), and AADWGSFRGSW-NH2 (Plast-MIP8), deduced from the precursor sequence, showed clear inhibition of JH biosynthesis in P. stali. Analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry showed that Plast-MIP8 resides in the brain. Expression of the Plast-MIP mRNA precursor was detected in the brain of insects reared under short- and long-day conditions. These results suggest that Plast-MIP is an allatostatic molecule and that MIPs are synthesized irrespective of photoperiod. To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify Plast-MIP as a functional allatostatin in hemipteran insects. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 44, 47]}
+{"token": "MODULAR LATTICES IN EUCLIDEAN SPACES. Even lattices similar to their duals are discussed in connection with modular forms for Fricke groups. In particular, lattices of level 2 with large Hermite number are considered, and an analogy between the seven levels l such that 1 + l divides 24 is stressed (C) 1995 Academic Press. Inc.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Prolonged incubation of non-viable eggs in the Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus. We present the frequency and duration of prolonged incubation in the Bearded Vulture and test different hypotheses on the possible adaptive significance of this behaviour. The mean and median prolonged incubation lasted 29 and 25 days respectively (n = 10), i.e., 54% and 46% respectively longer than the average incubation period. There was a negative correlation between the duration of prolonged incubation and the egg-laying date: prolonged incubation lasted longer in earlier clutches than in later ones, and territories with many breeding attempts showed short incubation prolongations. On the other hand, no correlation was found between the duration of prolonged incubation and productivity or breeding success. The results suggest that more experienced birds, which occupy higher quality territories and lay their eggs earlier, prolonged their incubation to a greater extent. Although prolonged incubation may constitute an example of adaptive behaviour, the extensive periods documented in some cases do not appear to support this assumption.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "PEST STATUS OF LYGUS BUGS (HEMIPTERA, MIRIDAE) IN OILSEED BRASSICA CROPS. The feeding damage of lygus bugs and their effects on yield of oilseed rape were assessed in commercial fields and plots of Brassica napus L. and Brassica campestris L. in Alberta, Canada.  Surveys of commercial fields showed that 6% of canola seed in some regions was destroyed by lygus bugs, on average, and that in some fields > 20% of the seed was destroyed.  When lygus bugs were controlled with insecticide at the early pod stage, yield increased by 11-35% in five tests.  The highest yield loss was associated with a lygus bug density of 52 per 10 sweeps at the early pod stage and this loss was statistically significant.  The smallest yield increases occurred when insecticide was applied at the bud or flower stages, but these were not significant.  The percentage of seeds injured by lygus bug increased and the yield decreased as lygus density increased.  In three of four trials, yield declined as the percentage of seed injured by lygus bugs increased.  These trends were similar in a number of experiments conducted in different years and locations, but many of the slopes defining the relationships were not statistically significant, and the predictive variables accounted for relatively small proportions of the variation.  The percentage of seed injured by lygus and the relationships between lygus density, seed damage, and canola yield support the conclusion that lygus bugs can cause agronomically important losses of canola under field conditions in Alberta.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Limits on stellar and planetary companions in microlensing event OGLE-1998-BUL-14. We present the PLANET photometric data set for OGLE-1998-BUL-14, a high-magnification (A(max) similar to 16) event alerted by the OGLE collaboration toward the Galactic bulge in 1998. The PLANET data set consists a total of 461 I-band and 139 V-band points, the majority of which was taken over a 3 month period. The median sampling interval during this period is about 1 hr,and the I sigma scatter over the peak of the event is 1.5%. The excellent data quality and high maximum magnification of this event make it a prime candidate to search for the short-duration, low-amplitude perturbations that are signatures of a planetary companion orbiting the primary lens. The observed light curve for OGLE-1998-BUL-14 is consistent with a single lens (no companion) within photometric uncertainties. We calculate the detection efficiency of the light curve to lensing companions as a function of the mass ratio and angular separation of the two components. We find that companions of mass ratio greater than or equal to 0.01 are ruled out at the 95% significance level for projected separations between 0.4 and 2.4r(E), where r(E) is the Einstein ring radius of the primary lens. Assuming that the primary is a G dwarf with r(E) similar to 3 AU, our detection efficiency for this event is similar to 60% for a companion with the mass and separation of Jupiter and similar to 5% for a companion with the mass and separation of Saturn. Our efficiencies for planets like those around nu And and 14 Her are >75%.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Factors influencing the distribution of metastases and survival in extensive disease small cell lung cancer. This study was conducted to investigate the distribution of metastatic lesions and their influence on survival, as well as other prognostic Factors previously shown to have an impact on the outcome of patients with extensive small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Of the 207 patients were included and retrospectively analyzed; 124 patients had extended disease at initial presentation and the remaining 83 developed metastatic disease during follow-up. Patients who relapsed presented most frequently with distant metastases. The brain was the most frequent organ targeted for metastatic disease following the completion of chemotherapy (p < 0.05). Serum LDH levels correlated significantly with the presence of liver metastasis (p < 0.001). The site of involvement did not seem to have an impact on survival. Nevertheless, patients with multiple metastatic sites had a significantly poor survival rate (p = 0.001). Weight loss, performance status, gender, clinical stage, serum LDH and albumin levels were all shown to correlate with survival (p < 0.05). Response to chemotherapy was determined to be the most important prognostic factor.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Tannery waste treatment: Leaching, filtration and cake dewatering using a membrane filter press (a pilot plant study). In Alcanena (Portugal) the waste water treatment plant (WWTP) receives tannery waste, after a pretreatment for sulphides and the tanning exhaust baths have been sent to a recovery unit and the municipal waste water from Alcanena residential area. Physical, chemical, and biological treatment processes are involved, and the end products are sludge of similar to 71 % moisture containing mainly organic matter, sulfides, iron, chromium, and other metals. The sludge is dumped, after stabilization, in a specially designed hazardous waste landfill. In this study, tannery mixed sludge (from chemical and biological treatments) was leached and filtered. Leaching was carried out using sulfuric acid (pH 0.5) to release residual sulfides and metals from the slurry. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) was flushed out into an oxidation trap (hypochlorite/alkaline tank) in which H2S transforms to soluble sulfate. The acidified sludge was fed into a membrane filter press where it was filtered, acid-washed, water-washed, membrane-squeezed, and vacuum-dried reaching lower moisture levels (20-30%). The process cycle is approximately 101-137min in our experiments; however, from this work, a cycle of 90min to produce cakes with 0.9 cm thickness in the industrial scale through cutting some operational time, reaching final moisture of similar to 20% at the end of the dewatering cycle, can be estimated. Filtration was carried out at different feed pressure (3-5 bar) with and without diatomite precoating. The effect of different amounts of diatomite body-feed was studied. Specific cake resistance, a, was found to increase with the increase in feed pressure and to decrease with diatomite precoating and the increased amounts of diatomite body feed. Cake washing was accomplished using 0.05 M H2SO4 (acid washing), to remove residual metals, followed by water washing, to remove cake acidity. Cake dewatering via membrane squeezing was applied using hot water (65 degrees C), and cake moisture was dropped from similar to 71% before squeezing to 42% after squeezing. With vacuum application over the hot cakes, for 30min, cake moisture decreased to similar to 20% for cakes with an average thickness of 0.9cm. Cake chemical analysis showed chromium levels lower than 1000 mg/kg (the maximum Cr concentration allowed by the Portuguese legislation in a solid residue for use in agricultural soil). In addition, produced cake (without diatomite body feed) has a calorific value of 11,000 kJ/kg and accordingly it can be used as a source of energy.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
+{"token": "Requirement for spatial correlation reduction in 2 x 2 MIMO systems. This letter presents a requirement for a spatial correlation reduction to enhance 2x2 MIMO channel capacity, which considers variations in SNR and channel matrix components. The simulation results clarify that correlation reduction requirement of |gamma(s,max)| <= 0.7 is effective to enhance channel capacity.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "EXPOSURE OF RAW-264.7 MACROPHAGE CELL LINE TO WATER-SOLUBLE EXTRACT OF CHEDDAR CHEESE: ASSESSMENT OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY. Oxidative stress is the most critical factor implicated in various degenerative ailments. The present study was designed to evaluate the in vitro radical scavenging potential of water-soluble peptides (WSPs) extract derived from buffalo and cow milk cheddar cheeses during ripening. Moreover, the protective role of WSPs extract on cell viability and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in RAW-264.7 macrophages (Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated) cell line was also assessed. The WSPs extracts were potent scavenger of DPPH radical and activity increased progressively with cheese ripening period. Comparatively, highest activity was noticed in the peptide extract obtained from buffalo milk cheddar cheese. The intracellular ROS production in RAW-264.7 macrophages decreased significantly (P<0.05) upon treatment with WSPs extract. However, the WSPs fraction collected at 150(th) day of ripening showed maximum reduction in ROS generation. Additionally, dose-dependent response of WSPs extract was noticed for antioxidant activity. The promising antioxidant potential of cheddar cheese can offer a perspective to reduce the risk of disorders associated with oxidative damage.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 42, 10]}
+{"token": "Improving medicine usage through patient information leaflets in India. The impact of patient information leaflets (PILs) was measured in an outpatient department of a large tertiary care public health facility in India. Patients were allocated to control (114) or intervention group (118). Patients in the intervention group received PILs.The primary indicators [mean +/- standard deviation (SD)] improved significantly in the intervention group compared with the control group (15.7 +/- 7.3 versus 12.2 +/- 5.4). A three-fold (P < 0.01) increase in the awareness of the supplementary scores was observed in the intervention group (9.5 +/- 5.2 versus 3.3 +/- 2.7) compared with the control group (3.5 +/- 2.8 versus 3.5 +/- 2.8). Confounding variables, viz. age, sex, literacy level, did not influence the patients' knowledge. When the number of drugs prescribed increased, the patient's knowledge decreased significantly (P < 0.0001). PILs provided to the patients by the pharmacist significantly improved knowledge about medication, and improved compliance at home.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "A randomized, prospective, comparative trial of a variable-angle versus fixed-angle endoscope for exploratory thoracoscopy in canine cadavers. Objective To compare the efficacy of a variable-angle endoscope (VAE) for canine thoracoscopic exploration to a traditional fixed-angle endoscope (FAE). Study design Randomized, prospective, comparative study. Sample population Five fresh canine cadavers. Methods Twelve predetermined anatomical locations were labeled after median sternotomy in each cadaveric thorax. Two board-certified veterinary surgeons performed thoracoscopic evaluation of each thorax using a fixed-angle (30 degrees) and a variable-angle (0 degrees-120 degrees) endoscope with and without lungs mechanically ventilated. The order of surgeon, lung ventilation, and endoscope were determined using a randomized block design. Time to visualize each anatomical location was compared for surgeon, endoscope, and lung ventilation status. Primary outcome measures were time to individual anatomical location, total simulated thoracoscopic exploration time, and ability to identify anatomical location within the designated time period. Results Lung ventilation (difference = 184 seconds,P = .015, 95% CI = 45-342 seconds) and endoscope type (difference = 112 seconds,P = .029; 95% CI = 10-213 seconds) had an effect on the cumulative time for complete thoracoscopic exploration. The VAE shortened the time to identify three of the 12 anatomical locations when controlling for the effects of lung ventilation. Use of the VAE did not improve time to identification for any locations compared to the FAE when lungs were not ventilated. The VAE facilitated significantly shorter cumulative thoracoscopic exploration time compared with the FAE. Failure to identify predetermined locations was more common with the FAE than with the VAE. Conclusion Use of a rigid VAE decreased cumulative thoracoscopic exploration time and provided an alternative to one-lung ventilation for circumventing the visual impediments of lung ventilation. Clinical significance This cadaveric study provides evidence that one-lung ventilation and use of a VAE may improve surgeon efficiency during exploratory thoracoscopy.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "The Body, the Temple and the Newtonian Man Conundrum. From his early days at the University of Cambridge until his death, Isaac Newton had a long running interest in the Temple of Solomon, a topic which appeared in his works on prophecy, chronology and metrology. At the same time that Newton was working on the Principia, he reconstructed the Temple and commented on the reconstructions of others. An important part of his investigations concerned the measurements of the Temple, which were harmonic and were built \\\\'exactly as the proportion of architecture demands.\\\\' Newton considered these proportions to be in accordance with Book III and IV of De Architectura. However, while insisting on exact architectural proportions, Newton moved away from the traditional proportions of the Vitruvian man; he derived a Newtonian man. This poses an interesting conundrum: Newton accepted the Temple's architectural proportions as outlined in Vitruvius's Book III, yet he rejected the human model Vitruvius used as the foundation of these proportions. At the same time Newton accepted the human frame as the basis of all ancient measurements and attempted to estimate the length of the sacred cubit based on the lengths of the parts for the body and the measurements set out by the ancient writers such a Vitruvius.", "label": [1, 3, 17, 30]}
+{"token": "Health-related quality of life in WHO Class II-III obese men losing weight with very-low-energy diet and behaviour modification: a randomised clinical trial. Results: In the treatment group, the mean (s.d.) weight loss was 17.0 (7.4)% at the end of the 4 month therapy. At the end of follow-up, nearly 6 months after the end of VLED in the treatment group, the average maintained weight loss was 13.9 (7.8)% of baseline weight. The control group was weight stable throughout the study. During treatment, there was only transient improvement in general health, bodily pain, mental health, emotional role functioning and vitality (all increases in the Scores were not statistically significant). Improvements in physical functioning, social functioning and obesity-related psychosocial problems were maintained until the end of follow-up. The treatment group also reported improvement in perceived health in the past year. There was only minor fluctuation in questionnaire scores in the control group.Design: An 8 month randomised clinical trial with a 4 month weight loss programme (10 weeks on a very-low-energy diet (VLED) and 17 behaviour modification visits) in the treatment group and no intervention in the control group.Measurements: Weight and questionnaires measuring health-related quality of life (RAND 36-Item Health Survey 1.0 and obesity-related psychosocial problems scale).Conclusion: The short-term and maintained health-related quality of life effects of weight loss may differ. Marked weight loss in WHO Class II-III obese men leads to improvements in physical functioning, social functioning, obesity-related psychosocial problems, and perceived health; these improvements were maintained at 4 month post-intervention follow-up.Objective: To study health-related quality of life responses to marked weight loss in WHO Class II - III (body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to 35 kg/m(2)) obese men.Subjects: Nineteen men (mean age 45.9y, mean BMI 39.3 kg /m(2)) in the treatment group and 19 men (47.2 y, 39.4 kg /m(2)) in the control group.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Radiation effects on the thermal boundary layer flow over a moving plate with convective boundary condition. The steady laminar boundary layer flow over a moving plate in a moving fluid with convective surface boundary condition and in the presence of thermal radiation is investigated in this paper. Under certain conditions, the present problem reduces to the classical Blasius and Sakiadis problems. The effects of radiation and convective parameters on the thermal field are thoroughly examined and discussed. Dual solutions are found to exist when the plate and the fluid move in the opposite directions.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Comparing two evolutionary algorithm based methods for layout generation: Dense packing versus subdivision. We present and compare two evolutionary algorithm based methods for rectangular architectural layout generation: dense packing and subdivision algorithms. We analyze the characteristics of the two methods on the basis of three floor plan scenarios. Our analyses include the speed with which solutions are generated, the reliability with which optimal solutions can be found, and the number of different solutions that can be found overall. In a following step, we discuss the methods with respect to their different user interaction capabilities. In addition, we show that each method has the capability to generate more complex L-shaped layouts. Finally, we conclude that neither of the methods is superior but that each of them is suitable for use in distinct application scenarios because of its different properties.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Behavior of the DORIS/Jason oscillator over the South Atlantic Anomaly. We point out an acceleration of the DORIS clock on-board the Jason satellite during passes over the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA). When this effect is ignored in the current geodetic positioning of the DORIS stations, derived coordinates show almost linear trends in time, corresponding to anomalous horizontal and vertical velocities of the order of I m yr(-1). We propose a simple scientific explanation of this physical phenomenon that is corroborated by direct Jason/TOPEX clock comparisons with respect to the DORIS master beacons in Kourou and Toulouse. (C) 2004 Academie des sciences. Publie par Elsevier SAS. Tous droits reserves.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "RNA interference targeting Ras GTPase gene Ran causes larval and adult lethality in Leptinotarsa decemlineata. BACKGROUND RNA interference (RNAi) is a breakthrough technology in pest control. It is highly efficient to Coleopteran pests such as the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata, a serious pest defoliator mainly attacking potatoes worldwide. The first step for effective pest control by RNAi is the development of effective and reliable target genes. RESULTS Our results revealed that continuous ingestion of dsLdRan for 3 days successfully silenced the target gene, inhibited larval growth and killed 100% L. decemlineata larvae. When the bioassay began at the second-, third/fourth-instar larval stages, the larval lethality mainly occurred at the fourth larval instar and prepupal stages, respectively. Importantly, consumption of dsLdRan for 3 days by the newly-emerged males and females effectively knocked down the target transcript, reduced fresh weights and caused 100% of lethality within a week. The LdRan females possessed underdeveloped ovaries. CONCLUSION Considering that the larvae, adults and eggs are simultaneously sited on the potato plants, bacterially-expressed dsLdRan is a potential RNAi-based strategy for managing L. decemlineata in the potato field.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 44]}
+{"token": "Multiwavelength Observation Campaign of the TeV Gamma-Ray Binary HESS J0632+057 with NuSTAR, VERITAS, MDM, and Swift. HESS J0632+057 belongs to a rare subclass of binary systems that emit gamma rays above 100 GeV. It stands out for its distinctive high-energy light curve, which features a sharp \\\\'primary\\\\' peak and broader \\\\'secondary\\\\' peak. We present the results of contemporaneous observations by NuSTAR and VERITAS during the secondary peak between 2019 December and 2020 February, when the orbital phase (phi) is between 0.55 and 0.75. NuSTAR detected X-ray spectral evolution, while VERITAS detected TeV emission. We fit a leptonic wind-collision model to the multiwavelength spectra data obtained over the four NuSTAR and VERITAS observations, constraining the pulsar spin-down luminosity and the magnetization parameter at the shock. Despite long-term monitoring of the source from 2019 October to 2020 March, the MDM observatory did not detect significant variation in H alpha and H beta line equivalent widths, an expected signature of Be-disk interaction with the pulsar. Furthermore, fitting folded Swift-XRT light-curve data with an intrabinary shock model constrained the orbital parameters, suggesting two orbital phases (at phi ( D ) = 0.13 and 0.37), where the pulsar crosses the Be-disk, as well as phases for the periastron (phi (0) = 0.30) and inferior conjunction (phi (IFC) = 0.75). The broadband X-ray spectra with Swift-XRT and NuSTAR allowed us to measure a higher neutral hydrogen column density at one of the predicted disk-passing phases.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Using bilingual parallel corpora in translation methodology: an analysis of students' translation competences in the UCMA-MUST corpus (English-Spanish). The Multilingual Student Translation (MUST) Project (Granger & Lefer, 2018: 72) aims to compile a multilingual parallel corpus of translations carried out by inexperienced learners. Within this project, the MUST partner UCMA (Complutense University of Madrid) contributes to the global MUST project with a bilingual subcorpus containing student-translated specialised texts in the fields of media and humanities, among others. Bearing in mind the five sub-competences that contribute to the acquisition of a translation competence, namely linguistic, extra-linguistic, transfer, professional, psychophysiological and strategic (PACTE 2001, 2003), this study aims to detect the weaknesses and strengths present in the students' tasks when translating from English into Spanish. To do so, the TAS annotating system put forward by Granger & Lefer (2018) and Granger, Lefer & Penha Marion (2018), together with a sample of humanistic texts translated by trainee translators at a university (postgraduate) level and retrieved from the UCMA corpus has been used as means of exemplification.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "The relationships between prenatal attachment, maternal anxiety, and postpartum depression: A longitudinal study. Practice Implications Nurses should evaluate psychosocial health in the prenatal and postnatal periods.Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the relationships between prenatal attachment, maternal anxiety, and postpartum depression.Design and Methods This longitudinal study included 195 pregnant women in their third trimester.Findings The level of postpartum depression in the sixth week was found to be significantly higher in women older than 31 years, high-risk pregnancies, primipara women, women having a living child outside of the newborn, and in women who experience problems after delivery. Our findings indicated that the level of anxiety and postpartum depression decreased significantly in the sixth postpartum week. Anxiety and depression levels decreased during the weeks following the postpartum period. Furthermore, no significant relationship emerged between prenatal attachment and postpartum depression.", "label": [2, 26, 23]}
+{"token": "Generation of Low-Attenuation Lamb Wave Modes in Three-Layer Adhesive Joints. In this paper, the attenuation of lamb waves in three-layer adhesive joints, including two elastic plates bonded together by a viscoelastic adhesive layer, is investigated using the global matrix method and then a suitable incidence angle is calculated to generate a low-attenuation lamb wave using an angle beam transducer. The theoretical boundary value problem in adhesive joints with a perfect bond and traction-free boundary conditions on their outer surfaces is solved to find a combination of frequencies and modes with lowest attenuation. A characteristic equation is derived by applying continuity and boundary conditions in adhesive joints using the global matrix method. Phase velocity and attenuation dispersion curves are obtained with numerical solution of this equation by a computer code for a three-layer joint, including an aluminum repair patch bonded to the aircraft aluminum skin by a layer of viscoelastic epoxy adhesive. To validate the numerical solution results, wave structure curves are plotted for a special mode in two different frequencies in the adhesive joint. Also, the transducer incidence angle is calculated in terms of frequency to generate lamb wave modes with low attenuation level using the theoretical method.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "They are all lies. Even Mother Theresa did it for herself ... (1). In this paper we explore the question of what are we trying to achieve in teaching business ethics at undergraduate university level. The dominant normative model of business ethics suggests that the aim of business ethics (including the teaching of business ethics) is to move businesspeople from an egotistic position to an altruistic position. According to the latter position, the greater good of society is served by unselfish, other-regarding action, instead of by the narrow, self-centred interests of individuals or corporations acting on their own behalf (i.e. egoism). In this paper, the dominant model is analysed and criticised by means of subjecting it to the question of whether it is at all possible to move people from one position to another through teaching business ethics. A second, related aim of this analysis and critique deals with the question of whether ethics (as taking up moral responsibility for one's actions) really entails a neat, linear model of change from position A to B. To arrive at a possible alternative model of teaching and \\\\'doing\\\\' business ethics, we explore some classic philosophical positions in which mixed signals are given regarding the status of egoism in ethics. This analysis will be applied to, and supported by, experience gained from teaching business ethics to accounting and management students at undergraduate level at the University of Stellenbosch.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "The abundance of SiO in 'spiral arm' clouds. Silicon monoxide has recently been detected in 'spiral arm' clouds, via rotational transitions seen in absorption against background continuum sources. We have obtained new data along the lines of sight to Sr B2 and W49 A, and made first estimates of the abundances of SiO in the foreground clouds. The SiO:H-2 ratios are found to be similar to 10(-10), comparable to values in warm star-forming cores, much greater than in dark clouds such as TMC1, but less than in shocked regions. This result provides support for the neutral-neutral mechanism of SiO production, as these reactions can reproduce the observed abundances in the absorbing clouds (although underproducing SiO in the coldest cloud). The SiO formation rate is most sensitive to temperature, and hence SiO is detected in the spiral arm clouds (20-60 K), but not in dark clouds (similar to 10 K). The clouds show no indications of shocked gas, as the lines are narrow and densities are only similar to 10(4) cm(-3). Thus the data imply that shocks are not needed to produce moderate SiO abundances.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Dealing with a dangerous golem: Gino Arias's corporative proposal. Gino Arias (1879-1940) had made his academic debut as a legal historian and devoted himself to economics at the end of the first decade of the twentieth century. As a prominent nationalist, he joined the Fascist regime from its very beginning and in 1925 was named official speaker of the Presidential Committee for the study of constitutional reforms. The laws suggested by the Commission were the first step towards the gradual corporatisation' of the Italian society, a process that Gino Arias encouraged through many essays and writings that appeared in the main Fascist journals and newspapers. This paper seeks to analyse Arias's fate during the rest of the 1920s and 1930s that would eventually lead to a rather dramatic and paradoxical ending: the flight of the Jewish' Gino Arias to Argentina, due to Fascist racial laws. Gino Arias's elaboration of the revolutionary' corporatist economy is based on an original reformulation of the individuals' economic motive. Arias moved from the traditional self-interest motive to a new and particular affectio societatis, an hypothesis, although far from being realistic, that was necessary to give corporatism a sound theoretical foundation. The elaboration of Arias's speculative analysis was strictly related to government's economic policies throughout the Twenties and the Thirties and cannot be understood without referring to the institutionalisation of Fascist corporatism. Arias's affectio societatis represents in fact the theoretical formulation of a widespread cultural process and as such will be examined in this paper.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
+{"token": "Damage initiation and fracture analysis of honeycomb core single cantilever beam sandwich specimens. Fracture testing and analysis of aerospace grade honeycomb core sandwich constructions using a single cantilever beam test methodology is presented here. Influence of various parameters such as facesheet thickness, core density, honeycomb cell-size, and core thickness were studied. A Winkler-based foundation model was used to calculate compliance and energy-release rate, and further compare with finite element model and experiments. A cohesive zone model was developed to predict the disbond initiation and simulate the interface crack propagation in the single cantilever beam sandwich specimen. The mode I interface fracture toughness obtained from the translating base single cantilever beam setup was provided as input in this cohesive zone model. It is shown that the presented cohesive zone approach is robust, and is able to capture the debonding phenomenon for majority of the honeycomb core specimens.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "The diversity of activation markets in Europe. Purpose - The purpose of this article is to analyse the diversity of markets for the provision of activation services.Findings - The paper finds considerable diversity in the design of markets for the provision of activation. Diversity is visible in all dimensions involved in the analysis. One interesting finding is that a full split between purchasers and providers hardly exists, although some countries have introduced a stricter split than others. Another finding concerns the voice and choice of service consumers, which seems hardly affected by the introduction of market mechanisms in the provision of activation. Finally, marketisation does not seem to be an irreversible project, as de-marketisation processes were identified as well.Originality/value - Most current research into activation markets and their effects pays little attention to the issue of diversity in the design and functioning of markets. This article argues in favour of more systematic research of market diversity and of the variety of effects of various market models. Rather than comparing marketised with public service provision, a stronger focus on various market models may strengthen our insight into how service provision models affect the effectiveness of activation services.Design/methodology/approach - The article is based on the outcomes of a project involving nine European countries. The project investigated changing forms of governance of income protection schemes and activation services for unemployed people. Diversity is investigated by focusing on five dimensions of diversity derived from the quasi-market concept as developed by Le Grand: the purchasers, the providers, the customers, the purchaser-provider split and the purchaser-customer split.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Mine safety and consolidation of the labour movement in northwestern France in the interwar period. In the French department of Pas-de-Calais the emergence of mining safety representatives and the normalization of relationships between employers and workers' movement are coetaneous, and not coincidental. This is marked by the recognition of the Chambre Syndicale des Mineurs du Pas-de-Calais on the part of companies, which is essential in the development of the organization and the establishment of the authority of its leader, Emile Basly. Both events, strongly symbolic, mark the consolidation of modern trade unionism in mining in the department.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Facebook: Corporate Hackers, a Billion Users, and the Geo-politics of the 'Social Graph. As Facebook moves to a new office space, consolidates its growth internationally, and sculpts its corporate identity, it navigates contradictions between the attempt to preserve ideals associated with the company's founding and the demands of global growth. Through an ethnographic snapshot of Facebook headquarters in Palo Alto, California I explore the company's expansion toward one billion users and its efforts to dominate the few national markets in which competitors still have the upper hand. I argue that Facebook combines technical and geopolitical savvy by using cross-network pressure and the soft power of user data, or what it calls \\\\'the social graph,\\\\' to win the market-share wars. These realpolitik demands trump the impulse to reproduce Facebook's idealistic origins outside the realm of its carefully crafted \\\\'corporate culture,\\\\' performed meticulously in the company's office design.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Energy-Dependent Particle Size Distribution Models for Multi-Disc Mill. Comminution is important in the processing of biological materials, such as cereal grains, wood biomass, and food waste. The most popular biomaterial grinders are hammer and roller mills. However, the grinders with great potential in the processing of biomass are mills that use cutting, e.g., disc mills. When it comes to single-disc and multi-disc grinders, there are not many studies describing the relationships between energy, motion, material, and processing or describing the effect of grinding, meaning the size distribution of a product. The relationship between the energy and size reduction ratio of disc-type grinder designs has also not been sufficiently explored. The purpose of this paper was to develop models for the particle size distribution of the ground product in multi-disc mills depending on the variable process parameters, i.e., disc rotational velocity and, consequently, power consumption, and the relationship between the grinding energy and the shape of graining curves, which would help predict the product size reduction ratio for these machines. The experiment was performed using a five-disc mill, assuming the angular velocity of the grinder discs was variable. Power consumption, product particle size, and specific comminution energy were recorded during the tests. The Rosin-Rammler-Sperling-Bennet (RRSB) distribution curves were established for the ground samples, and the relationships between distribution coefficients and the average angular velocity of grinder discs, power consumption, and specific comminution energy were determined. The tests showed that the specific comminution energy increases as the size reduction ratio increases. It was also demonstrated that the RRSB distribution coefficients could be represented by the functions of angular velocities, power consumption, and specific comminution energy. The developed models will be a source of information for numerical modelling of comminution processes.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Herbals in cardiovascular practice: Are physicians neglecting anything?. Results: There were 169 male ( mean age: 54.7 +/- 13.3 years) and 141 female participants ( mean age: 56.2 +/- 14.7 years). 54.5% ( n= 169) had hypertension ( HT), 48.7% ( n= 151) had coronary artery disease ( CAD). Among all participants, 38.7% ( n= 120) stated that they have used herbals in part of their lives. Presence of dyslipidemia was associated with herbal use. Three fourths of herbal users ( 73.3%, n= 88) stated that they thought they benefited some extent from the use of herbals, and 25% ( n= 30) of herbal users stated that they did not take their medicine regularly. Herbal users more frequently agreed the statement \\\\' herbals are beneficial when added to medicine\\\\' compared to nonusers ( 20.8% vs. 15.8%, p<0.001).Methods: A questionnaire was prepared including 49 questions. After giving informed consent, 310 participants were enrolled into our survey. Participants were asked about disease states, use of herbal products and their tendencies.Background: Herbal products have been widely used by many patients with cardiovascular problems solely expecting benefit out of them. Since, it is important to consider patients' needs and believes to prevent breaking off the relationship of patients and physicians, we conducted a survey on patients admitted to our outpatient Cardiology department.Conclusion: Considering the facts that increasing interest on herbals is likely to continue by the people and the potentially hazardous interactions between the herbals and the drugs might be risky for the patients, there seems a need for closer, careful and respectful look for physicians onto herbal users and herbals themselves for the safety of population. (C) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "The measurement of compressive creep deformation and damage mechanisms in a single-phase alumina - Part I - Grain boundary sliding. Grain boundary sliding (GBS) has been hypothesized to act as the primary driving force for the nucleation and growth of grain boundary cavities in ceramics undergoing creep. In addition, GBS is often a major mode of deformation during high-temperature creep. This paper demonstrates the importance of GBS with mode II GBS measurements performed using a stereoimaging technique on a single-phase alumina tested under constant compressive stresses of 70 and 140 MPa at 1600 degrees C. Measurements were taken at constant time intervals during creep. The results support previous observations that GBS is stochastic and history independent. GBS displacements at given time intervals are shown to fit a Wiebull distribution. During steady-state creep, GBS displacements increased linearly with time at a constant sliding rate of approximate to 6.0 x 10(-5) mu m s(-1) at 70 MPa and approximate to 1.3 x 10(-4) mu m s(-1) at 140 MPa. Also, an average of 67% of the grain boundaries exhibited measurable sliding throughout the creep life of the 140 MPa test. Results of the GBS measurements are used to modify an existing creep model describing stochastic GBS. In part II of this paper [1], the GBS measurements reported are related to the associated creep cavitation measured in specimens tested under identical conditions. (C) 1998 Kluwer Academic Publishers.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Guardian Angel on a Nation's Path Contexts and Trajectories of Physical Anthropology in Brazil in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries. In this paper I analyze the trajectory of Brazilian physical anthropology from the late nineteenth century to the early decades of the twentieth century, framing it within the prevailing historical and sociopolitical context. The focus will be on the research and reflections of anthropologists at the Museu Nacional (National Museum) in Rio de Janeiro, one of Brazil's most influential anthropological research centers, from 1870 to 1930. The main aim is to understand why these anthropologists distanced themselves from explanatory approaches that placed mestizos and other non-Europeans on inferior levels in the hierarchy of human races. I argue that the position taken by physical anthropology at the National Museum was the result of far-reaching intellectual and political dynamics operating well beyond academic borders. Anthropologists from the National Museum-and Edgard Roquette-Pinto in particular-shared the nationalist ideals defended by a portion of the early twentieth-century Brazilian intelligentsia. It is also argued that, contrary to some historical interpretations, the antideterministic position of physical anthropology at the National Museum was independent of the Boasian influence. Although there were superficial similarities between the Boasian ideas and those of a segment of the physical anthropology produced in Brazil, the most significant influences came from other, locally produced sources.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Alginate aerogels carrying calcium, zinc and silver cations for wound care: Fabrication and metal detection. Calcium-alginate aerogels augmented with zinc and silver can provide the next generation superab-sorbent medical devices for advanced wound care with high cell and tissue tolerability and controlled compound release rates during wound healing. In this study, we addressed the fabrication and metal detection of alginate-based aerogels with these immunoactive cations. All three cations were incorporated into the alginate aerogel, albeit in different quantities, due to different magnitudes of leaching during solvent exchange step; an effect not reported previously. Silver addition led to an increase in aerogel zinc content without influencing calcium incorporation. All three metal ions were released into supernatants upon swelling aerogels in aqueous solutions, comparable to those measured for common wound dressings in human and animal injury models. The in vitro bioactivity studies showed that Zn-enriched swelling supernatants were able to suppress NO production in stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, indicating an effective anti-inflammatory activity. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
+{"token": "Electron scattering from magnesium at an incident energy of 20 eV. Excitation of the 3 (1)P state of magnesium by 20 eV electrons has been studied experimentally using the scattered-electron-polarized-photon correlation method over a wide range of scattering angles (10 degrees-120 degrees) and theoretically using the convergent close-coupling and R-matrix with pseudo-states methods. The measured linear Stokes parameters, and the circular polarization calculated from these parameters, assuming coherent excitation, are generally well produced by these theoretical models as well as by some previous theories. Relative differential cross sections for elastic scattering and excitation of the 3(1)P and 3(3)p states were also measured over the angular range 10 degrees-140 degrees. The results are compared with those from previous experiments and with present and previous theoretical predictions.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Political predispositions, not popularity: people's propensity to interact with political context on Facebook. Social media users are not just potential consumers of political content they are also potential producers and distributors. In this paper, we test whether political predispositions or the popularity of posts best explains users' engagement with political content on Facebook. Using a large-scale survey deployed in Denmark, we utilize a 2 x 2 x 3 survey experiment that manipulates the partisan sponsor of a political message, the number of likes attributed to that message, and the nature of the comments attached to that post. Our findings indicate that individuals are most likely to like, comment, and share political content that aligns with their political predispositions, as the choice to like, share and comment political content on Facebook is largely unaffected by likes and comments from other users. Though we recognize the dangers of obstinacy in democratic discourse, we are somewhat assured by these findings, as it shows that those who engage with political content do not follow a blind herd mentality.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "New Generation of Fixture-Abutment Connection Combining Soft Tissue Design and Vertical Screw-Retained Restoration: 1-Year Clinical, Aesthetics and Radiographic Preliminary Evaluation. Implant design factors and the abutment connection are correlated with crestal bone stability. The aim of the present study was to evaluate a new type of screw-retained prostheses delivered on tissue-level implants with conical external vertical seal and internal hexagon connection. Implants 4.25 mm in diameter and 10 mm in length (Prama, Sweden and Martina) were placed in partially edentulous patients needing at least one implant in the healed site, having sufficient bone volume. The implant neck was positioned above the bone crest. A healing abutment was placed according to a one-stage approach. Outcome measures were implant and prosthesis survival rate, any complications, marginal bone loss (MBL), periodontal parameters, and pink esthetic score (PES). Overall, 13 patients (4 women and 9 men; mean age 50 +/- 22 years) with the same number of implants were treated and followed for one year after loading. At the 12-month follow up, no implant and no prosthesis failed, and no complications were experienced. The mean MBL experienced at the one year follow-up was 0.65 +/- 0.48 mm. One year after loading, 2 out of 13 implants present bleeding on probing (15.4%), 4 out of 13 patients presented with plaque at the one year of follow-up (30.8%) and the PES was 10.5 +/- 2.3 mm. Within the limitations of the present study, the analyzed implants seem to be a viable treatment option for the rehabilitation of a single tooth gap.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Effect of heat treatment on the two internal friction peaks in a Cu-Al-Mn shape memory alloy. Two internal friction peaks are observed in the Cu-11.9Al-2.5Mn (wt%) shape memory alloy at around 150 and 325 degrees C during heating. The high-temperature peak originates from the phase transition in which martensite transforms to austenite while the low-temperature peak results from the pseudo-first-order phase transition associated with the thinning process of the twins. In the present study the effect of heat treatment on the two internal friction peaks was studied and correlated with the martensite microstructures. It was found that relative high quenching temperature and rapid cooling speed gave rise to both increased ambient damping and low-temperature peak due to the formation of favorable twin structure characterized by coarse twin boundaries and high twin content, indicating that the motion of twin boundaries was the predominant damping mechanism in the martensite state. The high-temperature peak, however, followed a non-monotonous dependence on the quenching temperature and cooling modes. It was proposed that the high-temperature peak depends on the content of martensite and the concentration of the quenched-in vacancies, rather than the twin structures. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "QUERCITIN-DEPENDENT ATPASE ACTIVITY IN THE HYPODERMAL TISSUE OF CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS DURING THE MOLT CYCLE. Ultrahistochemical evidence for quercitin-sensitive ATPase activity, believed to represent Ca-ATPase activity, in the epidermal tissue underlying the exoskeleton (=hypodermis) of the marine crab, Callinectes sapidus, is presented for different stages of the moult cycle. At premoult stage D-2, activity in the epidermis was localized along the basolateral membrane below the apical junctions, but at D-3, activity was only apparent in tissue associated with the carapace suture lines. No evidence of Ca-ATPase activity was found immediately after the moult (A(1)), but by A(2), calcification was occurring in the cuticle, and activity was present along the apical membranes and microvilli, At B-2 similar activity was seen, and the apical cytoplasm contained small vacuoles showing activity on their bounding membranes. No activity was seen in intermoult (C-4). These data were interpreted to mean that calcium entered the hypodermal cells from the cuticle in D-2 and was pumped out into the intercellular spaces by the activity of Ca-ATPase. This movement decreased greatly as the moult approached (D-3) except in the vicinity of the suture lines where resorption of calcium is known to be more extensive. In postmoult stages, the enzyme activity, concentrated at the apical surface of the epidermal cells, was consistent with the net outward transport of calcium toward the cuticle.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42, 47]}
+{"token": "First checklist of the chrysidid wasps (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae) of Mongolia, with description of new species. An annotated checklist of the Chrysididae from Mongolia is provided. A revision of the bibliographical data is provied, since most of the collecting localities published for \\\\'Mongolia\\\\' refer to places currently located in China. The known Mongolian cuckoo wasp fauna counts 90 species in 18 genera and two subfamilies. Four genera and 57 species are recorded for the first time, including two species here described as new for science: Cleptes mongolicus Rosa, Halada & Agnoli, sp. nov. (Dornod) and Spinolia spinosa Rosa & Halada, sp. nov. (Bayankhongor).", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Nationality Medicines in China: Institutional Rationality and Healing Charisma. This article describes emergent Chinese regimes of knowledge about minority nationality medicines. We adopt Weberian terms of rational and charismatic authority to better understand ethnic healing as it is developing among minorities in southwestern China. In the course of uneven development among diverse ethnic groups over recent decades, modern information regimes and institutional models have started to transform the many forms of healing and heritage that can be found on the ground in minority areas. We delineate a shifting border between official (or rational) and wild (or charismatic) forms of medicine, and argue that every healing situation results from a dynamic and sometimes destructive relation between these forms of authority. We draw from research conducted among seven minority nationalities scattered in five provinces in China's south and southwest. After an overview of relevant scholarly work that circulates nationally, we discuss views and practices of three healers belonging to Zhuang, Tujia, and Yao groups, respectively. Ultimately we suggest that all healing, including that taking place in biomedical clinics, relies on some contact with the wild, and forges a relationship between rationality and charisma.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 31, 57]}
+{"token": "Regional trends of minimally invasive radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer and exploration of perioperative outcomes. Methods: Using the Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (SPARCS) Database, patients undergoing RH for early stage cervical cancer in NYS between the years of 2007-2015 were identified and categorized based on surgical approach. Demographic information was collected and multivariable regression was conducted to assess the impact of hysterectomy approach on perioperative outcomes.Discussion: In our study period, between the years of 2007 and 2015, the number of cervical cancer cases treated with MIS RH increased from 25.7% to 48.3%. MIS techniques led to a reduction in length of hospital stay, patient readmission rates, and hospital costs. Based on recent data from Ramirez et al., preliminary data demonstrated decrease in MIS RH for treatment of cervical cancer after presentation of the LACC trial and our data confirmed these reported trends in NYS. With this change in surgical practice, there will be associated changes in perioperative outcomes. Moreover, for patients diagnosed with cervical cancer with microscopic disease or previous treatment with an excisions procedure, MIS approach should be considered for improvement in perioperative outcomes as long as oncologic outcomes are not compromised.Introduction: Radical hysterectomy (RH) with bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection is the standard treatment for early stage cervical cancer which can be performed either by an abdominal or a minimally invasive (MIS) approach. In 2018, Ramirez et al. presented their randomized-controlled trial data which demonstrated that patients who were treated with minimally invasive surgical (MIS) radical hysterectomy (RH) had higher rates of locoregional disease recurrence and lower rates of overall survival when compared to patients treated with an abdominal approach. The objective of this study is to examine the trends in management of patients diagnosed with cervical cancer in New York State (NYS) and to analyze their perioperative outcomes.Results: In NYS, 5575 patients were treated with RH for early stage cervical cancer with 3257 (58.4%) treated by abdominal RH and 2318 (41.6%) treated with MIS RH. Between the years of 2007 and 2015, patients diagnosed with cervical cancer treated with MIS RH increased from 25.7% to 48.3% respectively. Surgeons performing MIS RH were more likely to be younger (average age 47.1 vs 49.2, p < 0.001) and have less time elapsed from their fellowship graduation (20.37 vs 22.64 years, p < 0.001). Patients who saw high volume doctors (OR 1.95, CI 1.65-2.31) and were seen in high volume facilities (OR 1.40, CI 1.18-1.65) were more likely to undergo MIS RH compared to abdominal RH. Patients who underwent MIS RH were more likely to be discharged home as opposed to acute rehab or nursing facility, when compared to patients treated with abdominal RH (98.5 vs 94.2% p < 0.001). When analyzing perioperativce outcomes, patient undergoing MIS RH had a 85% decrease in length of hospital stay compared to abdominal RH, a 40% reduction in 30-day readmission rates, and a 10% reduction in hospital costs respectively.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "Separation and purification of the components in Trachelospermum jasminoides by two dimensional hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. reversed. phase liquid chromatography. A preparative two dimensional hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/reversed-phase liquid chromatography (Pre-2D-HILIC/RPLC) method was established to sepa. rate and purify the components in Trachelospermum jasminoides-The pigments and strongly polar components were removed from the crude extract after the active carbon decolorization and solid phase extraction processes-A Click XIon column (250 mm x20 mm, 10 mu m) was selected as stationary phase and water-acetonitrile as mobile phases in the first dimensional HILIC-Finally, 15 fractions were collected under UV-triggered mode-In the second dimensional RPLC, a C18 column (250 mmx20 mm, 5 mu m) was selected and water-acetonitrile was used as mobile phases-As a result, 14 compounds with high purity were obtained, which were further identified by mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-Finally, 11 lignan compounds and three flavonoid compounds were obtained-The method has a good orthogonality, and can improve the resolution and the peak capacity-It is significant for the separation of com. plex components from Trachelospermum jasminoides.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "A new fractional homotopy method for solving nonlinear optimal control problems. The homotopy methods have long served as powerful tools in solving nonlinear optimal control problems, particularly for which the solutions are highly sensitive to the unknown initial conditions. The principle of homotopy methods is that a homotopic parameter is embedded into the formulations of the optimal control problems, and the original problem can be solved by tracing the optimal solutions of the embedded problems. The existing homotopy methods typically introduce the homotopic parameter into the time variable, the necessary conditions, the performance index or the rightside of the differential equations. In this paper, a new fractional homotopy method is presented, the homotopic parameter of which is embedded into the derivative of the differential equations. By using the proposed method, the optimal solution of the target homotopy problem can be found by solving a series of fractional two-point-boundary-value-problems. Numerical demonstrations in a nonlinear optimal control problem and a three-dimensional minimum-time low-thrust orbital transfer problem are presented to illustrate the applications of the method.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Investigation of Copper Ammonia Leaching from Smelter Slags: Characterization, Leaching and Kinetics. Although ammonia leaching of copper from slags has been reported generally as a part of copper slag utilization methods, but no detailed studies have been reported in the literature. In this research, we tried to investigate the effect of different parameters on ammonia leaching of copper from copper smelting slag by identifying different copper-bearing phases and following them during leaching time. Mineralogical characterization of the smelting slag (1.7 pct Cu) was done using X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, diagnostic leaching tests, and scanning electron microscopy. The characterization studies indicated that main copper-bearing species are soluble copper oxides and chalcocite along with minor amount of covellite, bornite, blister copper particles, and chalcopyrite. It was also found that only approximately 0.2 pct Cu was present in the insoluble bulk silicate phases. These results suggest that approximately 88 pct of the total copper of slag could be extracted by ammonia sulfide leaching. Leaching tests were carried out and the effects of various parameters, namely pH, ammonia concentration, temperature, presence of oxygen, stirring speed, and pulp density were examined on copper leaching. The temperature and stirring speed had the most pronounced effect on the copper leaching, whereas ammonia affected the leaching yield at low concentrations of ammonia. It was found that 78 pct of Cu could be extracted within 4 hours and under optimum conditions: T = 343 K (70 A degrees C), 2M ammonia, pH 10.5, stirring speed = 900 rpm, pulp density = 10 pct (w (s)/v). The kinetic data were analyzed with the shrinking core models, and it was found that the leaching process is controlled by both the interfacial transfer and diffusion across the product layer and the activation energy is calculated to be 49.4 kJ mol(-1).", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "The outcomes of severe COVID-19 pneumonia managed with supportive care in Palestine: an experience from a developing country. Conclusions: Supportive care for patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia in a Palestinian hospital with limited resources was associated with in-hospital mortality of 12.3%.Methodology: This was a single-center observational retrospective cohort study that enrolled COVID-19 patients admitted to the \\\\'Martyrs medical military complex-COVID Hospital\\\\' in Palestine. The managing physicians manually collected data through chart reviews, including patients' characteristics, complications, outcomes, and different management modalities. Continuous and categorical variables between those who were discharged alive and who died were compared using t-test and Chi-squares test, respectively.Introduction: About 14% of COVID-19 patients experience severe symptoms and require hospitalization. Managing these patients could be challenging for limited-resource countries, such as Palestine. This study aimed to evaluate hospitalized severe COVID-19 patients' treatment outcomes managed with supportive care and steroids.Results: Overall, 334 patients were included in this study. Median (IQR) age was 62 (11) years, 49.1% were males, and 29.6% were ICU status patients. The median (IQR) PaO2/FiO(2) ratio was 76 (67), and 67.6% of these patients had moderate to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, and 4.8% of the patients received invasive mechanical ventilation. Most of the patients (78.7%) had at least one comorbidity, and 18.3% developed at least one complication. The overall mortality was 12.3% (95% CI 8.9-16.2%), and the median (IQR) length of hospital stay was 11 (8) days. Age (aOR 1.05, p = 0.08), smoking (aOR 4.12, p = 0.019), IMV (aOR 27.4, p < 0.001) and PaO2/FiO(2) ratio (aOR 1.03, p < 0.001) were found to predict higher mortality.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "Flaxseed Supplementation Reduces Plasma Lipoprotein(a) Levels: A Meta-Analysis. Results . Of the 48 RCTs, 6 were eligible for inclusion, and the results suggested a significant decrease in plasma Lp( a) levels-standardized mean difference: -0.22, 95% confidence interval: -0.41 to -0.04, P =.017-following supplementation with flaxseed-containing products.Design . PubMed-Medline, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar databases were searched using the following search terms in titles and abstracts: flaxseed OR Linum usitatissimum OR lignin OR linseed AND lipoprotein(a) OR lipoprotein (a) OR Lp(a) OR Lp (a).Objective . The study intended to assess the impact of flaxseed on plasma Lp(a) levels through a meta-analysis of the results of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).Context . Elevated levels of lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] are an independent risk factor for premature cardiovascular disease (CVD). Flaxseed (Linum usitiatissimum L.) is a rich source of alpha-linolenic acid, phytoestrogens, and lignans and has been shown to improve several cardiovascular risk factors, although the overall effect on Lp(a) is unknown.Conclusions . This finding highlights the potential clinical significance of flaxseed supplementation for patients who are at risk of a high residual CVD despite intensive statin therapy, patients with hyperliporoteinemia(a), and patients who prefer natural remedies for CVD prevention in the context of a healthy lifestyle. Further RCTs are needed to establish the role of flaxseed-containing products on lowering Lp(a).", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Volunteer potato interference in carrot. Weed management systems in carrot are limited in part by a lack of fundamental understanding of crop-weed interactions. Irrigated field studies were conducted to quantify the effect of volunteer potato density and duration of interference on carrot yield and to determine relationships among weed density, duration of weed growth, and volunteer potato tuber production. A season-long volunteer potato density of 0.06 plants m(-2) produced from 150 to 230 g tubers m(-2) and resulted in an estimated 5% crop yield loss. At two volunteer potato plants m(-2), the same level of crop loss was estimated with a duration of interference of 430 growing degree days (GDD), a time at which the weed had already produced 130 g tubers m-2. Volunteer potato height at the time of weed removal predicted carrot yield loss (R-2 = 0.77) and may be useful for timing of management strategies such as hand weeding. Functional relationships describing carrot-volunteer potato interactions provide simple information that is useful for developing weed management recommendations for carrot, a crop that relies on multiple tactics for managing weeds, and rotational crops that are negatively affected by persistence of volunteer potato.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "An Alternative In Vivo Method to Refine the Mouse Bioassay for Botulinum Toxin Detection. Botulism is a rare, life-threatening paralytic disease of both humans and animals that is caused by botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT). Botulism is confirmed in the laboratory by the detection of BoNT in clinical specimens, contaminated foods, and cultures. Despite efforts to develop an in vitro method for botulinum toxin detection, the mouse bioassay remains the standard test for laboratory confirmation of this disease. In this study, we evaluated the use of a nonlethal mouse toe-spread reflex model to detect BoNT spiked into buffer, serum, and milk samples. Samples spiked with toxin serotype A and nontoxin control samples were injected into the left and right extensor digitorum longus muscles, respectively. Digital photographs at 0, 8, and 24 h were used to obtain objective measurements through effective paralysis scores, which were determined by comparing the width-to-length ratio between right and left feet. Both objective measurements and clinical observation could accurately identify over 80% of animals injected with 1 LD50 (4.3 pg) BoNT type A within 24 h. Half of animals injected with 0.5 LD50 BoNT type A and none injected with 0.25 LD50 demonstrated localized paralysis. Preincubating the toxin with antitoxin prevented the development of positive effective paralysis scores, demonstrating that (1) the effect was specific for BoNT and (2) identification of toxin serotype could be achieved by using this method. These results suggest that the mouse toe-spread reflex model may be a more humane alternative to the current mouse bioassay for laboratory investigations of botulism.", "label": [0, 4, 10, 47]}
+{"token": "A genomic view on syntrophic versus non-syntrophic lifestyle in anaerobic fatty acid degrading communities. In sulfate-reducing and methanogenic environments complex biopolymers are hydrolyzed and degraded by fermentative micro-organisms that produce hydrogen, carbon dioxide and short chain fatty acids. Degradation of short chain fatty adds can be coupled to methanogenesis or to sulfate-reduction. Here we study from a genome perspective why some of these micro-organisms are able to grow in syntrophy with methanogens and others are not. Bacterial strains were selected based on genome availability and upon their ability to grow on short chain fatty acids alone or in syntrophic association with methanogens. Systematic functional domain profiling allowed us to shed light on this fundamental and ecologically important question. Extra-cytoplasmic formate dehydrogenases (InterPro domain number; IPR006443), including their maturation protein FdhE (IPR024064 and IPR006452) is a typical difference between syntrophic and non-syntrophic butyrate and propionate degraders. Furthermore, two domains with a currently unknown function seem to be associated with the ability of syntrophic growth. One is putatively involved in capsule or biofilm production (IPR019079) and a second in cell division, shape-determination or sporulation (IPR018365). The sulfate-reducing bacteria Desulfobacterium autotrophicum HRM2, Desulfomonile tiedjei and Desulfosporosinus meridiei were never tested for syntrophic growth, but all crucial domains were found in their genomes, which suggests their possible ability to grow in syntrophic association with methanogens. In addition, profiling domains involved in electron transfer mechanisms revealed the important role of the Rnf-complex and the formate transporter in syntrophy, and indicate that DUF224 may have a role in electron transfer in bacteria other than Syntrophomonas wolfei as well. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Long-term performance evaluation of down-flow hanging sponge reactor regarding nitrification in a full-scale experiment in India. The first full-scale down-flow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor applied to post-treatment of effluent from an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor for the treatment of municipal sewage was evaluated, with emphasis on nitrification. The full-scale DHS reactor was successfully operated at a hydraulic retention time of 1.5 h for over 1800 days in India. The DHS reactor produced effluent with 6 mg L-1 ammonium nitrogen, corresponding to 79% removal efficiency. The total nitrogen removal by the DHS reactor was 65%. The high process performance of the DHS reactor was supported by its distinctive characteristics of (1) high dissolved oxygen of 5.4 mg L-1 in the DHS effluent without forced ventilation, (2) dense retained sludge in the range of 23-46 gVSS Lsponge(-1), and (3) adequate sludge activity of 52 mgN gVSS(-1) day(-1) for nitrification. The full-scale experiment has proven that the DHS reactor has practical applicability to developing countries. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 1, 2, 6, 19, 15]}
+{"token": "Reference model-based containment control of multi-agent systems with higher-order dynamics. This study studies the problem of distributed containment control for multi-agent systems with higher-order dynamics under directed network topologies. The higher-order model-based containment controllers with relative damping and absolute damping are proposed, respectively. It is shown that under the proposed containment controllers the followers will converge to the convex hull spanned by the leaders if for each follower, there exists at least one leader that has a directed path to the followers; the final states of the followers depend on the network topology as well as the initial states of the references models of the leaders. The second-order model-based containment controllers are discussed as special cases. Simulation examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Sola fide or fide caritate formata : Two incompatible principles ?. This article explores the origin of a 500-year-old misunderstanding over justifying faith. Does God justify the sinner by faith alone (sola fide), as the Lutherans say, or by faith formed by charity (fide caritate formata), as the Roman Catholics say? This is one of the most debated differences between the two traditions. A precise study of the sources and a comparison of the texts of Thomas Aquinas and Martin Luther on the interpretation of the fides caritate formata reveals that despite their different interpretations of this formula, they actually have the same understanding of justifying faith, due to their same fidelity to Scripture. It is by drawing on this common source that even today, they show the Churches a path of unity.", "label": [3, 32, 33]}
+{"token": "Eosinophils and mast cells in leishmaniasis. Leishmania spp. are parasitic protozoa endemic in tropical and subtropical regions and the causative agent of leishmaniasis, a collection of syndromes whose clinical manifestations vary according to host and pathogen factors. Leishmania spp. are inoculated into the mammalian host by the bite of an infected sand fly, whereupon they are taken up by phagocytosis, convert into the replicative amastigote stage within macrophages, reproduce, spread to new macrophages and cause disease manifestations. A curative response against leishmaniasis depends in the classical activation of macrophages and the IL-12-dependent onset of an adaptive type 1 response characterized by the production of IFN-gamma. Emerging evidence suggests that neutrophils, dendritic cells and other immune cells can serve as either temporary or stable hosts for Leishmania spp. Furthermore, it is becoming apparent that the initial interactions of the parasite with resident or early recruited immune cells can shape both the macrophage response and the type of adaptive immune response being induced. In this review, we compile a growing number of studies demonstrating how the earliest interactions of Leishmania spp. with eosinophils and mast cells influence the macrophage response to infection and the development of the adaptive immune response, hence, determining the ultimate outcome of infection.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "The past and future of evolutionary economics: some reflections based on new bibliometric evidence. The modern wave of 'evolutionary economics' was launched in 1982 with the classic study by Nelson and Winter. This paper reports a broad bibliometric analysis of 'evolutionary' research in the disciplines of management, business, economics, and sociology over 25 years from 1986 to 2010. It confirms that Nelson and Winter's book (An evolutionary theory of economic change, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1982) is an enduring nodal reference point for this broad field. The bibliometric evidence suggests that 'evolutionary economics' has benefitted from the rise of business schools and other interdisciplinary institutions, which have provided a home for evolutionary terminology, but it has failed to nurture a strong unifying core narrative or theory, which, in turn, could provide superior answers to important questions. This bibliometric evidence also shows that no strong cluster of general theoretical research immediately around Nelson and Winter's classic book has subsequently emerged. It identifies developmental problems in a partly successful but fragmented field. Future research in 'evolutionary economics' needs a more integrated research community with shared conceptual narratives and common research questions, to promote conversation and synergy between diverse clusters of research.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Movements of green turtles from foraging areas of the United Arab Emirates: regional habitat connectivity and use of marine protected areas. Adult sea turtles migrate between foraging areas and nesting sites that may be 100 s-1000 s of km away. Little is known of the connectivity between these sites in the Arabian region for green sea turtles. We document linkages between two foraging areas in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) with key nesting sites and provide insights on effectiveness of marine protected areas for green sea turtles. Tracking 45 adult green sea turtles Chelonia mydas from foraging areas in the UAE, we show that the primary nesting destination for turtles foraging in Bu Tinah in the UAE is Ras al Hadd in Oman. The turtles use the waters of the UAE, Iran and Oman during breeding migrations and generally stay similar to 20 km off the coast, in waters 10-20 m deep except when crossing the Sea of Oman. Turtles display substantial fidelity to the original foraging sites, often traversing other known foraging sites when returning from the breeding migration. A small proportion of turtles also utilise more than one foraging site. Our data indicate that the Marawah Marine Biosphere Reserve in Abu Dhabi is broadly coincident with the foraging areas of turtles offering substantial protection from fishery activities and that the marine protected area in Ras Al Khaimah would be more effective in protecting green sea turtles if it extended offshore and along the coast. These data may contribute to targeted and effective national and international management and conservation initiatives in the Arabian region.", "label": [4, 45]}
+{"token": "Superhydrophobic hybrid micro-nanocomposites for non-stick and self-cleaning coatings. A hybrid micro-nanocomposites suspension was prepared in a simple and economically approachable way using lotus leaf powder/polymethylhydroxysiloxane/phenyl-substituted silica ormosil. The suspension was coated on a glass or a laminating film at various spin coating speeds (500, 1000, and 2000 rpm). Surface properties, transparency, contact angle (CA), non-stick, and self-cleaning properties of the spin-coated surfaces were measured. The hybrid micro-nanocomposites suspension shows superhydrophobic property (CA over 175 degrees) on the glass or laminating film substrates. The superhydrophobicity of the fabricated surfaces was stable up to 500 degrees C but became superhydrophilic when drying at or above 550 degrees C for 5 h. The hybrid also displays excellent non-stick and self-cleaning behaviors (against Zn dust with <10 mu m size, Portland cement and sea sand) on a spin-coated substrate.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Inhibition of the Epstein-Barr virus lytic cycle by Zta-targeted RNA interference. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation into the lytic cycle plays certain roles in the development of EBV-associated diseases, so an effective strategy to block the viral lytic cycle may be of value to reduce the disease risk or to improve the clinical outcome. This study examined whether the EBV lytic cycle could be inhibited using RNA interference (RNAi) directed against the essential viral gene Zta. In cases of EBV reactivation triggered by chemicals or by exogenous Rta, Zta-targeted RNAi prevented the induction of Zta and its downstream genes and further blocked the lytic replication of viral genomes. This antiviral effect of RNAi was not likely to be mediated by activation of the interferon pathway, as phosphorylation of STAT1 was not induced. In addition, novel EBV-infected epithelial cells showing constitutive activation of the lytic cycle were cloned; such established lytic infection was also suppressed by Zta-targeted RNAi. These results indicate that RNAi can be used to inhibit the EBV lytic cycle effectively in vitro and could also be of potential use to develop anti-EBV treatments.", "label": [2, 19, 21]}
+{"token": "Crystal structure and up-conversion luminescence properties of K3ScF6:Er3+,Yb3+ cryolite. In this paper, K3ScF6:Er3+,Yb3+ up-conversion luminescent materials with cryolite structure were synthesized via solid-state method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) under the excitation of a 980 nm laser with different power density were used to investigate the phase structure, elemental composition, and up-conversion luminescence properties of K3ScF6:Er3+,Yb3+. The quenching concentrations of Yb3+ and Er3+ were confirmed to 0.15 and 0.05 (mol concentration) in this system, respectively. Upon 980 nm excitation, the K3ScF6:Er3+,Yb3+ showed a typical transition of Er3+ which contains two main bands in the visible region that green and red. According to the fitting result of the pump power dependence of up-conversion intensity, all the green and red up-conversion emission of K3ScF6:Er3+,Yb3+ belong to the two-photon process. To better understand the origin of radiation and energy transfer mechanism of the red and green up-conversion, the possible mechanism and electron transition process were also discussed. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Currents and turbulent fluxes under the first-year sea ice in Resolute Passage, Northwest Territories, Canada. Oceanographic and sea ice cover data were taken in and below first-year landfast ice in Resolute Passage, Northwest Territories, Canada, in early May 1992. A time series of temperature profiles was measured across the ice layer and in the water below. Observations of the 3-D current regime in the frictional boundary layer under the ice were taken to describe the current regime and the turbulent heat and mass transfers adjacent to the ice-water interface. The temporal variabilities in current, temperature and salinity under the landfast ice appeared to be related to the dominant diurnal and semi-diurnal tidal components. Turbulent heat and momentum fluxes near the ice-water interface were estimated using the eddy correlation method. Over the 12 day sampling period, the mean friction velocity was 5.6 X 10(-3) m s(-1), the mean vertical eddy viscosity was 1.12 X 10(-3) m(2) s(-1), the mean oceanic heat flux from the ocean to the ice was 32 W m(-2), the mean drag coefficient was 5.4 X 10(-3), and the mean heat transfer coefficient was 2.3 X 10(-3).", "label": [4, 38, 45, 39]}
+{"token": "How are SMEs financed? Evidence from the Ghanaian nontraditional export sector. The study explored the determinants of small and medium-sized nontraditional exporters' choice of type of finance (formal or informal). The empirical results revealed a negative relationship between age and formal finance, suggesting that newer firms depend more on formal finance and less on informal finance. In addition, the study found positive and significant relationships between formal finance and size and growth of the firm. This suggests that larger and high-growth firms require more funds to finance their expansion and growth opportunities and therefore employ formal finance. Finally, the results of the study also indicated that the proportion of formal finance increases with increasing international activities, suggesting that, as firms engage more in international business, they employ more formal finance and less informal finance. Recommendations are made in this regard.", "label": [5, 52, 51]}
+{"token": "NATIONAL IDENTITY AND ITS CONTRAST WITH THE WESTERN MODERNITY IN THE CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE OF TURKEY. Statement of the problem. Because of geographical position and location in the middle of West and East and also the different historical empires that it has had, Turkey has always been affected by a variety of cultures and is thus a spring of dichotomies. In this paper, first we will review the descriptions of the tradition and modernity and then we will move on to examining their contribution into architecture. Next, we will have a quick look at Turkey and its contemporary social and political history as well as tradition and modernity in its architecture and by focusing on the classification of Turkish contemporary architecture, the sixth assortment of this classification which contains the buildings after 1980 will be investigated.Conclusions. The results of this research shows that Turkey, as a modern country which has an amibiton to keep its identity and traditions usually seeks to insert the physical symbols of two styles together and as well as to keep the semantic and conceptual meanings of both tradition and modernity in its contemporary architecture.Results. As tradition and modernity can be predominantly seen on cultural and religious buildings, in this paper for case studies some cultural-religion buildings which fit the aims of the research and study the mentioned factors on these buildings have been selected. This indicates that not only in contemporary architecture but also in society and culture of this country, identity, tradition and modernity are most important facts that with a designed and programmed management have coexisted and interacted.", "label": [1, 17]}
+{"token": "Meteor trails and columniform sprites. A theoretical model of columniform sprites (or c-sprites), a distinctive class of high altitude, temporally brief optical emissions, is presented and compared to observations which extends earlier work (1998, E. M, D, Symbalisty, R, Roussel-Dupre, and V. Yukhimuk, EOS Transactions of the AGU 79, No. 45, p, F129) by making a strong connection with meteors, The key features of the model are: (1) an ambient conductivity profile that falls between a measured nighttime and a measured daytime conductivity; (2) an aerosol reduced conductivity in a trail from a meteor that passed through some time during the evening, and (3) a cloud-to-ground (hereafter CG) lightning stroke, with sufficient charge transfer, subsequent to and occurring within an hour of the development of the reduced conductivity trail. The model predicts a temporally brief column oh light resulting from the conventional breakdown of air in a strong electric field in the observed altitude range. For the case of a positive CG stroke the emissions are extinguished by the passage of a runaway electron beam. The electron beam is initiated by the same positive CG lightning stroke that allows the high altitude conventional breakdown to occur and propagates from the cloud tops to the ionosphere, Based on our modeling results, a negative CG lightning stroke, for the same amount of charge transfer, produces a column of light about twice as bright. The emissions are extinguished, in this case, by the ambient conductivity taking into account the increase due to the conventional breakdown of air. In both cases, for the CG lightning stroke parameters examined here, the simulated c-sprite emissions are brief and last less than 17 ms, or one CCD video field. (C) 2000 Academic Press.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Efficacy of mind-body therapies and exercise-based interventions on menopausal-related outcomes among Asian perimenopause women: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and synthesis without a meta-analysis. Design A systematic review, meta-analysis, and synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM).Conclusion Healthcare professionals can consider exercise-based interventions or mind-body therapies to manage menopausal symptoms. Future trials of good quality can examine the cost-effectiveness and optimal intervention duration. Intervention effects on specific menopausal symptoms such as sleeplessness in Asia can be examined in future.Impact Exercise-based interventions and mind-body therapies suggest effectiveness on quality of life, menopausal symptoms, and depression among Asian perimenopausal women. Exercise-based interventions and mind-body therapies improve quality of life, menopausal symptoms, and depression but not hot flashes. Long-term exercise-based interventions is effective in managing depression. Due to varied limitations in the review and included studies, firm conclusions cannot be reached. Healthcare professionals in Asia can consider implementing exercise-based interventions and mind-body therapies for symptomatic perimenopausal Asian women.Results In all, 23 studies were reviewed. Significant effects in exercise-based interventions and mind-body therapies were found for quality of life, menopausal symptoms, and depression but not for hot flashes. Limitations of this review include insufficient blinding of participants and/or researchers found in most of the included studies and high levels of heterogeneity in the meta-analyses. Evidence found in this review is to be interpreted with caution.Data sources Six electronic databases were systematically searched: PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus, and ProQuest.Aims To evaluate the efficacy of exercise-based interventions and mind-body therapies on quality of life, menopausal symptoms, and depression among Asian perimenopausal women.Review methods The point of inception of each database to 15 November 2018 were systematically searched. A meta-analysis and SWiM were used to present the results. Review Manager 5.3 and The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool were used for meta-analyses and assessing of risk of bias, respectively.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Sergei Ionovich Kostromitinov (1854-1915), or 'Colonel George Kostrometinoff': From a Creole Teenager to the Number-One Russian-American Citizen of Sitka. Sergei Kostromitinov was born in 1854 to a Russian employee of the Russian-American Company and a Creole woman. Fluent in Russian and English and conversant in several native languages, he became an interpreter for Alaska's American authorities and an indispensable cultural broker among the region's Euro-American, Russian-Creole, and native communities. Thanks to that role as well as his political skills and successful commercial activities, Kostrometinov became the leading Russian-American citizen of Sitka - Alaska's first capital - serving as the warden of its Orthodox cathedral as well as the president of the chamber of commerce, a lieutenant colonel in the territorial militia, the secretary of the local historical society, and so forth. This essay explores the strategies he used to maintain his privileged position within the local Euro-American elite without abandoning his Russian patriotism and commitment to Russian Orthodox Christianity. It also shows that the price of Kostrometinov's success was an almost total denial of his Creole ancestry and a certain estrangement from Sitka's Creole community.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 31]}
+{"token": "Estimation of excess energies and activity coefficients for the penternary Ni-Cr-Co-Al-Mo system and its subsystems. Using different prediction methods, such as the General Solution Model of Kohler and Muggianu, the excess energy and activities of molybdenum for the sections of the phase diagram for the penternary Ni-Cr-Co-Al-Mo system with mole ratios xNi/xMo = 1, xCr/xMo = 1, xCo/xMo = 1, and xAl/xMo = r = 0.5 and 1, were thermodynamically investigated at a temperature of 2000 K, whereas the excess energy and activities of Bi for the section corresponding to the ternary Bi-Ga-Sb system with mole ratio xGa/xSb = 1/9 were thermodynamically investigated at a temperature of 1073 K. In the case of r = 0.5 and 1 in the alloys Ni-Cr-Co-Al-Mo, a positive deviation in the activity coefficient was revealed, as molybdenum content increased. Moreover, in the calculations performed in Chou's GSM model, the obtained values for excess Gibbs energies are negative in the whole concentration range of bismuth at 1073 K and exhibit the minimum of about -2.2 kJ/mol at the mole ratio xGa/xSb = 1/9 in the alloy Bi-Ga-Sb.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Small amino acid changes in the V3 loop of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 determines the coreceptor usage for CXCR4 and CCR5. HIV-2 GH-1 is a molecular clone derived from an AIDS patient from Ghana. In contrast to the prototypic molecular clone ROD, GH-1 exhibits a narrow range of target cell specificity. By an infectious assay using HeLa-CD4 cells stably transfected with an HIV-1 LTR-beta-galactosidase reporter gene and transiently expressing various cloned chemokine receptors, we have examined the coreceptor usage of GH-1. In contrast to ROD, which uses principally CXCR4, GH-1 was found to use mainly if not exclusively CCR5 but not CXCR4. The distinct coreceptor usage of these two molecular clones allowed us to further map the region of gp120 that is important for the coreceptor specificity. By constructing a series of chimeric viruses between GH-1 and ROD, we have demonstrated that the C-terminal half of the V3 loop region of gp120 determines the differential coreceptor usage between GH-1 and ROD, and only a few amino acid differences in this region appear to be able to shift the specificity between CCR5 and CXCR4. Notably, the shift in the coreceptor usage from CCR5 to CXCR4 is associated with an increase in the net positive charge in the V3 region. (C) 1999 Academic Press.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Aerodynamic interference depends on stroke plane spacing and wing aspect ratio in damselfly model wings. The fluid dynamics of aerodynamic force control in insects depends on how oscillating wings interact with the surrounding air. The resulting flow structures are shaped by the flow induced by the wing's instantaneous motion but also on flow components resulting from force production in previous wing strokes and the motion of other wings flapping in close proximity. In four-winged insects such as damsel- and dragonflies, the flow over the hindwings is affected by the forewing downwash. In these animals, a phase-shift between the stroke cycles of forewing and hindwing modulates aerodynamic performance of the hindwing via leading edge vortex destruction, changes in local flow condition and the wake capture effect. This review is engaged in the significance of wing-wake interference for force control, showing that in damselfly model wings the strength of phase-dependent force modulation critically depends on the vertical spacing between forewing and hindwing stroke planes and the aspect ratio of both wings. We conclude that damsel- and dragonflies reach maximum steering capacity for body posture control when forewings and hindwings flap in close proximity and have similar length. The latter findings are of significance for the evolution and diversification of insect wings because they might explain why forewings and hindwings are little different in the order Odonatoptera.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Prediction of gas hydrate formation conditions in the presence of methanol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, and triethylene glycol with the statistical associating fluid theory equation of state. The statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT) equation of state is employed for the prediction of the thermodynamic inhibiting effect of methanol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, and triethylene glycol on gas hydrate formation. The results were found to be in satisfactory to excellent agreement with experimental data. The SAFT equation takes into account hard-sphere repulsion, hard chain formation, dispersion, and association. This enables this model to be able to correlate and predict successfully systems containing water, alcohols, and hydrocarbons for which traditional cubic equations of state fail in general.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Macroscopic behavior and microscopic magnetic properties of nanocarbon. Here are presented investigations of powder and glass like samples containing carbon nanoparticles, not intentionally doped and doped with Ag. Au and Co. The neutron diffraction study reveals an amorphous structure of the samples doped with An and Co, as well as the magnetic scattering due to a long-range FM order in the Co-doped sample. The composition and molecular structure of the sample doped with Au is clarified with the NMR investigations. The temperature dependence of the magnetization, M (T), exhibits large irreversibility in low fields of B=1-7 mT. M (B) saturates already above 2 Tat high temperatures, but deviates from the saturation behavior below similar to 50 (150 K). Magnetic hysteresis is observed already at 300 K and exhibits a power-law temperature decay of the coercive field, B-c (T). The macroscopic behavior above is typical of an assembly of partially blocked magnetic nanoparticles. The values of the saturation magnetization, M-s, and the blocking temperature, T-b, are obtained as well. However, the hysteresis loop in the Co-doped sample differs horn that in other samples, and the values of B, and M, are noticeably increased. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Influence of Spray Drying Conditions on the Properties of Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate Fire-Extinguishing Particles. Superfine spherical hollow ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH4H2PO4) fire-extinguishing particles are first produced by the spray-drying method. The particles prepared at drying gas inlet temperature ranging from 180C to 220C are composed of NH4H2PO4. When the proportion of FK-510 increases from 5wt%to 10wt%, the surfaces of the as-prepared particles become rougher, and the volume mean size of particles increases from 11.25 to 15.44m. When the proportion of FK-510 increases from 10 to 15wt%, the amount of broken spherical hollow particles clearly decreases and the volume mean size of particles decreases from 15.44 to 13.5m. The flow rate and bulk density of the particles prepared from the solution containing the proportion of FK-510 ranging from 5 to 15wt% decreases with an increase in the proportion of FK-510. When 15wt% of FK-510 is added, diesel oil contact angle of particles markedly increases. In addition, water contact angle of particles decreases with an increase in the proportion of FK-510. XPS analysis suggests that the wettability of particles is attributed to the migration of FK-510 and silicone oil emulsion to the surface of particles during the spray-drying process. Diesel oil contact angles of particles agree with fluorine element concentrations on the surface of particles, while water contact angles of particles agree with silicon element concentrations.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Is SIDS still a 'diagnosis' in search of a disease?. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a term used when a previously apparently well infant is found unexpectedly dead and death scene and autopsy examinations fail to reveal a cause of death. While the syndrome has characteristic epidemiological features, there are no defining markers at autopsy. This has led to it being deemed a 'diagnosis in search of a disease'. Over recent years there has been a marked reduction in numbers of SIDS deaths in Australia and in other parts of the world, with research continuing to reveal clues as to the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. The following paper reviews issues and problems that continue to beset this enigmatic entity.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Inspection, Diagnosis, and Rehabilitation System for Vinyl and Linoleum Floorings in Health Infrastructures. This paper presents a classification system for the inspection, diagnosis, and rehabilitation of vinyl and linoleum floorings in healthcare infrastructures. First, the identification of the main anomalies affecting these floorings and their probable causes is made. The adequate corresponding in situ diagnosis methods and rehabilitation techniques are also analyzed. Then, correlation matrices are created, namely: anomalies-causes; interanomalies; anomalies-diagnosis methods; and anomalies-repair techniques. An inspections program was carried out on 101 floorings in six health infrastructures. With the results obtained in the inspection program, the proposed theoretical system was validated through a statistical analysis. From this validation, anomaly sheets, diagnosis method sheets, and repair technique sheets were obtained. The classification systems, including the correlation matrices, were also validated. The proposed innovative vinyl and linoleum floorings inspection system intends to help inspectors to standardize their procedures. To the best of the authors' knowledge, there is no similar system to support the inspection and diagnosis of vinyl and linoleum floorings. (C) 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "Pallet truck selection with MEREC and WISP-S methods. Background: The article presents an MCDM model based on the MEREC and WISP-S methods for pallet truck selection. Purpose: The main purpose of the study was to apply a new MCDM model for pallet truck selection in the textile workshop. Study design/methodology/approach: This article presents a simplified adoption of the Simple Weighted Sum Product (WISP) method, the Simplified WISP (WISP-S) method. The proposed method has fewer computation steps than the regular WISP method. In addition, this study proposes a new hybrid MCDM model in the literature by combining the MEREC method and the WISP-S method. Finding/conclusions: The obtained results can be achieved in a shorter time compared to regular WISP. The application of the new method is considered in this study. In order to check whether the WISP-S method achieves accurate results, the results of the WISP-S method and the results of the ROV and WASPAS methods were compared. As a result of the comparison of the results of the methods, it was observed that the WISP-S method achieved accurate results. Limitations/future research: As a direction for future research, other MCDM models can be applied for solving the same problem. When it comes to the limitations of the proposed model, it can be mentioned that the MCDM model is based on the use of crisp numbers.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Harvesting grasshoppers Sphenarium purpurascens in Mexico for human consumption: A comparison with insecticidal control for managing pest outbreaks. Predominant crops (corn, bean and alfalfa) in the Puebla-Tlaxcala Valley are routinely attacked by the grasshopper Sphenarium purpurascens (Orthoptera: Pyrgomophidae). The traditional method for managing this pest in Mexico has been the application of organophosphorus insecticides such as malathion. Inhabitants from Central Mexico also capture the grasshoppers for sale as food. In this study, we compared the capture of grasshoppers for human consumption to the conventional application of insecticides as a pest management strategy. The number of oothecae (egg pod), eggs, eggs per ootheca and the reproductive rate (Ro) were estimated over 2 years of the study. Counts were made on the edge and inner part of nine alfalfa plots. Egg density was found to be significantly affected by control tactic, with control > manual harvest > insecticide application. Egg density at the edge of farming plots was 14.9 times higher than within a plot. Ros ranged from 1.74 to 4.88 in the control, from 0.21 to 0.98 in the plots under manual harvest and from 0.38 to 0.77 in the plots under insecticide application. Similar results were found comparing oothecae densities. A mean of 39.5 eggs/ootheca was found, which constitutes the highest recorded value for this species. This research shows that manual harvest reduces the density of S. purpurascens and suggests that implementation of this mechanical method of control may be substituted for chemical control. Mechanical control provides general advantages: (1) a second profitable product for the human community; (2) savings realized from reduced cost of insecticides; and (3) reduced risk of soil and water contamination by insecticides. We propose that the manual harvest of insects is a practical method of pest control, which could be extensively applied in other crop systems in the world. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "The Hermeneutical Turn in Martin Heidegger's Early Works. The hermeneutical turn is a methodological innovation in Heidegger's thought. This innovation is pursued in Heidegger's lectures from 1919 on; it reaches its peak in 32 of \\\\'Being and Time\\\\'. The main point of the hermeneutical turn consists in a twofold critique: 1) a critique of the distanced intuition of essence (\\\\'Wesensschau\\\\') and various kinds of objectifying attitudes prevailing in philosophy in a way not sufficiently reflected upon. It is here where hermeneutics should have its proper domain as it consists in man's self- interpretation and in the interpretation of their situation. 2) a critique of traditional hermeneutics' focus on texts which underexposes the point that human life itself is primordially hermeneutical. The result is an original though to date not yet sufficiently received contribution to phenomenology regarding the question of how to find the way \\\\'to the things themselves\\\\'. In this respect, Heidegger can be considered as a pioneer of \\\\'epistemological explicationism\\\\' (Hermann Schmitz).", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Occupational therapy in the preschool classroom - Promoting fine motor and visual motor skills for kindergarten readiness. Fine motor performance skills are essential for children's successful educational participation. Kindergarten curriculums are increasingly academic with less emphasis on play-based learning. Increased expectations for kindergarten readiness do not align with developmental milestones. Occupational therapists are uniquely positioned to support students and teachers with preparing for kindergarten. This six-week collaborative intervention utilized fine motor and sensory activity centers, integrated within the classroom, to promote kindergarten readiness for 16 preschool students. Pre- and post-testing indicated clinically significant gains in readiness skills. Results of this pilot study support the effectiveness of integrating occupational therapy within the preschool classroom to improve kindergarten readiness skills.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Regional brain activity in women grieving a romantic relationship breakup. Objective: Separation from loved ones commonly leads to grief reactions. In some individuals, grief can evolve into a major depressive episode. The brain regions involved in grief have not been specifically studied. The authors studied brain activity in women actively grieving a recent romantic relationship breakup. It was hypothesized that while remembering their ex-partner, subjects would have altered brain activity in regions identified in sadness imaging studies: the cerebellum, anterior temporal cortex, insula, anterior cingulate, and prefrontal cortex.Method: Nine right-handed women whose romantic relationship ended within the preceding 4 months were studied. Subjects were scanned using blood-oxygen-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging while they alternated between recalling a sad, ruminative thought about their loved one (grief state) and a neutral thought about a different person they knew an equally long time.Results: Acute grief (grief minus neutral state) was associated with increased group activity in posterior brain regions, including the cerebellum, posterior brainstem, and posterior temporoparietal and occipital brain regions. Decreased activity was more prominent anteriorly and on the left and included the anterior brainstem, thalamus, striatum, temporal cortex, insula, and dorsal and ventral anterior cingulate/prefrontal cortex. When a more lenient statistical threshold for regions of interest was used, additional increases were found in the lateral temporal cortex, supragenual anterior cingulate/medial prefrontal cortex, and right inferomedial dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, all of which were adjacent to spatially more prominent decreases. in nearly all brain regions showing brain activity decreases with acute grief, activity decreases were greater in women reporting higher grief levels over the past 2 weeks.Conclusions: During acute grief, subjects showed brain activity changes in the cerebellum, anterior temporal cortex, insula, anterior cingulate, and prefrontal cortex, consistent with the hypothesis. Subjects with greater baseline grief showed greater decreases in all these regions except for the cerebellum. Further imaging studies are needed to understand the relationship between normal sadness, grief, and depression.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "An examination of implicit theories among francophone child molesters. According to Ward (2000), cognitive distortions emerge from \\\\'implicit theories\\\\' (ITs). Ward and Keenan (1999) established a typology of the ITs of child molesters in which they classified existing knowledge on their cognitive distortions into five categories: \\\\'entitlement\\\\', \\\\'nature of harm\\\\', \\\\'uncontrollability\\\\', \\\\'child as sexual being\\\\' and \\\\'dangerous world\\\\'. The purpose of this research was to examine whether the cognitive distortions of child molesters are encapsulated fully by these five categories of ITs. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 convicted francophone child molesters and their cognitive distortions were analysed. Results indicate that six ITs were present in this sample. \\\\'Entitlement\\\\', \\\\'nature of harm'' and \\\\'uncontrollability\\\\' were identical to those of Ward and Keenan. \\\\'Child as sexual being\\\\' and \\\\'dangerous world\\\\' were present, but varied from their original versions. A new IT emerged, which we called \\\\'child as partner\\\\'. We discuss these findings in comparison to their original versions.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Reassessment of the TM 1517 odonto-postcranial assemblage from Kromdraai B, South Africa, and the maturational pattern of Paranthropus robustus. Objectives The Pleistocene taxon Paranthropus robustus was established in 1938 following the discovery at Kromdraai B, South Africa, of the partial cranium TM 1517a and associated mandible TM 1517b. Shortly thereafter, a distal humerus (TM 1517g), a proximal ulna (TM 1517e), and a distal hallucial phalanx (TM 1517k) were collected nearby at the site, and were considered to be associated with the holotype. TM 1517a-b represents an immature individual; however, no analysis of the potentially associated postcranial elements has investigated the presence of any endostructural remnant of recent epiphyseal closure. This study aims at tentatively detecting such traces in the three postcranial specimens from Kromdraai B.Materials and Methods By using mu XCT techniques, we assessed the developmental stage of the TM 1517b's C-M3 roots and investigated the inner structure of TM 1517g, TM 1517e, and TM 1517k.Results The M2 shows incompletely closed root apices and the M3 a half-completed root formation stage. The distal humerus was likely completely fused, while the proximal ulna and the distal hallucial phalanx preserve endosteal traces of the diaphyseo-epiphyseal fusion process.Discussion In the hominin fossil record, there are few unambiguously associated craniodental and postcranial remains sampling immature individuals, an essential condition for assessing the taxon-specific maturational patterns. Our findings corroborate the original association of the craniodental and postcranial remains representing the P. robustus type specimen. As with other Plio-Pleistocene hominins, the odonto-postcranial maturational pattern of TM 1517 more closely fits an African great ape rather than the extant human pattern.", "label": [4, 5, 56, 42]}
+{"token": "Seeking Public Values of Digital Energy Platforms. Digital energy platforms play a central role in the transition toward a more sustainable energy system. This research explores the (potential) effect of digital energy platforms on public values. We developed and tested a novel public value framework, combining values already embedded in energy and digitalization regulations and emerging values that have become more relevant in recent debates. We analyzed value changes and potential value tensions. We found that sustainability is prioritized, security is broadened to include cybersecurity, and values relevant for digital technologies, such as control over technology, have also become relevant for the energy system. This has resulted in three value tensions: preserving a well-functioning energy system, self-determination, and ensuring a level playing field and public control. A sustainable energy system requires governments to address these value changes, value tensions, and connected societal and political challenges related to the implementation of digital energy platforms.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Per peli e per segni'. Muster rolls, lists and notes: practical military records relating to the last Florentine ordinanze and militia, from Machiavelli to the fall of the Republic (1506-30). In Renaissance Florence, the militia force created by Machiavelli in 1506, then re-established in 1527-30, involved the production of two types of records: the low-level practical' records which documented the daily running of an army in the field, such as muster rolls, notes and lists; and the upper-level administrative records, such as the correspondence between governing bodies and military officers. An analysis of published and unpublished sources provides evidence of the importance of such documentary practices, and highlights the problems connected to the loss and preservation of low-level military records relating to Renaissance ordinanze and militia.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Shahrazad in Cronulla: David Foster's Retelling of One Thousand and One Nights in Sons of the Rumour. This reading of David Foster's Sons of the Rumour focuses on its frame story, a reworking of the frame story of One Thousand and One Nights. It provides an overview of the impact of One Thousand and One Nights on world literature and goes on to analyse how Foster reimagines One Thousand and One Nights in order to illustrate humanity's struggle between the spiritual and the material world. Foster constructs a parallel dilemma for Al Morrisey, a secular Australian Jew, and the Shah, a Persian Muslim. Differences between them favours Al's secularism over the Shah's Islamic faith, and tends to harden and exaggerate stereotypes, following a typical Orientalist pattern by recreating the structure of One Thousand and One Nights for a Western understanding of and taste for Orientalist material.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Perception of translation graduates on translation internships, with mixed-methods approach. In recent years an increasing number of institutions have provided translation students with internships and/or placement as part of the curriculum. This paper presents findings from an empirical study in which a mixed-methods approach was employed to examine the perceptions and expectations of translation graduates on internships and to investigate the learning experience of translation graduates who had an internship experience. The findings suggest that internship programs for translation undergraduates should develop students' translation skills and language skills. Whether or not internships should be paid and be counted towards the grade point average were given the least importance. It was found that \\\\'career aspirations\\\\' are the most important factor when translation students select an internship agency, followed by \\\\'the reputation of the organization\\\\'. A discrepancy between classroom learning and workplace practice was revealed, and this poses challenges for translation interns, who attribute the problems they encountered to the fact that the knowledge and skills they gained in university could not fulfil the needs required in the workplace. In addition, they coped with obstacles in workplace communication which are unlikely to be learnt in translation courses. Internships are thus seen to serve as a bridge between classroom knowledge and real-world practice.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Neuroprotective effect of aquaporin-4 deficiency in a mouse model of severe global cerebral ischemia produced by transient 4-vessel occlusion. Astrocyte water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) facilitates water movement across the blood-brain barrier and into injured astrocytes. We previously showed reduced cytotoxic brain edema with improved neurological outcome in AQP4 knockout mice in water intoxication, infection and cerebral ischemia. Here, we established a 4-vessel transient occlusion model to test the hypothesis that AQP4 deficiency in mice could improve neurological outcome following severe global cerebral ischemia as occurs in cardiac arrest/resuscitation. Mice were subjected to 10-min transient bilateral carotid artery occlusion at 24h after bilateral vertebral artery cauterization. Cerebral blood flow was reduced during occlusion by >94% in both AQP4(+/+) and AQP4(-/-) mice. The primary outcome, neurological score, was remarkably better at 3 and 5 days after occlusion in AQP4(-/-) than in AQP4(+/+) mice, and survival was significantly improved as well. Brain water content was increased by 2.8 +/- 0.4% in occluded AQP4(+/+) mice, significantly greater than that of 0.3 +/- 0.6% in AQP4(-/-) mice. Histological examination and immunofluorescence of hippocampal sections at 5 days showed significantly greater neuronal loss in the CA1 region of hippocampus in AQP4(+/+) than AQP4(-/-) mice. The neuroprotection in mice conferred by AQP4 deletion following severe global cerebral ischemia provides proof-of-concept for therapeutic AQP4 inhibition to improve neurological outcome in cardiac arrest. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Random walk on the random connection model. We study the behavior of the random walk in a continuum independent long-range percolation model, in which two given vertices x and y are connected with probability that asymptotically behaves like |x - y|(-alpha) with alpha > d, where d denotes the dimension of the underlying Euclidean space. More precisely, focus is on the random connection model in which the vertex set is given by the realization of a homogeneous Poisson point process. We show that this random graph exhibits similar properties as classical discrete long-range percolation models studied by Berger (2002) with regard to recurrence and transience of the random walk. Moreover, we address a question which is related to a conjecture by Heydenreich, Hulshof and Jorritsma (2017) for this graph.(c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Royal Dutch Mathematical Society (KWG). This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Identifying policy frames through semantic network analysis: an examination of nuclear energy policy across six countries. This study uses semantic network analysis to investigate nuclear energy policy frames in six countries: USA, UK, Germany, France, Japan, and South Korea. It is suggested that semantic network analysis represents a useful tool to investigate policy frames in complex policy environments. The discourse of top-level decision-makers is analyzed to highlight similarities and differences in policy frames and to identify the key policy arguments in the integrated network of all six countries. In total, 14 major policy arguments are identified, which relate to the three major frames of energy security, clean energy, and nuclear safety, along with the meta-issue of economic growth. There are differences in the degree of emphasis on each of the frames in the six countries, and Germany can be seen to have diverged the most following the Fukushima accident, as the emphasis is on clean energy, to the exclusion of the other frames. In contrast, both the USA and Japan have framed the issues primarily in terms of nuclear safety and energy security, while the UK and France have stressed the economic growth frame, and Korea has prioritized nuclear safety.", "label": [5, 52, 51]}
+{"token": "Production of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) in Aspergillus niger. A protease-deficient strain of Aspergillus niger has been used as a host for the production of human tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA). In defined medium, up to 0.07 mg t-PA (g biomass)(-1) was produced in batch and fed-batch cultures and production was increased two- to threefold in two-phase batch cultures in which additional glucose was provided as a single pulse at the end of the first batch growth phase. Production was increased [up to 1.9 mg t-PA (g biomass)(-1)] by the addition of soy peptone to the defined medium. The rate of t-PA production in batch cultures supplemented with soy peptone (0.2 to 0.6 mg t-PA L-1 h(-1)) was comparable to rates observed previously in high-producing mammalian or insect cell cultures. In glucose-limited chemostat culture supplemented with soy peptone, t-PA was produced at a rate of 0.7 mg t-PA L-1 h(-1). Expression of t-PA in A. niger resulted in increased expression of genes (bipA, pdiA, and cypB) involved in the unfolded protein response (UPR). However, when cypB was overexpressed in a t-PA-producing strain, t-PA production was not increased. The t-PA produced in A. niger was cleaved into two chains of similar molecular weight to two-chain human melanoma t-PA. The two chains appeared to be stable for at least 16 h in culture supernatant of the host strain. However, in general, <1% of the t-PA produced in A. niger was active, and active t-PA disappeared from the culture supernatant during the stationary phase of batch cultures, suggesting that the two-chain t-PA may have been incorrectly processed or that initial proteolytic cleavage occurred within the proteolytic domain of the protein. Total t-PA (detected by enzyme-linked immunoassay) also eventually disappeared from culture supernatants, confirming significant extracellular proteolytic activity, even though the host strain was protease-deficient. (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "The costs of eating gluten-free. We leverage a large dataset of U.S. bakery products to comprehensively study price and nutritional composition of gluten-free products in comparison with gluten-containing items. Using data from 2013 to 2022, and controlling for time and manufacturer fixed effects as well as other product claims such as 'all natural', our findings suggest that gluten-free products are up to 85% more expensive than gluten-containing ones. In addition, gluten-free products have a different nutrient profile. Across product subcategories, they contain more total fat than gluten-containing products - as much as 113% more in the bread subcategory. However, compared to their gluten-containing counterparts, gluten-free breads contain less sodium, gluten-free cookies contain more fibre and gluten-free pastries contain more fibre and less sugar. We conclude that unless gluten-free products are medically prescribed, consumers should carefully weigh all product characteristics when choosing between gluten-free and gluten-containing versions of the same product.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "White Perceptions of Whether African Americans and Hispanics are Prone to Violence and Support for the Death Penalty. Objective: To explore whether the impact of racial and ethnic pejorative stereotypes and prejudice on White support for the death penalty changes over time. Methods: The data were drawn from the 1990 and 2000 General Social Surveys. This trend analysis included a four-item racial-ethnic prejudice scale and two stereotype or \\\\'typification\\\\' measures that assessed the extent to which the respondents believed that African Americans and Hispanics were more prone to violence than Whites. Controls were introduced for standard demographic measures and for known covariates of punitiveness, such as conservative political ideology and religious beliefs and involvement. The dependent variable was whether the respondents favored the death penalty for persons convicted of murder. Results: The analyses revealed that racial and ethnic prejudice increases Whites' embrace of capital punishment in both periods of time. By contrast, the negative stereotypes that typify African Americans and Hispanics as prone to violence exerted a significant impact on support for the death penalty in 1990 but not in 2000. Conclusions: These findings suggest that Whites' views on minority group members' proneness to violence potentially shift over time and exert significant impacts on death penalty support depending on the broader social context that prevails at a given historical juncture. Racial-ethnic feelings of animus appear to be a stable, if not intractable source of punitiveness. Future research should continue to unpack the complex nature of Whites' racial and ethnic views and to explore how, in given sociopolitical contexts, they potentially serve to justify punitive policy agendas.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Aquatic nematodes from Ethiopia IX - One new and three known species of Dorylaimidae, Mononchus truncatus Bastian, 1865, and Diploscapter coronatus (Cobb, 1893) Cobb, 1913 (Nematoda). Laimydorus ritae n. sp., Laimydorus pseudostagnalis, Dorylaimus stagnalis, Ischiodorylaimus ugandanus, Mononchus truncatus and Diploscapter coronatus are described from sediment samples of Lake Tana, Ethiopia. Laimydorus ritae n. sp. is identified by its short odontostyle (16-18 mu m), a value of 1.4 for the ratio 'odontostyle L/lip region width', a lip region offset by depression, an anteriorly situated longitudinal vulva, females with long tail (328-392 mu m), non-hamate terminus and presence of males. Detailed descriptions of the remaining five species with scanning electron microscopic pictures of L. pseudostagnalis are also provided. I. ugandanus is reported here for the first time out of its type locality, Uganda.", "label": [4, 45]}
+{"token": "Subminimal Logics in Light of Vakarelov's Logic. We investigate a subsystem of minimal logic related to D. Vakarelov's logic SUBMIN, using the framework of subminimal logics by A. Colacito, D. de Jongh and A. L. Vargas. In the course of it, the relationship between the two semantics in the respective frameworks is clarified. In addition, we introduce a sequent calculus for the investigated subsystem, and some proof-theoretic properties are established. Lastly, we formulate a new infinite class of subsystems of minimal logics.", "label": [3, 4, 41, 32]}
+{"token": "Gene expression responses to Rice tungro spherical virus in susceptible and resistant near-isogenic rice plants. Rice cultivar Taichung Native 1 (TN1) is susceptible to Rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV). TW16 is a backcross line developed between TN1 and RTSV-resistant cultivar Utri Merah. RTSV accumulation in TW16 was significantly lower than in TN1, although both TN1 and TW16 remained asymptomatic. We compared the gene expression profiles of TN1 and TW16 infected by RTSV to identify the gene expression patterns accompanying the accumulation and suppression of RTSV. About 11% and 12% of the genes in the entire genome were found differentially expressed by RTSV in TN1 and TW16, respectively. About 30% of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected commonly in both TN1 and TW16. DEGs related to development and stress response processes were significantly overrepresented in both TN1 and TW16. Evident differences in gene expression between TN1 and TW16 instigated by RTSV included (1) suppression of more genes for development-related transcription factors in TW16; (2) activation of more genes for development-related peptide hormone RALF in TN1; (3) TN1- and TW16-specific regulation of genes for jasmonate synthesis and pathway, and genes for stress-related transcription factors such as WRKY, SNAC, and AP2-EREBP; (4) activation of more genes for glutathione S-transferase in TW16; (5) activation of more heat shock protein genes in TN1; and (6) suppression of more genes for Golden2-like transcription factors involved in plastid development in TN1. The results suggest that a significant number of defense and development-related genes are still regulated in asymptomatic plants even with a very low level of RTSV, and that the TN1- and TW16-specific gene regulations might be associated with regulation of RTSV accumulation in the plants. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "ANALYSIS OF DIFFRACTIONS IN DIP-ANGLE GATHERS FOR TRANSVERSELY ISOTROPIC MEDIA. Diffractions can supplement reflected waves in anisotropic velocity analysis because they increase the aperture and may illuminate parts of the model that do not produce strong reflections. However, enhancement of diffractions and their separation from the more intensive reflections remains a challenging task, especially if the velocity model is not accurate. Here, we analyze diffraction events in dip-angle common-image gathers (CIGs) computed with Kirchhoff migration for transversely isotropic (TI) media. If the velocity model is sufficiently accurate, dip-angle CIGs make it possible to generate diffraction-based depth images using a muting function that depends on reflector dip. We demonstrate application of this methodology to anisotropic diffraction imaging of synthetic data and present a field-data example from the Gulf of Mexico. In the presence of errors in the TI parameters, diffraction and reflection events exhibit different moveout distortions in dip-angle CIGs. In particular, numerical examples show that the moveout of diffractions is sensitive to the key anisotropy parameter eta. Therefore, diffractions in the dip-angle domain could be employed in migration velocity analysis (MVA) to refine the anisotropic velocity model.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Retrospective review of laser therapy for palliation of colorectal tumours. Patients with inoperable colorectal tumours will often require symptomatic relief due to the nature of extensive disease spread or existing co-morbidities. The use of laser treatment for palliation of tumours in the lower gastrointestinal tract has become an attractive treatment option for such patients. This paper presents the results of a retrospective review of 58 case notes in order to determine the effectiveness of laser therapy in palliating symptoms of colorectal tumours. In addition, the paper aims to identify which colorectal symptoms laser is best used to palliate. The study was conducted in a regional coloproctology unit at the Western General Hospital in Edinburgh. The main findings show that 52% (n = 30) of patients had successful (complete/good) resolution of symptoms, 36% (n = 21) had a poor response and 12% (n = 7) had no resolution of symptoms from laser therapy. Of all documented symptoms, this study found that laser is most effective at palliating obstructive symptoms. It also has beneficial application in the palliation of bleeding and mucous discharge. It is less effective for the anal symptoms of tenesmus and pain and for stool related symptoms such as diarrhoea, constipation, frequency and incontinence. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
+{"token": "From the farms of the Jura to the valley of M'Zab. Influences of the vernacular in Le Corbusier. Le Corbusier's attraction to vernacular architecture can be seen in his early drawings of the rural landscape of the Jura, when he was still a child, as well as in his drawings of the houses in the M'Zab valley prior to the presentation of the Plan Obus for Algiers. His special predilection for residing in old farmhouses in La Chaux-de-Fonds or the notes in his travel notebooks about the Cubism he recognised in the humble dwellings of southern Spain are snapshots of the Swiss architect's much deeper experience of the vernacular. The aim of the research is to determine the role played by the vernacular in Le Corbusier's thought and work from the 1910s to the 1930s projects. The research establishes the vernacular as a determining aspect in his training and attributes to it the shaping of an own architectural language from the 1910s to the projects of the 1930s. The vernacular shows continuity in his personal evolution, identifying four stages with differences of nuance (regionalism, openness to new languages, purism, brutalism).", "label": [1, 17]}
+{"token": "Karyotypes in Ethiopian Aloe species (Xanthorrhoeaceae: Asphodeloideae). A cytogenetic survey of 17 species in the succulent-leaved genus Aloe L. (Xanthorrhoeaceae subfamily Asphodeloideae) in Ethiopia was undertaken towards a more complete genetic characterisation of the genus throughout its distribution in Africa, Arabia and Madagascar. Somatic metaphase chromosomes of all species studied showed the same diploid chromosome number of 2n = 14, consisting of four pairs of long and three pairs of short chromosomes. Symmetry was characterised as Stebbins type 2B and the asymmetry indices AsK%, TF%, A1 and A2 revealed minor karyotypic variation common in closely related species. The metrics showed that A. benishangulana has a marginally higher degree of asymmetry than is typical, and the pubescent-flowered A. trichosantha has a more symmetrical karyotype than most other species. We suggest that the stable karyotype morphology in Aloe indicates that structural genome changes and ecological factors play a more prominent role in speciation in Aloe.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Characterisation of measles after the introduction of the combined measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine in 2004 with focus on the laboratory data, 2016 to 2019 outbreak, Romania. Background: Since January 2016, a resurgence of measles in Romania has led to the third measles epidemic in the past 12 years; 64 deaths have been confirmed so far-the highest number of measles-related deaths since the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine was introduced in 2004. Aim: To provide an overview on the characterisation on measles in Romania after the introduction of the MMR vaccine with focus on the current outbreak, laboratory and molecular analysis. Methods: We performed an analysis of measles incidence and mortality after the introduction of MMR vaccination and a retrospective study using serological and molecular data in three consecutive outbreaks with focus on the current outbreak. Results: In the current outbreak, 17,533 measles cases were notified to the national surveillance system, 93% were unvaccinated. Measles virus was isolated from 429 samples and 283 were genotyped. Genotype B3 was predominant (n = 269) and sporadic measles cases associated with D8 genotype (n = 9) were also observed; genotype D4 and D8 were identified in the previous two measles outbreaks. The detection of several distinct measles virus B3 genotypes suggests multiple virus importations to Romania. Conclusion: The current outbreak is a consequence of insufficient vaccine coverage. Control measures were implemented to improve uptake of MMR vaccine, including administering the first MMR dose at a younger age (9-11 months) and offering catch-up vaccination to children that have not followed the recommended dosing schedule. More measures are needed to improve the surveillance performance and to achieve high routine MMR vaccination coverage.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "The Culpability of Exile Arabs in Nazi Germany. Germany hosted a significant number of exiles and foreign students during the period of Nazi rule, among them many Arabs. This article explores the various circumstances of exile in Germany before and during the Second World War. After the war, these compromising sojourns were often used for personal attacks in political battles, not least in the Middle East conflict. To avoid the conventional focus on prominent nationalist leaders in exile, the focus here is on second row political activists and intellectuals, and the short and long term implications of the incentives and pressures they were exposed to, causing them to enter into various forms of cooperation with the Nazis.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Preclinical Imaging: an Essential Ally in Modern Biosciences. Translational research is changing the practice of modern medicine and the way in which health problems are approached and solved. The use of small-animal models in basic and preclinical sciences is a major keystone for these kinds of research and development strategies, representing a bridge between discoveries at the molecular level and clinical implementation in diagnostics and/or therapeutics. The development of high-resolution in vivo imaging technologies provides a unique opportunity for studying disease in real time, in a quantitative way, at the molecular level, along with the ability to repeatedly and non-invasively monitor disease progression or response to treatment. The greatest advantages of preclinical imaging techniques include the reduction of biological variability and the opportunity to acquire, in continuity, an impressive amount of unique information (without interfering with the biological process under study) in distinct forms, repeated or modulated as needed, along with the substantial reduction in the number of animals required for a particular study, fully complying with 3R (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) policies. The most suitable modalities for small-animal in vivo imaging applications are based on nuclear medicine techniques (essentially, positron emission tomography [PET] and single photon emission computed tomography [SPECT]), optical imaging (OI), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging (MRSI), and ultrasound. Each modality has intrinsic advantages and limitations. More recently, aiming to overcome the inherent limitations of each imaging modality, multimodality devices designed to provide complementary information upon the pathophysiological process under study have gained popularity. The combination of high-resolution modalities, like micro-CT or micro-MRI, with highly sensitive techniques providing functional information, such as micro-PET or micro-SPECT, will continue to broaden the horizons of research in such key areas as infection, oncology, cardiology, and neurology, contributing not only to the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of disease, but also providing efficient and unique tools for evaluating new chemical entities and candidate drugs. The added value of small-animal imaging techniques has driven their increasing use by pharmaceutical companies, contract research organizations, and research institutions.", "label": [2, 22, 20]}
+{"token": "Modelling the influence of meteoric smoke particles on artificial heating in the D-region. We also investigate model runs using MSP number density profiles for autumn, summer and winter. The night-time electron temperature is expected to be 280 K hotter in autumn than during winter conditions, while the sunlit D-region is 8 K cooler for autumn MSP conditions than for the summer case, depending on altitude. Finally, an investigation of the electron attachment efficiency to MSPs shows a significant impact on the amount of chargeable dust and consequently on the electron temperature.The influence of MSPs is investigated by including results from a one-dimensional height-dependent ionospheric model that includes electrons, positively and negatively charged ions, neutral MSPs, singly positively and singly negatively charged MSPs, and photochemistry such as photoionization and photodetachment. We apply typical ionospheric conditions and find that MSPs can influence both the magnitude and the height profile of the heated electron temperature above 80 km; however, this depends on ionospheric conditions. During night, the presence of MSPs leads to more efficient heating and thus a higher electron temperature above altitudes of 80 km. We found differences of up to 1000 K in electron temperature for calculations with and without MSPs. When MSPs are present, the heated electron temperature decreases more slowly. The presence of MSPs does not much affect the heating below 80 km for night conditions. For day conditions, the difference between the heated electron temperature with MSPs and without MSPs is less than 25 K.We investigate if the presence of meteoric smoke particles (MSPs) influences the electron temperature during artificial heating in the D-region. By transferring the energy of powerful high-frequency radio waves into thermal energy of electrons, artificial heating increases the electron temperature. Artificial heating depends on the height variation of electron density. The presence of MSPs can influence the electron density through charging of MSPs by electrons, which can reduce the number of free electrons and even result in height regions with strongly reduced electron density, so-called electron bite-outs. We simulate the influence of the artificial heating by calculating the intensity of the upward-propagating radio wave. The electron temperature at each height is derived from the balance of radio wave absorption and cooling through elastic and inelastic collisions with neutral species.", "label": [4, 34, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "Factors Shaping Public Perceptions of Market-based Activities Undertaken by Canadian Nonprofits. Charitable nonprofits are engaging at increasing rates in market-based activities. This study examined Canadian public perception of nonprofits' market-based activities. Latent variables for trust, financial accountability, transparency, direct and general familiarity, understanding of nonprofit roles in service delivery and advocacy, and orientation towards market-based activities were created using a secondary dataset of nationally representative Canadians (n = 3853). Results show that positive perceptions of market-based activities of nonprofits are influenced by familiarity of nonprofits, accepting their advocacy role, and perceiving them as being accountable. Those with stronger views of nonprofits as providers of direct service had unfavorable perceptions of the nonprofit's market-based activities. The findings have implications for nonprofit managers who engage in market-based activities and want to promote a positive orientation to these endeavors to engage consumers and investors.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Optimal Binary Linear Codes From Maximal Arcs. The binary Hamming codes with parameters [2(m) - 1, 2(m) - 1- m, 3] are perfect. Their extended codes have parameters [2(m), 2(m) - 1- m, 4] and are distance-optimal. The first objective of this paper is to construct a class of binary linear codes with parameters [2(m+s) + 2(s) - 2(m), 2(m+s) + 2(s) - 2(m) - 2m- 2, 4], which have better information rates than the class of extended binary Hamming codes, and are also distance-optimal. The second objective is to construct a class of distance-optimal binary codes with parameters [2(m) +2, 2(m)- 2m, 6]. Both classes of binary linear codes have new parameters.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
+{"token": "Pediatric subdural empyema as a complication of meningitis: could CSF protein/CSF glucose ratio be used to screen for subdural empyema?. Subdural empyema (SDE) is a rare condition which can appear secondary to meningitis in childhood, especially in infants. This study was planned to evaluate and compare clinical and laboratory features, treatment, and outcome of children with SDE to those with acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) without SDE. The electronic medical files of 266 patients diagnosed with ABM between January 2009 and December 2019 were evaluated. Patients' demographic and clinical features, laboratory results, cranial imaging findings, treatment, and outcomes were recorded. SDE was identified in 10 patients, 3.7% of all diagnosed with meningitis. The etiology of SDE was identified in eight (80%). The most common responsible pathogen was Streptococcus pneumoniae. Cranial imaging was performed between the 2nd and 13th days of admission, and the most common reason of performing cranial imaging was persistence of fever. Two patients were healed with 4-6 weeks of antibiotic treatment without surgery, eight (80%) needed surgical intervention.Conclusion: The clinical signs and symptoms of SDE may be subtle. If the fever persists or focal neurological findings are seen during the treatment of bacterialmeningitis, SDE should be suspected. Furthermore, patients with ABM who are determined to have a protein-to-glucose ratio in the cerebrospinal fluid above 4.65 should be carefully monitored for SDE development.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Exact solutions of two semi-infinite collinear cracks in a strip. The stress intensity factors (SIFs) are calculated for an infinitely long strip of finite height containing two straight semi-infinite collinear cracks, which is a very useful model in simulating the interaction of faults in the study of tectonic earthquake. The new solutions are obtained by complex function method. It is shown that two well-known exact solutions for the crack problems are the limiting cases of the present results. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Linking individual behaviour to community scale patterns in fungi. The fungi comprise a separate kingdom of life and epitomise the indeterminate growth form. Very little is known about the factors that influence the nature of fungal diversity and the link between individual behaviour and the structure and function of fungal communities is particularly poorly understood. Here, we present a theoretical framework that is capable of elucidating this link. An individual-based model for fungal community dynamics is introduced that has been developed from a physiologically based model for the fungal phenotype. The model is used to explore the role of individual interactions, the production of an external inhibitor field and the quality of the external environment on the structure and diversity of the resulting community. We show that traits relating to growth rate, autophagic behaviour and the production of inhibitors are key in influencing the success of a particular genotype in a community. The species richness increases with the amount of available resource. This is the first model of fungal community dynamics that introduces the concept of a biomass-based abundance distribution function that can be described by the log-normal form which typically corresponds to communities in equilibrium. The species abundance curve was stable to changes in the relative location of inocula, although the ranked abundance of the individuals was not. We present the first attempt to identify the traits that affect the form of that curve. Future studies should examine the role of environmental heterogeneity and spore dispersal. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd and The British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
+{"token": "Agricultural investments and hunger in Africa modeling potential contributions to SDG2-Zero Hunger. We use IFPRI's IMPACT framework of linked biophysical and structural economic models to examine developments in global agricultural production systems, climate change, and food security. Building on related work on how increased investment in agricultural research, resource management, and infrastructure can address the challenges of meeting future food demand, we explore the costs and implications of these investments for reducing hunger in Africa by 2030. This analysis is coupled with a new investment estimation model, based on the perpetual inventory methodology (PIM), which allows for a better assessment of the costs of achieving projected agricultural improvements. We find that climate change will continue to slow projected reductions in hunger in the coming decades-increasing the number of people at risk of hunger in 2030 by 16 million in Africa compared to a scenario without climate change. Investments to increase agricultural productivity can offset the adverse impacts of climate change and help reduce the share of people at risk of hunger in 2030 to five percent or less in Northern, Western, and Southern Africa, but the share is projected to remain at ten percent or more in Eastern and Central Africa. Investments in Africa to achieve these results are estimated to cost about 15 billion USD per year between 2015 and 2030, as part of a larger package of investments costing around 52 billion USD in developing countries. (C) 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [5, 49, 57]}
+{"token": "Both Sides Now': Articulating Textiles and Fashioned Bodies in the Works of Joni Mitchell, 1968-1976. The singer-songwriter-artist Joni Mitchell (nee Anderson, born on November 7, 1943) is recognized in the worlds of music and fashion alike for her creative influences since the late 1960s. In this article, we share the findings from a critical discourse analysis of the lyrics and album art produced by Mitchell between 1968 and 1976. We consider how she represented a philosophy of \\\\'Both Sides Now\\\\' (i.e., both/and thinking) as she articulated-in words as well as visual art-three dynamic and unresolvable contradictions that provide new insights for fashion theory: (a) domesticity and worldliness, (b) bourgeois capitalism and bohemianism, and (c) beauty and destruction. In the process of articulating ambivalences and contradictions, Mitchell reveals how cultural power relations associated with gender, sexuality, age, and class (and their intersectionalities) intervene through textiles, clothing, and fashioned bodies.", "label": [5, 48, 52]}
+{"token": "Embodied Spirituality. The main findings on embodied spirituality within the Toronto Blessing are presented in this article. The aim of this study is to interpret ecstatic religious experiences from a psychological point of view. The theoretical framework is interdisciplinary, using theories from ego-psychology, social psychology:sociology, cultural anthropology, and ritual theory. Regarding the latter notion, Thomas Csordas has developed cultural phenomenology, which is a culturally constructed way of understanding a situation through using bodily senses in a sort of sensory engagement that is linked with inter-subjectivity. This way of thinking assumes that the body can impart knowledge and help us understand apparently non-rational phenomena. Ecstatic phenomena can be interpreted as bodily knowledge, a habitus, stored or saved in the body to be later activated in a cultural and ritual context.", "label": [3, 5, 55, 33]}
+{"token": "The [CII] and [OI] emission lines in NGC6946 and NGC1313. The [CII (158 mum)] fine structure line, which is the principal cooling line of the atomic gas, in two nearby galaxies observed with LWS on board ISO is compared to dust and HI gas emission and heating intensity. The relation between photoelectric effect on different grains populations, dust and gas heating found for a sample of 60 normal galaxies for which global [CII] measurements are available, still holds on scale of similar to1.5 kpc. We also succeed in detecting cooling from a low density diffuse atomic gas associated with the diffuse optical disk in both galaxies, accounting typically for similar to 30-40% of the total [CII] emission.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "IRRATIONALITY IN GLOBAL AND LITHUANIAN ARCHITECTURE OF THE 20TH CENTURY. Irrationality is an opposite expression of rationality, pragmatism, posityvism, technicist morphology. It's based on deconstruction, indetermination, roughness, dramatic expression, etc.The effect of irrationality can be obtained by two ways: using decorations, ornaments, polichromy, and using deformations of forms and constructions.The paper analyses irrationality as an expression of modern architecture, overviews the concept of irrational architecture. Various art and philosophical trends, that influenced the development of architecture in the 20th century, are analysed. Influences of global and Lithuanian analogues of irrational architecture on the development of architectural styles are presented. Since the concept of irrational architecture hasn't been widely analysed, the paper suggests several approaches of analysis of irrational forms in architecture. The author arrives at the following conclusions:Irrational trends in architecture are caused by several factors. Philosophical trends such as reliatyvism, irrationalism, intuityvism, psychoanalysis, deconstructyvism, and art trends such as cubism, symbolism, expressionism, art deco, surrealism, etc.Irrational trends in global and Lithuanian architecture of the 20th century can be noticed in art nouveau, art deco, organic, late modern, postmodern, deconstructyvist architectural styles.", "label": [1, 17]}
+{"token": "Does the 'hikikomori' syndrome of social withdrawal exist outside Japan? A preliminary international investigation. To explore whether the 'hikikomori' syndrome (social withdrawal) described in Japan exists in other countries, and if so, how patients with the syndrome are diagnosed and treated.Out of 247 responses to the questionnaire (123 from Japan and 124 from other countries), 239 were enrolled in the analysis. Respondents' felt the hikikomori syndrome is seen in all countries examined and especially in urban areas. Biopsychosocial, cultural, and environmental factors were all listed as probable causes of hikikomori, and differences among countries were not significant. Japanese psychiatrists suggested treatment in outpatient wards and some did not think that psychiatric treatment is necessary. Psychiatrists in other countries opted for more active treatment such as hospitalization.Patients with the hikikomori syndrome are perceived as occurring across a variety of cultures by psychiatrists in multiple countries. Our results provide a rational basis for study of the existence and epidemiology of hikikomori in clinical or community populations in international settings.Two hikikomori case vignettes were sent to psychiatrists in Australia, Bangladesh, India, Iran, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Thailand and the USA. Participants rated the syndrome's prevalence in their country, etiology, diagnosis, suicide risk, and treatment.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Formation and dispersion of ropes in pneumatic conveying. In this study, the solid flow nonuniformities which develop in lean phase upward flow in a vertical pneumatic conveying line following a horizontal-to-vertical elbow were investigated. Laboratory experiments were conducted in 154 and 203 mm I.D. test sections using pulverized-coal particles (90% less than 75 mum) for two different 90 degrees circular elbows having pipe bend radius to pipe diameter ratios of 1.5 and 3.0. The experiments covered a range of conveying air velocities and solids mass loadings. Experimental measurements of time-average local particle velocities, concentrations, and mass fluxes were obtained using a fiber-optic probe which was traversed over the cross-section of the pipe. The measurements indicate a continuous rope-like structure forms within the elbow. The rope maintains its continuous structure until it disintegrates into large discontinuous clusters at downstream locations. Comparisons of the results of CFD simulations of turbulent gas-particle flow and time-average experimental data were used to explain rope formation and dispersion. The CFD simulations, based on the Lagrangian particle-source-in-cell method, predict a denser particle rope as the nondimensional radius of curvature (R/D) is increased, agreeing with trends in experimental data. The individual effects of secondary flows and turbulence on axial dispersion of the rope were studied computationally and the results show both mechanisms are important. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "A critical review of social resilience assessment frameworks in disaster management. The role of social resilience in disaster management continues to gain increasing attention and interest from both researchers and practitioners. This paper critically reviews existing frameworks and methods to understand their application in a disaster context, to highlight key challenges and future directions for developing robust social resilience assessment frameworks. The analysis revealed a lack of consistency in key concepts used to measure social resilience to disasters. This results in significant confusion in the way key concepts are understood, interpreted, and applied. Due to the multi-faceted nature of social resilience concepts, there are pronounced theoretical and practical difficulties in carrying out a rapid, but rational, accurate, and meaningful assessment of social resilience to disasters. Many of the key process-oriented indicators are not included in the existent social resilience frameworks, since they are not easy to operationalise due to their dynamic nature. Therefore, a comprehensive social resilience framework that can be adapted to different contexts and integrated with specific measurement tools and guidelines is necessary. Such a comprehensive framework can make resilience measurement consistent across geographies by adapting it with context specific resilience characteristics.", "label": [4, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "Stage- and sex-specific heat tolerance in the yellow dung fly Scathophaga stercoraria. Thermal tolerance varies at all hierarchical levels of biological organization: among species, populations, individuals, and even within individuals. Age- or developmental stage-and sex-specific thermal effects have received relatively little attention in the literature, despite being crucial for understanding thermal adaptation in nature and responses to global warming. We document stage- and sex-specific heat tolerance in the yellow dung fly Scathophaga stercoraria (Diptera: Scathophagidae), a species common throughout the northern hemisphere that generally favours cool climates. Exposure of eggs to temperatures up to 32 degrees C did not affect larval hatching rate, but subsequent egg-to-adult survival at a benign temperature was reduced. Permanent transfer from benign (18 degrees C) to hot temperatures (up to 31 degrees C) at different larval and pupal stages strongly decreased egg-to-adult survival, though survival continuously improved the later the transfer occurred. Temporary transfer for only two days increased mortality more weakly, survival being lowest when temperature stress was imposed early during the larval or pupal stages. Adult flies provided with sugar and water tolerated 31 degrees C longer than previously thought (5 days in males to 9 days in females). Eggs were thus less susceptible to thermal stress than larvae, pupae or adults, in agreement with the hypothesis that more mobile stages require less physiological protection against heat because they can behaviourally thermoregulate. The probability of mating, of laying a clutch, and hatching success were generally independently reduced by exposure of females or males to warm temperatures (24 degrees C) during the juvenile or adult stages, with some interactions evident. High temperature stress thus affects survival differentially depending on when it occurs during the juvenile or the pre-reproductive adult life stage, and affects reproductive success via the mating behaviour of both sexes, female physiology in terms of oviposition, and fertility via sperm and/or egg quality. Our results illustrate that temperature stress, even when moderate and temporary, during early development can have profound lethal and non-lethal fitness-consequences later in life. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 42, 47]}
+{"token": "CONGENITAL HIGH AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION SYNDROME (CHAOS) AS PART OF FRASER SYNDROME: ULTRASOUND AND AUTOPSY FINDINGS. Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS) as part of Fraser syndrome: ultrasound and autopsy findings: Congenital High Airway Obstruction Syndrome (CHAOS) is a potential lethal condition. We describe a case report of CHAOS, with additional malformations diagnosed at 20 weeks. Autopsy findings are suggestive for Fraser syndrome (cryptophthalmos-syndactyly syndrome; OMIM 219000). The diagnosis was confirmed by mutation analysis of FRAS1.", "label": [2, 3, 18, 19, 20, 30]}
+{"token": "How to introduce the magnetic dipole moment. We show how the concept of the magnetic dipole moment can be introduced in the same way as the concept of the electric dipole moment in introductory courses on electromagnetism. Considering a localized steady current distribution, we make a Taylor expansion directly in the Biot-Savart law to obtain, explicitly, the dominant contribution of the magnetic field at distant points, identifying the magnetic dipole moment of the distribution. We also present a simple but general demonstration of the torque exerted by a uniform magnetic field on a current loop of general form, not necessarily planar. For pedagogical reasons we start by reviewing briefly the concept of the electric dipole moment.", "label": [4, 5, 53, 35]}
+{"token": "Possible Role of Neuromedin S (NMS) in Male Reproduction: Effect of NMS on Adipokines Secretion in Male Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Adipokines are known as important adiposity signals and play certain roles in various biological processes Now their involvement in the regulation of hypothalamus pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis has also been established In the present study, we investigated the role of peripheral administration of neuromedm S (NMS) on adipokines (adiponectm, leptin and resistin) secretion in 48-h fasting and normal fed adult male Rhesus monkeys After NMS administration plasma adipokines levels were determined in fed and fasting monkeys. Four intact adult male monkeys were used in this study. 50 nmol of NMS was injected intravenously. Blood samples were collected individually 60 mm before and 120 min after NMS administration at 15 min intervals The plasma adipokmes concentrations were determined by using specific Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) kits. 48 h fasting significantly mcreased plasma adiponectin (P<0.001), while decreased leptin (P<0.001) and resistm (P<0.01) concentrations compared to normal fed monkeys No significant (P>0.05) change in adiponectin levels was observed after NMS injection in both normal and metabolically stressed conditions NMS administration induced a significant (P<0 01) increase in resistin levels, while suppressed leptin (P<0 05) secretion in both fed and 48-his fasting conditions In conclusion our study suggested that NMS has a role in regulation of adipokines secretion Its inhibitory effect on leptin and stimulatory effect on resistin shows an important relationship between NMS and adipokines in the regulation of reproductive axis in male rhesus monkeys Further studies are required to confirm this relationship.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Alternative indicator bacteria analyses for evaluating the sanitary condition of beef carcasses. Sponge samples were obtained from 47 (study 1) and 32 (study 2) beef carcasses in a small plant over 6 months. In study 2, slaughter equipment surfaces were also sampled. In study 1, the Petrifilm method was used to count presumptive Escherichia coli and spread plating on kanamycin esculin azide (KEA) agar with and without 40% added bile was used to count presumptive Enterococcus spp. Qualitative testing for presumptive E. coli and Enterococcus spp. in study 1 was done using lauryl sulfate tryptone broth (LST) + 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide (MUG) and KEA + 40% bile broth, respectively. In study 2, LST + MUG was used as a most probable number (MPN) method along with the Petrifilm method. In the two studies, 8 (17.0%) and 11 (34.4%) carcasses were contaminated with presumptive E. coli; all but one contaminated carcass contained <1 CFU/cm(2). Presumptive Enterococcus spp. were recovered from 15 carcasses (31.9%) in study 1, but the KEA + 40% bile agar method lacked specificity (only 31.3% of isolates confirmed as Enterococcus spp.) The LST + MUG and Petrifilm methods were significantly (P < 0.05) related in terms of detecting presumptive E. coli, but the presence of presumptive Enterococcus spp. was not significantly related to the presence of presumptive E. coli. However, on slaughter plant equipment in Study 2 there was a statistically significant (P < 0.05) relationship between the presence of presumptive E. coli and presumptive Enterococcus spp. In study 2, there was no significant (P < 0.05) difference in numbers of presumptive E. coli (obtained using Petrifilm) on carcasses chilled 1 day (n = 16) and 7 days (n = 16), although more of the 7-day carcasses were contaminated (five and seven carcasses, respectively). For samples testing positive for presumptive E. coli, the 95% confidence intervals obtained using the LST + MUG MPN method included the Petrifilm value for all but one sample.", "label": [0, 2, 19, 8]}
+{"token": "Probes for hidden hyperdiploidy in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The detection of hyperdiploidy (clones with > 46 chromosomes) in the bone marrow of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is important because of the prognostic impact of this finding. The high hyperdiploid (HeH) subgroup with 51-68 chromosomes is associated with the best outcome, followed by the low hyperdiploid (HeL) subgroup with 47-50 chromosomes and the triploid/tetraploid (TT) subgroup with > 68 chromosomes, which do less well. We present a strategy for the use of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with chromosome-specific probes to detect hyperdiploidy in interphase cells and to assign cases to a ploidy subgroup. By using a model population of 252 cases, it was seen that ten chromosomes (X, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 16, 18, 20, and 21) used in particular combinations and applied in a step-wise manner enabled the detection of 94% of hyperdiploid cases and gave an accurate prediction of ploidy subgroup in 96% of these cases. The detection and classification of each case required the use of four to six probes over two or three steps. Confirmation that this strategy will achieve this level of detection in other hyperdiploid populations was demonstrated by using 250 published karyotypes. This strategy has an application in detecting missing or hidden hyperdiploid cases among cases with failed or normal cytogenetics. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 22, 20]}
+{"token": "Efficient diffuse auroral electron scattering by electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic waves in the outer magnetosphere: A detailed case study. This paper is a companion to a paper by Liang et al. (2011) which reports a causal connection between the intensification of electrostatic ECH waves and the postmidnight diffuse auroral activity in the absence of whistler mode chorus waves at L = 11.5 on the basis of simultaneous observations from THEMIS spacecraft and NORSTAR optical instruments during 8-9 UT on February 5, 2009. In this paper, we use the THEMIS particle and wave measurements together with the magnetically conjugate auroral observations for this event to illustrate an example where electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) waves are the main contributor to the diffuse auroral precipitation. We use the wave and particle data to perform a comprehensive theoretical and numerical analysis of ECH wave driven resonant scattering rates. We find that the observed ECH wave activity can cause intense pitch angle scattering of plasma sheet electrons between 100 eV and 5 keV at a rate of >10(-4) s(-1) for equatorial pitch angles alpha(eq) < 30 degrees. The scattering approaches the strong diffusion limit in the realistic ambient magnetic field to produce efficient precipitation loss of <similar to 5 keV electrons on a timescale of a few hours or less. Using the electron differential energy flux inside the loss cone estimated based upon the energy-dependent efficiency of ECH wave scattering for an 8-s interval with high resolution wave data available, the auroral electron transport model developed by Lummerzheim (1987) produced an intensity of similar to 2.3 kR for the green-line diffuse aurora. Separately, Maxwellian fitting to the electron differential flux spectrum produced a green-line auroral intensity of similar to 2.6 kR. This is in good agreement with the similar to 2.4 kR green-line auroral intensity observed simultaneously at the magnetic foot point (as inferred using the event-adaptive model of Kubyshkina et al. (2009, 2011)) of the location where the in situ observations were obtained. Our results support the scenario that enhanced ECH emissions in the central plasma sheet (CPS) can be an important or even dominant driver of diffuse auroral precipitation in the outer magnetosphere. This paper is an important compliment to recent work that has shown lower band and upper band chorus to be mainly responsible for the occurrences of diffuse aurora in the inner magnetosphere.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Street Fighters with Insurance Coverage: The Insurance System of the Nazi Storm Section (Sturmabteilung). The Storm Section (Sturmabteilung, or SA) was organized throughout the Weimar Republic as a paramilitary force entrusted with the 'fight for the streets' during the so-called 'time of struggle' (Kampfzeit). To offset the potentially paralyzing effects of activism entailing risks of injury or death, the leaders of the movement devised and implemented an insurance system, which was retained throughout the following years. This insurance system smoothed the way for the most radical uncivility to hold sway without restriction during the final years of the Republic. Starting from late 1926, the National Socialist mechanism for overcoming the barriers to participation in violent activities that could potentially involve a high cost was to introduce an insurance system to facilitate their activists' willingness to 'sacrifice' themselves. The visceral anti-Semitism of the Nazis was central to the negotiations and agreements reached with different insurers. The Nazis introduced an insurance policy for their activists that would cover them while carrying out their obligations as militants in the 'fight' against Social Democrats and, more often, Communists. By lowering the potential costs of participation in a high-risk instance of activism, the insurance system contributed to stoking a 'latent civil war' in the German streets during the final years of the Republic. Relaying on archival and other primary sources and looking at them from a collective action perspective, this paper delves into the history of the SA insurance system, as well as on its functions.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 31, 57]}
+{"token": "New description of Echiniscus scabrospinosus Fontoura, 1982, and description of a new species of Echiniscus (Heterotardigrada) from China. A redescription of Echiniscus scabrospinosus Fontoura, 1982, is presented. A comparison with the more similar species is made, based on information available since the original description. A previously unreported cuticular feature (a central dark ring in the light spots) is described for Echiniscus marginatus Binda & Pilato, 1994. A new species, Echiniscus lineatus sp. nov., is described from China. This new species has a double plate ornamentation with numerous dark polygons and fewer light spots, forming transverse stripes on the plates. Longitudinal stripes are also present on the scapular plate. The new species has lateral filaments A and spines B, C, D, and E, as well as dorsal spines C-d and D-d.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "NR5A1 is a novel disease gene for 46,XX testicular and ovotesticular disorders of sex development. Results: We identified a novel heterozygous NR5A1 mutation, c.274C>T p.(Arg92Trp), in three unrelated patients. The Arg92 residue is highly conserved and located in the Ftz-F1 region, probably involved in DNA-binding specificity and stability. There were no consistent changes in transcriptional activation or subcellular localization. Transcriptomics in patient-derived lymphocytes showed upregulation of MAMLDI, a direct NR5A1 target previously associated with 46,XY DSD. In gonads of affected individuals, ovarian FOXL2 and testicular SRY-independent SOX9 expression observed.Conclusions: We propose NR5A 1, previously associated with 46,XY DSD and 46,XX primary ovarian insufficiency, as a novel gene for 46,XX (ovo)testicular DSD. We hypothesize that p.(Arg92Trp) results in decreased inhibition of the male developmental pathway through downregulation of female antitestis genes, thereby tipping the balance toward testicular differentiation in 46,XX individuals. In conclusion, our study supports a role for NR5A 1 in testis differentiation in the XX gonad.Purpose: We aimed to identify the genetic cause in a cohort of 11 unrelated cases and two sisters with 46,XX SRY-negative (ovo)testicular disorders of sex development (DSD).Methods: Whole-exome sequencing (n = 9), targeted resequencing (n = 4), and haplotyping were performed. Immunohistochemistry of sex-specific markers was performed on patients' gonads. The consequences of mutation were investigated using luciferase assays, localization studies, and RNA-seq.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Influence of nonlinear subunits on the resonance frequency band gaps of acoustic metamaterial. Recently, a significant attention has been directed toward so called 'acoustic metamaterials' which have large similarity with already-known 'electromagnetic metamaterials' which are applied for elimination of the electromagnetic waves. The stop of electromagnetic waves is realized with the negative refractive index, negative permittivity and negative permeability. Motivated by the mathematical analogy between acoustic and electromagnetic waves, the acoustic metamaterials are introduced. It was asked the material to have negative effective mass. To obtain the negative effective mass, the artificial material, usually composite, has to be designed. The basic unit is a vibration absorber which consists of a lumped mass attached with a spring to the basic mechanical system. The purpose of the unit is to give a band gap where some frequencies of acoustic wave are stopped. We investigated the nonlinear mass-in-mass unit excited with any periodic force. Mathematical model of the motion is a system of two coupled strongly nonlinear and nonhomogeneous second-order differential equations. The solution of equations is assumed in the form of the Ateb (inverse beta) periodic function. The frequency of vibration is obtained as the function of the parameters of the excitation force. The effective mass of the system is also determined. Regions of negative effective mass are calculated. For these values the motion of the forced mass stops. It is concluded that the stop frequency gaps are much wider for the nonlinear than for the linear system. Based on the obtained parameter values, the acoustic metamaterial could be designed.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Modeling RNA topological structures using small angle X-ray scattering. Detailed understanding of the structure and function relationship of RNA requires knowledge about RNA three-dimensional (3D) topological folding. However, there are very few unique RNA entries in structure databases. This is due to challenges in determining 3D structures of RNA using conventional methods, such as X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy, despite significant advances in both of these technologies. Computational methods have come a long way in accurately predicting the 3D structures of small (<50 nt) RNAs to within a few angstroms compared to their native folds. However, lack of an apparent correlation between an RNA primary sequence and its 3D fold ultimately limits the success of purely computational approaches. In this context, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) serves as a valuable tool by providing global shape information of RNA. In this article, we review the progress in determining RNA 3D topological structures, including a new method that combines secondary structural information and SAXS data to sample conformations generated through hierarchical moves of commonly observed RNA motifs. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Inc.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Constitutional Parenthood. Despite having recognized the constitutional rights of parents almost a hundred years ago, the Supreme Court has not weighed in on the subject of who qualifies as a \\\\'parent\\\\' under the Fourteenth Amendment in 3o years. In light of the Court's silence, the states have been forced to individually grapple with the issue of constitutional parenthood a task made exponentially more difficult by the fact that the last 3o years have ushered in an avalanche of change when it comes to the American family. With advances in assisted reproduction, the legalization of same-sex marriage, and the increased frequency of divorce, remarriage and cohabitation, states now regularly encounter claims of parental identity that 30 years ago would have been unimaginable. Nonetheless, the states have persevered, adopting a number of approaches to deal with these increasingly thorny issues. The problem, however, is that the constitutional protections that are afforded parents now vary by state. Moreover, some states have defined \\\\'parent\\\\' in a way that discriminates against families that do not comport with that state's conception of the \\\\'ideal\\\\' family. To solve this problem, this Article makes two proposals. First, the Supreme Court must offer more guidance on how states may define constitutional parenthood. Although a definitive definition of the term is both impractical and unrealistic, the Court can and should delineate the outer boundaries of that constitutional standard. Second, taking a cue from some of the tests developed by the states, this Article proposes what exactly those boundaries should be so as to help craft a definition of constitutional parenthood that is more responsive to and protective of the 21st century family.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Semantics for the logic of essence. This paper provides a possible worlds semantics for the system of the author's previous paper 'The logic of essence'. The basic idea behind the semantic is that a statement should be taken to be true in virtue of the nature of certain objects just in case it is true in any possible world compatible with the nature of those objects. It is shown that a slight variant of the original system si sound and complete under the proposed semantics.", "label": [3, 4, 41, 32]}
+{"token": "Adsorption of vanillin and syringaldehyde onto a macroporous polymeric resin. Pulp and paper mill and biorefinery side-streams are rich in lignin which can be partially converted to vanillin and syringaldehyde through an oxidation process. These value-added compounds can be recovered with an integrated separation process encompassing an adsorption step. In this work the potential of a macroporous polymeric resin, Sepabeads SP700, was assessed.Batch equilibrium isotherms for three different temperatures 283/288, 298 and 333 K were found for vanillin and syringaldehyde in aqueous solutions. Experimental results were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Equilibrium isotherms were validated by fixed bed studies at different temperatures and feed concentrations. A mathematical model comprising the equilibrium isotherms, linear driving force approximation, and intraparticle mass transfer resistances was used to describe the adsorption/desorption histories of concentration at the outlet of the fixed bed experiments. Although Langmuir model reasonably fit to the experimental results, the empirical Freundlich model was best to describe the experimental results for equilibrium concentrations bellow 1 g L-1. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.The resin was characterized regarding particle size, solid density, apparent density and particle porosity by means of laser dispersion, helium pycnometry and mercury intrusion porosimetry, respectively. Values within the ranges given by supplier were achieved: solid density, apparent density, particle size and particle porosity were 1294 g L-1, 1012 g L-1, 483 mu m and 0.73 mL(pores) mL(particle)(-1), respectively.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Products of idempotent matrices over integral domains. We say that a ring R has the idempotent matrices property if every square singular matrix over R is a product of idempotent matrices. It is known that every field, and more generally, every Euclidean domain has the idempotent matrices property. In this paper we show that not every integral domain has the idempotent matrices property and that if a projective free ring has the idempotent matrices property then it must be a Bezout domain. We also show that a principal ideal domain has the idempotent matrices property if and only if every fraction a/b with b not equal 0 has a finite continued fraction expansion. New proofs are also provided for the results that every field and every Euclidean domain have the idempotent matrices property. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "A fatal case of poisoning related to new cathinone designer drugs, 4-methoxy PV8, PV9, and 4-methoxy PV9, and a dissociative agent, diphenidine. A woman in her thirties was found dead on a bed. Considerable amounts of \\\\'aroma liquid\\\\' and \\\\'bath salt\\\\' products and hypnotic drug tablets were scattered beside the bed. Autopsy showed pulmonary congestion and edema. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses of \\\\'aroma liquid\\\\' and \\\\'bath salt\\\\' products showed the presence of new cathinone designer drugs, 4-methoxy PV8 (4-methoxy PHPP), PV9 (alpha-POP), and 4-methoxy PV9 (4-methoxy alpha-POP), and a dissociative agent, diphenidine. Drug screening in stomach contents, blood and hydrolyzed urine of the woman by GC-MS and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) revealed the presence of the above 4 types of drugs and 3 types of benzodiazepines, triazolam, flunitrazepam, and nitrazepam, and their metabolites. The above 7 drugs and 3 benzodiazepine metabolites were simultaneously determined by LC-MS/MS after modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safe) extraction using diazepam-d(5) as the internal standard. The concentrations of 4-methoxy PV8, PV9, 4-methoxy PV9, and diphenidine in the femoral blood were 2.69, 0.743, 0.261, and 1.38 mu g/ml, respectively, which were significantly higher than concentrations reported in previous cases. Alcohol concentration in the femoral blood was 1.52 mg/ml. Based on the pathological and toxicological findings, the cause of death was determined to be 3 types of cathinone drugs, 4-methoxy PV8, PV9, and 4-methoxy PV9, and diphenidine poisoning under the influence of 3 benzodiazepines and alcohol. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 52]}
+{"token": "Tandemly duplicated safener-induced glutathione S-transferase genes from Triticum tauschii contribute to genome- and organ-specific expression in hexaploid wheat. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene expression was examined in several Tritium species, differing in genome constitution and ploidy level, to determine genome contribution to GST expression in cultivated, hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). Two tandemly duplicated tau class GST genes (TtGSTU1 and TtGSTU2) were isolated from a single bacterial artificial chromosome clone in a library constructed from the diploid wheat and D genome progenitor to cultivated wheat, Triticum tauschii. The genes are very similar in genomic structure and their encoded proteins are 95% identical. Gene-specific reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed differential transcript accumulation of TtGSTU1 and TtGSTU2 in roots and shoots. Expression of both genes was induced by herbicide safeners, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and abscisic acid, in the shoots of T. tauschii; however, expression of TtGSTU1 was always higher than TtGSTU2. In untreated seedlings, TtGSTU1 was expressed in both shoots and roots, whereas TtGSTU2 expression was only detected in roots. RNA gel-blot analysis of ditelosomic, aneuploid lines that are deficient for 6AS, 6BS, or 6DS chromosome arms of cultivated, hexaploid bread wheat showed differential genome contribution to safener-induced GST expression in shoots compared with roots. The GST genes from the D genome of hexaploid wheat contribute most to safener-induced expression in the shoots, whereas GSTs from the B and D genomes contribute to safener-induced expression in the roots.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Inclosures, Vagueness, and Self-Reference. In this paper, 1 start by showing that sorites paradoxes are inclosure paradoxes. That is, they fit the Inclosure Scheme which characterizes the paradoxes of self-reference. Given that sorites and self-referential paradoxes are of the same kind, they should have the same kind of solution. The rest of the paper investigates what a dialetheic solution to sorites paradoxes is like, connections with a dialetheic solution to the self-referential paradoxes, and related issues-especially so called \\\\'higher order\\\\' vagueness.", "label": [3, 4, 41, 32]}
+{"token": "First steps to success: identification of divergence among the northern and the southern lineages of African Pygmy Kingfisher (Ispidina picta) (Coraciiformes: Alcedinidae). Currently little is known about intra-African bird migrants. Migratory connectivity between populations may be affected by past climatic fluctuations as well as contemporary threats that affect habitat connectivity resulting in genetic differentiation. Here, integrated molecular and morphological data was used to examine genetic diversity, elucidate patterns of differentiation and assess evolutionary history of the African Pygmy Kingfisher (Ispidina picta). Three subspecies have been described namely: I. p. picta, I. p. ferrugina and I. p. natalensis. Here, molecular analysis was performed for two subspecies; I. p. natalensis (South Africa) and I. p. picta (Uganda, Ghana and Nigeria) using mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Our results provided evidence of two genetic lineages corresponding to subspecies designation: I. p. natalensis, and I. p. picta that diverged 1.74 Mya ago in the Pleistocene. Lack of differentiation was observed within the two subspecies indicating that connectivity between the populations has been maintained. Morphometric variation identified differences between the subspecies and further identified sexual dimorphism within I. p. natalensis. This study provides for the first time a genetic and morphometric appraisal of African Pygmy Kingfishers. We recommend that this or similar approaches be applied to other widespread African bird species that are often overlooked in a global conservation context.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Actinomyces species with 12 antimicrobial agents. Methods: Human clinical isolates of Actinomyces spp. were collected from stored collections held at the Microbiology Department, Edinburgh University, Anaerobe Reference Laboratory, Cardiff, Glasgow Dental Hospital and Glasgow Royal Infirmary. Each isolate was identified by restriction analysis of amplified 16S ribosomal DNA. MICs of 12 antibiotics comprising benzyl penicillin, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, linezolid, tetracycline, deoxycycline, clindamycin, erythromycin, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, meropenem and piperacillin/tazobactam for 87 strains of Actinomyces species were obtained by Etest methodology.Conclusions: Actinomyces species appear to be susceptible to a wide range of P-lactam agents and these, when combined with P-lactamase inhibitors, should be regarded as agents of first choice. Ciprofloxacin performed poorly. Tetracyclines also demonstrated poor performance. This is the first study of antimicrobial susceptibilities for a number of accurately identified clinical isolates of Actinomyces spp. There are a number of species differences in susceptibility profiles to the antimicrobials tested, suggesting that accurate identification and speciation may have an impact on clinical outcome.Results: The Actinomyces species identified for this study comprised: Actinomyces israelii, Actinomyces gerencseriae, Actinomyces turicensis, Actinomyces funkei, Actinomyces graevenitzii and Actinomyces europaeus. All isolates were susceptible to penicillin and amoxicillin. All but one strain of A. turicensis was susceptible to linezolid. A number of A. europaeus and A. graevenitzii isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone and piperacillin/tazobactam. A number of isolates of A. turicensis and A. europaeus also demonstrated resistance to erythromycin. All Actinomyces species tested appeared resistant to ciprofloxacin.Objective: This study was conducted to assess the susceptibility of human clinical isolates of Actinomyces species to 12 antimicrobial agents.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "Cooperation of Things Music (Learning) and Digitization as an iterative Process. Bipolar patterns of argumentation of music and digitization in the sense of culturalism and technicism obscure the view of music-related developments in the context of technological innovations. Instead, current approaches in technology-related sociology provide important impulses for explaining music-related transformation processes. From a phenomenological perspective, in the second part, dimensions of media as well as technological innovations and adaptations focused on music as sound are discussed. From the large spectrum of current transformation processes, the third part describes changes and challenges in music-related processes in the education sector in relation to music and digitization.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "A during-infection spray strategy using sulphur compounds, copper, silicon and a new formulation of potassium bicarbonate for primary scab control in organic apple production. In a field experiment conducted over two growing seasons, the effectiveness and phytotoxicity of inorganic fungicides such as sulphur, lime sulphur, copper, silicon and Armicarb (a new formulation of potassium bicarbonate) was compared with water for the control of primary apple scab infections in Belgium on high, medium and low scab-susceptible cultivars (cvs 'Pinova', 'Pirouette' and 'Reinette des Capucins', respectively). In order to drastically reduce the amount of fungicide applied in the orchard, two approaches were used: (1) a strategy involving spraying during the infection process, before fungal penetration and (2) a tunnel sprayer machine for treatment applications. Under field conditions highly favourable for disease, low rates of elemental sulphur (31.8 and 38.6 kg ha(-1) year(-1) in 2005 and 2006, respectively) combined with low rates of copper (2.1 kg ha(-1) year(-1) in both years) provided the best scab control and reduced scab severity on the fruits of cv. 'Pinova' by 97 and 98% compared with water control in 2005 and 2006, respectively. Lime sulphur was much more effective than wettable sulphur and appeared to be efficient at temperatures below 10 degrees C, but its effectiveness against apple scab decreased if the treatments were applied 12-24 h later than in the 'during-infection' spray strategy. Armicarb used alone significantly reduced apple scab severity on the leaves and fruits of the three cultivars compared with the water control. Its effectiveness was as good as wettable sulphur applied using the same timing and dosage. Silicon reduced apple scab on fruits very slightly, but not on leaves. The amounts of wettable sulphur, lime sulphur, copper, silicon and potassium bicarbonate used in this experiment to control apple scab were not phytotoxic, did not increase fruit russet, did increase the yield of each cultivar and did not affect summer density of the beneficial Typhlodromus pyri. The potential and limitations of 'during-infection' spraying as a protection strategy against apple scab in organic farming are discussed.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Predicting indoor thermal sensation for the elderly in welfare centres in Korea using local skin temperatures. This study aims to develop a method to predict thermal sensation in elderly people. To identify the point on the body where skin temperature can best predict thermal sensation in elderly people aged 65 or older and develop a thermal comfort measurement model that can replace the psychological scale, experiments were conducted in a stainless steel wall finish climate chamber and at the seven senior welfare centres in Korea. The results of the climate chamber experiment with 30 healthy elderly people (15 males, 15 females) showed that there was a correlation between thermal sensation and local skin temperature on the back of the hand, the upper arm, the top of the foot and the cheek. This developed thermal sensation prediction model was then applied in a field study at senior welfare centres to verify whether the model could be applied to a large number of elderly subjects in different locations. The field study with 294 elderly people (111 males, 183 females) shows that cheek and back of the hand skin temperatures were useful in predicting thermal sensation in the elderly, and predicted thermal sensation based on the skin temperature of the cheek had the strongest correlation with thermal sensation among the participants.", "label": [1, 2, 17, 15, 24]}
+{"token": "Association between sugar cane burning and acute respiratory illness on the island of Maui. Background: Sugar cane harvesting by burning on Maui island is an environmental health issue due to respiratory effects of smoke. Volcanic smog (\\\\'vog\\\\') from an active volcano on a neighboring island periodically blankets Maui and could confound a study of cane smoke's effects since cane burning is not allowed on vog days. This study examines the association between cane burning and emergency department (ED) visits, hospital admissions, and prescription fills for acute respiratory illnesses.Methods: This retrospective study controlled for confounders that could increase respiratory distress on non-burn days by matching each burn day with a non-burn day and then comparing the ratio of patients with respiratory distress residing in the path of sugar burn smoke to those residing elsewhere on Maui on burn versus non-burn days. Patients with acute respiratory distress were defined as those with one or more acute respiratory diagnoses at one of the hospitals or emergency departments on Maui. Separately, patients with acute respiratory illness were identified through prescription records from four community pharmacies, specifically defined as those who filled prescriptions for acute respiratory distress.Conclusions: After adjusting for confounders on non-burn days, there was a significantly higher incidence of respiratory distress in smoke-exposed regions when greater amounts of acres were burned. Health officials should consider actions to reduce the negative health outcomes associated with sugar cane burning practices.Results: There were 1,256 reports of respiratory distress prescriptions and 686 hospital/ED diagnoses of acute respiratory illness. The ratio of cases within to outside of smoke exposure was higher on burn days for both the ED/hospital data and the pharmacy, though not statistically significant. In post-hoc analyses of the pharmacy data based on the number of acres burned as a proxy for volume of smoke, there was a dose response trend for acreage burned such that the highest quartile showed a statistically significant higher proportion of acute respiratory distress in the exposed versus non-exposed regions (P = 0.015, OR 2.4, 95 % CI [1.2-4.8]).", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "STUDY ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE SIZE OF AGRICULTURAL HOLDINGS IN ROMANIA AND THE U.E. IN THE PERIOD 2007-2018. The article aimed to analyze the evolution of agricultural areas related to agricultural holdings in Romania and EU countries, from the moment of Romania's accession to the European Union until 2018. At the same time, it was aimed to establish the place occupied by Romania in relation to the other member countries, but at the same time compared to the EU average The study followed not only the classification of agricultural holdings according to agricultural area, but also the eligible areas, as well as the growth rate of agricultural holdings according to the economic size and according to the standard production. The research methodology involved collecting information through databases, processing them and interpreting them using statistical methods, so that by formulating conclusions we can identify not only how farms have evolved over the period, but at the same time identify the causes which were the basis of the existing gaps in Romania compared to the European Union countries.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Synthesis and photochemical properties of phthalocyanine zinc(II) complexes containing o-carborane units. The synthesis and characterization of novel phthalocyanine zinc(II) complexes containing o-carborane units are described. The following properties of o-carboranyl-substituted phthalocyanines were investigated: singlet oxygen quantum yield, photo-oxidative stability, photocatalytic activity in the photooxidation of (S)-(-)-citronellol. The o-carboranyl substituted phthalocyanine zinc(II) complexes exhibit improved singlet oxygen quantum yields, photo-oxidative stabilities, photocatalytic activities compared to phthalocyanine zinc(II) complexes without o-carboranyl groups. Therefore these o-carboranyl complexes are of interest for use in cancer therapy. (C) 2013 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Silver(I)-mediated base pairing in DNA involving the artificial nucleobase 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-1,N-6-ethenoadenine. The artificial nucleobase 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-1,N-6-ethenoadenine (X) was investigated with respect to its ability to engage in Ag(I)-mediated base pairing in DNA. Spectroscopic data indicate the formation of dinuclear X-Ag (I)(2)-X homo base pairs and mononuclear X-Ag(I)-C base pairs (C, cytosine). Density functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the nucleobase changes from its lactam tautomeric form prior to the formation of the Ag(I)-mediated base pair to the lactim form after the incorporation of the Ag(I) ions. Fluorescence spectroscopy indicates that the two Ag(I) ions of the homo base pair are incorporated sequentially. Isothermal titration calorimetry confirms that the affinity of one of the Ag(I) ions is about tenfold higher than that of the other Ag(I) ion. The computational analysis by means of density functional theory confirms a much larger reaction energy for the incorporation of the first Ag(I) ion. The thermal stabilization upon the formation of the dinuclear Ag(I)-mediated homo base pair exceeds the one previously observed for the closely related nucleobase 1,N-6-ethenoadenine by far, despite very similar structures. This additional stabilization may stem from the presence of water molecules engaged in hydrogen bonding with the additional oxygen atom of the artificial nucleobase X. The highly stabilizing Ag(I)-mediated base pair is a valuable addition to established dinuclear metal-mediated base pairs.", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
+{"token": "Assessing approaches for stratifying producer fields based on biophysical attributes for regional yield-gap analysis. Large databases containing producer field-level yield and management records can be used to identify causes of yield gaps. A relevant question is how to account for the diverse biophysical background (i.e., climate and soil) across fields and years, which can confound the effect of a given management practice on yield. Here we evaluated two approaches to group producer fields based on biophysical attributes: (i) a technology extrapolation domain spatial framework ('TEDs') that delineates regions with similar (long-term average) annual weather and soil water storage capacity and (ii) clusters based on field-specific soil properties and weather during each crop phase in each year. As a case study, we used yield and management data collected from 3462 rainfed fields sown with soybean across the North Central US (NC-US) during four growing seasons (2014-2017). Following the TED approach, fields were grouped into 18 TEDs based on the TED that corresponded to the geographic location of each field. In the cluster approach, fields were grouped into clusters based on similarity of in-season weather and soil. To evaluate how the number of clusters would affect the results, fields were grouped separately into 5, 10, 18, and 30 clusters. The two stratification approaches (TEDs and clusters) were compared on their ability to explain the observed yield variation and yield response to key management factors (sowing date and foliar fungicide and/or insecticide). Lack of stratification of producer fields based on their biophysical background ignored management by environment (M x E) interactions, leading to spurious relationships and results that are not relevant at local level. In the case of the cluster approach, a fine stratification (18 and 30 clusters) explained a larger portion of the yield variance compared with a coarse stratification (5 and 10 clusters). However, for our case study in the NC-US region, we did not find strong evidence that the data-rich clustering approach outperformed the TEDs on the ability to explain yield variation and identify M x E interactions. Only the stratification into 30 clusters exhibited a small improved ability at explaining yield variation compared with the TEDs. However, the use of the clustering approach had important trade-offs, including large amount of data requirements and difficulties to scale results to different regions and over time. The choice of the stratification method should be based on objectives, data availability, and expected variation in yield due to erratic weather across regions and years.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Molecular phylogeny of owls (Strigiformes) inferred from DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b and the nuclear RAG-1 gene. For 97 owl taxa from 15 of the larger genera (some monotypic taxa are not represented) a molecular phylogeny was inferred from a combined dataset of nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome b and nuclear RAG-1 genes. The molecular phylogeny can be used to create a taxonomic framework, which agrees with cladistics. Strigiformes are divided into two families: Tytonidae and Strigidae. The Tytonidae are subdivided into the subfamilies Tytoninae (with Tyto) and Phodilinae (with Phodilus). The Strigidae cluster in three subfamilies: Striginae, Surniinae and Ninoxinae (with the genera Ninox, and possibly the monotypic Uroglaux and Sceloglaux). The Surniinae are subdivided in three tribes Surnini (with Surnia, Glaucidium and Taenioglaux), Athenini (with Athene) and Aegolini (with Aegolius). The Striginae are subdivided into six tribes: Bubonini (with Bubo including the former Nyctea, Ketupa and Scotopelia), Strigini (with Strix and Jubula), Pulsatrigini (with Pulsatrix and Lophostrix), Megascopini (with Megascops and Psiloscops), Otini (with Otus and Mimizuku) and Asionini (with Asio, Ptilopsis and possibly the monotypic Nesasio and Pseudoscops).", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Spatial distribution of genetic variation of Stenocereus pruinosus (Otto) Buxb. in Mexico: analysing evidence on the origins of its domestication. We studied populations of Stenocereus pruinosus throughout Mexico, a species important for its edible fruit. The Tehuacan Valley is setting of ancient and the currently most active management of S. pruinosus; we hypothesized Tehuacan as the original area of domestication of S. pruinosus and expected to find there its highest genetic variation and original source of genes of cultivated plants. Through nuclear microsatellite loci we studied spatial distribution of genetic variation and population differentiation. We sampled wild and managed populations of the Central-western (Tehuacan, Central Valleys and Tehuantepec, Oaxaca), north-eastern (Huasteca) and south-eastern (Chiapas) regions. Differences among regions and populations were compared through homogeneity and exact test for F (IS) , AMOVA, Bayesian analysis, and genetic barriers. A niche analysis allowed corroborating taxonomic identity of populations. The highest genetic diversity was in Tehuantepec (H (E) = 0.841), decreasing towards the extremes of distribution (H (E) = 0.242 in Huasteca, H (E) = 0.254 in Chiapas). Genetic structure is significantly high among populations and regional groups, differentiating one group formed by northern and southern populations and other formed by populations of the Central-western region. Differences among groups suggested that populations from Huasteca could be species different to S. pruinosus, but the niche analysis did not support such hypothesis. Populations from Tehuantepec were different but genetically interconnected with those of Tehuacan. Tehuantepec is the main reservoir of genetic diversity of wild populations of S. pruinosus, but Tehuacan is the principal current area of domestication of S. pruinosus and probably where its domestication originated. Conclusions would be stronger by analyzing DNAc lineages.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Quantitative assessment of forelimb motor function after cervical spinal cord injury in rats: Relationship to the corticospinal tract. Approximately 50% of human spinal cord injuries (SCI) are at the cervical level, resulting in impairments in motor function of the upper extremity. Even modest recovery of upper extremity function could have an enormous impact on quality of life for quadriplegics. Thus, there is a critical need to develop experimental models for cervical SCI and techniques to assess deficits and recovery of forelimb motor function. Here, we analyze forelimb and forepaw motor function in rats after a lateral hemisection at C5 and assessed the relationship between the functional impairments and the extent of damage to one descending motor system, the corticospinal tract (CST). Female Sprague-Dawley rats were trained on various behavioral tasks that require the forelimb, including a task that measures gripping ability by the hand (as measured by a grip strength meter, GSM), a food reaching task, and horizontal rope walking. After 8 weeks of post-injury testing, the distribution of the CST was evaluated by injecting BDA into the sensorimotor cortex either ipsi- or contralateral to the cervical lesion. Complete unilateral hemisection injuries eliminated the ability to grip and caused severe impairments in food retrieval by the forepaw ipsilateral to the lesion. There was no indication of recovery in either task. In cases in which hemisections spared white matter near the midline, there was some recovery of forelimb motor function over time. Assessment of rope climbing ability revealed permanent impairments in forelimb use and deficits in hindlimb use and trunk stability. Sensory testing using a dynamic plantar aesthesiometer revealed that there was no increase in touch sensitivity in the affected forelimb. For the cases in which both histological and behavioral data were available, spared forelimb motor function was greatest in rats in which there was sparing of the dorsal CST. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "A contribution to the knowledge of the anostracan fauna of Iran. We report the finding of three anostracan species, Chirocephalus skorikowi Daday, 1913, Branchinecta orientalis Sars, 1901 and Branchinella spinosa. Milne-Edwards, 1840 in different localities in northwestern Iran. C. skorikowi was recorded in a lake at an elevation of 2400 m, whereas B. orientalis was found in a pond at 1280 m a.s.l. Co-existing B. spinosa and B. orientalis were collected in a pool close to the town of Tabriz, formerly indicated by Brehm (1954) as Estakr Chah, presently named EalGoli. Unlike Brehm (1954), we did not find Streptocephalus in the area of Tabriz.", "label": [4, 45]}
+{"token": "A proposed nomenclature for infectious bursal disease virus isolates. Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was initially identified in the USA. For decades, these viruses were not categorized using a typing system because they were considered to be antigenically and pathogenically similar. In the 1980s, a second major serotype, serotype 2, was found in turkeys. Classification of IBDV became more complex with the discovery of antigenic variant strains called \\\\'variants\\\\' in the United States and a highly virulent strain known as \\\\'very virulent\\\\' or vvIBDV identified in Europe. To distinguish the IBDV strains identified prior to this time from the antigenic variant viruses, the term \\\\'classic viruses\\\\' was adopted. Studies over the next three decades produced a wealth of information on the antigenicity, pathogenicity and molecular structure of IBDV isolates. These data made it clear that the descriptive nomenclature used for IBDV was inadequate. For example, not all viruses identified as vvIBDV by genotyping are highly pathogenic; some have reassorted genome segments that result in lower virulence. Furthermore, variant viruses are not an antigenically homogeneous group and the term \\\\'classic virus\\\\' has been used interchangeably to describe antigenic and pathogenic types of IBDV. These and other issues make the current naming system for strains of IBDV archaic. The lack of uniform testing and standards for antigenicity and pathogenicity makes it difficult to categorize IBDV strains on a global basis. A new nomenclature that includes a genotyping system that can easily be applied worldwide is proposed and serves as a platform to begin discussions on its value to the scientific community.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Iberian Travel Tales: Peregrinacao and Viaje del Mundo. Integrating the study of the Peregrinacao by Fernao Mendes Pinto into a corpus centered on Spanish literature can help us better understand the work. Its 1620 translation into Spanish facilitated its spread in Europe. In 1614, the same year that Peregrinacao was published, the work of Pedro Ordonez de Ceballos, Viaje del Mundo appeared in Madrid. Both works have much in common, but they also differ in particular in their models of Iberian empires.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Parental education as a predictor of offspring behavioural and physiological cardiovascular disease risk factors. Background: Childhood socio-economic disadvantage has been shown to be associated with an elevated rate of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in adulthood. The objective of this study is to examine associations between mothers' and fathers' education and offspring CVD risk factors. Methods: The Oslo Youth Study (n = 498) was initiated in 1979. Children (age 11-15 years) attending six schools and their parents were included. Information on education was collected for parents and participants. Participants were followed through 2006 (age 40 years). Information about physical activity, diet, smoking, binge drinking, body mass index (BMI), s-cholesterol, s-triglycerides and blood pressure was collected in 1981, 1991 and 2006. Results: Fathers' education was inversely associated with participants' BMI at 15 and 25 years, cholesterol at 25 and 40 years, triglycerides at 25 years and systolic blood pressure at 15 and 25 years (regression coefficients -0.18 to -0.11; P < 0.05 for all). The effects were weakened after adjusting for participants' own education. Maternal education showed no association with these risk factors. After controlling for participants' own education, associations between parental education and behavioural risk factors in adulthood were few. Conclusion: Any impact of parental education on offspring CVD risk factors seemed to be mediated via subject's own education. Parental education offered little predictive capacity for offspring CVD risk factors.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "EVOLUTION OF RELATIVE MAGNETIC HELICITY AND CURRENT HELICITY IN NOAA ACTIVE REGION 11158. Both magnetic and current helicities are crucial ingredients for describing the complexity of active-region magnetic structure. In this Letter, we present the temporal evolution of these helicities contained in NOAA active region 11158 during five days from 2011 February 12 to 16. The photospheric vector magnetograms of the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamic Observatory were used as the boundary conditions for the coronal field extrapolation under the assumption of nonlinear force-free field, from which we calculated both relative magnetic helicity and current helicity. We construct a time-altitude diagram in which altitude distribution of the magnitude of current helicity density is displayed as a function of time. This diagram clearly shows a pattern of upwardly propagating current helicity density over two days prior to the X2.2 flare on February 15 with an average propagation speed of similar to 36 m s(-1). The propagation is synchronous with the emergence of magnetic flux into the photosphere, and indicative of a gradual energy buildup for the X2.2 flare. The time profile of the relative magnetic helicity shows a monotonically increasing trend most of the time, but a pattern of increasing and decreasing magnetic helicity above the monotonic variation appears prior to each of two major flares, M6.6 and X2.2, respectively. The physics underlying this bump pattern is not fully understood. However, the fact that this pattern is apparent in the magnetic helicity evolution but not in the magnetic flux evolution makes it a useful indicator in forecasting major flares.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Socially responsible design science in information systems for sustainable development: a critical research methodology. This study presents an Information Systems (IS) research methodology for the conduct of critical research into sustainable development that encompasses the objectives of socially inclusive and environmentally sustainable economic growth. The specific context is the application of critical research in the problem definition phase of IS Design Science Research for sustainable development. The paper guides IS research through problem scenarios of unsustainable development where power can distort truth and corrupt the public discourse in the furtherance of their ambitions. The methodology provides a structured approach to engage in inquiry of topics which are by their nature, deceptive and opaque. The methodology enables research inquiry encompassing societal topics, macro-social issues related to sustainable development and the application of nomothetic inquiry to address systemic problems. The paper concludes with illustrative examples of outcomes from the application of the prescribed methodology. The study provides an IS response to systemic social and environmental challenges by identifying the routes to transformation which in turn inform the design of IS solutions. Consequently, the study lays a foundation for IS engagement in socially responsible design science research.", "label": [4, 5, 40, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "An Extreme Case of Swelling of Mostly cis-Polydicyclopentadiene by Selective Solvent Absorption-Application in Decontamination and Environmental Remediation. Polydicyclopentadiene (PDCPD) xerogels (W-2-PDCPD) consisting of mostly cis-polymer were prepared using a catalytic system based on the ditungsten cluster Na[W-2(mu-Cl)(3)Cl-4(THF)(2)]center dot(THF)(3) (W-2, {W  W}(6+), a'(2)e'(4)) W-2-PDCPD xerogels have shown extreme swelling in various organic solvents, mainly aromatic, chlorinated, and brominated hydrocarbons. For instance, in toluene or in chloroform, the volume of the swollen gels exceeds by more than 100 or 50 times the volume of the parent xerogel, respectively. Because of that extreme swelling, the volume of material required for the uptake of a given volume of solvent is very small (1/100 or even less versus other absorbents reported in the literature including organic polymers or carbon-based materials). In addition, the competitiveness of the technology for preparing W-2-PDCPD xerogels (i.e., inexpensive starting materials and catalyst, room temperature reaction, ambient drying) renders those xerogels superior materials in terms of solvent uptake. Their swelling behavior was studied with the Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) theory and the Flory theory, each of which provided valuable insight into the swelling mechanism and the parameters that affected it. On the basis of 44 different aliphatic and aromatic organic solvents, a correlation was made between the swelling behavior of the xerogels in each solvent and the solvent HSP, leading to an estimation of the HSP of mostly-cis PDCPD and, subsequently, to the calculation of the Flory-Huggins parameter chi(12). On the basis of our findings, W-2-PDCPD xerogels were used to separate organic solvents from water.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11]}
+{"token": "Microstructure and mechanical properties of extruded rapidly solidified Al-16Si-5Fe based alloys. Microstructure, hardness and tensile properties up to 793K were investigated by using Al-16Si-Fe based alloys fabricated by a powder metallurgy(PM) route through the hot extrusion of rapidly solidified powders. Also, microstructure was compared with an ingot metallurgy(IM) processed material having the same composition as the PM alloy. The PM alloy showed very fine Al5FeSi intermetallics and fine Si particles which were uniformly distributed in the matrix having the average grain size of 800nm, whereas the IM alloy exhibited a coarse microstructure. Hardness of the PM alloy did not decrease markedly after holding up to 673K for 2h. Elongation to failure of the PM alloy increased with increasing temperature, with accompanying decrease in both yield and tensile strength at the initial strain rate of 1.4x10(-3)s(-1). Above 723K, a high strain-rate superplasticity was observed, and the maximum elongation of 380% was achieved in the specimen deformed at 793K with the initial strain rate of 1.4x10(-1)s(-1). The superplastic deformation was considered to occur by a gain boundary sliding due to the existence of extremely fine grains. Superplastically deformed specimens showed a limited grain growth owing to the presence of thermally stable fine-scale Al5FeSi intermetallics. Also, the existence of a filament-like phase in the superplastically deformed specimens suggested the formation of a liquid phase which can accommodate the stress concentration arising from grain boundary sliding.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Similar rates of protein adaptation in Drosophila miranda and D-melanogaster, two species with different current effective population sizes. Conclusion: This analysis suggests that effective population size may not be a major determinant in rates of protein adaptation. Instead, adaptation may not be mutation-limited, or the distribution of fitness effects for beneficial mutations might differ vastly between different species or populations. Alternative explanation such as biases in estimating the fraction of beneficial mutations or slightly deleterious mutation models are also discussed.Background: Adaptive protein evolution is common in several Drosophila species investigated. Some studies point to very weak selection operating on amino-acid mutations, with average selection intensities on the order of N(e)s similar to 5 in D. melanogaster and D. simulans. Species with lower effective population sizes should undergo less adaptation since they generate fewer mutations and selection is ineffective on a greater proportion of beneficial mutations.Results: Here I study patterns of polymorphism and divergence at 91 X-linked loci in D. miranda, a species with a roughly 5-fold smaller effective population size than D. melanogaster. Surprisingly, I find a similar fraction of amino-acid mutations being driven to fixation by positive selection in D. miranda and D. melanogaster. Genes with higher rates of amino-acid evolution show lower levels of neutral diversity, a pattern predicted by recurrent adaptive protein evolution. I fit a hitchhiking model to patterns of polymorphism in D. miranda and D. melanogaster and estimate an order of magnitude higher selection coefficients for beneficial mutations in D. miranda.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "Expression of apoptosis-regulating miRNAs and target mRNAs in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Aberrations in the apoptotic mechanisms that cause excessive or deficient programmed cell death have been linked to a wide array of pathological conditions. In this study, using real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR, we analyzed the expression of apoptosis-regulating miRNAs (miR-15a, miR-16, miR-17-5p, miR-20a, miR-21, miR-29a, and miR-34a) in 20 oral squamous cell carcinoma and 5 normal oral mucosa tissue samples. Bioinformatic algorithms were used to identify the target genes of these miRNAs (BCL2, CASP2, CASP7, CASP8, DIABLO). The expression transcript levels of the target genes were measured in 50 oral squamous cell carcinoma and 10 normal oral mucosa tissue samples. We observed downregulation of miR-15a, miR-29a, and miR-34a in 50, 75, and 70% of samples, respectively. miR-16, miR-17-5p, miR-20a, and miR-21 expression was normal in 80, 75, 90, and 60% of samples, respectively. BCL2 transcripts were downregulated in 60% of samples, and normal-like expression was observed for CASP2, CASP7, CASP8, and DIABLO transcripts in 66, 82, 68, and 60% of samples, respectively. BCL2 expression was negative to weak, and that of proteins CASP2, CASP7, CASP8, and DIABLO was moderate to strong. Our study provides evidence of alterations in the expression of apoptosis-regulating miRNAs and genes in the apoptotic pathway, demonstrating that regulation of apoptosis is a hallmark of oral squamous cell carcinoma pathogenesis.", "label": [2, 22, 20]}
+{"token": "Trypanosoma cruzi infection of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes: an in vitro model for drug screening for Chagas disease. Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is an important global public health problem which, despite partial efficacy of benznidazole (Bz) in acute phase, urgently needs an effective treatment. Cardiotoxicity is a major safety concern for conduction of more accurate preclinical drug screening platforms. Human induced pluripotent stem cells derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM) are a reliable model to study genetic and infectious cardiac alterations and may improve drug development. Herein, we introduce hiPSC-CM as a suitable model to study T. cruzi heart infection and to predict the safety and efficacy of anti-T. cruzi drugs. (C) 2018 Institut Pasteur. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN APOPLASTIC ASCORBATE REGENERATION AND THE STIMULATION OF ROOT-GROWTH IN ALLIUM-CEPA L. Ascorbate free radical stimulated onion root growth when bulbs were incubated at 15 degrees C and 25 degrees C. The fully oxidized form, dehydroascorbate, was inhibitory. Ascorbate only stimulated cell elongation if it underwent appreciable autoxidation at 25 degrees C or at 15 degrees C in the presence of small amounts of Cu2+. When ascorbate oxidation was inhibited, no stimulation of root growth was found at 25 degrees C. Ascorbate oxidation rate was lower in the presence of onion roots, indicating that ascorbate free radical may be used as an electron acceptor for the transplasma membrane redox system regenerating ascorbate. The activation of this system could explain the reported growth stimulation.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
+{"token": "Mechanisms of the biofungicide Serenade (Bacillus subtilis QST713) in suppressing clubroot. Clubroot is a serious threat to canola production in western Canada. The biofungicide Serenade (R) (Bacillus subtilis QST713) reduced the disease substantially in controlled environment, but showed variable efficacy in field trials. To better understand how this biofungicide works, two of the product components, i.e., B. subtilis and its metabolites (product filtrate), were assessed under controlled conditions for their relative contribution to clubroot control. The information may be used to optimize the product formulation. The bacterium or product filtrate alone was only partially effective against clubroot, reducing disease severity by about 60% relative to untreated controls. In contrast, Serenade controlled the disease by over 90%. This pattern of response was mirrored in quantitative PCR assessment on P. brassicae DNA within canola roots; the lowest and highest amounts of pathogen DNA were found in roots of Serenade treatment (0.02 and 0.01 ng/g) and controls (0.52 and 13.35 ng/g), respectively, at 2 and 3 weeks after treatment. During this period, the amount of DNA changed little in Serenade-treated roots but increased by almost 30-fold in the control. The product filtrate or B. subtilis also reduced the pathogen DNA substantially (0.03-1.16 ng/g). Serenade decreased the germination and viability of P. brassicae resting spores only marginally. It is suggested that biofungicide Serenade controls clubroot largely via suppressing root-hair and cortical infection by P. brassicae zoospores. The bacterial metabolites in the product formulation possibly assist B. subtilis in rhizosphere colonization and clubroot control by minimizing the competition from other soil microbes.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 44]}
+{"token": "Using Systemic Functional Text Analysis for Translator Education An Illustration with a Focus on Textual Meaning. This paper presents text analysis based on systemic functional linguistic (SFL) theory as a pedagogical tool for the teaching of translation. It is part of a follow-up study of the author's initial attempt to use text analysis to explain translation errors and issues found in students' translations in relation to meanings and categorize them into different kinds of meaning, namely experiential, logical, interpersonol and textual (Kim 2003 & forthcoming). In this paper, particular attention is paid to textual meaning, which has not been rigorously researched in translation studies (Baker 1992, House 197711997), by analyzing Themes in a set of texts, these being an English source text, two Korean texts translated by students, and a comparable text. Following the analysis, pedagogical effects of SFL-based text analysis are discussed, referring to students' learning journals as well as the results of a survey on students' experiences of applying the tool in learning translation. The quantitative data demonstrates that in general the students' experiences were positive. The qualitative data reveals the specific benefits and difficulties that they experienced", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "The Nature of Strong Evaluation. Strong evaluation as a model of practical reasoning is an attractive alternative to the utilitaristic as well as Kantian proceduralism. It makes the legitimization of specific moral claims possible. Furthermore, in their justification the motivation of agency is taken into account. This enables us to show the meaning of values and evaluation in human life. The paper tries to answer the questions such as: What does strong evaluation refer to? What is its nature? What is its role in human life? What is its relevance for ethics? The author draws upon Tylor's conception of strong evaluation, comparing it with Laitinen's reinterpretation of the latter.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "An analysis of the factors affecting the transition period to professional roles for newly graduated nurses in Turkey. Aim: To identify the factors affecting the transition period of newly graduated nurses.Conclusions: The findings indicate that newly graduated nurses experience some difficulty during this period of transition, but assistance from experienced nurses facilitates the transition period.Results: It is found that 54.7% of nurses surveyed have the intent to quit the profession. More than half of the participants stated that their expectations were met through working with a preceptor nurse (58.73%). Furthermore, almost half of the newly graduated nurses experienced and expressed disappointment in the first year of their professional lives.Implications for Nursing Practice and Research: In order to increase work quality and satisfaction levels of new graduates, support programs must be initialized and their effectiveness must be evaluated regularly by clinical administrators and educators.Background: For the majority of newly graduated nurses, the transition to professional roles in their lives may be stressful. Common reasons for this include feelings of insufficiency with regard to clinical skills, fears of making mistakes, increased responsibilities and insufficient guidance.Methods: This study was designed and carried out as a descriptive and a cross-sectional study of three cohorts of newly graduated students. The study was implemented at a military education and research hospital in Ankara, Turkey. The population consisted of 234 (89%) of newly graduated nurses. For evaluating data, the SPSS 15.0 program was used. The paired samples t-test and the Mann-Whitney U-test were employed to compare the participants' perceptions about the transition period based on certain variables.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "From Cali to Rotterdam: Perceptions of Colombian cocaine traffickers on the Dutch port. This article explores the subjective perceptions of Colombian traffickers on the port of Rotterdam. I identify those factors that, from their perspective, make Rotterdam (and the Netherlands) a low-risk area for cocaine import into Europe. It is argued here that while economic factors and human resources have a central impact on their key decisions, law enforcement risks tend to be secondary or to vary very much regarding actor and type of intervention. The article is based on my recently completed ethnographic (PhD) research on Colombians involved in the cocaine business in the Netherlands, and on my current research on cocaine smuggling through the port of Rotterdam.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
+{"token": "Geochemistry of organic-rich black shales overlying the natural nuclear fission reactors of Oklo, Republic of Gabon. The organic-rich black shales of the Franceville Series' FB Formation overlying the uranium ores and natural nuclear fission reactors of Oklo, Gabon, are not notably metalliferous. Chromium, gold, silver and barium are slightly enriched in average Oklo black shale (AOK) relative to black shale standard SDO-1. Geochemical variations among the black shale samples of the sedimentary sequence include enrichment in potassium, barium, chromium, and silver in the four lowermost samples, the presence of a bleached zone depleted in organic carbon lowermost in the sequence, and elevated pare earth element (REE) content in samples closest to the Oklo reactor zones. Hydrothermal activity has influenced the geochemistry of the black shale but is evidently not linked to reactor-driven processes. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of Oklo black shale samples show slight enrichment in light REE and slight depletion in heavy REE, especially in the sample closest to the reactor zone. However, comparison of REE content with various petrographic facies in and near the Oklo reactors shows no apparent enrichment in fission product (intermediate) REE. With few exceptions, reactor facies all contain more REE than AOK. The chondrite-normalized REE pattern of AOK resembles that of greywacke-shale turbidites of Archean greenstone belts. The paucity of uranium and manganese in AOK is a curious anomaly in an area of world class uranium and manganese deposits.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Cigarette- and Snus-Modified Association Between Unprotected Exposure to Noise from Hunting Rifle Caliber Weapons and High Frequency Hearing Loss. A Cross-Sectional Study Among Swedish Hunters. Aim: To investigate in this cross-sectional study among Swedish hunters if tobacco use modifies the previously observed association, expressed as prevalence ratio (PR), between unprotected exposure to impulse noise from hunting rifle caliber (HRC) weapons and high-frequency hearing impairment (HFHI). Settings and Design: A nationwide cross-sectional epidemiologic study was conducted among Swedish sport hunters in 2012. Materials and Methods: The study was Internet-based and consisted of a questionnaire and an Internet-based audiometry test. Results: In all, 202 hunters completed a questionnaire regarding the hearing test. Associations were modeled using Poisson regression. Current, daily use of tobacco was reported by 61 hunters (19 used cigarettes, 47 moist snuff, and 5 both). Tobacco users tended to be younger, fire more shots with HRC weapons, and report more hunting days. Their adjusted PR (1-6 unprotected HRC shots versus 0) was 3.2 (1.4-6.7), P < 0.01. Among the nonusers of tobacco, the corresponding PR was 1.3 (0.9-1.8), P = 0.18. P value for the interaction was 0.01. The importance of ear protection could not be quantified among hunters with HRC weapons because our data suggested that the HFHI outcome had led to changes in the use of such protection. Among hunters using weapons with less sound energy, however, no or sporadic use of hearing protection was linked to a 60% higher prevalence of HFHI, relative to habitual use. Conclusion: Tobacco use modifies the association between exposure to unprotected impulse noise from HRC weapons and the probability of having HFHI among susceptible hunters. The mechanisms remain to be clarified, but because the effect modification was apparent also among the users of smokeless tobacco, combustion products may not be critical for this effect.", "label": [2, 3, 28, 24]}
+{"token": "Research on Continuous Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm and Application in Neural Network Modeling. Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) inspired by ant's foraging behavior is initially proposed for solving the combination optimization problems. In order to apply it to continuous domains, Krzysztof Socha and Marco Dorigo present an effective extension - ACOr - following the fundamental framework of ACO exactly. This paper explains the principle and mechanism of ACOr in detail. We test its performance using several typical benchmark functions and give the simulation results. Compared with earlier literatures about it, some additional analyses and comparisons with other heuristic evolutionary algorithms are shown. In addition, the continuous algorithm is applied successfully to neural network modeling for dynamical system. The results show that ACOr is a strong continuous optimization method and enriches the theory of ant algorithm.", "label": [4, 40, 41]}
+{"token": "Snow accumulation and ablation response to changes in forest structure and snow surface albedo after attack by mountain pine beetle. This study quantified changes in snow accumulation and ablation with forest defoliation in a young pine stand attacked by mountain pine beetle, a mature mixed species stand, and a clearcut in south-central British Columbia. From 2006 to 2012, as trees in the pine stand turned from green to grey, average canopy transmittance increased from 27% to 49%. In the mixed stand, transmittance remained constant at 19%. In 2009, the year of greatest needle loss, average snow surface litter cover in the pine stand was 29% (range 4 - 61%), compared to 9% in other years and over double that in the mixed stand. By 2012, litter accumulation in the now-grey pine stand was only a sixth of that in the mixed stand. Inter-annual variability in the weather had the greatest effect on snow accumulation and ablation, with the greatest differences between both forested stands and the clearcut occurring in 2010, the year of lowest SWE. Differences in snow accumulation between the pine and mixed stand increased in 2010 as a result of decreased snow interception in the young stand after needlefall. Average ablation rates in the attacked stand were most different from the mixed stand in 2009 and 2012, the years with the largest and smallest over-winter needle loss, respectively. This study shows that grey, non-pine, and understory trees moderate snow response to changes in the main canopy. It also highlights the complex interrelationships between ecohydrological processes key to assessing watershed response to forest cover loss in snow dominated hydrologic regimes. Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Exceptional Human Experiences in the Life and Creative Works of Paulo Coelho: A Psychobiographical Investigation. Exceptional human experiences (EHEs) are spiritual experiences that can impact positively or negatively on an individual's mental health. Seen across a person's life span, they often have a serious impact on an individual. The aim of this research is to explore EHEs throughout the life span of Paulo Coelho, a Brazilian-born contemporary international best-selling writer who is known for his spiritual writings and his association with Regnus Agnus Mundi (RAM), a Catholic order. The study employs a psychobiographical single case study approach within the methodological frameworks of modern hermeneutics. Thus, Coelho was purposefully chosen as the subject of research. First and third person documents were used for content analysis. Findings demonstrate that most EHEs experienced were perceived as positive and impacted strongly on Coelho's life, including his spiritual and professional development and success.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Modeling the strengthening effect of Al-Cu-Fe quasicrystalline particles in Al-based metal matrix composites. In this work, a model that simultaneously considers the combined strengthening contributions of load bearing, dislocation strengthening and matrix ligament size effects, which has been found to accurately describe the mechanical behavior of Al-based composites reinforced with complex intermetallic particles (Scudino et al. (2009) [8]), has been used to predict the mechanical properties of Al-based metal matrix composites containing different amounts of Al62.5Cu25Fe12.5 quasicrystalline reinforcing particles. The present results further demonstrate the validity of this model and confirm the importance of the characteristic matrix ligament size for explaining the strengthening effect of the composites containing large volume fractions of reinforcement. (c) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Correlation length of X-ray-brightest Abell clusters. We compute the cluster autocorrelation function xi(cc)(r) of an X-ray flux-limited sample of Abell clusters (XBACs). For the total XBACs sample we find a power-law fit xi(cc) = (r/r(0))(gamma) with r(0) = 21.1 Mpc h(-1) and gamma = -1.9, consistent with the results of R greater than or equal to 1 Abell clusters. We also analyze xi(cc)(r) for subsamples defined by different X-ray luminosity thresholds where we find a weak tendency of larger values of r(0) with increasing X-ray luminosity, although with a low statistical significance. In the different subsamples analyzed we find 21 Mpc h(-1) < r(0) < 35 Mpc h(-1) and -1.9 < gamma < -1.6. Our analysis suggests that cluster X-ray luminosities may be used for a reliable confrontation of cluster spatial distribution properties in models and observations.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Fast Cross-range Scaling for ISAR Imaging Based on Pseudo Polar Fourier Transform. For the Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) imaging, the ISAR image obtained by the Range-Doppler (RD) or time-frequency analysis methods can not display the target's real shape due to its azimuth relating to the target Doppler frequency, thus the cross-range scaling is required for ISAR image. In this paper, a fast cross-range scaling method for ISAR is proposed to estimate the Rotational Angular Velocity (RAV). Firstly, the proposed method utilizes efficient Pseudo Polar Fast Fourier Transform (PPFFT) to transform the rotational motion of two ISAR images from two different instant time into translation in the polar angle direction. Then, a new cost function called integrated correction is defined to obtain the RAV coarse estimation. Finally, the optimal RAV can be estimated using the Bisection method to realize the cross-range scaling. Compared with the available algorithms, the proposed method avoids the problems of precision loss and high computational complexity caused by interpolation operation. The results of computer simulation and real data experiments are provided to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Decision-Making in Complex Systems: Relationship Between Scale of Change and Performance. Empirical research as well as numerous cases studying managers across diverse disciplines, cultures, and industries reveal consistent patterns of counter-productive decision-making. In this regard, decision-makers appear to exhibit an unmistakable tendency to 'over-intervene' in the systems (companies, organizations, cities, communities, etc.) they are responsible for. This suggests an inadequate appreciation and understanding of the dynamics underlying decision-making, generating unwarranted and excessive fluctuations and instability in organizations. Numerous studies have observed such phenomena in simulated and experimental settings. Research results, as well as in-depth case studies highlight a number of assumptions and mental models commonly held by decision-makers and managers with adverse effect on organizational dynamics and performance. This paper reports on extensive empirical research and findings elicited from subjects interacting with realistic simulation models of organizations (microworlds) to investigate the relationship between scale of intervention and performance. The results show that while large-scale interventions appear to be effective in the start-up phase of systems (e. g. new products, markets, companies) they are generally counter-productive in mature systems operating at steady state. The results support findings from organizational case studies, notably, the extensive study of 'Good to Great' firms. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "Many borrow, more save, and all insure: implications for food and micro-finance policy. Among policy makers, researchers and micro-finance practitioners alike, there is much discussion on the role of micro-finance for alleviation of poverty. This paper focuses on the linkages between access to credit, savings and insurance services and household food security. What is the role of micro-finance in the overall mix of policy instruments? What types of financial services are demanded by the poor, and which are offered by micro-finance institutions (MFIs)? Hence, which are the gaps in financial products? We present a conceptual framework that addresses these questions, and provide a synthesis of the empirical results of a multi-country research program in ten African and Asian countries. We conclude that insurance can be considered as the missing third of micro-finance during the 1990s, and that the MFI's outreach to the poor can be improved by offering savings, credit and insurance products that enhance the poor's ability to bear risks. Applied research on the poor's preferences as well as bold experimentation with new financial products appear to be particularly promising in making progress towards that goal. Since insurance services are difficult to be offered except for easily observable idiosyncratic risks, precautionary savings services can be a valuable insurance substitute in particular for the poorest. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 5, 6, 22, 49, 8]}
+{"token": "The First Nickelacarborane with closo-nido Structure. The first nickelacarborane with closo-nido structure [10 ',11 '-(Py)(2)-3,9 '-Ni(1,2-C2B9H11)(7 ',8 '-C2B8H8)] was isolated from the reaction of nickel(IV) bis(dicarbollide) with pyridine. The molecular structure of this complex was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The nickel atom is a common vertex for the closo-NiC2B9 cluster and the nido-NC2B8 cluster where it is located together with carbon atoms in the open NiC2B2 pentagonal face. It is assumed that its formation proceeds through the nucleophile-induced removal of the B(6)H vertex followed by rearrangement of the forming 11-vertex cluster, which most likely proceeds through a sequence of closing and opening reactions.", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
+{"token": "Sectoral differences in English bank asset structures and the impact of mergers, 1860-1913. This article presents new, half-yearly time series on commercial bank asset ratios, broken down by types of commercial bank, 1860-1913. The new estimates highlight the degree of heterogeneity in bank asset structures and they reveal differences in both trends and short-term movements in the asset ratios across different types of bank. On the whole, large London-based banks had more liquid asset structures than smaller banks in the provinces. Significantly, bank mergers and growing market concentration increased the relative importance of the London banks in the sector as a whole - and thus increased the liquidity of the sector. The role of mergers in this process is examined directly in the article by comparing the balance sheet composition of a sample of both predator and prey banks around the time of merger. The findings have implications for the interpretation of the role of commercial banks in economic development in the period.", "label": [5, 48, 52]}
+{"token": "Killing Weed Seeds with Exhaust Gas from a Combine Harvester. We investigated if hot exhaust gas from a combine harvester could be used to reduce germination or kill weed seeds during the harvesting process. During the threshing and cleaning process in the combine, weed seeds and chaff are separated from the crop grains. After this separation, weed and crop seeds not collected can be exposed to exhaust gas before seeds are returned to the field. Seeds of some common weed species (Alopecurus myosuroides, Centaurea cyanus, Geranium pusillum, Lapsana communis, Lolium perenne, Rumex crispus, Spergula arvensis, and Tripleurospermum inodorum) were treated with exhaust gas at temperatures of 75 degrees C or 85 degrees C, 110 degrees C, and 140 degrees C for 2, 4, and 6 s, respectively. Afterwards, the seeds were germinated for 16 days. We found that 75 degrees C and 85 degrees C were insufficient to significantly reduce germination of the seeds after three durations. Some seeds were still able to germinate after 4 s exposure of 110 degrees C. An exposure of 140 degrees C for 4 and 6 s repressed germination of all species. We conclude that there is potential to develop combine harvesters that exploit the exhaust gas to either kill or reduce the ability of weed seeds to germinate before seeds are returned to the field.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Analysis of the temperature dependence of femtosecond excited state dynamics of bacteriorhodopsin by spin-boson model. The spin-boson model was applied to analyze the temperature dependence of excited state dynamics for the cis-trans photoisomerization of the chromophore in bacteriorhodopsin which was obtained by the Fourier transform of the optical absorption spectrum. The results indicate that the model is valid in the short time region less than about 30 fs and that the excited state dynamics in the time region larger than 30 fs is dominated by the non-harmonic slow vibrational motion, which is temperature independent. It is suggested that this specific vibrational motions might reflect the ultrafast cis-trans isomerization of the chromophore as well as conformation change of the protein environment.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
+{"token": "Peer support for mood disorder: Characteristics and benefits from attending the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance mutual-help organization. Method: Community-based cross-sectional comparative investigation of MD individuals attending (N = 202) or not attending (N = 105) DBSA. Measures included demographics, clinical characteristics and clinical service use, and indices of symptomatology, functioning, quality of life (QOL), and psychological well-being.Conclusion: Given the grave impact of MDs and that DBSA is freely available it may fill an important clinical and public health need by attracting and engaging MD individuals with greater functional instability and impairment. The positive association found between greater active DBSA participation and improvements in functioning and well-being, while promising, requires longitudinal investigation to formally establish the causal direction of effects.Background: Mood disorders (MDs) are pervasive and debilitating psychiatric conditions. Many helpful psychological and psychopharmacological treatments exist, but MD's prevalence and chronicity often means relying purely on professional care can create financial strain on individuals and healthcare systems. Also, many individuals respond only partially to professionally-delivered medical/pharmacological interventions or are unable to tolerate or adhere to them. Peer-led mutual-help organizations (MHOs) have emerged and grown in the U.S. to extend and potentiate professional efforts or otherwise address needs unmet by professional care. The Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance (DBSA) is the largest of these, but beyond observational evidence, little is known about participation or benefits. Greater knowledge could inform the field regarding clinical and public health utility of peer-driven efforts.Limitations: Cross-sectional design and regional sampling frame with unknown generalizability to national DBSA membership.Results: Compared to non-DBSA participants, DBSA participants were more likely to be male and white and trended toward greater religious affiliation (p = 0.05). DBSA participants attended meetings about twice per month with two-thirds attending for more than one year. The DBSA cohort had a much higher proportion with bipolar I disorder and reported more lifetime and past 90-day use of acute, intensive, medical services and medications. There were no between-group differences on indices of QOL or psychological well-being, but within the DBSA group, greater DBSA attendance and involvement was associated with greater QOL and well-being, and less functional impairment.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
+{"token": "Systematic review of psychiatric signs in Niemann-Pick disease type C. Objectives: We conducted the first systematic literature review and analysis of psychiatric manifestations in Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) to describe: (1) time of occurrence of psychiatric manifestations relative to other disease manifestations; and (2) frequent combinations of psychiatric, neurological and visceral disease manifestations. Methods: A systematic EMBase literature search was conducted to identify, collate and analyze published data from patients with NPC associated with psychiatric symptoms, published between January 1967 and November 2015. Results: Of 152 identified publications 40 were included after screening that contained useable data from 58 NPC patients (mean [SD] age at diagnosis of NPC 27.8 [15.1] years). Among patients with available data, cognitive, memory and instrumental impairments were most frequent (90% of patients), followed by psychosis (62%), altered behavior (52%) and mood disorders (38%). Psychiatric manifestations were reported before or at neurological disease onset in 41 (76%) patients; organic signs (e.g., hepatosplenomegaly, hearing problems) were reported before psychiatric manifestations in 12 (22%). Substantial delays to diagnosis were observed (5-6 years between psychiatric presentation and NPC diagnosis). Conclusions: NPC should be considered as a possible cause of psychiatric manifestations in patients with an atypical disease course, acute-onset psychosis, treatment failure, and/or certain combinations of psychiatric/neurological/visceral symptoms.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "The PDAC syndrome (Pulmonary hypoplasia/agenesis, diaphragmatic hernia/eventration, anophthalmia/microphthalmia, and cardiac defect) (Spear syndrome, Matthew-Wood syndrome): Report of eight cases including a living child and further evidence for autosomal recessive inheritance. The combination of pulmonary agenesis/dysgenesis/hypoplasia, microphthalmia/anophthalmia, and a diaphragmatic defect (agenesis or eventration) is a rare syndrome presumed to have an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance based on a report of affected siblings born to unaffected parents [Seller et al., 1996]. The condition is known as Spear syndrome and Matthew-Wood syndrome, although genetic heterogeneity cannot be ruled out. We report on eight patients with this condition including a living child, three sibs and three isolated cases. Most presented with fetal ultrasound findings of microphthalmia/anophthalmia, and diaphragmatic eventration/hernia and in five, cardiac abnormalities were also found. The earliest detection was at 20 weeks gestation. This is the second report of sibs affected with this condition, which supports an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. We present the first and only reported living patient with this condition and expand the intrafamilial, interfamilial, and ethnic variability of this condition. We suggest changing the condition's name to PDAC to reflect the most important components of this condition. (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Management matters: A comparison of ant assemblages in organic and conventional vineyards. Agriculture is one of the dominant types of soil use throughout the world, and understanding patterns of species distributions across agroecosystems is a significant challenge for the future. The intensive use of agrochemicals affects the presence and distribution of several taxa, and organic agricultural methods are believed to be more environmentally sound than conventional ones. In general, organically grown crops host higher species richness for many different taxa, although this evidence is not always unequivocal. The aim of this study was to contribute to understanding whether different management options (organic vs. conventional) affect ant assemblages in vineyards, one of the most important permanent crops in Mediterranean-type environments. To this purpose, we analyzed ant assemblages from organic and conventional vineyards in the Chianti area, Italy. To reduce confounding effects, we chose vineyards with similar soil management (frequency of tillage) and placed within a comparable habitat matrix. The results of this study showed that organic and conventional vineyards hosted a similar species pool, but the structure of their assemblages differed and the effect of insecticides particularly appears to be relevant. Both ant abundance and the number of species per unit area were significantly greater in organic than conventional vineyards. The use of insecticides appeared to be particularly relevant given that vineyards that did not use insecticides also had greater alpha and beta diversity than vineyards where these chemicals were used.", "label": [0, 4, 5, 6, 37, 52]}
+{"token": "On Illumination Vector Quantities Due to Area Light Sources: Comparison of Two Calculation Approaches. The concept of illumination vector quantities at a given point in three-dimensional space has been proposed since long time ago, but it is mostly described for scenes with point light sources. In real scenes with area light sources, numerical approximations are required to estimate the illumination vector quantities, which can be done by discretising the area into an array of point sources. Two different approaches are proposed in this study; Approach 1 is applicable in the design phase, where the positions of the source and receiver point are exactly known. Approach 2 is applicable during field measurement, based on the obtained cubic illuminances. This study aims to determine the required number of point source elements in the computation and to investigate the difference between both calculation approaches. The proposed concept is demonstrated using a scenario with horizontal, square source and a scenario with vertical, rectangular source, with various luminous intensity distribution patterns, by observing various illumination vector quantities. Grid sensitivity analyses suggest that the largest grid size satisfying the five-to-one approximation rule shall yield quantities that converge within no more than 5% to the final value. For a given size of area source, at a given distance, the differences of illumination vector quantities obtained from both calculation approaches are expected to be approximately the same, regardless the luminous intensity distribution. The estimation of cylindrical illuminance is generally more accurate than that of scalar illuminance.", "label": [1, 4, 17, 35]}
+{"token": "The Essential Spectrum of the Essentially Isometric Operator. Let T be a contraction on a complex, separable, infinite dimensional Hilbert space and let sigma(T) (resp. sigma(e)(T)) be its spectrum (resp. essential spectrum). We assume that T is an essentially isometric operator; that is, I-H - T* T is compact. We show that if D\\\\\\\\sigma T(T) not equal phi, then for every f from the disc-algebrasigma(e)( f(T)) = f( sigma(e)(T)),where D is the open unit disc. In addition, if T lies in the class C-0. boolean OR C-.0, thensigma(e)( f(T)) = f( sigma(T) boolean AND Gamma),where Gamma is the unit circle. Some related problems are also discussed.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Planning to improve global health: the next decade of tuberculosis control. The estimated costs of the activities set out in the Global Plan were based on implementing interventions and researching and developing drugs, diagnostics and vaccines; these costs were US$ 56 billion over 10 years. When translated into cost per disability adjusted life year averted, these costs compare favourably with those of other public health interventions. This approach to planning for global tuberculosis control is a valuable example of developing plans to improve global health that has relevance for other health issues.Scenarios for the planning process were developed; these looked at issues both globally and in seven epidemiological regions. The scenarios made ambitious but realistic assumptions about the pace of scale-up and implementation coverage of the activities. A mathematical model was used to estimate the impact of scaling up current interventions based on data from studies of tuberculosis biology and from experience with tuberculosis control in diverse settings.The Global Plan to Stop TB 2006-2015 is a road map for policy-makers and managers of national programmes. It sets out the key actions needed to achieve the targets of the Millennium Development Goals relating to tuberculosis (T13): to halve the prevalence and deaths by 2015 relative to 1990 levels and to save 14 million lives. Developed by a broad coalition of partners, the plan presents a model approach combining interventions that can feasibly be supplied on the ground. The main areas of activity set out in the plan are: scaling up interventions to control tuberculosis; promoting the research and development of improved diagnostics, drugs and vaccines; and engaging in related activities for advocacy, communications and social mobilization.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "The Lagrangian, constraint qualifications and economics. Considering constrained choice, practitioners and theorists frequently invoke a Lagrangian to generate optimality conditions. Regular use of that vehicle requires, however, some constraintqualification. Yet many economists go easy on the mathematics of that issue. Conversely, few mathematicians elaborate on the economics of the context. Thereby both parties leave some lacunas as to didactics or intuition. This note attempts to shed some light on these matters.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 41]}
+{"token": "Systems without a graphical causal representation. There are simple mechanical systems that elude causal representation. We describe one that cannot be represented in a single directed acyclic graph. Our case suggests limitations on the use of causal graphs for causal inference and makes salient the point that causal relations among variables depend upon details of causal setups, including values of variables.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
+{"token": "The effects of heavy metals on germination and seedling characteristics in two halophyte species in Mediterranean marshes. All of the metals tested affected the final germination percentage in A. halimus and only Ni reduced germination in S. ramosissima. The germination rate was unaffected in both species.The study of seedling development shows that S. ramosissima, an intertidal annual species, has a higher tolerance of metals than A. halimus, a bush that inhabits the upper part of the marshes.The influence of different concentrations (10-2000 mu M) of heavy metals (Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn) was analysed in Atriplex halimus and Salicornia ramosissima germination pattern and seedling size. They are two halophyte species that grow in the Estuary of Huelva (Southwest Iberian Peninsula, Spain), one of the most heavy metal-polluted environments in the world.Taking into account the metal concentrations in the estuary and the effects of these on the seedling development of the species analysed, we conclude that metals might limit plant colonisation in some parts of the marshes. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
+{"token": "Identification and characterization of the functional elements within the tobacco etch virus 5 ' leader required for cap-independent translation. Translation in planes is highly cap dependent, and the only plant mRNAs known to naturally lack a cap structure (m(7)GpppN) are viral in origin. The genomic RNA of tobacco etch virus (TEV), a potycirus that belongs to the picornavirus superfamily, is a polyadenylated mRNA that is naturally uncapped and yet is a highly competitive mRNA during translation. The 143-nucleotide 5' leader is responsible for conferring cap-independent translation even on reporter mRNAs. We have carried out a deletion analysis of the TEV 5' leader to identify the elements responsible for its regulatory function and have identified two centrally located cap-independent regulatory elements (CIREs) that promote cap-independent translation. The introduction of a stable stem-loop structure upstream of each element demonstrated that CIRE-1 is less 5' end dependent in function than CIRE-2. In a dicistronic mRNA, the presence of the TEV 5' leader sequence in the intercistronic region increased expression of the second cistron, suggesting that the viral sequence can function in a 5'-distal position. Interestingly, the introduction of a stable stem-loop upstream of the TEV leader sequence or upstream of either CERE in dicistronic constructs markedly increased their regulatory function. These data suggest that the TEV 5' leader contains two elements that together promote internal initiation but that the function of one element, in particular, is facilitated by proximity to the 5' end.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "A hierarchical taxonomy of top managers' goals. To embed goal theories more deeply in the domain of top-level leadership behavior and to provide a vehicle to facilitate future research, the authors developed a taxonomy of managerial goals. Interviews with 75 company leaders-founders and presidents-from 3 countries generated 2,182 articulated goals. Content analysis supported 2 taxonomic dimensions: goal content and hierarchical level. The goal content dimension specified 10 categories of substantive goal targets, and the second dimension captured the hierarchical structure of the top leaders' goal sets, with lower-level goals being instrumental toward achieving superordinate goals. The hierarchy comprised 5 goal levels: ultimate, enterprise, strategic, project, and process. Chi-square analyses revealed relationships between goal content and hierarchical level as well as differences between the national subsamples.", "label": [5, 50, 55]}
+{"token": "POSITIVE FRAGMENTS OF RELEVANCE LOGIC AND ALGEBRAS OF BINARY RELATIONS. We prove that algebras of binary relations whose similarity type includes intersection, union, and one of the residuals of relation composition form a nonfinitely axiomatizable quasivariety and that the equational theory is not finitely based. We apply this result to the problem of the completeness of the positive fragment of relevance logic with respect to binary relations.", "label": [3, 4, 41, 32]}
+{"token": "Walking the tightrope The role of Peruvian indigenous interpreters in prior consultation processes. The passing of the Prior Consultation Act (2011) was a turning point in Peru's history: it enshrined the right of indigenous peoples to be consulted prior to the State's adopting a measure that affects them and to use their own languages during the consultation, which makes interpreting essential. This article focuses on the complexities of the interpreters' role and how the beneficiaries of their work perceive it. It reveals that the interpreters' performance is determined by two circumstances: first, it straddles public service and business interpreting; and second, the fact that the interpreters are trained and employed by the State creates tensions in the communication between the latter and the indigenous peoples. The socio-political context and the initiatives designed to ensure compliance with the law will provide a background to our findings. These derive from observation, interviews and meetings with institutional actors and interpreters, and are illustrated by a case study.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Nosocomial outbreak of Myroides odoratimimus urinary tract infection in a Tunisian hospital. We report a nosocomial outbreak of urinary tract infection caused by Myroides odoratimimus, previously called Flavobacterium odoratum, in the urology unit of a Tunisian hospital. From May to November 2010, seven isolates of M. odoratimimus were recovered from urine. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis clearly differentiated these isolates into two possibly related clones from two different periods. All patients but one had urinary calculi and underwent endourological surgery. All Myroides isolates were resistant to all antibiotics tested. Three patients were successfully treated with ciprofloxacin and rifampicin. Clinicians should be aware that M. odoratimimus may induce serious and prolonged nosocomial outbreaks of urinary tract infections. (C) 2011 The Healthcare Infection Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 25, 24]}
+{"token": "Surfactant protein A is defective in abrogating inflammation in asthma. Wang Y, Voelker DR, Lugogo NL, Wang G, Floros J, Ingram JL, Chu HW, Church TD, Kandasamy P, Fertel D, Wright JR, Kraft M. Surfactant protein A is defective in abrogating inflammation in asthma. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 301: L598-L606, 2011. First published July 22, 2011; doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00381.2010.-Surfactant protein A ( SP-A) regulates a variety of immune cell functions. We determined the ability of SP-A derived from normal and asthmatic subjects to modulate the inflammatory response elicited by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a pathogen known to exacerbate asthma. Fourteen asthmatic and 10 normal control subjects underwent bronchoscopy with airway brushing and bronchoalveolar lavage ( BAL). Total SP-A was extracted from BAL. The ratio of SP-A1 to total SP-A (SP-A1/SP-A) and the binding of total SP-A to M. pneumoniae membranes were determined. Airway epithelial cells from subjects were exposed to either normal or asthmatic SP-A before exposure to M. pneumoniae. IL-8 protein and MUC5AC mRNA were measured. Total BAL SP-A concentration did not differ between groups, but the percentage SP-A1 was significantly increased in BAL of asthmatic compared with normal subjects. SP-A1/SP-A significantly correlated with maximum binding of total SP-A to M. pneumoniae, but only in asthma. SP-A derived from asthmatic subjects did not significantly attenuate IL-8 and MUC5AC in the setting of M. pneumoniae infection compared with SP-A derived from normal subjects. We conclude that SP-A derived from asthmatic subjects does not abrogate inflammation effectively, and this dysfunction may be modulated by SP-A1/SP-A.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "FILM DOCUMENTATION OF THE PROBABLY EXTINCT IMPERIAL WOODPECKER (CAMPEPHILUS IMPERIALIS). The Imperial Woodpecker (Campephilus imperialis) of Mexico the largest woodpecker in the world probably became extinct in the late 20th century, without known documentation of the species in life. We describe a recently discovered 16-mm color film of an Imperial Woodpecker taken in 1956 by William L. Rhein. The film documents climbing strides, launches, flights, and foraging of one female Imperial Woodpecker. For perches and foraging the woodpecker used dead or recently dead Durango Pines (Pinus durangensis). Trunks of perch and foraging trees were of the largest diameters available in this tree species. After allowing for possible inaccuracies in the frame speed of the film, we found that the Imperial Woodpecker had slow climbing strides and a fast wing-flap rate compared with other woodpeckers. Following landmarks documented during the 1956 expedition, we identified and surveyed the film site in 2010. The site was in coniferous forest in lightly undulating terrain at 2,700-2,900 in elevation. In 1956, the area was old-growth forest with abundant large and dead trees. By 2010, the area had been logged multiple times. Interviews with local people indicated that Imperial Woodpeckers had disappeared from the region by 1960 and that they were killed by hunting and perhaps through poisoning instigated by legging interests. Human persecution and the logging of large pines for timber and of dead trees for pulp were likely principal factors in the extinction process of the Imperial Woodpecker. Received 27 November 2010, accepted 13 May 2011.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Natalizumab in spinal multiple sclerosis in a daily clinical setting. Results: Mean duration of NTZ treatment was 31.3 +/- 16.3 months in S-P and 32.1 +/- 15.1 months in N-SP (p = 0.56). The mean ARR after NTZ treatment was similarly reduced in both S-P (0.07 +/- 0.19) and N-SP (0.07 +/- 0.16) (p < 0.001 for both). Disability progression after NTZ start was similarly low in S-P and NS-P. However, when compared to before NTZ start, disability progression was significantly reduced in S-P (p = 0.017), but not in NS-P (p = 0.68). This was largely mediated by a higher disability progression before NTZ start in S-P than N-SP. The risk of developing N2TL during NTZ was not different between S-P and NS-P (p = 0.10).Objective: We aimed to investigate the influence of natalizumab (NTZ) treatment on multiple sclerosis course in patients with and without spinal involvement.Conclusions: NTZ similarly reduced the occurrence of relapses and NT2L in S-P and NS-P, whereas the effect on disability progression was particularly evident in the presence of spinal involvement. NTZ appears to be a treatment of high efficacy in both S-P and NS-P.Methods: Annualized relapse rate (ARR), disability progression and occurrence of new brain and spinal T2 lesions (N2TL) in 68 spinal (S-P) versus 68 non-spinal matched patients (NS-P) were retrospectively collected and compared between before (2 years) and after NTZ treatment using multivariate regression models.", "label": [2, 18, 19]}
+{"token": "Understanding student pathways in context-rich problems. This paper describes the ways that students' problem-solving behaviors evolve when solving multi-faceted, context-rich problems within a web-based learning environment. During the semester, groups of two or three students worked on five physics problems that required drawing on more than one concept and, hence, could not be readily solved with simple \\\\'plug-and-chug\\\\' strategies. The problems were presented to students in a data-rich, online problem-based learning environment that tracked which information items were selected by students as they attempted to solve the problem. The students also completed a variety of tasks, like entering an initial qualitative analysis of the problem into an online form. Students were not constrained to complete these tasks in any specific order. As they gained more experience in solving context-rich physics problems, student groups showed some progression towards expert-like behavior as they completed qualitative analysis earlier and were more selective in their perusal of informational resources. However, there was room for more improvement as approximately half of the groups still completed the qualitative analysis task towards the end of the problem-solving process rather than at the beginning of the task when it would have been most useful to their work.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "On a functional equation that has the quadratic-multiplicative property. phi(st - uv) + phi(sv + tu) = [phi(s) + phi(u)] [phi(t) + phi(v)]In this article, we obtain the general solution and prove the Hyers-Ulam stability of the following quadratic-multiplicative functional equation:by using the direct method and the fixed point method.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "RESOLUTION WITH COUNTING: DAG-LIKE LOWER BOUNDS AND DIFFERENT MODULI. We then turn to the finite fields regime, showing that the work of Itsykson & Sokolov (2020), where tree-like lower bounds over F-2 were obtained, can be carried over and extended to every finite field. We establish new lower bounds and separations as follows: (i) For every pair of distinct primes p, q, there exist CNF formulas with short tree-like refutations in Res(lin F-p) that require exponential-size tree-like Res(lin F-q) refutations; (ii) random k-CNF formulas require exponential-size tree-like Res(lin F-p) refutations, for every prime p and constant k; and (iii) exponential-size lower bounds for tree-like Res(lin(F)) refutations of the pigeonhole principle, for every field F.Resolution over linear equations is a natural extension of the popular resolution refutation system, augmented with the ability to carry out basic counting. Denoted Res(lin(R)), this refutation system operates with disjunctions of linear equations with Boolean variables over a ring R, to refute unsatisfiable sets of such disjunctions. Beginning in the work of Raz & Tzameret (2008), through the work of Itsykson & Sokolov (2020) which focused on tree-like lower bounds, this refutation system was shown to be fairly strong.1 Subsequent work (cf. Garlik & Kolodziejczyk 2018; Itsykson & Sokolov 2020; Krajicek 2017; Krajicek & Oliveira 2018) made it evident that establishing lower bounds against general Res(lin(R)) refutations is a challenging and interesting task since the system captures a \\\\'minimal\\\\' extension of resolution with counting gates for which no super-polynomial lower bounds are known to date. We provide the first super-polynomial size lower bounds against general (dag-like) resolution over linear equations refutations in the large characteristic regime. In particular, we prove that the subset-sum principle 1+Sigma(n)(i=1) 2(i)x(i) = 0 requires refutations of exponential size over Q. We use a novel lower bound technique: We show that under certain conditions every refutation of a subset-sum instance f = 0 must pass through a fat clause consisting of the equation f = alpha for every a in the image of f under Boolean assignments, or can be efficiently reduced to a proof containing such a clause. We then modify this approach to prove exponential lower bounds against tree-like refutations of any subset-sum instance that depends on n variables, hence also separating tree-like from dag-like refutations over the rationals.", "label": [4, 40, 41]}
+{"token": "The biomedicalisation of reproductive ageing: reproductive citizenship and the gendering of fertility risk. The demographic shift currently being observed across many Western countries towards older-parenthood has contributed to increasing concerns about the risks posed by age-related fertility decline, particularly in women. These concerns pertain to the increased risk of infertility, pregnancy loss, and genetic abnormalities occurring in the foetus as well as greater physical risks to the potential mother during pregnancy and birth. Concerns about the effects of reproductive ageing have occurred alongside the emergence of variety of 'fertility monitoring' and 'fertility extension' technologies (FMETs) such as ovarian reserve testing and social egg freezing. In this paper I will explore the emergence of these new FMETs and will demonstrate how these new technologies are part of, and are contributing towards, a shift in the way reproductive ageing is perceived and represented, not as a natural inevitability but as a pathological liability in need of monitoring and management. I will show how, by rendering fertility risk 'visible', new and highly gendered anxieties are emerging creating new burdens and responsibilities on women to consider drawing upon highly commercialised biomedical interventions in the pursuit of biogenetic motherhood. I will also examine how, in the current neoliberal moment, these fertility risk individualising technologies can be experienced as highly compelling for potential users due to the ways in which they offer women the opportunity to achieve the goals of hegemonic femininity whilst demonstrating ideals associated with reproductive citizenship.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "Feeding behavior of four arboreal Darwin's finches: Adaptations to spatial and seasonal variability. In the Galapagos Islands climate and food abundance vary strongly among vegetation zones and between seasons. We studied the foraging behavior of four mainly insectivorous Darwin's finch species on Santa Cruz Island. We compared foraging behavior between (1) the and zone, where food is scarce, with the humid Scalesia zone, where food is abundant; and (2) within each zone between dry and wet seasons. The four species used different feeding substrates in the two vegetation zones and reacted flexibly to the seasonal variation by changing feeding techniques and substrates. Species mainly specialized in resource use and feeding techniques or showed no change in niche breadth when food became more limited in dry conditions. In the and zone during the dry season, the Large Tree Finch (Camarhynchus psittacula) relied on its powerful biting beak to bite open the bark of dry twigs. The Woodpecker Finch (Cactospiza pallida) used twigs and cactus spines to access arthropods in tree holes and was the only species that significantly increased the diversity of feeding techniques. The use of tools extends the morphological properties of its beak temporarily without limiting behavioral versatility and flexibility. The Small Tree Finch (Camarhynchus parvulus) showed a shift in food types and had a high proportion of plant food in its diet. The Warbler Finch (Certhidea olivacea) was not present in our study site in the and zone.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Inducible expression of filaggrin increases keratinocyte susceptibility to apoptotic cell death. Filaggrin is an intermediate filament associated protein that aids the packing of keratin filaments during terminal differentiation of keratinocytes. Premature aggregation of keratin filaments is prevented by filaggrin expression as the inactive precursor, profilaggrin, which is localized in keratohyalin granules in vivo. We have previously shown that filaggrin constructs, when transiently transfected into epithelial cells, lead to a collapsed keratin cytoskeletal network and dysmorphic nuclei with features of apoptosis, The apparent transfection rate is low with filaggrin constructs, supporting their disruptive role but hindering further study. To bypass this problem, we generated stable keratinocyte cell lines that express mature human filaggrin using a tetracycline-inducible promoter system. We found that cell lines expressing filaggrin, but not control cell lines, exhibited increased sensitivity to multiple apoptotic stimuli as measured by morphologic and biochemical criteria. None of the cell lines showed an increase in endogenous expression of filaggrin in response to the same stimuli. Filaggrin expression alone was insufficient to induce apoptosis in these keratinocyte cell lines. We conclude that filaggrin, due to its keratin binding ability, primes cells for apoptosis, Because filaggrin is expressed at a level of the epidermis where keratinocytes are in transition between the nucleated granular and the anucleate cornified layers, we hypothesize that filaggrin aids in the terminal differentiation process by facilitating apoptotic machinery,", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "From page to screen: Transforming M. E. Braddon's Lady Audley's Secret. This paper compares Mary Elizabeth Braddon's 1862 novel, Lady Audley's Secret, with Donald Hounam's 2000 TV adaptation of the text. Braddon's novel is a key example of the sensation literature of the 1860s, characterised by the subversion of notions of Victorian domesticity and femininity. Although not overtly feminist, the novel nevertheless raises important questions about the social situation of the nineteenth-century woman, especially through its concerns with marriage and female insanity. In particular, this essay focuses on the translation of the feminist message from the novel to the screen, and considers the implications of the status of the Victorian woman writer and twentieth-century male scriptwriter on their respective versions of the text. Specific consideration is given to the conclusion of the film adaptation, which is radically different from that of the original narrative. The conclusion of the paper examines the overall effectiveness of Hounam's film adaptation of a Victorian narrative.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
+{"token": "Systematic Review on the Effects, Roles and Methods of Magnetic Particle Coatings in Magnetorheological Materials. Magnetorheological (MR) material is a type of magneto-sensitive smart materials which consists of magnetizable particles dispersed in a carrier medium. Throughout the years, coating on the surface of the magnetic particles has been developed by researchers to enhance the performance of MR materials, which include the improvement of sedimentation stability, enhancement of the interaction between the particles and matrix mediums, and improving rheological properties as well as providing extra protection against oxidative environments. There are a few coating methods that have been employed to graft the coating layer on the surface of the magnetic particles, such as atomic transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), chemical oxidative polymerization, and dispersion polymerization. This paper investigates the role of particle coating in MR materials with the effects gained from grafting the magnetic particles. This paper also discusses the coating methods employed in some of the works that have been established by researchers in the particle coating of MR materials.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "A Patent Analysis to Identify Emergent Topics and Convergence Fields: A Case Study of Chitosan. Identifying emerging technology trends from patents helps to understand the status of the technology commercialization or utilization. It could provide research insights leading to advanced technological innovations that stimulate socially responsible research to address human dietary and medical needs. However, few studies have investigated emerging chitosan applications using patents. In this study, we report the application of a patent bibliometric predictive intelligence (PBPI) model to identify emergent topics and technology convergence related to chitosan applications from patents in the International Patent Classification system. Text mining was used to extract patterns from 5001 patents and each term was assigned an emergent score, following which we traced growth patterns, examined relationships between IPCs, emergent topics, and patents using correlation analysis and principal component analysis, and conducted matrix and cluster mapping analysis to understand industrial applications and explore patterns of technological convergence. Five major terms emerged in association with ascending and newly emergent topics over the last 13 years: \\\\'shelf life,\\\\' \\\\'antibacterial,\\\\' \\\\'good safety,\\\\' \\\\'absorbing water,\\\\' and \\\\'auxiliary materials.\\\\' These topics were closely linked with research in the biomedical and food production and preservation industries. A network analysis indicated that \\\\'antibacterial\\\\' terms exhibited the highest degree of convergence, followed by \\\\'shelf life.\\\\' These findings can inform strategies to determine new directions for chitosan research.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "GEOGRAPHICAL, LANDSCAPE AND HABITAT EFFECTS ON BIRDS IN NORTHERN SPANISH FARMLANDS: IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSERVATION. Methods: During June (2005) and January (2006) evaluation was carried out on the effect of farmland patch size, vegetation structure, elevation (a surrogate of climate harshness) and geographical location of farmlands on bird richness and abundance by means, of 500 fit long transects.Results: Farmland patches with abundant tree and shrub cover scored the highest oil abundance and species richness in spring. The size of farmland patch predicted the Occurrence of many species in spring and winter. including some that are declining in Europe (e.g. Lanius collurio, Passer montanus, Miliaria calandra, Alauda arvensis, etc.). In winter, bird abundance increased at low elevation areas and decreased with increasing distance from the main gateway for European migrants entering the Iberian Peninsula at the western Pyrenees.Conclusions: Results support the idea that easternmost farmlands are particularly important wintering grounds for European migrants and that the increasing deterioration or reduction of lowland farmland patches may affect bird populations. Because such negative effects are likely to increase in the near future, some general guidelines are suggested to apply the legal and budgetary resources of the European Union for better preserving farmland biodiversity in Northern Spain.Aims: Farmland habitats in northern Spain are local hotspots of bird richness, Sustaining various increasingly rare species and housing huge numbers of migratory birds in winter. This makes them a key habitat for bird conservation. However, they are being negatively affected by conversion to tree plantations, urban developments and infrastructures.Location: Bird communities in 67 farmland patches which were immersed in a matrix of shrublands and woodlands were Studied. These were distributed along a 600 kin-long stretch that runs parallel to the northern Spanish coast.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Multiple goals and multi-stakeholder management in Italian social enterprises. This chapter explores the evolution of the social co-operative movement in general, and of work integration (i.e. B-type) social co-operatives in particular, in Italy. After reading this chapter, the reader should:understand the reasons for the emergence of social co-operatives in the landscape of Italian public policies;grasp the main evolutions in the field of B-type social co-operatives regarding their goals and their multi-stakeholder ownership.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Infrared-to-visible energy transfer photocatalysis over black phosphorus quantum dots/carbon nitride. Polymeric photocatalysts have been considered as promising candidates for the photocatalytic biomass conversion and H-2 evolution, but they suffer from the fast charge recombination and the short light absorption range. Herein, for the first time, a novel energy-transfer-mediated photocatalyst is facilely fabricated by anchoring black phosphorus quantum dots on sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride hollow nanospheres (BP/S-HC3N4). Doping of S element not only inhibits the recombination of photogenerated carriers, but also promote exciton dissociation by trap states. In addition, black phosphorus quantum dots extend the light response range to the near-infrared region, and the near-infrared light energy can be transferred to S-HC3N4 through exciton mediated energy transfer, so as to improve the photocatalytic performance, and this energy transfer mechanism is not limited by the heterojunction type I energy band structure. In this conceptual photocatalytic system, energy transfer is different from the traditional carrier transfer mechanism, which is not restricted by the energy band structure. Consequently, the photocatalytic amino acids and hydrogen production rates of BP/S-HC3N4 reach 643 mmol h(-1) and 102 mu mol h(-1) under visible-NIR light, which are 58.5 and 51.0 times larger than that of the pristine g-C3N4, respectively. This work provides a new strategy for constructing high-efficient and wide-spectral response photocatalysts.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Managing community and neighborhood partnerships in a community-based nursing curriculum. A community-based undergraduate nursing program in a liberal arts college sought to establish partnerships with area neighborhoods to enhance the educational process of the program and the health of the neighborhoods. With the full financial and emotional support of the college administration, two unique positions were developed within the nursing department: community partnership coordinator (CPC) and neighborhood coordinator. The CPC works at the greater community level with involvement in area-wide community health ventures to provide a liaison to the community for the nursing department. The CPC coordinates area-wide student experiences, provides oversight to the community-based participatory research process, and expands scholarly opportunities for students and faculty. In addition, a neighborhood coordinator for each of the three underserved, ethnically diverse partnering neighborhoods provides an ongoing presence in the neighborhood, coordinating and teaching students as they have practicum experiences within the neighborhood. The neighborhood coordinator is also intimately involved in the neighborhood, maintaining professional relationships with neighborhood residents, leaders, agency representatives, and health care professionals. Discussion of how challenges of the roles were managed is included.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Phase equilibrium for clathrate hydrate formed in methane plus water plus ethylene carbonate system. Three-phase equilibrium conditions L-w-V-H (liquid water solution-vapor-hydrate) for methane hydrate in the presence of ethylene carbonate (C3H4O3) as additive in aqueous solutions have been determined experimentally by isochoric method. New experimental results are reported for pressures ranging from 4 to 22 MPa and for mass fraction of ethylene carbonate ranging from 0.05 to 0.24 (0.011-0.061 for mole fraction). The experimental results show that the addition of ethylene carbonate to the system shifts hydrate phase equilibrium to higher pressure and lower temperature. With the concentration of 0.240 mass fraction of ethylene carbonate additive in an aqueous system, the most significant decrease of the equilibrium temperature is about 3 K at a given pressure, in comparison to that of methane + water system without additive. The effect of ethylene carbonate on methane hydrate formation conditions was compared with that of cyclopentanone (C5H8O) and gamma-butyrolactone (C4H6O2), which have similar molecular structures. The following phenomenon has been revealed: increase of the number of oxygen atoms in a molecule of this row shifts the hydrate phase boundary to inhibition region. Powder X-Ray diffraction (PXRD) results show that clathrate hydrate with SI structure formed in presence of ethylene carbonate within investigated range of concentration is pure phase of methane hydrate without inclusion of additive. It was also observed that there were some unknown peaks, which were not the same with peaks of pure ethylene carbonate. We speculate that they correspond to a solvate of ethylene carbonate with water. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36, 35]}
+{"token": "Catalytic membrane reaction for methane steam reforming using porous silica membranes. Catalytic membranes, which have hydrogen permselectivity over other gaseous molecules and catalytic activity for methane steam reforming, were prepared by 2 different procedures and applied to methane steam reforming at 450-500degreesC. Type A catalytic membranes were manufactured by the preparation of a hydrogen separation layer from silica-zirconia colloidal sols, followed by the application of a nickel catalyst coating. Type B catalytic membranes were prepared via the impregnation of a nickel catalyst inside the a-alumina porous substrates, followed by the application of a coating on the hydrogen separation layer. Hydrogen permselectivity over nitrogen was degraded by coating the catalyst layer, as in the Type A membranes, and in addition, methane conversion decreased with time probably because of catalyst sintering or carbon deposition. Type B catalytic membranes showed a steady conversion for a longer period than did Type A, and the permeability ratio of hydrogen to nitrogen was approximately 200; therefore, Type B was found to be the effective route to preparing catalytic membranes. Methane steam reforming through the use of catalytic membranes revealed that methane conversion beyond the equilibrium conversion levels could be achieved either by sweeping the permeate stream or by pressurizing the feed stream at 6 bar and not using sweeping gas.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
+{"token": "Metabolic oligosaccharide engineering of Plasmodium falciparum intraerythrocytic stages allows direct glycolipid analysis by mass spectrometry. A recent addition to the arsenal of tools for glycome analysis is the use of metabolic labels that allow covalent tagging of glycans with imaging probes. In this work we show that N-azidoglucosamine was successfully incorporated into glycolipidic structures of Plasmodium falciparum intraerythrocytic stages. The ability to tag glycoconjugates selectively with a fluorescent reporter group permits TLC detection of the glycolipids providing a new method to quantify dynamic changes in the glycosylation pattern and facilitating direct mass spectrometry analyses. Presence of glycosylphosphatidylinositol and glycosphingolipid structures was determined in the different extracts. Furthermore, the fluorescent tag was used as internal matrix for the MALDI experiment making even easier the analysis. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42]}
+{"token": "Cryoproective role of ribitol in Xanthoparmelia somloensis. Thalli of Xanthoparmelia somloensis with natural content of polyols (control) and polyol-free thalli (acetone-rinsed) were used to study ribitol effects at low temperatures. Thalli segments were cultivated in ribitol concentration of 32 or 50 mM for 168 h at temperatures +5, 0, and -5 A degrees C. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (potential yield of photochemical reactions in PS 2 (variable to maximum fluorescence ratio, F-v/F-m), effective quantum yield of photochemical reactions in PS 2 (I broken vertical bar(PS2)), and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) were monitored in 24-h intervals using an imaging system. The effect of 32 mM ribitol on F-v/F-m and I broken vertical bar(PS2) was apparent only at -5 A degrees C, however, the effect was seen throughout the whole exposure. Surprisingly, 50 mM ribitol concentration treatment led to a decrease in F-v/F-m and I broken vertical bar(PS2) and to an increase in NPQ values at -5 A degrees C, while no change was observed at 0 A degrees C and +5 A degrees C. Acetone-rinsing caused decrease of F-v/F-m, I broken vertical bar(PS2) and NPQ.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Dual-process model of older adults' sedentary behavior: an ecological momentary assessment study. Objective: A 10-day ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study was conducted to test a dual-process model of older adults' sedentary behavior. Design: Older adults (n = 104, 60-98 years) answered 6 EMA questionnaires/day to assess conscious processes (i.e. momentary intentions, self-efficacy to limit sedentary behavior over the next two hours) and wore an activPAL accelerometer to measure sedentary behavior. Habit strength for sedentary behavior, a non-conscious process, was self-reported at an introductory session. Main outcome measure: Time spent sitting in the two hours after the EMA prompt. Results: Older adults engaged in less sedentary behavior on occasions when their intentions (b = -1.63, p = 0.02) and self-efficacy (b = -2.01, p = 0.003) to limit sedentary behavior were stronger than one's average level of intentions or self-efficacy, respectively; however, older adults' average level of intentions (b = -5.30, p = 0.05) or self-efficacy (b = 2.77, p = 0.27) to limit sedentary behavior were not associated with sedentary behavior. Older adults with stronger sedentary behavior habits engaged in greater sedentary behavior in the two hours following the EMA prompt (b = 2.04, p = 0.006). Conclusion: Sedentary behavior is regulated by conscious and non-conscious processes. Interventions targeting older adults' sedentary behavior should promote momentary intention formation and self-efficacy beliefs to limit sitting as well as content to disrupt habitual sedentary behavior.", "label": [2, 5, 55, 24]}
+{"token": "Development and Validation of a Prediction Model for the Treatment Time of Deformational Head Shapes Using a Cranial Remolding Orthosis. The cranial remolding orthosis (CRO) has been shown in previous studies to be an effective method of treatment for deformational head shapes. Many studies have shown younger infants achieve greater correction than older infants and generally have a shorter treatment duration. The goal of this study is to develop and validate a prediction equation for the maximum treatment time for deformational head shapes when utilizing a CRO. This retrospective study included subjects with deformational plagiocephaly (DP), deformational brachycephaly (DB), or deformational asymmetrical brachycephaly (DAB) who began CRO treatment between 3 and 18 months of gestational age. Prediction models were derived from 1250 subjects with DP, DB, and DAB and the validation used data from 210 different subjects. Actual treatment time was less than or equal to predicted treatment time in 85.19% (DP), 56.67% (DB), and 75.40% (DAB) of the cases when rounding the prediction up to the nearest month. The prediction equation has moderate accuracy for predicting the likely maximum amount of CRO treatment time for patients with DP, DB, and DAB and may be used clinically to give caregivers an estimated treatment duration for a patient who is indicated for a CRO, if treatment was initiated immediately.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Orphan/vulnerable child caregiving moderates the association between women's autonomy and their BMI in three African countries. Enhancement of women's autonomy is a key factor for improving women's health and nutrition. With nearly 12 million orphan and vulnerable children (OVC) in Africa due to HIV/AIDS, the study of OVC primary caregivers' nutrition is fundamental. We investigated the association between married women's autonomy and their nutritional status; explored whether this relationship was modified by OVC primary caregiving; and analyzed whether decision-making autonomy mediated the association between household wealth and body mass index (BMI). This cross-sectional study used the data from Demographic Health Surveys collected during 2006-2007 from 20- to 49-year-old women in Namibia (n = 2633), Swaziland (n = 1395), and Zambia (n = 2920). Analyses included logistic regression, Sobel, and Goodman tests. Our results indicated that women's educational attainment increased the odds for being overweight (Swaziland and Zambia) and decreased the odds for being underweight (Namibia). In Zambia, having at least primary education increased the odds for being overweight only among child primary caregivers regardless of the OVC status of the child, and having autonomy for buying everyday household items increased the odds for being overweight only among OVC primary caregivers. Decision-making autonomy mediated the association between household wealth and OVC primary caregivers' BMI in Zambia (Z = 2.13, p value = 0.03). We concluded that depending on each country's contextual characteristics, having education can decrease the odds for being an underweight woman or increase the odds for being an overweight woman. Further studies should explore why in Namibia education has an effect on women's overweight status only among women who are caring for a child.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 52, 55, 24]}
+{"token": "Subsonic solitons in the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam chain. Computer simulations show that in a one-dimensional lattice with quartic anharmonic localized modes can move with a constant velocity that is smaller than the sound velocity (subsonic solitons). In this paper we present an analytical investigation of the wing of the subsonic soliton, which allows for the calculation of the dispersion relation of these modes. The total envelope of the displacement is calculated numerically by means of a Gaussian error integral method, and the obtained solutions are tested via direct numerical simulations. Among many results, it is found that subsonic solitons with velocity very close to the sound velocity are possible.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "CLIMATE AND KIWIFRUIT CV HAYWARD .2. REGIONS IN NEW-ZEALAND SUITED FOR PRODUCTION. Matching crops to climate is an important activity for planning production. Three important climatic factors were identified as being important determinants of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa 'Hayward' (A. Chev) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson) distribution: winter chilling; growing season thermal time; and annual rainfall. Indices for each of these factors were developed to enable mapping of the most suitable areas for kiwifruit production. These were May-July temperatures of 11 degrees C or less as the optimal winter chilling requirement, a thermal time accumulation of 1100 degree-days above 10 degrees C from October to April, and an annual rainfall of 1250 mm or more. Apart from Northland, all the traditional areas of kiwifruit production have a suitable climate. However, there are substantial areas of inland Bay of Plenty to Rotorua, the Waikato, north Taranaki, and northern Hawke's Bay where the climatic requirements are also satisfied. A high frequency of extreme winds may be an additional limiting factor in some of these regions, such as Taranaki. The total area of suitability is enlarged if irrigation is available, particularly in the southern North Island and central Marlborough. Within this climatic range the estimated dates for the average end of dormancy and 50% flowering are spread over 4 weeks, and estimated budburst dates over 11 days. Although use of average climate data to describe kiwifruit distribution provides a valuable first-order assessment, it would be desirable to incorporate analyses of climate variability in future studies of this kind.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
+{"token": "Use of Airborne LIDAR Bathymetry for Coastal Hydrographic Surveying: The French Experience. Starting in 2005, the French Naval Hydrographic and Oceanographic Office (Service Hydrographique et Oceano-graphique de la Marine [SHOM]) and the French National Geographic Institute (Institut Geographique National [IGN]) began conducting a series of coastal surveys using airborne light detection and ranging (LIDAR) bathymetry (ALB) and topographic LIDAR technologies. This paper describes SHOM's experience using ALB in very shallow coastal waters and under challenging hydrographic survey conditions. The performance of ALB in comparison to multibeam echosounder (MBES) and topographic LIDAR surveys is discussed. Further, a procedure is described for integrating ALB data sets from SHOM with topographic data sets from IGN. Recommendations on conducting future survey operations are provided in this paper based on the experience gained and lessons learned. Based on these experiences, SHOM and IGN have begun a national survey project on mapping the coastal areas (sea and land) of France.", "label": [4, 5, 38, 52]}
+{"token": "A typology of advisory bodies in legislatures and research perspectives. Science advice has received renewed attention for evidence-informed legislation. However, no work has evaluated current trends in the field. We did a systematic review for publications between 2014 and 2020 to develop a typology using the legislative scientific advice body as a unit of analysis. The typology includes 12 categories that provide insights into the contextual background, mandate, structure, and advice process of legislative advisory bodies. We noticed that most of the work focused on advisory units is in western and high-income countries. The bodies show a wide degree of advice practices and politicisation. There are open opportunities for research, such as doing further comparative analyzes. Lastly, we found that foresight and horizon scanning methodologies were increasingly implemented in legislatures for participatory advice and to set long-term priorities. The findings can shed light on advancing legislative scientific advice for researchers and practitioners alike.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Courts and health policy: Judicial policy making and publicly funded health care in Canada. The 1982 Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms provided political actors with the opportunity to make rights-based challenges to public policy decisions. Two challenges launched by providers and consumers of health care illuminate the impact of judicial review on health care policy and the institutional capacity of courts to formulate policy in this field. The significant impact of rights-based claims on cross-jurisdictional policy differences in a federal regime is noted.", "label": [2, 3, 5, 22, 29, 52, 57]}
+{"token": "A role of the TATA box and the general co-activator hTAF(II)130/135 in promoter-specific trans-activation by simian virus 40 small t antigen. The small t antigen (st-ag) of simian virus 40 can exert pleiotropic effects on biological processes such as DNA replication, cell cycle progression and gene expression. One possible mode of achieving these effects is through stimulation of NFkappaB-responsive genes encoding growth factors, cytokines, transcription factors and cell cycle regulatory proteins. Indeed, a previous study has shown that st-ag enhanced NFkappaB-mediated transcription. This study demonstrates that promoters possessing a consensus TATA box (i.e. TATAAAAG) in the context of either NFkappaB- or Sol-binding sites are trans-activated by st-ag. Overexpressing the general transcription factor hTAF(II)130/135, but not hTAF(II)28 or hTAF(II)80, stimulated the activity of promoters in a consensus TATA box-dependent mode. Converting the consensus TATA motif into a non-consensus TATA box strongly impaired activation by st-ag and InTAF(II)130/135. Conversely, mutating a non-consensus TATA motif into the consensus TATA box rendered the mutated promoter inducible by st-ag and hTAF(II)130/135. Mutation of the TATA box had no effect on TNFalpha- or RelA/p65-mediated induction of NFkappaB-responsive promoters, indicating a specific st-ag effect on hTAF(II)130/135. St-ag stimulated the intrinsic transcriptional activity of hTAF(II)130/135. Substitutions in the conserved HPDKGG motif in the N-terminal region or a mutation that impaired the interaction with protein phosphatase 2A abrogated the ability of st-ag to activate hTAF(II)130/135-mediated transcription. These results indicate that trans-activation of promoters by st-ag may depend on a consensus TATA motif and suggest that such promoters recruit the general transcription factor hTAF(II)130/135.", "label": [2, 19, 21]}
+{"token": "Twilight on the British Gulf: The 1961 Kuwait Crisis and the Evolution of American Strategic Thinking in the Persian Gulf. The 1961 Kuwait crisis stands as a key event in the evolution of American strategic thinking on the Persian Gulf. Following Iraqi threats to annex Kuwait, Britain despatched a sizable military force to the Emirate hoping to pre-empt an Iraqi invasion. When the Iraqi invasion failed to occur, Britain was forced to weather a political maelstrom as it struggled to withdraw its forces. Although the United States was largely an observer to the crisis, London's actions required Washington to acknowledge the limits of Britain to meet the political challenges of the Middle East and protect Western interests in the region. This realisation provided the impetus for Washington to diversify its strategy in the Persian Gulf and increasingly seek regional solutions for its security concerns.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 52]}
+{"token": "ON A FAMILY OF THUE EQUATIONS OF DEGREE 16. We consider a parameterized family of Time equations of degree 16. By reducing this family to a system of Pell equations and linear relations, we are able to solve this family.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Initiation and maturation of cilia-generated flow in newborn and postnatal mouse airway. Francis RJ, Chatterjee B, Loges NT, Zentgraf H, Omran H, Lo CW. Initiation and maturation of cilia-generated flow in newborn and postnatal mouse airway. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 296: L1067-L1075, 2009. First published April 3, 2009; doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00001.2009.-Mucociliary clearance in the adult trachea is well characterized, but there are limited data in newborns. Cilia-generated flow was quantified across longitudinal sections of mouse trachea from birth through postnatal day (PND) 28 by tracking fluorescent microsphere speed and directionality. The percentage of ciliated tracheal epithelial cells, as determined by immunohistochemistry, was shown to increase linearly between PND 0 and PND 21 (R-2 = 0.94). While directionality measurements detected patches of flow starting at PND 3, uniform flow across the epithelia was not observed until PND 7 at a similar to 35% ciliated cell density. Flow became established at a maximal rate at PND 9 and beyond. A linear correlation was observed between the percentage of ciliated cells versus flow speed (R-2 = 0.495) and directionality (R-2 = 0.975) between PND 0 and PND 9. Cilia beat frequency (CBF) was higher at PND 0 than at all subsequent time points, but cilia beat waveform was not noticeably different. Tracheal epithelia from a mouse model of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) harboring a Mdnah5 mutation showed that ciliated cell density was unaffected, but no cilia-generated flow was detected. Cilia in mutant airways were either immotile or with slow dyssynchronous beat and abnormal ciliary waveform. Overall, our studies showed that the initiation of cilia-generated flow is directly correlated with an increase in epithelial ciliation, with the measurement of directionality being more sensitive than speed for detecting flow. The higher CBF observed in newborn epithelia suggests unique physiology in the newborn trachea, indicating possible clinical relevance to the pathophysiology of respiratory distress seen in newborn PCD patients.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "Ecological variation of intake of cassava food and dietary cyanide load in Nigerian communities. Conclusion: This study shows that the intake of cassava foods and dietary cyanide load is high in several communities in south-western Nigeria, predominantly in communities where TAN has been reported. Dietary cyanide load in these communities appears to be determined by the combination of frequency of intake and cyanogen content of cassava foods. Measures to improve the effectiveness of removal of cyanogen from cassava roots during processing are needed in the affected communities.Results: In total, 1272 subjects from 21 communities - 238 from area A, 659 from area B and 375 from area C - were selected. Intake of cassava food per person per week was 17 meals in area A, 10 meals in area B, and one meal in area C. Geometrical mean urine thiocyanate concentrations were 73 mumol l(-1), 51 mumol l(-1) and 17 mumol l(-1) in areas A, B and C, respectively. Mean residual cyanogen content in cassava food samples was 16 mg HCN eq kg(-1) (confidence interval (CI) 13-18) in area A, and 13 mg HCN eq kg(-1) in area B (CI 11-14).Subjects: Subjects were randomly sampled from selected communities, Intake of cassava foods was estimated from dietary history and dietary cyanide load was estimated from urine thiocyanate concentrations. Residual cyanogens in cassava food samples from the community markets were determined.Design: Ecological study design.Aim: To study the ecological variation of intake of cassava foods and dietary cyanide load.Setting: Five communities in south-western Nigeria where tropical ataxic neuropathy (TAN) was described as endemic (area A), 11 communities in south-western Nigeria where TAN was described as absent (area B), and five communities in northern Nigeria (area C).", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "Economic feasibility of a solar still desalination system with enhanced productivity. Solar still desalination systems offer sustainable tools for fresh water production. However, their widespread application is often hindered by their relatively low production rates compared to other desalination methods. In this study, a simple amendment, in the form of a slowly-rotating hollow cylinder, was introduced within the solar still, significantly increasing the evaporative surface area. This new modified still was analyzed in terms of both operation and economic feasibility. The introduced cylinder resulted in a 200-300% increase in water output relative to a control, which did not include the cylinder. The resulting percent improvement far exceeds that obtained by other modifications. Unit production cost estimates varied between 6 and 60 $/m(3) depending on discount rates, productivity, service lifetime and initial capital costs. These projections are well within reported cost ranges for renewable-based technologies. In order to evaluate the system's feasibility in real market value, different scenarios that introduce carbon-trading schemes and environmental degradation costs for fuel-based desalination, were performed. Reported costs for fuel-based brackish water and seawater desalination were thus adjusted to include unaccounted-for costs related to environmental damage. This analysis yielded results that further justify the economic feasibility of the new modified solar still, particularly for seawater desalination. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 39]}
+{"token": "Multi-Hazard WebGIS Platform for Coastal Regions. Monitoring and forecasting platforms such as MOSAIC can support real-time response and alert, contribute to emergency assessment and risk management for multiple hazards in coastal regions, performing new safety comprehensive approaches for these areas.The combined action of waves, surges and tides can cause flooding, erosion and dune and structure overtopping in many coastal regions. Addressing emergency and risk management in these areas require a combination of targeted campaigns and real-time data that measure all phenomena at stake and can be used to develop comprehensive monitoring platforms. These monitoring platforms can support the development of prediction tools that address all hazards in an integrated way. Herein, we present a methodology focused on multi-hazard coastal alert and risk, and its implementation in a tailored WebGIS platform. The MOSAIC platform offers a one-stop-shop capacity to access in-situ and remote sensing data, and hydrodynamic and morphodynamic predictions, supported by numerical models: SCHISM and XBeach. Information is structured on a local observatory scale, with regional forcings available for the correct interpretation of local hazards effects. This implementation can be further applied and extended to other coastal zones. The MOSAIC platform also provides access to a detailed database of past hazardous events, organized along several risk indicators, for the western coast of Portugal. The combination of features in the platform provides a unique repository of hazard information to support end-users for both emergency and long term risk planning actions.Featured Application", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Full-frame programmable spectral filters based on micromirror arrays. Rapidly programmable micromirror arrays, such as the Texas Instruments Digital Light Processor (DLP) digital micromirror device (DMD), have opened an exciting new arena in spectral imaging: rapidly reprogrammable, high spectral resolution, multiband spectral filters that perform spectral processing directly in the optical hardware. Such a device is created by placing a DMD at the spectral plane of an imaging spectrometer and by using it as a spectral selector that passes some wavelengths down the optical train to the final image and rejects others. Although simple in concept, realizing a truly practical DMD-based spectral filter has proved challenging. Versions described to date have been limited by the intertwining of image position and spectral propagation direction common to most imaging spectrometers, reducing these instruments to line-by-line scanning imagers rather than true spectral cameras that collect entire two-dimensional (2-D) images at once. Here, we report several optical innovations that overcome this limitation and allow us to construct full-frame programmable filters that spectrally manipulate every pixel, simultaneously and without spectral shifts, across a full 2-D image. So far, our prototype, which can be programmed either as a matched-filter imager for specific target materials or as a fully hyperspectral multiplexing Hadamard transform imager, has demonstrated over 100 programmable spectral bands while maintaining good spatial image quality. We discuss how diffraction-mediated trades between spatial and spectral resolution determine achievable performance. Finally, we describe methods for dealing with the DLP's 2-D diffractive effects and suggest a simple modification to the DLPs that would eliminate their impact for this application. (C) 2014 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Closed-Loop Crop Cascade to Optimize Nutrient Flows and Grow Low-Impact Vegetables in Cities. Urban agriculture systems can significantly contribute towards mitigating the impacts of inefficient and complex food supply chains and increase urban food sovereignty. Moreover, improving these urban agriculture systems in terms of nutrient management can lead to a better environmental performance. Based on a rooftop greenhouse in the Barcelona region, we propose a cascade system where the leachates of a tomato cycle from January to July (donor crop) are used as the main irrigation source for five successive lettuce cycles (receiving crop). By determining the agronomic performance and the nutrient metabolism of the system, we aimed to define the potential of these systems to avoid nutrient depletion and mitigate eutrophication, while scaling the system in terms of nutrient supply between the donor and the receiving crops. The results showed that low yields (below 130 g per lettuce plant) are obtained if a cascade system is used during the early stage of the donor crop, as the amount of nutrients in donor's leachates, specially N (62.4 mg irrigated per plant in the first cycle), was not enough to feed the lettuce receiving crop. This effect was also observed in the nutrient content of the lettuce, which increased with every test until equaling the control (4.4% of N content) as the leachates got richer, although too high electrical conductivity values (near 3 dS/m) were reached at the end of the donor crop cycle. Findings on the uptake of the residual nutrient flows showed how the cascade system was able to take advantage of the nutrients to produce local lettuce while mitigating the effect of N and P in the freshwater and marine environments. Considering our case study, we finally quantified the scale between the donor and receiving crops and proposed three major ideas to optimize the nutrient flows while maintaining the yield and quality of the vegetables produced in the receiving crop.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Effects of lichen,Sphagnumspp. and feather moss leachates on jack pine and black spruce seedling growth. Aim The main objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of leachates from three typical boreal forest ground layers on young tree growth and to explore the linkages between the chemical composition of the leachates, tree growth, the allocation between belowground and aboveground parts, and ectomycorrhizal colonization. Methods An original 6-month greenhouse experiment was set up to investigate (i) the effects of lichen (Cladoniaspp.) and feather moss (Pleurozium schreberii[Brid.] Mitt.) leachates on jack pine (Pinus banksianaLamb.) growth and (ii) the effects of feather moss andSphagnumspp. leachates on black spruce (Picea mariana[Mill.] B.S.P.) growth. Results Belowground growth and root allocation was reduced by lichen leachates in 2-year-old pine seedlings, while the impact was significant on both below- and aboveground growth in 6-month-old pine seedlings. A substance having the same migration time as usnic acid was detected in the lichen leachates by high-performance liquid chromatography.Sphagnumspp. and feather moss leachates were not found to have any effect on black spruce seedling growth, despite a higher supply of dissolved inorganic N in the feather moss leachates compared to the leachates ofSphagnumspp. and the control. Conclusions These results demonstrate that ground layer composition plays a crucial role in shaping the plant community in boreal ecosystems by influencing the chemical composition of the soil solution. They suggest that chemical interference may be another mechanism by which lichens promote the self-perpetuation of open woodlands in the closed-crown boreal forest.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of 2 ELISAs to determine Borrelia burgdorferi seropositivity in horses over a 12-month period. The black legged tick (Ixodes scapularis), which transmits Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, has undergone rapid range expansion in Ontario. In horses, Lyme disease remains an enigmatic disease, with limited understanding of the pathogenesis and many issues pertaining to selection and interpretation of laboratory tests. We evaluated B. burgdorferi seropositivity in naturally exposed horses over a 12-mo period and compared paired samples with 2 common serologic tests. Serum samples were collected in 2017, similar to 1 y after initial testing, from a cohort of 22 horses that were seropositive in a 2016 seroprevalence study. Samples were tested using a C6 ELISA and a multiplex ELISA targeting outer surface proteins A, C, and F. 1 y after initial testing, 14 of 22 (64%) horses remained seropositive; 7 (32%) were positive on the multiplex ELISA, 2 (9%) on C6 ELISA, and 5 (23%) on both tests. Repeatability was 100% for the C6 ELISA, and 95% for the multiplex ELISA, with no significant difference between paired sample multiplex titer values. Our results indicate strong intra-test reliability, although further investigation is required to determine the clinical significance of serologic testing.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "The high prevalence of Clostridioides difficile among nursing home elders associates with a dysbiotic microbiome. We collected serial stool samples from NH residents. C. difficile prevalence was determined by quantitative polymerase-chain reaction detection of Toxin genes tcdA and tcdB; microbiome composition was determined by shotgun metagenomic sequencing. We used mixed-effect random forest modeling machine to determine bacterial taxa whose abundance is associated with C. difficile prevalence while controlling for clinical covariates including demographics, medications, and past medical history.Clostridioides difficile disproportionally affects the elderly living in nursing homes (NHs). Our objective was to explore the prevalence of C. difficile in NH elders, over time and to determine whether the microbiome or other clinical factors are associated with C. difficile colonization.We enrolled 167 NH elders who contributed 506 stool samples. Of the 123 elders providing multiple samples, 30 (24.4%) elders yielded multiple samples in which C. difficile was detected and 78 (46.7%) had at least one C. difficile positive sample. Elders with C. difficile positive samples were characterized by increased abundances of pathogenic or inflammatory-associated bacterial taxa and by lower abundances of taxa with anti-inflammatory or symbiotic properties. Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use is associated with lower prevalence of C. difficile (Odds Ratio 0.46; 95%CI, 0.22-0.99) and the abundance of bacterial species with known beneficial effects was higher in PPI users and markedly lower in elders with high C. difficile prevalence.C. difficile is prevalent among NH elders and a dysbiotic gut microbiome associates with C. difficile colonization status. Manipulating the gut microbiome may prove to be a key strategy in the reduction of C. difficile in the NH.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 43]}
+{"token": "The Potential of Production Forests for Sustaining Lichen Diversity: A Perspective on Sustainable Forest Management. There is a critical gap in our knowledge about sustainable forest management in order to maintain biodiversity with respect to allocating conservation efforts between production forests and set-asides. Field studies on this question are notably scarce on species-rich, poorly detectable taxon groups. On the basis of forest lichen surveys in Estonia, we assessed the following: (i) how much production stands contribute to maintaining the full species pool and (ii) how forest habitat conditions affect this contribution for habitat specialist species. The field material was collected in a \\\\'semi-natural forestry\\\\' system, which mitigates negative environmental impacts of even-aged forestry and forestry drainage by frequently using natural regeneration, tree retention, and low intensity of thinnings. We performed standard-effort surveys of full assemblages of lichens and allied fungi (such as non-lichenized calicioid and lichenicolous fungi) and measured stand structure in 127 2 ha plots, in mainland Estonia. The plots represented four management stages (old growth, mature preharvest forests, clear-cut sites with retention trees, and clear-cut sites without retention trees). The 369 recorded species represent an estimated 70% of the full species pool studied. Our main finding was that production forests supported over 80% of recorded species, but only one-third appears tolerant of management intensification. The landscape-scale potential of production forests through biodiversity-friendly silviculture is approximately twice as high as the number of tolerant species and, additionally, many very rare species depend on setting aside their scattered localities. The potential is much smaller at the scale of individual stands. The scale effect emerges because multiple stands contribute different sets of sensitive and infrequent species. When the full potential of production forests is realized, the role of reserves is to protect specific old-growth dependent taxa (15% to 20% of the species pool). Our study highlights that production forests form a heterogeneous and dynamic target for addressing the biodiversity conservation principle of sustainable forest management.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Accounting for consumers' environmental concern in supply chain contracts. Consumers are increasingly concerned about pollution and are, at least in part, making their purchases accordingly. In this paper, we consider a supply chain where demand depends on the manufacturer's environmental reputation, an asset that can only be built over time. We assume that this reputation depends on information emanating from the manufacturer itself about its environmental actions and on its objective environmental record when compared to an industry standard.In this paper, we look at the impact of consumers' environmental concern on the strategies and outcomes of a supply chain. As the retailer has a direct influence on sales through its pricing policy, it seem more realistic to take a supply chain perspective instead of a single-firm one. Therefore, the contractual arrangement in the supply chain becomes a relevant issue. We model the supply chain as a two-player dynamic game and characterize and compare the equilibrium strategies and outcomes under wholesale price and revenue-sharing contracts. We analyze the impact of the sharing parameter, the industry pollution standard and consumers' degree of environmental sensitivity on the results, and in particular, on the region in the parameter space where a revenue-sharing contract is Pareto improving with respect to a wholesale-price contract. Also, we examine whether it is in the best interest of the retailer to behave myopically when setting its price.(c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
+{"token": "Up close and personal: Using high engagement techniques to study Chinese visitors' landscape perceptions. Given the well-documented increase in Chinese outbound tourists, it is no surprise that the Chinese market continues to attract considerable scholarly interest. Previous studies have been primarily quantitative, using methods and instruments administered prior to and/or immediately after visitation. While useful, such approaches may struggle to capture the complex cultural attributes of the Chinese market. Accordingly, this paper proposes the adoption of high-engagement (HE) methods, namely Accompanied Walk and Visitor Employed Photography (VEP), as additional in-situ techniques for studying Chinese visitors. Drawing on fieldwork conducted at Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park, this paper details the procedures of using HE approaches to collect data. An insider positionality and triangulation of data from multiple techniques are particularly useful for unravelling cultural nuances. The strengths of each method in obtaining quality data from Chinese tourists are discussed, together with strategies for overcoming challenges encountered in the field.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "The Use of a Portable Head CT Scanner in the Intensive Care Unit. Transport of critically ill intensive care unit (ICU) patients may be hazardous. In this study, we examined the use of a portable head CT scanner (CereTom (R)) in the ICU to assess its feasibility, safety, and radiological quality. Two hundred and twenty-five portable head CT scans were obtained from 114 patients (mean age = 57 18 years) treated in a neurosurgical intensive care unit at a university-based Level I trauma center. Patient radiological and ICU records were retrospectively reviewed. The vast majority of portable CT scans were performed after an intracranial procedure (24%) due to neurological deterioration (16%) or in routine follow-up (16%). Diagnostic quality was judged to be adequate, and no scans needed to be repeated because of poor quality. No scans were complicated by accidental disconnection of an intravenous line. In ventilated patients, there were no interruptions in mechanical ventilation and no inadvertent extubations. In addition, continuous intracranial monitoring, when in use, remained connected. The average total time to perform a portable head CT scan was 19.5 +/- 3.5 min. The actual scan time was 2.5 +/- 0.7 min. These results suggest that the portable CT scanner (CereTom) is feasible, easy to use, and safe and provides adequate radiological quality for diagnostic decisions.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
+{"token": "Study of radon, thoron and toxic elements in some textile dyes. Elemental analysis of textile dyes may provide valuable information concerning the content and concentrations of element, especially the toxic ones. Such information monitors the safety of handling and using these dyes in textile industry. In addition to the safety of wearing of clothes stained with these dyes. In the present work, the specific activity of both radon and thoron were measured in nine textile dyes by using alpha emitters registration which are emitted from radon and thoron gases in CR-39 nuclear track detectors. Unexpectedly, the results obtained reports a high concentration of both radon and thoron gases in some samples (samples D5 and D9). Also the concentration of toxic elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Cd and Cr) in textile dyes were determined by flame and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15]}
+{"token": "Widespread Occurrence of Herbicide-Resistant Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in Northern Idaho and Eastern Washington. Persistent use of herbicides has resulted in the selection of many herbicide-resistant weeds worldwide. A survey of 75 fields in the Palouse region of the inland Pacific Northwest was conducted to determine the extent of Italian ryegrass resistance to grass herbicides commonly used in winter wheat-cropping systems. Plants grown from collected seed samples were tested for resistance to diclofop, clodinafop, quizalofop, tralkoxydim, sethoxydim, clethodim, pinoxaden, triasulfuron, mesosulfuron, flucarbazone, imazamox, and flufenacet/metribuzin. Averaged across herbicide families within a herbicide group, some level of resistance was exhibited in 73, 31, and 31% of the populations to the aryloxyphenoxypropionates, cyclohexanediones, and phenylpyrazoline herbicides, respectively, and 39, 53, and 55% of the populations to the sulfonylureas, sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone, and imidazolinone herbicides, respectively. Twelve percent of the populations showed some level of resistance to flufenacet/metribuzin. Cross-resistance to all acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase-inhibiting (group I) herbicides was observed in 12% of the populations, whereas 25% of the populations were cross-resistant to all acetolactate synthase-inhibiting (group 2) herbicides tested. Of all the populations tested, 7% exhibited multiple resistance to at least one herbicide within all three groups tested. Only 5% of populations were completely susceptible to all 12 herbicides tested. These results indicate that herbicide-resistant Italian ryegrass populations are now common across much of the Palouse region in northern Idaho and eastern Washington.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Mechanism of plasticity development for ceramic dough (part 2) - Investigation on plasticity by particle packing structure. Plasticity and packing structure of clay and alumina dough, and of alumina mixed with water-soluble and non-water-soluble plasticizers were investigated. It was found that both plastic clay dough and alumina dough with plasticizers showed a two-peak pore population. When the larger-sized pores increased in volume, the fluidity of the dough was improved. On the otherhand, when the smaller sized pores decreased in volume, a high rigidity was showed. An aggregate structure was observed in the clay and the dough mixed with water-soluble plasticizer like methyl cellulose. Plasticity was generated when the aggregates were deformed by using the larger-sized pores among each aggregate. The non-water-soluble curdlan did not dissolve in the dough and remained in gel. The larger-sized pores were formed by the gel, whose deformation produced plasticity. It was understood that plasticity is generated when either the aggregates or the gel act as a buffer in the dough and enhance deformation of the dough.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Enhanced Biocontrol of Cucumber Fusarium Wilt by Combined Application of New Antagonistic Bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B2 and Phenolic Acid-Degrading Fungus Pleurotus ostreatus P5. Continuous monoculture of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) typically leads to the frequent incidence of Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (FOC). As potent allelochemicals, phenolic acids are believed to be associated with soilborne diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effect of single or co-inoculation of antagonistic bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B2 and phenolic acid-degrading fungus Pleurotus ostreatus P5 on the suppression of cucumber Fusarium wilt. The strain B2 was identified as B. amyloliquefaciens based on biochemical, physiological, and 16S rDNA and gyrB gene sequence analyses. Strain B2 showed indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and siderophore production and phosphate solubilization in in vitro assays. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging showed the ability of strain B2 to adhere to the root surface of cucumber. P. ostreatus P5 could effectively degrade mixed phenolic acids as its sole source of carbon and energy for growth in liquid medium. In a pot experiment, four treatments were established as follows: (1) CK, uninoculated control; (2) B2, inoculation of strain B2; (3) P5, inoculation of strain P5; and (4) B2 + P5, co-inoculation of strain B2 and strain P5. At the end of the 60-day pot experiment, the B2, P5, and B2 + P5 treatments significantly reduced disease incidence by 48.1, 22.2, and 63.0%, respectively, compared to the CK treatment (p < 0.05). All three inoculation treatments significantly increased the growth of cucumber seedlings and suppressed the FOC population compared to the control (p < 0.05). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that total phenolic acids were decreased by 18.9, 35.9, and 63.2% in the B2, P5, and B2 + P5 treatments, respectively. The results from this study suggest that combined application of B. amyloliquefaciens B2 and P. ostreatus P5 could be a promising strategy for suppressing Fusarium wilt and improving plant growth of cucumber seedlings under continuous cropping conditions.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Optimal selection strategies for QTL mapping using pooled DNA samples. The cost of large-scale association studies may be reduced substantially by analysis of pooled DNA from multiple individuals. Here we examine the optimal symmetric and asymmetric designs for pooling experiments for quantitative traits under a range of assumptions about the underlying genetic model and the sources of experimental errors in allele frequency estimation. The results indicate that, in the absence of experimental errors and for common alleles with additive effects, a symmetric pooling scheme comparing the top 27% with the bottom 27% of the trait distribution is optimal, extracting 80% the total information available. A symmetric design is not optimal for rare or recessive alleles, which require asymmetric (or other) pooling strategies. Allele frequency measurement errors reduce the optimal pooling fraction as well as the overall efficiency of the pooling design. In contrast, random variation in the amount of DNA contributed by individuals to a pool reduces only the overall efficiency of the pooling design. Our results emphasize the importance of minimising experimental errors and suggest a pooling fraction of around 20%.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "Ultrastructural analysis of the cristae ampullares in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). Type I hair cells outnumber type II hair cells (HCs) in squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) cristae by a nearly 3:1 ratio. Associated with this type I HC preponderance, calyx fibers make up a much larger fraction of the afferent innervation than in rodents (Fernandez et al. [1995] J. Neurophysiol. 73:1253-1269). To study how this affects synaptic architecture, we used disector methods to estimate various features associated with type I and type II HCs in central (CZ) and peripheral (PZ) zones of monkey cristae. Each type I HC makes, on average, 5-10 ribbon synapses with the inner face of a calyx ending. Inner-face synapses outnumber those on calyx outer faces by a 40:1 ratio. Expressed per afferent, there are, on average, 15 inner-face ribbon synapses, 0.38 outer-face ribbons, and 2.6 efferent boutons on calyx-bearing endings. Calyceal invaginations per type I HC range from 19 in CZ to 3 in PZ. For type II HCs, there are many more ribbons and afferent boutons in PZ than in CZ, whereas efferent innervation is relatively uniform throughout the neuroepithelium. Despite outer-face ribbons being more numerous in chinchilla than in squirrel monkey, afferent discharge properties are similar (Lysakowski et al. [1995] J. Neurophysiol. 73:1270-1281), reinforcing the importance of inner-face ribbons in synaptic transmission. Comparisons across mammalian species suggest that the prevalence of type I HCs is a primate characteristic, rather than an arboreal life-style adaptation. Unlike cristae, type II HCs predominate in monkey maculae. Differences in hair-cell counts may reflect the stimulus magnitudes handled by semicircular canals and otolith organs.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 47]}
+{"token": "Research on Health Evaluation Method of Tank Diesel Engine. The idea of diesel engine health evaluation is put forward, and the calculation flow, fast algorithm, and influencing factors of wavelet fractal dimension are analyzed. Through the real vehicle experiment, the corresponding relationship between the fractal dimension of the wavelet and the health condition of the diesel engine is calculated and analyzed. Three quantitative expression parameters, age health degree, dimension health degree, and comprehensive health degree, are defined considering the age and working condition of diesel engine. Finally, the consistency of health degree with vibration intensity, acceleration time, deceleration time, and fuel consumption was confirmed. It has been proved that it is feasible to evaluate the health of diesel engine with health degree.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "New records of tardigrades from Colombia with the description of Paramacrobiotus sagani sp nov and Doryphoribius rosanae sp nov. By examining material collected in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta ( Department of Magdalena, Colombia), the authors report a new record for the entire South America, Doryphoribius gibber Beasley & Pilato, 1987, and two species new to science, Paramacrobiotus sagani sp. nov., and Doryphoribius rosane sp. nov., are described. Paramacrobiotus sagani sp. nov. belongs to the richtersi group, vanescens subgroup ( by having sculptured egg areolae) and is characterized by a peculiar cuticular granulation, trunco-conical egg processes with cylindrical indented apices, and other more detailed characters both qualitative and metric; by the unique combination of characters, it differs from all the other known species of the genus. Doryphoribius rosanae sp. nov. is characterized by reticulated dorsal cuticle with gibbosities ( formula IX: 4-62-6-2-6-4-2-2), two macroplacoids in the pharynx without microplacoid or septulum, and large, stout claws without \\\\'free\\\\' accessory points but with lunules. It differs from all the other Doryphoribius species with gibbosities by having a unique formula, as well as other more detailed characters. Thanks to this contribution, the number of tardigrade species known for Colombia increases from 52 to 55.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Patients lacking the major CNS myelin protein, proteolipid protein 1, develop length-dependent axonal degeneration in the absence of demyelination and inflammation. Axonal degeneration contributes to clinical disability in the acquired demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis. Axonal degeneration occurs during acute attacks, associated with inflammation, and during the chronic progressive phase of the disease in which inflammation is not prominent. To explore the importance of interactions between oligodendrocytes and axons in the CNS, we analysed the brains of rodents and humans with a null mutation in the gene encoding the major CNS myelin protein, proteolipid protein (PLP1, previously PLP). Histological analyses of the CNS of Plp1 null mice and of autopsy material from patients with null PLP1 mutations were performed to evaluate axonal and myelin integrity. In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of PLP1 null patients was conducted to measure levels of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), a marker of axonal integrity. Length-dependent axonal degeneration without demyelination was identified in the CNS of Plp1 null mice. Proton MRS of PLP1-deficient patients showed reduced NAA levels, consistent with axonal loss. Analysis of patients' brain tissue also demonstrated a length-dependent pattern of axonal loss without significant demyelination. Therefore, axonal degeneration occurs in humans as well as mice lacking the major myelin protein PLP1. This degeneration is length-dependent, similar to that found in the PNS of patients with the inherited demyelinating neuropathy, CMT1A, but is not associated with significant demyelination. Disruption of PLP1-mediated axonal-glial interactions thus probably causes this axonal degeneration. A similar mechanism may be responsible for axonal degeneration and clinical disability that occur in patients with multiple sclerosis.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "Labyrinthopeptins as virolytic inhibitors of respiratory syncytial virus cell entry. Acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRI) caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are associated with a severe disease burden among infants and elderly patients. Treatment options are limited. While numerous drug candidates with different viral targets are under development, the utility of RSV entry inhibitors is challenged by a low resistance barrier and by single mutations causing cross-resistance against a wide spectrum of fusion inhibitor chemotypes. We developed a cell-based screening assay for discovery of compounds inhibiting infection with primary RSV isolates. Using this system, we identified labyrinthopeptin A1 and A2 (Laby A1/A2), lantibiotics isolated from Actinomadzra namibiensis, as effective RSV cell entry inhibitors with IC(50)s of 0.39 mu M and 4.97 mu M, respectively, and with favourable therapeutic index (>200 and > 20, respectively). Both molecules were active against multiple RSV strains including primary isolates and their antiviral activity against RSV was confirmed in primary human airway cells ex vivo and a murine model in vivo. Laby A1/A2 were antiviral in prophylactic and therapeutic treatment regimens and displayed synergistic activity when applied in combination with each other. Mechanistic studies showed that Laby A1/A2 exert virolytic activity likely by binding to phosphatidylethanolamine moieties within the viral membrane and by disrupting virus particle membrane integrity. Probably due to its specific mode of action, Laby A1/A2 antiviral activity was not affected by common resistance mutations to known RSV entry inhibitors. Taken together, Laby A1/A2 represent promising candidates for development as RSV inhibitors. Moreover, the cell-based screening system with primary RSV isolates described here should be useful to identify further antiviral agents.", "label": [2, 22, 21]}
+{"token": "DIURNAL TIME-ACTIVITY BUDGETS AND HABITAT USE OF RING-NECKED DUCK DUCKLINGS IN NORTHCENTRAL MINNESOTA. We studied diurnal time-activity budgets and habitat use of 36 individually marked, class II and III Ring-necked Duck (Aytha collaris) ducklings during 1983 and 1984 in northcentral Minnesota. Overall, ducklings spent 40.9% of their time foraging, 30.8% resting, 21.0% in comfort activities, 6.0% in locomotion, and 1.3% alert. Within broods, duckling activities were synchronized. When the duckling being sampled was foraging, resting, or engaged in comfort movements, 87%, 77%, and 56%, respectively, of the other brood members were engaged in the same behavior. Although male ducklings were larger than their female siblings, we detected no sex differences in activity budgets, dive rates, or the proportion of time spent in subsurface vs surface feeding. Only time spent in comfort and locomotor activities varied by time of day. Time spent in all activities, except comfort, differed between years. Five of six hens abandoned their broods before the ducklings could fly. Thereafter, ducklings spent more time foraging and less time resting and in comfort activities. Ducklings were never observed on shore. They spent 82.6% of their time in open water, although use of this habitat component was less than its availability (96.7%). While in open water, ducklings spent most of their time foraging (50.9%), resting (20.6%), and in comfort activities (19.2%). Exposed flats, consisting of islands of decayed organic debris, were used (16.0%) far in excess of their availability (0.3%), indicating ducklings actively selected this habitat component where they mostly rested (65.8%) and engaged in comfort activities (28.4%).", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Parametric system identification of large-scale structure using decoupled synchronized signals. Large-scale structures are subjected to environmental loads or frequent seismic motion with irremediable effect. These loads have often multidirectional actions on structures, and it couples their responses and leads to multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) problem. The complexity of MIMO model and the relative time-delays in sensing networks are among major sources of error in dynamic properties identification in large scale structures. This study proposed a parametric-time domain method to reduce the negative effect of these problems. For this purpose, the contribution of each input in the output signals is determined using QR decomposition and converts a MIMO problem into multiple single-input multiple-output (SIMO) ones. In this regard, an Autoregressive Moving Average with eXogenous (ARMAX) model is implemented on decoupled signals for modal identification. Further, for time synchronization of records, a cross-correlation function has been used to achieve more precise results. The method was employed real strong-motion response recorded by different sensors at a high rise 64-story concrete building. Results demonstrate the promising precision of the proposed algorithm for identifying current structural modal properties under real earthquake excitations. Hence, structures can be monitored efficiently along seismic experiences to detect any possible variations in their structural features. The comparison between the output of the proposed method and previous study indicates a considerable improvement on accuracy of the estimated model property particularly on mode shapes.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "Probabilistic Risk Analysis for Engineered Systems. Probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) provides practical techniques for predicting and managing risks (i.e., frequencies and severities of adverse consequences) in many complex engineered systems. In this chapter, we survey methods for PRA and decision making in engineered systems, emphasizing progress in methods for dealing with uncertainties (e. g., via Bayesian belief networks, with dependencies among inputs expressed via copulas), communicating results effectively, and using the results to guide improved decision making by multiple parties (e. g., teams of stakeholders). For systems operating under threats from intelligent adversaries, novel methods (e. g., game-theoretic ideas) can help to identify effective risk-reduction strategies and resource allocations. The focus on methodology reflects the belief of the authors that in hard decision problems, where the risks and the best courses of action are unclear (often because of sparse, ambiguous, or conflicting data), state-of-the-art methodology may be critical to good risk management. This chapter discusses some of the most useful current methodologies, and suggests possible directions for extensions and improvements.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Foraging preferences of Canada geese among turfgrasses: Implications for reducing human-goose conflicts. Canada geese (Branta canadensis) can cause serious damage to turfgrass areas and create human health and safety concerns (e.g., collisions with aircraft, disease transmission). We conducted a study during 20052007 to determine if Canada geese exhibit a feeding preference among various commercially available turfgrasses. Behavioral responses of captive geese to 9 turfgrasses, bare ground, and litter were observed over 6 4-week trials during JulySeptember following the installation of selected turfgrasses into experimental arenas. Captive geese preferred to forage on Kentucky bluegrass, creeping bentgrass, and fine fescue sods compared to centipedegrass, St. Augustinegrass, and zoysiagrass. Forage qualities and macronutrient levels varied among the turfgrasses and might explain the foraging preferences geese exhibited during this study. Canada goose feeding rate was positively correlated with crude protein, nitrogen content, and calcium, but negatively correlated with acid detergent fiber content, within various turfgrasses. Our findings suggest careful selection of turfgrasses could be an effective method for reducing Canada goose conflicts in urban and suburban areas. (c) 2011 The Wildlife Society.", "label": [4, 37, 47]}
+{"token": "FIRST RECORD OF CHRYSOMYA MEGACEPHALA (FABRICIUS, 1794) (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE ) IN ALGERIA. Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) is a pest calliphorid fly of medical and forensic importance. In this study, we report the first record of Chrysomya megacephala in Algeria, North Africa. In addition, other calliphorid species which are commonly present in Algeria are listed along with their occurrence locations.Two specimens (one male and one female) of Ch. megacephala were captured in Mechtita, Tipaza Province during autumn and three samples, all females, were collected in Ouled Yaich, Blida Province during spring. Three calliphorid species, namely Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy, Chrysomya albiceps Wiedmann and Lucilia sericata Meigen, were recorded from our surveys of necrophagous Diptera in Algeria between 2010 and 2016. Ch. megacephala distribution seems to be moving rapidly northward in the Palearctic and the Nearctic regions. This new record expands the current distribution of this species in Africa and in the Paleartic Region.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "sRNA-FISH: versatile fluorescent in situ detection of small RNAs in plants. Localization of mRNA and small RNAs (sRNAs) is important for understanding their function. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) has been used extensively in animal systems to study the localization and expression of sRNAs. However, current methods for fluorescent in situ detection of sRNA in plant tissues are less developed. Here we report a protocol (sRNA-FISH) for efficient fluorescent detection of sRNAs in plants. This protocol is suitable for application in diverse plant species and tissue types. The use of locked nucleic acid probes and antibodies conjugated with different fluorophores allows the detection of two sRNAs in the same sample. Using this method, we have successfully detected the co-localization of miR2275 and a 24-nucleotide phased small interfering RNA in maize anther tapetal and archesporial cells. We describe how to overcome the common problem of the wide range of autofluorescence in embedded plant tissue using linear spectral unmixing on a laser scanning confocal microscope. For highly autofluorescent samples, we show that multi-photon fluorescence excitation microscopy can be used to separate the target sRNA-FISH signal from background autofluorescence. In contrast to colorimetric in situ hybridization, sRNA-FISH signals can be imaged using super-resolution microscopy to examine the subcellular localization of sRNAs. We detected maize miR2275 by super-resolution structured illumination microscopy and direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy. In this study, we describe how we overcame the challenges of adapting FISH for imaging in plant tissue and provide a step-by-step sRNA-FISH protocol for studying sRNAs at the cellular and even subcellular level.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "What Will the Neighbors Think? The Effect of Moral Communities on Cohabitation. In this study, we analyze the relationship between county-level religious adherence rates and county-level cohabitation rates in the year 2000. Based on the concept of moral communities, we test hypotheses that higher rates of affiliation with certain religious traditions and lower levels of religious heterogeneity will correlate with lower rates of cohabitation. The analysis consists of data from two sources: the 2000 U. S. Census and the 2000 Religious Congregations and Membership Study. In well-controlled models, spatial regression analysis indicates significant negative relationships between evangelical adherence rates and percent cohabiting. Our results also show that, although rates of adherence and heterogeneity also matter outside the South, the effects are consistently stronger in the South and among Christian denominations. This study advances research on cohabitation by conducting a county-level examination of the impact of religion and moral communities on the increasingly high levels of cohabitation that we are seeing in the United States.", "label": [3, 5, 33, 57]}
+{"token": "Sustainability issues for underground space in urban areas. This paper examines the continued growth in the use of underground space beneath cities and the widespread lack of significant and broad planning efforts for its use. The paper is drawn from the collective experience and prior research of the authors together with information exchanges afforded by the activities of the International Tunnelling and Underground Space Association's Committee on Underground Space (ITACUS). The particular focus of this paper is on sustainability issues related to urban underground space use including contribution to an environmentally sustainable and aesthetically acceptable landscape, anticipated structural longevity and the maintenance of opportunity for urban development by future generations. However, owing to their initial cost and permanent alteration of the underground environment, underground structures put a special emphasis on long-range planning which considers life-cycle cost-benefits and the selection of projects that offer the highest contribution to urban sustainability rather than a short-term fix to an individual need.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Synthesis of ZnTe nanowires onto TiO2 nanotubular arrays by pulse-reverse electrodeposition. Growth of ZnTe nanowires using a pulse-reverse electrodeposition technique from a non-aqueous solution is reported. ZnTe nanowires were grown on to an ordered nanotubular TiO2 template in a propylene carbonate solution at 130 degrees C inside a controlled atmosphere glove box. The pulse-reverse electro deposition process consisted of a cathodic pulse at -0.62 V and an anodic pulse at 0.75 V Vs Zn2+/Zn. Stoichiometry growth of crystalline ZnTe nanowires was observed in the as-deposited condition. The anodic pulse cycle of the pulse-reverse electrodeposition process presumably introduced zinc vacancies as deep level acceptors at an energy level of E-v + 0.47 eV. The resultant ZnTe nanowires showed p-type semiconductivity with a resistivity of 7.8 x 10(4) Omega cm and a charge carrier density of 1.67 x 10(14) cm(-3). Annihilation of the defects occurred upon thermal annealing that resulted in marginal decrease in the defect density. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "PREVALENCE OF TRYPANOSOME INFECTIONS IN THE MARINE LEECH JOHANSSONIA-ARCTICA OFF EASTERN NEWFOUNDLAND. A study was conducted to determine the prevalence of trypanosomal stages, indistinguishable from Trypanosoma murmanensis, in the marine leech Johanssonia arctica off eastern Newfoundland, Canada, from 1972 to 1990. Prevalence of the infection was highest between May and October, with a peak in July, and lowest during winter. The highest prevalences were also associated with a high percentage of engorged leeches in summer-autumn. Prevalence of infection in recently emerged leeches, following their first blood meal, was greater in July than at other times of the year. Similarly, the percentage of infection increased with age of the leech and was greater in summer than in winter. The number of leeches, as well as the prevalence of infection, decreased offshore. Prevalence of infection was observed to be substantially lower in saliva than in gut contents. A study of host preference on J. arctica indicated that a greater percentage of blood meals was taken from flatfish in summer; in winter, as the latter became submerged in sediment, there was a shift in feeding to eelpouts and wolffish. The prevalence of the infection was greater in fish, especially flatfish, closer to shore than in offshore areas and corresponds to the abundance of the vector. Results from the present study suggest that infections in the leech reach a peak during summer-autumn and are acquired mainly from flatfish, in which prevalence of the infection adjacent to the coast is highest.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Morphological description of the Lipizzan horse population. Morphological measurements of Lipizzan horses from state-owned studs in seven countries in Central and South-east Europe (Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia) were recorded to characterise the base population of Lipizzan horse breeding. A total of 37 distance and angular measures were taken from 368 breeding mares and 145 stallions from eight studs tone stud from each country with the exception of Romania, where horses were measured at two studs), Significant differences between studs were found for most of the traits (34 of 37 for mares, 19 of 37 for stallions), Repeatabilities of measurements (based on two repetitions in 100 horses) varied from 0.23 to 0.95. Some of the measurements most frequently taken in horse breeding showed high repeatabilities (0.95 for height at withers and cannon bone circumference), but chest girth showed a rather low repeatability of 0.45. Heritabilites of the traits Varied from 0.00 to 0.55. Estimates were comparable to literature results but due to the small data set (only the 368 mares were used for analysis) they were partly inconsistent. Multivariate analyses were applied separately to mares and stallions. Length of neck, cannon bone circumference, and width of thorax were the most important traits for discriminating studs for mares: width of thurls, chest circumference, and width of hips were important for stallions. Mahalanobis distances based on all 37 measurements were significant for pairwise comparison of all studs. An analysis of the differences of sire lines showed no significance. The results reflect at least partially different breeding goals. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Temporal stability of electrical conductivity in a sandy soil. Understanding of soil spatial variability is needed to delimit areas for precision agriculture. Electromagnetic induction sensors which measure the soil apparent electrical conductivity reflect soil spatial variability. The objectives of this work were to see if a temporally stable component could be found in electrical conductivity, and to see if temporal stability information acquired from several electrical conductivity surveys could be used to better interpret the results of concurrent surveys of electrical conductivity and soil water content. The experimental work was performed in a commercial rainfed olive grove of 6.7 ha in the 'La Manga' catchment in SW Spain. Several soil surveys provided gravimetric soil water content and electrical conductivity data. Soil electrical conductivity values were used to spatially delimit three areas in the grove, based on the first principal component, which represented the time-stable dominant spatial electrical conductivity pattern and explained 86% of the total electrical conductivity variance. Significant differences in clay, stone and soil water contents were detected between the three areas. Relationships between electrical conductivity and soil water content were modelled with an exponential model. Parameters from the model showed a strong effect of the first principal component on the relationship between soil water content and electrical conductivity. Overall temporal stability of electrical conductivity reflects soil properties and manifests itself in spatial patterns of soil water content.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Nonlinear inversion of the electrode logging measurements in a deviated well. We develop a nonlinear inversion method for reconstructing the 3-D electrical conductivity in a highly deviated well with invasion using electrode logging (static field) measurements. The integral equation is formulated in an oblique polar coordinate system so that the dipping bed environment can be modeled without approximations. The computation time is dramatically reduced by using a nonuniform discretization grid in the direction away from the borehole. Moreover, the contrast source inversion method, which has been successfully applied to the electrode logging problem using a homogeneous background, has been modified so that the inhomogeneous background carl be used without introducing a borehole Green's function. Numerical examples have shown that the present inversion method formulated in an oblique polar coordinate system can be used as an interpretation technique for the electrode logging measurements.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "The Influence of French Colonial Rule on Lao Architecture with a Focus on Residential Buildings. During the French colonial period in Lao PDR (from 1893-1953), France integrated its architectural elements into traditional Lao architecture and modified them to suit the climate. The French colonial style continues to make a modest impact in most major towns and cities. The harmonious combination of traditional Lao architecture and French colonial influences shows the true values and wealth of a city's characteristics. These unique architectural styles and motifs are valuable to the area's heritage; many of these styles are still conserved today, especially in Luang Prabang, which was designated as a World Heritage city in 1995. Some historical buildings have been adapted according to social and economic factors. However, as elsewhere in Indochinese countries, the provincial French design was modified to suit the hot and humid tropical climate. The design of colonial villas, in turn, began to influence subtle changes in the design of Lao urban dwellings. This paper discusses the development of traditional Lao architectural styles that have been experienced in Lao PDR, analyzes the process of change, emphasizes the importance of compatibility between traditional house form and the French colonial house, and studies the factors influencing the transformations of traditional housing.", "label": [1, 17]}
+{"token": "Mixture density networks for the indirect estimation of reference intervals. Background Reference intervals represent the expected range of physiological test results in a healthy population and are essential to support medical decision making. Particularly in the context of pediatric reference intervals, where recruitment regulations make prospective studies challenging to conduct, indirect estimation strategies are becoming increasingly important. Established indirect methods enable robust identification of the distribution of \\\\'healthy\\\\' samples from laboratory databases, which include unlabeled pathologic cases, but are currently severely limited when adjusting for essential patient characteristics such as age. Here, we propose the use of mixture density networks (MDN) to overcome this problem and model all parameters of the mixture distribution in a single step. Results Estimated reference intervals from varying settings with simulated data demonstrate the ability to accurately estimate latent distributions from unlabeled data using different implementations of MDNs. Comparing the performance with alternative estimation approaches further highlights the importance of modeling the mixture component weights as a function of the input in order to avoid biased estimates for all other parameters and the resulting reference intervals. We also provide a strategy to generate partially customized starting weights to improve proper identification of the latent components. Finally, the application on real-world hemoglobin samples provides results in line with current gold standard approaches, but also suggests further investigations with respect to adequate regularization strategies in order to prevent overfitting the data. Conclusions Mixture density networks provide a promising approach capable of extracting the distribution of healthy samples from unlabeled laboratory databases while simultaneously and explicitly estimating all parameters and component weights as non-linear functions of the covariate(s), thereby allowing the estimation of age-dependent reference intervals in a single step. Further studies on model regularization and asymmetric component distributions are warranted to consolidate our findings and expand the scope of applications.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42]}
+{"token": "Genetic and non-genetic factors affecting monthly test day milk yields in Karan Fries cattle. The present investigation was carried out using data of first lactation monthly (MTDY) test day milk yields and 305-day milk yield records of 1345 Karan Fries cows sired by 84 bulls from 1984-2006 maintained at NDRI, Karnal. The effect of season of calving on all the monthly test day (MTDY) milk yields was highly significant. The monthly test day milk yields were highest in winter followed by summer in MTDY-1. However in MTDY-2 and MTDY-3, the highest milk yield was observed in winter followed by autumn, from MTDY-4 to MTDY-6; MTDY-7 to MTDY-8 and MTDY-9 to MTDY-11 the highest milk yield was observed in autumn, rainy season and summer respectively. No definite trend for other seasons was observed in this trait. The effect of periods of calving on all the monthly test day yields was highly significant. The effect of period of calving on monthly test day milk yields showed no definite trend till IV period. However, the monthly test day milk yields exhibited an increasing trend from V period onwards till VIII period for MTDY-4 to MTDY-11. The effect of age at first calving on MTDY-2 and MTDY-3 was significant and on remaining monthly test day milk yields, it was nonsignificant. The h(2) estimate of monthly test day milk yield was lowest for MTDY-1 and the highest for MTDY-6. The phenotypic correlations among monthly test day milk yields and with 305-day milk yield were highly significant. The estimates of phenotypic and genetic correlations among all the monthly test day milk yields ranged from 0.17 to 0.82 and from 0.46 to 0.99 respectively. The magnitude of phenotypic correlations among monthly test-day milk yields decreased with increasing time interval between test day milk yields. The estimates of phenotypic and genetic correlation of monthly test day yields with 305-day milk yield ranged from 0.42 to 0.78 and 0.80 to 0.99, respectively, and the estimates was generally higher in the middle segment of lactation.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "From Magic Bullet to Magic Bomb: Reductive Bioactivation of Antiparasitic Agents. Paul Ehrlich coined the term \\\\'magic bullet\\\\' to describe how a drug kills the parasite inside its human host without harming the host itself. Ehrlich concluded that the drug must have a greater affinity to the parasite than to human cells. Today, the specificity of drug action is understood in terms of the drug target. An ideal target is a protein that is essential for the proliferation of the pathogen but absent in human cells. Examples are the enzymes of folate synthesis or of the nonmevalonate pathway in the malaria parasites. However, there are other ways how a drug can kill selectively. Of particular relevance is the specific activation of a prodrug inside the pathogen but not in the host, as this is how the current frontrunners of parasite chemotherapy work. Artemisinins for malaria, fexinidazole for human African trypanosomiasis, benznidazole for Chagas' disease, metronidazole for intestinal protozoa: these molecules are \\\\'magic bombs\\\\' that are triggered selectively. They are prodrugs that need to be activated by chemical reduction, i.e., the acquisition of an electron, which occurs in the parasite. Such a mode of action is shared by the novel antimalarial peroxides arterolane and artefenomel, which are activated by reduction of the endoperoxide bond with ferrous heme as the likely electron donor, a metabolic end-product of Plasmodium falciparum. Here we provide an overview on the molecular basis of selectivity of antiparasitic drug action with particular reference to the ozonides, the new generation of antimalarial peroxides designed by Jonathan Vennerstrom.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
+{"token": "The prime minister's constitution: Cabinet rulebooks in Westminster democracies. The transformation of governance in Westminster democracies is well documented. However, one aspect of their change that has not received much attention is the creation and publication of cabinet rulebooks. The few studies of cabinet rulebooks have focused on their potential constitutional implications, leaving unclear how their emergence fits within the broader development of Westminster governance. We address this gap in the literature by examining cabinet rulebooks in five Westminster democracies: Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. We analyze their features and emergence, and then set out a framework to analyze their potential effects on cabinet dynamics. We find that the appearance of cabinet rulebooks can be tied to several forces of change in Westminster systems, but most especially the growth of government. Furthermore, we find that these rulebooks project an account of prime ministerial power that is favorable to the prime minister.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "Glochidial infestation by the endangered mollusc Unio crassus in rivers of north-eastern France: Phoxinus phoxinus and Cottus gobio as primary fish hosts. 2. Fish hosts were identified in nine north-eastern French rivers in order to improve unionid conservation management.1. The thick-shelled river mussel Unio crassus is an endangered freshwater bivalve species with a life cycle that includes an obligate glochidial larval stage that attaches to the gills of freshwater fish for several days to months.3. Eurasian minnow Phoxinus phoxinus was the most important host at all study sites, with prevalence ranging from 15-100% (122 of 238 individuals infested), and bullhead Cottus gobio usually the second most important (prevalence 0-73%; 37 of 121). Other host species had a relatively low rate of infestation: chub Squalius cephalus (5 of 41), roach Rutilus rutilus (1 of 23), gudgeon Gobio gobio (2 of 50), stone loach Barbatula barbatula (2 of 58) and dace Leuciscus leuciscus (1 of 19). No glochidia were found on spirlin Alburnoides bipunctatus (0 of 24).4. Parasitic load usually ranged between one and three per fish (60% of cases), and rarely exceeded 10. First results suggest that U. crassus glochidia influence the weight: length ratio of P. phoxinus but not C. gobio, with infested fish being heavier.5. To date, the ecological function of P. phoxinus (and C. gobio) in small streams has been largely underestimated or ignored as the species is small, common and of no interest to anglers. There is increasing evidence, however, that P. phoxinus deserves conservation management owing to the essential role it plays in the reproduction, development and distribution of U. crassus. Copyright (C) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "The Chitosan Implementation into Cotton and Polyester/Cotton Blend Fabrics. Chitosan is an environmentally friendly agent that is used to achieve the antimicrobial properties of textiles. Nowadays, the binding of chitosan to the textiles has been thoroughly researched due to the increasing demands on the stability of achieved properties during the textile care processes. Most crosslinking agents for chitosan are not safe for humans or environment, such as glutaric aldehyde (GA) and formaldehyde derivatives. Eco-friendly polycarboxyilic acids (PCAs) are usually used in after-treatment. In this work, chitosan powder was dissolved in citric acid with sodium hydrophosphite (SHP) as a catalyst. Standard cotton (CO) and polyester/cotton (PES/CO) fabrics were pretreated in 20% NaOH, similar to mercerization, in order to open the structure of the cotton fibers and hydrolyze polyester fibers, continued by finishing in the gelatin chitosan bath. Afterwards, the hot rinsing process, followed by drying and curing, closed the achieved structure. The main objective was to achieve durable antimicrobial properties to multiple maintenance cycles CO and PES/CO fabric in order to apply it in a hospital environment. The characterization of fabrics was performed after treatment, first and fifth washing cycles according ISO 6330:2012 by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), electrokinetic analysis (EKA), by the determination of tensile properties and mechanical damage (wear), and the antimicrobial activity. The application of 20% NaOH led to the swelling and mercerization of cotton cellulose, and hydrolysis of polyester, resulting in better mechanical properties. It has been confirmed that the chitosan particles were well implemented into the cotton fiber and onto to the polyester component of PES/CO blend. The presence of chitosan was confirmed after five washing cycles, but in lower quantity. However, achieved antimicrobial activity is persistent.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Use of risk analysis for screening weed biocontrol agents: Altica carduorum Guer. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from China as a biocontrol agent of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. in North America. Candidate weed biocontrol agents must be screened to exclude those that could threaten desirable plants. Traditionally, this has been done by rejecting species that develop on economically important plants in laboratory no-choice tests. However, because congeneric plants often support development in these tests, even when they are not utilized in nature, the tests do not meet legislated requirements for rare plant species or the increasing public concern for native plants. Plant suitability for larval development is a poor predictor of host range because insects use a sequence of steps in which the early steps, such as host finding and acceptance for oviposition, tend to be stronger than the later ones, such as suitability for development. This study is a trial of a new approach to screening insects as weed biocontrol agents that uses risk analysis to quantify the suitability of a plant as a host on the basis of inset performance at various stages in its life cycle. The insects used for the study was a NW Chinese biotype of the leaf beetle, Altica carduorum, which in terms of climate adaptation and damage it inflicts on the weedy thistle Cirsium arvense, is a promising biocontrol agent for Canada. However, its ability to develop on all North American Cirsium spp. in laboratory no-choice tests currently excludes its release. We show by risk and factor analyses, with five sequential host-selection parameters, that the suitability of these thistles to A. carduorum is so low that the beetle would not jeopardize the continued existence of rare native thistles, so its release should not be a problem.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 44]}
+{"token": "Determinants of ultrafine particles, black carbon, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon monoxide concentrations inside vehicles in the Paris area: PUF-TAXI study. This study presents real-time concentrations of traffic-related air pollutants during 499 trips conducted by 50 Parisian taxi drivers from PUF-TAXI project. Ultrafine particles (UFPs), black carbon (BC), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)/carbon monoxide (CO) were measured inside vehicles by Diffusion Size Classifier Miniature(R), microAeth(R), and Gas-Pro(R), respectively, for nine hours. Vehicle/trip data characteristics were collected by questionnaires and on ambient conditions by monitoring stations. The associations between pollutant levels and their potential determinants were analyzed using generalized estimating equation model. Determinants of in-vehicle pollutants levels were identified: (1) ambient factors (meteorology and ambient pollution)-affecting BC, NO2, and CO; (2) vehicle characteristics-affecting all pollutants; and (3) trip-related driving habits-affecting UFP, BC, and CO. We highlight that commuters can, therefore, avoid high in-vehicle air pollutant concentrations mainly by (1) closing windows and activating air-conditioning under air recirculation mode in congested traffic; (2) smooth driving; and (3) maintaining cabin air filters.", "label": [1, 2, 17, 15, 24]}
+{"token": "Electrophoretic characterization of spring spelt wheat gliadins. Gliadin compositions of 95 spring spelts, 5 winter spelts, and Neepawa Hard Red Spring (HRS) wheat were evaluated by acid-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (A-PAGE). Five spring spelts grown in thr;ee environments over 2 years were compared to the HRS cultivar Katepwa using A-PAGE and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). On the basis of the scoring of 13 bands, the spring and winter spelts diverged widely from Neepawa HRS wheat. None of the spring spelts evaluated had a gliadin protein profile identical to that of commercially available winter spelt. Spring and winter spelts were differentiated from Katepwa HRS wheat based on omega-gliadin composition, in which common wheat was characterized by the presence of a slow-moving omega-gliadin and a strong-staining fast-moving omega-gliadin. Common wheat and spring spelt accessions SK0505, SK0263, and RL5407 (black-hulled spelts) had a distinct strong band in the gamma-gliadin region with MW of about 64K which was absent in winter spelts and the spring spelts SK0021 and PGR8801 (white-hulled spelts). The molecular weights of gliadin proteins were in the range of 34K-75K.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 36, 8]}
+{"token": "Introduction: On the politics of waiting. This special section sheds light on the relationship between sovereignty and temporality through practices of waiting in the militarised Kurdish cities and border provinces of Turkey. It reveals different feelings, practices, discourses, and imaginations derived from the waiting experience of citizens and refugees living in the midst or aftermath of the states of exceptions at the margins of the sovereign states.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Effect of Solder Joint Arrangements on BGA Lead-Free Reliability During Cooling Stage of Reflow Soldering Process. The aim of this paper is to investigate temperature and thermal stress responses at various joint arrangements during the cooling stage of the reflow process using an effective numerical approach. In this approach, numerical techniques for computational fluid modeling of the internal flow in the reflow oven were coupled with the structural cooling modeling at the board and package levels using a multi-physics code coupling interface. A thermal profiling experiment was conducted using the forced convection reflow oven to validate the simulation model. The numerical results were found to be in agreement with the experimental results. Results showed that the full-grid ball grid array (BGA) package has greatest temperature deviations, indicating different time responses between the start of the solidification process at different locations of the soldering process. Moreover, the solder joints experienced phase change from liquid to solid during the cooling stage of the reflow process. The large time interval for mushy zone of the full-grid BGA package indicated that the latent heat in a solder joint was hardly released to the environment. Consequently, this breaks the balance of the wetting force and increases the chances of the full-grid BGA package to skew. Generation of thermal stress at the interfaces of different materials occurred due to the mismatch of a variant coefficient of thermal expansion. Analysis and visualization of simulation results also showed that the maximum von-Mises stress of critically affected joints is influenced by solder joint arrangement patterns and not by the number of solder joints. The recommendation was also made to place dummy joints at the center of a package if routing and solder cracking problems were critical for peripheral array BGA package. The maximum von-Mises stress was reduced by 25.78% through improvement of solder arrangements. On the whole, the newly developed approach greatly helps reduce soldering defects and enhances solutions to lead-free reliability issues.", "label": [1, 14, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Interpretive representation: A relevance-theoretic analysis of the opening paragraph of Carlyle's 'Chartism'. This paper demonstrates the capacity of relevance theory to illuminate the stylistic features of a complex piece of literary prose and in particular to shed light on the level of coherence inherent in the text examined. Taking some independent critical observations of the writer's style as a point of departure, it provides a close analysis of the opening paragraph of Thomas Carlyle's essay Chartism, (1840), and places these observations on a firmer theoretical footing using the relevance theoretic concept of interpretive representation. In particular, it accounts for a number of inferences that are called for in relation to the interpretation of referential expressions that link the propositions expressed in the text with further propositions likely to be evoked in the reader. The analysis provided offers insight into Carlyle's style and supplies a criterion for constraining interpretations of the text as a whole.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "A review of the beach-fly genus Isocanace mathis (Diptera : Canacidae). The species of the beach-fly genus Isocanace Mathis are reviewed, including the description of two new species: I. crosbyi (New Zealand. South Island. NN: Cable Bay (41 degrees 09.6'S, 173 degrees 24.9'E) and I. freidbergi (Kenya. Takaungu (50 km N of Mombasa)). Descriptions for the genus and two species groups are also revised.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "The Changes in GABA, GAD and DAO Activities, and Microbial Safety of Soaking- and High Voltage Electric Field-Treated Adzuki Bean Sprouts. The level of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in nongerminated adzuki bean seeds is low, but it increases substantially during germination and sprouting. In this study, three seed treatments, including soaking (S), high voltage electric field (HVEF), and soaking plus HVEF (SHVEF), were used to examine their effects on sprout growth, sprout GABA content, sprout glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), and diamine oxidase (DAO) activities and microbial loads on 6-day-old adzuki bean sprouts. All the treatments enhanced sprout growth, increased sprout's GABA, and increased sprouts' GAD and DAO activities. The examined seed treatments also significantly reduced the microbial loads of the produced 6-day-old adzuki bean sprouts. The most effective treatment that improved the morphological and biochemical traits and reduced microbial loads on produced sprouts was the SHVEF treatment. SHVEF treatment also achieved a 5-log reduction in the microbial loads of total aerobic bacterial counts, total coliform counts, and total mold counts on the produced adzuki bean sprouts. Therefore, SHVEF is effective for increasing adzuki bean sprout production. It can also be used to improve nutritional quality and provide an intervention technique against microbial contamination on produced sprouts.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Detection of knockdown resistance mutations in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), in Australia. RESULTSSeveral modern field-collected strains and museum-preserved reference collections of Australian C. lectularius were examined. Of the field strains (2007-2013), 96% had the known kdr mutations (L925I or both V419L/L925I). The Adelaide' strain (2013) and samples from the preserved reference collections (1994-2002) revealed no known kdr mutations. A novel mutation I936F was apparent in the insecticide-resistant Adelaide' strain, one strain from Perth (with L925I) and the majority of the reference collection specimens. The laboratory insecticide-resistant Sydney' strain showed a mixture of no kdr mutations (20%) and L925I (80%).CONCLUSIONThe novel mutation I936F may be a kdr mutation but appeared to contribute less resistance to the pyrethroids than the V419L and L925I mutations. The detection of high frequencies of kdr mutations indicates that kdr-type resistance is widespread across Australia. Hence, there should be a reduced reliance on pyrethroid insecticides and an integrated management approach for the control of C. lectularius infestations. (c) 2014 Society of Chemical IndustryBACKGROUNDPyrethroid resistance in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., has been reported worldwide. An important resistance mechanism is via knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations, notably V419L and L925I. Information regarding this kdr-type resistance mechanism is unknown in Australia. This study aims to examine the status of kdr mutations in Australian C. lectularius strains.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 44]}
+{"token": "Predictors of postpartum depression and the utilization of postpartum depression services in rural areas in the Philippines. Purpose This study explored the prevalence and predictors of postpartum depression (PPD) as well as the utilization and evaluation of PPD services among postpartum women in rural areas of the Philippines. Design and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted. One hundred sixty-five women who visited maternal facilities in the rural areas of the Central Philippines completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Findings The prevalence of PPD was 16.4% at the sixth postpartum week. Occupation and marital status had significant direct influences on PPD. PPD services were not routinely provided by doctors and nurses. Practice Implications Our results highlight a greater need to intensify government programs relative to PPD services, specifically related to the early detection and screening of PPD among high-risk pregnancies.", "label": [2, 26, 23]}
+{"token": "The food craving inventory in an Iranian population: post-hoc validation and individual differences. Purpose The present study was performed to develop the Persian version of food craving inventory (FCI) (FCI-P) and to assess food craving in Iranian adult population. In addition, individual differences, including sex and body mass index (BMI) in food craving were assessed. Methods Eight hundred and twenty subjects who participated in the same study Hill (Proc Nutr Soc 66: 277-285, 2007) were studied (540 women and 280 men).The FCI-P, International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ), and a questionnaire pertaining to demographic characteristics were completed for all participants. Results Good content, construct, and convergent validity was observed for the FCI-P. A good reliability was found for both aggregate scores of the FCI-P and scores of its five factors. Exploratory factor analysis showed a five-factor model including \\\\'sweets,\\\\' \\\\'high-fat foods,\\\\' \\\\'fast food fats,\\\\' \\\\'carbohydrates/starches\\\\' and \\\\'high-fat meats\\\\'. These five factors accounted for 47.31% of the total variance. The scores of \\\\'uncontrolled eating\\\\' and \\\\'emotional eating\\\\' of the TFEQ were significantly correlated with the scores of the FCI-P factors and its total score. A significant correlation was found between BMI and the FCI-P score (r = 0.199). Significant differences were observed in the mean age and physical activity score among normal weight, overweight, and obese participants. Normal weight and overweight groups were more active than obese group. Obese participants had higher FCI-P score (P < 0.001) than the normal and overweight groups. FCI-P score was significantly higher in women than men. Conclusions FCI-P can be used as a valid and reliable measure to assess food craving in Iranian populations. Obese individuals experienced food craving more than normal weight subjects. Similarly, women may experience food craving more than men.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Jews and Judaism in Classical Sufi Literature. This paper addresses a paradox at the heart of the classical Sufi tradition. On the one hand, key Sufi writers express a radical universalism or 'transconfessionalism' in their mystical verse. This has led a variety of modern scholars to identify Sufism as an ecumenical and non-dogmatic tradition. On the other hand, in other writings the selfsame authors conduct a vigorous literary polemic and celebrate missionary efforts against unbelievers of all stripes, yet with a notable emphasis on Jewish unbelievers. This article examines the image of Jews and Judaism in key Sufi texts in both Arabic and Persian between the tenth and thirteenth centuries through a variety of motifs, including the construction of the Jew as embodiment of the demonic and as archetypal unbeliever. These images become critical to the literary function of the Jew in classical Sufi texts with little connection to their historical role in Near Eastern societies.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Perceived control and quality of life among recipients of implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Background: Perceived control is strongly associated with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among patients with chronic conditions, and it is possible to increase perceived control with appropriate intervention. Little is known about the relationship between perceived control and HRQOL in implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) recipients. Objectives: To determine the relationship of perceived control with quality of life in ICD recipients and to determine predictors of perceived control in this population. Methods: A total of 263 ICD recipients (63% male, age 61 +/- 14 years) completed the Control Attitude Scale-Revised to measure perceived control and completed self-reported measures on potential correlates of perceived control (i. e., depressive symptoms, anxiety, social support, and ICD concerns). The EuroQol-5D was used to measure HRQOL. Regression analysis was used to determine predictors of perceived control and its relationship to HRQOL, controlling for covariates. Results: Lower perceived control (b = 0.30, p <.01), and higher levels of depression (b = -0.30, p <.01) and anxiety (b = -0.18, p <.05) predicted lower levels of HRQOL. Higher anxiety (b = -0.17, p <.05), higher depression (b = -0.23, p <.05), lower social support (b = 0.26, p <.01), and higher ICD-related concerns (b = -0.16, p <.05) independently predicted lower perceived control. Conclusions: Interventions targeting patients' ICD concerns and psychosocial factors before, and continuing after, ICD insertion are needed to improve ICD recipients' perceived control and, in turn, their HRQOL. (c) 2018 Australian College of Critical Care Nurses Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
+{"token": "Building a dynamic theory of citizens' awareness of European Cohesion Policy interventions. Since more than thirty years, the European Cohesion Policy aims to reduce economic disparities and support regional development by funding local-orientated projects. However, the citizens' awareness of Cohesion Policy follows an unexpected longitudinal pattern characterised by a notable decrease after an initial increase. Although researchers have been investigating the relationship between policy implementation and public awareness, a lack of systemic comprehension of the underlying mechanisms is evident. Using system dynamics, we develop a causal model to explain the roots of the declining awareness towards policy interventions. The findings highlight how citizens initially manifest a high collective attention to Cohesion Policy that tends to decay over time. These dynamics, combined with the citizens' inherent tendency to lose information saved in their long-term individual memory, could elucidate the system's behaviour. This novel system dynamics application provides policy-makers with operational guidelines for developing efficient communication strategies to improve policy awareness. (C) 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
+{"token": "Removal of Different Dye Solutions: A Comparison Study Using a Polyamide NF Membrane. The removal of organic dyes in aquatic media is, nowadays, a very pressing environmental problem. These dyes usually come from industries, such as textiles, food, and pharmaceuticals, among others, and their harm is produced by preventing the penetration of solar radiation in the aquatic medium, which leads to a great reduction in the process of photosynthesis, therefore damaging the aquatic ecosystems. The feasibility of implementing a process of nanofiltration in the purification treatment of an aqueous stream with small size dyes has been studied. Six dyes were chosen: Acid Brown-83, Allura Red, Basic Fuchsin, Crystal Violet, Methyl Orange and Sunset Yellow, with similar molecular volume (from 250 to 380 angstrom). The nanofiltration membrane NF99 was selected. Five of these molecules with different sizes, shapes and charges were employed in order to study the behavior of the membrane for two system characteristic parameters: permeate flux and rejection coefficient. Furthermore, a microscopy study and a behavior analysis of the membrane were carried out after using the largest molecule. Finally, the Spiegler-Kedem-Katchalsky model was applied to simulate the behavior of the membrane on the elimination of this group of dyes.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36, 11, 42]}
+{"token": "Preservation of Methane Hydrates Prepared from Dilute Electrolyte Solutions. The anomalous or self- preservation of methane hydrate at atmospheric pressure and temperatures below the ice point was investigated to determine whether this phenomenon might have applications in the storage and transportation of natural gas. Particular attention was paid to the effects of dilute electrolytes, as the presence of impurities in water is unavoidable in commercial transportation processes. The presence of electrolytes had a marked effect on the decomposition kinetics of methane hydrate at temperatures between 243 and 269 K. It was also found that chloride and sulfate ions may exhibit greater effects than do sodium and magnesium ions. Copyright (C) 2009 Hiroshi Sato et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Chemical composition of the essential oil of Lantana camara L. from Cuba. The essential oil obtained from leaves of Lantana camara L. from Cuba was analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS. The oil was characterized by the high percentage of sesquiterpenes. The major components were (E)-nerolidol (43.4%), gamma-cadinene (7.6%), alpha-humulene (4.9%) and beta-caryophyllene (4.8%).", "label": [0, 4, 36, 8]}
+{"token": "Contact High: The External Effects of Retail Marijuana Establishments on House Prices. Using publicly available data from the city of Denver and the state of Colorado, this study examines the effects of retail conversions (conversions from medical marijuana to retail marijuana stores) on neighboring house values in Denver, CO. The study period reflects a time before and after retail marijuana sales became legal in Colorado in 2014. Using a difference-in-differences approach, we compare houses that were in close proximity to a conversion (within 0.1 miles) to those that are farther away from a conversion. We find that single-family residences close to a retail conversion increased in value by approximately 8% relative to houses that are located slightly farther away. We perform a battery of robustness checks and falsification tests to provide additional support for this finding. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine at a microlevel the highly localized effect of retail marijuana establishments on house prices and hope that it can contribute to the debate on retail marijuana laws.", "label": [5, 48, 49, 52]}
+{"token": "Resolving the psyllid tree of life: phylogenomic analyses of the superfamily Psylloidea (Hemiptera). Understanding evolutionary relationships in the superfamily Psylloidea is challenging due to the lack of clear morphological synapomorphies for many groups. Some families and many of the genera, including the two largest, Cacopsylla Ossiannilsson and Trioza Foerster, have long been acknowledged as nonmonophyletic and the circumscription of natural groups has remained fluid. We present the best phylogenetic hypothesis to date for Psylloidea and provide a working systematic framework to better reflect evolutionary relationships. A shotgun sequencing approach using mixed pool DNAs for more than 400 species resulted in recovery from de novo assemblies of near-complete mitogenomes (>= 10 kb) for 359 species, and partial genomes (5-10 kb) for an additional 40 species. The resulting phylogeny improves and clarifies the family classification and resolves some of the longstanding uncertainties in relationships within and between genera. A whole-nuclear-genome scan approach (yielding data from an estimated 373 nuclear genes) using the anchored hybrid enrichment method for a representative subset of taxa confirms the placement of major groupings and overall tree topology recovered with the mitochondrial data. The data generated represent a major increase in molecular resources for this superfamily. In addition, we highlight areas of remaining uncertainty that require further sampling and/or additional sources of data. The phylogeny provides new insights for both evolutionary and applied research, and a backbone constraint tree allows the placement of taxa of particular interest or concern (e.g. pest taxa) with only small fragments of sequence available (e.g. DNA barcodes).", "label": [4, 44, 42]}
+{"token": "Defuzzification as a special way of dealing with retranslation. The problem of defuzzification is examined in this paper from a broader perspective as a special way of dealing with the general problem of retranslation. The paper includes an overview of different formulations of the problem of defuzzification, as well as an overview of methods that have been suggested in the literature for dealing with the problem. Our own approach to defuzzification, which is described in the paper in more details, is based on relevant measures of uncertainty-based information. This paper is a companion to our recent paper that addresses the general problem of retranslation in computing with perceptions (Martin and Klir 2006).", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Primary carcinoid tumor of the pancreas. Serotonin-secreting (carcinoid) tumors of the pancreas are very rare, There are only 13 cases reported since 1963, Liver metastases have not previously been described, We present two patients with primary carcinoid tumor of the pancreas, which metastasized to the liver, These patients differ in their clinical and radiological appearance. Carcinoid tumor should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a pancreatic mass in a patient with carcinoid syndrome, but lack of this syndrome does not exclude the diagnosis.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Variation of gunshot injury patterns in mortality associated with human rights abuses and armed conflict: an exploratory study. Settings: Original statistical analysis of gunshot injuries on human remains (n = 777) recovered from mass or clandestine graves associated with human rights abuses in countries in Somaliland, the Balkans and Peru (1983-1995) and literature review of mortality caused by armed conflicts.Main outcome measure: Mechanism of gunshot injury and wound distribution pattern in geographically diverse samples of human rights abuse. (C) 2015 The Chartered Society of Forensic Sciences. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.The analysis of the distribution of gunshot injuries in a sample of 777 sets of human remains of proven human rights abuse from Somaliland, the Balkans and Peru is compared to frequencies of injuries sustained by combatants in contemporary conflicts reported in the literature. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) reduced the data to three components accounting for 82.94% of the variance. The first component with 38.31% of variance shows segments Arms and thorax/abdomen to be positively correlated (0.887 and 0.662, respectively); the segment head/neck is strongly correlated (0.951) to the second component while the segment thorax/abdomen shows a low, negative correlation (-0.388). Finally in the third component only the legs are strongly correlated (0.991). Data was further subjected to a K-means cluster analysis to determine the likely groupings combining the four types of injuries. Each of the three clusters reproduced similar patterns observed in the PCA: Cluster 1 shows the prevalence of injuries to the thorax/abdomen and extremities in addition to injuries to the head/neck; Cluster 2 shows injuries to the head/neck and Cluster 3 injuries to the thorax/abdomen and a lower representation of the arms and legs. Most of the cases (70.5%), irrespective of geography and type of site (attack or detention), were grouped into Cluster 2. Such comparison shows that in human rights abuse, irrespective of their geography, gunshot injuries tend to follow a pattern favouring the head/neck and thorax/abdomen areas over the extremities, the reverse pattern observed in contemporary combat operations. In those settings gunshot wound trauma is the second cause of mortality/morbidity (after fragmenting ammunition) and its distribution concentrates on the extremities, thorax/abdomen and head; following the pattern of protective armour when it is used. Considering that human rights abuses are often presented as encounters between two armed groups in the context of counter-insurgency operations, a careful analysis of gunshot injury patterns could serve as an indicator that in fact murder, rather than combat, took place and the intention was to kill rather than to maim or render people unfit for battle.Objective: To compare the variation of gunshot injury patterns between mortality associated with human rights abuses and armed conflict in selected samples from different countries.Design: Literature review and case analysis.", "label": [2, 3, 18, 29]}
+{"token": "Modeling the Response of Structure-Tuned Liquid Damper Systems Under Large Amplitude Excitation Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics. The tuned liquid damper (TLD) is a system used to reduce the response of tall structures. Numerical modeling is a very important tool when designing TLDs. Many existing numerical models are capable of accurately capturing the structure-TLD system response at serviceability levels, covering the range where TLDs are primarily intended to perform. However, these models often have convergence issues when considering more extreme structural excitations. The goal of this study is to develop a structure-TLD model without convergence limitations at large amplitude excitations. A structure-TLD numerical model where the TLD is represented by a two-dimensional incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics (ISPH) scheme is presented. The TLD contains damping screens which are represented by a force term based on the Morison equation. The performance of the model is assessed by comparing to experimental data for a structure-TLD system undergoing large amplitude excitations consisting of 4-h random signals and shorter transient signals. The model shows very good agreement with the experimental data for the structural response. The free surface response of the TLD is captured accurately by the model for the lower excitation forces considered, however as the excitation force is increased there are some discrepancies. The large amplitude excitations also result in smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) fluid particles penetrating the boundaries, resulting in degradation of the model performance over the 4-h simulations. Overall, the model is shown to capture the response of a structure-TLD system undergoing large amplitude excitations well.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Experience of aversive tension and dissociation in female patients with borderline personality disorder - a controlled study. Assuming that the experience of strong aversive tension might be an indicator of the extent of affect dysregulation within patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD), we sought to operationalize the duration and intensity of these phenomena. In addition we studied the relationship between aversive tension and the experience of dissociative features. Seventy-two female patients with BPD, together with 55 healthy controls, completed a self-rating questionnaire covering the previous 24 h. Substantial and highly significant differences with regard to the duration and intensity of the subjectively perceived states of aversive tension were found. Amongst patients with BPD there was a strong correlation between duration and intensity of tension, and experience of dissociative features, both somatoform and psychological. The findings underline the clinical importance of states of aversive tension in BPD particularly with regard to stress-related induction of dissociative features. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Can Shareholder Proposals Hurt Shareholders? Evidence from Securities and Exchange Commission No-Action-Letter Decisions. This paper studies Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) no-action-letter decisions that determine whether companies can exclude shareholder proposals from their proxy statements. During 2007-19, the market reacted positively when the SEC permitted exclusion, which suggests that investors viewed those proposals as value reducing on average. We also find that a company's stock price decreased over time while waiting for an SEC decision, which suggests that challenged proposals imposed distraction costs on companies. The SEC's decisions can be predicted by regulatory rules but are also related to a proposal's predicted votes-more popular types of proposals were less likely to be removed. We find no robust evidence that no-action-letter decisions differed when the SEC was controlled by Democrats versus Republicans. Taken together, the evidence suggests that managers may be serving shareholder interests in opposing some proposals and that the no-action-letter process may be helping shareholders by weeding out value-reducing proposals.", "label": [3, 5, 49, 29]}
+{"token": "Noise traders and smart money: Evidence from online searches. Traditional finance theory considers that the impact of noise traders' attention on asset prices is offset by attention from smart investors. This paper uses online search data to study the influence of noise traders and smart investors on stock returns and volatility. Adopting an original approach, we construct a proxy for smart investor attention based on investors' online search behavior provided by Wikipedia Page Traffic. We combine this new measure with a standard measure of noise traders' attention as proxied by Google Search Volume Index. We show for a sample of 87 French firms over the period 2008-2018 that only noise traders' attention influences stock returns. Noise traders' attention increases volatility by creating an extra risk that is priced into the market. Conversely, smart investors' attention decreases volatility because their presence stabilizes stock prices by reducing uncertainty. Our empirical results support a behavioral explanation of stock prices.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Natural Repellents as a Method of Preventing Ant Damage to Microirrigation Systems. Simple Summary Ants play an essential role in most agroecosystems. However, these insects can occasionally be detrimental to agricultural microirrigation equipment by chewing on tubing parts and causing uneven water distribution along the crops. One of the alternatives traditionally proposed to avoid this damage is the incorporation of substances into the tube material that deter or reduce chewing activity. However, the few attempts made prior to this research were unsuccessful due to the unsuitability of the selected substances and the methods used to integrate them into the tubing. In this study, we assessed the protective efficacy of this method in pipes used for subsurface drip irrigation (SDI). Unlike traditional attempts, we selected nontoxic compounds previously proven to be repellent against ants and integrated them into drip tubing through complex processes such as plastic compounding, injection and extrusion. The use of this type of tubing in a crop where significant ant damage is often reported revealed minimum damage when compared to control tubing containing no repellent additives. This suggests the efficiency of this method in providing protection against ants, but further studies are recommended prior to the commercialization of the designed system. Ants are important because they damage agricultural equipment, including microirrigation systems. The aim of this research was to assess the efficiency of the incorporation of repellents in drip irrigation tubing as a method of protection against ant damage. Unlike previous studies, we tested a series of nontoxic compounds that are repellent to ants. First, we assessed their repellent effects on a local ant species via olfactometer trials. Then, the candidates showing the best results (cinnamon essential oil, p-anisaldehyde and ethyl anthranilate) were incorporated via compounding, injection and extrusion to polyethylene tubing to test their efficiency in the field. Field tests showed high damage levels in the control tubing containing no repellents, presumably caused by up to six different ant species (Cardiocondyla batesii, Plagiolepis pygmaea, P. schmitzii, Solenopsis sp., Tapinoma nigerrimum and Tetramorium semilaeve). In contrast, the pipes containing the three selected compounds remained almost intact, with the treatment including ethyl anthranilate showing no damage at all. These results suggest the strong repellent potential of the selected compounds, even when integrated into plastic, as well as the apparent success of the proposed methodology against the damage caused by ants. The diversity of damage-causing agents that exist in or above the soil strongly encourages further studies to determine the overall efficiency of repellents in protecting irrigation pipes.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Is news related to GDP growth a risk factor for commodity futures returns?. Expectations about future economic activity should theoretically affect the demand for inventory holdings and therefore commodity spot and futures prices. Consistent with these predictions, we find that news related to future GDP growth is a significant factor that is priced in the cross section of commodity futures sorted by percentage net basis. The latter is highly correlated with inventories. In particular, it establishes that commodity futures with high inventory levels provide a hedge against risk associated with future GDP growth so that investors are willing to accept lower return. By contrast, those commodity futures with low inventory levels are inversely related to the GDP-related factor so that investors require a higher return. Such results suggest that commodity futures excess returns are a compensation for risk.", "label": [4, 5, 48, 49, 41, 52]}
+{"token": "'Einselection of pointer observables: The new H-theorem?. In attempting to derive irreversible macroscopic thermodynamics from reversible microscopic dynamics, Boltzmann inadvertently smuggled in a premise that assumed the very irreversibility he was trying to prove: 'molecular chaos'. The program of 'einselection' (environmentally induced superselection) within Everettian approaches faces a similar 'Loschmidt's Paradox': the universe, according to the Everettian picture, is a closed system obeying only unitary dynamics, and it therefore contains no distinguishable environmental subsystems with the necessary 'phase randomness' to effect einselection of a pointer observable. The theoretically unjustified assumption of distinguishable environmental subsystems is the hidden premise that makes the derivation of einselection circular. In effect, it presupposes the 'emergent' structures from the beginning. Thus the problem of basis ambiguity remains unsolved in Everettian interpretations. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 4, 35, 30]}
+{"token": "Determination of degree of polymerization of insulating paper using near infrared spectroscopy and multivariate calibration. A simple alternative method to determine the degree of polymerization (DP) in transformer insulating papers, using near infrared spectroscopy (NIR), was developed to reduce the costs and the analysis time of the conventional method. Seventy-five samples of Kraft, crepe and cardboard types of paper, in different stages of degradation (DP varying between 200 and 900 units) were collected from transformers over a period of 3 years. The sample set was analyzed according to the conventional method to compare with the proposed alternative spectroscopic method. The spectra were obtained by diffuse reflectance using the spectral range between 1260 and 2500 nm. Some pre-processing strategies of the spectral data were evaluated and the best results were obtained when the derivatives spectra were used (Savitzky-Golay algorithm employing a 21 point window). NIR spectroscopy combined with partial least squares regression method revealed a simple and fast technique to determine the DP of the papers. The prediction error of 83, obtained after external validation, is acceptable for evaluation of the remaining useful life of insulating paper. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
+{"token": "Another approach for ranking and evaluating organic paint coatings via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. This paper proposes an approach for ranking organic protective coatings via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The areas under the Bode plots have been determined and used as useful parameters to evaluate and to rank six commercial paints with high, intermediate, and poor qualities. Decreasing percentages (DP) of the areas under Bode plots were determined during the immersion periods. It is found that DP of the areas under Bode plots are useful parameters for evaluating coating degradation during the immersion times. Results from this work were in good agreements with the results from electrical equivalent circuit (EEC) models. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Carbon flux phenology and net ecosystem productivity simulated by a bioclimatic index in an alpine steppe-meadow on the Tibetan Plateau. Plant phenology is one of the main controls of variation in net ecosystem productivity (NEP). Accurate representation of vegetation phenology is important for predicting ecosystem carbon budget. Although using satellite observation to determine vegetation phenology is becoming a mature option, there are still uncertainties in its application at site scales. Our purpose is to establish a more robust phenological index to accurately predict carbon uptake phenology, which detailed results can complement the shortcomings of MODIS NDVI-derived phenology. Here we used a growing season index (GSI) phenology model to simulate carbon flux phenology (CFP) including the start of carbon uptake (CUstart), the end of carbon uptake (CUend) and the length of carbon uptake period (CUP) in an alpine meadow ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau and to compare the results with those modeled from MODIS NDVI. We also further analyzed the main environmental factors in controlling CFP. The results indicated that the GSI model made substantially more precise prediction for CUstart, CUend and CUP (with higher correlation R-2 > 0.90) than that of the MODIS derived phenology. The GSI model was also superior to NDVI in predicting both seasonal and annual variations of net ecosystem productivity (NEP). Moreover, CUP played an important role in regulating ecosystem carbon balance in the study site because NEP was significantly positive correlated with the period of annual carbon uptake. NEP would increase by 1.63 g C m(-2) year(-1) if one CUP-day was extended. Further, CUP was influenced by variation in CUstart. Previously overlooked water variability (soil water content and VPD) played a significant role in controlling CUP and CUstart. In addition, temperature could enhance water stress to delay CUstart and shorten CUP. It is indicated that decrease in carbon uptake could be induced by accelerative water stress in the face of global warming in the alpine meadow. These results suggest that CFP is more sensitive to not only temperature but also water condition, and a combination of soil water and temperature could be a useful way to enhance the estimation of CFP in future ecosystem model.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "The role of interpersonal trust for entrepreneurial exchange in a transition economy. Purpose - While trust is widely recognized as central to the establishment of an effective market economy, research on transition economies has not examined sufficiently its role in promulgating economic development. This study seeks to ascertain the links between supplier trust, asset specificity, and uncertainty reduction in the context of a transition economy, and to validate a measure of trust developed in a Western developed market economy in the conditions of a transition economy.Originality/value - This paper demonstrates that private entrepreneurs in transition economies compensate for the lack of institutional support through embeddedness in their relational exchange network.Findings - Commensurate with expectations, supplier trust is significantly and positively associated with both asset specificity and uncertainty reduction. The six-item measure of supplier trust is a valid measure for new and small ventures in the context of a transition economy.Design/methodology/approach - A confirmatory factor analysis of trust, asset specificity and uncertainty reduction was performed with a sample of Bulgarian small business owners.", "label": [5, 48, 49, 50]}
+{"token": "Pyrrolizidine alkaloids and seneciosis in farm animals. Part 2: Clinical signs, species-specific sensitivity, food residues, feed contamination, limit values. At the forefront of pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) poisoning is the chronic ingestion of contaminated hay, which causes liver damage resulting in an ongoing fatal liver cirrhosis or in the veno-occlusive disease in liver or lung, respectively. The symptomatology of PA-poisoning is not identical for all animal species, and also includes central nervous symptoms. In affected horses significantly elevated levels of hepatogenic serum enzymes and an increase of the retention time for bromosulfophthalein indicates the fatal outcome of the intoxication. Chronic seneciosis of horses is incurable. Rabbits, Japanese quails, and guinea pigs are regarded as poison-resistant species. Sheep and in particular goats are insensitive unless extremely high amounts of plants which exceed the animal's body weight by several-fold are ingested. In contrast, pigs, cattle, and horses as well as chicken and likewise man are very sensitive to poisonings by PA-containing plants. In sensitive animal species a very small amount of contaminated dry hay is needed to exceed the daily dose of 1 mu g/kg body weight PA which is taken as harmless for man by health authorities. Therefore, all feed with visible pieces of Senecio jacobaea plants are not acceptable as animal fodder and should be destroyed.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Generalized Synchronization Algorithms for FBMC-OQAM Systems. Synchronization is one of the critical issues for wireless communications. In this paper, we present low-complexity joint timing and carrier frequency offsets synchronization algorithms for filter-bank multicarrier with offset quadrature amplitude modulation (FBMC-OQAM) systems by exploiting two uncorrelated consecutive real training symbols based on the repeated conjugate-symmetry property. We also develop a new peak-detection algorithm and a ratio-based carrier-frequency-offset estimation without using a threshold or matched filter, which reduces the computational cost. The proposed detection algorithm shows better performance than the threshold-based detection. The proposed algorithm provides similar system performance over the burst transmission with existing schemes while reducing the computational complexity. Moreover, the proposed scheme does not require the identical sequences that are usually adopted at the existing synchronization schemes for FBMC-OQAM systems. We show that the proposed method can be adopted for the space- time block coding for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) FBMC systems while existing schemes are not applicable. Finally, we show that the proposed algorithms are generally applicable for not only in burst and continuous transmission mode but also MIMO systems through the simulation results.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Crystal plasticity investigation of the microstructural factors influencing dislocation channeling in a model irradiated bcc material. A continuum crystal plasticity framework is used to study the effect of microstructure and mesoscopic factors on dislocation channeling and flow localization in an irradiated model bcc alloy. Simulated dislocation channeling characteristics are correlated to the dislocation and defect densities in the substructure, local Schmid factor, and stress triaxiality, in terms of their temporal and spatial evolution. A metric is introduced to assess the propensity for localization and is correlated to the grain-level Schmid factor. It is found that localization generally takes place in grains with a local Schmid factor in the range 0.42 or higher. Surface slip step heights are computed at free surfaces and compared to relevant experiments. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Cavernous malformation of the optic pathway mimicking optic glioma: a case report. Optic pathway cavernous malformations (CMs) are extremely rare, accounting for less than 1 % of all intracranial CMs. We report a case of optic pathway CM mimicking optic glioma because the initial magnetic resonance (MR) images did not disclose hemorrhagic findings such as popcorn-like lesion or hemosiderin ring.Histological confirmation with preparation for total resection should be considered for rapidly progressive cases even if the neuroimaging findings are compatible with optic glioma.A 20-year-old woman presented with subacute left visual acuity loss and visual field defect and was referred to our hospital. Initial MR imaging findings were suggestive of optic glioma. Second MR imaging demonstrated hemorrhagic findings, but the hemorrhage was considered to be intratumoral hemorrhage from left optic pilocytic astrocytoma. She underwent radiochemotherapy and intravenous administration of corticosteroids but her symptoms deteriorated. Third and fourth MR imaging revealed enlargement of the hematoma. Therefore, the radiation therapy was interrupted at a delivered dose of 16.2 Gy, and craniotomy was performed to preserve residual right visual field. The lesion was totally removed and the histological diagnosis was CM. Her right visual field was preserved, but not improved.The present case and previous cases suggest that optic pathway CMs sometimes do not initially manifest with signs of hemorrhage, so CMs should be included in the differential diagnosis of optic pathway lesions.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Enzootic transmission of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in the Sacramento valley of California during 1993 and 1994. The temporal and spatial distribution of western equine encephalomyelitis virus (WEEV) in California is described during 1993 and 1994 based on seroconversions in sentinel chickens and infected pools of Culex tarsalis Cog. A single horse and no human cases were reported despite widespread enzootic transmission in the Sacramento Valley. During 1993, elevated sentinel chicken seroconversion rates in the Sacramento Valley were related to cool vernal temperature, above normal rainfall and river discharge, and elevated infection rates in Cx. tarsalis. Western equine encephalitis virus appeared to overwinter in the Sacramento Valley and was detected again in 1994; however, warm vernal temperatures and reduced water availability limited the intensity and distribution of transmission to sentinel chickens. The absence of human cases and possible mechanisms for WEEV persistence are discussed.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Analytical solution for a viscoelastic plate on a Pasternak foundation. This work contributed an analytical quasistatic solution to the problem of an infinite viscoelastic plate supported on a Pasternak foundation and subjected to axisymmetric normal loading. The derivation was based on defining a set of iterative functions, each containing information on the plate's relaxation modulus and on the time-variation of the loading. By writing the sought solution as a linear combination of these functions it was shown how to decompose the original viscoelastic problem into a set of independent elastic plate problems for which analytical solutions exist. Thus, the plate's deflection evolution at any point of interest was provided in closed-form, without resorting to integral transform techniques. The formulation was applied and subsequently validated for several test cases, demonstrating that a very small set of elastic solutions is needed for generating a highly accurate viscoelastic result. Overall, the proposed solution is deemed well suited for engineering calculations, as a computational kernel for backcalculation, and for benchmarking numerical solutions.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Extended Varshamov-Gilbert-Sacks Bound for Linear Lee Weight Codes. The Lee weight is more appropriate for some practical situations than the Hamming weight as it takes into account of the magnitude of each digit of the word. In this paper, we obtain a sufficient condition over the number of parity check digits for codes correcting simultaneously random and burst errors with Lee weight consideration. This sufficient condition is an extension of the Varshamov-Gilbert-Sacks bound for codes correcting simultaneously random and burst errors with Lee weight constraint.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "To sing and to dance, to think and to fight: an actor's second nervous system. This two-part essay is on the erotics of pedagogy or education of the senses through learning how to learn from images and sounds of cinema as manifestations of rhythm. Part one creates a conceptual framework derived from the archives on Neurological Modernity and Theatre Anthropology, so as to develop the concept of a Second Nervous System which animates performers in the great Asian and European civilizational traditions of performance. Their relevance to early twentieth century European avant-garde performance and cinema and to contemporary transcultural work in performance provides a mobile, flexible, conceptual framework for thinking with film. Part two activates this network of rhythmic connections so as to explore, observe, analyse and learn from the film Khayal Gatha by Kumar Shahani, which is, among other things, about the conditions of transmissibility of cultural traditions after colonialism and political independence. A question drives this essay in memory of Paul Willemen. In the emerging Asian Century will we, the peoples of the Asia-Pacific zones of contact, be able to take cues from the anthropology of theatre to create a thousand and one transversal story lines on a thousand plateaus across the globe and beyond, with cinema/film as our mentor?", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30, 52]}
+{"token": "Optical fiber fluorometric determination of o-nitrophenol. 2-(4-Diphenylyl)-6-phenylbenzoxazole (PBBO) has been incorporated into plasticized polymeric membrane as the fluorophore for optically sensing o-nitrophenol. The responses of the PBBO membrane showed satisfactory analytical characteristics in comparison with a membrane immobilized with curcumin. Extraction of mononitrophenols from the aqueous phase into the membrane phase results in a decrease in fluorescence intensity owing to complex formation. Complex composition and quenching constant were estimated by log(Delta F/F)-log(concentration) plots. The maximum response for o-nitrophenol was obtained in pH 4.04-5.93 buffer solution. Under optimum experimental conditions. the linear range of the sensor response covers the o-nitrophenol concentrations from 2 X 10(-6) to 1.2 X 10(-4) mol/liter(-1) with short response time and good reproducibility and reversibility. The influence of some interferants possibly existing in environmental water samples was rested. The proposed sensor can be used for the determination of o-nitrophenol in interferant-containing samples with satisfactory recovery. (C) 1998 Academic Press.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Statistical approaches in surface finishing. Part 3. Design-of-experiments. This paper is the third and final part of a short series of articles aimed towards describing some of the various statistical methods and approaches that have been used in surface finishing. Here, various types of Design-of-Experiments (DOE) techniques are described, such as full and fractional factorial design, central composite design, response surface methodology and Taguchi methods. Their application in the design of surface finishing related experiments are then reviewed, ending with a worked example of a two-level 2(4) full factorial DOE.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "A Centre of Scientific Work': Ronald Hamlyn-Harris and ethnography at the Queensland Museum 1910-17. Ronald Hamlyn-Harris served as director of the Queensland Museum in the early twentieth century. Under his directorship, the museum underwent many institutional changes - the most notable being in the areas of anthropology and ethnography. Driven by Hamlyn-Harris's personal interest, the study of Queensland's Aboriginal populations became central to the museum practices, as he oversaw the highpoint in collecting, researching and displaying cultural materials. His influence is particularly evident in the changing displays, public engagement strategies and scientific publications.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 30, 52]}
+{"token": "Sociotechnical Context and Agroecological Transition for Smallholder Farms in Benin and Burkina Faso. West Africa is facing the challenge of its population's food insecurity in a context of accelerated degradation of natural resources. In order to efficiently face this double bottleneck, agroecological interventions were implemented as a way to promote best agricultural practices. Agroecology is a mode of production that nowadays questions our food system which, despite technological progress, still struggles to feed the world's population. This systematic review is part of the vision of a deep agroecology and aims at analyzing the institutional, political, organizational, and social obstacles and levers for an agroecological transition and its amplification in Burkina Faso and Benin. For this purpose, a structured literature review was conducted using grey and published literature. It appears that despite the mitigated results of the implementation of the Green Revolution model of agricultural production in West Africa, African public authorities seem to have placed once again their faith in conventional production practices to respond to the challenges facing agriculture in the region. This situation goes beyond the regional framework to take root at the national level, (e.g., Burkina Faso, Benin), with the corollary of an apparent lack of institutional interest in sustainable modes of production. However, there is a network of stakeholders who are developing promising initiatives for scaling up agroecological practices.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL OUTCOMES IN FATTY ACID OXIDATION DISORDERS: 85 CASES DETECTED BY NEWBORN SCREENING. Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation disorders include conditions in which the transport of activated acyl-Coenzyme A (CoA) into the mitochondria or utilization of these substrates is disrupted or blocked. This results in a deficit in the conversion of fat into energy. Most patients with fatty acid oxidation defects are now identified through newborn screening by tandem mass spectrometry. With earlier identification and preventative treatments, mortality and morbidity rates have improved. However, in the absence of severe health and neurological effects from these disorders, subtle developmental delays or neuropsychological deficits have been noted. Medical records were reviewed to identify outcomes in 85 children with FAOD's diagnosed through newborn screening and followed at one metabolic center. Overall, 54% of these children identified through newborn screening experienced developmental challenges. Speech delay or relative weakness in language was noted in 26 children (31%) and motor delays were noted in 24 children (29%). The majority of the 46 children receiving psychological evaluations performed well within the average range, with only 11% scoring <85 on developmental or intelligence tests. These results highlight the importance of screening children with fatty acid oxidation disorders to identify those with language, motor, or cognitive delay. Although expanded newborn screening dramatically changes the health and developmental outcomes in many children with fatty acid oxidation disorders, it also complicates the interpretation of biochemical and molecular findings and raises questions about the effectiveness or necessity of treatment in a large number of cases. Only by systematically evaluating developmental and neuropsychological outcomes using standardized methods will the true implications of newborn screening, laboratory results, and treatments for neurocognitive outcome in these disorders become clear. (C) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 27, 23]}
+{"token": "Exploring the quantification and measurement of public procurement performance expectations gap in community roadworks in Uganda: evidence from comprehensive survey. Social implications - The paper has started on a change perception campaign of shaping road-user critical perspectives about the outcome of community roadworks procurements. By introducing and creating a mindset of quantitative assessments in understanding the expectation gaps that can be caused by a number of factors, the responsible people for creating, maintaining and widening PEGs will eventually wake up and improve personal behaviours that lead to the widening of the procurement performance gap in roadworks, from a stakeholders' perspective.Design/methodology/approach - The index is computed by combining data from actual and perceived performance of public roadworks from two categories of respondents: \\\\'Technical personnel\\\\' and \\\\'Road users\\\\' in selected District Local Governments (DLGS) of Uganda using paired mean differences. The authors created grand means from these two groups for us to make a meaningful comparison. Data were collected from community areess roads projects opened, maintained and completed and the satisfaction levels from 69 DLGS. The community leaders and political representatives formed a group of road-users, whereas DLG Engineering staff represented the technical staff. Data was collected on the extent to which the DLG had achieved performance efficiency, performance effectiveness and performance reasonableness. The measurements items was anchored along the continuum of: (5) Outstanding = Performance is consistently superior to (1) Unsatisfactory = Performance is consistently unacceptable.Purpose - This paper aims to quantify, for the first time, the performance expectations gap in community roadworks projects by proposing a performance expectations gap index (PEGI) that can answer a vital question of how wide/how narrow the gap is from a stakeholder perspective. Previous scholars have offered qualitative descriptions of the expectations gap from an auditing point of view center dot using a constructivist approach. This study uses a positivistic approach in addressing the procurement performance expectations gap.Research limitations/implications - The implications of these results can ignite a meaningful debate on whether financing of mad projects should be based on how narrow the performance gap should be and having sustained evidence that the gap is progressively being narrowed for improved sustainability of roadworks financing by donor agencies. Whereas this quantification of the performance gap is a new positivistic direction towards minimizing the performance expectation gap, it can easily be adopted by roadworks implementing units in assessing road-user performance needs at the point of project completion and once these are not achieved, such minor loopholes would be worked on, on a regular basis as and when need vim rants.Practical implications - The authors have introduced and empirically verified the performance expectation gap index, which further understands the performance expectations gap from a positivistic approach. The paper provides a problem-solving tool to analyse stakeholder engagement linkages with performance expectations variations on the practical side.Originality/value - Unlike previous scholars who used a constructivist approach, the paper is the first of its kind to use a positivistic approach to quantify the procurement performance expectations gap using a PEGI. The use of the index gives new insights to managing procurement performance expectations to the satisfaction of stakeholders from a quantitative perspective.Findings - Study findings show the level of performance of roadworks attained by technical staff is only 65%, with 15.9% gap is attributed to performance efficiency, the 29.1% gap is attributed to performance effectiveness issues and 20% gap is the perceived performance unreasonableness gap in the stakeholder's perspective, creating an overall performance gap of 35%, in the perspective of road users. From the computations carried out, the authors determined the size of the expectation gaps by the technical DLG stakeholders and road-users of 0.349a The gap index (0.3493) falls within the range between 0.2 and 0.39, which is a small performance expectations gap, calling for top management's attention to identify and work on the parameters causing operational inefficiency within implementing units of DLGS. Study findings show the level of performance of roadworks attained by technical staff is 65%, creating a performance gap of 35%, in the perspective of road users.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Molecular diversity of class 1 integrons in human isolates of Aeromonas spp. from Southern Taiwan. This work studies antimicrobial resistance and class 1 integrons of Aeromonas spp. in human isolates from southern Taiwan. PCR amplification and DNA sequence analyses were performed to characterize the gene cassette regions of the class I integron in 204 isolates of Aeromonas hydrophila, 36 isolates of A.sobria, 23 isolates of A. veronii, and 4 isolates of A. caviae. By using Southern hybridization with an hall probe to determine the presence of class I integrons in the 9 isolates of Aeromonas spp. harboring plasmid DNA, only 2 isolates, one A. veronii AV69 harboring 176-kb plasmid DNA, and one A. hydrophila AH207 harboring 149-kb plasmid DNA were identified. A conjugation experiment was carried out with 2 isolates of A. veronii AV69 and A. hydrophila AH207. Only one transconjugant of Escherichia coli AH207, containing 149-kb plasmids obtained from A. hydrophila AH207, was identified. ERIC-PCR analysis was performed to analyze the genetic relatedness in all isolates of Aeromonas spp. that carry class I integrons. The results of cluster analysis in this experiment revealed that none of these isolates were clonal, which may indicate that they were not related to the outbreak. Among the 267 isolates tested, class I integrons were detected in 37 isolates (13.9%) of Aeromonas spp. from humans. No class 2 or class 3 integrons were detected in this study. Gene cassette Structures were identified in 30 (81.0%) of 37 isolates of Aeromonas spp. containing class I integrons. The gene cassette of dfrA12-orF-aadA2 was the most prevalent in the gene cassette array (16.0%), followed by arr-3-aacA4 (13.3%) and dfr2d-ca1B3-aadA1 (10.0%). Four novel arrays of gene cassettes were also identified, namely, dfr2d-catB3-aadAI, aadAI-aac(6')-II, aadA4a, and aac(6')-II-blaOXA-21-catB3. This is the first report of Aeromonas spp. isolates from humans.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "Simulating thermal behaviour of concrete by FEA: state-of-the-art review. Simulation of temperature and thermal stress has become an increasingly important factor in ensuring the durability of concrete. This paper reviews the use of finite-element analysis (FEA) in engineering practice for evaluating thermal dynamics (and associated stresses) in concrete structures, both for new design and forensic engineering applications. The analysis process for crack control is introduced, with a focus on early age; modelling considerations are summarised and a range of practical applications are presented. Other major applications discussed include prevention of delayed ettringite formation, design of concrete cooling pipe systems and fire design, as well as geothermal, concrete slab and overlay system applications. In addition, the challenges associated with applying FEA to thermal modelling in forensic engineering investigations are discussed. It is concluded that the 20-year history of successful application to date clearly demonstrates the benefit of thermal simulation by the FEA approach in improving concrete durability and sustainability. The authors recommend a wider adoption of these techniques, backed by further research and improved standardisation.", "label": [1, 17]}
+{"token": "Misconceptions and misuse of international agency for research on cancer 'classification of carcinogenic substances': The case of asbestos. In their work on human cancer, the International Agency for Research on Cancer have run a programme of ((monographs)) that evaluate carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man. The data collected provide considerable information on the risk from substances identified as carcinogens. However, this is largely unused in the IARC classification scheme in spite of the use of the term 'risk' in the title and text of the monographs. Consequently, some governments and pressure groups use hazard identification to advance the cause for banning agents without conducting a risk assessment. Confusion and indiscriminate use of 'hazard' and 'risk' mean that the hazard data are commonly misrepresented as risk data. A common political response is to push regulatory action to extremes, citing the Precautionary Principle. Unfortunately, eliminating substances on the grounds of inherent hazard can deny major benefits to societies and undermine the sustainable developments. This is nowhere better illustrated than in the case of the minerals known collectively as asbestos. Evidence available clearly differentiates the hazards of chrysotile and amphibole asbestos, yet the current IARC classification does not make this distinction. This is in spite of the fact that amphibole asbestos produces orders of magnitude more diseases than chrysotile when used in the same way. The overwhelming weight of evidence available indicates that chrysotile can be used safely with low risk. Cement products such as water pipes and boards for housing provide are versatile products made at affordable cost for the developing countries which if not available would cost rather than save lives.", "label": [1, 2, 17, 15, 24]}
+{"token": "Molecular simulations of droplet evaporation processes: Adiabatic pressure jump evaporation. For the assessment of droplet evaporation by molecular dynamics simulations prescriptions for the calculation of the time dependent number of droplet particles and of several space and time dependent hydrodynamic quantities like density, drift velocity and temperature are given. Then two cases of adiabatic pressure jump evaporation are treated by molecular simulations using a Lennard-Jones potential. First, a droplet wrapped by its vapour, and second, a bare droplet is brought into vacuum. In both cases evaporation takes place and after a transition process a new droplet-vapour equilibrium is reached at lower temperature. Results are presented for the space and time dependent hydrodynamic quantities as well as for the number of droplet particles as function of time. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "LACK OF CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN MESSENGER-RNA EXPRESSION FOR A PUTATIVE CELL-DEATH MOLECULE (SGP-2) AND NEURONAL CELL-DEATH IN THE CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM. Neuronal death during nervous system development, a widely observed phenomenon, occurs through unknown mechanisms. Recent evidence suggests an active, destructive process requiring new gene expression. Sulfated glycoprotein-2 (SGP-2), a secretory product of testicular Sertoli cells has been shown to up-regulate in several nonneural tissues undergoing programmed cell death and in several types of neuronal degeneration. In order to determine if this message up-regulates in neurons undergoing developmentally determined cell death, we have studied the expression of SGP-2 mRNA in the developing and adult rat central nervous system (CNS) with in situ hybridization. We also report on the expression of this message in nonneural tissues from several regions of the developing embryo. The developing and adult rat central nervous system as well as widely varied tissues in the rat embryo express SGP-2 mRNA in a pattern that does not correlate with regions undergoing developmental cell death. In the nervous system, SGP-2 mRNA is expressed in neuronal populations including motor neurons, cortical neurons, and hypothalamic neurons at ages when the period of developmental cell death has passed. In a nonneural tissue (palatal shelve epithelium) for which a developmental cell death period has been described, SGP-2 mRNA was not present in the region where cell death occurs. We conclude that SGP-2 mRNA expression cannot be correlated with programmed cell death in neural or nonneural tissues. The results of this study as well as recently reported SGP-2 homologies indicate a possible role for this protein in secretion and lipid transport.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Kinetics of hydrochloric acid leaching of smithsonite. The dissolution kinetics of smithsonite ore in hydrochloric acid solution has been investigated. As such, the effects of particle size (-180 + 150, -250 + 180, -320 + 250, -450 + 320 mu m), reaction temperature (25, 30, 35, 40, and 45A degrees C), solid to liquid ratio (25, 50, 100, and 150 g/L) and hydrochloric acid concentration (0.25, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 M) on the dissolution rate of zinc were determined. The experimental data conformed well to the shrinking core model, and the dissolution rate was found to be controlled by surface chemical reaction. From the leaching kinetics analysis it can be demonstrated that hydrochloric acid can easily and readily dissolve zinc present in the smithsonite ore, without any filtration problems. The activation energy of the process was calculated as 59.58 kJ/mol. The order of the reaction with respect to HCl concentration, solid to liquid ratio, and particle size were found to be 0.70, -0.76 and -0.95, respectively. The optimum leaching conditions determined for the smithsonite concentrate in this work were found to be 1.5 M HCl, 45A degrees C, -180 + 150 mu m, and 25 g/L solid to liquid (S/L) ratio at 500 rpm, which correspond to more than 95% zinc extraction. The rate of the reaction based on shrinking core model can be expressed by a semi-empirical equation as:.[GRAPHICS]", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "MOTHERS AND FATHERS PERCEPTIONS OF STRESS AND COPING WITH CHILDREN WHO HAVE SEVERE DISABILITIES. Stress in families with children who have special needs, which has been the focus of much research interest, is usually assessed from a maternal perspective. In this study, the short form of the Questionnaire on Resources and Stress (QRS-F, Friedrich, Greenberg, & Crnic, 1983) was completed separately by mothers and fathers of children with severe developmental disabilities. To compare responses of mothers and fathers, we employed factor analysis of parcels using the parallel analysis criterion rather than the more traditional item level analysis with minimum eigenvalue criterion.  Results indicated that the QRS-F differed only slightly in both factor structure and correlates as a function of parental gender. Overall, validity of the QRS-F for use with both mothers and fathers of children with severe disabilities was supported.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 53]}
+{"token": "Tracheal rapid ultrasound exam (TRUE) for confirming endotracheal tube placement during emergency intubation. Conclusions: The application of the TRUE. to examine endotracheal tube placement during emergency intubation is feasible, and can be rapidly performed. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.Objectives: This study aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy and timeliness of using tracheal ultrasound to examine endotracheal tube placement during emergency intubation.Methods: This was a prospective, observational study, conducted at the emergency department of a national university teaching hospital. Patients received emergency intubation because of impending respiratory failure, cardiac arrest, or severe trauma. The tracheal rapid ultrasound exam (T.R.U.E.) was performed during emergency intubation with the transducer placed transversely at the trachea over the suprasternal notch. Quantitative waveform capnography was used as the criterion standard for confirmation of tracheal intubation. The main outcome was the concordance between the TRUE. and the capnography.Results: A total of 112 patients were included in the analysis, and 17(15.2%) had esophageal intubations. The overall accuracy of the TRUE. was 98.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 93.7-99.5%). The kappa (K) value was 0.93 (95% CI: 0.84-1.00), indicating a high degree of agreement between the TRUE. and capnography. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the T.R.U.E. were 98.9% (95% CI: 94.3-99.8%), 94.1% (95% CI: 73.0-99.0%), 98.9%(95% Cl: 94.3-99.8%) and 94.1% (95% Cl: 73.0-99.0%). The median operating time of the TRUE. was 9.0 s (interquartile range [IQR]: 6.0, 14.0).", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Time, work, and family life: Reconceptualizing gendered time patterns through the case of children's organized activities. This article considers the understudied phenomenon of children's organized leisure as it relates to the division of labor in the family. Using both quantitative and qualitative data, we first ask whether the labor entailed by children's organized leisure is divided evenly between mothers and fathers. Both data sets indicate that this is not the case, with the majority of the work falling to mothers; they also indicate that at least some employed mothers face a tradeoff between time devoted to paid work and time devoted to facilitating their children's leisure. Subsequently, we consider key qualitative aspects of these leisure activities, including deadline sensitivity, authority over scheduling, and degree of predictability. These factors, we find, serve to exacerbate the inequity of the allocation of responsibility between mothers and fathers. We conclude by suggesting that organized leisure has become an important part of the familial landscape and thus warrants further attention. We also suggest that research on the gender division of labor would be enhanced in important ways by greater attention to qualitative dimensions of time use. Researchers should not simply assume that \\\\'an hour is an hour.''.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Self-similar bumps and wiggles: Isolating the evolution of the BAO peak with power-law initial conditions. Motivated by cosmological surveys that demand accurate theoretical modeling of the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) feature in galaxy clustering, we analyze N-body simulations in which a BAO-like Gaussian bump modulates the linear theory correlation function xi(L)(r) = (r(0)/r)(n+3) of an underlying self-similar model with initial power spectrum P(k) = Ak(n). These simulations test physical and analytic descriptions of BAO evolution far beyond the range of most studies, since we consider a range of underlying power spectra (n = -0.5, -1, -1.5) and evolve simulations to large effective correlation amplitudes (equivalent to sigma(8) = 4-12 for r(bao) = 100h(-1) Mpc). In all cases, nonlinear evolution flattens and broadens the BAO bump in xi(r) while approximately preserving its area. This evolution resembles a diffusion process in which the bump width sigma(bao) is the quadrature sum of the linear theory width and a length proportional to the rms relative displacement Sigma(pair)(r(bao)) of particle pairs separated by r(bao). For n = -0.5 and n = -1, we find no detectable shift of the location of the BAO peak, but the peak in the n = -1.5 model shifts steadily to smaller scales, following r(peak)/r(bao) = 1-1.08(r(0)/r(bao))(1.5). The perturbation theory scheme of McDonald (2007) [P. McDonald, Phys. Rev. D 75, 043514 (2007).] and, to a lesser extent, standard 1-loop perturbation theory are fairly successful at explaining the nonlinear evolution of the Fourier power spectrum of our models. Analytic models also explain why the xi(r) peak shifts much more for n = -1.5 than for n >= -1, though no ab initio model we have examined reproduces all of our numerical results. Simulations with L-box = 10r(bao) and L-box = 20r(bao) yield consistent results for xi(r) at the BAO scale, provided one corrects for the integral constraint imposed by the uniform density box.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "Genetic Characterization of Chikungunya Virus Among Febrile Dengue Fever-Like Patients in Xishuangbanna, Southwestern Part of China. Co-infection of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has been recently reported during dengue fever epidemics. However, the infection of CHIKV is often neglected due to its misdiagnosis as dengue virus (DENV) infection. In the summer of 2019 when dengue fever was epidemic, we collected 697 serum samples from febrile dengue fever-like patients in Xishuangbanna, southwestern part of China. DENV RNA was detectable in 99.42% of these patients. Notably, 88 patients (12.62%) showed the presence of CHIKV RNA, among which 86 patients were co-infected with DENV and CHIKV. We sequenced and analyzed the full genome of CHIKV virus in four out of 88 samples (two CHIKV infected and two co-infected). The results suggested that the four strains were all Asian genotype and had the highest homology (99.4%) with the SZ1239 strain (accession number MG664851) isolated in 2012 and possibly introduced from Indonesia. Further comparison with the conserved sequences in the whole genome of 47 strains of CHIKV showed that there were 13 and 15 amino acid mutants in structural proteins and non-structural proteins, respectively. The previously reported adaptive mutations of E2-W64R, E2-I211T, E2-K233E, E1-A98T, and E1-K211E occurred in the four strains of this study. In conclusion, this study reports a co-infection of CHIKV during the DENV epidemic in the city Xishuangbanna, 2019. Molecular epidemiology revealed that CHIKV identified in this study was indigenous and belongs to Asian lineage with lineage-specific mutations and some reported adaptive mutations, which is distinct from the recently reported CHIKV (East/Central/South African) in Ruili, the city next to Xishuangbanna.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 43]}
+{"token": "Effect of Chloride Depletion on the Magnetic Properties and the Redox Leveling of the Oxygen-Evolving Complex in Photosystem II. Chloride is an essential cofactor in the oxygen evolution reaction that takes place in photosystem II (PSII). The oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) is oxidized in a linear four-step photocatalytic cycle in which chloride is required for the OEC to advance beyond the S-2 state. Here, using density functional theory, we compare the energetics and spin configuration of two different states of the Mn4CaO5 cluster in the S-2 state: state A with Mn1(3+) and B with Mn4(3+) with and without chloride. The calculations suggest that model B with an S = 5/2 ground state occurs in the chloride -depleted PSII, which may explain the presence of the EPR signal at g = 4.1. Moreover, we use multiconformer continuum electrostatics to study the effect of chloride depletion on the redox potential associated with the S-1/S-2, and S-2/S-3 transitions.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Administrative Records Mask Racially Biased Policing. Researchers often lack the necessary data to credibly estimate racial discrimination in policing. In particular, police administrative records lack information on civilians police observe but do not investigate. In this article, we show that if police racially discriminate when choosing whom to investigate, analyses using administrative records to estimate racial discrimination in police behavior are statistically biased, and many quantities of interest are unidentified-even among investigated individuals-absent strong and untestable assumptions. Using principal stratification in a causal mediation framework, we derive the exact form of the statistical bias that results from traditional estimation. We develop a bias-correction procedure and nonparametric sharp bounds for race effects, replicate published findings, and show the traditional estimator can severely underestimate levels of racially biased policing or mask discrimination entirely. We conclude by outlining a general and feasible design for future studies that is robust to this inferential snare.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "The turbidity maximum zone in a shallow, well-flushed Sabaki estuary in Kenya. The spatial-temporal variability and the behaviour of the Estuarine Turbidity Maximum (ETM) zone in the shallow, ephemeral, well-flushed Sabaki estuary located in the northern region of the Kenya coast, were studied during a period of moderate river discharge. The estuary is one of the most turbid estuaries along the coast of East Africa, characterised by high sediment input and high suspended matter (SPM) concentrations. The estuary is completely flushed after every tidal cycle and it experiences high salinity and SPM concentration gradients at high water (HW). The ETM was present at HW during periods when the river runoff was near the long-term average of 73 m(3)s(-1) and also when the river runoff was relatively low (35 m(3)s(-1)). The SPM concentrations in the ETM zone varied significantly depending on the river sediment input and phase of the semi-diurnal tide. The SPM concentrations in the ETM were on average 50% greater than those associated with river runoff. The ETM was located up-estuary during periods when river runoff was around the average and further down-estuary during periods of low river runoff, due to different sediment settling rates. There was a tendency for the accumulation of fine sediments and clay mud in a zone of low current velocities located in the lower middle region of the estuary below the freshwater-saltwater interface, causing formation of an ETM zone. The ETM was separated from the salt-limit due to the lag in time in the tidally-driven resuspension of bottom mud and subsequent tidally-driven advection of turbid water up-estuary during the flood period. The relatively low current velocities combined with high horizontal and vertical gradient in eddy diffusivity in the central region of the estuary, tended to favour rapid settling of flocculated sediments, leading to the formation of the ETM. The study concludes that rapid settling through non-turbulent pycnocline is the dominant mechanism responsible for the formation of the Sabaki estuary ETM. The study also shows that the formation of inter-tidal mudflats is related to the ETM dynamics. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 45, 39]}
+{"token": "Satisfaction with psychiatric in-patient care as rated by patients at discharge from hospitals in 11 countries. Further studies on patients' satisfaction should additionally pay attention to treatment expectations formed by the previous experience of treatment, service-related knowledge, stigma and patients' disempowerment, and power imbalance.There is disregard in the scientific literature for the evaluation of psychiatric in-patient care as rated directly by patients. In this context, we aimed to explore satisfaction of people treated in mental health in-patient facilities. The project was a part of the Young Psychiatrist Program by the Association for the Improvement of Mental Health Programmes.This is an international multicentre cross-sectional study conducted in 25 hospitals across 11 countries. The research team at each study site approached a consecutive target sample of 30 discharged patients to measure their satisfaction using the five-item study-specific questionnaire. Individual and institution level correlates of 'low satisfaction' were examined by comparisons of binary and multivariate associations in multilevel regression models.A final study sample consisted of 673 participants. Total satisfaction scores were highly skewed towards the upper end of the scale, with a median total score of 44 (interquartile range 38-48) out of 50. After taking clustering into account, the only independent correlates of low satisfaction were schizophrenia diagnosis and low psychiatrist to patient ratio.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "FUNCTIONAL SIMILARITIES BETWEEN HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1 AND SIMIAN VIRUS-40 KAPPA-B PROTO-ENHANCERS. To search for broadly active enhancer elements within the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) long terminal repeat, we have used a proto-enhancer amplification assay.  In this assay, the enhancer region of simian virus 40 (SV40) is replaced by heterologous regulatory sequences.  Upon passage in African green monkey kidney cells, SV40 growth revertants can arise by amplification (usually duplication) of active proto-enhancers within the heterologous sequences.  Most of the HIV-1 U3 regulatory sequences were assayed; only amplification of one or both of the HIV-1 enhancer core kappa-B motifs consistently resulted in viable SV40 virus.  Examination of the cell-specific enhancer activity of the individual HIV-1 kappa-B proto-enhancers showed that, like the broadly active SV40 kappa-B proto-enhancer (C proto-enhancer), they are all active in noninduced cell lines of either lymphoid (H9 and Jurkat) or nonlymphoid (HeLa and CV-1) origin.  Unexpectedly, one of three kappa-B point mutants that exhibit little or no activity in unstimulated cells is as highly induced in stimulated Jurkat cells as are the wild-type kappa-B proto-enhancers.  This point mutation shows that kappa-B-related proto-enhancers can display markedly different activation properties in unstimulated cells yet still activate transcription to similar levels in stimulated cells.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Is There a Pattern?. The countries that experienced a 'coloured revolution' between 2000 and 2005 - Serbia, Georgia, Ukraine and Kyrgyzstan - were not distinguished by their levels of economic development, as political modernization theory suggested. Nor did they distribute incomes more unequally than other countries at the same level of development, as class analysis would have posited. By contrast, perceptions of the political system, and of its levels of corruption and responsiveness, were more closely associated with a series of irregular regime changes that had generally been precipitated by a 'stolen election'.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "Specific draft estimation model for offset disc harrows. Predicting draft requirements of tillage implements is essential from the viewpoint of proper tractor-implement matching and machinery design. It was hypothesized that draft requirement of offset disc harrow (ODH), a widely used tillage implement depends mainly on four major soil and working parameters, i.e. soil cone index (CI), forward speed, working depth and front gang angle (FGA), which could be used to develop a reasonable regression model for estimating its specific draft. To test this hypothesis, investigations were carried out on the draft requirement of ODH in an indoor soil bin available at Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur (22 degrees 19' N, 87 degrees 19' E), India during the months of November 2016 to May 2017. The soil available in the soil bin was acid lateritic sandy clay loam and taxonomically grouped under order Alfisol (Oxyaquic haplustalf). The experimental design was completely randomized with draft measured using S-type load cell (2-tonne capacity) at four levels each of FGA and forward speed, three levels each of working depth and soil CI using a 3 x 3 ODH (i.e. 3 discs in each of the two gangs) with the objective to acquire data on the draft force requirement of ODH at various soil and working parameters. The forward speed, working depth, and soil CI were measured with the help of a magnetic-type proximity switch, rotary potentiometer, and hydraulic cone penetrometer, respectively and were found to have a significant effect (p ( )<= 0.01) on the draft with CI having highest influence followed by working depth, speed, and FGA. Multiple regression analysis was carried out to develop a model for estimating specific draft for ODH. The efficiency of specific draft model, was assessed by various performance indices such as mean error (ME), value account for (VAF), root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R-2), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and their values were found to be -3.22, 92.77%, 4.82, 0.90 and 14.75, respectively. A major advantage of the developed specific draft model compared to other researchers' model is the inclusion of all parameters that affect draft especially FGA and CI which would increase its applicability. A good general agreement between measured and estimated specific draft was found with the data obtained from the soil bin with an average absolute variation (AAV) of 10.76%. Verification of the model was also carried out by comparing its outputs with the model outputs of previous researchers to check its applicability for other soil types and working conditions, and the results were found to be fairly good (Al-Janobi and Al-Suhaibani, 1998 (R-2 = 0.87, AAV = 14.33%), Kheiralla a al., 2004 (R-2 = 0.93, AAV = 11.95%), and Roul, 2014 (R-2 = 0.94, AAV = 23.05%) except the ASABE draft model (R-2 = 0.66, AAV = 50.18%). Therefore, the developed model in this research could be used to predict draft requirements of ODH's with reasonable accuracy.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Fate, Experience and Tragedy in Simmel's Dialogue with Modernity. This article explores the neglected idea of fate in Simmel's thought. It examines the specific definition of fate present in Simmel's writings and the relation of this definition to tragic drama. The argument operates under the assumption that tragic drama represents the 'natural habitat' for the exploration and expression of the fate problematic. In this context, it is argued that Simmel's rediscovery of the relevance of fate emphasizes the modernity of tragedy. The article explores Simmel's translation of fate from drama and philosophy into sociology, but into a sociology replete with a distinctly existential and metaphysical consciousness. It is argued that Simmel's application of fate to modern social life constitutes a sociologization of fate, but that rather than involving a reduction of fate to society, this sociologization actually involves a form of re-enchantment of the social through life. In relation to this sociologization and building on the argument of Peter Baehr, it is argued that the concept of fate is uniquely endowed with a capacity to encourage a sense of pathos conducive to the development of a reflexive and critical sense of collective social responsibility and of shared future. In this regard, the article examines Simmel's engagement with Naturalist tragedy and the transition from ancient to modern drama. Throughout, it is argued that the experience of modernity, where 'all that is solid melts into air', is conducive to a rediscovery of the relevance of fate and tragedy.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Arginine increases growth hormone gene expression in rat pituitary and GH3 cells. The effect of arginine (Arg) and Ornitargin(R) (OT) [ a compound containing the aminoacids Arg, citrulline (Cit) and ornithine (Orn)] administration upon growth hormone (GH) gene expression was studied both in vivo and in vitro ( hemipituitaries and GH3 cells) by Northern blot analysis. For in vivo studies, adult male Wistar rats were anesthetized, subjected to i.v. infusion of 200 mul of 150 mM NaCl ( control group), Arg (15 or 150 mg) or OT ( 15 mg of Arg, 1 mg of Cit and 4 mg of Orn) at a rate of 20 mul/min, and killed 50 min thereafter. For the in vitro studies, hemipituitaries or GH3 cells were incubated in 1 ml of appropriate medium containing Arg ( 15 or 150 mg) or OT ( 15 mg of Arg, 1 mg of Cit and 4 mg of Orn) for 60 min. The pituitaries of the in vivo and in vitro studies and GH3 cells were subsequently processed for RNA extraction. Total RNA was subjected to electrophoresis in agarose (1%)/formaldehyde gel, transferred to a nylon membrane and subjected to hybridization with a rat GH P-32-cDNA, and P-32-18S rRNA probe to correct for the variability in RNA loading. After autoradiography of the membrane, the abundance of GH mRNA and 18S rRNA bands was quantified by densitometry. The in vivo study demonstrated that Arg and OT infusion induced a 2.3-fold increase in GH mRNA expression, which could result from the Arg-mediated inhibition of somatostatin release. In addition, in vitro Arg, but not OT, induced GH gene expression in hemipituitaries and GH3 cells, indicating that the aminoacid can act per se at the pituitary somatotrope level. In conclusion, our data show for the first time that arginine stimulates GH gene expression in parallel to its recognized GH-releasing activity. Copyright (C) 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "Pressure drop, penetration and quality factor of filter paper containing nanofibers. Nanofiber has shown outstanding performance in many studies. Blending nanofibers into fibrous filter media is a promising way to improve the filtration performance. This paper discussed the modeling method for multi-fiber filter paper and the proper way to apply nanofiber into filter paper. Sixteen different filter papers were prepared and these filter papers covered the range of coarse-fiber-dominant and fine-fiber-dominant fibrous structure. The theoretical modeling method in this study for pressure drop and penetration of multi-fiber filter paper showed accurate results compared with the experiment data. It was found that for the higher quality factor, the nanofibers should be effectively separated by the coarse fibers. This study presented the idea of the fiber's effective contribution to filtration efficiency, which can lead to a comprehensive and distinct understanding of fibrous structure and filtration properties.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "The formation of the elite in the Real College Seminary at Merida's San Buenaventura of Horsemen (1782-1810). The Seminary of San Buenaventura of Merida was founded to give the academic formation to the elites that will keep the control of colonial power, the privileges and prestige in the society of the Old Regime. The paper aims to analyze different groups privileged of that colonial society, defined by its quality and social category acting as elites in academic and administrative positions. It shows the outstanding role that the Seminary teachers and students had during the period.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Energy efficient nonfragile control protocol for nonlinear large-scale systems with input quantization. The problem of robust stabilization for a class of nonlinear large-scale systems with the energy constraints and time-varying actuator faults is addressed in this article. In the considered system, the stabilization criteria is achieved via a sensor-network-based distributed fault-tolerant controller. Moreover to limit the consumption of energy by the sensors, the measurement size reduction technique and communication rate reduction approach are implemented such that the resulting closed-loop system is stable within a predefined extended passive performance index level. In particular, the sensor signal quantization technique is used to reduce the frequency and size of the transmitted data packet in the communication sequence. Based on the switched system theory and Lyapunov approach, a new set of sufficient conditions is obtained in the form of linear matrix inequality constraints to ensure the exponential stabilization of the considered system. The developed fault-tolerant resilient control gains are designed by resorting to the cone complementarity linearization algorithm. Moreover, a nonisothermal continuous stirred-tank reactor with interconnection is considered as an example to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design technique.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Safety of early orthopedic surgery in patients with intermediate/low- or low-risk pulmonary embolism. Methods: The medical records of 156 patients with hip fracture, who were suspected to have PE and underwent pulmonary computed tomography angiography at Asan Medical Center from January 2008 to December 2017, were retrospectively reviewed. After excluding patients who were diagnosed with PE during the postoperative period, the baseline characteristics and clinical course were compared between patients preoperatively diagnosed with PE (PE group) and patients without PE during the hospital stay (non-PE group). Adverse outcomes were evaluated during 3 months postoperatively.Conclusions: Our results suggest that early surgery might be a reasonable treatment option in patients with hip fracture and acute PE.Background: Preoperative pulmonary embolism (PE) is one of the comorbidities in patients with hip fracture. However, previous studies have not identified the optimal timing of surgery in these patients, who might require early surgery. This study aimed to investigate the safety and clinical feasibility of early surgery in patients with hip fracture and acute PE.Results: The baseline characteristics were not different between the PE group (n=90) and the nonPE group (n=50). All patients in the PE group were classified as having an intermediate/low or low risk according to the European Society of Cardiology guidelines and underwent surgery within 30 days after the PE diagnosis (median duration: 2 days). None of the patients in both groups developed symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE) during the follow-up. Moreover, there were no statistically significant differences in major bleeding, clinically relevant nonmajor (CRNM) bleeding, transfusion amount, bleeding site, and length of hospital stay between the PE and non-PE groups.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Quality of life in cancer patients with different preferences for nurse spiritual therapeutics: The role of psychological capital. Aim To explore the status of quality of life and psychological capital and analyse the different effects of psychological capital on the quality of life of cancer patients with different preferences for nurse spiritual therapeutics. Design A cross-sectional survey was used. Methods Two hundred and eight cancer patients were recruited using convenience sampling from a tertiary Chinese hospital, between March and July 2019. Data on preferences for nurse spiritual therapeutics (PNST), psychological capital (PsyCap) and quality of life (QoL) were collected using paper questionnaires. Hierarchical multiple regression was employed to investigate the different influences of PsyCap on QoL of cancer patients with various levels of PNST. Results Compared with patients having high PNST, patients with mild-moderate PNST experienced lower self-efficacy, hope, optimism, PsyCap and social/family well-being. PsyCap significantly explained the variance on QoL of patients with various levels of PNST. Age, gender, presence of caregiver were significant factors influencing physical, social/family and emotional well-being of patients with high PNST. Conclusion The present study demonstrates disparities in PsyCap and QoL between cancer patients with mild-moderate and high PNST. It is essential to be aware of the positive influences of PsyCap on QoL and develop effective interventions for patients to improve their QoL, especially for those with mild-moderate PNST. Impact It is necessary to realize the benefits of PsyCap on QoL of cancer patients with various levels of PNST. Appropriate training for nurses needs to be developed to promote their spiritual care competencies. Moreover, supportive interventions should be developed for cancer patients to improve their PsyCap and QoL.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Impact of feeding problems on nutritional intake and growth: Oxford Feeding Study II. Poor nutritional status and growth failure are common in children with cerebral palsy (CP). The aim (of this study was to assess, within a subgroup of a large and c [early defined population of children with disabilities, the impact of feeding difficulties on (1) the quality (micronutrient intake) and quantity (macronutrient intake) of their diet and (2) their growth. One hundred children with disabilities (40 females, 60 males; mean age 9 years, SD 2 years 5 months; range 4 years 6 months to 13 years 7 months) underwent a detailed dietetic analysis and a comprehensive anthropometric assessment. Diagnostic categories of disability were: CP (n=90); global developmental delay (n=3); Marfan syndrome (n=1); intractable epilepsy (n=2); agenesis of the corpus callosum (n=2); methyl malonic aciduria (n=1); and congenital rubella (n=1). Neurological impairment was classified according to difficulty with mobility which was graded as mild (little or no difficulty walking), moderate (difficulty walking but does not need aids on a helper), and severe (needs aids and/or a helper or cannot walk). Results confirmed the significant impact of neurological impairment in children on body growth and nutritional status becoming worse in those with a greater degree of motor impairment. The major nutritional deficit was in energy intake, with only one fifth reportedly regularly achieving over:: 100% estimated average requirement (EAR), whilst micronutrient intake was less markedly impaired and protein intake was normal in this group (96% above EAR). Many children with neurological impairment would benefit from individual nutritional assessment and management as part of their overall care.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Failure mode classification and deformability evaluation for concrete beams reinforced with FRP bars. The failure mode of fiber-reinforced polymers reinforced concrete (FRP-RC) beams is a concern in the capacity evaluation. Therefore, developing a robust method to identify the failure mode of FRP-RC beams is warranted. This paper proposes a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm, together with comprehensive compiled experimental databases and a validated analytical model, to identify the failure mode of FRP-RC beams. The SVM analysis yields \\\\'data-driven classification rules\\\\' that not only achieved superior performance over ACI 440 guidelines but are also valid for a large range of design parameters. The proposed classification rules are a function of the balanced reinforcement ratio (pfb) and height to depth ratio (h/b) of FRP-RC beams. In addition, the verified classification rules recommend increasing the transition zone defined by ACI 440 from 1.4pfb to 1.55pfb. The study also utilized the verified analytical model to conduct a comprehensive deformability evaluation of FRP-RC members. The results indicate that FRP-RC beams have sufficient deformability before failure regardless of the failure mode. Moreover, to ensure minimum deformability requirements for FRP-RC beams, a limit should be specified on the modulus of elasticity -to-the ultimate tensile strength of the FRP ratio. Based on the analysis, a proposed limit of 200 is recommended.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Candidatus phytoplasma australiense' in Coprosma robusta in New Zealand. A phytoplasma is reported from wild plants of Coprosma robusta, where it is associated with leaf reddening or bronzing and dieback of shoots and branches. It was detected by electron microscopy of phloem tissue, and by one-step and nested PCR using phytoplasma-specific primers targeting the 16S rRNA gene. The sequence of the 16S product closely matches that of the Phormium yellow leaf phytoplasma and places the phytoplasma in the putative species \\\\'Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense\\\\'. It was transmitted by grafting to C. robusta and C. macrocarpa. The symptoms of the disease caused by the phytoplasma (Coprosma lethal decline) in clonally matched graft-inoculated versus ungrafted cuttings of C. robusta included interveinal chlorosis and abnormal leaf yellowing or reddening, slowing of growth, and shoot dieback. A field survey of C. robusta indicated that shoot dieback and abnormal leaf coloration are common throughout much of New Zealand. \\\\'Ca. P. australiense\\\\' was detected in some, but not all, symptomatic plants, indicating it may play a role in causing such symptoms in the field. It is proposed that infected C. robusta plants provide a reservoir of \\\\'Ca. P. australiense\\\\' that leads to infection of other hosts.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Long-term decline in the abundance of leafhoppers and planthoppers (Auchenorrhyncha) in Central European protected dry grasslands. We performed a comparative study of the development in auchenorrhynchan communities of governmentally protected dry grasslands in Eastern Germany and tested whether reserves were effective in maintaining insect communities. The historical surveys are from 1963 to 1967. Between 2008 and 2010 we revisited 26 of the original sites and sampled leafhoppers and planthoppers by applying the same sampling technique as in the 1960s. Thus, we were able to perform a 40-year-comparison for auchenorrhynchan species richness and abundance. Comparisons capturing three successive years of each period allowed us to assess interannual variability in abundance.The results suggest that weather conditions and climate change are minor factors in the decline in auchenorrhynchan populations in recent years. Although the studied areas were under protection during the last 50 years, air-borne nitrogen deposition, the introduction of modern intense land use practices and alterations in plant communities, are likely to have influenced auchenorrhynchan abundance to a large extent. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Species richness hardly differed between the two periods. However, some new species were found, and therefore species composition changed. Species abundance and overall numbers of individuals declined. Mainly species known to be very common dry grassland specialists exhibited strong declines in abundance. On average, only 27% of auchenorrhynchan numbers caught from 1964 to 1966 were recorded for the years 2008 to 2010.Landscapes in Central Europe have changed considerably during the last five decades, while nature reserves have been less affected. However, there is growing concern that species richness and population size of animals in reserves may decrease even under protection.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Should human figure drawings be admitted into court?. In recent years, there has been debate about the validity of figure drawings, although surveys of clinicians in both general and forensic practice still find them to be one of the most widely used tests of personality functioning. Using both Heilbrun's (1992) guidelines for the use of psychological tests in a forensic evaluation and the U.S. Supreme Court's Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, he. (1993) criteria for the admission of scientific evidence, I examine the admissibility of human figure drawings in court. The results suggest that the most commonly used methods for interpreting human figure drawings fall short of meeting the standards for admissibility. The use of overall rating scales, although weak in validity, appear to minimally meet these standards.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE ISLAND-DWELLING KOGAIONIDAE (MAMMALIA, MULTITUBERCULATA) IN THE UPPERMOST CRETACEOUS OF TRANSYLVANIA (WESTERN ROMANIA). The latest Cretaceous kogaionid multituberculates from Transylvania (western Romania) were part of an endemic European clade of mammals that underwent an insular radiation at the end of the Cretaceous and then survived the end-Cretaceous mass extinction that extinguished many groups of contemporary therians. Transylvanian kogaionids lived on what was an island during the latest Cretaceous-\\\\'Hateg Island\\\\'-and their fossils are found in the uppermost Campanian to upper Maastrichtian deposits of the Hateg, Rusca Montana, and southwestern Transylvanian basins. This fossil record has improved dramatically over the past several decades, in part resulting from our decade-long joint Romanian-American-Scottish fieldwork, and comprises one of the most impressive and complete archives of Mesozoic mammals, including not only jaws and teeth but several incomplete skulls and partial skeletons.We here review the fossil record of kogaionids from Transylvania. We report four new occurrences from the Hateg Basin, update information on previously described ones, and use our database to reassess the chronostratigraphical and geographical distribution of kogaionids and their evolutionary patterns.As the kogaionid fossil record improves, we can further test the hypotheses and patterns outlined above. The pace of new kogaionid discoveries by our team and others indicates that a more complete picture of kogaionid distribution, paleobiology, and evolution will emerge in the coming years, contributing to a more profound understanding of this peculiar group of island-dwelling Mesozoic mammals.Although it was previously suggested that large and small kogaionids had largely mutually exclusive spatial distributions, we recognize the cooccurrence of small and large taxa in various units, suggesting a sympatric distribution across their entire chronostratigraphic range. We also identify a novel pattern: small kogaionids appear somewhat earlier than their larger relatives in all well-sampled sedimentary successions, suggesting that kogaionid colonizations of Hateg Island and component regions took place at small body size and that body size increased only later through local evolution. We find correlations between body size, preservation style, and sedimentary context, which give insight into kogaionid paleobiology and diversity. Larger kogaionids are represented more often by partial skulls and occasionally skeletons compared with small kogaionids, which are usually represented only by isolated teeth, regardless of provenance. Larger kogaionids currently have a higher recognized local taxic diversity than their smaller relatives. We hypothesize that this may be in part a consequence of preservational bias related to body size, as more complete specimens may be more easily diagnosed as distinct taxa than those that are represented by more fragmentary and/or incomplete fossils. If true, the taxic diversity of smaller kogaionids may currently be underestimated. Finally, we identify correspondence between sedimentary facies and preservation style. Red-colored fine-grained rocks, suggestive of well-drained, oxidized floodplain paleoenvironments, yield more complete specimens than drab, greenish or grayish sediments deposited in more poorly drained parts of the floodplain. This pattern may suggest habitat preferences for better-drained floodplain environments and a semifossorial lifestyle for some taxa.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
+{"token": "An Example of Microwave Holography Investigation of an Old Orthodox Russian Icon Dated to 19th Century. The study, preservation and restoration of the cultural heritage objects of mankind are not only of great cultural importance but also have a significant economic component because cultural values of past centuries attract tourists from all over the world. The use of modern technical and scientific achievements in the field of non-destructive testing makes it possible to obtain new knowledge about cultural objects regarding their origin and dating, as well as to contribute to their better restoration and preservation. An important component of their use is additional opportunities to identify high quality fakes of original cultural objects that have historical significance. The capabilities of various non-destructive testing (NDT) methods used to examine cultural objects are characterized by their penetration depth, resolution, and sensitivity to material properties. Thus, in many cases, it is necessary to perform multi-sensor non-destructive testing and creating large data sets that require an efficient evaluation. This article considers an example of using microwave (MW) holographic sensors for the examining of an old Orthodox Russian Icon dated of the late 19th century. The paper describes the technology of microwave holography, which has recently been applied to the examination of art works. Unlike the well-studied X-ray method, MW holography makes it possible to examine objects with one-sided access. Its other advantages are the relative cheapness of the equipment and the safety of use due to the low level of radiation. The article describes a MW holograms reconstruction algorithm, as well as a method for improving the quality of obtained MW images. The data collected at MW research of the Icon are compared with the results of X-ray examination and confirmed by subsequent opening and visual examination performed by professional restorers.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Enhancing Methodological Reporting in Public Administration: The Functional Equivalents Framework. Public administration scholarship reflects a multidisciplinary field in which many theoretical perspectives coexist. However, one of the dark sides of such theoretical pluralism is methodological fragmentation. It may be hard to assess the research quality and to engage with the findings from studies employing different methodologies, thus limiting meaningful conversations. Moreover, the constant race across social sciences to make methodologies more sophisticated may exacerbate the separation between academic and practitioner audiences. To counterbalance these two trends, this article aims at increasingmethodological intelligibilityin our field. It does so starting from the idea that each methodology entails choices in the conventional phases of research design, data collection, and data analysis, and that these choices must be reported. The paper nails down and exemplifies such reporting needs for five selected methodologies: survey studies, quantitative experimental studies, quantitative observational studies, qualitative case studies and ethnographies. Based on their discussion and comparison, the paper offers a framework composed byfunctional equivalents, that is to say, the common denominator among methodological reporting needs. Methodological choices that need reporting include the rationale for the selection of a methodology, delimitation of the study, the research instrument, data processing and ethical clearance. Increasing methodological reporting would facilitate dialogues among different methodological communities, and with practitioner readers. All of which would also promote field building in the scholarship of public administration.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "How records management could help Malaysia materialize its Vision 2020. Demonstrates the role that records management and records managers can play in the process of development in Malaysia with particular reference to Vision 2020: Malaysia's programme designed to bring if to full industrialized status by the year 2020. Discusses the nature of records and the practice of records management in the context of the important role they can play in improving business efficiency and assisting business re-engineering. Concludes that the requirements for record keeping are corporate requirements and hopes that this discussion will act as a catalyst to further discussion and research into records management in Malaysia and will lead to other records management initiatives in the medical, legal and accounting fields. Malaysian businesses should recognize that records management can make a significant difference to their ability to comply with the requirements of the ISO 9000 series of standards and enable them to fulfil the goals of Vision 2020.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "An in Vitro Study of the Protective Effect of Relaxin on Brain Tissue under Ischemic Stress. Organotypic brain slice culture was used to study the direct actions of relaxin on neural cells under ischernic stress. Cortical brain slices from neonatal rats were cultured for 14 days. Experimental slices were placed in a deoxygenated, glucose-free balanced salt solution (BSS) for I h, one group with 10(-7) M H2 relaxin in the medium and the other without. Control slices were transferred to oxygenated BSS with glucose. Slices were returned to normal culture conditions and analyzed 1, 4, 8, and 24 h post-treatment using propidium iodide (PI) fluorescence to highlight cellular damage or death. The percentages of dead and dying cells in a slice were compared between groups. Relaxin treatment attenuated PI staining at 4 and 8 h postischemia, suggesting a direct action(s) on cells that improves their chance of survival during ischemia.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 22, 42]}
+{"token": "Time calibration with atmospheric muon tracks in the ANTARES neutrino telescope. The ANTARES experiment consists of an array of photomultipliers distributed along 12 lines and located deep underwater in the Mediterranean Sea. It searches for astrophysical neutrinos collecting the Cherenkov light induced by the charged particles, mainly muons, produced in neutrino interactions around the detector. Since at energies of similar to 10 TeV the muon and the incident neutrino are almost collinear, it is possible to use the ANTARES detector as a neutrino telescope and identify a source of neutrinos in the sky starting from a precise reconstruction of the muon trajectory. To get this result, the arrival times of the Cherenkov photons must be accurately measured. A to perform time calibrations with the precision required to have optimal performances of the instrument is described. The reconstructed tracks of the atmospheric muons in the ANTARES detector are used to determine the relative time offsets between photomultipliers. Currently, this method is used to obtain the time calibration constants for photomultipliers on different lines at a precision level of 0.5 ns. It has also been validated for calibrating photomultipliers on the same line, using a system of LEDs and laser light devices. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "MmuPV1-Induced Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Arises Preferentially from Lgr5+Epithelial Progenitor Cells. Murine papillomavirus, MmuPV1, causes natural infections in laboratory mice that can progress to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) making it a useful preclinical model to study the role of papillomaviruses in cancer. Papillomavirus can infect cells within hair follicles, which contain multiple epithelial progenitor cell populations, including Lgr5+ progenitors, and transgenic mice expressing human papillomavirus oncogenes develop tumors derived from Lgr5 progenitors. We therefore tested the hypothesis that Lgr5+ progenitors contribute to neoplastic lesions arising in skins infected with MmuPV1 by performing lineage tracing experiments. Ears of 6-8-week-old Lgr5-eGFP-IRES-CreERT2/Rosa26LSLtdTomato mice were treated topically with 4-OH Tamoxifen to label Lgr5+ progenitor cells and their progeny with tdTomato and, 72 h later, infected with MmuPV1. Four months post-infection, tissue at the infection site was harvested for histopathological analysis and immunofluorescence to determine the percentage of tdTomato+ cells within the epithelial lesions caused by MmuPV1. Squamous cell dysplasia showed a low percentage of tdTomato+ cells (7%), indicating that it arises primarily from non-Lgr5 progenitor cells. In contrast, cutaneous SCC (cSCC) was substantially more positive for tdTomato+ cells (42%), indicating that cSCCs preferentially arise from Lgr5+ progenitors. Biomarker analyses of dysplasia vs. cSCC revealed further differences consistent with cSCC arising from LGR5+ progenitor cells.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Particulate amino acids in Wadden Sea waters - seasonal and tidal variations. Particulate amino acids (THAA) were measured in the East Frisian Wadden Sea at monthly intervals from February to December 1995. Each time two tidal cycles were sampled at hourly intervals. THAA made up between 3 and 50% (mean 15 +/- 7%) of the particulate organic carbon and between 9.3 and 104% (mean 49 +/- 20%) of the total nitrogen pools. Seasonal variations of THAA followed the development of phytoplankton in the water column while tidal variability was controlled largely by physical forcing such as tidal current velocities and wave action. The overall molar composition of the THAA pool appears to be dominated by a detrital signal originating from erosion of surface sediments. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 45, 39]}
+{"token": "Adorned for Death: Glass Bracelets for the Dead at Khirbat Al-Mudayna (Thamad). Intrusive burials disrupt the neat stratigraphy that archaeologists long for in their quest for the evidence of ancient life. Nevertheless, these burials are themselves testimony to the peoples who have lived, worked or travelled through the region for trade, resource acquisition, or pilgrimage. These burials also contain high status artefacts which themselves provide evidence of wealth, status, or special care bestowed on the deceased. Such is the case with glass bracelets with colourful trails and patches that testify to a specialized craft during the late Medieval and early Ottoman periods. This paper presents a study of a small group of ornate glass bracelets recovered from in situ burials at Khirbat al-Mudayna on Wadi Thamad in central Jordan, and compares them with larger assemblages from Palestine, the Jordan Valley and the Karak plateau.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Numerical simulation of non-isothermal viscoelastic fluid flows using a VMS stabilized finite element formulation. The effect of temperature in viscoelastic fluid flows is studied applying a stabilized finite element formulation based on both a standard and a log-conformation reformulation (LCR), and the Variational Multiscale (VMS) method as stabilization technique. The log-conformation reformulation turns out to be crucial to solve the cases with a high Weissenberg number. Regarding temperature coupling, a two-way coupling strategy is employed: on the one hand, the dependence of viscoelastic fluid parameters on temperature is established, together with the addition of a new term to the energy equation which takes into account the stress work. The formulations and the iterative algorithms are validated in the well-known flow past a cylinder benchmark. Besides, the extension 1:3 case is studied, in which several scenarios are explored varying the values of the main dimensionless numbers that characterize the problem to see how the flow pattern and temperature distribution change along the channel.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Play at work, learning and innovation. Suggesting a virtuous triangle constituting public service innovation of new governances, innovation and learning, the paper examines how and why a particular mode of learning occurs: that of play. Having identified an absence of research literature on play as a catalyst for new ideas in public services, the paper argues that the diversified nature of public services and disciplinary intermixing offers fertile ground for playing with new service ideas. Our conception of play avoids functional interpretations, such as Amabile or individualizing the results of play and instead draws upon Vygotsky's social learning theory to conceptualize play as a group activity from which new ideas emerge and suggest a new framework for understanding purposive play at work and the contribution it can make to public service innovation.", "label": [5, 50, 51]}
+{"token": "Language and the Maternal Function in Salinger's 'Down at the Dinghy. In \\\\'Down at the Dinghy\\\\' J. D. Salinger uses the power of language both as subject and as technique. Salinger's story examines the connection of language to the psychological development of the child and to the construction of reality and identity, a connection that better informs the reading of the eight other stories in the collection titled Nine Stories.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "A Study of Primary School Teachers' Representations Regarding Bilingual Teaching. This study examines the bilingual programme in Andalusian public primary schools through the analysis of individual cases. Specifically, the research inquires into the different notions bilingual programme coordinators have regarding 'bilingualism' and 'bilingual teaching'. In addition, the research focuses on the aims and nature of the programme itself. The study uses an integrated approach combining both qualitative and quantitative data collected in interviews and questionnaires answered by current programme coordinators from different public schools. The results show that the term 'bilingualism' is used to cover a wide spectrum that ranges from the narrow definition of 'an equal mastery of two languages' to definitions that allow more variation in language competence. Teachers widely accept and use the AICLE (Integrated Content and Language Learning) focus, although they seem to have difficulties balancing the language and content variables. The ultimate goal of bilingual teaching is mainly identified as foreign language communicative competence plus the potential cognitive and intellectual benefits of communicative competence in a foreign language. Bilingual teaching is also identified as a mark of quality in itself, thus highlighting the strategic value of English as a foreign language. Last of all, it is found that bilingual school projects have to deal with government overregulation, and yet there seems to be very little initial and ongoing training for teachers in the foreign language itself and how best to teach it.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Incidental Finding of Idiopathic Unilateral Adrenal Calcification in an 18-Month-Old Child: Case Report and Review of the Literature. The presence of calcified lesions in the adrenal gland requires a careful endocrine, microbiological and radiological evaluation combined with detailed clinical history to confirm its non-evolving nature and avoid unnecessary surgery. We report an 18-month-old male child hospitalized with an incidentally discovered calcification in his right adrenal gland. All biochemical data as well as liver, renal and adrenal function tests were normal. Abdominal computed tomography scan showed that the right adrenal gland was completely occupied by a large calcification, which was put in relationship with an undetected adrenal distress during the neonatal period, as macrosomy and clavicle fracture of the newborn could let us suggest. Our report describes the diagnostic approach to disclose the nature of a suprarenal mass, which is particularly problematic when this is found incidentally. In addition, an extensive review of the medical literature dealing with non-traumatic adrenal calcifications and haemorrhages in children has been carried out.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Super-diversity at the margins? Youth language in North Brabant, The Netherlands. 'Super-diversity' has gained popularity in the field of sociolinguistics as a new concept that jettisons the rather rigid toolkit of speech communities, ethnolects and mother tongues in favour of notions of truncated repertoires and resources that better capture the plurality of styles, registers and genres of people living in a globalized world. In this article we take stock of the (foregoing) literature on super-diversity (a 'sociolinguistics of mobility'), pit it against a 'sociolinguistics of distribution', but then only to call for a rapprochement. We claim that studies on super-diversity have a 'big city bias' as they remain silent on (semi-) marginal places, in our case the Dutch countryside. Sociodialectologists have produced interesting data that show a distribution of regiolects (levelled dialects) in Europe, a development that holds connection to the very same processes of globalization. In an analysis of our language material gathered at four high schools in North Brabant, the Netherlands, we seek to bring together the literature on super-diversity and the literature on dialects and regionalization.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Commodity price risk management using option strategies. In the world of increasing price volatility, it is more important than ever to understand how to manage the price risk. The paper deals with the price risk management issues associated with commodities. Using options is performed by an analysis of hedging strategies in the commodity market. The authors focus on the application of the vanilla option strategies to risk management in order to point out the advantages and disadvantages of each hedging strategy. Based on the general expressions of selling price intervals, there are modelled various hedged scenarios of wheat. The authors look at the wheat option contracts traded on the Chicago Board of Trade. The comparative comparison of the option hedging strategies has shown the best results for the commodity seller who hedges against a price decline.", "label": [0, 5, 6, 49]}
+{"token": "Tylopilus jiangxiensis, a new species of Tylopilus s. str. from China. Tylopilus jiangxiensis is described as a new species characterized by its small basidiomata, yellowish brown pileal and stipe surface, pallid to pinkish hymenophore, smooth stipe surface and white context without color change when bruised. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on five gene makers (ITS, nrLSU, tef1-alpha, rpb1 and rpb2) confirmed it as a novel member of the genus Tylopilus s. str. Its morphological descriptions and illustrations are provided.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Role of zinc sulfate in depression of lead-activated sphalerite. The equilibrium constant for this reaction is modified to suit the conditions at the solution/mineral interface. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.Depression of lead-activated sphalerite by zinc sulfate occurs by the reaction:PbS(surface) + Zn++ = ZnS + Pb++ZnS + Pb++ = PbS(surface) + Zn++The results of flotation of lead-activated sphalerite, in presence and absence of zinc sulfate, are presented in this paper. Zeta potential and adsorption measurements as well as thermodynamic calculations, substantiate that activation of sphalerite by lead nitrate is due to a replacement reaction:", "label": [1, 4, 16, 13, 39]}
+{"token": "Discharge profiles of internal-antenna-driven inductively-coupled plasmas. In this work radio frequency inductively-coupled plasmas (ICPs) sustained with a single low-inductance antenna (LIA) have been characterized in an attempt to clarify profiles of plasma parameters in the near-antenna region. The present investigations have been carried out for the purpose Of understanding the local discharge features with a single LIA unit, which are regarded as one of the elements for Sustaining large-area plasma source with multiple LIA configurations. The ion-saturation current Profiles had a peak at a distance of 10-20 mm from the Outer Surface of the antenna insulator and then decreased with increasing distance from the antenna, while the electron temperature peaked in the vicinity of the outer surface of the antenna insulator. These results suggest that the discharge sustained with a single LIA is mainly excited via the induction electric field, which is inherent in near-field nature of the induction electric fields peaking in the vicinity of the antenna and attenuating with a depth of penetration (skin depth) in the plasma. Distribution of the RF fluctuation of the floating potential was also measured to evaluate the electrostatic Coupling of the antenna to the plasma. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Blood Feeding Status, Gonotrophic Cycle and Survivorship of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) Caught in Churches from Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. Blood-feeding status, gonotrophic cycle, and survival rates of Aedes (Stegmyia) aegypti (L.) was investigated in catholic churches from Merida, Yucatan. Female Ae. aegypti were caught using backpack aspirator during 25 consecutive days in rainy (2015) and dry season (2016). Bloodfeeding status was determined by external examination of the abdomen and classified as unfed, fed, and gravid. Daily changes in the parous-nulliparous ratio were recorded, and the gonotrophic cycle length was estimated by a time series analysis. Also, was observed the vitellogenesis to monitoring egg maturity. In total, 408 females Ae. aegypti were caught, and there was a significant difference in the number of females collected per season (Z = -6.729, P >= 0.05). A great number was caught in the rainy season (n = 329). In the dry season, 79 females were caught, which the fed females were twice greatest than the unfed. The length of gonotrophic cycle was estimated on the base of a high correlation coefficient value appearing every 4 days in rainy at 26.7 +/- 1.22 degrees C, and 3 days in dry season at 29.8 +/- 1.47 degrees C. The daily survival rate of the Ae. aegypti population was higher in both seasons, 0.94 and 0.93 for the rainy and dry season, respectively. The minimum time estimated for developing mature eggs after blood feeding was similar in both seasons (3.5 days in rainy versus 3.25 days in dry). The measurement of the vectorial capacity of Ae. aegypti in catholic churches could help to understand the dynamics of transmission of arboviruses in sites with high human aggregation.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Experimental research on mechanical properties of a new TiNi shape memory alloy. Recently, our joint research group (university and industry) developed a new technology to produce the homogeneous bulk TiNi shape memory alloy by applying a sintering-powder technology. By using this technology, arbitrary shape of Ti-Ni shape memory material can be obtained in a high quality. In our laboratory, the thermo-mechanical property was confirmed experimentally, by using several loading processes: tension, compression, torsion, and combined loading process of thin-walled tube specimen. In this paper, the results are shown and discussed.The shape memory alloy with a shape memory property and pseudo-elastic property has been noted as one of the most attractive smart materials. Especially, the TiNi shape memory alloy shows the high performance compared to other shape memory materials, and has additional excellent properties, for example, anti-erosion property, anti-abrasion property, anti-vibration property and so on. In these days, the Ti-Ni shape memory alloy has been applied in the engineering/industrial field. However, it is rather difficult to produce the homogeneous bulk material, and thus the provided TiNi shape memory material is mainly wire or plate, and thus its application is quite limited (for example, the antenna of mobile telephone, frame of eye-glasses and so on).", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Sineoamphisbaena hexatabularis, an amphisbaenian (Diapsida: Squamata) from the Upper Cretaceous redbeds at Bayan Mandahu (Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China), and comments on the phylogenetic relationships of the Amphisbaenia. Sineoamphisbaena hexatabularis Wu et al., 1993 is the earliest known amphisbaenian represented by well-preserved cranial and postcranial material. It reveals a mosaic of generalized lizard-like features and amphisbaenian characters. Most distinctive of the latter are features of cranial consolidation adaptive for a fossorial way of life. Phylogenetic analyses strongly confirm the monophyly of the Amphisbaenia inclusive of S. hexatabularis. The Amphisbaenia is diagnosed by a suite of apomorphic characters. The available evidence suggests a probable Amphisbaenia-Macrocephalosauridae relationship within the Scincomorpha. This is supported primarily by the unique modifications of the palate and temporal region of the skull. It is argued here that the Amphisbaenia evolved in Central Asia during the Cretaceous, in response to the transition from a perennial lacustrine environment to a dry, semiarid eolian environment. The relatively primitive morphology indicates that S. hexatabularis was not permanently subterranean. The further derived modifications of later forms are associated with tunneling in an environment of more compact soils.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "HEAT - Human Embodied Autonomous Thermostat. The lack of thermal comfort among occupants is a common problem in built environments. Recent studies have investigated various physiological sensing and modeling approaches and demonstrated more robust thermal comfort prediction than the Predicted Mean Vote and participatory sensing methods. However, such physiological sensing approaches only work with iterative and passive Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) control schemas which can lead to problems including uncertainties in setpoint control outcomes and interruptions to building occupants. To address this critical limitation, this paper proposes a new paradigm named Human Embodied Autonomous Thermostat (HEAT) that considers human occupants as an embodiment of smart and connected thermostats where physiological measurements in form of facial skin temperature can be used to directly communicate with and control HVAC operations for improved thermal satisfaction and reduced energy use while maintaining comfort in multi-occupancy spaces. This paradigm leverages occupants' skin temperature responses under different thermal environments and integrates two types of personal models thermal comfort model and physiological predictive model to determine occupants' comfort, which can be represented as the thermal comfort zone and comfort probability. Based on these two metrics, three HVAC strategies are compared to demonstrate thermal comfort optimization for a group of occupants. The result suggests different setpoint options as a trade-off between overall comfort and energy use. The proposed HEAT framework can conceptually make wall-mounted physical thermostats redundant by serving as a basis for automated environment control based directly on human measurements to improve personalized human experience, well-being, and building energy efficiency.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "Changes in sexual behaviors following diagnosis with HIV: patterns and correlates among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in China. Effective secondary prevention of HIV infections requires knowledge about changes in sexual behaviors after diagnosis among people living with HIV (PLHIV), yet there is a dearth of literature assessing gender-specific patterns and correlates of such changes among heterosexual PLHIV in China. Data used in the current study were derived from a cross-sectional survey conducted from 2012 to 2013 among 1212 heterosexual sexually active PLHIV in Guangxi, China. Most participants reduced sexual frequency (71.2%), reduced or maintained the same number of sexual partners (96.6%), and increased or maintained same frequencies of condom use (80.6%). Gender difference was found in changes in sexual frequency, but not in the number of sexual partners or condom use. For males, decrease in sexual frequency was associated with having no desire to have children (OR = 2.03, 95% CI 1.20, 3.44), being virally suppressed (OR = 0.27, 95% CI 0.079, 0.94), and social support (OR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.06, 1.96). Health promoting behaviors in condom use (i.e., increased or maintained same frequencies of condom use) for males was associated with being 45 years of age or older (OR = 0.35, 95% CI 0.21, 0.61), having an HIV-negative main partner (OR = 1.80, 95% CI 1.11, 2.92), and physical health-related quality of life (OR = 1.02, 95% CI 1.00, 1.04). For females, decrease in sexual frequency was associated with having no desire to have children (OR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.01, 2.47). Health promoting behaviors in condom use for females was associated with having an HIV-negative main partner (OR = 3.24, 95% CI 1.63, 6.45) and social support (OR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.57, 0.99). Future intervention efforts need to target PLHIV who need extra support in making health-improvement efforts and to facilitate gender-specific behavioral changes in sexual risk reduction after HIV diagnosis.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 52, 55, 24]}
+{"token": "Narrative Discourse Impairments in Persian-Speaking Persons with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Pilot Study. Objective: Studies have shown the presence of narrative discourse difficulties in persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI), even in those who do not suffer from aphasia. Yet, there still exist inconsistencies between the results of different studies, in particular at the microlinguistic level. Moreover, a limited number of languages have been studied in this regard. Therefore, this study aimed at examining these skills in Persian-speaking individuals with TBI. The purpose of this pilot study was to analyse the microlinguistic and macrolinguistic skills of these individuals to determine impaired linguistic measures at different levels of narrative discourse. Participants and Methods: Fourteen non-aphasic Persianspeaking persons with TBI (9 with severe TBI and 5 with moderate TBI), aged 19-40 years (mean = 25.84, SD = 5.69), and 61 age-matched healthy adults completed a narrative task. Measures of language productivity, clause density, verbal error ratio, and cohesion ratio were calculated. Also, test-retest and inter-rater reliability coefficients were analysed. Results: The TBI group was impaired in some microlinguistic and all macrolinguistic measures compared to their control peers. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that multi-level narrative discourse analyses of Persian-speaking individuals with TBI may be useful for speech/language pathologists wishing to evaluate communication disorders in persons with TBI. (C) 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel", "label": [2, 3, 22, 28]}
+{"token": "DNA analysis from mixed biological materials. At the crime scene a mixture of biological samples from more than one individual often happens and since generally different contributors may give in the mixture a different contribution of biological material, in this study we have evaluated this effect on STRs analysis. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "The effect of strontium incorporation into hydroxyapatites on their physical and biological properties. In this study, the effects of a series of strontium (Sr)-substituted HA ceramics (0, 1, 5, and 10 mol % Sr substitution) were tested on their physical and biological properties. The crystal structure, composition, and solubility were investigated by TEM, XRD, and solid titration solubility isotherms, respectively. In addition, rat MSCs were cultured with culture media containing ions released from the strontium-substituted HA ceramics as they dissolved. MTT test, alkaline phosphatase activity, and osteoblast transcription factor gene (cbfa1) expression were conducted at different time points. Our results suggested that HA with Sr substitution may change its physical properties, especially its solubility, and consequently enhance undifferentiated MSCs into osteoblast lineage. The results from this and the previous study suggested that 510 mol % Sr substitution into HA may be a suitable choice for its use in bone regenerative field. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 100B: 562568, 2012.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Doping of semiconductors by molecular monolayers: monolayer formation, dopant diffusion and applications. The continuous miniaturization in the semiconductor industry brings electronic devices with higher performance at lower cost. The doping of semiconductor materials plays a crucial role in tuning the electrical properties of the materials. Ion implantation is currently widely used. Yet, this technique faces challenges meeting the requirements for smaller devices. Monolayer doping (MLD) has been proposed as one of the alternative techniques for doping semiconductors. It utilizes dopant-containing organic molecules and grafts them onto semiconductor surfaces. The dopant atoms are subsequently driven into the substrate by high temperature annealing. MLD has shown the capability for ultra-shallow doping and the doping of 3-D structures without causing crystal damage. These features make this technique a promising candidate to dope future electronic devices. In this review the processes for monolayer formation and dopant incorporation by annealing will be discussed, as well as the applications of MLD in device fabrication.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Optically excited threshold switching synapse characteristics on nitrogen-doped graphene oxide quantum dots (N-GOQDs). Carbon-based organic material such as nitrogen-doped graphene oxide quantum dots (N-GOQDs) is a new-class material with unique biocompatible, high chemical inertness, and elevated photoluminescence properties. Two-terminal diffusive memristors can faithfully replicate biological synapse function via mutual similarities of in-/out-diffusion of Ag+ ions with biological Ca2+ migration dynamics for neural network applications. Inspired by hetero-plasticity phenomenon, in which Ca2+ dynamics can also be tuned by the 3rd counterpart - neuromodulatory axon, in this study, using an ultra-violet light source, we develop N-GOQDs based diffusive memristor that performs light-modulated synaptic behaviors. Specifically, photo-sensitive N-GOQDs ionic conductor shows n-pi* electron transitions under UV excitation; yet, nitrogen-doping further facilitates the electron transitions, giving out additional conductance induced by light. Further, we demonstrate endurable threshold resistive switching (TS) behavior based on Ag+ ions migration and its variety of facilitations via assisted UV illumination. The enhancement of post-synaptic current under assisted UV light, as well as the light stimulated transition from short-to long-term memory potentiation have been achieved. These findings are believed to be a step forward for the realization of higher bandwidth synapse modulation as future hardware-based neural network applications. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Does Assessment Format Matter? A Comparison of In-Person Versus Teletesting Scores for Youth with ADHD. Objective: This study examined test score equivalency between traditional in-person assessment and teletesting among youth diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Method: In all, 896 youth with ADHD, ages 5-21 years, were administered cognitive, academic achievement, and verbal fluency measures via either teletesting (n = 448) or traditional in-person assessment (n = 448). The teletesting and in-person groups were matched on age, sex, and insurance type (as a proxy for income). Results: Results indicated no significant differences in test scores obtained via in-person and teletesting evaluations across all examined measures. Conclusion: Clinically referred youth with ADHD perform similarly on measures of cognitive functioning, academic achievement, and verbal fluency, regardless of whether these measures are administered in-person or via teletesting. While additional evidence for equivalent psychometric properties of neuropsychological instruments administered remotely is needed, this study offers support for the validity of remote administration among youth with ADHD.", "label": [2, 5, 23, 55]}
+{"token": "Joint Optimization of Spectro-Temporal Features and Deep Neural Nets for Robust Automatic Speech Recognition. In speech recognition, feature extraction and acoustical model training are traditionally done in two separate steps. Here, instead, we use a framework that combines spectro-temporal feature extraction and the training of neural network based acoustic models into a single process. We found earlier that this approach can be successfully applied for the recognition of speech. In this paper, we propose two further improvements to our method based on recent advances in neural net technology and extend our evaluation to speech conatminated with new types of noise. By repeating our experiments on TIMIT phone recognition tasks using clean and noise contaminated speech, we can compare the recognition performance of the original framework with our new, modified framework. The results indicate that both these modifications significantly improve the recognition performance of our framework. Moreover, we will show that these modifications allow us to achieve a substantially better performance than what we got earlier.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "A MUTANT OF NEUROSPORA-CRASSA THAT HAS A LONG LAG PHASE IN LOW-CALCIUM MEDIUM. A mutant of Neurospora crassa that has a long lag phase when grown in medium that contains less than 10-mu-M-CaCl2 was isolated from UV-irradiated conidia. However, the rate of uptake of calcium ions by mycelium and the dependence on magnesium ions of the growth of this mutant were the same as those of the wild-type strain. The phase of the circadian clock, within the entire circadian cycle of the mutant, could not be shifted by exposure to fluorescent white light during growth in liquid medium. However, a brief incubation at high temperature resulted in a large shift in phase, and the phase response curve for the mutant was similar to that for the wild-type strain. The mutant strain had the same sensitivity to light as the wild-type strain with respect to carotenoid synthesis. The relevant mutation may affect the process involved in transduction of signals from the light-perception system to the clock mechanism and this process may be related to calcium homeostasis in Neurospora cells.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "New kinetic approach to the evolution of polygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.15) activity in a commercial enzyme preparation under pulsed electric fields. The effect of pulsed elecftric fields (PEF) on polygalacturonase (PG) activity in an aqueous solution of a commercial enzyme preparation was studied. Monopolar square wave pulses of 4 mu s were delivered to the solution, which circulated through tubular chambers with 2 stainless steel electrodes in continuous operation. The electric field intensities (E) and treatment time (t) ranged within 15 to 38 kV cm(-1) and 300 to 1100 mu s, respectively. Although important reduction of the PG activity could be achieved (up to 76.5% at E = 38 kV cm(-1) and t = 1100 mu s), the experimental data showed certain enhancemeat of PG activity could be achieved under soft conditions (up to 110.9% at E = 15 kV cm(-1) and t = 300 mu s). A kinetic mechanism involving 2 consecutive irreversible first-order steps was developed to describe and explain the experimental data. The tested model exhibited high accuracy in respect of the experimental data and the error of the model was lower than 4.4%,. The kinetic rate constant of the first (k(1)) and second (k(2)), ratio between the activities of intermediate and native forms of the enzyme (Lambda), and other quantities related to the model, were obtained within a Bayesian framework. k(1) resulted independent of the E applied and considerably greater in magnitude order (k(1) means = 6 mu s(-1)) with respect to k(2), which was dependent on the applied E (mean values ranged from 489-6 mu s(-1) at E = 38 kV cm(-1) to 1215E-6 mu s(-1) at 38 kV cm(-1)). The dependency of k(2) toward E was described using an exponential relationship.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Making Friends, Building Roads: Chinese Entrepreneurship and the Search for Reliability in Angola. Based on fieldwork conducted in 2013-2014 with a provincial-level Chinese state-owned construction firm in Luanda, this article examines how Chinese businesses attempted to expand in the aftermath of a booming period of Angolan postwar reconstruction. Chinese entrepreneurs found that business could only be done with the help of local mediators promising to open otherwise inaccessible portals to political expediency. They shared with their would-be collaborators an image of Angola as a land of vast extractive opportunities, available only to those who could gain access through crucial personal connections. Highly aware of the opacity and potential deceptiveness of their \\\\'friends,\\\\' in part because they engaged in dissimulative practices themselves, Chinese businesspeople evaluated Angolan partners less in terms of sincerity than efficacy. Amid a general atmosphere of mistrust, \\\\'reliability\\\\' emerged as a necessary quality for constructing relationships of mutual benefit and exploitation. [friendship, mistrust, business, globalization, China-Angola relations]", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Evaluating the effects of a SharkSafe Barrier (TM) shoreline deployment on bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas) behaviour. Beach nets and drumlines are lethal devices that are used to minimize the interaction between potentially dangerous sharks and beachgoers. Mortality to these large shark species as a result of these lethal measures has led to the development of non-invasive technologies that may minimize the risks of rare encounters with beachgoers while simultaneously protecting vulnerable sharks and other marine species. One such technology is the SharkSafe Barrier (TM), which uses visual and magnetic stimuli to non-invasively deter sharks from a designated area. Previous experiments using this technology were performed on a small scale (e.g. 13 m x 13 m), with an attempt made to extrapolate the results to a larger scale application without actual large-scale deployments and experimentation. The present study examined whether a large-scale SharkSafe Barrier (TM) shoreline deployment could successfully exclude the bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas) from acoustic and olfactory cues and evaluated whether the technology could serve as a less invasive replacement to current culling practices. Generalized linear mixed-model analyses based on 59 trials illustrate that C. leucas swimming behaviour (i.e. avoidances, entrances, and pass arounds) significantly differed between the control (i.e. unmanipulated area) and the experimental (i.e. SharkSafe Barrier (TM)) regions. Unlike previous small-scale experiments, 10 of 16 sharks repeatedly penetrated the barrier and swam in an accelerated manner once within the experimental barrier region. The present findings raise concerns that the size of the previous experimental areas may have been insufficient to provide a realistic representation of barrier efficacy for large-scale deployments. With continued shark-culling measures in various locations, a non-invasive and eco-friendly alternative is needed, but substantial modifications to the current Sharksafe barrier design or an entirely new eco-friendly approach are needed as the barrier in its present state does not reliably deter large and potentially dangerous sharks from a large-scale area.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Usefulness of MALDI/TOF mass spectrometry of immunoprecipitated serum variant transthyretin in the diagnosis of familial amyloid polyneuropathy. A matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight (MALDI/TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) system was used to detect variant transthyretin (TTR) in immunoprecipitated serum TTR molecules obtained from 6 patients with familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) who were already proven not to have ATTR Val30Met. This simple and quick method showed six different patients of mass spectra of TTR-related immunoprecipitates from these patients, and in each patient the clearly identified characteristic doublet-shaped ion peaks consisted of normal and variant TTR apart from each other peak with a mass difference between them. DNA sequencing confirmed that the patterns of variant TTR corresponded respectively to ATTR Val30Leu, A TTR Phe33 Val, ATTR Asp38Ala, ATTR Ser50Arg, ATTR Ala97Gly and ATTR Ala97Ser. A TTR Asp38Ala and ATTR Ala97Ser are previously unknown variants of TTR leading to the development of FAP. ATTR Phe33 Val was found in a Chinese FAP patient and ATTR Ala97Ser in a Taiwanese. Serum analysis using immunoprecipitation and MALDI/TOF MS system can provide useful information when investigating FAP patients with diverse types of variant TTR.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42]}
+{"token": "Visualizing relativity: The OpenRelativity project. We present OpenRelativity, an open-source toolkit to simulate effects of special relativity within the popular Unity game engine. Intended for game developers, educators, and anyone interested in physics, OpenRelativity can help people create, test, and share experiments to explore the effects of special relativity. We describe the underlying physics and some of the implementation details of this toolset with the hope that engaging games and interactive relativistic \\\\'laboratory\\\\' experiments might be implemented. (C) 2016 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.", "label": [4, 5, 53, 35]}
+{"token": "Radiological evaluation of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm. The intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) is the most frequent cystic neoplasm of the pancreas. Due to the widespread use of cross-sectional imaging IPMN is being incidentally recognized with increasing frequency. The most common type is branch- duct IPMN which occurs multifocally in about 20-30%. Patients with IPMN may present with symptoms resembling chronic pancreatitis and episodes of acute pancreatitis are increasingly being reported which usually have a mild course. The most important diagnostic technique is contrast-enhanced multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), which most frequently allows the differentiation from other cystic lesions and enables the attribution to branch duct or main duct IPMN. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in combination with magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and endoscopic ultrasound are superior in depicting the fine architecture of cystic tumors. Particularly for evaluation of malignant transformation and extent of malignant disease, high resolution imaging is essential. Whereas main duct IPMN is an indication for resection therapy for small and asymptomatic branch duct IPMN periodic surveillance at 6-12 month intervals is recommended.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "THE MORAL 'COPLA' SCOURGE OF THE WICKED. THE MORAL \\\\'COPLA\\\\' SCOURGE OF THE WICKED. Three versions of the Sephardic \\\\'Copia cle moral\\\\' Azote de lmpios ('Scourge of the Wicked') are analyzed in this article. They were all printed in the nineteenth century, in Constantinople (1858) (version A), in Leipzig (1858) (version B) and in Jerusalem (1894) (version C). The Version B was included in the German Nach Jerusalem! by Ludwig Aug. Frankl is of interest as it was written with Latin letters according to a special system that reflects the sounds of the original Judeo-Spanish.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Forming 'men for others': a phenomenological case study on the intersection of school culture and at-risk males. This article uses a phenomenological case study to explore how at-risk male adolescents interact with a school culture that attempts to focus on 'serving others'. Qualitative methodologies are used to understand the impact of this school culture on participants' academic, social, and emotional lives. Findings reveal that beneath the 'Men for Others' mission are ideologies and actions that appear to move beyond common notions of kindness and care and towards notions of service and sacrifice. Conclusions from this study indicate that service and sacrifice may be natural, relevant, and impactful for at-risk students, and if supported by schools, could increase opportunities for collective thriving, and citizenship education in a Catholic way.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "NA-NA, NA-NA, BOO-BOO, THE ACCURACY OF YOUR PHILOSOPHICAL BELIEFS IS DOO-DOO. The paper argues that adopting a form of skepticism, Skeptical-Dogmatism, that recommends disbelieving each philosophical position in many multi-proposition disputes-disputes where there are three or more contrary philosophical views-leads to a higher ratio of true to false beliefs than the ratio of the \\\\'average philosopher\\\\' (as indicated by survey data). Hence, Skeptical-Dogmatists have more accurate beliefs than the average philosopher. As a corollary, most philosophers would improve the accuracy of their beliefs if they adopted Skeptical-Dogmatism.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Investigation of unsteady, hypersonic, laminar separated flows over a double cone geometry using a kinetic approach. Shock-dominated hypersonic laminar flows over a double cone are investigated using time accurate direct simulation Monte Carlo combined with the residuals algorithm for unit Reynolds numbers gradually increasing from 9.35 x 104 to 3.74 x 10(5) m(-1) at a Mach number of about 16. The main flow features, such as the strong bow-shock, location of the separation shock, the triple point, and the entire laminar separated region, show a time-dependent behavior. Although the separation shock angle is found to be similar for all Re numbers, the effects of Reynolds number on the structure and extent of the separation region are profound. As the Reynolds number is increased, larger pressure values in the under-expanded jet region due to strong shock interactions form more prominent lambda-shocklets in the supersonic region between two contact surfaces. Likewise, the surface parameters, especially on the second cone surface, show a strong dependence on the Reynolds number, with skin friction, pressure, and surface heating rates increasing and velocity slip and temperature jump values decreasing for increasing Re number. A Kelvin-Helmholtz instability arising at the shear layer results in an unsteady flow for the highest Reynolds number. These findings suggest that consideration of experimental measurement times is important when it comes to determining the steady state surface parameters even for a relatively simple double cone geometry at moderately large Reynolds numbers. Published by AIP Publishing.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "'More than the Sum of Its Articles'. This article concerns itself with the publication of national biography in the Irish language, concentrating on Beathaisnis (1986-2007), a nine-volume biographical series, and its companion online database which was launched in 2011. The essay begins by setting the printed work briefly in the context of biographical writing in Ireland before going on to describe the origins and evolution of the project. From looking at the methodology employed and the selection criteria used for biographical subjects, it is clear that the editors wished to be as inclusive as possible throughout. Given the patently nationalist agenda of projects such as the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, I consider in passing the conceptions of biography which inform Beathaisnis. The article ends by focusing on the work's presence online, imaginatively linked to related projects and thereby giving the original printed volumes a new lease of life as well as furthering the creation of a civic discourse in Irish.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Water, from Gilgamesh Epic to Nobel Laureate Richard Feynman: a look into polywater and the memory of water. Water is a complex source of imagination, dreams and rituals, where cultural differences ebb and flow, where a plethora of meanings and interpretations interlink and wash over one another. Water has an ambivalent character as stated in most of the ancient cosmogonies and in the Epic of Gilgamesh. Water's composition was discovered by the London scientist Henry Cavendish in about 1781. Although it is an apparently simple molecule (H(2)O), it has a highly complex and anomalous character. The anomalous properties of water are those where the behavior of liquid water is quite different from what is found with other liquids. As often stated, life depends indeed on these anomalous properties of water. Notably there are 12 phase, 22 density, 12 material, 11 thermodynamic and 9 physical anomalies. A powerful look into the water molecule was given by Nobel Prize recipient Richard P. Feynman as published in Six easy pieces. A look into the most recent quest for more knowledge about water leads us to the concept of pathological science. The cases of \\\\'polywater\\\\' and \\\\'the memory of water\\\\' are indeed paradigmatic episodes of fraudulent research published in journals with high impact factors. In conclusion, men came out of water engineered to handle water, and water greatly affects mythology and philosophy and is a strong presence in the arts and science.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Are polyamines involved in the heat-shock protection of mung bean seedlings?. Germinating seeds of Vigna radiata (Linn) Wilczek cv. ML 311, with a radicle length of 5 mm, were subjected to a heat-shock episode of 50 degrees C for 2 h followed by transfer to the normal temperature (28 degrees C) for 3 days in the dark. Exogenous effects of polyamines (putrescine. spermidine, and spermine) on the recovery growth and membrane integrity of seedling tissues were studied. Application of polyamines, either as a pre-treatment at 28 degrees C for 2 h prior to heat-shuck or as a co-treatment (50 degrees C, 2 h) during the heat-shock period itself, enhanced the recovery growth of both roots and hypocotyls but especially the former with the order of effectiveness being putrescine, spermidine. and spermine. Treatment with polyamine biosynthetic inhibitors, i.e. D,L alpha-diflouromethylarginine (DFMA) and D,L alpha-diflouromethylornithine (DFMO) resulted in thermosensitization, making seedlings vulnerable to heat-shock. This effect could be ameliorated by putrescine application. An important role of polyamines in heat shock protection is thus indicated.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Perceptions of important outcomes of moral case deliberations: a qualitative study among healthcare professionals in childhood cancer care. Background In childhood cancer care, healthcare professionals must deal with several difficult moral situations in clinical practice. Previous studies show that morally difficult challenges are related to decisions on treatment limitations, infringing on the child's integrity and growing autonomy, and interprofessional conflicts. Research also shows that healthcare professionals have expressed a need for clinical ethics support to help them deal with morally difficult situations. Moral case deliberations (MCDs) are one example of ethics support. The aim of this study was to describe the MCD-related outcomes that healthcare professionals in childhood cancer care considered important, before MCDs were implemented, in order to facilitate the implementation of MCDs in childhood cancer care in Sweden. Methods This study is based on qualitative data. Healthcare professionals, mostly representing registered nurses, nursing assistants and physicians, working at childhood cancer care centres in Sweden, were invited to respond to the translated and content validated European MCD Outcomes Instrument, before participating in regular MCDs. Answers to the main open-ended question, included in the questionnaire, was analysed according to systematic text condensation. Results Data was collected from 161 responses from the healthcare professionals. The responses included healthcare professionals' perceptions of which MCD-related outcomes they found important for handling moral challenges. Three different themes of important outcomes from the analysis of the data are presented as follows: Interprofessional well-being in team interactions on a team level; Professional comfort when dealing with moral challenges on a personal level; and Improved quality of care for the child and the family on a care level. Conclusions Healthcare professionals in childhood cancer care considered it important that ethics support could enhance the well-being of interprofessional teams, support healthcare professionals on an individual level and improve quality of care. The results of this study can be used in current and future training for MCD-facilitators. When knowing the context specific important MCD-outcomes, the sessions could be adapted. Managers in childhood cancer care would benefit from knowing about the specific important outcomes for their target group because they could then create relevant working conditions for clinical ethics support.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 52]}
+{"token": "Reproduction is costly in an infected aquatic insect. Internal energy reserves of animals are limited, and the current investment in reproduction often decreases survival or future reproductive success. Some studies showed that copulatory activities impair the strength of immune function in insects, while the recent evidence is contradictory. In this study we tested whether copulatory activity affects the rate of encapsulation response in males of Calopteryx splendens damselfly in allopatric populations, and in sympatric populations where C. splendens stay together with their superior competitor C. virgo. We also counted the number of eugregarines, which are common parasites of damselflies. Copulation activity did not affect the immunity of C. splendens males in allopatric populations. In sympatric populations C. splendens males had more gut parasites, and we found a significant interaction between parasite number and copulatory activity on the rate of encapsulation. Our results suggest that the costs of reproduction are higher in infected males, which may affect reproductive investment and sexual selection.", "label": [4, 5, 55, 47]}
+{"token": "Detection and Partial Characterization of Milk vetch dwarf virus Isolates from Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) in Yunnan Province, China. A virus disease of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in China, characterized by leaf yellowing and rolling and plant stunting, was shown to be caused by a virus of the genus Nanovirus based on serological reactions to nanovirus-specific monoclonal antibodies and the generation of polymerase chain reaction amplicons using nanovirus-specific primers. To identify the faba bean-infecting nanovirus, regions of the DNA components encoding the master replication initiator protein and capsid protein of two nanovirus isolates from China were cloned, sequenced and compared with those of other members of the genus Nanovirus. The two Chinese virus isolates shared nucleotide sequence identities ranging from 95 to 98% with the type isolate of Milk vetch dwarf virus (MDV) from Japan. They were thus identified as isolates of MDV, a virus so far known to cause important diseases of legumes in Japan. This is the first record of MDV-infecting faba bean in China.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Static analysis-based validation of floating-point computations. Finite precision computations can severely affect the accuracy of computed solutions. We present a static analysis, and a prototype implementing this analysis for C codes, for studying the propagation of rounding errors occurring at every intermediary step in floating-point computations. The analysis presented relies on abstract interpretation by interval values and series of interval error terms. Considering all errors possibly introduced by floating-point numbers, it aims at identifying the operations responsible for the main losses of accuracy. We believe this approach is for now specially appropriate for numerically simple programs which results must be verified, such as critical instrumentation software.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Associations and the role of affiliative, agonistic, and socio-sexual behaviors among common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Little is known about the specific behavioral exchanges that occur on a day-to-day basis between dyads of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). This study assesses the proportion of time dyads spend in proximity (within similar to 2 m) and the proportion of time spent in affiliative, agonistic, or socio-sexual contexts within and between age/sex dolphin pairings to better understand their social relationships. Observations of bottlenose dolphins housed at the Roatan Institute of Marine Sciences provided 10.5 h of underwater footage from which to examine association coefficients and inter-individual interactions. These data suggest similar patterns to previous studies on bottlenose dolphins: mother-calf dyads shared the highest coefficients of association, followed by male-male, female-female, and male-female dyads. Four classes of association coefficients were defined for the population including low, medium, medium high and high. This study is the first to quantitatively assess association patterns concurrently with affiliative, agonistic, and socio-sexual behaviors for bottlenose dolphins. The predominant relationships were affiliative. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 55, 47]}
+{"token": "Registration of FC305 Multigerm Sugarbeet Germplasm Selected from a Cross to a Crop Wild Relative. FC305 (Reg. No. GP-286, PI 671963) sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) germplasm was developed and released by the USDA-ARS, at Fort Collins, CO, Salinas, CA, and East Lansing, MI, in cooperation with the Beet Sugar Development Foundation, Denver, CO. This germplasm is a diploid, sugarbeet population in normal cytoplasm, segregating for self-sterility (Sf:SsSs), multigermity (M:mm), and hypocotyl color (R:rr). FC305 has moderate resistance to cercospora leaf spot (CLS) (caused by Cercospora beticola Sacc.), aphanomyces root rot (caused by Aphanomyces cochlioides Drechsl.), and beet curly top (Beet curly top virus), as well as resistance to Fusarium yellows [caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. sp. betae (Stewart) Snyd. & Hans.]. This germplasm is segregating for resistance to rhizomania (Beet necrotic yellow vein virus) and contains both Rz1 and Rz2 genes for resistance. There was no resistance to root-rotting strains (AG-2-2) of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. FC305 could provide an alternate source of resistance to CLS and Fusarium yellows in a diverse genetic background to enrich the cultivated sugarbeet germplasm base. FC305 provides a source from which to select disease-resistant, multigerm pollinator parents. Because monogerm and O-type is within its parentage, it should be possible to select monogerm, O-type, CMS-maintainer lines from FC305 as well.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "If our diet and that of food animals is to be hygienically correct it must also be in line with evolution. Food hygiene must help to stabilise our health via supplies of food, to promote health and to give protection against the development of physical and psychological diseases and against the breakdown of social structures. The avoidance of health hazards, which can arise from substances, including microorganisms, in individual foods is only one part of food hygiene. A food that is hygienic as far as its combination of nutrients is concerned will not be hygienic should there be any substances harmful to health or micro-organisms likely to endanger health present. Conversely a food that supplies too few essential nutrients or too many nutrients spread over several meals is not hygienic.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Effects of annealing time on defect-controlled ferromagnetism in Ga1-xMnxAs. We have studied the evolution of the magnetic, electronic, and structural properties of annealed epilayers of Ga1-xMnxAs grown by low temperature molecular beam epitaxy. Annealing at the optimal temperature of 250 degreesC for less than 2 h significantly enhances the conductivity and ferromagnetism, but continuing the annealing for longer times suppresses both. These data indicate that such annealing induces the defects in Ga1-xMnxAs to evolve through at least two different processes, and they point to a complex interplay between the different defects and ferromagnetism in this material. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Qualiquantitatve study of biogas produced by substrates in batch biodigestors. Aiming to study the biogas produced by 5 substrates from both quality and quantity point of view, this research was conducted at the Rural Engineering Department of FCAV/UNESP - Brazil, State of Sao Paulo. The substractes that were used in the anaerobic digestion were characterized as: 1 - Slaughter fowls' manure with napier grass bed (MFNG); 2 - Slaughter fowls' manure with triturate napier grass bed (MFNGT); 3 - Suine manure (SM); 4 - Bovine manure (BM) and 5 - Bovine manure mixed with 50% of sugarcane bagasse (BM50S). From the data collected it was concluded that: the substract (MFNG) and the substract containing SM produced higher and lower volumes of biogas respectively, when compared to the others; the mixture of sugarcane bagasse in the substract containing Bovine manure damages the accumulated biogas production and its quality; 57 days after filling the biodigestors, all substrates produced biogas with a methane level higher than 48% except for the substrates containing Suine manure; the triturate substrates (MFNGT) did not present such distinct characteristics from the non-triturate substrates (MFNG); the quality of biogas at the maximum production stage was similar, for all the studied substrates; the biogas which presented higher quantity of methane in its composition was the one produced with BM, overcoming the value up to 17.7% over the MFNGT production.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Sworn on the Dirt of Graves: Sovereignty, Jurisdiction and the Judicial Abrogation of 'Barbarous' Customs in New Zealand in the 1840s. This paper examines the judicial construction of jurisdiction over Maori in the 1840s in New Zealand. Using new data, including case material and extra-judicial commentary, it examines the first decisions by the New Zealand Supreme Court on crime between Maori (crime 'inter se'). In so doing, it briefly places New Zealand in a broader context of settler colonies, and considers how colonial judges (such as Chapman J of the Supreme Court of New Zealand) fashioned the common law to fit the contingency of local circumstance, thereby playing their part in constituting local sovereignty. Finally, the article also considers the reaction of settlers to Maori crime and these decisions.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Elasto-plastic FEM analysis of residual stress in spun tube. The residual stress distribution of Hastelloy C corrosion-resistant alloy, tubes after power spinning was simulated with the elasto-plastic finite element method combining with the element birth and death technique, the influences of spinning parameters on the distribution of the residual stress were investigated in detail, and the formation mechanism of residual stress during tube spinning was discussed. Based on the calculation of the residual stress, the reasons for annealing cracks on the spun tube during interpass heat treatment were explored. The simulation results and the characteristics of annealing cracks show that the circumferential residual tensile stress is a main factor to cause the annealing cracks.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Entropic relevance: A mechanism for measuring stochastic process models discovered from event data. There are many fields of computing in which having access to large volumes of data allows very precise models to be developed. For example, machine learning employs a range of algorithms that deliver important insights based on analysis of data resources. Similarly, process mining develops algorithms that use event data induced by real-world processes to support the modeling of - and hence understanding and long-term improvement of - those processes.In process mining, the quality of the learned process models is assessed using conformance checking techniques, which measure how well the models represent and generalize the data. This article presents the entropic relevance measure for conformance checking of stochastic process models, which are models that also provide information in regard to the likelihood of observing each sequence of observed events. Accurate stochastic conformance measurement allows identification of models that describe the data better, including the captured sequences of process events and their frequencies, with information about the likelihood of the described processes being an essential step toward simulating and forecasting future processes.Entropic relevance represents a blend between the traditional precision and recall quality criteria in conformance checking, in that it both penalizes observed processes that the model does not describe, and also penalizes processes that are permitted by the model yet were not observed. Entropic relevance can be computed in time linear in the size of the input data; and measures a fundamentally different phenomenon than other existing measures. Our evaluation over industrial datasets confirms the feasibility of using the measure in practice. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Dynamics of climate policy. This article is based on the talk I delivered at the 2006 International System Dynamics Conference in Nijmegen, upon receiving the Jay W. Forrester Award for Exploring policy options with a behavioral climate-economy model (Fiddaman, 2002). Here I attempt to step back from modeling particulars, to talk about the global policy context of climate change. In particular, it appears to me that a great deal of effort is misdirected toward policies that are unlikely to achieve significant mitigation of climate change. Redirecting that effort toward practical policies requires a shift in the regulatory paradigm of policyrnakers and the mental models of the public. System dynamics is well positioned to contribute some of the innovations needed to make that shift happen. Copyright (c) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "Phylogenetic analysis and antibiotic activity of bacteria isolated from the surface of two co-occurring macroalgae from the Baltic Sea. Bacteria associated with Fucus vesiculosus and Delesseria sanguinea, two macroalgae from the Kiel Fjord were investigated seasonally over two years by cultivation-based methods. A total of 166 bacterial strains were isolated from the macroalgae, affiliated to seven classes of bacteria (Actinobacteria, Bacilli, Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Cytophagia and Flavobacteria). According to 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities they were arranged in 82 phylotypes of>99.0% sequence identity. Assuming that chemical factors rule the bacteriamacroalga and bacteriabacteria interactions on algal surfaces, we tested the antibiotic activity of the bacterial isolates not only against a panel of four standard test organisms (Bacillus subtilis, Candida glabrata, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus lentus) but also four macroalga-associated microorganisms: Algicola bacteriolytica and Pseudoalteromonas elyakovii (macroalgal pathogens), and Bacillus algicola and Formosa algae (strains associated with algal surfaces). Organic extracts of more than 51% of the isolates from the two macroalgae inhibited the growth of at least one of the tested microorganisms. As much as 46% and 45% of the isolates derived from F. vesiculosus and D. sanguinea, respectively, showed antimicrobial activity against the set of macroalga-associated bacteria, compared with 13 and 19% against a standard set of microorganisms. High antibacterial activity against macroalgal pathogens and bacterial competitors support the assumption that complex chemical interactions shape the relationships of bacteria associated with macroalgae and suggest that these bacteria are a rich source of antimicrobial metabolites.", "label": [0, 4, 45, 9]}
+{"token": "An Australian study of midwives' breast-feeding knowledge. Design: postal questionnaire.Objective: to investigate midwives' breast-feeding knowledge, assess associations between knowledge and role, and report on the validity and reliability of the Breast-feeding Knowledge Questionnaire for the Australian context.Key conclusions and implications for practice: the level of basic breast-feeding knowledge of Australian midwives was adequate but there are deficits in key areas. Knowledge variations by midwives may contribute to conflicting advice experienced by breast-feeding women. Further research is needed to investigate in-depth breast-feeding knowledge, breast-feeding promotion practices, and associations between knowledge and practice. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Setting: national Australia.Findings: a response rate of 31% (n = 1105) was obtained. Respondents were knowledgeable of the benefits of breast feeding and common management issues. Key areas requiring attention included management of low milk supply, immunological value of human milk, and management of a breast abscess during breast feeding. Participants over the age of 30, possessing IBCLC qualifications; having personal breast-feeding experience of more than three months; and more clinical experience achieved higher knowledge scores. Role perceptions were positive with 90% of midwives reporting being confident and effective in meeting the needs of breast-feeding women in the early postnatal period. Midwives' role perception contributed 39% of the variance in general breast-feeding knowledge scores and was a significant predictor of participants' breast-feeding knowledge.Participants: midwives (n = 3500) who are members of the Australian College of Midwives Inc (ACMI).", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Human rights in the traditional legal system of the Nkoya people of Zambia. From a nave transcontinental perspective, the challenge surrounding human rights amounts to mediating and vindicating a North-Atlantic cultural product outside the North Atlantic in contexts that initially appear to be alien and inimical. From this perspective, human rights in Africa are part of the wider problematic of the continent's reception of North-Atlantic constitutional law. However, intercultural philosophy exposes this nave view as inherently hegemonic for attributing the monopoly of something that could, alternatively, be considered an inalienable achievement of humankind as a whole to the North-Atlantic region, This approach is disqualifying for persons outside the North Atlantic as it makes it more difficult for them to adopt human-rights thinking as potentially universal and as resonating with their own local concepts of personhood, integrity and freedom. The present argument challenges the hegemonic approach to human rights. On the basis of a study of the human-rights thinking in the traditional legal system of the Nkoya people of Western Central Zambia, I argue an endogenous, local historical basis for many of their human-rights concepts and that the application of these rights in Nkoya society is often subtle and liberating. In addition, the Nkoya people even boast a few human rights for which there are no ready equivalents in standard North-Atlantic human-rights catalogues.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 54]}
+{"token": "Unbalanced t(4;11)(q32;q23) in a 34-year-old man with manifestations of distal monosomy 11q and trisomy 4q syndromes. We present a 34-year-old man with an unbalanced translocation between the long arms of chromosome 4 and chromosome 11. He had manifestations of monosomy 11(q23)-minor facial anomalies, abnormal head shape, cryptorchidism; trisomy 4(q32)-hirsutism, renal disease; and manifestations attributable to both imbalances-heart disease, musculoskeletal anomalies, and mental retardation. FISH studies showed that the chromosome 11q23.3 translocation breakpoint was distal to the rare folate sensitive fragile site (FRA11B). The patient is the oldest reported with both imbalance of 4q+ and 11q-. Am. J. Med, Genet. 70:357-360, 1997. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Circulation' of nerve impulse in lateral giant axons of the crayfish: A remnant of an evolutionary past?. The high-frequency repetitive discharge of the lateral giant axons evoked in isolated abdominal nerve cord of the crayfish by a single short electrical pulse has been described forty years ago in two independent papers (Burmistrov, 1965; Kusano & Grundfest, 1965). This phenomenon never was commented, though it seems hardly compatible with recent evidence concerning the lateral giant circuitry underlying the tail-flip escape reaction in modern crayfish. This paper is an attempt to explain the repetitive discharge of the lateral giants in the light of recent data about their structure and functions. It is concluded that (1) long repetitive high-frequency discharge of the lateral giants obtained in the isolated ventral nerve cord can hardly occur under natural conditions; (2) nevertheless, this phenomenon, caused by \\\\'circulation\\\\' of nerve impulse in loops of the lateral giants resulting from their ladder-like structure, needs to be explained; (3) one may suggest that it is a remnant of the evolutionary past when the lateral giants had chemical connections with their output neurons (fast flexor and swimmeret motor neurons); (4) this easily reproduced phenomenon may be used for the experimental study of functional abilities of commissural junctions as well as for model studies of reverberatory processes in various structures.", "label": [4, 45]}
+{"token": "Experimental generation of bright two-mode quadrature squeezed light from a narrow-band nondegenerate optical parametric amplifier. The bright Einsten-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) beams with the quantum correlations between the quadrature-phase amplitudes of the spatially separated signal and idler beams have been experimentally generated from a cw nondegenerate optical parametric amplifier injected by seed waves with degenerate frequency but orthogonal polarization. The correlation degree of 0.853 +/- 0.004 between the quadrature-phase amplitudes of the output entangled beams is directly inferred from the measured quadrature-phase squeezing of the output vacuum squeezed-state light field formed from superposition of the original signal and idler modes. Our theoretical calculation and experimental measurements provide a reliable method to confirm the quadrature phase-squeezing and EPR correlation of bright light field.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Direct imaging of macrovascular and microvascular contributions to BOLD fMRI in layers IV-V of the rat whisker-barrel cortex. The spatiotemporal characteristics of the hemodynamic response to increased neural activity were investigated at the level of individual intracortical vessels using BOLD-fMRI in a well-established rodent model of somatosensory stimulation at 11.7 T. Functional maps of the rat barrel cortex were obtained at 150 x 150 x 500 mu m spatial resolution every 200 ms. The high spatial resolution allowed separation of active voxels into those containing intracortical macro vessels, mainly vein/venules (referred to as macrovasculature), and those enriched with arteries/capillaries and small venules (referred to as microvasculature) since the macro vessel can be readily mapped due to the fast T2* decay of blood at 11.7 T. The earliest BOLD response was observed within layers IV-V by 0.8s following stimulation and encompassed mainly the voxels containing the microvasculature and some confined macrovasculature voxels. By 1.2 s, the BOLD signal propagated to the macrovasculature voxels where the peak BOLD signal was 2-3 times higher than that of the microvasculature voxels. The BOLD response propagated in individual venules/veins far from neuronal sources at later times. This was also observed in layers IV-V of the barrel cortex after specific stimulation of separated whisker rows. These results directly visualized that the earliest hemodynamic changes to increased neural activity occur mainly in the microvasculature and spread toward the macrovasculature. However, at peak response, the BOLD signal is dominated by penetrating venules even at layers IV-V of the cortex. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "Effect of Low Doses of Dicamba Alone and in Combination with Glyphosate on Parent Soybean and Offspring. It is well established that soybean that does not contain the dicamba-resistant (DR) trait is highly sensitive to off-target exposure to dicamba. However, there is limited information on the effect of low doses of dicamba plus glyphosate mixtures on dicamba-sensitive soybean-a mixture likely to be used on a vast acreage of dicamba/glyphosate-resistant soybean. The objective of this research was to examine leaf and pod malformation, along with height and yield effects, when dicamba, glyphosate, or a mixture of the two was applied to soybean sensitive to both dicamba and glyphosate at sublethal doses. Field applications were made at three growth stages (R1, R3, and R5) at multiple locations. Two glyphosate rates (1/64 and 1/256 of the labeled rate of 870 g ae ha(-1)) and two dicamba rates (1/64 and 1/256 of the labeled rate of 560 g ae ha(-1)) were used. Adding glyphosate to dicamba increased leaf malformation by 6% more than dicamba alone when applied at the R1 soybean growth stage. After R3 applications, pod malformation was 10% greater in treatments containing dicamba and glyphosate than dicamba alone. Applications at R5 showed minimal leaf and pod malformation. Seed from field trials was planted in the greenhouse to evaluate the offspring. The number of offspring plants showing dicamba-like symptomology was not increased with the addition of glyphosate to dicamba. Overall, injury to offspring was similar in dicamba alone and dicamba plus glyphosate treatments; however, the number of plants injured increased when parent plants were exposed to sublethal doses of dicamba at R3 and R5 compared with R1 growth-stage exposure. Vigor was reduced in dicamba-containing treatments, but not glyphosate-alone treatments. Glyphosate addition to dicamba had no effect on vigor of soybean offspring. Although there is increased injury to parent plants when glyphosate is added to dicamba, this research demonstrates that glyphosate does not contribute to the negative effects of dicamba on soybean offspring.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Vibrational spectroscopic study of ionic liquids: Comparison between monocationic and dicationic imidazolium ionic liquids. FTIR/ATR spectra of dicationic ionic liquid are richer in modes especially in the spectral range of 3000 cm(-1). In the 1400-900 cm(-1) spectral region, the mode corresponding to the vibration of the NTf2- anion at 1040,1140 and 1340 cm(-1) is very sensitive by the number of cation change. It was also the case for the peak at 1575 cm(-1) assigned to ring in-plane symmetric/anti-symmetric stretch CH2(N) and CH3(N)CN stretch. In the 4000-2800 cm(-1) spectral region, we observed few new peaks for [M(CH2)IM2+] comparatively with [EMIM+]; a splitting for the peak at 3105 cm(-1) and some wavenumber shifts for various modes.In this study, we synthesised a dicationic ionic liquids labeled his-methyl imidazolium methylidene bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide ([M(CH2)IM2+][2NTf(2)(-)]). The structure was identified by NMR. In order to characterise this ionic liquid, vibrational spectroscopy studies were performed by FTIR/ATR and FT-Raman spectroscopies. A comparative study was introduced by FTIR/ATR and FT-Raman spectroscopies, between our synthesised dicationic ionic liquid and a monocationic ionic liquid ([EMIM+][NTf2-]), where the anion and the cation are similar.For the FT-Raman spectroscopy study, we realised our study in the spectral region 4000-0 cm(-1) while that of the monocationique sample is realised in the spectral region 1700-200 cm(-1). We observe in the common region 19 new peaks with the passage from the mono to dicationic, what is consequent. The impact of the passage from mono to dicationic is more important for the anion contribution spectral range (1400-300 cm(-1)) than in the FTIR/ATR spectroscopy study. Other markers of differentiation between [M(CH2)IM2+] and [EMIM+] are observed for vibrational modes assigned to CH2(N) and CH3 (N)CN stretch. We can also notice a contrast between the two spectroscopies: there are more active modes in FT-Raman than in FTIR/ATR spectroscopy. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Optimization Analysis and Implementation of Online Wisdom Teaching Mode in Cloud Classroom Based on Data Mining and Processing. The rapid development of Internet technology and information technology is rapidly changing the way people think, recognize, live, work and learn. In the context of Internet + education, the emerging learning form of a cloud classroom has emerged. Cloud classroom refers to the process in which learners use the network as a way to obtain learning objectives and learning resources, communicate with teachers and other learners through the network, and build their own knowledge structure. Because it breaks the boundaries of time and space, it has the characteristics of freedom, high efficiency and extensiveness, and is quickly accepted by learners of different ages and occupations. The traditional cloud classroom teaching mode has no personalized recommendation module and cannot solve an information overload problem. Therefore, this paper proposes a cloud classroom online teaching system under the personalized recommendation system. The system adopts a collaborative filtering recommendation algorithm, which helps to mine the potential preferences of users and thus complete more accurate recommendations. It not only highlights the core position of personalized curriculum recommendation in the field of online education, but also makes the cloud classroom online teaching mode more intelligent and meets the needs of intelligent teaching.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Ochratoxin A in coffee and coffee-based products: a global systematic review, meta-analysis, and probabilistic risk assessment. Contamination of food with mycotoxins can pose harmful effects on the health of consumers in the long term. Coffee contamination with mycotoxins has become a global concern. This study attempted to meta-analyze the concentration and prevalence of ochratoxin A (OTA) in coffee products and estimate consumers' health risks. The search was conducted among international databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science, for 1 January 2010 to 1 May 2022. The concentration and prevalence of OTA in coffee products were meta-analyzed according to country subgroups. Health risk assessment was conducted based on Margin of Exposures (MOEs) using the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) technique. The three countries that had the highest Pooled concentration of OTA in coffee were observed in Chile (100.00%), Kuwait (100.00%), and France (100.00%). The overall prevalence of OTA in coffee products was 58.01%, 95% CI (48.37-67.39). The three countries that had the highest concentration of OTA were Philippines (39.55 mu g/kg) > Turkey (39.32 mu g/kg) > and Panama (21.33 mu g/kg). The mean of MOEs in the adult consumers in Panama (9,526) and the Philippines (8,873) was lower than 10,000, while the mean of MOEs in other countries was higher than 10,000. Therefore, monitoring and control plans should be carried out in different countries.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "Using Simulation to Teach Telehealth Nursing Competencies. Background: The use of telehealth to provide care to millions of patients who have difficulty accessing care through traditional means is growing exponentially. Nurse educators must prepare students to meet the challenge of managing this mode of care delivery. Method: A simulated telehealth experience was designed using the International Nursing Association for Clinical Simulation and Learning Standards of Best Practice: Simulation (TM), student learning objectives, and telehealth competencies.The design promoted active participation in a telehealth visit with a standardized patient. Results: The simulation provided students with the opportunity to demonstrate use of telehealth equipment and become familiar with telehealth competencies. This hands-on experience increased student engagement related to telehealth as a health care delivery option and was an effective objective structured clinical examination. Conclusion: Integration of telehealth into the nursing curriculum is a necessity as health care technology advances. Simulation is one strategy available to expose students to telehealth and increase student engagement.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "OCCUPATIONAL HEARING-LOSS IN NEW-YORK DAIRY FARMERS. A study of 49 randomly selected, full-time dairy farmers was performed to assess the prevalence and nature of hearing loss in this population.  An age- and sex-matched group of rural, non-farmers was also studied.  Medical, occupational, and recreational histories were taken and standard audiometric testing was administered.  Sixty-five percent of farmers had hearing loss in the higher frequencies and 37% had losses in the mid-frequency range as compared to 37% and 12% of non-farmers respectively (p < .01).  Farmers' left ears were more severely affected.  The age of the subjects and the number of years spent farming were highly correlated with hearing loss.  Correlation and regression analyses supported the hypothesis that the difference in the prevalence of hearing loss between the dairy farmers and the non-farmers was due to occupational noise exposure on the farm.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Stereo geometry from 3-D ego-motion streams. This paper addresses the problem of geometry determination of a stereo rig that undergoes general rigid motions. Neither known reference objects nor stereo correspondence is required. With almost no exception, all existing' online solutions attempt to recover the stereo geometry by first establishing stereo correspondences. This paper has the following main contributions. First, we describe a mathematical framework that allows us to solve for the stereo geometry, i.e., the rotation and the translation between the two cameras, using only motion c orrespofidences that are far easier to acquire than stereo orresp ondences. Second, we show how to recover the rotation and present two linear methods, as well as, a nonlinear one to solve'forthe translation. Third, we perform a stability study for the developed methods in the presence of image noise, camera parameters noise, and ego-motion noise. We also address some accuracy issues. Experiments with real image 'data are presented. The work allows the concept of online calibration to be broadened, as it *is no longer true that only single cameras can exploit structure-from-motion strategies; even the extrinsic parameters of a'stereo rig of cameras can do so- without solving the stereo correspondence. The developed framework is.applicable for estimating the relative three-dimensional (3-D) geometry associated with a wide variety of mounted devices used in vision and robotics, by exploiting their scaled ego-motion streams.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Structural Basis of Glycan Recognition in Globally Predominant Human P[8] Rotavirus. Rotavirus (RV) causes acute gastroenteritis in infants and children worldwide. Recent studies showed that glycans such as histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) function as cell attachment factors affecting RV host susceptibility and prevalence. P[8] is the predominant RV genotype in humans, but the structural basis of how P[8] RVs interact with glycan ligands remains elusive. In this study, we characterized the interactions between P[8] VP8*s and glycans which showed that VP8*, the RV glycan binding domain, recognized both mucin core 2 and H type 1 antigens according to the ELISA-based oligosaccharide binding assays. Importantly, we determined the structural basis of P[8] RV-glycans interaction from the crystal structures of a Rotateq P[8] VP8* in complex with core 2 and H type 1 glycans at 1.8 angstrom and 2.3 angstrom, respectively, revealing a common binding pocket and similar binding mode. Structural and sequence analysis demonstrated that the glycan binding site is conserved among RVs in the P[II] genogroup, while genotype-specific amino acid variations determined different glycan binding preference. Our data elucidated the detailed structural basis of the interactions between human P[8] RVs and different host glycan factors, shedding light on RV infection, epidemiology, and development of anti-viral agents.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Schmittean logic. I argue that Schmitt was a faux jurist and that is important to understand 'Schmittean' logic. This is a logic which aims to undermine democracy and the rule of law which is not unique to Schmitt and is at play in our contemporary world.", "label": [3, 5, 52, 32]}
+{"token": "Localizing graphene at the interface of cocontinuous polymer blends: Morphology, rheology, and conductivity of cocontinuous conductive polymer composites. Interfacial localization of graphene in cocontinuous polymer blends is shown to be effective in stabilizing the cocontinuous morphology and increasing conductivity with a low electrical percolation threshold. We created polylactic acid (PLA) and polystyrene (PS) cocontinuous blends filled with thermally reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) localized at the interface. The resulting conductive composites show dramatically improved conductivity at low filler loadings and an ultralow percolation threshold of 0.028 vol. %. We systematically studied the changes of conductivity and rheology of the PLA-PS composites during annealing. We found that r-GO transfers from the PLA phase to the interface during melt compounding and annealing and forms a spanning 3D network, which effectively suppresses the coarsening of the cocontinuous structure. Our study demonstrated that the 3D r-GO network significantly increases the conductivity and the storage modulus of the melt blends. Finally, we constructed a simple model, which quantitatively explains the correlations between structural, electrical, and rheological properties of conductive polymer composites. (C) 2017 The Society of Rheology.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Research on lightning electromagnetic fields associated with first and subsequent return strokes based on Laplace wavelet. In this study, the fine structures of lightning electromagnetic fields associated with 73 first and 52 subsequent return strokes were analyzed using Laplace wavelet. The main characteristics of field waveforms such as, the correlation coefficient, the time of arrival and the dominant frequency of the initial peak field, the energy and the frequency of the power spectrum peak are presented. The instantaneous initial peak field pulse can be precisely located by the value of the correlation coefficient. The dominant frequencies of the initial peak field and the frequencies of power spectrum peak of first strokes lie in 31-93 kHz and 12-65 kHz range, respectively and that of subsequent strokes in 10-25 kHz and 9-23 kHz range, respectively. The statistical results show that the Laplace wavelet is an effective tool and can be used to determine time and frequency of the electromagnetic field of first and subsequent return strokes with greater accuracy. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "Determinants of early- vs late-onset dental fear in a longitudinal-epidemiological study. A longitudinal investigation of risk factors for early- and late-onset dental fear was conducted. Early-onset dental fear was related to conditioning experiences (indexed via caries level and tooth loss), service use patterns, stress reactive personality and specific beliefs about health professionals. Late-onset dental fear was related to aversive conditioning experiences, irregular service use and an external locus of control. In contrast to recent findings for dental anxiety, personality factors were not strongly related to the onset of dental fear in young adulthood. The key role played by conditioning events in the development of both early- and late-onset dental fear was confirmed. Conditioning events appear to play a different role in the development of dental fear vs dental anxiety. This may reflect important, but largely ignored differences between these two closely-related constructs. Interventions for early-onset dental fear should aim to modify both the dental fear and the personality vulnerabilities that may contribute to the development of dental fear early in the life-course. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "THE DEFENCE ACT 1903 (CTH): A GUIDE FOR RESPONDING TO AUSTRALIA'S LARGE-SCALE DOMESTIC EMERGENCIES. Drawing upon the Australian 2019-20 bushfire season and the COVID-19 pandemic, this article examines case studies highlighting the legislative impact of the increased domestic deployment of the Australian Defence Force ('ADF'). Leveraging comparable provisions from an analogous statutory regime, namely pt IIIAAA of the Defence Act 1903 (Cth), it considers how existing legislative provisions can provide guidance for the development of a statutory framework to govern future deployment of the ADF in response to Australia's large-scale domestic emergencies.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Humor appreciation of captionless cartoons in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Background: It seems that the core neural regions and cognitive processes implicated in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) pathophysiology may overlap with those involved in humor appreciation. However, to date, there have been no studies that have explored humor appreciation in OCD. The purpose of the present work was to investigate humor appreciation in a group of patients with OCD.Results: No significant effect for group, gender or group x gender interaction was found on the PHAT scores. In OCD patients, humor appreciation was not significantly associated with age of onset, duration of illness, and obsessions, but correlated significantly with compulsions.Conclusions: Humor appreciation, based on captionless cartoons in OCD, does not seem to be deficient compared to healthy subjects but may be related to illness characteristics.Methods: We examined 25 patients with OCD and 25 healthy controls, matched by age, education, and gender. We administered Penn's Humor Appreciation Test (PHAT), a computerized test comprising captionless cartoons by Mordillo. Each set of stimuli consisted of two almost identical drawings, one of which was funny due to the alteration of a detail in the cartoon, whereas the other was not funny. Severity of psychopathology was evaluated with the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS).", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Discontinuing disease-modifying therapy in MS after a prolonged relapse-free period: a propensity score-matched study. Objectives (1) To compare time to first relapse and disability progression among 'DMT stoppers' and propensity-score matched 'DMT stayers' in the MS-Base Registry; (2) To identify predictors of time to first relapse and disability progression in DMT stoppers.Results Time to first relapse among 485 DMT stoppers and 854 stayers was similar (adjusted HR, aHR=1.07, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.37; p=0.584), while time to confirmed disability progression was significantly shorter among DMT stoppers than stayers (aHR=1.47, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.84, p=0.001). The difference in hazards of progression was due mainly to patients who had not experienced disability progression in the prebaseline treatment period.Methods Inclusion criteria for DMT stoppers were: age >= 18 years; no relapses for >= 5 years at DMT discontinuation; follow-up for >= 3 years after stopping DMT; not restarting DMT for >= 3 months after discontinuation. DMT stayers were required to have no relapses for >= 5 years at baseline, and were propensity-score matched to stoppers for age, sex, disability (Expanded Disability Status Score), disease duration and time on treatment. Relapse and disability progression events in matched stoppers and stayers were compared using a marginal Cox model. Predictors of first relapse and disability progression among DMT stoppers were investigated using a Cox proportional hazards model.Background Discontinuation of injectable disease-modifying therapy (DMT) for multiple sclerosis (MS) after a long period of relapse freedom is frequently considered, but data on post-cessation disease course are lacking.Conclusions Patients with MS who discontinued injectable DMT after a long period of relapse freedom had a similar relapse rate as propensity score-matched patients who continued on DMT, but higher hazard for disability progression.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
+{"token": "Differential effects of combination therapy on the components of the risk stratification table in patients with idiopathic or heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension in a Japanese population. Risk stratification by ESC/ERS guideline is recommended to estimate the vital prognosis and select the treatment strategy in patients with idiopathic or heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH/HPAH). However, we are not confident whether we can achieve low-risk status in the risk table at the follow-up shortly after combination therapy. Therefore, we aimed to verify the effects of combination therapy in IPAH/HPAH on each category of the risk table at diagnosis and at the first follow-up. We retrospectively analyzed 10 consecutive patients with IPAH/HPAH with no previous treatment history diagnosed at Nagoya University Hospital between October 2014 and January 2019. Four categories including symptoms, exercise tolerance, BNP levels and hemodynamics were validated both at baseline and at the first follow-up of right heart catheterization. Score of 1, 2 and 3 were assigned to the low risk, intermediate risk and high risk, respectively. In each category the highest score was adopted. The scores at diagnosis were compared with those at the first follow-up. The result shows that all patients were female, median age was 32 years old, and were treated with initial combination therapy. The median total risk score also was improved from 2.6 to 1.4 (p<0.01). However, the score in exercise tolerance was not improved (3 to 2.5 p=0.16). In conclusion, at the first follow up shortly after the initial combination therapy of IPAH/HPAH, the mean total risk score was significantly improved, however, even patients in the low-risk status may not achieve improvement in exercise tolerance.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Contribution of native bees and Africanized honey bees (Hymenoptera:Apoidea) to Solanaceae crop pollination in tropical Mexico. In the tropics the contribution of bees as pollinators of important economic indigenous crops remains largely undocumented. We studied the diversity of bee species visiting indigenous tomato (Solanum lycopersicon) and habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense) in subtropical Yucatan, Mexico. The contribution of two native bees, Exomalopsis (E) and Augochloropsis (AG) was compared with that of the introduced Africanized Apis mellifera (HB) for pollinating unvisited flowers in both crops. Apis mellifera and stingless bees were dominant in habanero pepper but solitary bee species were important visitors of tomato. In spite of both crops being autogamic, there was a significant contribution of native bees for pollination of both tomato and habanero pepper. The comparison of fruit weight, number of seeds, and a pollination index based on the latter showed that E and AG were more effective pollinators compared to HB in both crops (ca. Spear's index of ca. 0.7 vs. 0.35 respectively). In tomato, a further evaluation of the contribution to pollination provided by the three bee species was made using the rate of visits to flowers. Although E and AG were the most efficient pollinators at single flower visits in tomato, none of the three species (including HB) were able to provide single visits to all flowers per unit time to the crop. Our results underline the importance of maintaining diverse assemblages and abundant populations of bee species that can synergically contribute to the productivity of tomato and hot pepper in the Neotropics.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Act of mediation or artifact?. Same directions of succession between culture-historical theory and cultural psychology presented in M. Cole's book are discussed. The psychological model of mediation's development of L. Vygotsky discovering the mechanism of activity of subject using the stimuli-means as means of reorganization of his mental organization is not described in the book.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Group membership and certification effects on incomes of coffee farmers in Uganda. Discrepancies in certification effects on smallholder incomes have been found in scientific literature. Unobserved farmer-group heterogeneity is a likely reason. For the long-standing Robusta coffee farmer-groups in Uganda, we find no significant effect of certification on net-farm income. But, we find 20 percentage point differences in net-farm income between certified and non-certified farmers explained by membership duration. In contrast, the recently founded certified Arabica coffee farmer-groups have positive net-farm income effects of 151 per cent, partly explained by a higher degree of vertical integration. With or without certification, long-standing group membership is found to have positive income effects.", "label": [0, 5, 6, 49]}
+{"token": "Cognition, Emotions and Quality of Life in Lithuanian Girls with Turner Syndrome after Growth Hormone Therapy Discontinuation. Objective: to examine cognitive functions, emotional state and quality of life of patients with Turner syndrome (TS) after growth hormone therapy discontinuation.Height and weight of girls with TS were significantly lower than in the controls, though differences in body mass index were not significant.Conclusion, patients with Turner syndrome are shorter, have lower weight, higher waist-to-hip ratio, impaired cognitive functions (worse psychomotoric speed), altered emotional state (higher tension-anxiety and depression-dejection, lower vigor-activity scores) and lower quality of life than age- and sex-matched controls.Patients and Methods: Anthropometric measurements, cognitive functioning, emotional state and quality of life of eighteen Lithuanian patients with TS were compared to that of age- and sex-matched controls.Results: Tension-anxiety (10.61 +/- 7.21 vs. 6.72 +/- 3.98, p=0.02) and depression-dejection (14.72 +/- 11.87 vs. 8.49 +/- 6.29, p=0.02) were significantly higher, vigor-activity (13.05 +/- 4.77 vs. 16.13 +/- 4.36, p=0.04) was significantly lower and scores of cognitive functioning (53.18 +/- 29.46 vs. 26.79 +/- 7.31 and 96.94 +/- 44.59 vs. 58.07 +/- 15.43, p=0.001) were significantly higher (showing worse psychomotoric speed) in patients with TS than in the controls. Quality of life (9.53 +/- 5.19 vs. 6.35 +/- 4.19, p=0.03) in girls with TS was significantly worse than in healthy girls of the same age.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Inactivation Kinetics of Various Chemical Disinfectants on Aeromonas hydrophila Planktonic Cells and Biofilms. The present article focuses on the inactivation kinetics of various disinfectants including ethanol, sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, and benzalkonium chloride against Aeromonas hydrophila biofilms and planktonic cells. Efficacy was determined by viable plate count and compared using a modified Weibull model. The removal of the biofilms matrix was determined by the crystal violet assay and was confirmed by field-emission scanning electron microscope. The results revealed that all the experimental data and calculated Weibull alpha (scale) and beta (shape) parameters had a good fit, as the R-2 values were between 0.88 and 0.99. Biofilms are more resistant to disinfectants than planktonic cells. Ethanol (70%) was the most effective in killing cells in the biofilms and significantly reduced (p<0.05) the biofilms matrix. The Weibull parameter b-value correlated (R-2=0.6835) with the biofilms matrix removal. The present findings deduce that the Weibull model is suitable to determine biofilms matrix reduction as well as the effectiveness of chemical disinfectants on biofilms. The study showed that the Weibull model could successfully be used on food and food contact surfaces to determine the exact contact time for killing biofilms-forming foodborne pathogens.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "An artificial key to Australian Caloplaca species (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota). An artificial key to the 122 Caloplaca species presently known for the Australian continent is provided.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
+{"token": "A program for sustained improvement in preventing ventilator associated pneumonia in an intensive care setting. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted in a medical-surgical ICU. Multiple interventions to optimize VAP prevention were performed from October 2008 to December 2010. All of these processes, including the Institute for Healthcare Improvement's (IHI) ventilator bundle plus oral decontamination with chlorhexidine and continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions (CASS), were adopted for patients undergoing mechanical ventilation.Results: We evaluated a total of 21,984 patient-days, and a total of 6,052 ventilator-days (ventilator utilization rate of 0.27). We found VAP rates of 1.3 and 2.0 per 1,000 ventilator days respectively in 2009 and 2010, achieving zero incidence of VAP several times during 12 months, whenever VAP bundle compliance was over 90%.Conclusion: These results suggest that it is possible to reduce VAP rates to near zero and sustain these rates, but it requires a complex process involving multiple performance measures and interventions that must be permanently monitored.Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common infection in the intensive care unit (ICU) and associated with a high mortality.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "Journal N-Pact Factors From 2011 to 2019: Evaluating the Quality of Social/Personality Journals With Respect to Sample Size and Statistical Power. Scholars and institutions commonly use impact factors to evaluate the quality of empirical research. However, a number of findings published in journals with high impact factors have failed to replicate, suggesting that impact alone may not be an accurate indicator of quality. Fraley and Vazire proposed an alternative index, the N-pact factor, which indexes the median sample size of published studies, providing a narrow but relevant indicator of research quality. In the present research, we expand on the original report by examining the N-pact factor of social/personality-psychology journals between 2011 and 2019, incorporating additional journals and accounting for study design (i.e., between persons, repeated measures, and mixed). There was substantial variation in the sample sizes used in studies published in different journals. Journals that emphasized personality processes and individual differences had larger N-pact factors than journals that emphasized social-psychological processes. Moreover, N-pact factors were largely independent of traditional markers of impact. Although the majority of journals in 2011 published studies that were not well powered to detect an effect of rho = .20, this situation had improved considerably by 2019. In 2019, eight of the nine journals we sampled published studies that were, on average, powered at 80% or higher to detect such an effect. After decades of unheeded warnings from methodologists about the dangers of small-sample designs, the field of social/personality psychology has begun to use larger samples. We hope the N-pact factor will be supplemented by other indices that can be used as alternatives to improve further the evaluation of research.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Management of CLN1 Disease: International Clinical Consensus. (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Methods: We searched the literature for guidelines and evidence to support clinical practice recommendations. We surveyed CLN1 disease experts and caregivers regarding their experiences and recommendations, and a meeting of experts was conducted to ascertain points of consensus and clinical practice differences.Results: We found a limited evidence base for treatment and no clinical management guidelines specific to CLN1 disease. Fifteen CLN1 disease experts and 39 caregivers responded to the surveys, and 14 experts met to develop consensus-based recommendations. The resulting management recommendations are uniquely informed by family perspectives, due to the inclusion of caregiver and advocate perspectives. A family-centered approach is supported, and individualized, multidisciplinary care is emphasized in the recommendations. Ascertainment of the specific CLN1 disease phenotype (infantile-, late infantile-, juvenile-, or adult-onset) is of key importance in informing the anticipated clinical course, prognosis, and care needs. Goals and strategies should be periodically reevaluated and adapted to patients' current needs, with a primary aim of optimizing patient and family quality of life.Background: CLN1 disease (neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 1) is a rare, genetic, neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder caused by palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) enzyme deficiency. Clinical features include developmental delay, psychomotor regression, seizures, ataxia, movement disorders, visual impairment, and early death. In general, the later the age at symptom onset, the more protracted & nbsp;Pediatric Neurology 120 (2021) 38e51 the disease course. We sought to evaluate current evidence and to develop expert practice consensus to support clinicians who have not previously encountered patients with this rare disease.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Patient and Nurse Perceptions of Stressors in the Intensive Care Unit. The objective of the study was to determine the perceptions of a group of patients on intensive care units' (ICUs) stressors and the perceptions of nurses on ICU patients' stressors in Turkey, and compare the differences in patients' and nurses' perception of the stressors in ICUs. In this descriptive study, 155 patients who were admitted to medical or surgical ICUs and 152 nurses who are employed in the same units of two training and research hospitals in Turkey were enrolled in this study. The ICU Environmental Stressor Scale (ICUESS) was used to determine intensive care stressors. According to total ICUESS mean scores, patients (91.41 +/- 34.91) perceived significantly less stress than the ICU nurses (133.23 +/- 32.20) perceived them to have. Both patients and nurses ranked 'fear of death' as the greatest stressor. Physiological stressors were identified as the most important stressors by both patients and nurses. Patients and nurses in medical ICUs were more affected by stressors than their counterparts in surgical ICUs. Patients with unplanned or emergency admissions perceived higher stress than that of patients with planned admissions. Several factors could help reduce these stressors, such as having familiar arrangements, humane ICU environment, individual patient assessments and appropriate nursing interventions. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [2, 5, 23, 55]}
+{"token": "Educational methods used in cancer training for health sciences students: An integrative review. Data sources: A search was performed in the PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Cochrane databases for the period 2008-2020.Review methods: The Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) was used to assess the quality of included studies. Three reviewers extracted data and did quality appraisal.Objective: To explore the educational methods used in the cancer training of undergraduate students in health sciences.Results: A total of 40 articles referring to cancer training in medicine and nursing were included in the review; no articles referring to other health disciplines were found. The main educational methods used were expository methods, case studies, exercises and problems, problem-based learning, learning contracts and project-oriented learning.Conclusion: This review shows the need to combine educational methods so that health sciences students acquire competency (knowledge, skill, attitude) for comprehensive cancer care. There is a gap in the training of undergraduate nursing students to provide person/family centered care in oncology. To improve the training and professional practice of future health professionals, interprofessional education and the involvement of people with cancer in simulation education are recommended.Design: Integrative review with a systematic methodology was performed to obtain a comprehensive picture of the variety of educational methods used in cancer training.", "label": [2, 5, 53, 26]}
+{"token": "Bistable Smart Window Based on Ionic Liquid Doped Cholesteric Liquid Crystal. We develop a bistable smart window based on mixture of negative dielectric nematic liquid crystal, chiral dopant, and chiral ionic liquid (CIL). The developed smart window is driven by dual-frequency modulation, where the transparent state is turned ON under an electric field with high frequency (4 kHz), and the scattering state is switched ON by an electric field with low frequency (20 Hz). The dual-frequency characteristics of the proposed smart window have been extensively investigated. This smart window has intrinsic features including dual-frequency modulation, simple fabrication process, and excellent stability. This smart window is capable of practical use in modern life as a building wall, sunroof, and curtain-free window.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35]}
+{"token": "A multilevel multinomial analysis of interviewer effects on various components of unit nonresponse. This note demonstrates an application of a multilevel multinomial model. We use that model to analyse interviewer effects on various components of unit nonresponse to a face-to-face survey: refusals and noncontacts. The model allows for an analysis of these two interviewer effects and a possible connection between both at the same time. Our results show that both the chances for refusals as for noncontacts are subject to interviewer effects. We also find some evidence for a relation between both interviewer effects: interviewers who obtain more refusals are also more likely to report noncontacts. That result is however at least partly dependent on an outlier, an interviewer with a high number of refusals and noncontacts.", "label": [4, 5, 41, 52]}
+{"token": "Indigeneity-Grounded Analysis (IGA) as Policy(-Making) Lens: New Zealand Models, Canadian Realities. Engaging politically with the principles of indigeneity is neither an option nor a cop out. The emergence of Indigenous peoples as prime-time players on the world's political stage attests to the timeliness and relevance of indigeneity in advancing a new postcolonial contract for living together differently. Insofar as the principles of indigeneity are inextricably linked with challenge, resistance, and transformation, this paper argues that reference to indigeneity as policy(-making) paradigm is both necessary and overdue. To put this argument to the test, the politics of Maori indigeneity in Aotearoa New Zealand are analyzed and assessed in constructing an indigeneity agenda model. The political implications of an indigeneity-policy nexus are then applied to the realities of Canada's Indigenous/Aboriginal peoples. The paper contends that, just as the Government is committed to a gender based analysis (GBA) for improving policy outcomes along gender lines, so too should the principles of indigeneity (or aboriginality) secure an indigeneity grounded analysis (IGA) framework for minimizing systemic policy bias while maximizing Indigenous peoples inputs. The paper concludes by theorizing those provisional first principles that inform an IGA framework as a policy(-making) lens.", "label": [5, 56, 52]}
+{"token": "Performance and welfare of high-yielding dairy cows subjected to 5 or 8 cooling sessions daily under hot and humid climate. The objectives were to determine the effects of cooling of high-yielding dairy cows under a hot and humid climate on intake, milk yield, rumination time, and welfare parameters. Forty-two multiparous Israeli Holstein dairy cows were divided into 2 treatment groups and were housed in an open barn divided into 2 pens. The groups were subjected to different cooling schedules, in a crossover design as follows: cows were exposed to 5 or 8 cooling sessions per day (designated 5CS and 8CS, respectively) in the holding area of the milking parlor. Each period lasted 4 wk, and then treatments were switched for another 4-wk period. Each cooling session lasted 45 min, comprising cycles of 30 s of showering and 4.5 min of ventilation without showering. Respiration rate and rectal temperature were recorded twice per week (Monday and Thursday) at 0630 and 1600 h. Rumination and lying times were recorded automatically. Rectal temperatures were 0.16 and 1.08 degrees C lower in 8CS than in 5CS cows in the morning and afternoon, respectively. Respiration rate was lower in 8CS than in 5CS cows in the morning (49.1 and 54.6 breaths/min, respectively), and more so in the afternoon (50.0 and 83.0 breaths/min, respectively). Dry matter intake and milk yields were 9.3 and 9.6% higher in the 8CS than in the 5CS cows (27.0 vs. 24.7 and 40.1 vs. 36.6 kg/d, respectively), with no differences in milk fat and protein contents. Daily rumination time was 7.4% longer in the 8CS than in the 5CS (440.1 and 409.6 min/d, respectively); however, rumination time per unit of dry matter or neutral detergent fiber consumed was higher in the 5CS than in the 8CS cows. Although the 8CS cows moved 3 times more to the milking area for extra cooling sessions than the 5CS ones, they spent 9.9 min/d more than the 5CS ones in lying down (484.4 and 474.5 min/d, respectively), and used more of their free time (excluding milking and feeding time) in resting than the 5CS cows: 52.0 and 43.9%, respectively. It appears that increasing the cooling frequency from 5 to 8 times per day improved their feeling of welfare, so they could spend more time lying and ruminating. In conclusion, increasing the cooling frequency of high-yielding dairy cows under hot and humid conditions from 5 to 8 times a day increased their intake and milk yield, and lowered their respiration rate and rectal temperature. Moreover, the 8CS cows spent more time resting than 5CS cows, an indication that increasing cooling frequency improved animal welfare.", "label": [0, 6, 8]}
+{"token": "Anxiety and judgements about emotional events in children and adolescents. Research with clinically anxious adults has revealed that they estimate future negative events as far more likely to occur, relative to healthy controls. In addition, anxious adults estimate that such events are more likely to happen to themselves than to others. Previous research with anxious children and adolescents, in contrast, has revealed no increased probability estimates for negative events, relative to controls, and the events were rated as more likely to happen to others than to the self. The present study followed up these discrepant findings by investigating probability estimates for future negative events in children and adolescents with high and low levels of self-reported trait anxiety but who had no reported history of emotional disorder. The results revealed a significant difference between the two groups with respect to their overall probability estimates for negative events, the high anxious group estimating that negative events were more likely to happen than the low anxious group. These findings are consistent with the results using adult clinical subject's and support the suggestion that previous differences between the adult and developmental literature are a function of non-normative performance specifically in clinically anxious younger participants. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "TWIN RESEMBLANCE IN SOMATOTYPE AND COMPARISONS WITH OTHER TWIN STUDIES. Twin resemblance in somatotype components was considered in 28 male and 34 female monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs and 19 male and 21 female dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs, 9.3-23.5 years of age. The Heath-Carter anthropometric somatotype method was used. Mean somatotypes of male twins and female twins did not differ, whereas male twins were significantly more mesomorphic than female twins. Twin resemblance was evaluated in two ways: first, treating each somatotype component independently of the other two (as in earlier twin studies), and, second, looking at resemblance in each somatotype component after statistically controlling for the other two components (thus treating the somatotype as a composite). Intraclass correlations were consistently higher in MZ than in DZ twins of both sexes, and within-pair variances were consistently lower in MZ than in DZ twins of both sexes. However, after controlling for the effects of the other two somatotype components, within-pair variances of male MZ and DZ twins for each somatotype component did not differ. In general, Heath-Carter anthropometric somatotype components show (1) significant resemblance in MZ and DZ twins within each sex, although the degree of resemblance is altered in male twins when a different analytic strategy is used, (2) no sex difference in degree of resemblance, and (3) greater resemblance within MZ twin pairs than within DZ twin pairs. These results are compatible with the presence of genetic variation affecting physique in adolescents and young adults.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 56, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "Enhanced high-solids anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge by the addition of scrap iron. Anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge usually requires pretreatment procedure to improve the bioavailability of sludge, which involves considerable energy and high expenditures. This study proposes a cost-effective method for enhanced anaerobic digestion of sludge without a pretreatment by directly adding iron into the digester. The results showed that addition of Fe-0 powder could enhance 14.46% methane yield, and Fe scrap (clean scrap) could further enhance methane yield (improving rate 21.28%) because the scrap has better mass transfer efficiency with sludge and liquid than Fe0 powder. The scrap of Fe with rust (rusty scrap) could induce microbial Fe(III) reduction, which resulted in achieving the highest methane yield (improving rate 29.51%), and the reduction rate of volatile suspended solids (VSS) was also highest (48.27%) among Fe powder, clean scrap and rusty scrap. PCR-DGGE proved that the addition of rusty scrap could enhance diversity of acetobacteria and enrich iron-reducing bacteria to enhance degradation of complex substrates. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 1, 2, 6, 19, 15]}
+{"token": "Zone-Shrinking Fresnel Zone Travel-Time Tomography for Sound Speed Reconstruction in Breast USCT. Many studies have been carried out on ultrasound computed tomography (USCT) for its potential application in breast imaging. The sound speed (SS) image modality in USCT can help doctors diagnose the breast cancer, as the tumor usually has a higher sound speed than normal tissues. Travel time is commonly used to reconstruct SS image. Raypath travel-time tomography (RTT) assumes that the sound wave travels through a raypath. RTT is computationally efficient but with low contrast to noise ratio (CNR). Fresnel zone travel-time tomography (FZTT) is based on the assumption that the sound wave travels through an area called the Fresnel zone. FZTT can provide SS image with high CNR but low accuracy due to the wide Fresnel zone. Here, we propose a zone-shrinking Fresnel zone travel-time tomography (ZSFZTT), where a weighting factor is adopted to shrink the Fresnel zone during the inversion process. Numerical phantom and in vivo breast experiments were performed with ZSFZTT, FZTT, and RTT. In the numerical experiment, the reconstruction biases of size by ZSFZTT, FZTT, and RTT were 0.2%similar to 8.3%, 2.3%similar to 31.7%, and 1.8%similar to 25%; the reconstruction biases of relative SS value by ZSFZTT, FZTT, and RTT were 24.7%similar to 42%, 53%similar to 60.8%, and 30.3%similar to 47.8%; and the CNR by ZSFZTT, FZTT, and RTT were 67.7 similar to 96.6, 68.5 similar to 98, and 1.7 similar to 2.7. In the in vivo breast experiment, ZSFZTT provided the highest CNR of 8.6 compared to 8.1 by FZTT and 1.9 by RTT. ZSFZTT improved the reconstruction accuracy of size and the relative reconstruction accuracy of SS value compared to FZTT and RTT while maintaining a high CNR similar to that of FZTT.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Analysis of foundry defects and preventive activities for quality improvement of castings. Casting as complicated production processes carries risk of failures occurrence during all the process of accomplishment of the finished products. It's very important to have an apposite process inspection, to perform preventive activities, and to make use of research techniques for better loss prevention. The paper shows some simple techniques which can be used in identification of the main course of defects in production of castings for heavy industry. It proves that the basic influence on castings quality have material factors, accepted technology and as well as human factor.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Human and plant volatiles; lures for mosquito, vectors of dengue virus and malaria. Increased outbreaks of mosquito borne diseases like the deadly parasitic disease, malaria and arboviruses like Zika, yellow fever and dengue viruses around the world have led to increased interest in traps that could effectively be used against mosquitoes. For example, a Google search at the time of this writing, asking, 'which is the best way of trapping mosquitoes?' produced 35.5 million search results. Regardless of the interest in the subject, scientists have yet to find a definitive answer to these questions. One area that has been exploited as a potential source of efficient traps for mosquitoes is host odour baits. Since mosquitoes are attracted to their hosts through odours produced by the hosts, it's highly likely that synthetic chemical blends based on host odours could provide a solution. Most mosquito species have 2 hosts: vertebrate animals and vascular plants. Amongst the vertebrates, most diseases spread by mosquitoes are to humans. Considerable research has therefore been conducted on human odours that elicit attraction in mosquitoes, with emphasis on compounds from sweat and skin. Interest on plant volatiles is currently gathering pace because unlike human odours that only attract host seeking female mosquitoes, plant odours can attract both male and female mosquitoes of all gonotrophic stages. This review article concentrates on some of the chemical compounds in human and plant host odours that have shown a potential as attractants to mosquitoes especially Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae s.l.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
+{"token": "Geochemical assessment of metal transfer from rock and soil to water in serpentine areas of Sabah (Malaysia). The mobility of metals in ultramafic rock-soil systems and metal contamination in serpentine soils were investigated from the Ranau area in Sabah, East Malaysia. Metal concentrations were analysed after division into seven operationally defined fractions by selective sequential extraction (SSE). Geochemical studies showed that the soils are exceptionally high in Cr (< 19,000 mg kg(-1)), Ni (< 4800 mg kg(-1)) and Co (< 170 mg kg(-1)), about 140, 16 and 10 times higher than global soil averages, respectively. Thus, the soil can be categorized as unusually contaminated in comparison with relevant guidelines. Nevertheless, despite expectations, low concentrations of Cr, Ni and Co were found in surface waters flowing over the serpentine massifs (< 14, 94 and 7 mu g L-1, respectively), indicating mobile ingress into river waters is low or, alternatively, diluted in the tropical environment resulting in minimal decline in their quality ascribed to the regional ultramafic geology of the area. The main reason is revealed by the SSE finding of very low (< 1%) mobile metal abundances in available fractions of Ranau soils. While this study is one of the first to use a comprehensive SSE in tropical serpentine soils, the major SSE finding highlights the majority of metals (>95%) residing in refractory residual fractions. Metal speciation studies will shed further light on toxicities in the Malaysian ultramafic tropical environment, reconciled against elemental metal tenure, adopted by common standards.", "label": [4, 5, 38, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "EFFECTS OF SPORTS AND MATHEMATICS EXTRACURRICULAR AND CLUB ACTIVITIES ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF MIDDLE SCHOOL PUPILS. Numerous studies have examined connections between extracurricular activities and academic achievement. These studies indicate several ways in which extracurricular activities can contribute to academic achievement: by providing balance, promoting self-confidence, increasing a sense of contribution and duty, and cultivating feelings of belonging. The aim of this research is to determine the effects of sports and math extracurricular and club activities on academic achievement of middle school pupils in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Population involves middle school pupils in two urban areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina and research sample consists of 1036 female and 1055 male pupils. Results of this study point to the potential benefits of engagement of middle school pupils in extracurricular or club sports and mathematics activities. Middle school pupils' general school success is better if they participate in extracurricular/club activities. This is particularly evident among male pupils who are involved in extracurricular sports activities and among pupils in higher grades of primary school attending extracurricular mahemaics activities. Also, pupils who are involved in extracurricular sports activities, esspecially male pupils, have better mathematics achievement comparing to ones that are not invovled ina any of extracurricular activities. On the other hand, involvment in extracurricular mathematics activities leads to even-handed school achievement.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Cultural Universals and Cultural Differences in Meta-Norms about Peer Punishment. Violators of cooperation norms may be informally punished by their peers. How such norm enforcement is judged by others can be regarded as a meta-norm (i.e., a second-order norm). We examined whether meta-norms about peer punishment vary across cultures by having students in eight countries judge animations in which an agent who over-harvested a common resource was punished either by a single peer or by the entire peer group. Whether the punishment was retributive or restorative varied between two studies, and findings were largely consistent across these two types of punishment. Across all countries, punishment was judged as more appropriate when implemented by the entire peer group than by an individual. Differences between countries were revealed in judgments of punishers vs. non-punishers. Specifically, appraisals of punishers were relatively negative in three Western countries and Japan, and more neutral in Pakistan, UAE, Russia, and China, consistent with the influence of individualism, power distance, and/or indulgence. Our studies constitute a first step in mapping how meta-norms vary around the globe, demonstrating both cultural universals and cultural differences.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Some uncertainty results obtained by the statistical version of the KARATE code system related to core design and safety analysis. The best-estimate KARATE code system has been widely used for core design calculations and simulations of slow transients of VVER reactors. Recently there has been an increasing need for assessing the uncertainties of such calculations by propagating the basic input uncertainties of the models through the full calculation chain. In order to determine the uncertainties of quantities of interest during the burnup, the statistical version of the KARATE code system has been elaborated. In the first part of the paper, the main features of the new code system are discussed. The applied statistical method is based on Monte-Carlo sampling of the considered input data taking into account mainly the covariance matrices of the cross sections and/or the technological uncertainties. In the second part of the paper, only the uncertainties of cross sections are considered and an equilibrium cycle related to a VVER-440 type reactor is investigated. The burnup dependence of the uncertainties of some safety related parameters (e.g. critical boron concentration, rod worth, feedback coefficients, assembly-wise radial power and burnup distribution) are discussed and compared to the recently used limits.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Iron ores, fluxes and tuyere injected coals used in the blast furnace. Iron ores, fluxes and tuyere injected coals used as burden materials in the blast furnace have been characterised by chemical and granulometric analysis, moisture, density and porosity, softening and melting temperatures, reductibility, X-ray diffraction, electronic microscopy and thermoanalysis. Theoretical calculations on the influence of both the chemical composition and ash content of coals on some aspects of the blast furnace operation have been carried out. The combustion behaviour of pulverised coals in a pilot plant equipped with a combustion chamber has been studied to indicate what the behaviour of each type of coal will be, when injected in blast furnace tuyeres.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Assessment of dexterity and diagnostic accuracy of the Functional Dexterity Test in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Background: The diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome (STC) is centered on the symptoms. However, patients also show an impairment of sensorimotor functions, but the relationship between STC and manual dexterity has never been investigated. Objectives: To analyze the correlation between manual dexterity and severity of the STC. Another objective was the diagnostic accuracy of the clinical battery including provocative tests (Phalen, Tinel) and Functional Dexterity Test (FDT). Methods: A sample of 80 subjects with suspected STC was subdivided into 4 groups based on EMG (severe/extreme-GrA, moderate-GrB, mild/minimal-GrC, negative-GrD) and evaluated in blind by Phalen, Tinel and FDT. The relationship between the FDT and the allocation of subjects was investigated by Spearman's rho, while the groups were compared with univariate ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc analysis. Diagnostic accuracy of the clinical battery was expressed by sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios (LR). Results: A moderate (r= 0.48, p< 0.001) correlation was found between FDT and the 4 groups. ANOVA has returned a significant difference between GrA vs. all others and between GrB vs. GrD. The battery showed a sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (LR+) and negative likelihood ratio (LR-) of 70%, 94%, 11.98 and 0.31 respectively. Conclusions: The results of this study supported the hypothesis that STC patients also have a dexterity impairment. The FDT was able to discriminate between three levels of severity (negative, mild to moderate, severe to extreme), maintaining a good level of diagnostic accuracy in addition to provocative tests.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Lessons learned from studying public initiatives to support energy efficiency finance in Thailand from 1992 to 2014. Despite the huge technical and market potential for cost-effective energy efficiency investments in Southeast Asian markets, only a small fraction of this potential has been realised. Given that the major share of global future energy demand, and associated greenhouse gas emissions, will come from emerging economies, it is important to understand the barriers to mainstreaming energy efficiency into the financial sector. This paper focuses on public initiatives that support one of the main barriers: access to capital. The researchers chose Thailand as a case study because of the range of energy efficiency finance programmes that have been designed and implemented since the early 1990s. Interviews with 21 experts from government, the private sector and academia provided the core data for this research. The analysis employed a multi-level perspective and focused on the historical evolution of public support of energy efficiency finance in the country. We identified three distinct phases of public policy development over the past two decades. Despite an impressive variety of ambitious and creative programmes, the initiatives have not yet succeeded in integrating energy efficiency into the financial sector in a meaningful way. Some of the key lessons found are that (a) it is better to treat energy efficiency and renewable energy in separate financing initiatives, (b) governments find it challenging to design effective mechanisms to de-risk financial investments, and (c) international organisations play an important role in testing and facilitating the introduction of new financing approaches and mechanisms. In emerging economies, cost-effective implementation of energy efficiency measures is a promising alternative that can reduce the need for investment in large-scale power generation capacity. The researchers hope that this paper will contribute to more effective design of programmes to incentivise energy efficiency financing in Thailand and in other economies in Southeast Asia.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Retrofit of a church with linear viscous dampers. The church of Agios Ioannis Prodromos in the village of Askas, Cyprus, contains a vast cycle of important and rare Byzantine wall paintings dating from the 15th and 16th centuries. Because of its importance to the cultural heritage of Cyprus, the church has been selected as one of the monuments to be studied in an INCOMED project for the Conservation of Historical Mediterranean sites by innovative seismic protection techniques (CHIME). The computational model developed for the church is presented, as well as the measurements obtained by hammer-impact excitation. The fine-tuning of the selected computational model to match the dynamic characteristics obtained from the site measurements is also discussed. The model was used to test analytically the cost-effectiveness of damping devices in providing the best earthquake protection to the church without spoiling its monumental value. Copyright (c) 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "Qingryllus jiguanshanensis sp n. from Sichuan, China, the second species of Qingryllus (Orthoptera, Gryllidae). A second species of Qingryllus Chen & Zheng is described and illustrated, Q. jiguanshanensis sp. n., from Sichuan, China. This new species is similar to Q. striofemorus Chen & Zheng, 1995, but differs from the latter by the posterior margin of pronotum being distinctly widened, the veins of tegmina yellowish-white only on lateral side of dorsal area, and the epiphallus distinctly widened posteriorly. A distribution map of the species of this genus and habitus photographs of the new species are presented.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Trends and Challenges of Virtual Reality in Architectural Design Education. Digital technologies are currently employed in almost every aspect of our lives, and have been interwoven in almost every field of specialization. Despite the wide potentials and capabilities of Virtual Reality (VR) technologies in supporting and enhancing education-related activities, many studies indicate that the application of such technologies in the fields of architectural design education is still limited. The objective of this paper is to explore the most important trends and challenges of VR applications in Architectural Design Education for a better understanding the capabilities and limitations of such technologies in supporting educational specialists to explore ways and means to maximize the benefit of using such technologies within different Architectural Design educational environments. The paper adopted the inductive approach analyzing recent literature in this field, supported by case-studies. It is concluded that Architectural Design Education needs to cope with the continuous advancements in VR technologies to comply with the expected future market needs of various modern technologies. The paper Summarizes and compiles the findings in the matrix of \\\\'Trends and Challenges of Virtual Reality in Architectural Design Education\\\\', which could open the way for future studies through which the priorities and relative importance of such trends and challenges can be determined, as applied in various architectural design educational environments.", "label": [1, 5, 17, 52]}
+{"token": "Formal Modeling and Performance Evaluation for Hybrid Systems: A Probabilistic Hybrid Process Algebra-Based Approach. Probabilistic behavior is omnipresent in computer-controlled systems, in particular, so-called safety-critical hybrid systems, due to various reasons, like uncertain environments or fundamental properties of nature. In this paper, we extend the existing hybrid process algebra ACP(hs)(srt) with probability without sacrificing the nondeterministic choice operator. The existing approximate probabilistic bisimulation relation is fragile and not robust in the sense of being dependent on the deviation range of the transition probability. To overcome this defect, a novel approximate probabilistic bisimulation is proposed which is inspired by the idea of Probably Approximately Correct (PAC) by relaxing the constraints of transition probability deviation range. Traditional temporal logics, even probabilistic temporal logics, are expressive enough, but they are limited to producing only true or false responses, as they are still logics and not suitable for performance evaluation. To settle this problem, we present a new performance evaluation language that expands quantitative analysis from the value range of {0, 1} to real number to reason over probabilistic systems. After that, the corresponding algorithms for performance evaluation are given. Finally, an industrial example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
+{"token": "Terror park: A future theme park in 2100. In the future, tourism and entertainment could be displayed as spectacles of horror, where consumers are offered and opportunity to revisit the tragedies of the past. Current displays of death where the past is exhibited and consumed as fun, scary and as entertainment productions are widespread. The movie industry provides horror to all ages, children can be exposed to the goulash past in various forms, such as the popular book series 'Horrible Histories'. Theme parks, rides and roller-coaster often take a dark and scary approach to enticing consumers. Another popular and well established product (especially in western societies) are fun factories' (Stone, 2009), such as the dungeon attractions owned by the Merlin Entertainment Group. The market for death and horror based attractions and entertainment is growing. Since the dawn of time death has been a guarantee that awaits us all. Society is well connected to death, however and significantly, the consumption of death and its social transformation historically to present, both in practice and meaning have changed, evolved and continue to do so. The meaning, practice and consumption of death and its evolution into the future will be a significant representation of future societies. This paper, considers how society is moving into a new period, the 'spectacle of death'. By researching and understanding past and present social realities, it is possible to generate knowledge, ideas and predictions of the future, in this study, the future role of death as tourism entertainment. This paper presents original and challenging potential future scenarios in which tourists engage with death as a form of entertainment, around the year 2100. Uniquely, the paper considers the use of horrific and tragic events that have overwhelmed the world in the early 21\\\\' Century (including the 2008 Sichuan earthquake and the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York). Accordingly, presenting innovative narratives exposing how these will become spectacles of death in a 'terror park; a lighter form of dark entertainment in the future.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
+{"token": "Clinical evaluation of the wetchemical analyzer VetScan in dogs. In. clinical study a very close correlation between the measuring results of the blood analyzer VetScan and comparison measurings with the analysis automaton Hitachi 704 or the ion-seletive electrode (ISE) Na/K analyzer 617, respectively, was found regarding 99 samples of dogs for nearly all tested parameters. The choosen reagent carrier included the following parameters: activity of the enzymes alanine-aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and amylase as well as the concentration of glucose, cholesterol, total bilirubin, urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin, globulin, calcium and potassium, A less close correlation was found for the concentrations of the electrolytes, especially potassium (r = 0,610), and albumin (r = 0,796). Distinctly absolute deviations of the results became obvious particularly for the activity of amylase and the concentration of total bilirubin. Reference ranges calculated on the basis of samples of 50 healthy dogs corresponded preponderantly good with the normal ranges given by the manufacturer. A good within-run precision was found for the majority of tested parameters. Exceptions were especially the concentrations of the substrates creatinine (coefficient of variation [CV] = 18,8 %) and total bilirubin (CV = 9,4 %) as well as the activity of AP (CV = 10,8 %). The wetchemical blood analyzer VetScan can be easily handled like a drychemical analyzer. On principle, it is suitable for the usage in small animal practice in dogs.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "How do airlines react to airport congestion? The role of networks. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between airline network structure and airport congestion. More specifically, we study the ways in which airlines adjust frequencies to delays (as a measure of airport congestion) depending on the network type they operate. Our results suggest that network structure has a fundamental impact. Thus, while airlines operating fully-connected configurations reduce frequencies in response to more frequent delays, airlines operating hub-and-spoke structures increase frequencies. Therefore, network airlines have incentives to keep frequencies high even if this is at the expense of a greater congestion at their hub airports. This result sheds light on previously unclear results in the literature. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
+{"token": "Russian reformers of the 1990s: a biographical study. Well-known is philosophical law: in the development of public relations, role of the subjective factor increases. This law is becoming more tangible, especially in transforming countries. This fully applies to Russia, where the subjective factor proved decisive in the choice of methods of reform, and, above all, their core privatization. As a result, privatization in Russia created new ownership relations. These relations are fundamental; they determine all relations social, political, legal, moral and psychological. They impact the whole social environment of the state. Today's political-economy model was created in the first half of the 1990s, and over the past twenty years has not changed. If modern reformers Den Siaopin, Havel, Mechiar, Balcerowicz have extensive bibliography, the identity of Gaidar remains on the periphery of attention of researchers. On the eve of the 25th anniversary of reform this is difficult to understand.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Deletion of OTX2 in neural ectoderm delays anterior pituitary development. OTX2 is a homeodomain transcription factor that is necessary for normal head development inmouse and man. Heterozygosity for loss-of-function alleles causes an incompletely penetrant, haploinsufficiency disorder. Affected individuals exhibit a spectrum of features that range from developmental defects in eye and/or pituitary development to acephaly. To investigate the mechanism underlying the pituitary defects, we used different cre lines to inactivate Otx2 in early head development and in the prospective anterior and posterior lobes. Mice homozygous for Otx2 deficiency in early head development and pituitary oral ectoderm exhibit craniofacial defects and pituitary gland dysmorphology, but normal pituitary cell specification. The morphological defects mimic those observed in humans and mice with OTX2 heterozygous mutations. Mice homozygous for Otx2 deficiency in the pituitary neural ectoderm exhibited altered patterning of gene expression and ablation of FGFsignaling. Theposterior pituitary lobeandstalk, whichnormally arise from neural ectoderm, were extremely hypoplastic. Otx2 expression was intact in Rathke's pouch, the precursor to the anterior lobe, but the anterior lobe was hypoplastic. The lack of FGF signaling from the neural ectoderm was sufficient to impair anterior lobe growth, but not the differentiation of hormone-producing cells. This study demonstrates that Otx2 expression in the neural ectoderm is important intrinsically for the developmentof the posterior lobe andpituitary stalk, and it has significant extrinsic effects on anterior pituitary growth. Otx2 expression early in head development is important for establishing normal craniofacial features including development of the brain, eyes and pituitary gland.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "BIOLOGY OF BUCCULATRIX-PARTHENICA BRADLEY SP-N (LEPIDOPTERA, BUCCULATRICIDAE) AND ITS ESTABLISHMENT IN AUSTRALIA AS A BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL AGENT FOR PARTHENIUM-HYSTEROPHORUS (ASTERACEAE). Bucculatrix parthenica Bradley sp. n., a moth native to Mexico, is described. It has been released and established in Queensland, Australia, as a biological control agent for its host plant, Parthenium hysterophorus. The moth oviposits on leaves of its host. First and second instar larvae are leaf miners, and later instars feed externally on the leaves. The life cycle occupies about 25 days under field conditions. B. parthenica was narrowly oligophagous in host-specificity tests. In Mexico the insect is scarce but in Queensland it has become abundant enough to cause extensive defoliation of its host plant at some sites. Its rapid increase in Queensland is attributed to the absence of parasitism.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Towards less invasive molecular diagnostics for endometrial cancer: massively parallel sequencing of endometrial lavage specimens in women attending for an office hysteroscopy. We aimed to detect endometrial cancer (EC)-associated mutations in endometrial lavage specimens collected in an office setting and to compare the detected mutations with those identified in tissue samples. Participants included 16 women attending for an office hysteroscopy because of suspected EC between July 2020 and October 2021. Massively parallel sequencing was conducted using the targeted 72 cancer-associated genes. Endometrial lavage specimens, endometrial tissue samples, and blood samples were simultaneously sequenced to establish the concordance of genetic alterations. In this study, the vast majority of EC-associated mutations identified in lavage samples (R-2 = 0.948) were identical to those detected in endometrial tissues. Of the 13 patients with EC, 12 (92.3%) had at least one mutation identified in endometrial lavage samples. Notably, no mutations in lavage samples were identified in the two patients with a previous history of EC but no actual endometrial lesions, supporting a high negative predictive value of the test. A patient previously diagnosed with EC and with current evidence of atypical hyperplasia showed persisting PTEN, PIK3R1, and KRAS mutations in her endometrial lavage specimen. PTEN was the most commonly mutated gene, followed by PIK3R1, ARID1A, PIK3CA, CTNNB1, and KRAS. In conclusions, our study provides pilot evidence on the actionability of uterine lavage samples sequencing to detect EC-associated mutations in women with suspected endometrial lesions. In a precision medicine framework, the high mutational concordance between uterine lavage samples and tissue specimens may help inform less invasive diagnostic protocols and the need for ongoing surveillance in patients with EC who wished for fertility-preserving treatment. Key messages center dot Sequencing of uterine lavage samples collected by office hysteroscopy is feasible. center dot Most EC mutations identified in lavage were identical to endometrial tissues. center dot Sequencing of uterine lavage samples may help inform diagnostic protocols for EC. center dot This approach can be used for recurrence surveillance in patients with EC.", "label": [2, 18, 20]}
+{"token": "Distribution, breeding density and nest sites of Hawfinches Coccothraustes coccothraustes in the primeval forest of Bialowieza National Park. Long-term observations (1991-2002) have shown that Hawfinches breed throughout the extensive Bialowieza Forest; they are only slightly less numerous in the forest interior than at its edge. Population size, habitat and nest sites were studied in two plots in the species-optimal habitat (continuous oak-lime-hornbeam old-growth). The true breeding density there was 4.0-8.4, reaching as much as 15.2 p/10 ha in some years, while, according to the combined territory-mapping method for the same period, it was, on average, 5.8 pairs/10 ha in oak-lime-hornbeam, 3.3 pairs/10 ha in riparian ash-alder, but less than 0.5 pairs/10 ha in mixed coniferous-deciduous or young deciduous stands (marginal habitats for this species). Being among the most numerous species in the Bialowieza Forest bird community, Hawfinches hold small nesting territories that are sometimes loosely grouped. Nests are built at an average height of 18.1 (7-34) m in the tree canopy. Hornbeams are the preferred tree species for nesting in the oak-lime-hornbeam stands (also clumps of mistletoe in the continental maple), while black alders in the riparian woodland. Originally, the Hawfinch must have been a species of old, high forests. Its recent nesting elsewhere - low in bushes or, preferably, along woodland edges - is likely to be a secondarily acquired trait; it could also be due to a bias - Hawfinch nests are more easily discovered in such localities.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "The gossip and its role in the conversation. This paper examines seven gossip situations with the aim of trying to establish their roles in everyday conversation. Following Haviland, (1977) gossip is considered as a narrative event within conversational discourse, and, according to one of the proposed methodologies for its analysis (Foster 2004), the seven situations are examined in the light of symmetrical or asymmetrical relations and the chances of acceptance or rejection on the part of the gossip recipient.Based on the analysis, I propose that gossip in everyday conversation can be assigned the following functions: a) economy of information; b) maintenance of the relationship between partners; c) definition (or re-definition) of the speaker and hearer's personae at the time of the gossip exchange; d) rapprochement, estrangement, or re-adjusting of positions in the scale of values, beliefs, ascriptions, etc., of gossip-partners.Gossip has played an important role in the evolution of human intelligence and social life (Dunbar, 2004, Davis & McLeod, 2003). It plays a key role in cultural learning (Baumeister, Zhang, & Vohs, 2004) and it is relevant as a source of information in social evaluation (Suls, 1977; Wert & Salovey, 2004, 2004, 2004 b).", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "COMMISSION SHOPS AS PROVIDERS OF BASIC HOUSEHOLD GOODS The Case Studies of Slovenia and Czechoslovakia. Mostly through the case studies of the Slovenian Komisija and Czechoslovak Chronor, Klenoty and Buzur stores, this article presents socialist commission shops as providers of basic household goods. It therefore contributes insights into the complexity of commission shops as a specific type of second-hand retail as well as insights into the complexity of types of retail and socialist consumerism in general. It briefly compares commission shops with some other socio-historically known forms of second-hand retail, while pointing to the differences and similarities among them.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Nova Scorpii and coalescing low-mass black hole binaries as LIGO sources. Double neutron star (NS-NS) binaries, analogous to the well-known Hulse-Taylor pulsar PSR 1913+16 (documented by Hulse & Taylor in 1974), are guaranteed-to-exist sources of high-frequency gravitational radiation detectable by LIGO. There is considerable uncertainty in the estimated rate of coalescence of such systems (see the work of Phinney in 1991, Narayan and coworkers in 1991, and Kalogera and coworkers in 2001), with conservative estimates of similar to1 per 10(6) yr per galaxy, and optimistic theoretical estimates 1 or more mag larger. Formation rates of low-mass black hole (BH)-neutron star binaries may be higher than those of NS-NS binaries and may dominate the detectable LIGO signal rate. Rate estimates for such binaries are plagued by severe model uncertainties. Recent estimates by Portegies Zwart & Yungelson in 1998 and De Donder & Vanbeveren in 1998 suggest that BH-BH binaries do not coalesce at significant rates despite being formed at high rates. We estimate the enhanced coalescence rate for BH-BH binaries due to weak asymmetric kicks during the formation of low-mass black holes like Nova Sco (see the work of Brandt, Podsiadlowski, & Sigurdsson in 1995) and find they may contribute significantly to the LIGO signal rate, possibly dominating the phase I detectable signals if the range of black hole masses for which there is significant kick is broad enough. For a standard Salpeter initial mass function, assuming mild natal kicks, we project that the R-6 merger rate (the rate of mergers per 10(6) yr in a Milky Way like galaxy) of BH-BH systems is similar to0.5, smaller than that of NS-NS systems. However, the higher chirp mass of these systems produces a signal nearly 4 times greater, on average, with a commensurate increase in search volume, hence, our claim that BH-BH mergers (and, to a lesser extent, BH-NS coalescence) should comprise a significant fraction of the signal seen by LIGO. The BH-BH coalescence channel considered here also predicts that a substantial fraction of BH-BH systems should have at least one component with near-maximal spin (a/M similar to 1). This is from the spin-up provided by the fallback material after a supernova. If no mass transfer occurs between the two supernovae, both components could be spinning rapidly. The waveforms produced by the coalescence of such a system should produce a clear spin signature, so this hypothesis could be directly tested by LIGO.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Forecasting air pollution PM2.5 in Beijing using weather data and multiple kernel learning. PM2.5 mass concentration prediction is an important research issue because of the increasing impact of air pollution on the urban environment. In this paper, a PM2.5 forecasting framework incorporating meteorological factors based on multiple kernel learning (MKL) is proposed to forecast the near future PM2.5. In addition, we develop a novel two-step algorithm for solving the primal MKL problem. Compared with most existing MKL 2-step algorithms, the proposed algorithm does not require the optimal step size for updating kernel combination coefficients by linear search. To demonstrate the performance of the proposed forecasting framework, its performance is compared to single kernel-based support vector regression (SVR). Data sets of an inland city Beijing acquired from UCI are used to train and validate both of two methods. Experiments show that our proposed method outperforms the SVR.", "label": [5, 49, 50]}
+{"token": "THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS IN ENERGY USE MODELING IN BROILER FARMS: A CASE STUDY OF MERSIN PROVINCE IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION. This study presents the application of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) techniques to estimate the total energy use of broiler farms. Chicken meat is shown as one of the important parameters in the modeling of energy use efficiency of broiler farms. However, the measurement of this extremely important parameter is difficult and takes a long time to obtain the desired results. In order to overcome such difficulties, scientists have tried to develop alternative methods. The farm-scale data used in the study was obtained from 30 broiler farms in Mersin (Turkey) province in 2018. In the application of ANN model, consumed feeds, electricity, fuel, water, broiler farms, chicks, human labor and machinery parameters used in the farm are used as input; broiler poultry meat and fertilizer parameter are used as output. In addition, the total energy equivalent estimates of chicken meat were made using various input combinations to investigate the best results model. The highest coefficient of determination (R-2) (0.936) and the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) and the mean absolute error (MAE) values were found to be 0.232 and 0.019, respectively. The results showed that the ANN model is a very promising approach for the estimation of total energy equivalent of chicken meat in broiler farms.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 52]}
+{"token": "Study of mechanical properties of diamond-like carbon coatings for bio-medical applications. Diamond-like carbon coatings with different thickness have been prepared on Ti alloy substrate by rf-plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (rf PECVD), their surface morphology and mechanical properties were analyzed and evaluated by AFM, nanoindentation, scratch test, friction test and fretting wear test. The results show that: with the increasing of coating thickness, the surface roughness sharply increases, then significant decreases, at last tending to stable; the hardness and bond strength increase with thickness, but the friction coefficient decreases; and the friction coefficient of DLC coatings against corundum obtained by fretting test decreases with the increase of relative humidity to be below 0.1 in an aqueous condition. All of that are beneficial to their biomedical applications in body fluids.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Sex in murky waters: algal-induced turbidity increases sexual selection in pipefish. Significance statementAlgal-induced turbidity has been shown to alter several important aspects of reproduction and sexual selection. However, while turbidity has been shown to negatively affect reproduction and sexually selected traits in some species, it may instead enhance reproductive success in others, implying that the impact of eutrophication is far more complex than originally believed. In this study, we aimed to provide more insight into these inconsistent findings. We used molecular tools to investigate the impact of algal turbidity on reproductive success and sexual selection on males in controlled laboratory experiments, allowing mate choice, mating competition, and mate encounter rates to affect reproduction. As study species, we used the broad-nosed pipefish, Syngnathus typhle, a species practicing male pregnancy and where we have previously shown that male mate choice is impaired by turbidity. Here, turbidity instead enhanced sexual selection on male size and mating success as well as reproductive success. Effects from mating competition and mate encounter rates may thus override effects from mate choice based on visual cues, producing an overall stronger sexual selection in turbid waters. Hence, seemingly inconsistent effects of turbidity on sexual selection may depend on which mechanisms of sexual selection that have been under study.Algal blooms are becoming increasingly more common due to eutrophication of freshwater and marine environments. The high density of algae lowers water transparency and reduces the possibility for fish and other aquatic animals to perform behaviors dependent on vision. We have previously shown that pipefish are unable to select the best partner in mate choice trials when water transparency was reduced. However, fish might use other senses than vision to compensate for the reduction in water transparency. In this study, we found that when fish were allowed to freely interact, thereby allowing competition between partners and direct contact between the fish, the best partner was indeed chosen. Hence, the negative effects of reduced water visibility due to algal blooms may be counteracted by the use of other senses in fish.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 55, 47]}
+{"token": "3d Propagation of Ultrasonic Waves Through a System of Defects in an Elastic Material, with Arbitrary Reflections and Transformations. In frames of the three-dimensional problem, we study a short wavelength diffraction of elastic waves by a system of voids in the elastic medium. The defects are bounded by arbitrary smooth surfaces. The problem is reduced to a classical diffraction problem for high-frequency waves irradiated from a point source in the elastic medium by the system of voids located in this medium. We consider multiple reflections with various possible transformations of elastic waves. To study the problem, a special method is proposed, which is based on the asymptotic estimate of the diffraction integrals by the multidimensional stationary phase method. On the basis of the developed method, we obtain in explicit form the leading asymptotic term of the displacements in the diffracted field, for arbitrary cases of multiple reflections (longitudinal wave to longitudinal one and transverse wave to transverse one) and transformations (longitudinal wave to transverse one and transverse wave to longitudinal one), at the points of mirror reflections. The obtained explicit expressions for the displacements agree with the Geometrical Diffraction Theory (GDT) for elastic waves.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Yield Response to Crop/Genotype Rotations and Fungicide Use to Manage Fusarium-related Diseases. Corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cropping systems of the Midwest have led to increased selection pressure on diseases caused by Fusarium pathogens. A field experiment was conducted from 2010 to 2012 near Arlington, WI, to identify interactions among disease management practices (crop rotation, host resistance, and fungicide use) that increase corn, soybean, and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields. For corn grain, significant interactions were primarily driven by crop rotation. Highest corn yields across all 3 yr were observed in the corn-soybean-wheat (CSW) rotation (13.55 Mg ha(-1)). Corn silage yield was influenced by cultivar rotation, with highest yields displayed by the Fusarium-susceptible rotations (susceptible followed by susceptible followed by susceptible [SSS] and susceptible followed by susceptible followed by resistant [SSR]). Soybean yields were influenced by interactions involving crop rotation and cultivar rotation. Highest soybean yields were found for crop rotations containing wheat and ranged from 5.1 to 8.4% higher than the corn alternated annually with soybean (CS) rotation. The Fusarium-resistant (resistant followed by resistant followed by resistant [RRR]) cultivar rotation (4.14 Mg ha(-1)) yielded 3.0% better than the next highest rotation (SSR). Crop rotation, cultivar selection, and fungicide use were all key drivers for wheat yield. Highest yields on average were observed in the CSW rotation (5.62 Mg ha(-1)). The Fusarium head blight (FHB)-susceptible cultivar (5.50 Mg ha(-1)) yielded significantly higher compared to the resistant cultivar (4.89 Mg ha(-1)), and fungicide use increased yield in the susceptible cultivar 7.2% (5.31 to 5.69 Mg ha(-1)) but not for the resistant cultivar. Although interactions were not consistent for all three crops, our results suggest growers should begin with combining a high-yield-potential cultivar, regardless of its susceptibility or resistance to Fusarium pathogens, in a CSW crop rotation to maximize yield potential when managing Fusarium-related diseases.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Gross solid transport in sewers. Gross solid transport in sewers has been studied in the laboratory, by theoretical analysis, and in the field. A simplified model is proposed that can be run as an extension of existing sewer software packages (for example HydroWorks) in order to simulate the advection and deposition of solids within an entire sewer system. The model has potential applications to the engineered improvement of sewer infrastructure (including storage facilities and screening systems) and to the simulation of first flush effects and of the impact of future changes in catchment flows. A technique for tracing the physical progress of specific solids in a sewer has been developed, and has been used within an actual length in order to test the model.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 39]}
+{"token": "Alternative laronidase dose regimen for patients with mucopolysaccharidosis I: a multinational, retrospective, chart review case series. Background: Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with laronidase (recombinant human alpha-L-iduronidase, Aldurazyme (R)) is indicated for non-neurological signs and symptoms of mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I). The approved laronidase dose regimen is weekly infusions of 0.58mg/kg, however, patients and caregivers may have difficulty complying with the weekly regimen. We examined clinical outcomes, tolerability, compliance, and satisfaction in a series of patients who switched to every other week infusions.Results: The majority of patients had attenuated MPS I phenotypes (9 with Hurler-Scheie and 8 with Scheie syndromes) and 3 patients had severe MPS I (Hurler syndrome). Most patients presented with organomegaly (17/ 20), umbilical and/or inguinal hernia (16/20), cardiac abnormalities (17/20), musculoskeletal abnormalities (19/20), and neurological and/or developmental deficits (15/20). Following laronidase treatment, signs stabilized or improved. No deterioration or reversal of clinical outcome was noted in any patient who switched from the weekly dose of 0.58mg.kg to 1.2mg/kg every other week. There were no safety issues during the duration of every other week dosing. Patient compliance and satisfaction with the dosing regimen were greater with every other week dosing than weekly dosing.Conclusions: An alternative dose regimen of 1.2mg/kg laronidase every other week was well tolerated and clinically similar to the standard dose for patients who were stabilized with weekly 0.58 mg/kg for one year or more. When an individualized approach to laronidase therapy is necessary, every other week dosing may be an alternative for patients with difficulty receiving weekly infusions.Methods: This multinational, retrospective, chart review case series analyzed data from 20 patients who had undergone ERT with laronidase 0.58mg/kg weekly for more than one year, and who then switched to 1.2mg/kg every other week.", "label": [2, 18, 20]}
+{"token": "FINANCIAL-MANAGEMENT (1972-1994) - A RETROSPECTIVE. Financial Management published more than 800 papers from 1972 through 1994. This article documents the influence of FM on financial research, financial education, and financial practice. The evolution of subject coverage over time is discussed. The FM articles most cited in journals and text books are identified. FM ranks near the top of finance journals in every criterion examined.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "The development of the public education system in the Caucasus in the pre-revolutionary period (1905-1917 years). The article discusses the development of the public education system in the Caucasus in the period from 1905 to 1917 years. The article is paid attention to the problems of public education in the First Russian revolution, and also the role of parochial schools in the Caucasus.The methodological basis of research were the principles of objectivity and historicism, assuming an unbiased approach to the analysis of the problems, critical attitude to the sources, making judgments as a result of the analysis of a set of facts or phenomena in the development context and the historical setting.In conclusion, the authors note that the system of public education in the period from 1905 to 1917 years was the path of dynamic development. The increase in literacy in this period led to a sharp increase in labor productivity, both in agriculture and in industrial enterprises. But, most importantly, the system of public education has contributed to the strengthening of tolerance in the multinational Caucasus.Among the materials are the documents of the national archive of Georgia, published reports and materials of pre-revolutionary periodicals. The main importance is given to the modern research on the history of the public education system of the Russian Empire.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "CYP2S1 is negatively regulated by corticosteroids in human cell lines. Cytochrome P450s are monooxygenase proteins involved in the metabolism of both exogenous and endogenous compounds. CYP2S1 can metabolize eicosanoids in the absence of both NADPH and NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase, and can also activate the anticancer agent 1 AQ4N [1,4-bis{[2-(dimethylamino-N-oxide)ethyl]amino}-5,8-dihydroxy anthracene-9,10-dione]. CYP2S1 is mainly expressed in extrahepatic tissues such as the trachea, lung, stomach, small intestine, spleen, skin, breast, kidney and placenta. Furthermore, increased expression of CYP2S1 occurs in several tumors of epithelial origin, making the characterization of CYP2S1 regulation relevant to the treatment of disease. We report that the synthetic glucocorticoid receptor ligand dexamethasone (DEX) represses CYP2S1 expression. The ED50 is between 1 nM and 3 nM and maximal repression is reached by 48 h. Other corticosteroids are also effective at repressing CYP2S1. We show that repression by DEX is mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor and requires histone deacetylase activity. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Overall intact cognitive function in male X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy adults with normal MRI. Background Men with the hereditary peroxisomal disorder X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) are at risk of developing inflammatory demyelinating lesions in the brain. In the absence of inflammatory (post-contrast enhancing) lesions on MRI cognitive function is considered spared, but some form of cognitive dysfunction may nevertheless be present. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to characterize cognitive functioning of ALD men with no or minimal MRI abnormalities, which will define cognitive functioning in this category of patients. Methods A neuropsychological battery covering a broad range of cognitive domains, including language, verbal and non-verbal memory, visuoconstruction, executive functioning, and psychomotor speed, was used. Means and proportions of borderline and impaired T scores <= 36 were compared to the standardized norm group and a qualitative case-by-case analysis was performed for participants with T scores <= 36 within >= 2 domains. Patients with MRI abnormalities that were extensive (Loes score > 3) or showed enhancement post-contrast were excluded. Results Thirty-three men participated (median age 44 years, range 19-71). Mean performance on verbal fluency was poorer in patients (45.70 +/- 8.85 patients vs. 50 +/- 10 standardized norm group, p = 0.009), as was the percentage of borderline and impaired scores on visuoconstruction (Beery VMI: 19% patients vs. 8% standardized norm group, p = 0.02; RCFT copy: 81% patients vs. 2% standardized norm group, p < 0.0005) and mental reaction time during a complex decision task (18% patients vs. 8% standardized norm group, p = 0.055). Moreover, 9/33 (27.3%) patients had T scores <= 36 within >= 2 domains. Conclusions Given the heterogeneous pattern of mostly borderline scores cognitive functioning seems not impaired in the vast majority of adult ALD males with no or minimal MRI abnormalities. However, borderline to impaired cognitive dysfunction was present in 27.3%, with the majority being borderline scores. Longitudinal studies will have to determine if this reflects early cerebral disease under the detection limit of MRI.", "label": [2, 18, 20]}
+{"token": "Remote Combined Effects of Coal Dust and High-Dose gamma-Irradiation on Immune System Changes. The objective of this research is to assess the effect of combined exposure of a high dose gamma radiation (6Gy) and coal dust on the immune system values in the long-term period.The study was carried out on 40 male Wistar rats divided into 4 groups: group I, intact animals; group II, exposure to coal dust; group III, exposure to 6Gy 7-irradiation; group IV, combined exposure to sublethal irradiation and coal dust. In groups II and IV, anthracosis was caused by exposure to coal dust at a concentration of 50 mg/m3, using an exposure chamber for 90 days after irradiation. The animals of groups III and IV were irradiated once in dose 6Gy prior to the study, with the TERAGAM CO60 gamma-therapeutic device (ISOTREND spol. s.r.o., Czech Republic).The study revealed a significant immunotoxicological shift induced by coal dust and high dose of radiation separately and in combination. The combined effect of factors exhibited an obvious immunodeficiency, as compared to the separate exposure. The combined exposure to the studied factors resulted in deterioration of T-cell immunity and disruption of cytokine production accompanied by reduced resistance to neoplasms, increased tendency to allergic diseases, and weakened immunological response of the organism.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Learning to be different: acquired skills, social learning, frequency dependence, and environmental variation can cause behaviourally mediated foraging specializations. Key range of variables: We explore the effects of approaching the time horizon in the SDPM, changing the extent to which skills can improve with experience, increasing the rates of learning or forgetting of skills, changing whether the learning curve is constant, accelerating ('J'-shaped) or decelerating ('r'-shaped), changing both mean and maximum possible energy reserves, changing metabolic costs of foraging, and changing the rate of encounter with prey.Conclusions: The model results show that the following factors increase the degree of prey specialization observed in a predator population: (1) Experience handling a prey type can substantially improve foraging skills for that prey. (2) There is limited ability to retain complex learned skills for multiple prey types. (3) The learning curve for acquiring new foraging skills is accelerating, or J-shaped. (4) The metabolic costs of foraging are high relative to available energy reserves. (5) Offspring can learn foraging skills from their mothers (matrilineal social learning). (6) Food abundance is limited, such that average individual energy reserves are low Additionally, the following factors increase the likelihood of alternative specializations co-occurring in a predator population: (1) The predator exerts effective top-down control of prey abundance, resulting in frequency-dependent dynamics. (2) There is stochastic variation in prey population dynamics, but this variation is neither too extreme in magnitude nor too 'slow' with respect to the time required for an individual forager to learn new foraging skills. For a given predator population, we deduce that the degree of specialization will be highest for those prey types requifing complex capture or handling skills, while prey species that are both profitable and easy to capture and handle will be included in the diet of all individuals. Frequency-dependent benefits of selecting alternative prey types, combined with the ability of foragers to improve their foraging skills by learning, and transmit learned skills to offspring, can result in behaviourally mediated foraging specialization, and also lead to the co-existence of alternative specializations. The extent of such specialization is predicted to be a variable trait, increasing in locations or years when intra-specific competition is high relative to inter-specific competition.Features of the model: We use both a state-dependent life-history model implemented by stochastic dynamic programming (SDPM) and an individual-based model (IBM) to capture the dynamic nature of behavioural preferences in feeding. Variables in the SDPM include energy reserves, skill levels, energy and handling time per single prey item, metabolic rate, the rates at which skills are learned and forgotten, the effect of skills on handling time, and the relationship between energy reserves and fitness. Additional variables in the IBM include the probability of successful weaning, the logistic dynamics of the prey species with stochastic recruitment, the intensity of top-down control of prey by predators, the mean and variance in skill levels of new recruits, and the extent to which learned information can be transmitted via matrilineal social learning.Question: How does the ability to improve foraging skills by learning, and to transfer that learned knowledge, affect the development of intra-population foraging specializations?", "label": [2, 4, 37, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "Molecular fingerprinting of Mycobacterium bovis subsp caprae isolates from Central Europe. To study the dissemination of Mycobacterium bovis subsp. caprae, 79 European isolates from cattle, humans, and other hosts were examined by spoligotyping and IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Among a total of 11 different spoligotypes identified, type C1 proved to be predominant (n = 62). Five of the spoligotypes are described for the first time. A total of 43 different RFLP types were identified, thus allowing further differentiation for epidemiological tracking. Isolates from a series of outbreaks in one village proved to be of the same spoligotype and of identical or closely related RFLP types.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Cross-linking of transmembrane helices in proton-translocating nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase from Escherichia coli: implications for the structure and function of the membrane domain. In the alpha(2)beta(2) tetramer, alphabeta cross-links were obtained with the alphaG476C-betaS2C, alphaG476C-betaT54C and alphaG476C-betaS183C double mutants. Significant as cross-links were obtained with the alphaG476C single mutant in the loop connecting helix 3 and 4, whereas betabeta cross-links were obtained with the betaS2C, betaT54C and betaS183C single mutants in the beginning of helix 6, the loop between helix 7 and 8 and the loop connecting helix 11 and 12, respectively. In a model based on 13 mutants, the interface between the alpha and beta subunits in the dimer is lined along an axis formed by helices 3 and 4 from the a subunit and helices 6, 7 and 8 from the beta subunit. In addition, helices 2 and 4 in the a subunit together with helices 6 and 12 in the beta subunit interact with their counterparts in the alpha(2)beta(2) tetramer. Each beta subunit in the alpha(2)beta(2) tetramer was concluded to contain a proton channel composed of the highly conserved helices 9, 10, 13 and 14. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Proton-pumping nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase from Escherichia coli contains an alpha and a beta subunit of 54 and 49 kDa, respectively, and is made up of three domains. Domain I (dI) and III (dIII) are hydrophilic and contain the NAD(H)- and NADP(H)-binding sites, respectively, whereas the hydrophobic domain II (dII) contains 13 transmembrane alpha-helices and harbours the proton channel. Using a cysteine-free transhydrogenase, the organization of dII and helix-helix distances were investigated by the introduction of one or two cysteines in helix-helix loops on the periplasmic side. Mutants were subsequently cross-linked in the absence and presence of diamide and the bifunctional maleimide cross-linker o-PDM (6 Angstrom), and visualized by SDS-PAGE.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Maintenance of an undifferentiated state of human induced pluripotent stem cells through migration-dependent regulation of the balance between cell-cell and cell-substrate interactions. We present an outlook on the current strategies for maintaining and culturing human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in an undifferentiated state without affecting their pluripotency. First, cell structures and function are described in relation to interactions between hiPSCs and their surroundings. Second, the phenomenon of spontaneous deviation from undifferentiated hiPSCs in cultures with feeder cells is addressed, with a summary of current topics that are of particular interest to our studies. The key regulatory factors that can contribute to the growth and maintenance of undifferentiated hiPSCs are also discussed, with a summary of recent work toward a culture strategy to control hiPSC fate through balancing cell cell and cell substrate interactions. Finally, we discuss culture process design in our previous studies with respect to maintaining and expanding cultures of undifferentiated and pluripotent hiPSCs. We focus on the regulation of migration-dependent balance between cell cell and cell substrate interactions. This review offers novel insights into the regulation and processing of stem cells for research in regenerative medicine. (C) 2014, The Society for Biotechnology, Japan. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 19, 8]}
+{"token": "An enhanced image binarization method incorporating with Monte-Carlo simulation. We proposed an enhanced image binarization method. The proposed solution incorporates Monte-Carlo simulation into the local thresholding method to address the essential issues with respect to complex background, spatially-changed illumination, and uncertainties of block size in traditional method. The proposed method first partitions the image into square blocks that reflect local characteristics of the image. After image partitioning, each block is binarized using Otsu's thresholding method. To minimize the influence of the block size and the boundary effect, we incorporate Monte-Carlo simulation into the binarization algorithm. Iterative calculation with varying block sizes during Monte-Carlo simulation generates a probability map, which illustrates the probability of each pixel classified as foreground. By setting a probability threshold, and separating foreground and background of the source image, the final binary image can be obtained. The described method has been tested by benchmark tests. Results demonstrate that the proposed method performs well in dealing with the complex background and illumination condition.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Meso-structural characteristics of porous asphalt mixture based on temperature-stress coupling and its influence on aggregate damage. This paper studies the meso-structural characteristics of porous asphalt (PA) mixture and the influence of heterogeneity on the overall mechanical and thermal properties of pavement. A porous asphalt mixture model considering the temperature-stress dual-field coupling is developed. The effect of temperature stresses generated during the gradual decrease of the internal temperature of porous asphalt mixture from 25 degrees C to -25 degrees C on the micro-cracked inside the aggregate, is simulated using the finite element software. The magnitude of the temperature stress values generated inside the mixture when the internal voids of the porous asphalt mixture are filled with air and water, is analyzed. In order to analyze the tendency of expansion of micro-cracks within the aggregates in asphalt mixes under temperature stress, a macroscopic test of the maximum cooling range is carried out with Marshall specimens, and the simulation results of the finite element software are verified. The results show that when there are micro-cracked aggregates in porous asphalt mixtures, as the temperature of the asphalt mixture decreases, stress concentration occurs at the cracks of the aggregate, and the stress concentration at the end of the aggregate crack is the most obvious. The temperature stress value generated at the crack end of the damaged aggregate first reaches the aggregate crushing value. Under the same cooling amplitude, the stress value generated in the mixture when the voids of the porous asphalt mixture are filled with water is larger than that when the voids are filled with air. Finally, the obtained results have a certain reference value for the study of the damage law of porous asphalt mixture by temperature stress, when the ambient temperature decreases.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Lifestyle, habitat and farmers' risk of exposure to tick bites in an endemic area of tick-borne diseases in Hungary. Controlling tick bites on farmers is important to the management of tick-borne diseases and occupational health risks in agriculture. Based on an extensive household survey conducted between June and August 2015 with 219 farmers from western Hungary where tick-borne diseases are endemic, we analysed the pattern of farmers' self-reported contacts with ticks and investigated the potential interactions between farmers, landscape and the risk of exposure to tick bites. We developed a lifestyle typology based on farmers' socioeconomic profiles, farming objectives and time use patterns, and a habitat typology describing different configurations of tick habitats and agricultural areas in place of farming. We found no relationship between tick exposure risk and self-prevention. The lifestyle typology could be used to classify the risk of tick bites and the adoption of prevention measures into different levels, the difference between which could further be modified by the habitat typology. Our results suggest that (i) farmers who are frequently engaged in outdoor recreations and (ii) part-time and inexperienced farmers who have lower rate of preventive actions are likely to experience greater exposure to tick bites either in less cultivated, semi-natural habitats or in agricultural landscape with highly diverse land uses. Future disease prevention practices should take into consideration the interaction of lifestyle and habitat and the need to associate different farmer groups with different landscape configurations.", "label": [0, 2, 25, 24, 10]}
+{"token": "Outcomes of comprehensive lifestyle modification in inpatient setting. Conclusion: The results prove the value of a comprehensive and highly structured inpatient approach to lifestyle modification. Practice implications: The results should give cause to trials with half-way strategies integrating features from the inpatient programme into the design of risk factor interventions. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.Results: All risk factor levels for stroke and myocardial infarction decreased. The reduction of weight among men was 4.7 +/- 2.6 kg and 3.8 +/- 1.8 kg among women from an initial weight of 96 17 kg and 85 +/- 16 kg. respectively. The patients systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased by 15/10 mm Hg for men and 14/9 min Hg among women from initial average for the whole population of 148/90 +/- 19/11 mm Hg and 146/87 +/- 19/12 min Hg, respectively. The greatest decrease in weight and blood pressure occurred in men and women with an initial body mass index of >= 30 and with a diastolic blood pressure of >= 90; in this group, the average reductions in weight were 5.8 +/- 2.4 kg for men and 4.4 +/- 1.7 kg for women; the reductions in systolisk/diastolisk blood pressure were 22/15 +/- 16/9 mm Hg (p < 0.001) for both men and women. A reduction of medication (DDD) although not a goal was also achieved.Methods: A prospective clinical study including 2468 patients - 1096 men and 1372 women - with and average age of 50 +/- 10 years. The patients were referred to the programme from primary care units and hospitals where treatment options were exhausted.Objective: To examine the effectiveness of a 4-week inpatient non-pharmacological risk factor modification programme for individuals with the metabolic syndrome. The aim of the program was to reduce patients' over risks for stroke and myocardial infarction.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "Snow goose nesting and brood-rearing distributions in the Sagavanirktok River Delta, Alaska, 1980-2002. During 1980-2002, the distribution of nesting and brood-rearing Snow Geese of the subspecies (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) in the Sagavanirktok River delta study area, Alaska, were documented during monitoring programs for the Endicott oilfield. Densities for Snow Goose nests on Howe Island were estimated based on mid- to late June aerial photographic surveys. Brood-rearing flocks and total geese were based on late July to early-August aerial survey or banding locations. The highest nesting density was mid-island; Snow Geese shifted their nesting distribution away from a den site when Arctic Foxes (Alopex lagopus) were present on the island. Most Snow Geese that rear broods in the Sagavanirktok River delta study area nested on Howe Island. Brood-rearing Snow Geese expanded their dispersal range with increasing numbers of total adult geese. The movement of brood-rearing Snow Geese to coastal salt marsh sites up to 35 km from Howe Island and movements into non-saline habitats along the west channel of the Sagavanirktok River suggest that the salt marsh resources in the Sagavanirktok River delta may not be able to support more than 500 Snow Geese.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "First record of the genus Myrmozercon Berlese (Acari: Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) in the Eastern Palearctic region and description of a new species. Mites of the genus Myrmozercon (Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) are usually found in association with ants in the West Palaearctic and Australasian regions. Females and a male of a new species, Myrmozercon andongensis sp. nov., were collected clinging to Camponotus japonicus Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Republic of Korea. This new species is the first record of Myrmozercon from the Eastern Palearctic region.http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:3E2F42DA-8E62-4F95-BB0D-B5386DB1BDC6", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Identifying Major Stressors: The Essential Precursor to Restoring Cultural Ecosystem Services in a Degraded Estuary. Worldwide estuaries have been subject to multiple and escalating anthropogenic impacts which have resulted in the loss of many ecosystem goods and services including: commercial activities, navigation and marine transportation, recreational and landscape values, and flood control and biodiversity support. An example of these losses is provided in an urban-industrial region of an estuary in northern Tasmania, Australia, where excessive silt deposition has resulted in almost complete loss of the channel at low tide. The causes of siltation have long been attributed to poor watershed management and high concentrations of flocculated and suspended sediments transported upstream by asymmetrical tides. However, historical analysis of anthropogenic changes in estuarine and riverine processes revealed different stressors. These included the decrease in the tidal prism and hence regime equilibrium, brought about by channel infilling and draining of tidal wetlands to create dry land for urban and agricultural uses, and the reduction and redirection of freshwater inflows for the generation of hydroelectricity. Watershed sediment loads exerted a relatively minor role in the estuarine equilibrium, which is solely dependent on tidal flows and river discharges for maintenance of stable cross-sectional areas. Sustainable remediation measures include increasing the tidal prism through the restoration of dynamic river flows and reconnection and restoration of tidal wetlands. However, the former will not be achievable without changes in major provisioning services, particularly the use of water to generate hydroelectricity. This study emphasises the importance of identifying stressors as the basis for examining the potential to reduce the trade-offs between the multiple ecosystem services provided by an estuary and its tributaries, particularly between provisioning and cultural ecosystem services, within a rehabilitation context.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
+{"token": "Recent formation and likely cometary activity of near-Earth asteroid pair 2019 PR2-2019 QR6. Asteroid pairs are genetically related asteroids that recently separated (< few million years), but still reside on similar heliocentric orbits. A few hundred of these systems have been identified, primarily in the asteroid main belt. Here, we studied a newly discovered pair of near-Earth objects (NEOs): 2019 PR2 and 2019 QR6. Based on broad-band photometry, we found these asteroids to be spectrally similar to D-types, a type rare amongst NEOs. We recovered astrometric observations for both asteroids from the Catalina Sky Survey from 2005, which significantly improved their fitted orbits. With these refinements we ran backwards orbital integrations to study formation and evolutionary history. We found that neither a pure gravitational model nor a model with the Yarkovsky effect could explain their current orbits. We thus implemented two models of comet-like non-gravitational forces based on water or CO sublimation. The first model assumed quasi-continuous, comet-like activity after separation, which suggested a formation time of the asteroid pair 300(-70)(+120) yr ago. The second model assumed short-term activity for up to one heliocentric orbit (similar to 13.9 yr) after separation, which suggested that the pair formed 272 +/- 7 yr ago. Image stacks showed no activity for 2019 PR2 during its last perihelion passage. These results strongly argue for a common origin that makes these objects the youngest asteroid pair known to date. Questions remain regarding whether these objects derived from a parent comet or asteroid, and how activity may have evolved since their separation.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Nadir observations of sprites from the International Space Station. The experiment LSO ( Lightning and Sprite Observations) is dedicated to the optical study, from the International Space Station, of sprites occurring in the upper atmosphere above thunderstorms. The objectives were to study these phenomena and to validate a new measurement concept for future measurements of sprites from space at the nadir. The first measurements were performed in the frame of the flight of the French Astronaut Claudie Haignere (mission Andromede) in October 2001. Observations were performed by two microcameras, one in the visible and near-infrared and the other equipped with a moderately wide band filter at 761 nm. This filter includes the most intense N-2 1P emission of the sprites and partly the oxygen absorption A band of the atmosphere. The light emissions from sprites occurring in the middle and upper atmosphere are then differentiated from the emissions from lightning, occurring more deeply in the atmosphere and then more absorbed. This paper presents the first observations of sprites from space at the nadir and statistics about the respective intensities of lightning and sprites emissions as observed with this experiment.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "INTEGRATING THE ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS WITH A CATHOLIC UNDERSTANDING OF MAN AND SOCIETY. Like much of modern scholarship, the study of social problems today is usually conducted in isolation from the truths of faith. Yet Catholics understand that the truths of science and the truths of faith are not in opposition but in harmony. This paper uses the Catholic concept of transcendent human dignity to integrate the scientific analysis of social problems with the Church's understanding of man. This integral approach places the social scientist on a firm footing from which to identify the principal social problems of our day and to clarify the appropriate solutions, which would guard the dignity of the human person and facilitate his true flourishing.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Product market competition, ultimate controlling structure and related party transactions. Previous studies have shown that product market competition has an important effect on corporate strategies and internal governance mechanisms. Using a sample of China's listed firms from 2004 to 2009, we explore the relationship between product market competition and normal related party transactions and find a significant positive relationship. In addition, we investigate the substitutive effect of product market competition and the cash flow rights owned by ultimate controlling shareholders on the extent of normal related party transactions. In particular, our results suggest a positive relationship between the ultimate controlling shareholders' cash flow rights and normal related party transactions that is strongest in noncompetitive industries and weakens as product market competition increases. (C) 2012 China Journal of Accounting Research. Founded by Sun Yat-sen University and City University of Hong Kong. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. A revised and updated classification for the families of the flowering plants is provided. Newly adopted orders include Austrobaileyales, Canellales, Gunnerales, Crossosomatales and Celastrales. Pertinent literature published since the first APG classification is included, such that many additional families are now placed in the phylogenetic scheme. Among these are Hydnoraceae (Piperales), Nartheciaceae (Dioscoreales), Corsiaceae (Liliales), Triuridaceae (Pandanales), Hanguanaceae (Commelinales), Bromeliacae, Mayacaceae and Rapateaceae (all Poales), Barbeuiaceae and Gisekiaceae (both Caryophyllales), Geissolomataceae, Strasburgeriaceae and Vitaceae (unplaced to order, but included in the rosids), Zygophyllaceae (unplaced to order, but included in eurosids 1), Bonnetiaceae, Ctenolophonaceae, Elatinaceae, Ixonanthaceae, Lophopyxidaceae, Podostemaceae (Malpighiales), Paracryphiaceae (unplaced in euasterid II), Sladeniaceae, Pentaphylacaceae (Ericales) and Cardiopteridaceae, (Aquifoliales). Several major families are recircumscribed. Salicaceae are expanded to include a large part of Flacourtiaceae, including the type genus of that family; another portion of former Flacourtiaceae is assigned to an expanded circumscription of Achariaceae. Euphorbiaceae are restricted to the uniovulate subfamilies; Phyllanthoideae are recognized as Phyllanthaceae and Oldfieldioideae as Picrodendraceae. Scrophulariaceae are recircumscribed to include Buddlejaceae, and Myoporaceae and exclude several former members; these are assigned to Calceolariaceae, Orobanchaceae and Plantaginaceae. We expand the use of bracketing families that could be included optionally in broader circumscriptions with other related families; these include Agapanthaceae, and Amaryllidaceae in Alliaceae s.l., Agavaceae, Hyacinthaceae and Ruscaceae (among many other Asparagales) in Asparagaceae s.l., Dichapetalaceae in Chrysobalanaceae, Turneraceae in Passifloraceae, Erythroxylaceae in Rhizophoraceae, and Diervillaceae, Dipsacaceae, Linnaeaceae, Morinaceae and Valerianaceae in Caprifoliaceae s.l. (C) 2003 The Linnean Society of London.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Administrative values in the mainland Chinese and Hong Kong public services: a comparative analysis. Public bureaucracies shape the values of their officials in ways that affect performance and behaviour. By contrasting those administrative values in mainland China and Hong Kong and how they impact on such issues as attitudes towards the organisation, superior-subordinate relationships, conflict and conflict avoidance and responsiveness to change, the character of the bureaucracy and the dynamics of interactions within it can be better understood. From the findings, the most important determinant of differences is that the prevailing conception on the mainland is of a bureaucracy where authority is lodged in the person (\\\\'rule of man\\\\'), whereas in Hong Kong, Weberian bureaucracy (\\\\'rule of law\\\\') is the dominant form. The study draws both on quantitative material derived from the same survey conducted among senior civil servants on the mainland and in Hong Kong and on qualitative material from interviews with officials.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Comparison of the bioavailability of lysine in blood meals of various origins to that of L-lysine HCL for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The bioavailability of lysine in blood meals from various origins was examined in rainbow trout. Bioavailability of lysine of the blood meals was assessed in comparison to that of L-lysine HCL using a slope ratio assay experimental design. A corn gluten meal-based diet, deficient in lysine (1.5% diet), was used as the basal diet. Two levels of spray-dried poultry blood meal (SDBM), flash-dried bovine blood meal (FDBM), disc-dried poultry blood meal (DDBM), and lysine-HCL substituted corn gluten meal in the basal diet to produce experimental diets containing 1.8 or 2.2% lysine. These diets were pair-fed to rainbow trout (initial body weight=25 g/fish) reared at 15 degrees C for 12 weeks. Weight gain, feed efficiency ratio (FER, gain: feed), retained nitrogen (RN), and recovered energy (RE) increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing lysine levels. Diets containing SDBM and FDBM recorded significantly greater weight gain, FER, RN and RE compared to DDBM (P < 0.05). At the 1.8% lysine level, the diet containing FDBM recorded significantly greater weight gain, and RN than the diet supplemented with L-lySine HCl. The weight gain, FER and RN of the fish fed diets containing SDBM was not significantly different from that of the fish fed the diets with L-lysine HCl, at both lysine levels. At the 2.2% lysine level, feeding diets containing FDBM and DDBM resulted in significantly lower weight gain than diet supplemented with L-lysine HCl, suggesting that other nutrients may have become more limiting than lysine at high levels (20%) of blood meal. Results suggest that the bioavailability of lysine in SDBM or FDBM is slightly greater than that of L-lySine HCL. Bioavailability of lysine in the DDBM used in this study appeared to be significantly lower than that of spray-dried or flash-dried blood meals. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
+{"token": "Head-to-Head Comparison between Xpert MTB/RIF Assay and Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay Using Bronchial Washing Specimens for Tuberculosis Diagnosis. Methods: Medical records of patients having results of both Xpert and AdvanSure TB/NTM real-time PCR (AdvanSure) assays using the same bronchial washing specimens were retrospectively reviewed.Results: Of the 1,297 patients included in this study, 205 (15.8%) were diagnosed with pulmonary TB. Using mycobacterial culture as the reference method, sensitivity of the Xpert assay using smear-positive specimens was 97.5%, which was comparable to that of the AdvanSure assay (96.3%, p=0.193). However, the sensitivity of the Xpert assay using smear-negative specimens was 70.6%, which was significantly higher than that of the AdvanSure assay (52.9%, p=0.018). Usng phenotypic drug susceptibility testing as the reference method, sensitivity and specificity for detecting rifampicin resistance were 100% and 99.1%, respectively. Moreover, a median turnaround time of the Xpert assay was 1 day, which was significantly shorter than 3 days of the AdvanSure assay (p<0.001).Conclusion: In comparison with the AdvanSure assay, the Xpert assay had a higher sensitivity using smear-negative specimens, a shorter turnaround time, and could reliably predict rifampin resistance. Therefore, the Xpert assay might be preferentially recommended over TB-PCR in Korean TB diagnostic algorithm.Background: With the introduction of Xpert MTB/RIF assay (Xpert), its incorporation into tuberculosis (TB) diagnostic algorithm has become an important issue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the Xpert assay in comparison with a commercial polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "The relationship between aggressive behaviour in prison and violent offending following release. Aggression during incarceration impacts on parole release decisions. However, research examining the link between aggressive behaviour in custody and violence post-release is limited, particularly in relation to adult violent offenders. Several factors complicate the use of institutional aggression as a marker of risk for future violence, including environmental causes of aggressive behaviour and adaptation to prison. This study explored the association between aggressive behaviour in prison and violent recidivism post-release in a sample of 148 adult male violent offenders. Prisoners with three or more aggressive incidents recorded in prison incurred a violent charge more often and sooner after release than those with no aggressive incidents, when controlling for age, ethnicity, length of incarceration and risk for future violence. Subjects with one or two aggressive incidents were not at increased risk of violent recidivism. These findings suggest that institutional aggression can be used to identify individuals at risk of violence following release but only when repeated aggressive behaviour is evident. Importantly, some prisoners who were not aggressive in prison were charged with violent offences post-release and some prisoners with three or more aggressive incidents were not violent following release, highlighting the complexity of using in-prison aggression as a marker for violent recidivism.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 55, 57]}
+{"token": "Properties and units in the clinical laboratory sciences: Part XIII. Properties and units in reproduction and fertility. The document is accessible on Internet from C-NPU Home page address:http://inet.uni-c.dk/home/ifcc_iupac_cnpuThis document is the first technical report - recommendation on the presentation of properties in reproduction and fertility and their values in clinical laboratory sciences from The International Society of Andrology, International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. It forms part of the ongoing effort to standardise requests and reporting of laboratory data for transmission across cultural and linguistic domains, without attempting to standardise the routine language used by clinicians and laboratory practitioners.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Study of losses of volatile compounds from dynamites. Investigation of cross-contamination between dynamites stored in polyethylene bags. The purpose of this work was to study the appropriateness of polyethylene bags for the preservation of explosive specimens. To this end, specimens of two types of dynamites, Goma-2 EC, containing nitroglycol (EGDN) and dinitrotoluene (DNT), and Goma-2 ECO, containing only EGDN, were placed individually inside bags and introduced into hermetically sealed glass jars, which were stored for a period of time. Losses of volatile compounds were studied by headspace analysis using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The cross-contamination between dynamites was studied by using high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) to analyse the extracts obtained after a sequential solvent extraction of these specimens. Polyethylene bags permit the loss of volatile compounds since EGDN and DNT were detected in the headspaces of the jars. Moreover, cross-contamination between dynamites was also demonstrated since DNT content decreased in the dynamite containing this compound and increased in the dynamite that had not contained it. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Social control of growth in the redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus: testing the sensory modalities involved. The magnitude of and the sensory involvement in social control of growth in Cherax quadricarinatus were analyzed in the laboratory. In the first experiment 80 pairs of juvenile males, each comprising a relatively small (2.0 g) and a relatively large (3.5 g) crayfish. were raised for 66 days under six different types of social contact. The pairs were raised in full contact with either intact or immobilized claws, separated by a partition with the allowance of transmission of chemical and/or optical cues, and without any contact. Any type of contact with the small one did not affect the growth of the large individual. However, the growth of the small individual was reduced by 50% only when in full contact with the large one,. because of both increased time between successive molts and a reduction in the size increment per molt. In the second experiment small juvenile males were reared for 98 days in chemical and/or optical contact with much lamer adult males. As in experiment 1, no effect of the chemical and/or optical cues on growth was found. The relevance of these findings to C quaricarinatus culture is discussed. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
+{"token": "Intercomparison of the realizations of the ITS-90 from 83.8058 k to 692.677 k among european NMIs. The EUROMET.T-K3 comparison is the regional extension of CCT-K3. The comparison involved the six European national metrology institutes (NMIs) previously involved in CCT-K3 (LNE-INM/CNAM, SMU, INRiM, NMi-VSL, NPL, PTB) and 18 additional European national laboratories. The comparison was divided into five different loops, each coordinated by a co-pilot chosen from the laboratories having participated in the CCT-K3 comparison. LNE-INM/CNAM played the role of pilot in linking the five loops. In each loop, an artifact in the form of a standard platinum resistance thermometer (SPRT, 25 ohm) was circulated among the participating laboratories. To have sufficient information about the possible drift of the SPRTs, the co-pilots performed a calibration over the full temperature range at the beginning and at the end of the loop. A EUROMET reference value (ERV), taking into account the whole comparison, was defined, and the differences (T-Lab -T-ERV) were calculated with the associated uncertainties. The method for establishing the link between the participants in CCT-K3 and in EUROMET.T-K3 is described.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Role of RNA Structures in Genome Terminal Sequences of the Hepatitis C Virus for Replication and Assembly. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a positive-strand RNA virus replicating its genome via a negative-strand [(-)] intermediate. Little is known about replication signals residing in the 3' end of HCV (-) RNA. Recent studies identified seven stem-loop structures (SL-I', -IIz', -IIy', -IIIa',-IIIb', -IIIcdef', and -IV') in this region. In the present study, we mapped the minimal region required for RNA replication to SL-I' and -IIz', functionally confirmed the SL-IIz' structure, and identified SL-IIIa' to -IV' as auxiliary replication elements. In addition, we show that the 5' nontranslated region of the genome most likely does not contain cis-acting RNA structures required for RNA packaging into infectious virions.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Landscapes and forest flora of al-Andalus: a reconstruction from textual historical documentation. The authors of this work have been studying agricultural and forest flora in al-Andalus for many years. In addition to numerous miscellaneous contributions, their first approximation on the trees and shrubs cultivated there was published in 2004, and the first volume of Flora Agricola y Forestal de Al-Andalus covering 80 species of monocotyledons appeared in 2012. In anticipation of the volume devoted to woody dicotyledons to be published in 2019 (including over 150 species, 100 genera and 50 families), a synthesis of the forest landscapes and the most unique species in the Arabic texts is presented in this work. Among the taxa identified are Iberian endemics such as Flueggea tinctoria and Corema album, rare taxa or highly localized ones like Rhododendron ponticum subsp. baeticum, Tetraclinis articulata and Zizyphus lotus with species of peculiar forestry interest such as Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Taxus baccata, Buxus sempervirens, Ilex aquifolium, Laurus nobilis and Vitex agnus-castus, and archaeophytes like Celtis australis or Anagyris foetida.The translation and interpretation of works by Andalusi botanists and agronomists provide an increasingly sharp image of the species and forest landscapes in al-Andalus (Iberian area under Muslim rule in the Middle Ages). Regarding agriculture, it is known that domestication processes and the introduction of new species and singular forms of use were carried out, thus changing agricultural landscapes. Consequently, new life styles and consumption habits developed. A lot less is known about forestry management, especially when referring to forest landscapes and tree species in the Iberian Peninsula.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "The impact of lifecycle events on women's labour force transitions: A panel analysis. This panel study explores the impact of different lifecycle events on women's labour force transitions. We explicitly investigate whether the factors that determine entry into the labour force differ from the factors that determine withdrawal from the labourforce. The results demonstrate that labour force transitions - entry and withdrawal - occur more frequently among young women. The event of childbirth is strongly associated with labourforce withdrawal, while marital separation and reductions in family earnings are strongly associated with labour force entry. Moreover, labourforce transition probabilities are more sensitive to income-reducing events than to income-supplementing events.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Effects of anthropogenic food sources on movements, survivorship, and sociality of Common Ravens in the Arctic. We investigated survivorship, movements, and sociality of Common Ravens (Corvus corax) exploiting concentrated food resources at a landfill in Greenland. From 1992-1995 we banded 383 ravens: 365 were captured at the landfill and 18 were banded in nearby nests. Thirty-nine ravens were recovered, most by shooting (87%). Mean number of days survived post-banding (494 +/- 97) did not differ among age groups, but a higher proportion of juveniles was recovered. Ravens migrated west and south to the coast during winter. No difference existed among age groups in mean distance between locations of banding and recovery (151 +/- 31 km). Number of ravens congregating at the landfill declined during the study, coinciding with a decrease in the local human population. Harsh winter climate, limited ice-free land, and abundant human refuse influenced raven use of the wilderness landscape by facilitating the formation of large, nomadic foraging groups.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Visit to the Faculty of Law in the University of Jos, Nigeria. Gerry Power was invited to go to the University of Jos in April 2006 to present workshops to the Law Faculty and other interested legal professionals on using the internet for legal research. He writes about his experiences in dealing with running online workshops whilst coping with electricity shortages and the incredible experience of Nigeria!", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Excavating and Conserving Europe's Oldest Books: A Papyrus from Mangalia on the Black Sea (P. Callatis 1). In 1959, the oldest book that had then been found in Europe, a scroll of papyrus datable to ca. 350-325 BCE and here named P. Callatis 1, was discovered in an imposing tomb of Macedonian type at Callatis (Mangalia, Romania) on the west coast of the Black Sea. In 2011, it was recovered in Moscow and returned to Mangalia. The polymer used to conserve it obscures its 224 fragments in visible light, but digital infrared micro-photography suggests that it contained a Greek work on Persian history. Since Xenophon attests to an extensive trade in books across the Black Sea, many papyrus rolls probably survive in shipwrecks on its anoxic seabed. We end this article with recommendations for the preservation and recording of papyri that are found in humid environments.(1)", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Microorganisms in weed control strategies. Alternative weed management strategies are needed to expand the capability of weed control as weed pressures continue to limit optimum yield, and as the use of synthetic chemical herbicides for weed control becomes more restricted. Biological control of weeds is based on the premise that biotic factors influence the distribution, abundance, and competitive abilities of plant species. Biological control is one alternative means of suppressing weed growth and establishment. More than 100 microorganisms have been identified as having the potential for weed biocontrol. There are, however, a number of problems with using these agents that must be solved, including limited host spectrum, lack of consistency across environments, and slow or inadequate weed suppression. It has been shown that soil microorganisms are capable of suppressing weeds in the field. It is imperative to develop an understanding of these soil microbes and their ecology so that they may be used to benefit agriculture, especially for weed management. Further study is required so that they may be produced efficiently and used effectively in weed management strategies.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Punishing Cruelly: Punishment, Cruelty, and Mercy. What is cruelty? How and why does it matter? What do the legal rejection of cruelty and the requirements of mercy entail? This essay asks these questions of Lucius Seneca, who first articulated an agent-based conception of cruelty in the context of punishment. The hypothesis is submitted that the answers to these questions offered in Seneca's De clementia constitute one of the turning points in the evolution of practical reason in law. I conclude, however, by arguing that even the mainstream punitive practices of contemporary western societies fail to meet the modest imperatives of the rejection of cruelty and the unconditionality of mercy propounded by Seneca.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Defining military culture. This article outlines a conceptual framework to analyse the norms and values influencing the behaviour of soldiers in the past. It will argue that military culture is a specific form of institutional culture and that viewing armies from this perspective offers new insight into how they functioned and the nature of their interaction with state and society. It also addresses definitions of militarism, arguing that these generally blur distinctions between cultural and material factors. By disassociating military culture from particular forms of rule or modes of production, it can be studied in societies where it has been forgotten or hidden in the historical memory.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "X-ray crystal structure of disazo dyes .1. CI Disperse Orange 29. Crystals of C.I. Disperse Orange 29, a disazo dye, were grown from a methanol solution and the X-ray structure was solved from 2484 independent reflections to R = 0.0497. Results showed that the crystal examined exists in the triclinic space group PI. Interestingly, the structure generated possessed a syn conformation, unlike 4-phenylazoazobenzene which is known to exist in the anti conformation. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36, 11]}
+{"token": "The Concept of Representation in American Political Development: Lessons of the Massachusetts Bay Puritans. The Puritan experience during the early years of the Massachusetts Bay Colony provides crucial insight into the concept of representation. Close attention to Puritan political thought and activity reveals that substantive ideas about human nature, community, and government purpose helped shape the concept of representation. This study suggests that a historical and regime-bound understanding of representation one that gives due weight to political struggles and competing understandings of human nature, community, and government purpose-offers a useful way to understand the concept's development in the United States.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Neural substrates of incongruity-resolution and nonsense humor. By means of functional magnetic resonance imaging the present paper analyzes the neural correlates of processing and appreciating incongruity-resolution and nonsense cartoons. Furthermore, the relation between experience seeking and these neural substrates was investigated as this personality characteristic is known to influence humor appreciation. In the processing of incongruity-resolution stimuli the incongruity of the joke is largely resolvable, whereas in nonsense stimuli it is only partially resolvable and more incongruity remains. The anterior medial prefrontal cortex, bilateral superior frontal gyri and temporo-parietal junctions (TPJ) show more activation during processing of incongruity-resolution than of nonsense cartoons. These differences indicate that processing of incongruity-resolution cartoons requires more integration of multi-sensory information and coherence building, as well as more mental manipulation and organization of information. In addition, less self-reference might be established in nonsense cartoons as it is more absurd and more often deals with impossible situations. Higher experience-seeking scores correlate with increased activation in prefrontal, posterior temporal regions and the hippocampus. This might be due to a more intense exploration of the humorous stimuli as experience seekers tend to search novel mental stimulation. Furthermore, experience seeking was positively associated with brain reactivity towards processing nonsense in contrast to incongruity-resolution stimuli, which is in line with behavioral studies that showed a preference for nonsense humor by experience seekers. (c) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 55]}
+{"token": "Factitious disorder comorbid with bipolar I disorder. A case report. We describe a case of factitious disorder with physical and psychological symptoms comorbid with bipolar I disorder in a 37-year-old woman. Since the onset of bipolar disorder, which occurred at the age of 31, she increasingly complained of physical symptoms, compulsively seeking medical and surgical interventions. She has been hospitalised several times and her Munchausen-type factitious disorder recently appeared to be developing into Munchausen by proxy, involving her 11-year-old daughter. The patient adhered poorly to stabilising and antipsychotic drug treatment and did not improve through the years. We here analyse her mood phases, which were always associated with changes in the quality of factitious symptoms, according to whether the disorder was in its depressive phase (somatic complaints and suicidal ideation prevail), or in its manic or mixed phase (medical intervention-seeking and manipulation of clinicians to obtain surgical interventions). We also briefly discuss some important forensic issues to consider in similar cases, mainly stemming from the psychotic aspects of these two co-occurring disorders. Clinicians should be aware of some patients' ability to produce signs and symptoms of physical and/or psychological illness and consult psychiatrists before giving consent to invasive diagnostic procedures or surgery. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "THE ECONOMICS OF ARBITRATION: RATIONAL CHOICE AND VALUE CREATION. This article examines the institute of arbitration and its relationship with court activities from the perspective of transactions costs. Its objective is to show how arbitration can reduce the transactions costs in a certain normative environment and contribute to institutional improvement. The costs related to the use arbitration and court proceedings work like a price mechanism: the bigger the cost, the lower the demand (and vice-versa). The institute of arbitration can potentially engender a reduction of transactions costs because of (a) the relative quickness with which it is carried out, (b) the relative neutrality of arbiters, and (c) the specialization of arbiters. Moreover, the use of arbitration can create better incentives for the fulfillment of contractual promises. This is so because the use of an arbitration clause in a contract allows the parties to regulate the normative environment to which they will be bound in case of a dispute. The lack of clarity about the lawfulness of arbitration proceedings increases the transactions costs imposed by the normative framework. Higher levels of uncertainty create incentives for the individuals to change their negotiating patterns or simply to reduce their participation in economic activities, thereby reducing the potential for generating wealth for society.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Synthetic impact response functions for flood vulnerability analysis and adaptation measures in coastal zones under changing climatic conditions: a case study in Gippsland coastal region, Australia. There is an increasing concern that the current management practices for many coastal regions are unsustainable. Very few countries have planned to deal with the exacerbation of environmental decline in the face of sea level rise. It is therefore necessary to assess socioeconomic and environmental impacts of sea level rises to better understand the vulnerability of coastal zones, as part of devising adaptive and integrated management principles. This paper presents a systematic approach by which relevant stakeholders can be actively engaged in prioritising flood impact issues and deriving information for quantification of impacts for adaptation measures and demonstrates the approach through implementation in the Gippsland coastal region. As outcomes of the project, we have identified key issues of concern for this region for flood impacts and constructed synthetic response functions for quantification of impacts of floods on some of the key issues in the region. The analysis also showed that stakeholders consider that some of the issues are not likely to be significantly affected by floods and thus may not require adaptation measures. The analysis did not provide high agreement on some issues. Different approaches are required to assess the importance of these issues and to establish impact response functions for them.", "label": [4, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "Technique of broadband measurements of frequency conversion efficiency for each harmonique in frequency multipliers up to terahertz range. The measuring technique primarily developed for high resolution microwave spectroscopy is based on absorption of radiation in spectral lines of rarefied sample gas and photo - acoustic method of the absorption detection. Sensitivity independence of the detection method on frequency and well known spectral parameters of the lines provide the technique with broadbandness, high spectral resolution and power measurement reliability. Principal limits of measurable radiation power may vary from nanoWatts up to hundreds of Watts. The technique permits real time operation convenient, e.g., for multiplier tuning. Practical examples include measurements of harmonic generation efficiency of multipliers of 78-118 GHz fundamental frequency range, and power measurement up to 6-th harmonic of 230 GHz fundamental radiation of phase locked Backward Wave Oscillator (BWO).The paper describes technique of quantitative analysis of a millimeter-and submillimeter-wave range multipliers performance in particular the measurement of the frequency conversion efficiency. The output power on each harmonic produced by the multiplier can be measured separately without any changes in the setup even in the case of simultaneous emission of all harmonics including the fundamental in a frequency range up to 1 THz and well above.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35]}
+{"token": "Multiple phase screen calculation of wide bandwidth propagation. This paper presents results from a two-dimensional multiple phase screen (MPS) calculation that computes numerical realizations or sample functions of the electric field after propagation through the ionosphere. The MPS code solves the parabolic wave equation and allows for direct computation of realizations of the received signal. The ionization is represented by a series of random phase screens that characterize the severity and spectrum of the electron density fluctuations. For wide bandwidth signals, the MPS code is exercised for many frequencies over the bandwidth of the propagating signal; Fourier transform techniques are used to obtain the propagating signal in the time domain. The MPS simulation is quite general and may be applied to problems involving numerous, separated, layers of ionization characterized by spatially varying electron density power spectra. MPS techniques can handle all levels of ionospheric disturbances from the least severe, where only small phase fluctuations occur, to the most severe case of frequency selective scintillation. Several examples of propagating signals are presented that simultaneously show the development of the ionospheric transfer function and the impulse response function. The calculations are repeated, and the realizations are averaged to obtain the two-frequency, two-position mutual coherence function (MCF), G(x, f) and its Fourier transform S(q, tau), the generalized power spectrum. The wide bandwidth MPS results closely match results obtained from strong scatter theory as utilized in the phase screen diffraction method.", "label": [1, 4, 34, 15, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "Design of Chopper-Stabilized Amplifiers With Reduced Offset for Sensor Applications. Offset error mechanisms in a single-ended chopper-stabilized amplifier are investigated. The error models and their prediction equations are given. This work also presents a new analytical approach for estimating the switch error in a four-transistor chopping network. A new resistance balancing circuit technique is also introduced, which permits further reduction of de offsets in conventional chopping operational amplifier (op-amp) or chopping differential difference amplifier (DDA). The HSPICE simulation results have validated the proposed technique and identified dominant error sources using Level-49 BSIM3 model in a standard 0.6-mu m CMOS technology. Applying the technique to the fabricated DDA chips at a noninverting gain of ten and a single 3-V supply, the measured results have shown that 40% of the ten samples display no more than 3- and 5-mu V offsets at the chopping frequency of 10 and 64 kHz, respectively. The proposed technique offers a potential advantage for improving the yield of low-offset amplifiers in sensory systems.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35]}
+{"token": "VARIANTS OF THE TRAVELING SALESMAN PROBLEM. This paper includes an introduction to the concept of spreadsheet optimization and modeling as it specifically applies to combinatorial problems. One of the best known of the classic combinatorial problems is the \\\\'Traveling Salesman Problem\\\\' (TSP). The classic Traveling Salesman Problem has the objective of minimizing some value, usually distance, while defining a sequence of locations where each is visited once. An additional requirement is that the tour ends in the same location where the tour started. Variants of the classic Traveling Salesman Problem are developed including the Bottleneck TSP and the Variation Bottleneck TSP.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Nitrogen fixation by Trifolium repens and Lotus tenuis-based pastures in the Flooding Pampa, Argentina. An experiment was carried out to estimate N-2 fixation of white clover and lotus-based pastures and to study the effects of legumes on two contrasting tall fescue genotypes managed with two continuous grazing intensities on a typical alkaline hydromorphic soil 'Natraquoll'. Binary mixtures of white clover (WC) or lotus (L) and tall fescue temperate (EP) or Mediterranean (MK) were employed. Grazing by steers was applied to maintain two herbage mass levels: 800-1 200 for high level of use (HLU) or 1 800-2 200 kg DM . ha(-1) for low level of use (LLU). Measurement of legume cover and nitrogenase activity in sample areas with legumes of the experimental units were carried out ten times in 1986 and eight in 1987. Legume cover was always near 60 % in the samples and varied from 4 to 24 % in the paddocks. N-2 fixation was estimated by weighing the nitrogenase activity of samples by legume cover. In 1986 it was: 59 kg N . ha(-1) year(-1) in WC/MK, 52 in WC/EP, 42 in L/MK, 27 in L/EP, 52 in HLU and 39 in LLU, the differences being not significant (P > 0.05). In 1987 the values were: 25 kg N . ha(-1) year(-1) in WC/MK, 14 in WC/EP, 27 in L/MK, 27 in L/EP, 25 in HLU and 21 in LLU. Mixture x use level interaction was significant (HLU > LLU within L/MK, P < 0.05). Seasonal variations in N-2 fixation was observed. Legume content of pastures Ras the main factor determining N-2, fixation. ((C) Inra/Elsevier, Paris.)", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Paths to (de)centralization: Changing territorial dynamics of social policy in the People's Republic of China and the United States. Drawing on the existing welfare state literature, this article offers a comparative analytical framework to account for the territorial dynamics of social policy in the United States and the People's Republic of China, two countries that are most dissimilar in terms of political regime but that may exhibit similar territorial patterns of social policy fragmentation. A promising way to explore such patterns, we argue, is to analyze how changes in the architecture of major governing institutions affect the territorial dimension of social policy. In the United States, state governments and a territorially-organized federal legislature have increasingly accommodated national political parties. These two parties have turned the politics of social policy into a debate over the boundaries of national or state governance of social policy, resulting in multi-level governance frameworks. In the People's Republic of China, the partisan dimension is absent, but strong economic pressures on the central bureaucracy have made devolution a functional imperative and have given local governments increasing leverage when bargaining with the center.", "label": [5, 52, 51]}
+{"token": "Quercetin, a flavonoid, combats rotavirus infection by deactivating rotavirus-induced pro-survival NF-kappa B pathway. Rotavirus (RV) is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis and watery diarrhea in children under 5 years accounting for high morbidity and mortality in countries with poor socioeconomic status. Although vaccination against RV has been implemented in more than 100 countries, the efficacy of vaccine has been challenged in low-income settings. The lack of any FDA-approved drug against RV is an additional concern regarding the treatment associated with rotavirus-induced infantile death. With the purpose for the discovery of anti-RV therapeutics, we assessed anti-rotaviral potential of quercetin, a well-characterized antioxidant flavonoid. In vitro study revealed that quercetin treatment resulted in diminished production of RV-SA11 (simian strain) viral particles in a concentration-dependent manner as estimated by the plaque assay. Consistent with this result, Western blot analysis also revealed reduced synthesis of viral protein in quercetin-treated RV-SA11-infected MA104 cells compared to vehicle (DMSO) treated controls. Not surprisingly, infection of other RV strains A5-13 (bovine strain) and Wa (Human strain) was also found to be abridged in the presence of quercetin compared to DMSO. The IC50 of quercetin against three RV strains ranges between 2.79 and 4.36 Mm, and S.I. index is greater than 45. Concurrent to the in vitro results, in vivo study in mice model also demonstrated reduced expression of viral proteins and viral titer in the small intestine of quercetin-treated infected mice compared to vehicle-treated infected mice. Furthermore, the result suggested anti-rotaviral activity of quercetin to be interferon-independent. Mechanistic study revealed that the antiviral action of quercetin is co-related with the inhibition of RV-induced early activation of NF-kappa B pathway. Overall, this study delineates the strong anti-RV potential of quercetin and also proposes it as future therapeutics against rotaviral diarrhea.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Compulsivity, impulsivity, and the DSM-5 process. Compulsivity and impulsivity are cross-cutting, dimensional symptom domains that span traditional diagnostic boundaries. We examine compulsivity and impulsivity from several perspectives and present implications for these symptom domains as they relate to classification. We describe compulsivity and impulsivity as general concepts, from the perspectives of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) Research Planning Agenda, and from the DSM-5 workgroups, literature reviews, and field trials. Finally, we detail alternative modes of classification for compulsivity and impulsivity in line with the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11).", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
+{"token": "The relationship between intimate partner violence and PTSD: An application of Cox regression with time-varying covariates. This study uses Cox regression with time-varying covariates to examine the relationship between intimate partner violence and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a random sample of Japanese American women and immigrant women from Japan (N = 211). Because applications of survival analysis in trauma research are scarce, this paper presents the utility of this analytical approach by contrasting it with other common methods of analysis (chi-square tests and Cox regression with covariates that do not change over time).", "label": [2, 5, 23, 55]}
+{"token": "Precarious work and the common good of workers. One of the most relevant manifestations of precarious work is the dualization of the labour market, which involves a sharp difference between the unprotected workers who have a high risk of being unemployed and the protected workers who do not. As a result, it is plausible to think that there is some conflict of interest between groups of workers. Nonetheless, I argue that an adequate political theory must account for whether there are underlying affinities and capacity for collective action between the two groups. To explore this possibility, I first present the republican conception of the common good and then the labour model derived from it. Finally, I explain that, even in their current situation, these groups of workers still maintain deep shared interests.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Lower temperature during the dark cycle affects disease development on Lygodium microphyllum (Old World climbing fern) by Bipolaris sacchari. Growth chamber experiments were conducted to examine environmental parameters affecting disease development by the indigenous pathogen Bipolaris sacchari isolate LJB-1L on the invasive weed Lygodium microphyllum (Old World climbing fern). An initial experiment examined three different temperature regimes (20/15, 25/20, 30/25 degrees C; light/dark cycle) and three different periods of leaf wetness (12 24 48 h). Disease incidence was significantly reduced by incubation of plants at the highest temperature regime (30/25 degrees C) and with the shortest period of leaf wetness (12 h). Subsequent experiments concentrated on the effect of temperature, as determination of an optimal temperature for disease development might determine the best time of year for field inoculations with this fungus. When the light cycle temperature was kept constant at 30 degrees C, a dark cycle temperature of 15 degrees C was more conducive for disease development than 25 degrees C based on disease incidence and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). A qualitative examination of conidia germination and appressorial formation in vivo indicated that these initial steps toward infection were probably not influenced by the dark cycle temperature. In vitro, temperature (range of 15-35 degrees C) did not significantly affect conidia germination, but hyphal growth was significantly affected, with optimal growth between 25 and 30 degrees C. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 44]}
+{"token": "Masquerade for the Wounded. Koffi Kwahule's Masquerade for the Wounded performs the trauma and marginalization of women who have been raped during a period of civil war. A short commentary accompanies the play, which has been translated from the French.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Morphology and systematic position of the dinocephalian Styracocephalus platyrhynchus. The taxonomic position of the therapsid Styracocephalus platyrhynchus (Amniota, Therapsida) is uncertain, as previous workers have been unable to demonstrate conclusively its affinity with either the Dinocephalia or Biarmosuchia. This was largely because the description was based solely on the poorly preserved and badly distorted holotype. Additional material now provides new data on the skull, and it is evident that the genus can be accommodated within the Dinocephalia as a separate family, the Styracocephalidae.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Complete mitochondrial genome of Lepidotrigla alata (Osteichthyes: Triglidae) with phylogenetic consideration. The complete mitochondrial genome of Lepidotrigla alata was sequenced in this study. The genome sequence is 16,512 bp in length, comprising 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, and one control region. Overall base composition is 26.46% A, 25.05% T, 17.22% G, and 31.27% C. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that L. alata was close to L. guentheri and L. microptera, and each genus in the family Triglidae was monophyletic. This study can provide valuable information for future evolutionary studies on L. alata and Triglidae.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Effect of thermal asymmetry on heat transfer in a laminar annular flow. The effect of thermal asymmetry on heat transfer in a hydrodynamically developed annular flow has been investigated numerically. The surfaces confining the fluid space are kept at constant but different temperatures. Depending on the fluid inlet temperature, the thermal asymmetry can lead to a discontinuity of the Nusselt number on one surface. With the thermally developed flow the exact expressions for the Nusselt numbers have been obtained.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Critical Pedagogy in the Neoliberal University: Reflections on the 2015 York University Strike through a Marcusean Lens. In this article, we see the month-long graduate student and contract faculty strike at York University (Toronto, 2015) through a lens informed by Herbert Marcuse's thought. In the context of widespread student protests across North America against neoliberal austerity, we draw on our picket line experiences to argue that Marcuse's work provides insights into how students and faculty can engage in critical praxis within the neoliberal university. We argue that CUPE 3903, the union of TAs and contract faculty at York, is a kind of counter-institution that Marcuse argued was necessary for liberation. Marcuse strategically urged students to take advantage of gaps or cracks in a disintegrating system. Our analysis revolves around the complex experience of the graduate student picket lines - a \\\\'gap\\\\' - as a site of rupture for the liberation of aesthetic experience, \\\\'organized spontaneity,\\\\' open, democratic organization, as well as conflict.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Managing pollutant inputs from pastoral dairy farming to maintain water quality of a lake in a high-rainfall catchment. A study (2004-11) of a dairy catchment stream entering an oligotrophic lake in an area of very high rainfall (similar to 5m year(-1)) yielded median concentrations of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), suspended sediment (SS) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) of 0.584, 0.074 and 3.7 gm(-3), and 405/100mL (most probable number method), respectively. Trend analysis indicated significant (P < 0.01) decreases for TN (-0.08 +/- 0.02 gm(-3) year(-1)), TP (-0.01 +/- 0.005 gm(-3) year(-1)) and SS (-0.45 +/- 0.14 gm(-3) year(-1)) and were partly attributable to improved exclusion of cattle from the stream. Water balance calculations indicated that approximately one-half the rainfall left as deep drainage that by-passed catchment outlet flow recorders. Estimates of catchment yields for TN were improved by taking into account groundwater hydrology and concentrations from well samples. Storm-flow monitoring inflows exceeding the 97.5th percentile contributed similar to 40% of total loads leaving the catchment so that specific yields for SS, TN and TP augmented by groundwater inputs and storm flows were,960, 45 and 7 kg ha(-1) year(-1), respectively. These compared well with modelled results for losses from dairy farms in the catchment of 40-60 kgNha(-1) year(-1) and 5-6 kg P ha(-1) year(-1) and indicated that attenuation losses were relatively small.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45, 39]}
+{"token": "Enhanced screening efficiency for endocrine-disrupting chemicals in milk and powdered milk using UPLC/QTOF-MS by the introduction of dansyl chloride derivatisation. This study developed and validated a sensitive analytical method for simultaneous screening of four classes of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (i.e. progestogens, androgens, oestrogens and phenols) in milk and powdered milk using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with electrospray ionisation quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS). Dansylation of oestrogens and phenols enhanced the ionisation efficiency and shifted the ionisation mode from negative to positive, which allowed for the simultaneous analysis of four EDCs in one chromatographic run. An efficient sample pre-treatment minimised the matrix effects. The mass errors for the precursor and product ions for 26 target compounds varied between -2.8 and 2.3?mDa; and the limits of detection (signal-to-noise ratio?=?3) for milk and powdered milk were less than 0.04 mu g?l-1 and 0.10 mu g?kg-1, respectively. The proposed method was successfully used to analyse multiple types of real samples, including normal temperature whole milk, infant formula and whole powdered milk. In 11 samples, two target compounds, progesterone and androstenedione, were detected. The progesterone concentrations ranged from 8.1 to 12.7 mu g?l-1 in milk, and from 1.2 to 32.0 mu g?kg-1 in infant formulas and whole powdered milks. The androstenedione concentrations varied from 0.39 to 0.79 mu g?l-1 in milks, and from 0.29 to 1.2 mu g?kg-1 in infant formulas and whole powdered milks. Two post-target compounds, one isomer of oestriol and 5a-dihydroprogesterone, were tentatively identified by post-target analysis in two of 11 real samples.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 36, 22, 8]}
+{"token": "Forging success: Soviet managers and accounting fraud, 1943-1962. Attempting to satisfy their political masters in a target-driven culture, Soviet managers had to optimize on many margins simultaneously. One of these was the margin of truthfulness. False accounting for the value of production was apparently widespread in some branches of the economy and at some periods of time. A feature of accounting fraud was that cases commonly involved the aggravating element of conspiracy. The paper provides new evidence on the nature and extent of accounting fraud: the scale and optimal size of conspiratorial networks: the authorities' willingness to penalize it and the political and social factors that secured leniency: and inefficiency in the socialist market where managers competed for political credit. Journal of Comparative Economics 39(1) (2011) 43-64. University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Centre for Russian and East European Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom: Hoover Institution on War. Revolution, and Peace, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-6010, United States. (C) 2010 Association for Comparative Economic Studies. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Democratizing education at the margins: faculty and practitioner perspectives on delivering online tertiary education for refugees. Online distance learning is rapidly becoming a mainstay in higher education. Yet, there still exists unequal access to internet technology among the world's most vulnerable populations. This article reviews the implementation of an online pilot program that provided tertiary education to refugees in Africa and the Middle East, using a unique blend of brick-and-mortar and virtual instruction. Faculty experiences mirrored much of the experiences of instructors in more traditional online education - while onsite staff provided a unique perspective on the embedded nature of the program, based in local contexts. The results of this study helped point the way towards important program modifications to increase the quality of faculty communication and the cultural relevance of the curriculum. Future research is needed to identify whether such programs lead to improved outcomes for refugees.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Three-dimensional quantification and classification approach for angularity and surface texture based on surface triangulation of reconstructed aggregates. Angularity and surface texture of aggregates are important morphological characteristics, which have significant effects on the micromechanical responses of asphalt composites. A novel approach to quantify and classify the complexity of aggregate angularity and surface texture is proposed from a statistical perspective in this study. The methodology consists of three main steps, as follows: 1) the aggregate is three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed, and the model surface is triangulated into facets to conduct clustering for aggregate angles evaluation; 2) consequently, a reference plane is determined for each facet cluster to quantify the surface texture of a surface area which overlaps the cluster, and thus the surface texture is quantified; and 3) aggregates are classified by using the distribution characteristics of the angularity and surface texture respectively. Based on the quantification with the presented approach, 275 grains were classified by the angularity and surface texture. Results indicate the benefit of the proposed method in accurate quantification and classification of aggregate angularity and surface texture, which facilitate the bridging of the gap between aggregate morphology and micromechanical performance of asphalt composites. (C) 2020 Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Effect of nano-zinc oxide on ultraviolet aging properties of bitumen with 60/80 penetration grade. This work evaluates a novel bitumen modification through the use of nano-zinc oxide (nano-ZnO). In order to improve the compatibility between nano-ZnO and bitumen with 60/80 penetration grade, nano-ZnO was surface modified by gamma-(2,3-epoxypropoxy) propytrimethoxysilane (KH-560). The modified nano-ZnO was marked as KH-560-nano-ZnO. Ultraviolet (UV) aging mechanism of the binders was revealed by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The effect of surface modification of nano-ZnO on physical and UV aging properties of bitumen was also investigated. The results show that KH-560 is grafted on the surface of nano-ZnO in the form of chemical bond according to FTIR analysis. The compatibility between bitumen and nano-ZnO is improved by surface modification of nano-ZnO. As a result of UV aging, viscosity aging index of bitumen is decreased with the addition of nano-ZnO and KH-560-nano-ZnO. The carbonyl indices of nano-ZnO and KH-560-nano-ZnO modified bitumens are decreased more remarkably in comparison with that of unmodified bitumen after UV aging. The single phase trend of bitumen is prevented by KH-560-nano-ZnO during UV aging according to AFM analysis, indicating the good UV aging resistance of KH-560-nano-ZnO modified bitumen. Such a result suggests that nano-ZnO can be effectively used as a modifier to improve the UV aging resistance of bitumen.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Catholicism and modernity in Argentina: From confrontation to reconciliation?. The article analyzes the complex relationship between Catholicism and modernity in Argentina, considering not only the different worldviews ecclesiastical hierarchy, but also the lasting traces historically defined the episcopate behavior towards civil society and political society. In an attempt to identify continuities and ruptures, I finished marking out the dilemmas presented to Catholicism as a religious system to provide coordinates of meaning in contemporary societies.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Applicability and limitations of sex assessment based on foramen magnum. Sex assessment of skeletal remains in the context of forensic investigation is one of the most important components when constructing biological profile of the deceased individual since it helps to significantly narrow down the number of potential victims. Therefore, the number of methods suitable to estimate sex should be as wide as possible, especially for cases of highly fragmented remains. This paper offers a classification method for sexing human remains based on an area around foramen magnum and tests other similar discriminatory functions published elsewhere on an independent sample from the circummediterranean region. We provide discriminant and logistic regression functions for several sets of variable combinations derived from head CT images. None of the functions performs reliably enough to be used in the forensic context. The same holds true for other discriminatory functions published in the literature. For most of the functions, the failure rate (its inability to successfully assign sex of an unknown individual) reaches 100%. Thus, despite the fact that foramen magnum is sexually dimorphic in most populations, its use in sexing cranial remains in the forensic context should be limited only to cases in which we know population affinity of unknown skeletal remains and can provide referential data from the same population to estimate sex. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "A quantitative framework for analysis of regime shifts in a Galapagos coastal lagoon. Regime shifts are often used to describe sharp changes between two or more ecological states, each characterized by their own dynamics, stochastic fluctuations, or cycles. Ecological theory indicates they can occur either as a result of an abrupt environmental forcing (extrinsic regime shift), or be indicative of complex responses to local-scale dynamics and thresholds (intrinsic regime shift). One important area of ecological research is to develop quantitative tools to analyze regime shifts, but there are few studies that have applied these methods to the long-term ecological record. In this study, we introduce a framework to investigate regime shifts in diatom assemblages and mangrove ecosystem dynamics in a coastal lagoon from the Galapagos Islands over the past 2600 years. The framework integrates a set of established statistical methodologies for investigating regime shift dynamics in long-term ecological records. We use these methods to (1) identify the presence of regime shifts; (2) test for a series of hypothetical relationships (i.e., linear through to threshold) between ecological response and environment using nonlinear regression; and (3) investigate the relative importance of intrinsic and extrinsic dynamics in response to environmental perturbations. The transitions in the diatoms closely track the sequence of disturbance, recovery, and habitat shifts that have occurred in the lagoon over the past 2600 years, demonstrating extrinsic responses to environmental forcing. In contrast, the shift from a mangrove-to a microbial mat-dominated system; 945 cal yr BP provides potential evidence of an intrinsic regime shift. Our framework enables robust interpretations into the underlying dynamics of regime shifts in the paleoecological record and is widely applicable for investigating abrupt ecological changes in a range of systems.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Christianity and Sports: Religious Functionaries and Charismatic Prophets in Ghana Soccer. This paper examines the way in which, within an African religious and spiritual context, athletes - and in particular footballers of Ghana - employ religious functionaries and religious means from a variety of traditions in an attempt to achieve sporting success. Specific examples and case studies illustrate and contextualise this search. The connections of this mode of searching for success with traditional African views of causality and with a Pentecostalist/charismatic prosperity ethic are explored, and its consequences are assessed.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Multiple chemical sensitivity: A test of the Olfactory-Limbic Model. Thus far, no neuropsychological study has examined the cognitive profile of multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) within the framework of Bell's Olfactory-Limbic Model. It predicts that cognitive weaknesses will be associated more with limbic (ie, frontal and/or temporal lobe) than with non-limbic (ie, posterior cortex) brain regions. Matched MCS, asthma, and healthy control groups (n = 63) were tested on cognitive measures with localizing value. Between-group comparisons found that the MCS group performed as well as controls on all cognitive tasks. Within-group comparisons found that both the MCS and asthma groups performed significantly more poorly on tasks that were sensitive to frontal and temporal regions than to posterior or regions. Additional research is needed before concluding that the Olfactory-Limbic Model adequately describes the cognitive strengths and weaknesses of MCS. Confounding factors such as medication use and chronic illness need to be considered.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Layered Reconstruction for Defocus and Motion Blur. Light field reconstruction algorithms can substantially decrease the noise in stochastically rendered images. Recent algorithms for defocus blur alone are both fast and accurate. However, motion blur is a considerably more complex type of camera effect, and as a consequence, current algorithms are either slow or too imprecise to use in high quality rendering. We extend previous work on real-time light field reconstruction for defocus blur to handle the case of simultaneous defocus and motion blur. By carefully introducing a few approximations, we derive a very efficient sheared reconstruction filter, which produces high quality images even for a low number of input samples. Our algorithm is temporally robust, and is about two orders of magnitude faster than previous work, making it suitable for both real-time rendering and as a post-processing pass for offline rendering.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Macrolide resistance conferred by rRNA mutations in field isolates of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida. Results: Macrolide resistance in one M. haemolytica isolate was conferred by the 23S rRNA mutation A2058G; resistance in three P. multocida isolates were caused by mutations at the neighbouring nucleotide A2059G. In each strain, all six copies of the rrn operons encoded the respective mutations. There were no mutations in the ribosomal protein genes rplD or rplV, and no other macrolide resistance mechanism was evident.Objectives: To determine how resistance to macrolides is conferred in field isolates of Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica that lack previously identified resistance determinants for rRNA methylation, efflux and macrolide-modifying enzymes.Conclusions: High-level macrolide resistance can arise from 23S rRNA mutations in P. multocida and M. haemolytica despite their multiple copies of rrn. Selective pressures from exposure to different macrolide or lincosamide drugs presumably resulted in consolidation of either the A2058G or the A2059G mutation.Methods: Isolates of P. multocida and M. haemolytica identified as being highly resistant (MICs >64 mg/L) to the macrolides erythromycin, gamithromycin, tilmicosin, tildipirosin and tulathromycin were screened by multiplex PCR for the previously identified resistance genes erm(42), msr(E) and mph(E). Strains lacking these determinants were analysed by genome sequencing and primer extension on the rRNAs.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "Rational design of gradient structured fluorocarbon/Al composites towards tunable combustion performance. Polytetrafluoroethylene/Aluminum (PTFE/Al) composite with high energy density and combustion reaction performance has received widespread attention in the field of propellants, explosives, and pyrotechnics. In order to precisely control combustion reaction and energy output performance, gradient structured PTFE/Al composite (mass and diameter gradient) has been designed and constructed through 3D printing technology. PTFE/Al ink is prepared by acoustic resonance mixing to control rheological properties (viscosity and modulus) for 3D printing technology. The largest reaction heat (7749.95 J/g) and burning rate (similar to 130 mm/s) are achieved for gradient lines with diameter of 2.42 mm and mass ratio of 60:40 (PTFE/Al). Moreover, the progressive change from steady combustion to deflagration containing three stages of pressure output is observed for gradient structured PTFE/Al cylinder. This work reveals that gradient structure could provide new strategy to tune energy output and combustion performances, which can promote the practical application of PTFE/Al reactive materials. (C) 2021 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 15, 35]}
+{"token": "A Cubic Memristive System with Two Twin Rossler-Type Chaotic Attractors Symmetrical About an Invariant Plane. Memristive circuits and systems have been widely studied in the last years due to their potential applications in several technological areas. They are capable of producing nonlinear periodic and chaotic oscillations, due to their locally-active characteristics. In this paper, we consider a cubic four-parameter differential system which models a memristive circuit consisting of three elements: a passive linear inductor, a passive linear capacitor and a locally-active current-controlled generic memristor. This system has a saddle-focus equilibrium point at the origin, whose global stable and unstable manifolds are, respectively, the x-axis and the plane x = 0, which are invariant sets where the dynamic is linear. We show that this structure can generate two twin Rossler-type chaotic attractors symmetrical with respect to the plane x = 0. We describe the mechanism of creation of these chaotic attractors, showing that, although being similar to the Rossler attractor, the twin attractors presented here have simpler structural mechanism of formation, since the system has no hornoclinic or heteroclinic orbits to the saddle-focus, as presented by the Rossler system. The studied memristive system has the rare property of having chaotic dynamics and an invariant plane with linear dynamic, which is quite different from other chaotic systems presented in the literature that have invariant surfaces filled by equilibrium points. We also present and discuss the electronic circuit implementation of the considered system and study its dynamics at infinity, via the Poincare compactification, showing that all the solutions, except the ones contained in the plane x = 0, are bounded and cannot escape to infinity.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Can the combination of symptoms and endoscopy confirm the presence of gastroesophageal reflux disease?. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of symptomatology and esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in the diagnosis of proven gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). We evaluated the symptoms and EGD findings of 100 consecutive patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of GERD. Patients' symptoms were scored at their first visit with a standardized symptom scoring system (grades 0-3). Grade 3 symptoms were the most severe. EGD findings were classified according to the modified Savary-Miller scale. Esophageal acid exposure was quantified using 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring; a positive composite score was considered evidence of GERD. Fifty-seven patients had positive pH scores, and 43 were negative. The combination of grade 2 or 3 heartburn and/or regurgitation with erosive esophagitis or Barrett's esophagus on EGD had a 97 per cent specificity and 64 per cent sensitivity for accurately diagnosing GERD. It is concluded that, in the presence of moderate to severe symptoms and endoscopic injury, the diagnosis of GERD can be made without further studies. However, 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring is still indicated in patients with mild typical symptoms, atypical symptoms, or when the combination of heartburn and regurgitation, regardless of their severity, occurs in the absence of severe mucosal damage.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Interaction of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans biofilms with stainless steel surface and its impact on bacterial metabolism. Significance and Impact of the Study: A better understanding of the interactions between metallic surfaces such as stainless steel and bacteria commonly implied in the corrosion phenomena which is primordial to fight biocorrosion.Conclusions: The following mechanism is hypothesized: a Des. desulfuricans biofilm grown on a SS 304 surface in anaerobic conditions leads to the weakening of the metal passive layer and to the dissolution in the bulk phase of nickel ions that have a positive influence on the sulfate-reducing bacteria metabolism. This phenomenon may enhance the biocorrosion process.Methods and Results: Desulfovibrio desulfuricans biofilms were developed on SS 304 and on a reference nonmetallic material, PMMA, in a flow cell system. Steady-state biofilms were metabolically more active on SS 304 than on PMMA. Activity tests with bacteria from both biofilms at steady state also showed that the doubling time was lower for bacteria from SS 304 biofilms. The influence of chromium and nickel, elements of SS 304 composition, was also tested on a cellular suspension of Des. desulfuricans. Nickel decreased the bacterial doubling time, while chromium had no significant effect.Aims: To study the influence of some metallic elements of stainless steel 304 (SS 304) on the development and activity of a sulfate-reducing bacterial biofilm, using as comparison a reference nonmetallic material polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA).", "label": [2, 4, 19, 43]}
+{"token": "Association of IL-10 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis in Egyptian children and adolescents: a case-control study. Background: Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is the most common chronic arthritis in children worldwide. Among anti inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-10 (IL 10) is a key immunosuppressive cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of JIA. To date, only a few studies concerned the association of interleukin-10 gene polymorphisms with JIA. In this study, we aimed to investigate 3 cytokine single-nucleotide polymorphisms situated at positions -1082(G/A), -819(C/T), and -592(C/A) in the promoter region of the IL-10 gene to determine whether this polymorphism could be a marker of susceptibility to JIA in Egyptian children and adolescents. We also measured the serum level of IL-10 to assess its relation to such polymorphism.Conclusion: We demonstrate for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that the presence of an A allele or AA gene variant at the -1082 position of the promoter region of the interleukin-10 gene may constitute risk factors for developing JIA in Egyptian children and adolescents. Moreover, we observed a significant positive association between the IL10 -1082 AA gene variant and susceptibility to polyarticular JIA.Methods: This was a case-control study included 100 patients diagnosed with JIA, and matched with age, gender, ethnicity 100 healthy control subjects. Interleukin-10 -1082(G/A), -819(C/T), and -592(C/A) polymorphisms were genotyped by amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS)-PCR methodology, while the serum IL10 levels were measured by ELISA method.Results: Compared to the controls subjects, the frequency of IL-10- AA genotype and A allele at the -1082 position were overrepresented in patients with JIA (OR = 2.7; 95% CI: 1.1-6.4 for the AA genotype; P <0.05 and OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.03-2.3 for the A allele; P <0.05 respectively). On the other hand, no significant differences were found between the 2 groups in the genotype or allele frequencies for the -819 and -592 positions. Of note, we found a significant positive association between the IL-10 (-1082) AA genotype and susceptibility to polyarticular JIA (OR: 4.3; 95% CI: 1.5-12.7; P <0.01). We observed that patients with the IL-10 (-1082) AA genotype had significantly lower serum IL-10 levels (2.3 +/- 0.9 pg/ml) compared to those with AG genotype (7.6 +/- 1.5 pg/ml) and GG genotype (9.5 +/- 1.2 pg/ml); P <0.01, respectively.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "A cultural question for the division and unification of the Korean Peninsula. North Korea, often described as a \\\\'hermit kingdom,\\\\' has been widely demonized as irrational and barbaric. On the other hand, North Koreans are portrayed as passive victims subject to state violence. Within this simplistic dichotomy, it is hard to grasp the complex reality of North Korea where lives are intertwined with the regime, but at the same time daily life operates in different spaces with completely different meanings and resistance to the regime. A lack of understanding on North Korea and its people tackles the further development of the peace building process and the possible integration among Koreans. Therefore, this special section aims to provide new perspectives on both North Korea in relation to the context of division and possible unification of the Korean Peninsula through the \\\\'question of culture\\\\'; in particular, the everyday cultural practices of North Koreans. The rise of active agency, the widespread of technology, the increase of consumeristic desire and the reorganization of everyday life in North Korea are important aspects to be unpacked. By doing so, the papers in this section examine the potential changes that might occur in the future of North Korea and the division/unification of the North and South by inter-referencing comparable experiences of Vietnam, China, the Soviet Union and Germany.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30, 52]}
+{"token": "Metformin preconditioning protects Daphnia pulex from lethal hypoxic insult involving AMPK, HIF and mTOR signaling. Hypoxic tolerance is subjected to modification during environmental stress. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the plasticity of hypoxic tolerance will be helpful for clinical applications such as stroke prevention. In a freshwater invertebrate, Daphnia pulex, we found that preconditioning with the antidiabetic drug metformin protects the animals from hypoxic insult Metformin is known to activate the cellular energy sensor, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Application of the AMPK antagonist, compound C, effectively abolished the protective action by metformin. Meanwhile, the AMPK agonist AICAR failed to mimic the protective effect of metformin. At transcript level, metformin treatment increased the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) alpha and beta genes, as well as the HIF target genes in an AMPK-dependent manner, while AICAR treatment alone failed to increase the expression of HIF genes. Metformin treatment also increased the expression of AMPK alpha and gamma genes, and this effect was blocked by compound C. These observations suggest that HIF activation and HIF target gene expression are possibly involved in metformin-mediated protection, while AMPK activation is necessary, but not sufficient for metformin-induced protection. Since increased hypoxic tolerance involves regenerative responses and thus protein synthesis, we measured the gene expression of the components of mTOR signaling pathway. Metformin increased the gene expression of raptor, a component of mTORC1 and known to control protein synthesis, and such increase was also eliminated by compound C. Taken together, metformin preconditioning activates multiple signaling pathways involved in gene expression and protein synthesis. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 42, 47]}
+{"token": "Extreme Learning Regression for nu Regularization. Extreme learning machine for regression (ELR), though efficient, is not preferred in time-limited applications, due to the model selection time being large. To overcome this problem, we reformulate ELR to take a new regularization parameter nu (nu-ELR) which is inspired by Scholkopf et al. The regularization in terms of nu is bounded between 0 and 1, and is easier to interpret compared to C. In this paper, we propose using the active set algorithm to solve the quadratic programming optimization problem of nu-ELR. Experimental results on real regression problems show that nu-ELR performs better than ELM, ELR, and nu-SVR, and is computationally efficient compared to other iterative learning models. Additionally, the model selection time of nu-ELR can be significantly shortened.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
+{"token": "Improving the performance of remote sensing models for capturing intra- and inter-annual variations in daily GPP: An analysis using global FLUXNET tower data. Accurate and reliable estimates of gross primary productivity (GPP) are required for monitoring the global carbon cycle at different spatial and temporal scales. Because GPP displays high spatial and temporal variation, remote sensing plays a major role in producing gridded estimates of GPP across spatiotemporal scales. In this context, understanding the strengths and weaknesses of remote sensing-based models of GPP and improving their performance is a key contemporary scientific activity. We used measurements from 157 research sites (similar to 470 site-years) in the FLUXNET \\\\'La Thuile\\\\' data and compared the skills of 11 different remote sensing models in capturing intra- and inter-annual variations in daily GPP in seven different biomes. Results show that the models were able to capture significant intra-annual variation in GPP (Index of Agreement = 0.4-0.80) in all biomes. However, the models' ability to track inter-annual variation in daily GPP was significantly weaker (IoA < 0.45). We examined whether the inclusion of different mechanisms that are missing in the models could improve their predictive power. The mechanisms included the effect of sub-daily variation in environmental variables on daily GPP, factoring-in differential rates of GPP conversion efficiency for direct and diffuse incident radiation, lagged effects of environmental variables, better representation of soil-moisture dynamics, and allowing spatial variation in model parameters. Our analyses suggest that the next generation remote sensing models need better representation of soil-moisture, but other mechanisms that have been found to influence GPP in site-level studies may not have significant bearing on model performance at continental and global scales. Understanding the relative controls of biotic vis-a-vis abiotic factors on GPP and accurately scaling up leaf level processes to the ecosystem scale are likely to be important for recognizing the limitations of remote sensing model and improving their formulation. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 7, 39]}
+{"token": "Hydrate Formation at the Methane/Water Interface on the Molecular Scale. We report the nucleation process of methane hydrate on the molecular scale. A stationary planar interface separating methane gas and liquid water was studied by using in situ neutron reflectivity. We found that the angstrom-scale surface roughening is triggered as soon as the water phase contacts methane gas under the hydrate forming conditions. In addition, it was found that the microscopic surface structure remains unchanged until a macroscopic hydrate film is developed at the interface. We therefore postulate that the angstrom-scale surface roughening is attributed to the formation of microscopic hydrate \\\\'embryos\\\\' in a \\\\'dynamic equilibrium\\\\' manner.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11]}
+{"token": "The Gender Politics of Human Waste and Human-as-Waste: Indonesian Migrant Workers and Elderly Care in Japan. Significant decline in mortality and fertility rates has led to a rapid aging population in many parts of the globe. Coupled with a decrease in caring for one's senior parents at home, this condition creates a crisis in elderly care. Most studies on elderly care in Japan, the country with the highest percentage of senior people in the world, employ theoretical approaches rooted in the fields of aging and migration studies. This article offers a new perspective by not only focusing on the voices of the Indonesian women migrant care workers in Japan by way of in-depth interviews, but also intersecting feminist and waste studies in its analysis. This different theoretical approach allows this article to argue that the politics of disposability in the global care chains' is a gendered and affective' phenomenon. Drawing from Jaggar's emotional hegemony' and Saraswati's affective structure', this article shows that emotions matter in constructing the disposability of these migrant workers and elderly people, particularly within the capitalist currents that drive the gendered supply chains.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "Reproducibility of water drinking test performed at different times of the day. Purpose: To evaluate the reproducibility of water drinking test (WDT) performed at different times of the day, in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients and normal individuals. Methods: Fifteen patients with POAG and 30 normal individuals underwent three WDTs at different times of the day (7 AM, 12 PM, and 5 PM) on 3 different days. Test results in POAG patients and normal individuals were compared. Agreement and correlation of intraocular pressure (IOP) baseline levels, peak levels, and IOP change (peak IOP - baseline IOP) on tests performed at different times were evaluated. Only right eye measurements were analyzed. Results: Mean baseline IOP, peak IOP and IOP change were significantly higher in POAG patients than in normal individuals, at all time intervals (p<0.05). The Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated limits of agreement for IOP peak levels and IOP changes larger than the clinically acceptable (>3 mmHg), even though Pearson's test revealed good correlation among the results. Conclusion: The mean IOP peak and mean IOP change observed during WDT are significantly higher in POAG patients than in control individuals. Low levels of agreement among WDTs performed at different times of the day suggest a poor reproducibility of WDT, which may limit its applicability for the diagnosis and follow-up of glaucoma.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Genetic variation in H2AFX contributes to risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) comprises a group of lymphoid tumors that have in common somatic translocations. H2AFX encodes a key histone involved in the detection of the DNA double-stranded breaks that can lead to translocations. H2afx is a dosage-dependent gene that protects against B-cell lymphomas in mice, making its human orthologue an ideal candidate gene for susceptibility to lymphoma. We did a population-based genetic association study of H2AFX variants in 487 NHL cases and 531 controls. Complete resequencing of the human H2AFX gene in 95 NHL cases was done to establish the spectrum of variation in affected individuals; this was followed by both direct and indirect tests for association at the level of individual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and as haplotypes. Homozygosity for the AA genotype of a SNP 417 bp upstream of the translational start of H2AFX is strongly associated [odds ratio (OR), 0.54; P = 0.001] with protection from NHL. We find a strong association of this SNP with the follicular lymphoma subtype of NHL (AA genotype: OR, 0.40; P = 0.004) and with mantle cell lymphoma (AA genotype: OR, 0.20; P = 0.01) that remains significant after adjustment for the false discovery rate, but not with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. These data support the hypothesis that genetic variation in the H2AFX gene influences genetic susceptibility or resistance to some subtypes of NHL by contributing to the maintenance of genome stability.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "Optimizing the conversion of heavy reformate streams into xylenes with zeolite catalysts by using knowledge base high-throughput experimentation techniques. The conversion of commercial heavy reformates under industrially relevant transalkylation conditions was studied over seven different acid zeolite catalysts with channel systems containing 10 MR, 12 MR, and 10 + 12 MR pores, by high-throughput experimentation (HTE). Zeolites were impregnated with seven different metals (Re, Pt, Mo, Ga, Ni, La, Bi). The reaction network for the global process was established, and the initial rates for primary reactions were estimated. It was found that zeolite pore size and geometry have a direct influence on dealkylation and transalkylation of the different alkyl groups. The ethyl and propyl dealkylation rate increases, while the rate of alkyl group transalkylation decreases as the zeolite pore dimensions decrease. A multizeolitic catalyst has been designed to optimize the dealkylation of ethyl and propyl aromatics while producing the transalkylation of tri- and tetramethylbenzene with toluene/benzene in order to maximize xylene yield when during the processing of heavy reformate. 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
+{"token": "The influence of non-uniform particle deposition on the Po-218 diffusion coefficient measured with the 'two-filter' method. The influence of non-uniform Po-218 density distribution on the downstream filter was estimated on the basis of a numerical analysis of the aerosol particle transport inside a tube and of a numerical estimation of the efficiency for alpha radioactive particle detectors. For published diffusion coefficients of 0.103, 0.067 and 0.045 cm(2) s(-1), the error was found to be +20%, +25% and +26% respectively, compared with a uniform deposition. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 16, 15, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Expression in Escherichia coli of flaB, the gene coding for a periplasmic flagellin of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona. A periplasmic flagellin gene, flaB, of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona (strain Pomona) was expressed in Escherichia coli for the production and antigenic characterisation of the protein. The flaB structural gene, which was previously cloned into pUC118, was derived by PCR from the recombinant plasmid and used to generate an expression construct with the trc promoter-driven pProEx HT system, Under the conditions employed, the flaB was expressed as inclusion bodies formed within E. coli, yielding c. 120 mg of the recombinant protein/L of culture. A polyhistidine tag introduced at the amino-acid terminus of the FlaB protein allowed for the purification of the protein by nickel-chelate affinity chromatography. The expressed protein reacted with both mouse and bovine antisera to L. interrogans on Western blots, indicating that it could be of use in the diagnosis of leptospirosis. The recombinant leptospiral flagellin may also be of value in studying its role in the pathogenesis of leptospirosis.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Selenate removal in biofilm systems: effect of nitrate and sulfate on selenium removal efficiency, biofilm structure and microbial community. BACKGROUNDSelenium (Se) discharged into natural waterbodies can accumulate over time and have negative impacts on the environment. Se-laden wastewater streams can be treated using biological processes. However, the presence of other electron acceptors in wastewater, such as nitrate (NO3-) and sulfate (SO42-), can influence selenate (SeO42-) reduction and impact the efficiency of biological treatment systems.RESULTSSeO42- removal by biofilms formed from an anaerobic sludge inoculum was investigated in the presence of NO3- and SO42- using drip flow reactors operated continuously for 10 days at pH 7.0 and 30 degrees C. The highest total Se (approximate to 60%) and SeO42- (approximate to 80%) removal efficiencies were observed when the artificial wastewater contained SO42-. A maximum amount of 68 mol Se cm(-2) was recovered from the biofilm matrix in SO42- + SeO42- exposed biofilms and biofilm mass was 2.7-fold increased for biofilms grown in the presence of SO42-. When SeO42- was the only electron acceptor, biofilms were thin and compact. In the simultaneous presence of NO3- or SO42-, biofilms were thicker (> 0.6 mm), less compact and exhibited gas pockets.CONCLUSIONThe presence of SO42- had a beneficial effect on biofilm growth and the SeO42- removal efficiency, while the presence of NO3- did not have a significant effect on SeO42- removal by the biofilms. (c) 2018 Society of Chemical Industry", "label": [1, 2, 4, 19, 16, 36, 15]}
+{"token": "Interactive electronic textbook use in higher education: grades, engagement, and student perceptions. A trend towards electronic textbooks (e-textbooks) in higher education has given cause for additional research regarding their effectiveness when compared with traditional print textbooks. There is a lack of research specifically regarding interactive e-textbooks - texts that have been enriched with embedded links, videos, quizzes, or other activities. This study presents the findings from an introductory education course within a large university in the USA that began using an interactive e-textbook as the dominant text for the course. Correlation was measured between student grades and three different elements of an interactive electronic textbook: total time spent logged into the e-textbook, student engagement level, and percent of interactive activities accessed. Student perceptions of the e-textbook were also gathered. Results showed significant positive correlation between overall course grades and two of the three variables tested (time and engagement). Survey results revealed a high level of comfort and convenience using the interactive e-textbook.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Genetic mapping of maize streak virus resistance from the Mascarene source. II. Resistance in line CIRAD390 and stability across germplasm. The streak disease has a major effect on maize in sub-Saharan Africa. Various genetic factors for resistance to the virus have been identified and mapped in several populations; these factors derive from different sources of resistance. We have focused on the Reunion island source and have recently identified several factors in the D211 line. A second very resistant line, CI-RAD390, was crossed to;the same susceptible;parent, B73. The linkage map comprised 124 RFLP markers, of which 79 were common with the D211xB73 map. A row-column design was used to evaluate the resistance to maize streak virus (MSV) of 191 F-2:3 families under artificial infestation at two locations: Harare (Zimbabwe) and in Reunion island. Weekly ratings of resistance were taken and disease incidence and severity calculated. QTL analyses were conducted for each scoring date and for the integration over time of the disease scores, of incidence, and of severity. Heritability estimates (71-98%) were as high as for the D211xB73 population. Eight QTLs were detected on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 5 (two QTLs), 6, 8, and 10. The chr1-QTL explained the highest proportion of phenotypic variation, about 45%. The QTLs on chromosomes 1, 2, and la were located in the same chromosomal bin as QTLs for MSV resistance in the D211xB73 population. In a simultaneous fit, QTLs explained together 43-67% of the phenotypic variation. The QTLs on chromosomes 3, 5, and 6 appeared to be specific for one or the other component of the resistance. For the chr3-QTL, resistance was contributed by the susceptible parent. There were significant QTL x environment interactions for some of the variables studied, but QTLs were stable in the two environments. They also appeared to be stable over time. Global gene action ranged from partial dominance to overdominance, except for disease severity. Some additional putative QTLs were also detected. The major QTL on chromosome 1 seemed to be common to the other sources of resistance, namely Tzi4, a tolerant line from IITA, and CML202 from CI-MMYT. However, the distribution of the other QTLs within the genome revealed differences in Reunion germplasm and across these other resistance sources. This diversity is of great importance when considering the durability of the resistance.", "label": [0, 2, 6, 7, 20, 9]}
+{"token": "The urgent call for land degradation vulnerability assessment for conserving land quality in the purview of climate change: Perspective from South Indian Coast. Generating an extensive knowledge base on land degradation risk in different locations of the world is essential for developing effective mitigation and adaptation strategies. A changing climate will affect the land, soil and water resources in many ways. In this context, this study aimed to understand the possibility of present and future land degradation in the study area in the purview of global warming through the analyzing aridity index (AI), sea level rise trends and soil analysis. The study area is a semi-arid coastal region characterized by tropical climate. AI analysis shows possible drying trends for the end century period as the simulated AI values decline in the ranges of -3.25 to -7.5 mm/degrees C. The soil analysis revealed that the mean soil organic carbon (SOC) content in the study area is 0.43% which is far below the world standards and sea levels may likely be raised under climate change in this area. This study also showcases a frame work for assessing land degradation vulnerability in the context of climate change. Conducting land degradation vulnerability assessment is a highly essential prior to any flagship activities on sustainable land management.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 8]}
+{"token": "Market Applications in the Electricity Market of the Russian Federation. A unique specificity of Russian wholesale electricity market is the economic dispatch model based on explicit nonlinear power flow equations underlying the market applications. This paper presents the solution method used for the market applications that is presently employed by the commercial operator and the system operator of the Russian energy system. It is proved to be an adequate and reliable scheduling market technology. Empirical observations on the model properties that impact the rate of convergence and review of the convergence results are presented.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "DOUBLE TRUTH: HOW ARE WE TO LOOK AT IT?. There is consensus among historians of medieval philosophy that the Double Truth was never held by late medieval scholastics. Double Truth is the position that conflicting philosophical and religious ideas are both true. It was denounced in the Condemnation of 1277 by the bishop of Paris, and criticised in Aquinas's De unitate intellectus (1270). The consensus is based on accounts of Double Truth in these two sources, examination of scholastic texts potentially presenting Double Truth positions, and the Aristotelian definition of philosophical contradiction. However, close reading of the two sources does not support the definition of Double Truth used by historians. This article analyses the evidence, and proposes that we modify how we define Double Truth to account for a genuine historical phenomenon warranting the reactions of Aquinas and the bishop of Paris. It also suggests that we reconsider Boethius of Dacia and possibly Siger of Brabant as proponents of it.", "label": [3, 30, 33]}
+{"token": "Supplier networks in the German aircraft industry during World War II and their long-term effects on West Germany's automobile industry during the 'Wirtschaftswunder'. Reconstructing the complex supplier network of the famous JU 88 air armament programme, this article shows that outsourcing activities increased considerably in wartime Germany. The resulting inter-firm division of labour did not lead only to a quite effective protection of the German aircraft production against Allied air raids but also contributed to enormous labour productivity growth in most stages of the production process. Even though aircraft production was prohibited in post-war Germany, this supplier network survived and became the backbone of the most spectacular symbol of West Germany's economic rebirth: the automobile industry.", "label": [5, 48, 52]}
+{"token": "A review of multi-objective deep learning speech denoising methods. This paper presents a review of multi-objective deep learning methods that have been introduced in the literature for speech denoising. After stating an overview of conventional, single objective deep learning, and hybrid or combined conventional and deep learning methods, a review of the mathematical framework of the multi-objective deep learning methods for speech denoising is provided. A representative method from each speech denoising category, whose codes are publicly available, is selected and a comparison is carried out by considering the same public domain dataset and four widely used objective metrics. The comparison results indicate the effectiveness of the multi-objective method compared with the other methods, in particular when the signal-to-noise ratio is low. Possible future improvements that can be achieved are also mentioned.", "label": [4, 35, 40]}
+{"token": "Correlation of blood-spot 17-hydroxyprogesterone daily profiles and urinary steroid profiles in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Conclusions: Blood-spot 17-OHP measurements and 24-h urinary steroid profile have the same impact in identification and monitoring therapy of children with CAH.Objective: To compare the value of blood-spot 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) daily profiles and urinary steroid excretion in untreated and treated patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH),Patients: Ten patients with CAH were investigated during steroid replacement therapy (Group 1), and 11 patients were investigated without treatment (Group 2),Methods: Capillary blood samples were collected for measurement of blood-spot 17-OHP values by non-chromatographic radioimmunoassay, Steroid profiles of 24-h urine samples were analyzed by gas chromatography.Results: There was a close correlation between the individual daily means of blood-spot 17-OHP measurements and the pregnanetriol/tetrahydrocortisone ratio in both groups of patients (Group 2: r = 0,839, p < 0,001; Group 1: r = 0,686, p < 0,001), Almost the same correlation was found between the blood-spot 17-OHP value and the sum of three 17-hydroxyprogesterone metabolites/the sum of three cortisol/cortisone metabolites ratio (Group 2: r = 0,918, p < 0,001; Group 1: r = 0,741, p < 0,001),", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "A MODEL TO MEASURE E-PROCUREMENT IMPACTS ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE. This paper presents a model for Public Contracting Authorities to quantify procurement performance benefits that can be achieved by adopting e-procurement. It has been found that e-procurement could generate positive impacts, especially on the efficiency, effectiveness, dematerialization, competitiveness and transparency impact dimensions. Adopting e-procurement in the public sector is far more than just a technological challenge; it embodies a large scale change management effort to create a more efficient procurement culture. Using the performance measurement approach herewith presented helps to tackle this challenge, stimulating the effective use of e-procurement solutions. Measuring how e-procurement is contributing to optimize public expenditure by increasing organizational performances; can help to overcome the resistance to change. Plus, this model can be used to strengthen stakeholder accountability of both Contracting Authorities and public e-procurement service providers. The model has been consistently tested over the last four years with satisfactory results confirming the hypothesis; the case study is herewith exposed. The model can be applied in different context, therefore method and practical recommendations are also provided.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Measuring Religious Attitudes in Secularized Western European Context: A Psychometric Analysis of the Post-Critical Belief Scale. Wulff's two-dimensional model of approaches to religion was an inspiration for the development of the Post-Critical Belief Scale (PCBS), an instrument measuring religious attitudes, that is, \\\\'paradigms of religious belief structure\\\\' in a secularized Western European context. The scale has been frequently used in psychological studies, has undergone psychometric analyses and modifications, and has been translated into several languages. The current study shows results of a psychometric analysis of the component structure of PCBS in different age groups over time using Clusterwise Simultaneous Component Analysis-Equal Cross-Product (SCA-ECP). The analysis was based on samples collected in Flanders (Belgium; N = 14,599). The one-cluster and two-cluster models yielded three components: Literal Affirmation, Literal Disaffirmation, and Symbolic Attitude, and there were no differences between age groups. In the two-cluster model, subtle differences between samples collected before and after 2002 were found, and these were related to two PCBS items referring to interpretation of Biblical stories. Our finding of a generalized Symbolic Attitude might be related to the changes in the approaches to religion in secularized Western Europe, and might capture the religious (dis-)belief of individuals who are open and tolerant to other religious systems, or alternatively, have become indifferent to them. Further cross-cultural and longitudinal studies are needed to better understand the religious attitudes in a secularized context, and the development of a new scale based on the paradigm of personal meaning systems is suggested", "label": [3, 5, 55, 33]}
+{"token": "The role of identification with women as a determinant of amusement with sexist humor. We conducted two studies to investigate whether the degree to which people identify with women as a social category affects amusement with sexist humor (humor that disparages women) apart from their affective dispositions toward women. Both studies supported our hypothesis showing that male and female participants were more amused by sexist humor the less they identified with - the more they felt psychologically distant from - women as a social category. Study 2 further demonstrated that empathy with women as a social category was not related to amusement with sexist humor.", "label": [3, 5, 28, 55]}
+{"token": "The translator and the archive: historiographical considerations. Translation Studies has recently engaged with microhistory, drawing on archival holdings. Though this is a welcome development, it runs the risk of slanting research into translatorship since such archives tend to entail a degree of cultural gatekeeping and therefore reflect an atypically high degree of literary capital on the translator's part, due to the translator's own participation in prestigious forms of authorship and/or their association with authors with high literary capital. Seeking to account for the more typical experience of translators with low agency and low literary capital, the article outlines an alternative historiographical approach: prosopography, or collective biography. It first draws on the author's research in archives devoted to other actors in the communications circuit, in which translators are a tangential presence. It studies nineteenth- century publishers' archives at the Institut Memoires de l'edition contemporaine in Caen, France, focusing on the issue of translatorial agency in negotiating moral rights. The second approach reads an online translation community, the Emerging Translators' Network, as a noncustodial participatory archive. This offers translation historians an opportunity to study the ambitions of aspiring translators at the outset of their careers and provides insights into the successful career trajectories of those who eventually earn an archival presence in their own right.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "CHOOSING WISELY IN CRITICAL CARE: A NATIONAL SURVEY OF CRITICAL CARE NURSES. Results Of the 1651 acute and critical care nurses who were members of the American Association of Critical- Care Nurses and responded to the survey, 632 (38.3%) reported being familiar with the Choosing Wisely campaign. Of these respondents, 200 identified as advanced practice nurses. A total of 620 reported implementing the 5 Critical Care Society Collaborative recommendations, including reducing diagnostic testing (n = 311 [50.2%]), reducing the number of red blood cell transfusions (n = 530 [85.5%]), not using parenteral nutrition in adequately nourished patients (n = 293 [47.3%]), not using deep sedation in patients receiving mechanical ventilation (n=499 [80.5%]), and offering comfort care for patients at high risk for death (n=416 [67.1%]). Staff education, specific protocols, electronic medical record alerts, and order sets all raised nurses' awareness of the recommendations.Methods Responses from nurses were examined as part of a critical care survey of members of 4 societies in order to assess awareness and use of the Choosing Wisely recommendations.Conclusions Acute and critical care nurses are directly involved with measures to reduce unnecessary testing and treatments. Greater awareness and championing of the Choosing Wisely recommendations by acute and critical care nurses can help to promote high-value care for acute and critically ill patients.Objectives To assess nurses' reports of the use of Choosing Wisely recommendations in critical care settings.Background To promote the use of appropriate testing, and decrease unnecessary treatments, the ABIM Foundation established the Choosing Wisely campaign in 2012. Initially targeting physicians, the campaign has evolved to encourage all providers to promote high-value care; however, information related to critical care nursing is limited.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
+{"token": "Effects of site fidelity and breeding performance on mate retention in a short-lived passerine, the tree swallow Thachycineta bicolor. We studied the relationship among re-mating, site fidelity and breeding performance in the tree swallow Tachycineta bicolor using 16 y of data on reproductive biology in a population breeding in nest boxes near Ithaca, New York. Of 217 pairs for which both members survived the non-breeding season, 76% mated with a new partner and 24% reunited with their previous mate. Pairs did not increase their breeding success by breeding together for more than one breeding season. Males produced fewer fledglings after breeding with a new partner, but females neither increased nor decreased their success when breeding with a new mate. Females who bred with a new partner were younger than females that reunited with their previous mates, and they were more likely to move to a different nest box. Males that bred with a new mate were of similar age to males that reunited, and they did not move more often. The probability of breeding with a new partner was better predicted by female age than by previous breeding success, suggesting that re-mating was not strongly affected by past breeding performance. Because younger females change breeding sites more frequently than do older females and females that mated with a new partner were younger than females that reunited with their previous mates, we suggest that the tendency of tree swallows to change partners between years is a by-product of lower site fidelity of younger females rather than a strategy for increasing breeding success.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Spirituality and Emancipatory Struggle in Higher Education. In this chapter, I will foreground the perspectives of justice workers who negotiate US systems of higher education while ascribing to religious and/or spiritual traditions that have roots in the Asia Pacific region and denote a broad spectrum of belief and practice (e.g., Baha'i, Buddhist, Yoga, etc.). As an African-descended, spiritually engaged Christian activist, and Black woman in the United States, I bring womanist discursive lenses to explore the role of belief, spirituality, and religion in the justice work of faculty and administrators in US higher education institutions.The shifting religious and spiritual topography of the United States shows that while Christians are the dominant religious group, the population experienced a striking decline (7.8%) between 2007 and 2014; all the while, non-dominant religious groups experienced an increase (1.2%) in the same period (Masci D, Lipka M. Americans may be getting less religious, but feelings of spirituality are on the rise. Pew Research Center, 2016). Other significant changes have included the rise (6.7%) in persons identifying as religiously unaffiliated (e.g., agnostic, atheist, or no designation), declining religiosity, and an increasing sense of spirituality (Masci D, Lipka M. Americans may be getting less religious, but feelings of spirituality are on the rise. Pew Research Center, 2016). A related phenomenon, though not prima facie, is the groundswell of social justice and resistance movements across the landscape of US higher education. Western systems of knowledge production often reinforce a perceived \\\\'natural\\\\' logic that delinks religiosity, spirituality, and social justice. For some communities of color and people from minoritized social groups, perpetuating the disconnection of religiosity, spirituality, and social justice work may reflect an \\\\'apartheid of knowledge\\\\' (Bernal DD, Villalpando O, Equity Excell Educ 35(2): 169-180, 2002) that erases whole swaths of life and inhibits the production of knowledge under the veneer of scientific knowledge. This study will explore how spiritually engaged justice workers negotiate the nexus of their religious and/or spiritual communities and social justice work in systems of higher education. The project explores two broad questions: (a) In what ways does participation in a spiritual community facilitate and/or impede doing social justice work in higher education? (b) Secondly, what abilities, contacts, knowledge, practices, resources, and skills do participants cultivate in their spiritual communities that they find useful to their social justice work in higher education?", "label": [3, 5, 53, 33]}
+{"token": "High-resolution Optical Spectroscopic Observations of Comet 21P/Giacobini-Zinner in Its 2018 Apparition. Comet 21P/Giacobini-Zinner is a peculiar comet from the viewpoints of the chemical and physical properties of its dust grains. We conduct optical high-resolution spectroscopic observations of the comet. The intensity ratios of forbidden oxygen lines (at 557.7, 630.0, and 636.4 nm) and ortho-to-para abundance ratios (OPRs) of water cations (H2O+) and amidogen radicals (NH2) are obtained while only the upper limit for N-14/N-15 in the amidogen radical is restricted. The OPRs of H2O+ and NH2 are similar to those of other comets, although the real meaning of these OPRs is still debated. Based on the observation of the forbidden emission lines of oxygen atoms, it can be concluded that the comet is depleted in CO2. In consideration with the depletion in other highly volatile species found in the near-infrared region and the presence of complex organics in comet 21P/Giacobini-Zinner, this comet might form in a warmer region in the solar nebula compared with other comets.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Protective Effects of 3,4-seco-lupane Type Triterpenes from Acanthopanax senticosus against Advanced Glycation Endproducts. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are thought to be directly involved in diabetes mellitus and aging. In this study, the protective activities of 3,4-seco-lupane type triterpenes (chiisanogenin and chiisanoside) from Acanthopanax senticosus against the formation of AGEs were examined using in vitro glycation reactions. Of the two isolated compounds, chiisanogenin exhibited strong inhibitory activity against the formation of AGEs. The inhibitory activity of chiisanogenin was similar level in 50 mu M treatment with the AGE inhibitor aminoguanidine, which was used as a positive control. These results suggest that chiisanogenin from A. senticosus is a bioactive component that contributes to glycation-associated diseases.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Structural Study of the Hydration of Lipid Membranes Upon Interaction With Mesoporous Supports Prepared by Standard Methods and/or X-Ray Irradiation. Mesoporous materials feature ordered tailored structures with uniform pore sizes and highly accessible surface areas, making them an ideal host for functional organic molecules or nanoparticles for analytical and sensing applications. Moreover, as their porosity could be employed to deliver fluids, they could be suitable materials for nanofluidic devices. As a first step in this direction, we present a study of the hydration of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) model lipid membranes on solid mesoporous support. POPC was selected as it changes the structure upon hydration at room temperature. Mesoporous films were prepared using two different templating agents, Pluronic P123 (PEO-PPO-PEO triblock copolymer where PEO is polyethylene oxide and PPO is polypropylene oxide) and Brij 58 (C16H33(EO)(20)OH where EO is ethylene oxide), both following the conventional route and by X-ray irradiation via deep X-ray lithography technique and subsequent development. The same samples were additionally functionalized with a self-assembly monolayer (SAM) of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane. For every film, the contact angle was measured. A time resolved structural study was conducted using in situ grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering while increasing the external humidity (RH), from 15 to 75% in a specially designed chamber. The measurements evidenced that the lipid membrane hydration on mesoporous films occurs at a lower humidity value with respect to POPC deposited on silicon substrates, demonstrating the possibility of using porosity to convey water from below. A different level of hydration was reached by using the mesoporous thin film prepared with conventional methods or the irradiated ones, or by functionalizing the film using the SAM strategy, meaning that the hydration can be partially selectively tuned. Therefore, mesoporous films can be employed as \\\\'interactive\\\\' sample holders with specimens deposited on them. Moreover, thanks to the possibility of patterning the films using deep X-ray lithography, devices for biological studies of increasing complexity by selectively functionalizing the mesopores with biofunctional SAMs could be designed and fabricated.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Recognition of individual European Nightjars Caprimulgus europaeus from their song. The European Nightjar is a difficult bird to observe, being mainly nocturnal but also highly mobile, often travelling several kilometres at night to feed. Despite a recent reprieve in the UK, there is international concern about its status. A non-intrusive monitoring method using vocal individuality therefore has considerable potential. The churring song commonly supposed to mark a territory was recorded from two principal localities in North Yorkshire. A computer program was developed to measure the pulse rates and phrase lengths of the churr and these variables were subjected to discriminant analysis. The pulse rates alone were able to classify 95% of individuals and this improved to 98.5% when the phrase lengths were included. The individual characteristics have been used to suggest movements within a season and the return of one individual to the same territory in three successive years.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Investigating the stability of and relationships among global/local processing measures. Global/local stimuli have been used to estimate global processing biases in individuals and groups, as well as in response to various manipulations. Throughout the literature, multiple different versions of global/local stimuli have been used, such as traditional hierarchical letters and numbers (i.e., Navon letters), abstract hierarchical shapes, and high- and low-spatial-frequency gratings and faces. However, currently it is unclear how reliable or stable performance is on these measures within individuals over time, and whether these seemingly different measures are tapping into the same underlying process. As such, the purpose of the present study was to examine the stability of individual performance on three distinct global/local measures over time and to examine the relationships among the measures. In two studies, we examined the reliability of the biases within, and the relationships among, standard Navon letters in a traditional interference task, hierarchical shapes in a forced choice task, and superimposed high- and low-pass spatial frequency faces in a forced choice task. In both studies, participants completed all three of the tasks, and then returned 7-10 days later to again complete the same tasks. The degree of global/local bias within an individual was found to be highly reliable in the hierarchical shape task and the spatial frequency face task, but less reliable in the traditional Navon letter task. Interestingly, in both studies we found that none of the three measures of global bias were related to each other. Therefore, while these measures do appear to be reliable over time, they may be tapping into distinct aspects of global/local processing.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Potato virus Y (PVY) detection in a single aphid by one-step RT-PCR with boiling technique. Potato virusY (PVY) (Potyviridae: potyvirus) is a serious emerging virus affecting seed potato worldwide. It affects the seed potato by transmitting non-persistently via aphids. Sometimes this virus induces symptomless infection and is hard to detect in potato. So, it requires a specific and quick diagnosis for efficient examination. Recently, a reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based PVY detection method has been developed from plant as well as insect vectors. However, it is a complex and time consuming method. Here, we developed a simple PVY detection method that uses boiling for releasing the viral RNA from aphid stylets, and amplification by PVY-specific primers located in the viral coat protein gene. The method is suitable for various strains. This simplified method could save time compared to earlier detection methods because of the simplified RNA extraction step. Following this procedure, we tested this one-step RT-PCR-based PVY detection method by using three PVY vectoring aphid species (Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii and Macrosiphum euphorbiae) as well as other sucking insects such as thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. The reliability of a newly developed primer set was suitable for RT-PCR and procedures were successfully demonstrated for virus detection. This PVY detection method is rapid, easy to use and suitable for large-scale testing in laboratories of seed potato, and could potentially be applied to virus-free seed potato production.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Fascism. In his study of fascism the author dwells on the debate about its definition and the main evolution stages inter-war and post-war. Special attention is paid to the ideological system of fascism and its key development trends such as internationalization and virtualization.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "First case of cervical epidural abscess caused by brucellosis in Saudi Arabia: A case report and literature review. Spinal epidural abscess (SEA) is an extremely rare and disastrous musculoskeletal complication of spondylodiscitis and sacroilitis secondary to brucellosis infection. Few case reports and retrospective studies have been published reporting patients with epidural abscesses mainly lumbar, and thoracic while cervical abscess are rare. Management of spinal epidural abscess due to Brucella species is not standard and remains controversial. To the best of our knowledge this is the first case of brucellar cervical epidural abscess reported in Saudi Arabia. In this paper, we review the literature and report a case of a 67-year-old Saudi gentleman, who presented with fever and back pain. Further evaluation revealed cervical epidural abscess and a positive serology for brucellosis. Following 6 months of antibiotic therapy alone against brucellosis, he showed significant clinical and radiological improvement. Spinal epidural abscess caused by brucellosis is a rare condition, difficult to diagnose, and can be complicated by disastrous neurological or vascular complication if left untreated. Brucellosis must be considered as a possible cause of spinal epidural abscess in patients from endemic area. Hence, early detection and initiation of appropriate medical treatment alone is crucial in preventing permanent neurological complication, and possibly avoid surgical intervention.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "Genetic contributions to the study of taxonomy, ecology, and evolution of mayflies (Ephemeroptera): review and future perspectives. Since the late 1970s, allozymes, microsatellites, and DNA sequence variation have been widely used to Study the taxonomy, ecology, and evolution of mayflies (Ephemeroptera). Early research investigated species limits in morphologically cryptic groups and attempted to link immature and adult stages using genetic markers. Population genetic studies soon followed, with a strong emphasis on measuring gene flow as a proxy for dispersal. Most recently, direct sequencing of DNA and molecular phylogenetic tools have broadened our understanding of mayfly systematics and evolution. Interestingly, these newer approaches have also begun to re-address some of the earliest questions about species circumscription and taxonomy. Here we present an overview of genetics in mayfly research to date, focusing on how genetic approaches have been applied to taxonomy, phylogenetics, and population genetics. We identify a number of outstanding questions and highlight some of the most interesting topics for future research. These include the need for evolutionarily valid species concepts when applying genetics to taxonomy, a better understanding of how parthenogenesis may affect population genetic structure, and increased use of DNA sequence data from nuclear gene regions.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "The Effect of Activation Method of Rubber on the Performance of Modified Asphalt Binder. Poor storage stability is a key problem restricting the rapid development and wide application of rubber-modified asphalt binder, and activation of rubber has shown good prospects to solve this problem. In this study, two activation methods, coating by polyamide 6 and grafting by acrylamide, were introduced to treat crumb rubber. Then the activated rubber was added to base asphalt binder to prepare modified asphalt binder. The chemical structure and morphology of rubber powder before and after activation and of asphalt binder before and after modification were characterized by Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The conventional and rheological properties and storage stability were analyzed to reveal the influence of activation method on the performance of asphalt binder. The results showed that after being activated, the surface of the rubber is loose and rough. A chemical reaction did not occur during activation by polyamide but occurred during activation by acrylamide. The activation of the rubber effectively improved the high- and low-temperature performance, and the softening difference decreased by 79.8%. This is because the interaction between rubber and asphalt binder was enhanced through activation of rubber, and grafting activation had better effect due to the chemical reaction between the basic amide groups of acrylamide and acid groups of asphalt binder.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Cross-Diffusion Effects on the Onset of Double Diffusive Convection in a Couple Stress Fluid Saturated Rotating Anisotropic Porous Layer. In this paper, we have investigated the onset of double diffusive convection (DDC) in a couple stress fluid saturated rotating anisotropic porous layer in the presence of Soret and Dufour effects using linear stability analyses which is based on the usual normal mode technique. The onset criteria for both stationary and oscillatory modes obtained analytically. The effects of the Taylor number, mechanical anisotropy parameter, Darcy Prandtl number, solute Rayleigh number, normalized porosity parameter, Soret and Dufour parameters on the stationary and oscillatory convections shown graphically. The effects of couple stresses are quite significant for large values of the non-dimensional parameter and delay the onset of convection. Taylor number has stabilizing effect on double diffusive convection, Dufour number has stabilizing effect in stationary mode while destabilizing in oscillatory mode. The negative Soret parameter stabilizes the system and positive Soret parameter destabilizes the system in the stationary convection, while in the oscillatory convection the negative Soret coefficient destabilize the system and positive Soret coefficient stabilizes the system.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Electrochemical study of modified cerium-silane bi-layer on Al alloy 2024-T3. In this paper, the performance of bis-1, 2-(triethoxysilyl) ethane (BTSE) as a pre-treatment to protect the AA 2024-T3 against corrosion has been investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization curves, and the scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET). The microstructural and morphological characterizations were carried out via scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy and the chemical composition evaluated using contact angle measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The electrochemical results showed that the additives improved the anticorrosion properties of the coating. The chemical characterization indicated that additives contribute to an increased degree of surface coverage, as well as to a more complete reticulation. The SVET results evidenced the self-healing abilities of Ce ions. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Molecular Design and Characterization of Ionic Monomers with Varying Ion Pair Interaction Energies. Ionic liquid monomers with ion pair interaction energies ranging from 73.0 to 101.4 kcal/mol were designed by using the calculated electrostatic potential (ESP) values of the component ions. The ionic liquid monomers were classified as cationic monomers with an anionic counterion and anionic monomers with a cationic counterion. We evaluated the calculated ion pair interaction energy using counterion mobility as an indicator. One component of the ion pair was fixed onto a dielectric elastomer by using alkoxysilane coupling agents, while the counterion remained free to move under the applied voltage. We then measured the relative dielectric constant at 0.01 Hz, which is an indicator of the mobility of the counterion. The results showed a good correlation between the calculated ion pair interaction energy and the relative dielectric constant. The lower the ion pair interaction energy is, the easier the dissociation of the ion pair. From this result, we were able to prove the correlation between the calculated ion pair interaction energy and the mobility of the counterion. Furthermore, classification of other ion pair compounds and polyelectrolyte polymer brushes that follow the anion Hofmeister series based on ion pair interaction energies revealed the correlation between physical properties and the ionic structure. Various ionic compounds with desired physical properties can be designed by using the calculated ion pair interaction energies.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Naming of Chiral Drugs: Should We Revisit?. The purpose of standard nonproprietary, or generic, drug nomenclature is to provide a universally consistent and reliable name that facilitates safe and effective medication use in society. Naming that presents the drug inaccurately may result in erroneous prescribing and potentially puts the patient's health at risk. This paper tracks the historical record of guidelines for naming stereoisomer drugs both in the United States and on an international basis. We also examine the concordance of current nonproprietary (generic) names with the United States Adopted Names (USAN) stereoisomer naming guidelines currently in place. The USAN stereoisomer naming guidelines have changed throughout the years; however, the nonproprietary names of many drugs designated under previous guidelines have not been updated to reflect these changes. There is a need for key players such as the USAN Council, United States Pharmacopeia (USP), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to come together to establish a practical, informative, and consistent set of guidelines for the naming of stereoisomer drugs. We acknowledge that the naming of stereoisomer drugs to provide useful information for clinicians is not simple, but the current state of affairs is inconsistent and unreliable, putting patient safety at risk. The purpose of the recommendations within this paper is to stimulate thinking and to improve the current stereoisomer naming guidelines, while reducing the future public health risk of continuing inconsistent stereoisomer drug naming practices.", "label": [0, 2, 3, 22, 8, 29]}
+{"token": "Cordyceps yinjiangensis, a new ant-pathogenic fungus. Ant-pathogenic fungi are mainly found in the Ophiocordycipitaceae, rarely in the Cordycipitaceae. During a survey of entomopathogenetic fungi from Southwest China, a new species, Cordyceps yinjiangensis, was isolated from the ponerine. It differs from other Cordyceps species by its ant host, shorter phialides, and smaller septate conidia formed in an imbricate chain. Phylogenetic analyses based on the combined datasets of (LSU+RPB2+TEF) and (ITS+TEF) confirmed that C. yinjiangensis is distinct from other species. The new species is formally described and illustrated, and compared to similar species.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Clinical decision making in undergraduate nursing students: A mixed methods multisite study. Results: Three quarters of the participants (n = 127) scored in the quasi-rational range of clinical decision making indicating they are flexible making decisions dependent on the situation. Six themes described how students made clinical decisions.Background: Clinical decision making is an integral part of what nurses do, yet little is known about how students learn how to make clinical decisions or about the nature of the clinical decisions they make-whether intuitive or analytical. This multischool, multistate embedded mixed methods study was conducted to better understand these phenomena within the context of Hammond's Cognitive Continuum Theory. The content for this manuscript was taken from the primary author's dissertation.Conclusions: Participants were flexible decision makers who used the help of others, lessons learned, the wisdom of nurses, experience, the situation at hand, and systematic cognitive processing to make clinical decisions.Methods: Students (N = 168) completed the NDMI-Revised 2014; followed by focus groups.", "label": [2, 5, 53, 26]}
+{"token": "Two taxa within the North African Lestes virens complex (Zygoptera : Lestidae). A study of Lestes \\\\'virens\\\\' in Algeria, based on SEM, size analysis, and molecular analysis of nuclear ribosomal DNA genes (18S, 5.8S) and spacers (ITS1 and 2), reveals the presence of two taxa that can be separated by the length and sequence of their ITS1 and their adult coloration, but not by molecular features in their 18S and 5.8S genes, the ITS2 spacer, and morphology. This contrasts with the Enallagma cyathigerum-group, where geographically defined morphological differences were unaccompanied by differences in ITS1 and ITS2. Previous ecological data had shown the first lestid to be a summer, and the second an autumnal reproducer. The red autumnal species is here named Lestes numidicus sp. n. (holotype male, allotype female : Algeria, Lac des Oiseaux, X-1993; deposited in IRSN, Brussels); the status of the green summer species is discussed. It probably corresponds to L virens, but this is likely to be a hybrid taxon, resulting from the postglacial introgression of L numidicus with a taxon invading from the East, via the Iberian Peninsula. L. virens vestalis from France is likely to be introgressed as well. In case this hypothesis is confirmed, the first junior synonym available, L. marikovskii (Belyshev) from Kazakhstan, applies to the taxon extending from Kazakhstan-Tajikistan to Central Europe.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Development of cooperation in new venture support networks: the role of key actors. Purpose - New venture support networks (NVSN) are an instrument of enterprise policy with the aim of effectively coordinating the activities of different organisations involved in new venture support. This paper aims to illuminate the role of certain key actors in facilitating and maintaining cooperation in such networks, which are characterised by a heterogeneous actor structure and a lack of a network culture due to having been established by political initiative.Findings - Identifies three general functions for key actors: generating benefits for the member organisations from without and within the network; communicating these benefits to the member organisations; and maintaining a balance between the heterogeneous interests of the network partners.Originality/value - This is the first examination of the role of key actors in the context of NVSN, which are themselves a recent phenomenon and a novel concept in academic literature.Design/methodology/approach - This paper discusses case studies in five German NVSN, which are all part of the governmental initiative \\\\'EXIST - Entrepreneurs from Universities\\\\', established in 1998.Research limitations/implications - The study identifies the roles that key actors perform in the EXIST networks, but it does not show any causal relation as to the actual success of the key actors.Practical implications - The results can be applied in planning and managing enterprise policy and other projects involving inter-organisational cooperation with a heterogeneous range of actors.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Wild edible plants traditionally gathered in Gorbeialdea (Biscay, Basque Country). This ethnobotanical study aims to describe the domain of wild edible plants in Gorbeialdea (Biscay, Iberian Peninsula), and to assess the cultural importance of the different species and food categories. Field work was conducted between 2008 and 2010, interviewing 103 informants about the traditional use of wild plants for food. The edible use of 49 species was recorded, 45% of them gathered for their fruits. The most important species coincide with those registered in other regions in the north of the Iberian Peninsula (Prunus spinosa, Rubus ulmifolius, Castanea sativa, Fragaria vesca, Rumex acetosa, Vaccinium myrtillus and Arbutus unedo). However, the importance of some species and uses that had not been previously recorded as edible in the ethnobotanical literature of the Iberian Peninsula, highlights the singularity of the area. The consumption of the leaves of Fagus sylvatica, the seeds of Pinus radiata, and the shoots of Pteridium aquilinum are some examples of specific uses. The eating of the fruits of Quercus robur, and Q. ilex was common until some decades ago and is still remembered by the informants. However, the consumption of those fruits has now a social stigma, and as shown in this paper, it can be overlooked by a methodology only based on open interviews. The most important use-category was 'fruits', following the trend found in other northern regions of the Iberian and Italian Peninsulas. 'Snack vegetables' is also a relevant category, including 35% of the cited species, with a high diversity of chewed plants, mainly as hunger or thirst quenchers. On the contrary, there was a low valorization of condiments and elaborated vegetables.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "VIDEO TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING DYNAMICS OF LIQUID-LIQUID DISPERSION DURING PHASE INVERSION. Studies on the dynamics of phase inversion available offer limited information due to the difficulty of following the transient mean and drop-size distribution. A new technique developed provides such data. A stereo microscope with a very shallow depth of field attached to a video camera gives sharp images of droplets in intensely-agitated, immiscible liquid dispersions by using a Strobotach pulsing at the camera framing rate. Droplets from 40 mu m upward at concentrations up to 70% by volume dispersed phase can be measured accurately. Droplets of continuous organic phase in aqueous drops can be seen. The pictures can be analyzed semiautomatically using a computer and in-house software to give, using a variety of discretizations, cumulative and frequency distributions to any base and any mean size. Means and distributions are a function of time for phase inversions generated in three ways. The technique gives a powerful tool for understanding fast, complex dispersion processes.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "The kantian concept of law: a krausist review. A considerable list of Krausist authors fought the formalist notion of Kant's Law, which they considered poor, as long as it was purely outer law, without actual content of substantive ends. These Krausist reviews take place during a period in which, at least as far as Spanish and Anglo-American jurisprudence was concerned, an often uncritical positivist consensus predominated in jurisprudential thought. Spanish Krausism opposes with philosophical and legal arguments to this doctrine, using this stream as its main interlocutor, and using it as a counterpoint to expose its own concept of Law, which arises from a more realistic, substantive and objective perspective than Kantian ethics, and which is more in tune with current conceptions of Ethics and Philosophy of Law.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Hagia Sophia and Multisensory Aesthetics. Focusing on the sixth-century interior of the church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, this article explores the way marble and gold appear and their psychological effect on the spectator as recorded in Byzantine ekphrasis and liturgical texts. In turn, this optical shimmer, in Greek, marmarygma, is linked to the acoustic properties of marble, especially its capacity to reflect sound waves. The meaning of the optical and acoustic reflection is related to the Eucharistic rite and, more specifically, to the concept of animation, empsychosis. The exploration of acoustics is further deepened by the use of the sound of exploding balloons and modern digital technology to measure the reverberation time of the interior and to generate with its aid computer auralizations of Byzantine chant, recorded anechoically (with minimal room acoustics). Combining literary analysis, philological inquiry, and scientific research, this study uncovers the multisensory aesthetics of Hagia Sophia and recuperates the notion of aural architecture.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "A special morph of hormaphidine aphid Glyphinaphis bambusae van der Goot (Hemiptera) from China. The hormaphidine aphid genus Glyphinaphis van der Goot (1917) represented by its lone and type species, G. bambusae van der Goot, restricted to South East Asia (China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines) is studied in this article. Its morphological characters, such as the shape of knob of cauda, and the length of dorsal setae showing extreme variation are examined. A special short-seta morph found on Bambusa sp., from Guangxi Autonomous Region of China, is described. A key to the two morphs and their illustrations, hosts and distribution, are provided.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Effects of wheat bran extracts on seedling growth of plants. The effects of wheat bran extracts were examined on root and shoot growth of five plant spp. (rape, garden cress, lettuce, cockscomb, and sesame) to identify the strongest growth inhibition or promotion and the most sensitive species. The 90 % water [MeOH:H2O = 10:90 (v/v)] extracts were most inhibitory to root and shoot growth of rape, garden cress, lettuce and sesame, followed by methanol and acetone extracts. The inhibition was concentration-dependent. The 90 % water extracts considerably stimulated the shoot growth of cockscomb, followed by acetone and methanol extracts. The 90 % water extracts from 3 to 30 g eq./l concentrations increased the growth, but higher concentrations were inhibitory. Thus, wheat bran contains water-soluble allelochemicals that exhibit plant selectivity. The extract concentrations required for 50 % inhibition were smaller for root growth than for shoot growth, with the exception of acetone extracts for garden cress and cockscomb. Thus, wheat bran or its water extracts can be important tool for weed suppression or crop promotion in agroecosystems.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "On Two RFID Privacy Notions and Their Relations. Privacy of RFID systems is receiving increasing attention in the RFID community. Basically, there are two kinds of RFID privacy notions in the literature: one based on the indistinguishability of two tags, denoted as ind-privacy, and the other based on the unpredictability of the output of an RFID protocol, denoted as unpprivacy. In this article, we first revisit the existing unpredictability-based RFID privacy models and point out their limitations. We then propose a new RFID privacy model, denoted as unp*-privacy, based on the indistinguishability of a real tag and a virtual tag. We formally clarify its relationship with the ind-privacy model. It is proven that ind-privacy is weaker than unp*-privacy. Moreover, the minimal (necessary and sufficient) condition on RFID tags to achieve unp*-privacy is determined. It is shown that if an RFID system is unp*-private, then the computational power of an RFID tag can be used to construct a pseudorandom function family provided that the RFID system is complete and sound. On the other hand, if each tag is able to compute a pseudorandom function, then the tags can be used to construct an RFID system with unp*-privacy. In this sense, a pseudorandom function family is the minimal requirement on an RFID tag's computational power for enforcing RFID system privacy. Finally, a new RFID mutual authentication protocol is proposed to satisfy the minimal requirement.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Predicted Release and Analysis of Novel ACE-I, Renin, and DPP-IV Inhibitory Peptides from Common Oat (Avena sativa) Protein Hydrolysates Using in Silico Analysis. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays an important role in regulating hypertension by controlling vasoconstriction and intravascular fluid volume. RAAS itself is largely regulated by the actions of renin (EC 3.4.23.15) and the angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE-I; EC 3.4.15.1). The enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV; EC 3.4.14.5) also plays a role in the development of type-2 diabetes. The inhibition of the renin, ACE-I, and DPP-IV enzymes has therefore become a key therapeutic target for the treatment of hypertension and diabetes. The aim of this study was to assess the bioactivity of different oat (Avena sativa) protein isolates and their ability to inhibit the renin, ACE-I, and DPP-IV enzymes. In silico analysis was carried out to predictthe likelihood of bioactive inhibitory peptides occurring from oat protein hydrolysates following in silico hydrolysis with the proteases papain and ficin. Nine peptides, including FFG, IFFFL, PFL, WWK, WCY, FPIL, CPA, FLLA, and FEPL were subsequently chemically synthesised, and their bioactivities were confirmed using in vitro bioassays. The isolated oat proteins derived from seven different oat varieties were found to inhibit the ACE-I enzyme by between 86.5 +/- 10.7% and 96.5 +/- 25.8%, renin by between 40.5 +/- 21.5% and 70.9 +/- 7.6%, and DPP-IV by between 3.7 +/- 3.9% and 46.2 +/- 28.8%. The activity of the synthesised peptides was also determined.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Role of Amlavetasa (Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham.), an Ayurvedic drug in E-beta Thalassaemia : A case study. Thalassaemia has been recognized by the World Health Organization as an important inherited disorder which has an impact mainly on the populations of low income countries. The prevalence of variant haemoglobins varies considerably with geographic location and racial groups. Four hemoglobin variants, Hb S, Hb C, Hb E, and Hb D each affects millions worldwide and they represent a major public health problem in many areas of the world including South East Asia. However, in India, haemoglobin E-beta thalassemia is prevalent in Bengal and the North-eastern region, but relatively rare in the rest of the country. Genotype is responsible for almost one-half of all severe beta thalassemia worldwide characterized by marked clinical variability from asymptomatic anemia to a life-threatening disorder requiring regular blood transfusions from infancy life, iron chelation and management of secondary complications of iron overload. Ayurveda texts do not describe any disease similar to thalassemia. But considering the pathophysiology of disease in Ayurveda, it may be understood as a Beejadoshajanya Panda. The following case study focuses on effect of Amlavetas as a new adjuvent treatment on an 8-year-old girl having Hb E-beta-thalassemia with several episodes of blood transfusions and increased serum ferritin level (2514 ng/mL) whose serum iron was marked down to significant level in due course of treatment. An effort was made with the hypothesis that Amlavetasa acts as an iron chelator in the management of beta thalassemia (Hemoglobin E Disease) and improves the quality of life by increasing the gap of blood transfusion. Assessment was done on subjective and objective parameters after 6 months of treatment with follow up of two months.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Understanding the evolution of open government data research: towards open data sustainability and smartness. The past decade has witnessed a rapid development of open government data practices and academic research. However, there is no systematic survey of existing research to understand the evolution of open government data. Such research can facilitate knowledge transfer within and across domains, and foster learning for countries in the early stages of open government data development. This study quantitively extracted the evolution trajectory of open government data based on the main path analysis method and then analysed the underlying motivations. The results show that open government data research went through four main phases and that the open government data movement has spread towards developing countries and smart cities. Different challenges and issues faced by the researchers in each phase drove the evolution of open government data research. Finally, we discuss future directions of open government data research based on our findings and recent development. There is a tendency to create sustainable open government data and smartness by employing artificial intelligence and creating data marketplaces.Points for practitionersOpen government data efforts have evolved over the years into a global phenomenon. Countries have learned from each other and more and more efforts are focused on innovating with open government data by stimulating co-creation and using other incentives. The way that data are opened should focus on achieving goals like innovation, participation, transparency and accountability. There is a tendency to create sustainable open government data and smartness by employing artificial intelligence and creating data marketplaces.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Bond Returns and Market Expectations. A well-documented empirical result is that market expectations extracted from futures contracts on the federal funds rate are among the best predictors for the future course of monetary policy. We show how this information can be exploited to produce accurate forecasts of bond excess returns and to construct profitable investment strategies in bond markets. We use an exponential tilting method for incorporating market expectations into forecasts from a standard term-structure model and then derive the implied forecasts for bond excess returns. We find that the method delivers substantial improvements in out-of-sample accuracy relative to a number of benchmarks. The accuracy improvements are both statistically and economically significant for bond maturities of up to two years and forecast horizons less than one year, and would have allowed an investor to obtain positive cumulative excess returns from simple \\\\'riding the yield curve\\\\' investment strategies over the past ten years. For long forecast horizons and bond maturities of four or five years, the preferred forecast is instead one implied by a simple autoregressive model.", "label": [5, 48, 49]}
+{"token": "Constraints on the anisotropic parameters for pseudoelastic vertical transverse isotropy wave equations and the applications on imaging carbonate reservoirs. Seismic anisotropy is an intrinsic elastic property. Appropriate accounting of anisotropy is critical for correct and accurate positioning seismic events in reverse time migration. Although the full elastic wave equation may serve as the ultimate solution for modeling and imaging, pseudoelastic and pseudoacoustic wave equations are more preferable due to their computation efficiency and simplicity in practice. The anisotropic parameters and their relations are not arbitrary because they are constrained by the energy principle. Based on the investigation of the stability condition of the pseudoelastic wave equations, we have developed a set of explicit formulations for determining the S-wave velocity from given Thomsen's parameters epsilon and delta for vertical transverse isotropy and tilted transverse isotropy media. The estimated S-wave velocity ensures that the wave equations are stable and well-posed in the cases of epsilon > delta and epsilon < delta. In the case of epsilon < delta, a common situation in carbonate, a positive value of S-wave velocity is needed to avoid the wavefield instability. Comparing the stability constraints of the pseudoelastic- with the full-elastic wave equation, we conclude that the feasible range of epsilon and delta was slightly larger for the pseudoelastic assumption. The success of achieving high-accuracy images and high-quality angle gathers using the proposed constraints is demonstrated in a synthetic example and a field example from Saudi Arabia.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Extending the Multi-Area Thevenin Equivalents method for parallel solutions of bulk power systems. The Multi-Area Thevenin Equivalents (MATES) algorithm takes a partitioned network into a number of subnetworks interconnected by links and solves it in a two-step procedure: first, the subnetworks are solved independently, with the links open, and then the system formed by the links is solved with the subnetworks represented by their Thevenin equivalents as seen from the link nodes. In this paper, novel concepts, based on the characteristics of the electric networks, are introduced to the MATE algorithm, which minimize computation, memory usage and data exchange between processes. In addition, the performance of the algorithm is also analyzed and theoretical speedups limits are also obtained. Lastly, an application using the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) system (similar to 15,000 buses) is presented and compared with timings obtained with another parallel sparse linear solver. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Funneled Bayesian Optimization for Design, Tuning and Control of Autonomous Systems. In this paper, we tackle several problems that appear in robotics and autonomous systems: algorithm tuning, automatic control, and intelligent design. All those problems share in common that they can be mapped to global optimization problems where evaluations are expensive. Bayesian optimization (BO) has become a fundamental global optimization algorithm in many problems where sample efficiency is of paramount importance. BO uses a probabilistic surrogate model to learn the response function and reduce the number of samples required. Gaussian processes (GPs) have become a standard surrogate model for their flexibility to represent a distribution over functions. In a black-box settings, the common assumption is that the underlying function can be modeled with a stationary GP. In this paper, we present a novel kernel function specially designed for BO, that allows nonstationary behavior of the surrogate model in an adaptive local region. This kernel is able to reconstruct non-stationarity even with the irregular sampling distribution that arises from BO. Furthermore, in our experiments, we found that this new kernel results in an improved local search (exploitation), without penalizing the global search (exploration) in many applications. We provide extensive results in well-known optimization benchmarks, machine learning hyperparameter tuning, reinforcement learning, and control problems, and UAV wing optimization. The results show that the new method is able to outperform the state of the art in BO both in stationary and nonstationary problems.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Mechanical Properties and Nanostructure of Multi-Layered Al-Zn-Mg Alloy with Compositional Gradient. The mechanical properties and nanostructure of the multi-layered aluminum alloy sheet were investigated by tensile test, hardness test, electron probe microanalysis and micro-small-angle X-ray scattering in scanning mode, focusing on the distributions through the thickness. The multi-layered sheets consisting of highly concentrated Al-Mg and Al-Zn alloys show a remarkable increase in proof stress after interdiffusion and artificial aging. The predominant layers to contribute to the proof stress change from the layers with higher Zn/Mg ratio in T4 temper to the layers with lower Zn/Mg ratio after artificial aging. These age-hardening responses depend on the layers, which are large in the layers with higher Zn/Mg ratio, whereas small in the layer with lower Zn/Mg ratio. These noticeable bulk properties are ascribed to the local change in the types, volumes and morphologies of the G.P. zones and/or metastable phases depending on the concentration profiles through the thickness, which are produced from these unique multi-layered structures.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Formation of a single quasicrystalline phase in an Al55Cu25.5Fe12.5Be7 alloy. An alloy with a single quasicrystalline icosahedral phase (I phase) can be produced by partial replacement of Al with Be (7 at.%) in an Al62Cu25.5Fe12.5 alloy. The I phase nucleates first and then grows in a dendritic manner and the remaining liquid solidifies into the metastable tau phase at a later stage of solidification during conventional casting with a Cu mould. With a lower cooling rate (crucible cooling), the liquid melt solidifies into an almost single I phase without heat treatment. The present study shows that the addition of Be stabilizes the I phase and expands the I-phase region. The Al55Cu25.5Fe12.5Be7 I phase exhibits a highly ordered F-type structure like the Al-Cu-Fe I phase, and the intensities of the superlattice peaks in the electron or X-ray diffraction patterns do not vary on the addition of Be.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Molecular phylogenetic analysis supports the synonymy of Prodontria modesta (Broun) and Prodontria bicolorata Given (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae). The validity of the synonymy of Prodontria modesta (Broun) and the nationally endangered Prodontria bicolorata Given, both flightless with very restricted distributions in Central Otago, New Zealand, was investigated using molecular phylogenetic analyses of a section of the mitochondrial gene region coding for cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1). Maximum likelihood analysis of the COI data found no separate, monophyletic lineages linked to colour form among six populations of the beetle and the genetic variation observed was less than that recorded within many other beetle species, including other melolonthines. The synonymisation of P. bicolorata with P. modesta should be considered valid and conservation efforts should focus on protecting habitats and populations, rather than on preserving colour forms.", "label": [4, 44, 39]}
+{"token": "Israeli nuclear weapons, 2014. Although the Israeli government neither confirms nor denies that it possesses nuclear weapons, it is generally accepted by friend and foe alike that Israel is a nuclear-armed stateand has been so for nearly half a century. The basis for this conclusion has been strengthened significantly since our previous estimate in 2002, particularly thanks to new documents obtained by scholars under the US Freedom of Information Act and other openly available sources.(1) We conclude that many of the public claims about the size of the Israeli nuclear arsenal are exaggerated. We estimate that Israel has a stockpile of approximately 80 nuclear warheads for delivery by two dozen missiles, a couple of squadrons of aircraft, and perhaps a small number of sea-launched cruise missiles.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
+{"token": "Legitimating Other People's Scriptures: Pasquier Quesnel's Nouveau Testament Across Post-Reformation Europe. This study traces the evolution of one version of the New Testament across two early modern kingdoms and three confessional communities. The Oratorian priest Pasquier Quesnel salvaged the text of the Nouveau Testament \\\\'de Mons,\\\\' which was condemned in 1667 for infidelity to the Vulgate, by attaching \\\\' Christian thoughts\\\\' to each verse and framing the new product as a moral commentary. The French Jesuit Michel Le Tellier revived the charges against the \\\\'Mons\\\\' scriptures, but he could not prevent their redistribution in Quesnel's L'Abrege de la morale de l'Evangile (1672) and Nouveau Testament (1692) for more than three decades until he shifted his attack away from the translation toward the legitimating paratexts. Long before then, Le Tellier plunged the French Jesuits into the competition for marketing vernacular scripture-books. Though they first proposed an alternative model of scripture-reading, they increasingly borrowed from Quesnel's model as they had more success proscribing his book. Meanwhile in England, both Catholics and Protestants attempted to fit Quesnel's scripture-books to the standards of their geo-confessional communities, conforming enough to make transgression possible. The Catholic physician Richard Short represented Quesnel's book as the \\\\'Jesuit\\\\' Rheims version while the Anglican divine Richard Russel re-packaged it as a deluxe King James Bible. The struggles of all these competitors illuminate the informal processes of authorization that enabled scripture-books to shadow the Authorized Versions and to expand the space for publisher adaptation and reader appropriation between them. By analyzing the permutations of books, scholars might enrich their understanding of confessional differences, often limited to comparisons of textual access, and more precisely discern the varieties of historical relationships that particular Christian communities sought with their sacred scriptures.", "label": [3, 31, 33]}
+{"token": "Teach students, Empower patients, Act collaboratively and Meet health goals: an early interprofessional clinical experience in transformed care. Methods: The TEAM Clinic curriculum was based on a review of existing curricula and best practice recommendations for the transformation of care. Three key elements were selected as the focus for a low-volume, high-service clinic: patient centeredness, interprofessional collaboration and team-based care. Learners and medically and socially complex patients were recruited for voluntary participation and completed anonymous surveys about the experience during and afterward.Purpose: Transformation of care teaching is often didactic and conceptual instead of practical and operational. Clinical environments, slow to transform, limit student exposure to key experiences that characterize transformed care. We describe the design and implementation of TEAM Clinic (Teach students, Empower patients, Act collaboratively, Meet health goals) - an early clinical learning experience to address this gap.Results: Nine first-year medical students, two first-year social work students and one pharmacy resident were integrated into the interprofessional team. Students were assigned roles adapted to their level and skill set; deliberate interprofessional pairing was assigned to broaden perspectives on scope and role of team members. Upon completion of this two-semester experience, 11 of the 12 learners returned surveys; all rated the experience as positive (strongly agree or agree) on the Authentic Clinical Interprofessional Experience - Evaluation of Interprofessional Site tool. Patient surveys indicated satisfaction with multiple aspects of the visit.Conclusion: TEAM Clinic provided a practical example of transformation of care teaching in a not-yet-transformed environment. Logistical barriers included space, schedule and staffing. Facilitators included alignment with the goals of core curricula and faculty. Limitations included that this description of these curricula and this pilot come early in our longitudinal development of TEAM Clinic, constraining our ability to measure behavioral changes around interprofessional education, teamwork or patient centeredness. Next steps would examine the trajectory to these outcomes in the preclinical student group.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Ethics of Neighborly Intimacy among Community Health Activists in Delhi. What makes community health activism an ethical undertaking? I examine how, among Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) in an urban poor neighborhood in Delhi, health work is underscored by relational sensibilities. By primarily situating the inquiry into the everyday lives of ASHAs, and beyond the formal trajectories of their work, I show how their care work and relational commitments exceed the forms of care foregrounded in public health program protocols. ASHAs operate through an ethics of neighborly intimacy - relational knowledge and acts, guided by ethical obligations toward their neighbors, and underscored by existing dependencies and care, and the detachments and differentiations of relationships.", "label": [4, 5, 56, 42, 52]}
+{"token": "The quest for a better performing health system: Public expertise and corporate management recipes in France. Though the government pledged to cut the public deficit from 7.7% of the gross domestic product in 2010 to 3% by 2013, thereby responding to EU Normative power, health expenditures continue to rise, because public demands are higher and more social problems are handled in the health care setting. With French budget deficit threatening France's credit rating, novel instruments were needed. These included corporate management recipes (e.g., pay for performance contracts, patient volume targets, and management by objectives), new compensation mechanisms (e.g., activity-based accounting and a nationwide scale of health care costs) and far-reaching laws (e.g., the 2009 HPST bill). Our approach investigates some critical elements of the French health care system. We focus on primary (e.g., family physicians and General Practitioners) and secondary (e.g., hospital and specialty) care. We explore how policies such as the standardization of health services, the regrouping of health policy decisions within the larger Regional Health Agencies, affected citizens' engagement and physicians' autonomy. A French welfare elite pursued a hybrid strategy, regulating quasi-markets of care providers in a postcompetitive government, while creating supportive conditions for a vibrant private hospital sector. Reforms also emphasized evidenced-based policy, outputs-rather than outcome-measurement, and performance evaluation in a bid to streamline the delivery of health services.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Remembering what the nose knows. In 1973 Trygg Engen came up with the idea of studying olfaction by examining the effects of brain damage on odor perception. This work led to two fundamental insights that have stood the test of time. First, central brain lesions can disrupt higher functions like odor identification, naming, or recognition memory without affecting the ability to detect and discriminate differences between odors. Second, the ability to make sense of what we smell depends on brain regions beyond the olfactory bulb and its immediate projection areas in primary olfactory cortex. A lot has been learned about neural mechanisms that give rise to the sense of smell since these early neuropsychological studies were conducted. This chapter reviews this early work in light of more recent discoveries of olfactory neuroscience.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 55]}
+{"token": "Risk reduction strategies in Branchipus schaefferi (Crustacea: Anostraca: Branchiopoda) as adaptation to a variable environment. Mud from a temporary pool in Morocco was sequentially inundated and dried at the laboratory to follow the life history of Branchipus schaefferi. Once adult, each female was coupled to a male in order to study their life history and reproduction. The average percentage of hatching decreased during the successive inundations, presumably as an adaptation to the unpredictability of the habitat. However, there was no indication that the offspring of the first inundation would preferentially hatch during their first inundation too, neither was there any such preference in the offspring of the delayed hatchings. Each female reduced risk by spreading hatching time of her resting eggs over consecutive inundations. Eggs did not hatch all at the same moment, reducing the chance that a female's entire offspring would die before reaching maturity if the pool would dry out too soon. There was a significant difference between the mean value of the number of resting eggs produced by the females from a large clutch size, and those produced by females from a small clutch size. There thus appears to be a genetic base for the clutch size of females.", "label": [4, 45]}
+{"token": "Pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of darunavir/ritonavir in treatment-experienced children and adolescents. Objective: To assess pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r) and optimized background regimen in treatment-experienced patients (6-17 years).Methods: In part I, 44 patients were randomized (1 : 1 ratio) to receive a body weight-adjusted, adult-equivalent dose (group A) or a 20-33% higher DRV/r twice daily (b.i.d.) dose (group B). Pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy were assessed following 2-week dosing (part I), which determined dosing for part II (evaluated 48-week safety and efficacy).Results: In part I, both groups met the protocol-specified criteria for pharmacokinetics and showed favorable tolerability and efficacy. The following body-weight doses were selected: DRV/r 375/50 mg b.i.d. (20-<30 kg), 450/60 mg b.i.d. (30-<40 kg) and 600/100 mg b.i.d. (>= 40 kg); these gave an AUC(24h), C(0h), and C(max) of 102, 114 and 112%, respectively, versus the corresponding mean adult pharmacokinetic parameter. In part II, 80 patients received DRV/r (median age: 14 years, mean baseline HIV-1 RNA: 4.64 log(10)copies/ml). One patient (1%) discontinued (treatment-unrelated grade 3 anxiety). An abnormal mean baseline triglyceride level was normalized at 48 weeks (P<0.01). At week 48, 65% had at least 1.0 log(10)HIV-1 RNA reduction; 59 and 48% achieved HIV-1 RNA less than 400 and less than 50 copies/ml, respectively (time-to-loss-of-virologic response). Mean age-adjusted weight z-score increased by 0.2 (P=0.003).Conclusion: In treatment-experienced children and adolescents, DRV/r showed comparable exposure to adults with appropriate dose selection, favorable safety and tolerability, improved body weight and significant virologic response. DRV/r is a valuable therapeutic option for this population. (C) 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & WilkinsDesign: Forty-eight-week, open-label, two-part, phase II study.", "label": [2, 18, 25, 21]}
+{"token": "Time required for improvement of an analgesic rebound headache. There is typically delayed improvement in analgesic rebound headache after the offending agents have been discontinued. This case history documents that, at times, it might be necessary to omit medications for 6 months until the almost daily headaches cease.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Effect of 7-day therapy with different doses of the proton pump inhibitor lansoprazole on the intragastric pH in healthy human subjects. Background: Systematic, randomized, and controlled studies on the effect of low to high doses of the proton pump inhibitor lansoprazole on intragastric acidity and plasma gastrin levels have not previously been performed. Methods: We investigated the effect of 7-day therapy with different doses of lansoprazole (15 mg once or twice daily, 30 mg once or twice daily, and 15 mg three times daily) on intragastric acidity and meal-stimulated daytime plasma gastrin levels in 12 healthy Helicobacter pylori-negative human subjects in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 6-way crossover study. On days 1, 2, and 7 of the study 24-h intragastric ps-metry and 12-h integrated daytime plasma gastrin determinations were done. Results: Lansoprazole in a dose regimen of 1 x 30 mg/day, 3 x 15 mg/daily, and 2 x 30 mg/day significantly (P < 0.05) increased the intragastric 24-h median pH on days 1, 2, and 7 of therapy as compared with placebo. Lansoprazole in doses of 1 x 15 mg/day and 2 x 15 mg/day significantly increased the intragastric 24-h median pH on days 2 and 7 but not on day 1 of therapy. Doses of 3 x 15 mg and 2 x 30 mg lansoprazole daily significantly increased the intragastric 24-h median pH on days 2 and 7 of treatment as compared with 1 x 30mg lansoprazole daily. Except for 1 x 15 mg lansoprazole on day 1 of therapy, all given dose regimens of lansoprazole (15-60 mg/day) significantly (P < 0.05) stimulated the 12-h integrated meal-stimulated daytime plasma gastrin response (pM x min) on days 1, 2, and 7 of therapy as compared with placebo. Conclusion: A dose of 1 x 30 mg/day is nearly as potent as higher dose regimens of lansoprazole. Thus it most Likely is the optimum dose for therapy of gastric and duodenal peptic lesions. A dose of 1 x 15 mg lansoprazole daily is a potent inhibitor of gastric acid output and could be a therapeutic dose for prevention of peptic lesions (that is, reflux oesophagitis or ulcers).", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN THE ECHOLOCATION CALLS OF 3 SYMPATRIC INDIAN HIPPOSIDERID BATS, AND AN EXPERIMENTAL ATTEMPT TO JAM BAT ECHOLOCATION. We studied three species of hipposiderid bats coexisting in southern India. The species were scaled versions of similar wing shape, and were separated from one another in terms of echolocation call frequency and body size. All species used echolocation signals which consisted of constant-frequency (CF) components with frequency-modulated (FM) tails. The three species were Hipposideros speoris (length (FAL) = ca. 51 mm, CF = ca. 138 kHz) H. fulvus (FAL = ca. 39 mm, CF = ca. 157 kHz) and H. ater (FAL = ca. 36 mm, CF = ca. 166 kHz). In H. speoris no sexual size dimorphism was apparent, but males emitted higher CFs on average than females. Tn H. fulvus, females were the larger sex, but there was no difference in CF between sexes. In both sexes, CF was positively correlated with body condition. We tested whether individuals shifted personal CFs when Eying in groups in H, speoris, and found evidence only for small-scale (<1 kHz) frequency shifting. An experiment was designed which attempted to jam echolocation. Bats were flown through an obstacle course, and were subjected to playbacks of echolocation calls. We predicted that collision rate would only be increased under playback of own calls. There was weak evidence in support of this hypothesis for H. speoris, but H. fulvus performed best when calls of conspecifics were broadcast. It is likely that echolocation performs a communicative function in this species. The study supported the hypothesis that CF bats use personal frequencies in echolocation which are determined by factors such as sex and condition. Whether the variation may be maintained to avoid the risk of jamming one's own echolocation with calls or echoes from conspecifics remains equivocal.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Mineral dust around the Sahara-from source to sink A review with emphasis on contributions of the German soil science community in the last twenty years. Natural mineral dust has manifold environmental effects reaching from fertilizing aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems to affecting the earth's radiation balance and thus impacting on climate. The Sahara is considered the largest source of natural mineral dust on the globe, so much research attention has been paid to source identification, dust mobilization, transport, and effects in the sink areas. This paper gives a review of the research results concerning these topics emphasizing soil-science-related aspects of the last 20 y and the identification of knowledge gaps.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Ebola Virus IgG Seroprevalence in Southern Mali. Mali had 2 reported introductions of Ebola virus (EBOV) during the 2013-2016 West Africa epidemic. Previously, no evidence for EBOV circulation was reported in Mali. We performed an EBOV serosurvey study in southern Mali. We found low seroprevalence in the population, indicating local exposure to EBOV or closely related Ebola viruses.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
+{"token": "A feasibility quantification study of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) content in duck meat for freshness evaluation. Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) content is one of the core indicators for evaluating freshness of duck meat. Visible and near-infrared (Vis/NIR) reflectance spectroscopy was implemented in this study to determine the TVB-N content in duck breast meat. Quantitative calibration models were built by partial least square regression (PLSR) between the spectral data and the measured TVB-N values. The different spectral pre-processing methods were employed and synergy interval partial least squares and principal component analysis methods were used to select important wavelengths. In comparison, the prediction model with full spectra after multiplicative scatter correction pre-processing yielded optimum results with a root mean squared error for the prediction set (RMSEP) of 1.060 mg/100 g and a correlation coefficient (RP) of 0.859. The results of this study demonstrated the feasibility of the quantification method for total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) content in duck meat based on Vis/NIR spectroscopy technique as an objective tool. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 36, 22, 8]}
+{"token": "Towards Near Real-Time Social Recommendations for the Enterprise. The widespread use of social platforms in contemporary organizations leads to the generation of large amounts of content shared through various social tools. This information is distributed and often unstructured, making it difficult to fully exploit its value in an enterprise context. While Semantic Web technologies allow for publishing meaningful and structured data, major challenges include: (1) real-time integration of distributed social data, and (2) content personalization to identify relevant pieces of information and present them to users to limit the information overload. We propose to combine Semantic Web technologies with standardized transport protocols, such as XMPP, to provide an efficient and open source layer for aggregation of distributed social data in an enterprise. In addition, we propose a personalisation approach, which is able to provide filtered and personalised access on top of such distributed social data.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Functional changes in deep dorsal horn interneurons following spinal cord injury are enhanced with different durations of exercise training. Following incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI), collaterals sprout from intact and injured axons in the vicinity of the lesion. These sprouts are thought to form new synaptic contacts that effectively bypass the lesion epicentre and contribute to improved functional recovery. Such anatomical changes are known to be enhanced by exercise training; however, the mechanisms underlying exercise-mediated plasticity are poorly understood. Specifically, we do not know how SCI alone or SCI combined with exercise alters the intrinsic and synaptic properties of interneurons in the vicinity of a SCI. Here we use a hemisection model of incomplete SCI in adult mice and whole-cell patch-clamp recording in a horizontal spinal cord slice preparation to examine the functional properties of deep dorsal horn (DDH) interneurons located in the vicinity of a SCI following 3 or 6weeks of treadmill exercise training. We examined the functional properties of local and descending excitatory synaptic connections by recording spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) and responses to dorsal column stimulation, respectively. We find that SCI in untrained animals exerts powerful effects on intrinsic, and especially, synaptic properties of DDH interneurons. Plasticity in intrinsic properties was most prominent at 3weeks post SCI, whereas synaptic plasticity was greatest at 6weeks post injury. Exercise training did not markedly affect intrinsic membrane properties; however, local and descending excitatory synaptic drive were enhanced by 3 and 6weeks of training. These results suggest exercise promotes synaptic plasticity in spinal cord interneurons that are ideally placed to form new intraspinal circuits after SCI.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Method development for quantitative analysis of naturally occurring radioactive nuclides in building materials. Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) increase radiation exposure to the public as these materials are concentrated through artificial manufacturing processes by human activities. This study focuses on the development of a method for the quantitative analysis of Th-232, U-235, and U-238 in building materials. The accuracy and precision of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for determination of digestion processes was evaluated for certified reference materials (CRMs) digested using various mixed acid (e.g., aqua regia, hydrofluoric acid, and perchloric acid) digestions and a LiBO2 fusion method. The method validation results reveal that a LiBO2 fusion and Fe(OH) 3 co-precipitation should be applied as the optimal sample digestion process for the quantitative analysis of radionuclides in building materials. The radioactivity of Th-232, U-235, and U-238 in a total of 51 building material (e.g., board, brick, cement, paint, tile, and wall paper) samples was quantitatively analyzed using an established process. Finally, the values of U-238 and Th-232 radioactivity were comprehensively compared with those from the indirect method using gamma-spectrometry.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Astaxanthin reduces MMP expressions, suppresses cancer cell migrations, and triggers apoptotic caspases of in vitro and in vivo models in melanoma. This study assessed the use of astaxanthin as an anticancer agent for increasing inhibition to melanoma cells (A375 and A2058). Wound healing and invasion assays presented that astaxanthin treatment reduced melanoma cell migration in a dose-dependent manner. The effects on melanoma cell migration were conferred via suppressed expressions of matrix metalloproteinases 1, 2 and 9. Dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay further showed that astaxanthin treatment reduced production of cellular reactive oxygen species. Cellular proliferation assay revealed potent dose-dependent inhibiting effects on melanoma cells. One-dimensional flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that astaxanthin induced cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. Mechanisms of apoptosis were verified by double fluorescence staining with annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate and propidium iodide. The antitumor effects of astaxanthin significantly decreased tumor size in a xenograft model. In summary, the experimental results showed that astaxanthin has potent in vivo and in vitro inhibiting effects on melanoma tumor growth for developing as chemotherapeutic agents. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
+{"token": "Bearings Downsizing by Strength Enhancement and Service Life Extension. Slim bearings are used widely in aircrafts, robots, wind turbines, and industrial machineries, where their size and weight are very important for the performance of a system. The common materials of slim bearings for robots and industrial machineries are based on SAE52110 bearing steel, and special heat treatment and a super polishing process are used and adapted to improve the rolling contact fatigue (RCF) strength of bearings. The improvement in RCF strength, depending on contact stress, surface hardness, and the friction behavior before and after ultrasonic nanocrystalline surface modification (UNSM) treatment was validated. Simple analysis shows that these improvements can reduce the size and weight of slim bearings down to about 3.40-21.25% and 14.3-26.05%, respectively. Hence, this UNSM technology is an opportunity to implement cost-saving and energy consuming super-polishing, a heat treatment process, and to reduce the size and weight of slim bearings.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "A novel method to obtain a real-time control force strategy using genetic algorithms for dynamic systems subjected to external arbitrary excitations. The paper deals with a discrete differential dynamic programming type of problem. It is an optimal control problem where an external disturbance is controlled over the time horizon by a control force constituted with the well-known convolution approach. The paper presents a simple and novel idea to achieve an optimally controlled response when a linear system is subjected to an arbitrary external disturbance. The proposed approach uses the convolution concept and states that if a control method can be established to restore a unit external disturbance, then the convolution integral can be applied to generate an overall control strategy to control the system when it is subjected to an arbitrary external disturbance. In spite of its simplicity, such a strategy has not been encountered in the literature. The only requirement for this method to be useful is to obtain an optimal control strategy to suppress the vibration of the system when it is subjected to unit response disturbance. To accomplish this, a method from classical optimal control theory such as linear quadratic regulator (LQR) that involves solving the Riccati equation of the associated system can be used. However, genetic algorithm (GA) can be adopted as an alternative way to obtain an optimal control strategy against impulse input. As any arbitrary excitation can be divided into impulses, the convolution concept will constitute the overall optimal control strategy for any arbitrary excitation with simply shifting, scaling and summation (or integration) of the GA-optimized control strategy for each impulse of the arbitrary excitation. The proposed method can be used for real time control applications. Once the control strategy for the impulse disturbance is established, the results can then be used at each time step when online control is performed. Computer simulations were carried out to control the response of a quarter-vehicle active suspension system using the proposed method. The obtained results were compared to those of linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and passive suspension applications. The overall results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method for active suspension systems, especially in suppressing the vehicle body displacement when compared to both the LQR based and passive systems. Furthermore, such a control system proves to be simpler requiring less information to process, which is crucial for real-time applications. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "ON A BOSON-EXPANSION METHOD WITH 2-BODY CORRELATIONS. Dynamical Nuclear Field Theory which was modified in the previous paper so as to bring complete equivalence with Boson Expansion Theory (BET) is now extended to derive a BET under the influence of two-body correlations. For this purpose, the driving Hamiltonian of the vibrating Hartree field approximation is supplemented by the residual two-body interaction. Effective forms of Tamm-Dancoff fermion-pair and scattering operators are expanded perturbatively. Effects of three kinds of bubble diagrams can be incorporated by the renormalization procedure, but the contributions from unlinked diagrams remain uncancelled. Comparisons with Nuclear Field Theory are discussed.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Fecal Microbial Transplants Reduce Antibiotic-resistant Genes in Patients With Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection. Results as well as assembled libraries from a healthy cohort (n = 87) obtained from the Human Microbiome Project were aligned against the NCBI bacterial taxonomy database and the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database. Results were corroborated through a DNA microarray containing 354 antibiotic resistance (ABR) genes. Results. RCDI patients had a greater number and diversity of ABR genes compared with donors and healthy controls. Beta-lactam, multidrug efflux pumps, fluoroquinolone, and antibiotic inactivation ABR genes were increased in RCDI patients, although donors primarily had tetracycline resistance. RCDI patients were dominated by Proteobacteria with Escherichia coli and Klebsiella most prevalent. FMT resulted in a resolution of symptoms that correlated directly with a decreased number and diversity of ABR genes and increased Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes with reduced Proteobacteria. ABR gene profiles were maintained in recipients for up to a year following FMT.Conclusions. RCDI patients have increased numbers of antibiotic-resistant organisms. FMT is effective in the eradication of pathogenic antibiotic-resistant organisms and elimination of ABR genes.Background. Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (RCDI) is associated with repeated antibiotic treatment and the enhanced growth of antibiotic-resistant microbes. This study tested the hypothesis that patients with RCDI would harbor large numbers of antibiotic-resistant microbes and that fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) would reduce the number of antibiotic-resistant genes.Methods. In a single center study, patients with RCDI (n = 20) received FMT from universal donors via colonoscopy. Stool samples were collected from donors (n = 3) and patients prior to and following FMT. DNA was extracted and shotgun metagenomics performed.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "Additional records of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896 in the Moroccan Sea, Africa. In this study, 110 male and female blue crabs Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896 were collected from the coastal waters of Morocco, Africa using baited traps between February and December 2021. Here, we report the first occurrence of the species in the ports of Tangier and Tangier Med (the Strait of Gibraltar). These additional records support recent work by others of hundreds of blue crabs (mostly females) collected from different locations along the Moroccan coastline. Combined, these records represent the distribution of the species throughout northwestern Africa. These new locations may be indicative of natural expansion from a previously introduced population in the Tangier Med, which is the largest port in Africa. Additional population genetics are needed to further elucidate questions surrounding the continued spread of C. sapidus along the northwestern African coast.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Vertical electrical sounding data inversion using continuous ant colony optimization algorithm: A case study from Hassi R'Mel, Algeria. Among the existing geophysical methods, the vertical electrical sounding remains a fast and economical way to detect groundwater resources. However, the interpretation of the vertical electrical sounding data often suffers from non-uniqueness due to the ill-posed nature of the inverse problem. In recent years, metaheuristic algorithms have been successfully used for solving ill-conditioned and ill-posed problems. This work presents a scheme that uses the continuous ant colony optimization (ACOR) technique to invert vertical electrical sounding data. The ACOR is a global search algorithm that explores and finds the globally optimal solution over a search space by mimicking the behaviour of biological ants. The development of this algorithm was due to the requirement to interpret a set of vertical electrical sounding collected at the region of Hassi R'Mel (Algerian Sahara). The area has a particular geological/geoelectrical structure, which renders the interpretation of vertical electrical sounding challenging as standard inversion approaches tend to fail to recover a reliable resistivity model. The ACOR algorithm was initially tested with synthetic data from models simulating the geological/hydrogeological structure of the studied area. The results verified the robustness and stability of the ACOR algorithm even in the presence of a high level of noise. Furthermore, the tests indicated that the ACOR algorithm performed better when compared to other inversion techniques for this particular geoelectrical structure. Five vertical electrical sounding profiles using a Schlumberger array collected in the region of Hassi R'Mel were inverted using the ACOR algorithm. The models confirmed the presence of the two central aquifer systems and showed the geometry of the aquifer with the most favourable conditions for water accumulations.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "History, population policies, and fertility decline in Eastern Europe: A case study. Why does Eastern Europe have the lowest fertility in the world? Most explanations focus on the consequences of upheaval in that region during the 1990s. These so-called \\\\'transition\\\\' explanations miss a major part of the story. For the Romanian case, we show that the decline infertility over the 1990s represents the continuation of a longstanding trend that was only interrupted by the extremely efficient pro-natalist policies inaugurated in the 1960s. We conclude that the conventional transition explanations of the 1990s fertility decline in Eastern Europe are incomplete because they fail to give due weight to the effect of population policies.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 31, 52]}
+{"token": "Bounds on Treatment Effects in the Presence of Sample Selection and Noncompliance: The Wage Effects of Job Corps. Randomized and natural experiments are commonly used in economics and other social science fields to estimate the effect of programs and interventions. Even when employing experimental data, assessing the impact of a treatment is often complicated by the presence of sample selection (outcomes are only observed for a selected group) and noncompliance (some treatment group individuals do not receive the treatment while some control individuals do). We address both of these identification problems simultaneously and derive nonparametric bounds for average treatment effects within a principal stratification framework. We employ these bounds to empirically assess the wage effects of Job Corps (JC), the most comprehensive and largest federally funded job training program for disadvantaged youth in the United States. Our results strongly suggest positive average effects of JC on wages for individuals who comply with their treatment assignment and would be employed whether or not they enrolled in JC (the always-employed compliers). Under relatively weak monotonicity and mean dominance assumptions, we find that this average effect is between 5.7% and 13.9% 4years after randomization, and between 7.7% and 17.5% for non-Hispanics. Our results are consistent with larger effects of JC on wages than those found without adjusting for noncompliance.", "label": [4, 5, 49, 41, 52]}
+{"token": "Multi-angle comparison of UV/chlorine, UV/monochloramine, and UV/chlorine dioxide processes for water treatment and reuse. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been increasingly studied and practiced for micropollutant abate-ment in drinking water treatment and potable water reuse. This study conducted the multi-angle comparison of the UV/chlorine, UV/monochloramine (UV/NH2Cl), and UV/chlorine dioxide (UV/ClO2) AOPs with respect to reactive species generation, micropollutant degradation, byproduct formation, and toxicity change. The con-centrations of radicals (HO., Cl., and ClO.) generated in the three AOPs followed the order of UV/chlorine > UV/ NH2Cl > UV/ClO2 at an oxidant dose of 70 mu M, an irradiation wavelength of 254 nm, and a pH of 7.5. The concentration of ozone generated in the UV/ClO2 AOP was higher than that in the UV/chlorine AOP, while ozone was not generated in the UV/NH2Cl AOP. The effects of pH (pH 6.0, 7.5, and 9.0) and UV wavelength (254 nm, 285 nm, and 300 nm) on the three AOPs were evaluated and compared. Using the radical and ozone concentrations determined in this study, the pseudo-first-order degradation rate constants of 24 micropollutants by the three AOPs were predicted and compared. When the three AOPs were used to treat the water containing the same concentration of natural organic matter, the formation of total organic chlorine (TOCl) and the organic byproduct-associated toxicity followed the same order of UV/chlorine > UV/NH2Cl > UV/ClO2. On the contrary, the inorganic byproduct-associated toxicity followed the order of UV/ClO2 > UV/chlorine > UV/NH2Cl, due to the high concentrations of chlorite and chlorate formed in the UV/ClO2 AOP. Findings in this study offer fundamental information useful for the selection and operation of AOPs for micropollutant abatement in drinking water treatment and potable water reuse.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Recovery of Nickel from Spent Industrial Catalysts Using Chelating Agents. The extraction of nickel from a spent primary steam reformer catalyst from an ammonia plant was carried out by chelation using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as the chelating agent. Ni recovery was optimized by varying the particle size distribution of catalyst (pretreatment of spent catalyst), stirring speed, temperature (particularly in an autoclave, where temperatures ranging from 100 to 200 degrees C were used), EDTA concentration, and solid-to-liquid ratio. Approximately 95% Ni recovery was achieved in the Ni extraction carried out under hydrothermal conditions in an autoclave, at temperatures of 150 degrees C and higher, over a 4-h period. The resulting Ni-EDTA complex was then \\\\'dechelated\\\\' using a mineral acid (H2SO4 and HNO3), resulting in the formation of a nickel nitrate or sulfate solution and the precipitation of EDTA (about 97% of the initial weight of EDTA was recovered). However, the chelation performance of Ni was shown to decrease with every Successive recovery of EDTA (in the case of dechelation using H2SO4). EDX analysis of fresh and recovered EDTA established that fresh EDTA is a disodium salt whereas recovered EDTA is protonated. EDX analysis also indicated sulfur in the recovered EDTA When sulfuric acid was used for dechelation. TGA data showed a much larger weight loss in recovered EDTA in comparison to the fresh sample, probably because of a combination of two factors: the presence of sulfur species and the protonation of EDTA after recovery. It is likely that differences in recovered EDTA as evidenced by EDX analysis and TGA are responsible for the lowering the Ni chelation efficiency. This possibility is being investigated further as part of ongoing research.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "In Vitro Evaluation of Scaffolds for the Delivery of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Wounds. Mesenchymal stemcells (MSCs) have been shown to improve tissue regeneration in several preclinical and clinical trials. These cells have been used in combination with three-dimensional scaffolds as a promising approach in the field of regenerative medicine. We compare the behavior of human adipose-derived MSCs (AdMSCs) on four different biomaterials that are awaiting or have already received FDA approval to determine a suitable regenerative scaffold for delivering these cells to dermal wounds and increasing healing potential. AdMSCs were isolated, characterized, and seeded onto scaffolds based on chitosan, fibrin, bovine collagen, and decellularized porcine dermis. In vitro results demonstrated that the scaffolds strongly influence key parameters, such as seeding efficiency, cellular distribution, attachment, survival, metabolic activity, and paracrine release. Chick chorioallantoic membrane assays revealed that the scaffold composition similarly influences the angiogenic potential of AdMSCs in vivo. The wound healing potential of scaffolds increases by means of a synergistic relationship between AdMSCs and biomaterial resulting in the release of proangiogenic and cytokine factors, which is currently lacking when a scaffold alone is utilized. Furthermore, the methods used herein can be utilized to test other scaffold materials to increase their wound healing potential with AdMSCs.", "label": [2, 18, 19]}
+{"token": "Secondary reinforcement of portland cement pastes using nanofibers aggregated based on polyvinyl alcohol.. This work deals with the behavior of electrospun nanofibers aggregated of poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) as the secondary reinforcement for reducing the drying shrinkage of cement during the curing at early ages; these nanofibers were added as reinforcement to a matrix of ultrafine portland cement paste in two different lengths (6 mm and 12 mm); their behavior was similar to that of polypropylene (PP) fibers embedded in the same matrix. The pastes were characterized by cement laser particle sizer; compression, flexural and impact testing, and failure analysis through scanning electron microscope (SEM). Shrinkage and cracking were measured at early ages. The results showed that the cement pastes with addition of PVA fibers showed improved results compared to cement pastes containing PP fibers. Such composite materials may be useful in making tunnels, grouts for repairing buildings, and in general, in applications that require injection or filling fluid due to characteristics of this type of cement.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "DIFFERENTIAL-EFFECTS OF THE PHORBOL ESTER TPA ON DNA-MEDIATED TRANSFECTION IN A VARIETY OF CELL-LINES. The efficiency of stable gene transfer and expression in NIH3T3 cells has been shown to be significantly enhanced by a brief treatment with the phorbol ester tetradecanoylphorbol 12,13-acetate (TPA) immediately following calcium-phosphate transfection. Several lines of evidence indicated that this effect was mediated through protein kinase C activation. These studies were expanded to determine whether this was a consistent and widespread phenomenon among other cell lines. The efficiency of transfection in two other established fibroblast lines, LMtk- and 2A3 3T3, was unaffected by TPA treatment, and primary human foreskin fibroblasts were similarly unaffected. Transfection was inhibited by TPA treatment in the transformed cell lines EJ and HeLa. Protein kinase C enzyme assays indicated that TPA causes a translocation of the enzyme from cytosol to membrane in both NIH3T3 and EJ cells, suggesting that the PKC translocation event does not account for the TPA effect on transfection. The TPA-mediated inhibition of transfection in EJ cells was not blocked by sphingosine, suggesting that this phenomenon is unrelated to PKC activation. The results suggest that TPA treatment may either enhance, inhibit, or have no effect on transfection, depending on the cell line.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Genetic variation between populations of the harp seal, Phoca groenlandica. Liver and muscle tissue collected from harp seals (Phoca groenlandica) in the Newfoundland area were analysed by isoelectric focusing of five known variable enzyme systems. Allele frequencies were compared with corresponding frequencies previously recorded in north-east Atlantic samples. Muscle tissue collected from harp seals in the White Sea area and the Greenland Sea were analysed by DNA-fingerprinting. Samples were compared using band-sharing coefficients. Frequency distributions in AAT-2 and ME-1 were significantly different from those previously found in samples collected in the north-east Atlantic. Accordingly, it seems justified to divide the total stock of harp seals into one eastern and one western component. Highly variable profiles of Pal I digested genomic DNA were revealed using the human minisatellite 33.15 hybridization probe. Intra- and inter-population average band-sharing coefficients were uniformly low (range: 0.111-0.116). DNA-fingerprinting analyses did not reveal evidence for genetic differentiation between White Sea and Greenland Sea harp seals. (C) 1996 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45, 39]}
+{"token": "TRAIT ANGER, HOSTILITY, SERUM HOMOCYSTEINE, AND RECURRENT CARDIAC EVENTS AFTER PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS. Conclusion Trait anger had a combined effect on the link between serum level of homocysteine and recurrent cardiac events. Interventions to reduce trait anger may improve health outcomes by influencing both trait anger and homocysteine level. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2009; 18: 554-561)Background Trait anger, hostility, and serum level of homocysteine are associated with recurrent cardiac events after percutaneous coronary interventions. However, whether trait anger or hostility influences the association between serum level of homocysteine and recurrent cardiac events is unknown.Results Trait anger (hazard ratio=1.11, 95% confidence interval=1.03-1.20) and homocysteine level (hazard ratio=1.10, 95% confidence interval=1.01-1.21) were independent predictors of recurrent cardiac events after other risk factors were controlled for. Patients with high trait anger (score >= 24) and high serum level of homocysteine (>= 11.3 mu mol/L) had the shortest time to recurrent cardiac events (P=.01).Methods This prospective study included 135 consecutive patients (68% male, mean age 61 [SD, 10] years) undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions during an index hospitalization. Trait anger and hostility were measured with the Spielberger Trait Anger Scale and the Cynical Hostility Scale, respectively. Blood samples were obtained to measure serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and homocysteine. Recurrent cardiac events (emergency department visits and rehospitalization) were noted for 6 months after discharge and confirmed by review of hospital records. Hierarchical Cox hazard regression was used for statistical analysis.Objectives To examine the relationships among trait anger, hostility, serum level of homocysteine, and recurrent cardiac events after percutaneous coronary interventions.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
+{"token": "EasyMAG - magnetic field toolbox calculator for electrical installation project. Originality/value - Shows that with this software it is possible to anticipate areas where magnetic field values might reach abnormally high values and to analyze alternative wiring layouts in order to keep the magnetic field values as low as possible.Design/methodology/approach - From a CAD software 3D representation of the model, including the electric wiring and considering the current in the electrical circuits, the software evaluates the magnetic field intensity for power-line frequencies at different heights.Purpose - This paper aims to present a software application, called EasyMAG, for simulating and calculating the magnetic field during the design of domestic/industrial electrical installations.Findings - Two application examples are presented consisting of a cabling layout in a lab room with three phase illumination and power socket circuits and a computer room above a power transformer room. The results were compared with measured values showing a good agreement between them.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40, 41]}
+{"token": "Polyamines of the thermophilic eubacteria belonging to the genera Aquifex, Thermodesulfobacterium, Thermus and Meiothermus, and the thermophilic archaebacteria belonging to the genera Sulfurisphaera, Sulfophobococcus, Stetteria, Thermocladium, Pyrococcus, Thermococcus, Methanopyrus and Methanothermus. Cellular polyamines of thermophilic eubacteria and archaebacteria were investigated for the chemotaxonomic significance of polyamine distribution profiles within thermophiles. A quaternary branched penta-amine, N-4-bis(aminopropyl)norspermidine, and another quaternary branched penta-amine, N-4-bis (aminopropyl)spermidine, were the main polyamines in the thermophilic eubacteria, Aquifex pyrophilus and Thermodesulfobacterium mobile, respectively. These quaternary amines and linear hexa-amines were also found in Thermus thermophilus but not detected in the new Thermus species, T. brockianus and T. oshimai, and Meiothermus species, M. chianophilus and M. silvanus. In new members of Crenarchaeota, Sulfurisphaera ohwakuensis contained norspermidine, spermidine, norspermine and spermine. in addition to these triamines and tetraamines, Stetteria hydrogenophila and Thermocladium modestius contained homocardopentamine and/or thermopentamine, and Sulfophobococcus zilligii contained cadaverine and homospermidine. The main polyamine of the hyperthermophilic Euryarchaeota, Pyrococcus horikoshii and Thermococcus fumicolans, was N-4-bis(aminopropyl)spermidine. Hyperthermophilic Methanothermus fervidus and Methanopyrus kandleri contained spermidine, spermine and agmatine, and lacked long and branched polyamines, suggesting that the distribution of long and branched polyamines are not essential for thermophilic methanogens.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "A Descriptive Bayesian Approach to Modeling and Calibrating Drivers' En Route Diversion Behavior. This paper presents a Bayesian approach for modeling and calibrating drivers' en route route changing decision with behavior data collected from laboratory driving simulators and field Bluetooth detectors. The behavior models are not based on assumptions of perfect rationality. Instead, a novel descriptive approach based on naive Bayes' rules is proposed and demonstrated. The en route diversion model is first estimated with behavior data from a driving simulator. Subsequently, the model is recalibrated for Maryland, based on Bluetooth detector data, and applied to analyze two dynamic message sign scenarios on I-95 and I-895. This calibration method allows researchers and practitioners to transfer the en route diversion model to other regions based on local observations. Future research can integrate this en route diversion model with microscopic traffic simulators, dynamic traffic assignment models, and/or activity-based/agent-based travel demand models for various traffic operations and transportation planning applications.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "On the Choice of Algebra for Quantization. In this article, I examine the relationship between physical quantities and physical states in quantum theories. I argue against the claim made by Arageorgis that the approach to interpreting quantum theories known as Algebraic Imperialism allows for too many states. I prove a result establishing that the Algebraic Imperialist has very general resources that she can employ to change her abstract algebra of quantities in order to rule out unphysical states.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Complications associated with total hip arthroplasty in four large nondomestic felids. CASE DESCRIPTIONA 9-year-old 37-kg sexually intact male snow leopard (Panthera uncia) with no history of lameness but radiographic evidence of right femoral subluxation and flattening of both femoral heads, 2 juvenile (< 1 year old) 25-kg sexually intact male cheetahs (Acinoynx jubatus) with unilateral hind limb lameness resulting from trauma, and an 11-year-old 110-kg sexually intact female Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) with a 2-year history of left hip joint osteoarthritis were examined.CLINICAL FINDINGSIn the snow leopard, both femoral THA components were found to be luxated 1 year after surgery. Treatment consisted of autogenous corticocancellous rib graft augmentation of the dorsal acetabular rims and synthetic suture capsulorrhaphies. The snow leopard lived for an additional 4 years with no additional THA-related complications. In the other 3 animals, catastrophic complications (luxation in the cheetahs and femoral fracture in the tiger) occurred shortly after THA. The THA implants were removed, and excision arthroplasty was performed. Long-term outcomes were good in all 3.TREATMENT AND OUTCOMENo clinically relevant clinical findings other than hip joint problems were identified. All 4 felids underwent staged bilateral (snow leopard) or unilateral (cheetahs and tiger [Panthera tigris]) total hip arthroplasty (THA).", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of a new P450 gene, CYP319A1, from the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. We have isolated and sequenced a novel P450 gene (CYP319A1) from the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. The CYP319A1 cDNA encodes a protein of 531 amino acids with an estimated molecular weight of 60.9 k. It contains all highly conserved motifs characteristic of P450 enzymes. Comparison of deduced amino acid sequence with other CYP members shows that the CYP319A1 is more closely related to CYP4 family, but its overall identity to the CYP4 family is less than 40%. Therefore, it was assigned to a new P450 family by the P450 nomenclature committee. A pseudogene which shares high homology with the CYP319A1 was identified. Analysis of genomic sequence of the pseudogene indicated that the pseudogene contains two additional DNA inserts in the coding region, which disrupt the open reading frame. RT-PCR analysis showed that CYP319A1 is expressed in both susceptible and acaricide-resistant ticks. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.", "label": [4, 44, 42]}
+{"token": "Origin of Nanoscale Variations in Photoresponse of an Organic Solar Cell. Photogenerated charge transport in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells is strongly dependent on the active layer nanomorphology resulting from phase segregation. Here, we systematically study the nanoscale photocurrent response from BHJs based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT-PCBM) with a photoconductive atomic force microscope (PCAFM). The photocurrent is either collected directly by the tip or through nanopatterned metal contacts. The photoresponse measured at the top surface shows significant inhomogeneity on the length scale of 100-500 nm with large low-efficiency regions, consistent with existence of a P3HT-rich skin layer of approximate to 10 em thick. The measurements with the nanocontacts validate the PCAFM results and demonstrate that the inhomogeneity averages to the conventional device result. Additionally, we use an ultralow angle microtomy (ULAM) technique to slice the active layer and create wedges along these cuts for probing of nanomorphology in the bulk. AFM images show a striking contrast between the top surface and the ULAM exposed material, revealing much finer features related to phase segregation below the skin layer and sub-100 nm length scales for charge transport.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "The cost-effectiveness of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in HIV-infected children in Zambia. Objective: To assess the cost-effectiveness of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in HIV-infected children in Zambia, as implementation at the local health centre level has yet to be undertaken in many resource-limited countries despite recommendations in recent updated World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines.Methods: Unit costs (US$ in 2006) were measured at University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka. Cost-effectiveness expressed as cost per life-year saved, cost per quality adjusted life-year (QALY) saved, cost per disability adjusted life-year (DALY) averted was calculated across a number of different scenarios at tertiary and primary healthcare centres.Conclusion: Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in HIV-infected children is an inexpensive low technology intervention that is highly cost-effective in Zambia, strongly supporting the adoption of WHO guidelines into essential healthcare packages in low-income countries. (C) 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.Results: Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis was associated with incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) of US$72 per life-year saved, US$94 per QALY saved and US$53 per DALY averted, i.e. substantially less than a cost-effectiveness threshold of US$1019 per outcome (gross domestic product per capita, Zambia 2006). ICERs of US$5 or less per outcome demonstrate that cotrimoxazole prophylaxis is even more cost-effective at the local healthcare level. The intervention remained cost-effective in all sensitivity analyses including routine haematological and CD4% monitoring, varying starting age, AIDS status, cotrimoxazole formulation, efficacy duration and discount rates.Design: A probabilistic decision analytical model of HIV/AIDS progression in children based on the CD4 cell percentage (CD4%) was populated with data from the placebo-controlled Children with HIV Antibiotic Prophylaxis trial that had reported a 43% reduction in mortality with cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in HIV-infected children aged 1-14 years.", "label": [2, 18, 25, 21]}
+{"token": "Analysis of Public Policies and Information Technologies: Opportunities and Challenges for Latin America and the Caribbean. This paper argues that there is a new window of opportunity to combine emergent information technologies, sophisticated analytical methods, and a great diversity of datasets in order to improve government capabilities and make better decisions in Latin America. However, this strategy, which we call IT-enabled policy analysis, would require adequate governance models, individuals with analytical skills, the availability of adequate data, and sophisticated information technologies. The potential benefits of creating organizations with powerful analytical capabilities within governments, universities, and non-governmental organizations are numerous and the impact on society could be great. Nevertheless, there are also some important political, organizational, and technical challenges that need to be discussed previously.One of the components of open government is the access of public information named as \\\\'open data\\\\'. For long time, governments have promoted initiatives to make a great diversity of information available in order to enhance productivity, effectiveness and strategic decision-making. Today, a revitalized wave of open access to data has focused on making government activities more transparent, participatory and collaborative; together, these activities represent \\\\'open government\\\\'. Some open data initiatives are intensively supported by the use of flexible and powerful information technologies and various analytical methods in the hands of expert and well-trained individuals for public policy analysis.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "Information but not consultation: exploring employee involvement in SMEs. Most research on employee involvement (EI) has focused on large or 'mainstream' organizations. By adopting those schemes which 'appear' to work well in larger organizations, smaller firms assume there will be enhanced employee commitment beyond formal contractual requirements. The main question in this paper is whether EI schemes designed by management will suffice under the 2004 Information and Consultation of Employees (ICE) Regulations. The paper focuses on SMEs which tend to favour informal and direct EI, and it remains unclear how these methods will be played out under the new regulatory environment. Evidence from four case studies is presented here and it suggests that the ICE Regulations impose new challenges for smaller firms given their tendency to provide information rather than consult with employees. It also appears organizational factors, workplace relations history and the way processes are implemented at enterprise level may be far more important than size itself.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Travel bans, climate change, refugees and human rights: a response to my critics. In responding to stimulating commentaries by David Owen, Shelley Wilcox, Tyler Paytas, Desiree Lim, and Lukas Schmid I develop my model of migration justice, showing how it has the resources needed not only to deal with these challenges but also to provide a fruitful approach to a full range of contemporary migration problems.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 54]}
+{"token": "Enhancement impact of Moringa oleifera leaves extract-base extender on cryopreservation and fertilization of Barki ram sperms: comparative study with vitamin E and selenium combination. This study evaluated the impacts of inclusion of Moringa Oleifera leaves extract (MOLE) in semen extender on rams cryopreserved semen quality and fertilization potential. Forty ejaculates were collected from eight fertile Barki rams, pooled and divided into five groups. The semen extender of the control group was without additives. The semen extender of the second and third groups was supplemented with MOLE at doses of 300 and 600 mu g/mL, respectively. The semen extender of the fourth and fifth groups was supplemented with a combination of vitamin E and selenium at doses of 2.5 and 5 mu g/mL, respectively. One hundred ten multiparous Barki ewes were artificially inseminated with the semen supplemented without or with MOLE or vitamin E and selenium combination. Inclusion of MOLE in semen extender significantly elevated the motility, viability index, membrane integrity and fertilization capacity of the post-thawed spermatozoa, as well as the activities of semen catalase, total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. However, it significantly decreased acrosomal defects and DNA fragmentation of spermatozoa, the activities of semen alkaline and acid phosphatase and the concentration of malondialdehyde compared with the other groups. Similarly, vitamin E and selenium significantly improved the above-mentioned parameters compared to those of the control group. This study indicated that inclusion of MOLE to semen extender improved the quality and fertility of the post-thawed rams' semen through enhancing the activities of the antioxidant enzyme system and decreasing the spermatozoa DNA fragmentation and lipid peroxidation.", "label": [0, 6, 10]}
+{"token": "The ROSA Mission of the Italian Space Agency. The Italian Space Agency (ASI) is funding several programs of Earth Observation. In order to contribute to a better knowledge of the Global Warmig, ASI is developing scientific and technological activities related to the study of the Atmosphere using the Radio Occulation Technique, a technique able to derive atmospheric vertical profiles of temperature, pressure and humidity. From space, this kind of measurements are usually made using IR and MW sounders, which has some well known limitations in vertical resolution and temperature sensitivity. The GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) Radio Occultation (RO) technique is able to investigate deeply and widely for retrieving physical parameters of Earth atmosphere.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 39]}
+{"token": "Intertextual Explosion, Inter-Subjective Poliphony, and Countervisuality: Cooperative Artistic Practices in the Latin American Spring. Experimental documentary Fragmentos porvenir (Miguel Alf onso-Bouhaben and students from Cine de UArtes 2020), as well as the digital platform and printed book La ciudad como textoiCarola Ureta Marin, Chile, 2020) are creative devices that refuse forgetfulness and which fix, in interwoven images, the popular energy that broke into public space in both countries in 2019, during what some media have called the Latin American Spring. This energy was generated by an anonymous and shapeless mass that does not claim authorship, but which shares with art the power of the intent to say something, to commit to a transforming point of view and which discovers, in its realization, a shared hope that turns it into an organic and political community. Both projects express surprise at the \\\\'event\\\\' and a certain reverence for the impressive power of the people that explodes, destroys, creates, and re-creates. The goal of Fragmentos por venir is the rupture of the hegemonic discourse of the media through the tactics of collage and reappropriation. La ciudad como texto is a collaborative and self-managed work to preserve the memory recorded on the walls of the avenue where the protests in Chile took place during the social uprising. Both projects offer alternative communication spaces that counteract the omissions and silencing of the mainstream media, through a critical process of deconstruction, remembrance, and reimagination through the transformation of images.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Wet Air Oxidation of phenol over Pt and Ru catalysts supported on cerium-based oxides: Resistance to fouling and kinetic modelling. Ceria and doped ceria supported Pt and Ru catalysts were tested at 160 degrees C in the Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation (CWAO) of phenol. Catalysts were compared in terms of activity, selectivity and resistance towards fouling. The respective influences of metal phase and support were studied. Under the selected operating conditions, 100% phenol conversion could be reached. Contrary to what was expected, improved Oxygen Storage Capacities (OSC) accelerated the accumulation of adsorbed species on the catalyst surface, therefore limiting the catalytic performance. By contrast, high metal dispersions enhanced both the elimination of aqueous organic compounds and the degradation of heavy molecules involved in the catalyst fouling. The progressive decrease in activity induced by carbonaceous deposits could be kinetically modelled using a simple reaction scheme. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36, 15]}
+{"token": "pH-Dependent Transient Conformational States Control Optical Properties in Cyan Fluorescent Protein. A recently engineered mutant of cyan fluorescent protein (WasCFP) that exhibits pH-dependent absorption suggests that its tryptophan-based chromophore switches between neutral (protonated) and charged (deprotonated) states depending on external pH. At pH 8.1, the latter gives rise to green fluorescence as opposed to the cyan color of emission that is characteristic for the neutral form at low pH. Given the high energy cost of deprotonating the tryptophan at the indole nitrogen, this behavior is puzzling, even if the stabilizing effect of the V61K mutation in proximity to the protonation/deprotonation site is considered. Because of its potential to open new avenues for the development of optical sensors and photoconvertible fluorescent proteins, a mechanistic understanding of how the charged state in WasCFP can possibly be stabilized is thus important. Attributed to the dynamic nature of proteins, such understanding often requires knowledge of the various conformations adopted, including transiently populated conformational states. Transient conformational states triggered by pH are of emerging interest and have been shown to be important whenever ionizable groups interact with hydrophobic environments. Using a combination of the weighted-ensemble sampling method and explicit-solvent constant pH molecular dynamics (CPHMDMS lambda D) simulations, we have identified a solvated transient state, characterized by a partially open beta-barrel where the chromophore pK(a) of 6.8 is shifted by over 20 units from that of the closed form (6.8 and 31.7, respectively). This state contributes a small population at low pH (12% at pH 6.1) but becomes dominant at mildly basic conditions, contributing as much as 53% at pH 8.1. This pH-dependent population shift between neutral (at pH 6.1) and charged (at pH 8.1) forms is thus responsible for the observed absorption behavior of WasCFP. Our findings demonstrate the conditions necessary to stabilize the charged state of the WasCFP chromophore (namely, local solvation at the deprotonation site and a partial flexibility of the protein beta-barrel structure) and provide the first evidence that transient conformational states can control optical properties of fluorescent proteins.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Pharmacokinetics of Repeated Oral Dosing with Coenzyme Q10 in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease. Coenzyme Q10 (Q10) is a mitochondrial cofactor and an antioxidant with the potential to combat oxidative stress in heart failure. This study aims to determine the pharmacokinetics of repeated oral dosing of Q10 in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) with spontaneous myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) and to evaluate echocardiographic parameters, circulating cardiac biomarkers, and quality of life (QoL) after treatment. The study is a randomized, placebo-controlled, single-blinded crossover study. Nineteen CKCS with MMVD were randomized to receive 100 mg Q10 (ubiquinone) bi-daily for three weeks, then placebo (or in reverse order). Clinical examination, blood sampling, echocardiography, and QoL assessment were performed before and after each treatment phase. Q10 plasma concentrations were determined in plasma using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method using electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD). Eighteen CKCS were included in the analyses. Total plasma concentration of Q10 increased significantly (p< 0.0001) from baseline (median, 0.92 mu g/mL; interquartile range (IQR), 0.70-1.26) to after treatment (median, 3.51 mu g/mL; IQR, 2.30-6.88). Thirteen dogs reached the threshold of a total plasma Q10 concentration of >= 2.0 mu g/mL. The average half-life (T-1/2) of Q10 was 2.95 days (IQR, 1.75-4.02). No significant differences were observed in clinical MMVD severity, and the owner perceived QoL between Q10 and placebo treatment. The solubilized Q10 formulation was well-tolerated in the dogs. Individual variation in plasma concentrations was observed following oral treatment. A long-term placebo-controlled trial is warranted in dogs with MMVD to determine long-term efficacy on the clinical severity of MMVD.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 18, 8, 42]}
+{"token": "Diagnostic Tools and Biomarkers for Severe Drug Eruptions. In accordance with the development of human technology, various medications have been speedily developed in the current decade. While they have beneficial impact on various diseases, these medications accidentally cause adverse reactions, especially drug eruption. This delayed hypersensitivity reaction in the skin sometimes causes a life-threatening adverse reaction, namely Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Therefore, how to identify these clinical courses in early time points is a critical issue. To improve this problem, various biomarkers have been found for these severe cutaneous adverse reactions through recent research. Granulysin, Fas ligands, perforin, and granzyme B are recognized as useful biomarkers to evaluate the early onset of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, and other biomarkers, such as miRNAs, high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), and S100A2, which are also helpful to identify the severe cutaneous adverse reactions. Because these tools have been currently well developed, updates of the knowledge in this field are necessary for clinicians. In this review, we focused on the detailed biomarkers and diagnostic tools for drug eruption and we also discussed the actual usefulness of these biomarkers in the clinical aspects based on the pathogenesis of drug eruption.", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
+{"token": "Towards A Pluralist Perspective in Religious Studies Beyond Positivistic Secularity and Phenomenology Theologized Abstract. There are two different approaches in the realm of teaching or investigating of the religions in the universities. On the one hand either the secular or the naturalist approach tries to explain the religions by irreligious factors, on the other hand, either the theological or classical phenomenology aims to describe the religions from insider's perspective. According to this outlook, whereas the secularist researchers defend on the fact that the religions should be taught by atheist or humanist acedemicians, the theological phenomenologists assert that the religions should be taught by the religious or beleivers. Although most people think that we are compelled to accept the only one from these two approaches, actually, here we argue for the third alternative way or position; we souldn't be urged to accept the concept of being \\\\'secular\\\\' as a positivist and an euro-centric paradigm. Therefore we may attain for an un-positivistic and un-reductionist concept of being secular and a new understanding of secularity which is in harmony with our own religious traditions and values.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Recent Advances in Plant Nanobionics and Nanobiosensors for Toxicology Applications. Emerging applications in the field of nanotechnology are able to solve a gamut of problems surrounding the applications of agroecosystems and food technology. Nano Engineered Material (NEM) based nanosensors are important tools for monitoring plant signaling pathways and metabolism that arc nondestructive, minimally invasive, and can provide real-time analysis of biotic and abiotic threats for better plant health. These sensors can measure chemical flux even at the single molecule level. Therefore, plant health could be monitored through nutrient management, disease assessment, plant hormones level, environmental pollution, etc. This review provides a comprehensive account of the current trends and practices for the proposed NEM related research and its (i) structural aspect, (ii) experimental design and performance as well as (iii) mechanisms of field application in agriculture and food system. This review also discusses the possibility of integration of data from NEM based nanosensors in current and emerging trends of precision agriculture, urban farming, and plant nanobionics to adopt a sustainable approach in agriculture,", "label": [1, 2, 19, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Sleep and kangaroo care: Clinical practice in the newborn intensive care unit - Where the baby sleeps.... This article provides a review of a change in practice within a Level III neonatal intensive care unit setting. The use of skin-to-skin holding as a means to secure parents' attachment to their infant, and support their child's rest and recovery in the neonatal intensive care unit, has been recognized historically and supported by research in this practice. The importance of sleep to the infant's developmental outcome was recognized and the use of skin-to-skin holding as a means of increasing stable infant sleep and rest was implemented. The implementation was based on published research, current practice within the nursery, and staff and family discussions. Implementation of skin-to-skin holding earlier in the newborn's neonatal intensive care unit course was accomplished by increasing interactive education, support, and ongoing review of unit practices and outcomes. Education regarding sleep states and cues was a focus of the project and understanding infant sleep assisted the staff in recognizing levels of restful sleep or restless sleep in infants. The implications of sleep and infant success in achieving discharge to home allowed the staff to see not only their role in infant sleep but also the parents' role in their newborn infant's sleep and growth in the nursery.", "label": [2, 22, 26, 27]}
+{"token": "The great East Japan earthquake disaster and ecological socialism. After the great earthquake disaster in Japan on 11 March 2011, Japan is considered to be confronting the third big change following the Meiji Restoration in 1868 and the defeat of World War II in 1945. In particular, the accident at the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant, which occurred as a result of the earthquake and tsunami, had a great impact on the Japanese people, who began to rethink the so-called 'peaceful' atomic power. The author proposes that this tragic accident was a consequence of today's 'imperialism against nature', and that only the program of ecological socialism will provide a political solution for the contemporary civilization of advanced science-based technology.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Behavior of budget expenditures during the election period: an analysis in panel data in the Brazilian municipalities. Objective: From the political budget cycle (COP) lens, we investigated the behavior of committed expenditures, investment spending and borrowing in the electoral period, in Brazilian municipalities with a population of 50,000 or more, in the period 2000-2016, comprising 353 clusters and 6001 observations. It was also investigated whether these municipalities meet the legal requirements on the use of budget resources in an election year. The study was motivated by the lack of consensus in the literature on the subject in question.Methodology: Four research hypotheses were built to assist in achieving the proposed objectives. Data were collected from IBGE, TSE and STN websites. Data were analyzed using the balanced panel data method, grouped by municipality and region, with Tobit regression application and Hausman, Breusch-Pagan Lagrange and F de Chow robustness tests. This method covered confidence with the interval of 99%, 77%, 79% and 84% explaining behavior between the variables.Results: The results show that there were no changes in expenditure committed before, during and after the election period, regardless of party equality and two-round election, unlike the results of some studies. As for spending on investments and borrowing in the election period, the study suggests an average increase of 9% and 68% respectively, and this is more intense when there is party equality between municipal and state governments, especially in the process of reelection. Regarding compliance with legal requirements on the use of budgetary resources in an election year, the study indicates that local governments do not comply with regulatory requirements.Contributions of the Study: contributes to the specific literature, because it presents robust results on the lack of consensus on the subject in question, as well as for future research involving municipalities with smaller population and comparison between regions and countries.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Microencapsulated Schwann cell transplantation inhibits P2X2/3 receptors overexpression in a sciatic nerve injury rat model with neuropathic pain. Transplantation of Schwann cells (SCs) can promote axonal regeneration and formation of the myelin sheath, reduce inflammation, and promote repair to the damaged nerve. Our previous studies have shown that transplantation of free or micro-encapsulated olfactory ensheathing cells can relieve neuropathic pain. There are no related reports regarding whether the transplantation of micro-encapsulated SCs can alleviate neuropathic pain mediated by P2X2/3 receptors. In the present study, we micro-encapsulated SCs in alginic acid and transplanted them into the region surrounding the injured sciatic nerve in the rat model of chronic constriction injury (CCI). The mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency were measured to assess changes in behavior 14 days after the surgery in CCI model rats. Ultrastructural changes in the injured sciatic nerve were assessed using transmission electron microscopy. Co-expression of P2X2/3 receptors with other markers in neurons in the L4.5 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were assessed using double-label immunofluorescence 14 days after surgery. We determined P2X2/3 mRNA expression and protein level changes in the DRG using quantitative real-time polymerase change reaction technology and Western blotting analysis. We have investigated that the transplantation of micro-encapsulated SCs can alleviate pathological pain caused by P2X2/3 receptor stimulation and explored new methods for the prevention and treatment of neuropathic pain.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Lowered Antioxidant Defenses and Increased Oxidative Toxicity Are Hallmarks of Deficit Schizophrenia: a Nomothetic Network Psychiatry Approach. There is now evidence that schizophrenia and deficit schizophrenia are neuro-immune conditions and that oxidative stress toxicity (OSTOX) may play a pathophysiological role. Aims of the study: to compare OSTOX biomarkers and antioxidant (ANTIOX) defenses in deficit versus non-deficit schizophrenia. We examined lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), sulfhydryl (-SH) groups, paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity and PON1 Q192R genotypes, and total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP) as well as immune biomarkers in patients with deficit (n = 40) and non-deficit (n = 40) schizophrenia and healthy controls (n = 40). Deficit schizophrenia is characterized by significantly increased levels of AOPP and lowered -SH, and PON1 activity, while no changes in the OSTOX/ANTIOX biomarkers were found in non-deficit schizophrenia. An increased OSTOX/ANTIOX ratio was significantly associated with deficit versus non-deficit schizophrenia (odds ratio = 3.15,p < 0.001). Partial least squares analysis showed that 47.6% of the variance in a latent vector extracted from psychosis, excitation, hostility, mannerism, negative symptoms, psychomotor retardation, formal thought disorders, and neurocognitive test scores was explained by LOOH+AOPP, PON1 genotype + activity, CCL11, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and IgA responses to neurotoxic tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs), whereas -SH groups and IgM responses to MDA showed indirect effects mediated by OSTOX and neuro-immune biomarkers. When overall severity of schizophrenia increases, multiple immune and oxidative (especially protein oxidation indicating chlorinative stress) neurotoxicities and impairments in immune-protective resilience become more prominent and shape a distinct nosological entity, namely deficit schizophrenia. The nomothetic network psychiatry approach allows building causal-pathway-phenotype models using machine learning techniques.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Authenticity and Plurality: From Heidegger's 'Anyone' to Arendt's 'Common Sense' and Back Again. This paper challenges the Arendt-inspired view that Dasein's individualization amounts to a radical separation from the world shared with others and ruled by \\\\'the anyone\\\\' (das Man), a withdrawal from human plurality which enables Dasein to devote itself exclusively to becoming itself, irrespective of any ethical and political norms. Although Arendt's critique does not hold (because resoluteness does not actually detach Dasein from its being-in-the-world with others), it prompts us to rethink the relation between the anyone and individualization and to see whether Dasein's authenticity can be connected to plurality more explicitly than Heidegger does. By comparing \\\\'the anyone\\\\' with Arendt's \\\\'common sense,\\\\' we can reach a neutral interpretation of the shared character of understanding, which appears in Being and Time ( 34) as \\\\'co-understanding\\\\' (Mitverstehen), as the existential interdependence of being-with (Mitsein) and understanding (Verstehen), articulated by discourse. I argue that the existential of co-understanding plays the same role as Arendt's \\\\' common sense,\\\\' fitting the individual into human plurality. The anyone is the primordial tendency of co-understanding to become concrete as the average shared understanding in which everyday Dasein is immersed. Therefore, resoluteness entails a detachment only from averageness, being an authentic disclosure of what has been averagely co-understood with others, namely of the plurality of Dasein's ownmost possibilities and of the plurality of others, to whom Dasein, as being-with, is indebted for these possibilities. Given this indebtedness, I argue that resolute Dasein is bound to exist ethically and politically, i.e. to care for the plurality of others, with whom it co-exists.", "label": [3, 5, 52, 32]}
+{"token": "Tobit 4,19 and Romans 9,18: An Intertextual Study. In this short article I explain how Paul and the author of Tobit share a common theology of Israel's divine election. Then I analyze the texts and contexts of the rare phrase (sic) in G(II) MS. 319 of Tob 4,19 and equally rare (sic) in Rom 9,18. From this analysis it seems reasonable to conclude that in composing Rom 9,18, Paul had in mind the virtually identical phrase found in Tob 4,19.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Self-Organized Cultural Cycles and the Uncertainty of Archaeological Thought. Contributing to the issue of complex relationship between social and cultural evolution, this paper aims to analyze repetitive patterns, or cycles, in the development of material culture. Our analysis focuses on culture change associated with sociopolitical and economic stasis. The proposed toy model describes the cyclical character of the quantitative and qualitative composition of archaeological assemblages, which include hierarchically organized cultural traits. Cycles sequentially process the stages of unification, diversity, and return to unification. This complex dynamic behavior is caused by the ratio between cultural traits' replication rate and the proportion of traits of the higher taxonomic order's related unit. Our approach identifies a shift from conformist to anti-conformist transmission, corresponding with open and closed phases in cultural evolution in respect to the introduction of innovations. The model also describes the dependence of a probability for horizontal transmission upon orders of taxonomic hierarchy during open phases. The obtained results are indicative for gradual cultural evolution at the low orders of taxonomic hierarchy and punctuated evolution at its high orders. The similarity of the model outcomes to the patters of material culture change reflecting societal transformations enables discussions around the uncertainty of explanation in archaeology and anthropology.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30]}
+{"token": "Effect of processing parameters on the magnetic properties and microstructures of molybdenum permalloy compacts made by powder metallurgy. Effects of compaction and annealing process on the magnetic properties and microstructures of molybdenum permalloy (MP) powder cores have been investigated. MP compacts, with density as high as 92% of the theoretical value, were obtained under 1800 MPa compaction pressure. The MP powder cores show an enhanced effective magnetic permeability of 160 after post-annealing at 690 degrees C, which is attributed to the relief of internal stress rather than the phase transformation evidenced by the XRD analysis. However, higher annealing temperature destroys the insulating layer, resulting in the drop of the electrical resistivity, the effective magnetic permeability as well as the frequency stability. The results show that the samples compacted at 1800 MPa and annealed at 690 degrees C exhibit excellent magnetic properties, with core loss of 780 mw/cm(3) (100 kHz, 100 mT) and effective magnetic permeability of 160 whose frequency stability is up to 1 MHz. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "The use of blast furnace slag as a raw material in Portland clinker manufacture. Blast furnace slag is a by-product resulting from iron pig manufacture. With its oxide composition being basically similar, to quite a great extent, to that of clinker, and its partial content in clinker mineral components, blast furnace slag may be employed among other alternative raw materials to substitute integrally or partly the traditional silicate and aluminate components in the raw mix in spite of its relatively small deficit in calcium oxide. This is likely to be the way to obtain expected process technology effects, such as: reducing the specific heat consumption in the clinker burning plant, increasing the hourly clinker output, reducing the specific consumption of raw materials, reducing the specific toxic emission, etc. These effects have been assessed by means of calculation, and the subsequent results have been confirmed in experiments in the laboratory and at scale. Depending on the specific local conditions, the use of blast furnace slag is likely to have an extremely positive effectiveness in economical terms and may add up to the ongoing efforts to protect the environment.", "label": [1, 17, 11]}
+{"token": "Exploration for anti-insect properties of lectin from seeds of soybean (Glycine max) using Bactrocera cucurbitae as a model. Lectin from Glycine max L. was extracted and purified by affinity chromatography using asialofetuin-linked porous amino-activated silica beads. The concentration-dependent effect of lectin was studied on freshly laid eggs (0-8 h old) of the melon fly Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett); lectin failed to influence egg hatching. However, treating second instar larvae (64-72 h old) with increasing concentrations of lectin significantly reduced the development period, number of pupae and number of emerging B. cucurbitae, and was negatively correlated with the increase in the lectin concentration. The LC50 value, 54 mu g ml(-1), was calculated on the basis of adult emergence. Treatment of the larvae (64-72 h old) with the LC50 concentration resulted in a decrease in pupal weight. The activity of three hydrolase enzymes (esterases, acid and alkaline phosphatases), one oxidoreductase (catalase) and one group transfer enzyme (glutathione S-transferase) was assayed in second instar larvae at the LC50 concentration of lectin after exposure for 24, 48 and 72 h. The activity of esterases increased significantly (P < 0.01) at the three exposure intervals, whereas the activities of the three other hydrolyses and the transferases were significantly suppressed (P < 0.01).", "label": [0, 4, 7, 44, 9]}
+{"token": "Equitable edge colored Steiner triple systems. A k-edge coloring of G is said to be equitable if the number of edges, at any vertex, colored with a certain color differ by at most one from the number of edges colored with a different color at the same vertex. An STS(v) is said to be polychromatic if the edges in each triple are colored with three different colors. In this paper, we show that every STS(v) admits a 3-edge coloring that is both polychromatic for the STS(v) and equitable for the underlying complete graph. Also, we show that, for v equivalent to 1 or 3 (mod 6), there exists an equitable k-edge coloring of K-v which does not admit any polychromatic STS(v), for k = 3 and k = v - 2.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Electrical conductivity in granular media and Branly's coherer: A simple experiment. We show how a simple laboratory experiment can illustrate certain electrical transport properties of metallic granular media. At a low critical external voltage, a transition from an insulating to a conductive state is observed. This transition comes from an electro-thermal coupling in the vicinity of the microcontacts between grains where microwelding occurs. Our apparatus allows us to obtain an implicit determination of the microcontact temperature, which is analogous to the use of a resistive thermometer. The experiment also helps us explain an old problem, Branly's coherer effect, which was used as a radio wave detector for the first wireless radio transmission, and is based on the sensitivity of the conductivity of metal filings to an electromagnetic wave. (c) 2005 American Association of Physics Teachers.", "label": [4, 5, 53, 35]}
+{"token": "The Archive of Lady Anne Barnard, 1750-1825. Anne Lindsay Barnard (1750-1825) is that rare phenomenon of a woman writer and artist of genius hiding in plain sight. She engaged provocatively with important enlightenment literary and cultural issues and, in spectacular watercolors, recorded her experience of life-including the lives of indigenous and enslaved peoples-at the Cape of Good Hope, yet there is hardly a trace of Barnard in literary criticism or art history. Barnard's fascinating archive, primarily in Scotland-in the National Library of Scotland (NLS) and Balcarres House, Fife, her birthplace-but also at locations in South Africa, remains virtually uncatalogued and untapped. This essay aims to introduce that archive to the reader by doing two things briefly: noting a few details about Barnard's life and describing the contents and the nature of her archive. I thereby hope to indicate the interests of Barnard's writing and art and their cultural and theoretical relevance. Her oeuvre is intelligently, self-consciously engaged with the cultural particularities of her time, with a humor, passion, and knowledge yet to be fully discussed. If approached with critical openness and historical awareness, Barnard can lift the veil on her liminal colonial culture with surprising results, for in doing so she dramatizes some of the key moral, political, and aesthetic paradoxes of her time.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Forecasting the Trends in Cloud Computing and its Impact on Future IT Business. Cloud computing has become the cutting-edge technology for information technology processing and high-end computational tasks. Cloud has started playing its part in almost all business processes. Big data in cloud has become the buzzword. The business impact of cloud has deepened with the growth of big data analytics. Current trends such as green cloud computing, mobile cloud computing, and big data have created social as well as business impact. In this chapter, the authors analyze the field of cloud computing and perform an intense literature survey augmented with mathematical analysis. The forecast on the future of cloud and analysis of the current trends shows that cloud computing is a promising technology that will evolve further in years to come.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Thwarted Innovation: The Western discourse on earthquake resistance in Japanese architecture - a historical review. The paper uses the discourse regarding the earthquake resistance of Japanese buildings as a means to gain insight into the formation of modern Western building sciences and their intentional dissociation from craft tradition. It traces actors and their patterns of argument through popular and specialized journals and shows the discourse to be a complex negotiation of cultural expectations, claims about the hegemony of Western civilisation, specialists' rivalries, and contemporary topics in European politics. The paper argues that this linking of building practices and building knowledge with paradigms of culture and civilisation had a lasting effect on the academic perception of Japanese architecture in general and wooden building construction in particular, and indeed impeded further research.The construction principles of traditional Japanese architecture are of considerable interest today. They appear to have a long history of academic scholarship in the West and one might assume that knowledge about them has reached an advanced state. This assumption is incorrect, however. Today's knowledge about Japanese construction principles is still comparatively limited outside Japan, since the topic was largely ignored by European civil engineers and architects during the late nineteenth century, when modern academic research on Japanese architecture began.", "label": [1, 3, 17, 31]}
+{"token": "Pycnogonida (Arthropoda) from Northern Adriatic Corallina officinalis Linnaeus, 1758 belts. This study examines Pycnogonida, sea spiders, collected from 54 Corallina officinalis belts in the vicinity of Pula and the Brijuni National Park. The areas include both exposed and sheltered localities as well as regions with various levels of human impact. Seven species were identified, namely Achelia echinata, A. langi, Tanystylum conirostre, Anoplodactylus angulatus, A. pygmaeus, Trygaeus communis, and Callipallene tiberi. As we used a quantifiable standard sample size of 5 cm(2), we could perform a statistical analysis of species richness and abundance. The exposed low human impact sites showed a significantly higher amount of both, specimens and species than the sheltered high impact sites. C. tiberi and A. echinata showed a marked preference for exposed low impact sites while T. conirostre was equally distributed among the habitat subtypes.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 38, 45, 39]}
+{"token": "Adverse events and the relation with quality of life in adults with intellectual disability and challenging behaviour using psychotropic drugs. Method: The presence of adverse events was measured with a questionnaire that had to be filled in by the physicians of the participants. Movement disorders were measured separately with a standardised protocol. The strength of the association between adverse events and Intellectual Disability Quality of Life-16 (IDQOL-16), and daily functioning was investigated using linear regression analyses, taking into account the severity of disease (CGI-S) as potential confounder.Results: Virtually all of 103 adults with ID and challenging behaviour had at least one adverse event (84.4%) and almost half had >= 3 adverse events (45.6%) across different subclasses. Using psychotropic drugs increased the prevalence of adverse events significantly. Respectively 13% of the patients without psychotropic drugs and 61% of the patients with >= 2 psychotropic drugs had >= 3 adverse events. Having adverse events had a significantly negative influence on the quality of life.Conclusions: A large majority of all patients had at least one adverse event associated with psychotropic drug use. More attention is needed for these adverse events and their negative influence on the quality of life of these patients, taking into account the lack of evidence of effectiveness of psychotropic drugs for challenging behaviour. (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd.Aims: To assess the prevalence of adverse events in association with psychotropic drug use in adults with ID and challenging behaviour and to examine the relation of these adverse events with the person's quality of life.Background: Psychotropic drugs are prescribed to approximately 30-40% of adults with intellectual disability (ID) and challenging behaviour, despite the limited evidence of effectiveness and the potential of adverse events.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 53]}
+{"token": "MALDI-TOF and C-13 NMR analysis of a renewable resource additive-Thermoplastic acetylated tannins. Acetylation of mimosa flavonoid tannin is easy to occur but to proceed to completion needs the presence of a catalyst. The acetylated tannin has been shown to be composed of flavonoid oligomers of different levels of acetylation in which the robinetinidin flavonoid unit predominates. All the different -OH groups of the flavonoids, both phenolic and alcoholic, are subject to acetylation. Whatever the level of acetylation the acetylated tannin loses its solubility in water and becomes thermoplastic. In the case of the mimosa extract used here the predominance of acetylated B-flavonoid units is exclusively due to the predominance of B-type units, both robinetinidin and catechin, in the original tannin. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
+{"token": "Metabolic tracking of isoflavones in soybean products and biosamples from healthy adults after fermented soybean consumption. Fermentation may enhance the nutritional properties of foods by increasing metabolite bioactivity or bioavailability. This study explored the effect of fermentation on isoflavone bioavailability and metabolism. Isoflavone metabolites were tracked in foods and biospecimens of healthy adults after fermented soybean (FS) or non-fermented soybean (NFS) consumption in a randomized, controlled, crossover intervention study. The change in soybean isoflavones caused by fermentation resulted in faster absorption and higher bioavailability after consumption of FS. Although the urinary level of total isoflavone metabolites was similar after the consumption of the two diets, urinary genistein 7-O-sulfate was derived as a discriminant metabolite for the FS diet by partial least squares discriminant analysis. This study suggests that an isoflavone conjugate profile might be a more appropriate marker than total isoflavone levels for discriminating between the consumption of FS and NFS diets.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 36, 22, 8]}
+{"token": "An evaluation of the implementation of Advanced Nurse Practitioner (ANP) roles in an acute hospital setting. FindingsThe ANPs had a positive impact on patient experience, outcomes and safety. They improved staff knowledge, skills and competence and enhanced quality of working life, distribution of workload and team-working. ANPs contributed to the achievement of organizational priorities and targets and development of policy.AimTo evaluate the impact of implementing Advanced Nurse Practitioner roles on patients, staff members and organizational outcomes in an acute hospital.BackgroundThe worldwide development of advanced practice roles in nursing has been influenced by increasing demands and costs of health care. A key issue in the UK has been the reduction in hours junior doctors can work. While there is evidence these roles can have a positive impact in a variety of clinical specialties, little is known about the impact advanced nurses substituting for junior doctors can have on patients, staff members and organizational outcomes in general hospital care settings.DesignCollective case study.MethodsA collective case study in a district general hospital in England was undertaken in 2011-2012. Interviews with strategic stakeholders (n=13) were followed by three individual case studies. Each case study represented the clinical area in which the roles had been introduced: medicine, surgery and orthopaedics and included interviews (n=32) and non-participant observation of practice.ConclusionANPs undertaking duties traditionally performed by junior doctors in acute hospital settings can have a positive impact on a range of indicators relating to patients, staff members and organizational outcomes which are highly relevant to nursing.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "DETERMINANTS OF VITAMIN D STATUS AMONG JORDANIAN EMPLOYEES: FOCUS ON THE NIGHT SHIFT EFFECT. Objectives: To assess the association between night work and 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD) levels, and to evaluate effect of potential risk factors on 25OHD levels. Material and Methods: A total of 140 adult Jordanian employees were recruited. Demographic, lifestyle and working patterns data were documented through a well-structured questionnaire. Vitamin D status was assessed by measuring circulating concentrations of 25OHD. Results: Mean 25OHD level was 23.8 ng/ml. No significant difference was found in 25OHD levels between the summer and winter (p = 0.46), or between males and females (p = 0.35). The female night workers had significantly lower serum 25OHD levels compared to the female day workers (p = 0.01). No significant difference in serum 25OHD levels was found between the night and day male workers (p = 0.25). The number of night shifts/month was negatively correlated with 25OHD levels in both the males and females (p = 0.01 and p = 0.007, respectively). Age was positively correlated with 25OHD levels in both the males and females (p = 0.02 and p = 0.001, respectively). Body mass index was negatively associated with 25OHD levels in the whole sample (p = 0.03), but not within each gender group (p = 0.21 for the males and p = 0.09 for the females). Smoking had no significant association with 25OHD levels (p = 0.99 for the males and p = 0.22 for the females). Conclusions: Our results suggest that women working night shifts are at higher risk of 25OHD deficiency, and, consequently, of other health problems linked to 25OHD deficiency.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Three new Asian species of Ischalia Pascoe, 1860 (Coleoptera : Ischaliidae), with a world checklist of subgenera and species. Three new species of Asian Ischalia (Pascoe 1860) are described and illustrated: Ischalia (Ischalia) fischeri sp. nov. and Ischalia (Ischalia) gialaiensis sp. nov. from Vietnam, and Ischalia (Eupleurida) sichuanensis sp. nov. from China. An updated world checklist of the subgenera and species is also presented.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "A novel pathway for tumor necrosis factor-alpha and ceramide signaling involving sequential activation of tyrosine kinase, p21(ras), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Treatment of confluent rata fibroblasts with C-2-ceramide (N-acetylsphingosine), sphingomyelinase, or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) increased phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase activity by 3-6-fold after 10 min. This effect of C-2-ceramide depended on tyrosine kinase activity and an increase in Ras-GTP levels. Increased PI 3-kinase activity was also accompanied by its translocation to the membrane fraction, increases in tyrosine phosphorylation of the p85 subunit, and physical association with Pas, Activation of PI 3-kinase by TNF alpha, sphingomyelinase, and C-2-ceramide was inhibited by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (genistein and PP1). The stimulation of PI S-kinase by sphingomyelinase and C-2-ceramide was not observed in fibroblasts expressing dominant-negative Pas (N17) and the stimulation by TNF alpha was decreased by 70%. PI 3-kinase activation by C-2-ceramide was not modified by inhibitors of acidic and neutral ceramidases, and it was not observed with the relatively inactive analog, dihydro-C-2-ceramide It is proposed that activation of Pas and PI 3-kinase by ceramide can contribute to signaling effects of TNF alpha that occur downstream of sphingomyelinase activation and result in increased fibroblasts proliferation.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Rethinking Poverty: Class and Ethical Dimensions of Poverty Eradication. Marxism and poverty have always lived a contradictory existence, especially in the global South. While socialism/communism's ethical imperative aspires to create a nonexploitative society, poverty eradication has been concerned with overcoming the material threat to people's livelihoods. An exploitation-free world does not necessarily mean the eradication of poverty, while the eradication of poverty does not automatically entail the erasure of exploitative relations. Struggles to eradicate poverty are distributional problems pertaining to the allotment of social surplus, which is also a class question since production surplus originates there. Correcting the injustice of poverty is not simply a distributional question, as most discourses on poverty tend to emphasize. Not only is it also a question of production, but it is very much a class question as well.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "VieSched plus plus : A New VLBI Scheduling Software for Geodesy and Astrometry. We present a new Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) scheduling software called VieSched++, which is a stand-alone tool of the Vienna VLBI and Satellite Software (VieVS). The scheduler is written in C++ and aims to be flexible and easy to use, with a modern graphical user interface while creating high-quality schedules. In this work, the general design concepts of the scheduling software are discussed and the major scheduling algorithms are explained. Additionally, deep insight into the optimization criteria is given. First tests demonstrate that VieSched++ is able to generate schedules of highest quality. The software can be downloaded from https://github.com/TUW-VieVS.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Oral administration of peptides and proteins: nanoparticles and cyclodextrins as biocompatible delivery systems. This review discusses drawbacks to peptide and protein oral formulations related to these drugs' chemical and physical instability. Means used to overcome such limitations are mentioned and discussed in parallel with manufacturing considerations, metabolism, absorption mechanisms and the efflux systems that peptides and proteins experience as they travel through the gastrointestinal tract. Special focus is given to the use of delivery systems based on nanoparticles and cyclodextrins. Advantages of these systems relate to the protection from degradation, enhancement of absorption, targeting and controlling the release of the drug. Biodistribution and safety issues are discussed once material from the delivery system is expected to be absorbed by the body and thus interact with biological components. Operating parameters regarding nanoparticle manufacture and composition are also overviewed since nanoparticle physicochemical characteristics influence the ability to successfully entrap the intended drug as well as interaction with body.", "label": [1, 2, 19, 15]}
+{"token": "What Does It Mean to Be a Political Scientist in a Transitional Society? Reflections from Kazakhstan. As a young discipline, political science in Kazakhstan could be regarded a poster child of collective intellectual offspring that reflects well all political and socioeconomic transformations that an emerging community of political scientists has had to go through for the last three decades to thrive and promote the field. In this regard, the key purpose of the article is to share an interesting insightful story of developments in the discipline in this transitional nation. The research is mostly based on a retrospective analysis of key periods in introducing new agendas in university curricula and review of the latest trends, practices, and challenges in research and classroom from the perspective of professional communities in the field. This inherently ethnographic narrative, which is based on the analysis of rich empirical data, could be interesting for researchers who seek to understand the development of political science as a liberating phenomenon in a typical transitional context.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Indole Hydrodenitrogenation over Alumina and Silica Alumina-Supported Sulfide Catalysts Comparison with Quinoline. A detailed kinetic model was proposed to analyze experimental data obtained from indole hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) over gamma-Al2O3 and amorphous silica alumina (ASA)-supported NiMo catalysts. The goal was to investigate the support acidity effects on indole HDN and compare with a recent study on quinoline HDN. Similarly to quinoline HDN, indole HDN occurred via hydrogenation of the aromatic ring, followed by N-ring opening and exocyclic C-N bond breaking. The high support acidity of NiMo(P)/ASA exhibited a promoting effect for N-removal steps and adsorption of nitrogen compounds. However, in contrast to quinoline HDN, it did not clearly induce a positive effect for the hydrogenation step. The acidic function of ASA also favored the formation of byproducts such as toluene, cyclohexane, dimer, and trimer of indole. Catalytic conversion of a quinoline and indole mixture revealed a strong inhibiting effect of quinoline on indole HDN, whereas the inhibiting effect of indole on quinoline HDN was weak The inhibition was weaker over NiMo(P)/Al2O3 than over NiMo(P)/ASA. This result is in agreement with a relative ranking of apparent adsorption constants of quinoline, indole, and their products on NiMo(P)/Al2O3 and ASA.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Nonlinear dynamics of a flexible rotor on tilting pad journal bearings experiencing rub-impact. Rub-impact phenomenon occurring in hydrodynamic journal bearings is one of the main malfunctions in rotating machines and causes undesirable dynamic behavior. In order to investigate such a phenomenon, nonlinear dynamics due to rub-impact within tilting pad journal bearings supporting a flexible rotor is studied. In simulating rub-impact between the journal and the associated pads, this paper employs mixed lubrication theory along with elasto-plastic asperity contact model between pads and journal. Periodic, quasiperiodic and chaotic vibrational behaviors of system are studied by varying the unbalanced load magnitude and the rotational speed of the rotor as control parameters. Phase plane orbits, waterfall frequency response spectra and bifurcation diagrams are used to show various dynamic responses of rotor when the control parameters are changed. The Poincare maps are used to determine the onset of irregular motions. Presented results provide better understanding of strongly nonlinear vibrations occurring due to rub-impact in TPJBs supporting industrial rotating machines.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Long-term evidence for ecological intensification as a pathway to sustainable agriculture. Intensifying food production sustainably is critical given growing demand and agriculture's environmental footprint. This meta-analysis finds that practices such as adding organic matter and increasing crop diversity can partly substitute for nitrogen fertilizer to sustain or increase yields.Ecological intensification (EI) could help return agriculture into a 'safe operating space' for humanity. Using a novel application of meta-analysis to data from 30 long-term experiments from Europe and Africa (comprising 25,565 yield records), we investigated how field-scale EI practices interact with each other, and with N fertilizer and tillage, in their effects on long-term crop yields. Here we confirmed that EI practices (specifically, increasing crop diversity and adding fertility crops and organic matter) have generally positive effects on the yield of staple crops. However, we show that EI practices have a largely substitutive interaction with N fertilizer, so that EI practices substantially increase yield at low N fertilizer doses but have minimal or no effect on yield at high N fertilizer doses. EI practices had comparable effects across different tillage intensities, and reducing tillage did not strongly affect yields.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Monte Carlo simulation of phonon confinement in silicon nanostructures: Application to the determination of the thermal conductivity of silicon nanowires. The authors study the thermal conductivity of silicon nanowires by simulation of phonon motion and interactions through a dedicated Monte Carlo model. This model solves the Boltzmann transport equation, taking into account silicon acoustic mode dispersion curves and three phonon interactions (the normal and umklapp processes). The confinement, which limits the thermal conductivity in such structures, is described by diffuse reflection at lateral boundaries of the nanowire without any adjustment by a boundary collision time, which depends on a specularity factor. They compare simulation results to experimental measurements on similar nanostructures. A good agreement is achieved for almost all the considered diameters. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Fixed-point proximity algorithms solving an incomplete Fourier transform model for seismic wavefield modeling. Seismic wavefield modeling is an important tool for the seismic interpretation. We consider modeling the wavefield in the frequency domain. This requires to solve a sequence of Helmholtz equations of wave numbers governed by the Nyquist sampling theorem. Inevitably, we have to solve Helmholtz equations of large wave numbers, which is a challenging task numerically. To address this issue, we develop two methods for modeling the wavefield in the frequency domain to obtain an alias-free result using lower frequencies of a number fewer than typically required by the Nyquist sampling theorem. Specifically, we introduce two l(1) regularization models to deal with incomplete Fourier transforms, which arise from seismic wavefield modeling in the frequency domain, and propose a new sampling technique to avoid solving the Helmholtz equations of large wave numbers. In terms of the fixed-point equation via the proximity operator of the l(1) norm, we characterize solutions of the two l(1) regularization models and develop fixed-point algorithms to solve these two models. Numerical experiments are conducted on seismic data to test the approximation accuracy and the computational efficiency of the proposed methods. Numerical results show that the proposed methods are accurate, robust and efficient in modeling seismic wavefield in the frequency domain with only a few low frequencies. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "RALP1 Is a Rhoptry Neck Erythrocyte-Binding Protein of Plasmodium falciparum Merozoites and a Potential Blood-Stage Vaccine Candidate Antigen. Erythrocyte invasion by merozoites is an obligatory stage of Plasmodium infection and is essential to disease progression. Proteins in the apical organelles of merozoites mediate the invasion of erythrocytes and are potential malaria vaccine candidates. Rhoptry-associated, leucine zipper-like protein 1 (RALP1) of Plasmodium falciparum was previously found to be specifically expressed in schizont stages and localized to the rhoptries of merozoites by immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Also, RALP1 has been refractory to gene knockout attempts, suggesting that it is essential for blood-stage parasite survival. These characteristics suggest that RALP1 can be a potential blood-stage vaccine candidate antigen, and here we assessed its potential in this regard. Antibodies were raised against recombinant RALP1 proteins synthesized by using the wheat germ cell-free system. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated for the first time that RALP1 is a rhoptry neck protein of merozoites. Moreover, our IFA data showed that RALP1 translocates from the rhoptry neck to the moving junction during merozoite invasion. Growth and invasion inhibition assays revealed that anti-RALP1 antibodies inhibit the invasion of erythrocytes by merozoites. The findings that RALP1 possesses an erythrocyte-binding epitope in the C-terminal region and that anti-RALP1 antibodies disrupt tight-junction formation, are evidence that RALP1 plays an important role during merozoite invasion of erythrocytes. In addition, human sera collected from areas in Thailand and Mali where malaria is endemic recognized this protein. Overall, our findings indicate that RALP1 is a rhoptry neck erythrocyte-binding protein and that it qualifies as a potential blood-stage vaccine candidate.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
+{"token": "Hermann Cohen and Bakhtin's early aesthetics. In this article, Bakhtin's early aesthetics is reread in the context of Hermann Cohen's system of philosophy, especially his aesthetics. Bakhtin's thinking from the early ethical writing Toward a Philosophy of Act to Author and Hero in Artistic Activity and Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics is followed. In Author and Hero, an individual is in his life conceived as involved in cognitive and ethical action but as remaining without a consummative form; the form, or the 'soul', is bestowed upon a person by the creative activity of the artist alone. In his understanding of artistic creativity and the relationship between the 'hero' and the author, Bakhtin closely follows Cohen, with the exception that for Cohen the object of artistic form-giving is the universal, idealized man, whereas for Bakhtin it is an individual. In the concept of a 'polyphonic novel' as developed in Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics, Bakhtin, however, considers this view of the activity of the artist (or the novelist) to apply to the \\\\'traditional\\\\' novel only, while in a Dostoevskyean novel the characters are not subordinated to any defining power of the author. Bakhtin's theory of the Dostoevskyean novel is thus a return to the emphasis of the cognitive and ethical autonomy of the individual. His understanding of the encounter between persons as a 'subject'aEuro\\\\'aEuro similar to subject' or an 'I'aEuro\\\\'aEuro similar to thou' relation has a predecessor, among others, in Cohen.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
+{"token": "Teaching Digital Humanities with Oral History: The Staring Out to Sea Oral History Project and OHMS in the DH Classroom. This article discusses the Oral History Metadata Synchronizer (OHMS)-a free and open-source application for making oral histories available online-as a tool for teaching students about key principles in the digital humanities. It does so by describing the application of OHMS to interviews from the Staring Out to Sea Oral History Project. By using OHMS in the digital humanities classroom, instructors can involve students in work on an ongoing project, while pushing them to ask critical questions about the digital world around them. This article thus suggests three areas of focus-metadata, markup, and hosting-for courses designed with OHMS in mind.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "The effect of spin mixing on the quantum Hall effect in graphene. On the basis of a tight-binding model, we study numerically the effect of Rashba spin-orbit coupling on the quantum Hall effect in graphene. It is found that the spin-orbit coupling can open a gap in the energy spectrum of the counterpropagating edge states in the nu = 0 plateau region, while the edge states in other plateau regions remain gapless. In the presence of disorder, the energy spectrum in the nu = 0 plateau region shows the feature of level repulsion, an indication of switching on of backward scattering and localization of the edge states. This result may explain the insulator-like behavior near the Dirac points observed in experiments at low temperatures.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Classes of Copenhagen interpretations: Mechanisms of collapse as typologically determinative. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics is the dominant view of the theory among working physicists, if not philosophers. There are, however, several strains of Copenhagenism extant, each largely accepting Born's assessment of the wave function as the most complete possible specification of a system and the notion of collapse as a completely random event. This paper outlines three of these sub-interpretations, typing them by what the author of each names as the trigger of quantum-mechanical collapse. Visions of the theory from von Neumann, Heisenberg, and Wheeler offer different mechanisms to break the continuous, deterministic, superposition-laden quantum chain and yield discrete, probabilistic, classical results in response to von Neumann's catastrophe of infinite regress. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 4, 35, 30]}
+{"token": "A formal definition of function points for automated measurement of B specifications. This paper proposes a formalization of the IFPUG Function Point (FP) definition for automated measurement of B specifications. This formal definition allows to: i) reduce the variance in FP counts due to rater interpretation of the IFPUG FP informal definition; ii) provide a better understanding of how the IFPUG FP definition should be applied; iii) automate the FP counts for B specifications, which can reduce measurement costs; and iv) identify specific holes in the IFPUG FP definition. We propose modifications to ensure completeness.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "A meta-analysis of work sample test validity: Updating and integrating some classic literature. Work sample tests have been used in applied psychology for decades as important predictors of job performance, and they have been suggested to be among the most valid predictors of job performance. As we examined classic work sample literature, we found the narrative review by Asher and Sciarrino (1974) to be plagued by many methodological problems. Further, it is possible that data used in this study may have influenced the results (e.g., r =.54) reported by Hunter and Hunter in their seminal work in 1984. After integrating all of the relevant data, we found an observed mean correlation between work sample tests and measures of job performance of .26. This value increased to .33 when measures of job performance (e.g., supervisory ratings) were corrected for attenuation. Our results suggest that the level of the validity for work sample tests may not be as large as previously thought (i.e., approximately one third less than previously thought). Further, our work also Summarizes the relationship of work sample exams to measures of general cognitive ability. We found that work sample tests were associated With an observed correlation of .32 with tests of general cognitive ability.", "label": [5, 50, 55]}
+{"token": "Performance of Mn/Bi2O3 Pyrotechnic Time Delay Compositions. Chemical time delay detonators are used widely in mine blasting applications. In order to achieve effective blasting, detonations must follow a precisely controlled timing sequence in a specified firing pattern. Silicon fuel-based pyrotechnic compositions are widely used in mining detonators and are well studied. However, some of these formulations are deemed to be problematic, as they contain heavy metals which are bio-accumulative and toxic to the environment. Therefore, there is need to explore alternative formulations which are suitable for these applications. Manganese-fueled systems are attractive due to their metallic properties and several oxidation states of the manganese fuel. This study focused on characterizing the burn properties of Mn/Bi2O3 compositions for slow to intermediate time delay applications. The compositions supported combustion in the 25 to 55 wt.% Mn range in an inert helium atmosphere. Burn rates between 2.5 and 11.2 mm.s(-1) were recorded in open burn tests, whilst closed burn tests in glass tubes resulted in burn rates of 6.3 to 11.2 mm.s(-1). Both X-ray diffraction analysis of the reaction products and thermodynamic simulations confirmed that MnO and Bi are the main reaction products, with unreacted Mn and Bi2O30 also being detected. This suggests that the dominant reaction for this composition is a simple thermite-type reaction.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
+{"token": "A Pressure-Drop Model for Oil-Gas Two-Phase Flow in Horizontal Pipes. The accurate prediction of the pressure distribution of highly viscous fluids in wellbores and pipelines is of great significance for heavy oil production and transportation. The flow behavior of high-viscosity fluids is quite different with respect to that of low-viscosity fluids. Currently, the performances of existing pressure-drop models seem to be relatively limited when they are applied to high-viscosity fluids. In this study, a gas-liquid two-phase flow experiment has been carried out using a 60 mm ID horizontal pipe with air and white oil. The experimental results indicate that viscosity exerts a significant influence on the liquid holdup and pressure drop. At the same gas and liquid volume, both the liquid holdup and pressure drop increase with an increase in the viscosity. Combining two existing models, a modified pressure drop method is developed, which is applicable to horizontal pipes for different viscosities and does not depend on the flow pattern. This new method displays a high accuracy in predicting the new experimental data presented here and other published data in literature.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Characterisation of fosfomycin resistance mechanisms and molecular epidemiology in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Although fosfomycin is a treatment option for infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)producing Enterobacteriaceae, fosfomycin resistance has been documented. To our knowledge, fosfomycin resistance mechanisms in Klebsiella pneumoniae have not been systematically investigated. A total of 108 ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae isolates collected from Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan, from August 2012 to May 2013 were analysed in this study. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed 64 pulsotypes and six non-typeable isolates, indicating high genetic diversity. Moreover, pulsotypes V (n = 6), VII (n = 11) and LI (n = 4) belonging to ST11 were major types. Among 30 (27.8%) fosfomycin-non-susceptible isolates, 21 (70%) had a MurA amino acid substitution, and seven new variations increased the fosfomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by 8- to 16-fold compared with wild-type MurA in Escherichia coli DH5 alpha.strain. Functionless transporters (GlpT and UhpT) with various mutations were found in 29 isolates (97%). No knownfosfomycin-modifying enzymes were detected in this study. The major resistance mechanisms to fosfomycin in K. pneumoniae were amino acid variations in the drug target and transporters. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "The Project of Instruction of General Disciplines at a Musical Institution for Higher Education. The task of advanced musical education, in addition to specialized preparation, includes providing a broad general musical and humanitarian scope. However, the set of disciplines called upon to carry out this task in Russia in its present form suffers from utter dissociation. In order to overcome it, a connecting element is required, which would be, placed at the foundation of all the basic courses. This function may be carried by the principle of historicism. In this case, the latter implies the mastery of the entire cycle in a parallel, synchronous unfolding of the material - from its sources to modernity, in its advancement from epoch to epoch. It is relatively easy to accomplish such transformations in presentment of the music history disciplines, for which it is necessary to overcome the tradition of separate presentations of the history of Russian music and the music of other countries. In the instruction of the music theory cycle it is necessary to dissociate oneself from differentiation of the respective theoretical disciplines into separate disciplines and return to the initial generic concept of the theory of music. It becomes even more difficult to overcome the inertia of teaching the social sciences, in which connection, for the needs of the conservatory it is advisable to replace the existent subjects with a course of world history, which would incorporate all the indispensable information from philosophy, sociology, economics, aesthetics, etc. This project is aimed at that ultimate result for the sake of which the conservatory exists - to bring up a musician of high qualification.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Infrared light detection by the hailer's organ of adult american dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis (Ixodida: Ixodidae). The Haller's organ (HO), unique to ticks and mites, is found only on the first tarsus of the front pair of legs. The organ has an unusual morphology consisting of an anterior pit (AP) with protruding sensilla and a posterior capsule (Cp). The current thinking is that the HO's main function is chemosensation analogous to the insect antennae, but the functionality of its atypical structure (exclusive to the Acari) is unexplained. We provide the first evidence that the HO allows the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, to respond to infrared (IR) light. Unfed D. variabilis adults with their HOs present were positively phototactic to IR. However, when the HOs were removed, no IR response was detected. Ticks in these experiments were also attracted to white light with and without the HOs, but were only positively phototactic to white light when the ocelli (primitive eyes) were unobstructed. Covering the eyes did not prevent IR attraction. A putative TRPA1 receptor was characterized from a D. variabilis-specific HO transcriptome we constructed. This receptor was homologous to transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily A, member 1 (TRPA1) from the pit organ of the pit viper, python, and boa families of snakes, the only receptor identified so far for IR detection. HO scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies in the American dog tick showed the AP and Cp but also novel structures not previously described; the potential role of these structures in IR detection is discussed. The ability of ticks to use IR for host finding is consistent with their obligatory hematophagy and has practical applications in tick trapping and the development of new repellents.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "Flight response, body weight, and lipid content of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera : Bostrichidae) as influenced by strain, season and phenotype. Effects of geographical origin of strain, season of field collection, genetic background, and number of generations of laboratory rearing on flight initiation, body weight, and lipid content of lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica, were studied. Significant differences in flight initiation, body weight, and total lipid content occurred among the four field strains collected from Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and Mexico. Flight activity tended to be higher for strains with higher average body weight. Oleic, palmitic, and linoleic acids accounted for about 95% of all fatty acids present in the strains tested. However, the percentage of lipids per fresh body weight was not significantly different among these four field strains. Beetles collected in summer tended to fly more and have a higher percentage of lipid content than beetles collected in spring and autumn. Results from crosses between strains with high and low flight responses suggested that the female contributes a higher proportion of additive genetic variance for flight initiation than the male. Rearing for 17 generations in laboratory conditions had no discernible effect on flight initiation of a strain of R. dominica collected from the field. Thus, flight behavior can persist for many generations of laboratory rearing. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "A systematic approach to the optimal design of chemical plants with waste reduction and market uncertainty. The paper presents a methodology for the quantitative assessment of sustainability applied to the design of chemical plants. Specifically, we focus on the economic and environmental sustainability. The methodology implemented for the economic assessment is the predictive conceptual design (PCD) that uses as indicator the cumulated dynamic economic potential over a long-term horizon. PCD accounts for both CAPEX and OPEX terms, which on their turn depend on dynamic econometric models of commodities and utilities. The environmental assessment is based on the waste reduction algorithm and on the evaluation of the potential environmental impact. The benefit of PCD consists in accounting for market uncertainty and prices/costs volatility of OPEX terms. The optimal solutions of the economic and environmental assessment lay on the Pareto line produced by the multi-objective-optimization (MOO) problem. The MOO of a cumene plant allows discussing various optimal solutions in terms of economic and environmental concerns/criteria. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 40]}
+{"token": "Electrochemomechanical deformation of polyaniline films doped with self-existent and giant anions. Electrochemomechanical deformation of polyaniline films, which are substituted with sulfonic acid as a self-dopant and doped with camphor sulfonic acid as a giant dopant, have been studied. Upon oxidation, the self-doped polyaniline film basically contracts by proton doping, in contrast to the expansion by anion doping in usual polyaniline films. The film polymerized in camphor sulfonic acid by a constant-current method also shows proton dedoping and slight expansion upon oxidation. These results indicate that the chemomechanical deformation of these polyanilines by oxidation is primarily determined by the dedoping of protons or oxonium ion, and cancelled by the expansion due to electrostatic repulsion and/or conformational change resulting from the delocalization of pi electrons. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
+{"token": "Frank Ankersmit's narrative substance: A legacy to historians. This essay is not intended as a critique of Ankersmit's theorisations, neither in the general nor in the particular. Rather, it will focus on Ankersmit's concept of the narrative substance at an explanatory level only, expressly in order to advance the arguments herein. To be more precise, I will explore two very significant points which, it appears to me, unquestionably arise out of this specific element of Ankersmit's wider thesis. In doing so I hope to illustrate the inescapable centrality of language in historical theory - a matter which has been pushed to one side, or wholly excluded, following the recent fashionable growth of interest in memory and experience studies.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Novel lysophospholipase A secreted by Legionella pneumophila. We show that Legionella pneumophila possesses lysophospholipase A activity, which releases fatty acids from lysophosphatidylcholine. The NH2-terminal sequence of the enzyme contained FGDSLS, corresponding to a catalytic domain in a recently described group of lipolytic enzymes, Culture supernatants of a L. pneumophila pilD mutant lost the ability to cleave lysophosphatidylcholine.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and cyclic ADP-ribose mobilize Ca2+ in a protist, Euglena gracilis. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP(3)) and cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) released Ca2+ from microsome fraction prepared from Euglena gracilis in dose-dependent manners. Caffeine, which also induced Ca2+ release from the microsomes, caused desensitization of the Ca2+ response to cADPR, although the Ca2+ response to InsP(3) was not affected by caffeine. Further, ruthenium red inhibited the Ca2+ release induced by cADPR, but not by InsP(3). These results suggest that cADPR functions as an endogenous messenger to activate a caffeine-sensitive, Ca2+-release mechanism, whereas InsP(3) induces Ca2+ release by a distinct mechanism in E. gracilis. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 42, 47]}
+{"token": "Status review of Chesapeake Bay marsh lands and breeding marsh birds. Emergent tidal marshes are a dominant feature of the Chesapeake Bay's estuarine environment and account for an approximate 123,100 ha of the 185,870 ha (66%) of classified wetlands. Tidal marshes vary in salinity, structure, and plant composition according to their geographic position in the Bay. Chesapeake Bay marshes support breeding bird populations that are of regional or national conservation significance. Marsh bird communities vary with marsh type, geographic position, salinity, patch size, and landscape context. Marsh loss has been significant over the past two hundred years primarily as a result of urban, industrial, and agricultural development. Protective legislation enacted in the 1970s has slowed the rate of loss but marshes continue to be degraded and population of marsh birds continue to decline from the invasion of exotic species, ground predators, poor management practices, encroachment by development, and sea-level rise. Despite these concerns, there is still relatively little information on the population trends of most marsh birds or on the distribution of some of the Bay's highest species of concern such as Black Rails (Laterallus jamaicensis), King Rails (Rallus elegans), Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrows (Ammospiza caudacuta), and Henslow's Sparrows (Ammodramus henslowii). Marshes along the bay's fringe, tributaries, and islands that currently support species at risk of extinction in the Bay are in immediate need of identification and protection. High marshes on the Delmarva peninsula, support greatest concentrations of species at risk and are marshes among the most at risk of loss and degradation. Management to reduce or abate threats to marsh birds is critical to their long term survival.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Prevalence of B chromosomes in Orthoptera is associated with shape and number of A chromosomes. We analyze the prevalence of B chromosomes in 1,601 species of orthopteran insects where chromosome number and shape are known. B chromosomes have been reported in 191 of these species. Bs are not uniformly distributed among orthopteran superfamilies, with evident hotspots in the Pyrgomorphoidea (32.3% of species carrying Bs), Grylloidea (14.9%), Acridoidea (14.6%) and Tetrigoidea (14.3%). As expected under the theory of centromeric drive, we found a correlation between B chromosome presence and A chromosome shape-Bs are more frequent in karyotypes with more acrocentric A chromosomes. We also found that Bs are less common in species with high chromosome numbers and appear to be most common at the modal chromosome number (2n = 24). Study effort, measured for each genus, was not associated with B prevalence, A chromosome shape or A chromosome number. Our results thus provide support for centromeric drive as an important and prevalent force in the karyotypic evolution of Orthoptera, just as it appears to be in mammals. We suggest that centromeric drive may provide a mechanistic explanation for White's principle of karyotypic orthoselection.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Does passion for physical activity spillover into performance at work? Examining the direct and indirect effects of passion and life satisfaction on organisational performance and innovativeness. Many individuals are passionate for physical activity such as cycling, running, and soccer. Drawing from the dualistic model of passion, the purpose of the present study was to examine the direct and indirect relationships between passion (harmonious and obsessive) for physical activity, life satisfaction, performance, and innovativeness in organisational settings. Survey data were gathered from 272 cyclists who also occupied employment roles beyond their cycling pursuits. Data were analysed using structural equation modelling. Results indicated a direct positive relationship between harmonious passion and both performance and innovativeness at work. Moreover, results indicated that perceived life satisfaction indirectly influenced the relationships between harmonious passion and both performance and innovativeness at work. No significant relationships were found between obsessive passion for cycling and either organisational performance outcome. In sum, these findings suggest that passion for physical activity directly and indirectly (through life satisfaction) enhance organisational performance outcomes but only for harmonious passion.", "label": [5, 52, 55]}
+{"token": "The properties of trehalose hydrolysing enzymes from tissues extracts of Ascaris suum (Nematoda). The enzymes of trehalose hydrolysis from muscle, intestine and reproductive system of Ascaris suum differ in their properties. Enzymes from the muscles and intestines are acid trehalases with the highest activity at pH 4.3 and 5.0. respectively. The enzyme from the reproductive system is an alkaline trehalase with the optimum pH at 7.4. The optimum temperature of muscle trehalase is 45 degrees C, for the other enzymes 55 degrees C. The enzyme from the reproductive system did not loose its activity after 15 min preincubation without substrate at 65 degrees C, intestinal and muscles trehalases at 55 degrees C and 45 degrees C, respectively. The influence of Zn2+ Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, EDTA and PCMB differentiates studied trehalases. Trehalases from the muscles and intestines were localised mainly in lysosome while that from the reproductive system in the mitochondrial fraction. The above properties suggest that trehalases of Ascaris are tissue-specific enzymes.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 47]}
+{"token": "Learning to Reconstruct CT Images From the VVBP-Tensor. Deep learning (DL) is bringing a big movement in the field of computed tomography (CT) imaging. In general, DL for CT imaging can be applied by processing the projection or the image data with trained deep neural networks (DNNs), unrolling the iterative reconstruction as a DNN for training, or training a well-designed DNN to directly reconstruct the image from the projection. In all of these applications, the whole or part of the DNNs work in the projection or image domain alone or in combination. In this study, instead of focusing on the projection or image, we train DNNs to reconstruct CT images from the view-by-view backprojection tensor (VVBP-Tensor). The VVBP-Tensor is the 3D data before summation in backprojection. It contains structures of the scanned object after applying a sorting operation. Unlike the image or projection that provides compressed information due to the integration/summation step in forward or back projection, the VVBP-Tensor provides lossless information for processing, allowing the trained DNNs to preserve fine details of the image. We develop a learning strategy by inputting slices of the VVBP-Tensor as feature maps and outputting the image. Such strategy can be viewed as a generalization of the summation step in conventional filtered backprojection reconstruction. Numerous experiments reveal that the proposed VVBP-Tensor domain learning framework obtains significant improvement over the image, projection, and hybrid projection-image domain learning frameworks. We hope the VVBP-Tensor domain learning framework could inspire algorithm development for DL-based CT imaging.", "label": [1, 2, 4, 22, 14, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "EUROPEAN E-READINESS? CYBER DIMENSION OF NATIONAL SECURITY POLICIES. The majority of social processes have become very dependent on information and communication technologies (ICT) according to their quick development and increasing use. With the emergence of new technologies and growing dependence of society on ICT, threats have emerged, which experts described as new. Information security or cyber dimension of national security has thus become an increasing priority for the countries, but they face these new threats differently. This article contains a specialized in-depth analysis of the situation of ICT in Estonia, Switzerland, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The selection of the countries was based on their ICT development, experience with information threats and membership in various political and security organizations. We examined the following indicators: the incidence of threats, normative (legal) acts and actors who are responsible for assuring information security. These indicators subsequently allowed us a detailed understanding of ICT threats faced by selected countries and their responses to them.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Value orientations of the post-communist economic elite in Lithuania, 1999-2000. Since the Soviet system's collapse in Eastern and Central Europe, a new economic elite is emerging; its existence is based on the economy's autonomy. The development of this post-Soviet elite is linked to legitimizing private property and free enterprise; introducing the principles of a market economy; and opening national economies to foreign capital and international trade. Structurally, the economic elite is made up of decision-makers in the political-economic, bureaucratic-economic, and banking spheres and in public and private companies. This entrepreneurial elite is centrifugal, releasing as it does creative social forces and activating changes inside the ruling class. What shifts in values have marked the mentality of the new economic elite in Lithuania?", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in toddlers receiving early intervention services. The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) continues to be a source of debate among researchers and clinicians. Prevalence studies are of the utmost importance in order to obtain an accurate picture of the true prevalence rate of ASD and because these rates continue to be on the rise. To date, studies examining prevalence rates have utilized community or clinical populations. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to utilize a sample of toddlers at risk for or currently diagnosed with a developmental delay (N = 2027) to determine the prevalence rate in this young population. As anticipated, the prevalence rates of ASD were much higher in this at risk sample of toddlers compared to rates reported in community or clinical samples. In addition, gender differences in prevalence rates emerged. However, the differences between these rates were not as pronounced as in other previously studied populations. These results underscore the necessity to routinely assess toddlers for the presence of symptoms of ASD who are already receiving early intervention services for other developmental delays. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 53, 23, 55]}
+{"token": "CFD and experimental studies of single phase axial dispersion coefficient in pulsed sieve plate column. This paper intends to study the single phase axial dispersion in pulsed sieve plate column using a combination of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and experimental measurements. Experiments and CFD simulations were conducted on 0.076 m diameter pilot scale column having standard geometry of 0.05 m plate spacing, 0.003 m hole diameter and 0.21 fractional free area. The effect of density of tracer solution and radial probe position on axial dispersion coefficient has been studied to ensure precision of the experimental measurement method. The effect of pulse velocity from 0.01 to 0.025 m/s and superficial velocity of water from 0.01 to 0.03 m/s has been studied. Simulations were carried out using commercial CFD software, FLUENT 6.2.16, with standard k-epsilon model for turbulence. An unsteady state tracer injection technique was used for axial dispersion measurement. The range of velocity ratio (psi = Re-o/Re-n) employed in this work was 1-4 which is very low. Therefore the effect of superficial velocity, V, was found to be greater than pulse velocity. These results were critically compared with published data and it has been found that single phase axial dispersion coefficient is directly proportional to effective velocity (Af + 0.5 V-c). The presented CFD predictions and validation with experimental data will provide useful basis for further work on single phase axial dispersion with various geometrical parameters and understanding the two phase flow patterns in pulsed sieve plate column. (C) 2011 The Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "ASSESSMENT OF NUTRIENT ALLOCATION AND METABOLIC TURNOVER RATE IN PACIFIC WHITE SHRIMP LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI CO-FED LIVE MACROALGAE ULVA CLATHRATA AND INERT FEED: DUAL STABLE ISOTOPE ANALYSIS. The current study quantified the relative contribution of dietary carbon and nitrogen supplied by live biomass of the green macroalgae Ulva clathrata and a commercial inert feed to the growth of juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. The stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen (delta C-13 and delta N-15) were analyzed in both food sources, whole bodies, and muscle tissue of shrimp reared on co-feeding regimes where 75%, 50%, and 25% of daily consumed macroalgal biomass was substituted by inert feed (regimes 75F/25U, 50F/50U, and 25F/75U, respectively). Higher growth rates were observed in shrimp fed regime 75F/25U (k = 0.062), followed by shrimp fed only inert feed (100E, k = 0.060). Animals reared only on U. clathrata (100U) showed minimal growth (k = 0.008) and very high metabolic turnover rates of carbon and nitrogen. Isotopic values measured in inert feed (delta C-13 = -23.0 parts per thousand, delta N-15 = 9.7 parts per thousand) and macroalgae (delta C-13 = -13.1 parts per thousand, delta N-15 = -3.5 parts per thousand) were highly contrasting and both had a rapid influence on the isotopic values of shrimp. Animals reached full isotopic equilibrium through growth and fast metabolic turnover in only 2 wk, except shrimp fed macroalgae only. At the end of the experiment, delta C-13 and delta N-15 values in shrimp reared on all co-feeding regimes were strongly biased toward the isotopic values of U. clathrata. Total dry matter contributions to growth were estimated using an isotope mixing model, and considered the elemental concentration of both nutritional sources. Results indicated that shrimp in the co-feeding regimes incorporated significantly higher amounts of dietary carbon and nitrogen from the macroalgal biomass. Shrimp in treatment 75F/25U incorporated 52% of carbon from the inert feed and 48% from the macroalgae. Animals under feeding regimes 50F/50U and 25F/75U incorporated higher amounts of dietary carbon from U. clathrata (65-89%) when compared with carbon proportions supplied by both co-feeding regimes (33-70%), and also incorporated the majority of nitrogen from the macroalgae. However, a high incorporation of nitrogen was not reflected in larger growth in the latter treatments because metabolic turnover rates were very high. Estimated turnover rates ranged from 0.049-0.191/day for carbon and from 0.013-0.100/day for nitrogen, and values followed an increasing trend as a function of macroalgae consumption. Nitrogen halftimes in tissue consistently decreased throughout the different treatments from 9.5 days (100F) to 6.4 days (100U). Proportions of incorporated nutrients in muscle tissue followed similar patterns as those observed in whole bodies.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
+{"token": "Three-colourable perfect graphs without even pairs. We still do not know how to construct the \\\\'most general\\\\' perfect graph, not even the most general three-colourable perfect graph. But constructing all perfect graphs with no even pairs seems easier, and here we make a start on it; we construct all three-connected three-colourable perfect graphs without even pairs and without clique cutsets. They are all either line graphs of bipartite graphs, or complements of such graphs. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON CONIDIAL GERMINATION AND SYSTEMIC INFECTION OF MAIZE BY PERONOSCLEROSPORA SPECIES. Peronosclerospora maydis from Java, Indonesia, and the maize strain of P. sorghi from Thailand, both apparently infective only to maize, and P. philippinensis from the Philippines had very broad optimum temperature ranges for germination (at least 10-30 C) and germ tube growth (18-30 C); they produced large numbers of conidia from 18 to 23 C (the optimum temperature for sporulation) in presence of dew for 5-6 h. P. maydis usually, and the maize strain of P. sorghi always, caused high levels of systemic infection from 8 to 36 C. P. philippinensis consistently had less systemic infection with dew periods at the lower temperatures of 10-16 C. This lower systemic infection for P. philippinensis is similar to that previously reported for P. sacchari, an organism we believe to be conspecific with P. philippinensis. The sorghum strain of P. sorghi (true P. sorghi), common in many countries on sorghum and/or maize but not found in Thailand or Java, was characterized by a relatively narrow optimum temperature range for germination (about 12-20 C), relatively short germ tubes at the optimum temperature for germ tube growth, and low amounts of systemic infection at temperatures less than about 15 C and greater than 30 C.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "ChIP Sequencing. With the advances in traditional genetics failing to provide causal genes for many complex diseases, the focus of research is shifting towards determining the importance of gene-environment interactions., more specifically epigenetic regulation. Paramount to answering this question is the knowledge of which transcription factors bind to what sequence, as well as a detailed understanding of how the transcriptional state of a genetic sequence is epigenetically distinguished. The chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) strategy has proven to be a powerful tool to investigate these mechanisms, but has been limited for a long time to single locus analysis. The recent emergence of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology however has revolutionized the field of epigenomics and for the first time enabled unbiased genome-wide analysis of ChIPed DNA. Here we provide a detailed discussion and protocol on how to best perform ChIP for NGS analysis.", "label": [2, 19, 20]}
+{"token": "Network governance as a response to risk society dilemmas: A proposal from the sociology of health. After a short description of the major sociological theories based on the concept of risk (Douglas, Beck, Luhmann, Giddens) I propose to integrate the concept of risk with the concept of trust. On a less theoretical level I propose to consider governance as the institutional response to the growing complexity of the risk society. Above all, network governance - that is institutional steering based on a high community participation - seems to give good results in the field of health care policies, as has been shown in the Emilia-Romagna area (Italy).", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "CHARLIE HEBDO, SECULARIZATION AND ESCHATOLOGY. This study aims to address the aspects related to the practice and spirit of Charlie Hebdo on the occasion of the murder of some of their members. To achieve this purpose, we consider beforehand modernity as an appropriation of the Christian eschatological pattern in a secularized form, as appointed by Lowith, indicating specificity to the ideas of \\\\'end of history\\\\' and \\\\'end of art\\\\' in Hegel. The specific objectives include presenting the journal, defining the characteristics and consequences of the attack, determining the most significant aspects indicated by the committee on secularism, analyzing Islamic extremism and its biases, and checking the specific method of Charlie Hebdo to combat extremism. The practice of secularization in France today would justify and defend the positions taken in Charlie Hebdo. Modern eschatology, present in the ideas of \\\\'end of art\\\\' and \\\\'end of history', allows us to delve into the issue. We can not speak of an end without considering a start, for there are survival and death. With artists exposing their opinion and, even though they are at risk, paying with their lives, we have a proximity to the concept of humor, as the destruction of art by itself.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "This Blasted translation: or location, dislocation, relocation. An analysis of my current practice, this article explores some of the issues surrounding the translation of Sarah Kane's seminal work, Blasted ([1995] 2001), into Brazilian Portuguese. It is an account of the process so far, from the early impulse to translate, through discussions with the director and actor/producer, and the thoughts and doubts that have plagued me since. A fundamental concern relates to the possibility or need to adapt the setting to a Brazilian (and specifically a Rio de Janeiro) context - the problem Hale and Upton (2007) have called 'the dilemma over foreignization or domestication' (2000: 7) - and the implications of that adaptation. As tensions between the specific and the universal are dislocated, do they also become diluted? Even if the setting remains the same, are not the contingencies of production (accents, knowledge of a particular actor, even the theatre building itself) necessarily relocating an audience's theatrical experience? Where should, then, be the locus of this displacement? In the translation, the production, the performances?", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Governing by emotions in financial education. In line with previous research, we consider financial education to be a form of governmentality in the age of financialization. Applying sociological theory of emotions, we investigate the role emotion play in the attempt to govern citizens in Swedish financial education. The material consists of interviews with organizers of the Swedish Like Your Personal Finance educational network and observations of one of its courses, Secure Your Financial Future. Analyzing how citizens are taught financial literacy, we highlight key emotions and feeling rules that promote the financial rationality permeating financial education. The results show that the course establishes a narrative of the world economic situation that responsibilizes citizens for their own financial security and welfare, employing feeling rules about: boredom, fear/anxiety, trust/distrust, and fun, which constitute the financially rational subject.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Effects of spike-time-dependent plasticity on the stochastic resonance of small-world neuronal networks. The phenomenon of stochastic resonance in Newman-Watts small-world neuronal networks is investigated when the strength of synaptic connections between neurons is adaptively adjusted by spike-time-dependent plasticity (STDP). It is shown that irrespective of the synaptic connectivity is fixed or adaptive, the phenomenon of stochastic resonance occurs. The efficiency of network stochastic resonance can be largely enhanced by STDP in the coupling process. Particularly, the resonance for adaptive coupling can reach a much larger value than that for fixed one when the noise intensity is small or intermediate. STDP with dominant depression and small temporal window ratio is more efficient for the transmission of weak external signal in small-world neuronal networks. In addition, we demonstrate that the effect of stochastic resonance can be further improved via fine-tuning of the average coupling strength of the adaptive network. Furthermore, the small-world topology can significantly affect stochastic resonance of excitable neuronal networks. It is found that there exists an optimal probability of adding links by which the noise-induced transmission of weak periodic signal peaks. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.", "label": [4, 35, 41]}
+{"token": "Prescribing of drugs for Alzheimer's disease: a South African database analysis. Methods: A retrospective, exposure-cohort pharmacoepidemiological study was conducted. Data were obtained from a South African private pharmacy group for 2008. The database consisted of 1,578,346 medicine records.Conclusions: A small number of patients were prescribed medicine for Alzheimer's disease. It is recommended that qualitative studies be undertaken to determine the cost-effectiveness of the different treatment options according to family members and carets.Background: Relatively few studies of mental illness in Africa have focused on dementia. The primary aim of this study was to determine the prescribing patterns and cost of drugs for Alzheimer's disease in a private health care sector patient population.Results: A total of 588 patients (326 females and 262 males) received 2623 medicine items for Alzheimer's disease at a cost of RI,563,701.18 (average cost per item R596.15). The average age of the patients was 75.54 (SD = 10.48) years. Donepezil was the most frequently prescribed active ingredient (37.09%), followed by galantamine (36.94%). Donepezil accounted for 39.50% of the cost of Alzheimer medication. The average cost per prescription was R634.76 for donepezil and R551.35 for memantine. Only 5.27% of patients were prescribed more than one active ingredient for Alzheimer's disease during the year (mostly donepezil or galantamine, and memantine). Average prescribed daily doses (PDDs) of all active ingredients were generally lower than their respective defined daily doses (DDDs). The average PDD for donepezil was 7.45 mg (DDD = 7.5 mg), for galantamine 13.56 mg (DDD = 16 mg), for memantine 17.46 mg (DDD = 20 mg) and for rivastigmine 6.89 mg (DDD = 9 mg).", "label": [2, 5, 22, 23, 55, 57]}
+{"token": "Commensurate-incommensurate phase transition in muthmannite, AuAgTe2: first evidence of a modulated structure at low temperature. To study the temperature-dependent structural changes and to analyze the crystal chemical behavior of silver as a function of temperature, a crystal of muthmannite, AuAgTe(2), has been investigated by X-ray single-crystal diffraction methods at 300 K and 110 K. At room temperature, muthmannite was confirmed as belonging to the space group P2/m, while at low temperature (110 K) it undergoes a reversible commensurate-incommensurate phase transition with a modulation wave vector q = 0.215(1)a* + 0.379(2)c*. Muthmannite reconverts to the commensurate type upon returning to room temperature, thus indicating that the phase transition is completely reversible in character. The average structure of the low-temperature muthmannite remains monoclinic, space group P2/m, and shows only normal thermal compression over the entire temperature range investigated. Crystal-chemical characteristics are compared with published data on the other members of the system Au-Ag-Te. Speculations on the possible origin of the modulated structure at low temperature are also given.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "The English Ballad Singer and Hidden History. Drawing on Pierre Macherey's location of 'real history' in the silences and gaps of the historical record, this paper studies the changing role of the paid singer in England. Although singers and musicians in England have been rewarded for their performances at all periods, more attention has been given in recent years to traditional singing as a recreational, even domestic activity than as a means of livelihood. Because of their constantly changing social status, the position of the paid singer has been ambiguous and frequently oppositional. A recent book sees their status as one of continuous decline. However, the process was not a continuous and inevitable one: the singer adapted to changes in society and found new sources of support.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Transcriptomic response of Campylobacter jejuni following exposure to acidified sodium chlorite. Chemical decontamination during processing is used in many countries to mitigate the Campylobacter load on chicken meat. Chlorine is a commonly used sanitizer in poultry processing to limit foodborne bacterial pathogens but its efficacy is limited by high bacterial loads and organic material. Acidified sodium chlorite (ASC) is a potential alternative for poultry meat sanitization but little is known about its effects on the cellular response of Campylobacter. In this study, the sensitivity of C. jejuni isolates to ASC was established. RNAseq was performed to characterize the transcriptomic response of C. jejuni following exposure to either chlorine or ASC. Following chlorine exposure, C. jejuni induced an adaptive stress response mechanism. In contrast, exposure to ASC induced higher oxidative damage and cellular death by inhibiting all vital metabolic pathways and upregulating the genes involved in DNA damage and repair. The transcriptional changes in C. jejuni in response to ASC exposure suggest its potential as an effective sanitizer for use in the chicken meat industry.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Solubility study of cefpodoxime acid antibiotic in terms of free energy of solution - Insights from polarizable continuum model (PCM) analysis. The polarizable continuum model (PCM) analysis has been carried out on a third generation cephalosporin antibiotic, cefpodoxime acid (CA) in ten solvents with wide range of dielectric constant using the B3LYP method with 6-311 ++G (d,p) basis set. The present investigation is aimed to assess the solubility of the drug in these solvents and an attempt to predict the bioavailability of this commercially important drug. We report the electrostatic, dispersion, and repulsive interaction components of Gibb's free energy of solvation (Delta G(soln)) of the antibiotic along with cavitation energies in ten solvents. The induced dipole moments of CA in these solvents are calculated and discussed in terms of physical properties of the solvents. The interaction energies of the systems are discussed in terms of dielectric constant, index of refraction and surface tension of the solvents. The free energy of solution of CA in aqueous environment is used to predict the bioavailability of the antibiotic. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
+{"token": "Order-Disorder Transitions and Free Energies in Asymmetric Diblock Copolymers. Simulations of simple bead-spring models of asymmetric diblock copolymers are used to study the dependence of order-disorder transitions and free energies upon the invariant degree of polymerization (N) over bar and the fraction f of beads in the minority block. Well-tempered metadynamics is used to determine values of (chi N) ODT along the lamellar-disorder and hexagonaldisorder transitions over the range 0.1875 = f = 0.5 for two models with different values of (N) over bar = 480 and 1920, where chi is an effective Flory-Huggins interaction parameter, N is the degree of polymerization, and (chi N)(ODT) is a value of chi N at the order-disorder transition (ODT). More extensive studies are performed for systems with f = 1/4, which undergo a hexagonal-disorder transition. Equivalent results for both phase boundaries and free energies are obtained for one pair of systems with different numbers of beads per chain but matched values of f = 1/4 and (N) over bar, in agreement with the corresponding state hypothesis. Comparison of results for ((N) over bar) ODT for systems with f = 1/4 and several values for (N) over bar show a systematic decrease in ((N) over bar) ODT with an increase N<overline>, consistent with the expected approach to the self-consistent field (SCFT) prediction as (N) over bar -> infinity. Results for the free energy per chain in the disordered and hexagonal phases of systems with f = 1/4 show that SCFT gives rather accurate predictions for the free energy in the ordered hexagonal phase but that the random-mixing approximation underlying SCFT significantly overestimates the free energy of the disordered phase.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "A 0.66e(rms)(-) Temporal-Readout-Noise 3-D-Stacked CMOS Image Sensor With Conditional Correlated Multiple Sampling Technique. This paper presents a sub-electron temporal readout noise, 8.3 Mpixel and 1.1-mu m pixel pitch 3-D-stacked CMOS image sensor (CIS). A conditional correlated multiple sampling (CMS) technique is introduced to selectively reduce the dark pixel noise by using a full-range ramp and a smallrange ramp. In this way, a sub-electron temporal readout noise CIS is achieved without degrading the frame rate dramatically, compared to the conventional CMS method. A column-parallel single slope ADC with dark pixel detection function is proposed as well. A dynamic-dark-signal-region detection technique is used to mitigate differential nonlinearity (DNL) errors due to ramp slope mismatch. The implemented prototype in 45-nm CIS/65-nm CMOS occupies an area of 35.89 mm(2). This paper achieves a 0.66e(rms)(-) with 5-time sampling at a frame rate of 7.2 frames/s, which corresponds to a sample-rate frequency of 36.1 kHz for the column ADC. The DNL (11 b) is improved from +0.98 LSB/-0.94 LSB to +0.29 LSB/-0.39 LSB by using dynamic dark-signal region technique. The figure of merit of this paper is 2.02 nV(rms)/Hz.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Silence, in the Archives: Derrida's Other Marx(s). The idea that Derrida kept silent on Marx before the publication of Spectres de Marx, in 1993, has become a commonplace in Derrida studies and in the history of Marxism and French 20th century political thought. This idea has often been accompanied by a certain representation of the relationship (or absence thereof) between deconstruction and dialectical materialism, and fed the legend of deconstruction's \\\\'apoliticism\\\\' - at least before what some have called Derrida's \\\\'ethicopolitical turn\\\\', usually dated in the early 1990s. Against this narrative, this essay analyzes Derrida's notorious \\\\'silence on Marx\\\\' before Specters of Marx from the perspective of the archives. Archival research transforms the narrative: Derrida's \\\\'silence on Marx\\\\' was only \\\\'relative\\\\'. Beyond the scene of publications, archives reveal another scene: multiple engagements with Marx and Marxist thought, marked and remarked in many archival documents - more particularly in a series of early seminar notes from the 1960s and 1970s. How does this archival scene transform our interpretation of Derrida's \\\\'silence\\\\'?", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Active oxygen produced during selective excitation of photosystem I is damaging not only to photosystem I, but also to photosystem II. With the aim to specifically study the molecular mechanisms behind photoinhibition of photosystem I, stacked spinach (Spinacia oleracea) thylakoids were irradiated at 4 degreesC with far-red light (> 715 nm) exciting photosystem I, but not photosystem II. Selective excitation of photosystem I by far-red light for 130 min resulted in a 40% inactivation of photosystem I. It is surprising that this treatment also caused up to 90% damage to photosystem II. This suggests that active oxygen produced at the reducing side of photosystem I is highly damaging to photosystem II. Only a small pool of the D1-protein was degraded. However, most of the D1-protein was modified to a slightly higher molecular mass, indicative of a damage-induced conformational change. The far-red illumination was also performed using destacked and randomized thylakoids in which the distance between the photosystems is shorter. Upon 130 min of illumination, photosystem I showed an approximate 40% inactivation as in stacked thylakoids. In contrast, photosystem II only showed 40% inactivation in destacked and randomized thylakoids, less than one-half of the inactivation observed using stacked thylakoids. In accordance with this, photosystem II, but not photosystem I is more protected from photoinhibition in destacked thylakoids. Addition of active oxygen scavengers during the far-red photosystem I illumination demonstrated superoxide to be a major cause of damage to photosystem I, whereas photosystem II was damaged mainly by superoxide and hydrogen peroxide.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "The local structure of hydrogen storage nanocrystalline graphite by neutron scattering. The total and inelastic neutron scattering measurements were employed in order to get more information on the local structure of nanocrystalline graphite prepared by mechanical milling under D-2 gas atmosphere. In the RDF(r) for the sample after 50 h of milling, newly grown peak around 0.154 nm was found at the larger r side of the first nearest peak corresponding to the C-C correlation. The distance 0.154 nm of the C-C correlation is attributed to 4-fold bonding. Moreover, the inelastic neutron scattering peak observed in the 160-190 meV region for the samples after 20 h of milling indicates new emergence of sp(3) bonding. The results apparently indicate that terminating D atoms at the edges of the nano-lattice plane of graphite create the new sp(3) bonding of C atoms during the milling process under D, gas atmosphere. (C) 2002 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "WEIGHTED LANDAU-TYPE INEQUALITIES. Landau-type inequalities are investigated with general weight functions satisfying appropriate conditions.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Varicose veins of the legs among nurses: Occupational and demographic characteristics. This study aims to determine the relationship between occupational and demographic hazards that characterize varicose veins (VV) in the legs and their intensity among nurses.A cross-sectional study was carried out among 203 nurses from three general hospitals in Amol, Iran. The required subjects' information was collected through a self-filled questionnaire and the physical examination of the VV intensity was based on the Clinical finding using the Etiology, Anatomic finding, Pathophysiological standards. The prevalence of VV, with different degrees, was 72.4% (95% CI 65.7-78.4), with women having a higher prevalence compared with men (77.9% vs. 56.9%, P=0.004). The other non-interventional risk variable was having longer years of service. Interventional variables were long-standing hours, overtime work and body mass index status. This study had determined the occupational risk variables on VV which could be interventional in improving the working nurses' environment and quality of life for their long-term career.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Hepatic trauma: An Indian experience. Over a five year period, between January 1989 and December 1993, a total of 230 patients with confirmed hepatic injuries were treated at a major urban trauma center, The mechanism of injury was blunt in 154 patients (67%). Nonoperative treatment was given in 18 patients (8%). All operated patients were explored through a midline incision, A ''T'' extension over the right hypochondrium was required in 24 patients (10%), while a right thoracotomy extension was needed in 16 patients (7%). Simple hepatorrhaphy, use of topical hemostatic agents or peritoneal drainage alone were performed in 151 (66%) patients, Extensive hepatorrhaphy, hepatotomy with selective vascular ligation, resection with debridement or resection alone, perihepatic packing and major vascular ligation were undertaken, often in combination in 61 (26%) patients, Percutaneous arterial embolization was carried out in one patient. The mortality rate was 19%. The most frequent postoperative complications related to hepatic injury were intraabdominal abscesses (6%) and coagulopathy (5%). Prolonged biliary leak (3%), late hemorrhage (1%) and hepatic necrosis (1%) were also observed.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Innovative Concept of Providing Local Public Services Based on ICT. The public sector faces the challenge of re-evaluating public service delivery mechanisms with a citizen orientation. The eGovernment concept should not only focus on delivering a large number of services to increase efficiency and effectiveness when deciding on a top-down approach, based on government needs, but decisions should be made on the basis of citizens' needs, a bottom-up approach. The object of the paper is to identify problems of public service innovations demand and supply, which determinate the adoption of local public service innovations based on the use of IT technology in the condition of Slovak Republic. The results of the investigation confirmed that there is citizen demand for innovation of local public services, but the process of developing and implementing innovative concepts of public services fails on the grounds of the low innovation potential of the service providers.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Secure Collaborative Publicly Verifiable Computation. Publicly Verifiable Computation (PVC) enables computationally weak trusted sources to outsource several computations to some more powerful public untrusted clouds. On issuing a query, the public cloud replies the result of the function evaluation with a witness vouching for correctness of computation. This primitive requires high efficiency and public verifiability. However, existing PVC constructions all request trusted sources to know delegated function beforehand, and thus it fails to meet diverse requirements, especially outsourced target unknown need to be jointly computed among different entities in a privacy-preserving manner. To strengthen current PVC's flexibility, we proposed a new primitive called Secure Collaborative PVC (SCPVC), where TTP is responsible only for initializing system parameter and publishing some information in its bulletin. After some rounds, the public cloud owns lots of functions outsourced in PVC ways. The private cloud works out an algebraic operation structure L, which involves some functions provided by public cloud and himself. Based on L, they jointly perform the protocol to generate the target function. At the end of the protocol, the public cloud obtains target function while not disclosing respective secrets. Due to the misbehavior of the public cloud, this mechanism allows the private cloud to check the integrity of target function and any client to verify the correctness of results. Our scheme without jointly computing is a typical existing PVC scheme. Therefore, our protocol is compatible with the prevailing publicly verifiable computation Scheme. Before investigating SCPVC, we tailored two secure two-party polynomial computation protocols using 1-out-of-l Oblivious Transfer protocol as the main building block to SCPVC. More preciously, polynomial multiplication protocol transforms two polynomials multiplication into another two addition such that the result of sum is equal to the result of multiplication. Similarly, polynomial addition protocol is as same as multiplication protocol converts two polynomials addition into another two multiplication.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Analysis of the consunter behaviour with regard to direct purchasing - on the example of the lower Saxony survey region. For the analysis of the consumer behaviour, a so-called purchasing pattern index (Kaufverhaltensindex; KVI) was established. A comparison of the different regions reveals that the survey regions of Baden-Wuerttemberg, North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony have by far the highest KVI while the eastern survey regions have the lowest KVI.This contribution presents the results of empirical research into the analysis of consumer behaviour and attitudes towards direct purchasing. To this purpose, face-to-face surveys were conducted in autumn 2002 in the Hanover region (n = 202) as well as in seven other survey regions (n = 759).As regards the attitude measurement (factor analysis), the following six attitude dimensions could be extracted: confidence in the emotional product quality, price consciousness, confidence in the range of conventional foodstuffs, attitude towards convenience food, health consciousness and social-orieritation. The analysis of the purchasing pattern relevance (regression analysis) shows the distinct dominance of the attitude dimension 'price consciousness'.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Simulated observations of heavy elements with CUBES. We investigate the feasibility of robust abundances for selected neutron-capture elements (Ge, Bi, Hf, U) from near-UV spectroscopy with the CUBES instrument now in development for the Very Large Telescope. We use the CUBES end-to-end simulator to synthesise observations of the Ge I 3039 angstrom and Hf II 3400 and 3719 angstrom lines in a very metal-poor star, using the well-studied star CS 31082-001 as a template. From simulated 4 hr exposures, we recover estimated abundances to +/- 0.1 dex for Ge for U similar to 14.25 mag., and for Hf for U = 18 mag. These performances neatly highlight the powerful gain of CUBES for near-UV observations of targets that are two-to-three magnitudes fainter than the existing observations of CS 31082-001 (U= 12.5 mag.). We also investigate the weak Bi I 3025 angstrom and U II 3860 angstrom lines (for U similar to 14.25 and 16 mag., respectively), finding that simulated 4 hr exposures should provide upper limits to these observationally challenging lines.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Logically proper definite descriptions. This essay notes a striking parallel between the original Hilbert-Bernays treatment of definite descriptions and Russell's theory of logically proper names. The formal language for the original theory is laid out and the implications of a theory of cis a cis the statements that qualify as predications in a logically proper definite descriptions sense of the word 'predication' different from the espoused by Frege, Russell and Meinong.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Structural signature of a sheared granular flow. Various types of mesoscopic structures form in jammed granular materials due to the self-organization of their constituent particles. Internal structural degrees of freedom are introduced in addition to the translational degree of freedom, and both impact the intrinsic properties of granular materials from its constituent ordinary objects. In this study, we perform numerical simulations of plane shear granular flows confined with a constant pressure. Using the radical tessellation method, we investigate the temporal and spatial evolutions of granular structures. The simulation results show that the degree of local fivefold symmetry (LFFS) is a unique structural indicator due to its significant spatial heterogeneity and dramatic variance with shearing. In the steady state, regions with small LFFS possess large linear velocity gradients, large angular velocities, and consequently large fluctuations in kinetic energy and elastic energy. Thus, LFFS may link the internal structures and dynamic properties of granular materials. Inspired by this spatial distribution scenario consisting of LFFS and energy, we propose a structural unit composed of a strong force network (SFN) and a weak force network (WFN). The SFN has a high shear resistance that acts as the elastic backbone that supports the entire matrix of a granular assembly, whereas the WFN with high energy dissipation consists of embedded \\\\'inclusions\\\\' among the SFN. This structural analysis aids the understanding of the complex phenomena of granular materials and provides insight into the mechanisms. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAPHENE SHEETS CONTAINING HIGH-DENSITY ENSEMBLES OF 5-8-5 DEFECTS. Classical molecular dynamics is exploited to examine mechanical characteristics (ultimate tensile strength, and tensile strain-to-failure) of graphene sheets containing high-density ensembles of 5-8-5 defects. Each such a defect represents a divacancy associated with \\\\'pentagon-octagon-pentagon\\\\' atomic configuration in hexagonal crystal lattice of graphene. We revealed that the ultimate tensile strength of graphene sheets significantly degrades (by tens of percent) due to the presence of 5-8-5 defects in graphene, as compared to the tensile strength of ideal (defect-free) graphene. Also, results of our computer model indicate that both the ultimate tensile strength and the tensile strain-to-failure of graphene sheets containing high-density ensembles of 5-8-5 defects are sensitive to temperature. In particular, when temperature increases, the ultimate strength decreases in the almost linear way, and the tensile strain-to-failure decreases in the way similar to linear one.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Flexible hours, workplace authority, and compensating wage differentials in the US. The theory of compensating differentials suggests that workers with flexible schedules will earn less than other workers. Some authors have also contended that the concentration of women in jobs with flexible hours explains a significant part of the gender pay gap. This paper uses data from the US subset of the Comparative Project in Class Analysis to test these hypotheses. These data first indicate that, contrary to popular wisdom, women workers do not have more flexible schedules than men. Second, the really striking differential is by race: black workers have much more rigid schedules than white workers. Third, workers with more authority at the workplace typically have more flexibility than subordinate workers. Finally, the data show that any compensating differentials for flexible hours are small and are offset by returns to workplace authority.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
+{"token": "MICROSATELLITES FOR NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF TRIOPS (BRANCHIOPODA: NOTOSTRACA). We used 454 pyrosequencing to discover more than 3000 candidate microsatellite markers for three putative species of tadpole shrimp in the genus Triops. We selected 42 of these candidates, consisting of 12 systems identified in Triops longicaudatus \\\\'long,\\\\' 16 identified in Triops longicaudatus \\\\'short,\\\\' and 14 identified in Triops newberryi. Out of these potential loci we identified between five and eight polymorphic microsatellite systems per \\\\'species.\\\\' By implementing an additional cross amplification experiment with the microsatellite markers mentioned above and further testing 15 microsatellite markers initially identified in the European Triops cancriformis, we successfully transferred 17 microsatellite markers within the three North American Triops and found three new microsatellites, one polymorphic, that will amplify in T cancriformis. The reported genetic methods are powerful molecular tools to acquire new detailed information at the interface of ecology, evolution and development, which will facilitate understanding phenotypic plasticity, breeding systems, and adaptation in this taxonomically-confusing group of \\\\'living fossils.\\\\'", "label": [4, 45, 47]}
+{"token": "IN PUBLIC SERVANTS WE TRUST? A behavioural experiment on public service motivation and trust among students of public administration, business sciences and law. Using a laboratory experiment with monetary rewards to explore the effect of self-reported public service motivation (PSM) on choosing to study public administration and on trust behaviour reveals that students of public administration behave more trusting and trustworthy than business sciences and law students. Self-reported PSM is positively associated with trust behaviour, but does not explain trust differences between the three groups. This indicates that the normative orientation that underlies self-reported PSM exerts a stronger influence on behaviour in a low-cost decision than in a high-cost decision with long-term consequences such as choosing a field of study.", "label": [5, 50, 51]}
+{"token": "Postoperative Patients in Jordan: Pain Prevalence, Characteristics, Beliefs, and Satisfaction. Results: Pain prevalence following surgery during the first 24 hours was 87%. The overall Mean of satisfaction of all participants was moderate (66.6%). The analysis found that the greatest interference of pain was with activity (Mean +/- SD = 6.27 +/- 3.30). The belief \\\\'people get addicted to pain medicine easily\\\\' was the most common misunderstanding (Mean +/- SD = 3.48 +/- 1.71). Male participants had worse average pain experience but were more satisfied with pain management than females (ps = .012, .017, respectively). Participants aged 30 or more had better pain management experience and satisfaction than those aged under 30 (p = .021).Conclusions: The study revealed high pain prevalence among surgical patients that remains under-treated. If patients' postoperative environment is to be a \\\\'Pain Free Zone\\\\', nurses' training programs and the application of various screening tools in the postoperative context taking into account the role of gender and culture are urgently needed. (C) 2018 American Society for Pain Management Nursing. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Methods: Data were collected by the American Pain Society Patient Outcomes questionnaire, Brief Pain Inventory scale and beliefs towards pain scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.Participants: A convenient sample of 143 surgical patients was selected.Settings: This study was conducted in a 200-bed Jordanian public hospital located in the southern province of Jordan.Design: This is a descriptive survey design.Aims: This study aimed to determine pain prevalence, its characteristics, beliefs and satisfaction among postoperative patients in Jordan.Background: Unrelieved postoperative pain contributes to soaring medical costs and poor quality of life. Whilst much has been written about postoperative pain prevalence in the literature, few empirical studies have explored pain care in Middle Eastern countries.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Scientific political consulting and university education in germany: demand and supply patterns in the context of the bologna process. This article examines the competences required for a career in scientific policy consultancy (especially in the field of foreign policy) in Germany and the extent to which university education in the field of political science can and does prepare for this occupation. Our analysis indicates that both university education and on-the-job training are equally important for such a career. Among the broad competences, 'analytical skills' and 'expertise/know-how and experience' are regarded as more important than 'communication skills' and 'customer focus'. We have found that political consultants would prefer university programmes to include more practical elements, including a greater degree of involvement of policy-makers, and more integrated internships and innovative forms of studying such as role play and the drafting of policy papers. When comparing these findings with the university programmes offered, an ambiguous picture emerges. On the one hand, it is clear that most universities are making a concerted effort to offer new innovative programmes and to meet the challenges of the Bologna process. On the other hand, traditional perceptions and methodologies of university education have been preserved. There thus seems to be a certain gap between ambition and implementation. The article limits itself to analysing the German case but nevertheless aims at encouraging a European-wide debate about political science programmes and scientific political consulting.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Bioprocess of Microbial Melanin Production and Isolation. Melanin is one of the most abundant pigments found in the biosphere. Owing to its high biocompatibility and diverse biological activities, it has been widely applied as a functional biomaterial in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, biopolymer, and environmental fields. In this study, the production of melanin was comprehensively reviewed concerning bioconversion and isolation processes. First, several melanogenic microbes, including fungi and bacteria, were summarized. Melanin production was classified by host and melanin type and was analyzed by titers in g/L in addition to reaction conditions, including pH and temperature. The production was further interpreted using a space-time yields chart, which showed two distinct classifications in productivity, and reaction conditions were analyzed using a pH-temperature-titer chart. Next, the extraction process was summarized by crude and pure melanin preparation procedures, and the extraction yields were highlighted. Finally, the recent applications of melanin were briefly summarized, and prospects for further application and development in industrial applications were suggested.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Corporate social responsibility and organizational commitment in agricultural cooperatives: evidence from Iran. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the corporate social responsibility (CSR) and organizational commitment (OC) in agricultural cooperatives of Iran. The study's research model is tested through a survey consulting 260 respondents. The method of data collection is using the standard questionnaire of corporate social responsibility (CSR) based on the Carol model and organizational commitment (OC) based on the Allen-Meyer model. Data validity was confirmed by Bartlett test and KMO coefficient and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. The statistical population of this study was the agricultural cooperatives with managed by the Rural Cooperative Organization (RCO) of Isfahan Province in Iran. The results of this research showed that from the members' viewpoint, the highest corporate social responsibility was in the legal dimension and the lowest was in the discretionary dimension as based on the Carol model. The research results show that the organizational commitment index of managers is nearly of 50%. The results of cluster analysis in the field of members 'perception of cooperative social responsibility showed that the four variables such as: performance satisfaction, members' participation in cooperative meetings, age and purpose of membership, predicts the members' behavior in separating the cooperative into two groups with strong and weak the CSR. Also, the result of cluster analysis in board of director's organizational commitment showed that the variables such as: level of education, management experience and belief in the non-interference of other institutions in cooperative management, predicts the board of directors organizational commitment behavior in separating into two strong and weak the OC.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Phosphorus and nitrogen budgets of the Al-Hawizeh marshland after re-flooding. The ecological function of the Mesopotamian marshlands was severely damaged during their desiccation from 1993 to 2003 and, as a result, the marshes became a main target for restoration after their re-flooding in April 2003. In this study, the phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) budgets for a portion of the Mesopotamian marshlands at Al-Hawizeh (Iraq) are reported. Al-Hawizeh appears to play a strong role in regulating P and N. Total P input and output were both dominated by dissolved organic P, while total N input and output were dominated by particulate organic N, suggesting that N is in greater demand than P. Al-Hawizeh acts as source for N and sink for P; this has an important function in altering their export downstream (Shatt Al-Arab River) and subsequently into the Arabian Gulf. However, investigating P and N fractions helped in understanding the role of Al-Hawizeh in transforming, storage and release of P and N fractions.", "label": [4, 45]}
+{"token": "Epidemiosurveillance of animal rabies in Belgium: a single case recorded in 1999. During 1999, rabies was confirmed in one bovine in the <<commune>> of Bastogne in southern Belgium (province of Luxemburg). The last case of fox rabies was recorded on the 3rd of April 1998 in the same commune. During 1999, two aerial vaccinations were carried out in April and October (baiting density: 17 baits per km(2)) and an additional campaign of cubs vaccination was performed in May by distributing manually about 10-20 baits per breeding den. Furthermore, a small scale emergency distribution baits was also conducted in early September. Results from both tetracycline (biomarker) and rabies antibodies detection tests showed that the vaccination campaign carried out in April 1999 was the most efficient. Thanks to an appropriate strategy of fox vaccination and a good cross-border cooperation, the last residual rabies focus in Belgium is being to be eliminated.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Identification of a T-Cell Epitope That Is Globally Conserved among Outer Membrane Proteins (OMPs) OMP7, OMP8, and OMP9 of Anaplasma marginale Strains and with OMP7 from the A. marginale subsp centrale Vaccine Strain. Within the protective outer membrane (OM) fraction of Anaplasma marginale, several vaccine candidates have emerged, including a family of OM proteins (OMPs) 7 to 9, which share sequence identity with each other and with the single protein OMP7 in the vaccine strain A. marginale subsp. centrale. A. marginale OMPs 7 to 9 are logical vaccine candidates because they are surface exposed, present in the OM immunogen and protective cross-linked OM proteins, recognized by immune serum IgG2 and T cells in cattle immunized with OM, and recognized by immune serum IgG2 from cattle immunized with the A. centrale vaccine strain. We report the identification of a globally conserved 9-amino-acid T-cell epitope FLLVDDAI/VV shared between A. centrale vaccine strain OMP7 and the related A. marginale OMPs 7 to 9, where position 8 of the peptide can be isoleucine or valine. The epitope is conserved in American A. marginale strains, in the Australia Gypsy Plains strain, and in multiple field isolates from Ghana. This epitope, together with additional T-cell epitopes that are present within these proteins, should be considered for inclusion in a multivalent vaccine for A. marginale that can provide protection against disease caused by globally distributed bacterial strains.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "Mapping Cropland Abandonment in the Aral Sea Basin with MODIS Time Series. Cropland abandonment is globally widespread and has strong repercussions for regional food security and the environment. Statistics suggest that one of the hotspots of abandoned cropland is located in the drylands of the Aral Sea Basin (ASB), which covers parts of post-Soviet Central Asia, Afghanistan and Iran. To date, the exact spatial and temporal extents of abandoned cropland remain unclear, which hampers land-use planning. Abandoned land is a potentially valuable resource for alternative land uses. Here, we mapped the abandoned cropland in the drylands of the ASB with a time series of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) from 2003-2016. To overcome the restricted ability of a single classifier to accurately map land-use classes across large areas and agro-environmental gradients, stratum-specific classifiers were calibrated and classification results were fused based on a locally weighted decision fusion approach. Next, the agro-ecological suitability of abandoned cropland areas was evaluated. The stratum-specific classification approach yielded an overall accuracy of 0.879, which was significantly more accurate ( < 0.05) than a global classification without stratification, which had an accuracy of 0.811. In 2016, the classification results showed that 13% (1.15 Mha) of the observed irrigated cropland in the ASB was idle (abandoned). Cropland abandonment occurred mostly in the Amudarya and Syrdarya downstream regions and was associated with degraded land and areas prone to water stress. Despite the almost twofold population growth and increasing food demand in the ASB area from 1990 to 2016, abandoned cropland was also located in areas with high suitability for farming. The map of abandoned cropland areas provides a novel basis for assessing the causes leading to abandoned cropland in the ASB. This contributes to assessing the suitability of abandoned cropland for food or bioenergy production, carbon storage, or assessing the environmental trade-offs and social constraints of recultivation.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 38, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Purification and characterization of the human recombinant histidine-tagged prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases-1 and-2. We have used in vitro mutagenesis to introduce a six residue histidine sequence (His-tag) near the amino terminal end of the human PGHS-1 and -2 and have expressed these proteins using the baculovirus system. The His-tags are located one and two amino acids beyond the signal peptide cleavage sites of PGHS-1 and PGHS-2, respectively, positions that do not affect their activities or sensitivities to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, When expressed in sf-21 cells, the His-tagged enzymes have K-m values for arachidonate, and IC50 values for inhibition by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs that are similar to values reported for the nontagged enzymes. The His-tags allowed for purification of the PGHSs by a simplified protocol involving nickel-affinity and anion exchange FPLC chromatography. The specific activities and recoveries for the purified enzymes were as good or better than those reported previously for purification of the non-tagged PGHS. These baculovirus constructs should provide a convenient source for pharmacologic and biophysical studies that require large scale preparation of human PGHSs. (C) 2000 Academic Press.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Health status and mortality rates of adolescents and young adults in the Brussels-Capital Region: differences according to region of origin and migration history. ResultsImportant differences are observed according to both region of origin and migration history among adolescents and young adults in the BCR. These differences significantly reduce when accounting for education, suggesting that investing in education is a public-health strategy worth considering. Further research in this area may benefit from taking migration history into account.DesignObjectiveThe data consist of the census of 2001 for the BCR linked to death and emigration records for the period of 01/10/2001-01/01/2006. Belgian, Maghreb, Turkish and sub-Saharan African 15-34 year olds are included in the analyses. Odds ratios are calculated for SRH (0 = poor health, 1 = good health) using logistic regression. Age-standardised mortality rates are computed and mortality rate ratios are shown using Poisson regression.There are marked health differences according to region of origin. While Maghrebins and Turks (M/T) feel less healthy, sub-Saharan Africans (SSA) feel healthier than Belgians. Furthermore, there are important differences within nationality groups, with second-generation M/T having a worse health status than the first generation. While first-generation SSA feel a lot healthier than Belgians, there is no difference between second-generation SSA and Belgians. Education plays a marked role in health and mortality differences, especially in young adulthood (25-34 years). Migration history is even more important than region of origin concerning mortality differences. First-generation M/T show lower mortality risks compared to Belgians and second-generation M/T, while the latter show comparable mortality risks as Belgians after controlling for education.ConclusionTo examine and quantify differences in both self-rated health (SRH) and mortality according to region of origin, migration history and educational level among adolescents and young adults living in the Brussels-Capital Region (BCR).", "label": [2, 3, 30, 24]}
+{"token": "The genotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, haematotoxic and histopathological effects in rats after aluminium chronic intoxication. Aluminium (Al) is used in water purification and is also present in several manufactured foods and medicines. Al is known to induce a broad range of physiological, biochemical and behavioural dysfunctions in laboratory animals and humans. This investigation was carried out to investigate the effects of subchronic exposure to Al (as AlCl3) in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly separated into two groups. Group 1 rats treated with sodium chloride served as the control, group 2 rats were treated with Al (as AlCl3, 5mg/kg body weight) intraperitonally for 10 weeks. Animals were killed and blood samples were analyzed for blood serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme activities and creatinine, urea (U) and uric acid (UA) levels for evaluating hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Blood parameters including red blood cells (RBCs), haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, haematocrit (Ht), platelets (PLTs) and white blood cells (WBCs) were compared between control and experimental group to assess haematoxicity. In order to determine the genotoxicity, the number of micronucleated hepatocytes (MNHEPs) was counted in isolated hepatocytes. In addition, histological alterations in liver and kidney samples were investigated. After exposure with Al, the enzymatic activities of ALP, AST, ALT and LDH, and the levels of U and UA significantly increased. RBC, WBC, PLT, Hb and Ht revealed significant decreases in experimental group compared to the control. AlCl3 caused a significant increase in MNHEPs. Furthermore, severe pathological damages were established in both liver and kidney samples. Subchronic exposure to low doses of Al can produce serious dysfunctions in rat blood, liver and kidney, and exposure to this metal can result in greater damages.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of a rapid, point-of-care test device for the diagnosis of hepatitis C infection. Objectives: We evaluated the performance of a new, rapid HCV test that can be used with venous blood, finger stick blood, serum, plasma, or oral fluid and compared it to FDA-approved laboratory methods.Results: Sensitivity and specificity of the rapid test was equivalent to laboratory EIA and performance was comparable across all 5 specimen types.Background: Despite considerable evolution in the quality of laboratory-based testing for detection of HCV, the availability of rapid, point-of-care tests may increase diagnoses by increasing opportunities for testing outside of traditional laboratory settings.Study design: HCV positive subjects as well as subjects at low risk for HCV were tested with the rapid test using all 5 specimen types and results compared to FDA-approved laboratory methods. In addition, performance was assessed in commercially available seroconversion panels.Conclusions: The OraQuick(R) HCV Rapid Antibody Test appears suitable as an aid in the diagnosis of HCV infection. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "The economic modeling of migration and consumption patterns in the English-speaking world. Recent literature suggests that there was a marked intensification of consumerism in the Anglophone world in the latter half of the nineteenth century, though little systematic empirical evidence of the phenomenon or its origins has to date been provided. This paper develops an economic model to redress this situation. Using a fixed-effects panel data model, it shows that the enduring racial ties, cultural affinity and sense of connectedness of British emigrants in Australasia, Canada and the US between 1879 and 1913, as evidenced by their remittance flows, were reflected in a strong preference for consuming British products. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "THE MANY FACES OF FAULT IN CONTRACT LAW: OR HOW TO DO ECONOMICS RIGHT, WITHOUT REALLY TRYING. Modern law often rests on the assumption that a uniform cost-benefit formula is the proper way to determine fault in ordinary contract disputes. This Article disputes that vision by defending the view that different standards of fault are appropriate in different contexts. The central distinction is one that holds parties in gratuitous transactions only to the standard of care that they bring to their own affairs, while insisting on the higher objective standard of ordinary care in commercial transactions. That bifurcation leads to efficient searches. Persons who hold themselves out in particular lines of business in effect warrant their ability to achieve uniform standards, while individuals who seek favors from their friends are incentivized to choose them carefully given the subjective standard of care. These results, moreover, derive from the Roman conceptions of care brought into the Anglo-American law through the 1703 decision in Coggs v. Bernard, and are shown to have surprising durability in dealing with agency, medical malpractice, occupier liability, guest statute, and frustration cases. Often the efficient standard of fault is given only to those who do economics without really trying.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "The multicultural constitution, the rule of law and the flexibilization of legal forms : a brief account of the indigenous justice of the Chibuleo people in Ecuador. In this presentation I articulate some considerations about the Multicultural Constitution in Latin America as it way recently enacted in some Andean countries like Bolivia and Ecuador. The Multicultural Constitution, as a process of emancipation of indigenous peoples in Latin America has provoked not only substantial changes in the traditional legal architecture of Latin American constitutionalism but also permitted the use of the Constitution as a counter-hegemonic and decolonizing instrument.. The constitutional recognition of indigenous justice and its own distinct forms of legal production, has challenged the traditional concept of formal law. Paradoxically, the re-emergence of indigenous law and justice was achieved through the use of formal and legal instruments which historically had been used to strengthen colonial dominance over indigenous peoples. I will analyze very briefly the case of the indigenous people of Chibuleo and their own system of justice stressing the emancipatory and social cohesion effects which have resulted from the implementation of the autonomous indigenous judicial system. This analysis is based on some theoretical tools provided by globalization studies and global governance scholarship and focused on the transformative role that global counter-hegemonic social movements have played in the de-construction of traditional state in a context of economic globalization in some countries of Latin America.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Changes in the self during cognitive behavioural therapy for social anxiety disorder: A systematic review. consistent feature across cognitive-behavioural models of social anxiety disorder (SAD) is the central role of the self in the emergence and maintenance of the disorder. The strong emphasis placed on the self in these models and related empirical research has also been reflected in evidence-based treatments for the disorder. This systematic review provides an overview of the empirical literature investigating the role of self-related constructs (e.g., self-beliefs, self-images, self-focused attention) proposed in cognitive models of SAD, before examining how these constructs are modified during and following CBT for SAD. Forty-one studies met the inclusion criteria. Guided by Stopa's (2009a, b) model of self, most studies examined change in self-related content, followed by change in self-related processing. No study examined change in self-structure. Pre-to post-treatment reductions were observed in self-related thoughts and beliefs, self-esteem, self-schema, self-focused attention, and self-evaluation. Change in self-related constructs predicted and/or mediated social anxiety reduction, however relatively few studies examined this. Papers were limited by small sample sizes, failure to control for depression symptoms, lack of waitlist, and some measurement concerns. Future research directions are discussed. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Identification of chaetognaths as protostomes is supported by the analysis of their mitochondrial genome. Determining the phylogenetic position of enigmatic phyla such as Chaetognatha is a longstanding challenge for biologists. Chaetognaths (or arrow worms) are small, bilaterally symmetrical metazoans. In the past decades, their relationships within the metazoans have been strongly debated because of embryological and morphological features shared with the two main branches of Bilateria: the deuterostomes and protostomes. Despite recent attempts based on molecular data, the Chaetognatha affinities have not yet been convincingly defined. To answer this fundamental question, we determined the complete mitochondrial DNA genome of Spadella cephaloptera. We report three unique features: it is the smallest metazoan mitochondrial genome known and lacks both atp8 and atp6 and all tRNA genes. Furthermore phylogenetic reconstructions show that Chaetognatha belongs to protostomes. This implies that some embryological characters observed in chaetognaths, such as a gut with a mouth not arising from blastopore (deuterostomy) and a mesoderm derived from archenteron (enterocoely), could be ancestral features (plesiomorphies) of bilaterians.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "Portevin-Le Chatelier effect in Y2O3-ZrO2 single crystals. Detailed analyses of plastic instabilities in cubic Y2O3-ZrO2 single crystals with high yttria content (greater than or equal to 21 mol%) have been carried out by uniaxial compression tests between 1310 and 1450 degreesC. The experimental results and their comparison with standard models show that these instabilities are caused by a Portevin-Le Chatelier effect. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Mapping national identity narratives in Ukraine. Since 1991, the absence of the concept of a Ukrainian nation and national identity has led to a controversial, often ambivalent process of identity formation. The aim of this paper is to analyze and map the widely shared concepts about national identity that exist in Ukrainian society after 20 years of independence. Analysis of 43 interviews with Ukrainian political and intellectual elites reveals five different shared narratives: (1) dual identity; (2) being pro-Soviet; (3) a fight for Ukrainian identity; (4) a recognition of Ukrainian identity; and (5) a multicultural-civic concept. Each narrative is characterized by three main features: a coherent structure with strong internal logic and justification of its legitimacy; connection to a specific conception of power and morality; and an opposition to other narratives. All these features lead to the perception of society as a zero-sum game where one narrative must prevail over all others. At the same time, all these features ensure that there can be neither an overwhelming victory of one narrative over others nor a satisfying compromise between them. The results shed light on the complex process of narrative construction of identity and power in newly independent states.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 30, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "Improved Draft Genome Sequence of Bacillus sp. Strain YF23, Which Has Plant Growth-Promoting Activity. We report here the improved draft genome sequence of Bacillus sp. strain YF23, a bacterium originally isolated from switchgrass (Panicum virgaturn) plants and shown to exhibit plant growth-promoting activity. The genome comprised 5.82 Mbp, containing 5,933 genes, with 193 as RNA genes, and a GC content of 35.10%.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Reactions of Zinc Calcium Oxysulfide with Metallic Iron and Its Sulfide. Mixtures of zinc calcium oxysulfide with metallic iron or its sulfide are heated at 873-1373 K, and the products are studied by X-ray diffraction, electron-probe microanalysis, and chemical analysis. In the case of CaZnSO with FeS, the reaction gives a continuous series of Ca(FexZn1-x) SO solid solutions and, eventually, iron calcium oxysulfide. The degree of the reaction depends on the CaZnSO/FeS ratio and the heating temperature. Heating of CaZnSO with Fe above 1173 K results in zinc-vapor evolution and solid solutions with variable Ca(FexZn1-x) SO compositions. The degree of zinc sublimation is determined by the amount of introduced metallic iron and the roasting time and temperature.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Human neutrophil alloantigen genotype frequencies in Thai blood donors. Background. Antibodies to human neutrophil antigens (HNA) can cause transfusion reactions, as well as autoimmune and neonatal neutropenia. This study is the first to report the frequencies of human neutrophil antigen genotypes in the Thai population.Discussion. These findings suggest that Thais would be more susceptible to HNA-1b alloimmunisation. Furthermore, our results could establish a useful human neutrophil antigen donor file to provide more effective transfusion of blood and blood components.Materials and methods. Three hundred unrelated, healthy Thai blood donors at the National Blood Centre, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand were typed for HNA-1a, -1b, -1c, -3a, -3b and -4a using polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers. Moreover, HNA-5a genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism.Results. The gene frequencies of HNA-1a, -1b and -1c were 0.470, 0.530 and 0.005, respectively. The frequencies of HNA-3a and -3b were 0.490 and 0.510, respectively. Additionally, the HNA-4a(+/+) and HNA-4a(+/-) genotype frequencies were 0.947 and 0.053, respectively. The frequencies of HNA-5a(+/+), HNA-5a(+/-) and RIVA-5a(-/-) genotypes were 0.641, 0.297 and 0.062, respectively. Compared with other Asian populations, Thais have higher frequencies of HNA-1b (P < 0.001). On the other hand, the frequency of HNA-5a observed in Thais is lower than that reported among Koreans (P < 0.001).", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Machine translation using deep learning for universal networking language based on their structure. This paper presents a deep learning-based machine translation (MT) system that translates a sentence of subject-object-verb (SOV) structured language into subject-verb-object (SVO) structured language. This system uses recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and Encodings. Encode embedded RNNs generate a set of numbers from the input sentence, where the second RNNs generate the output from these sets of numbers. Three popular datasets of SOV structured language i.e., EMILLE corpus, Prothom-Alo corpus and Punjabi Monolingual Text Corpus ILCI-II are used as two different case-study to validate. In our experimental case-study 1, for the EMILLE corpus and Prothom-Alo corpus dataset, we have achieved 0.742, 4.11 and 0.18, respectively as Bilingual Evaluation Understudy (BLEU), NIST (metric) and tertiary entrance rank scores. Another case-study for Punjabi Monolingual Text Corpus ILCI-II dataset achieved a BLEU score of 0.75. Our results can be compared with the state-of-the-art results.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Converso Republican Thought: Republican Aspects in the Political Theology of the Defensorium unitatis christianae by Alonso de Cartagena. This article claims that republicanism was present in the Hispanic World during the 15th and 16th centuries. The category Converso republican thought is proposed in order to refer to the specific circumstances in which it was developed in Fifteenth Century Castile. This label is therefore used as an alternative to the widely applied idea of civic humanism. The latter concept will be criticised because it lacks an understanding of the specificities of the Hispanic world thereby wrongfully excluding it from the history of republicanism. I will show that one of the main features of this Converso republican thought resides in its suggestive articulation and reciprocal nurturing between republican and Christian theological elements. An articulation, the paper will demonstrate, that contributes to an inclusive political rationality. The article will exemplify this by drawing on Alonso de Cartagena's Defensorium unitatis christianae, written in 1449-a treaty that can be taken as an epitome of this Converso republican thought.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "DISTRIBUTION AND SYSTEMATICS OF BATRACHOSPERMUM (BATRACHOSPERMALES, RHODOPHYTA) IN NORTH-AMERICA .3. SECTION SETACEA. Six populations of Batrachospermum section Setacea from North America were compared to eight type specimens using multivariate morphometrics and image analysis. From this analysis, four species in this section were distinguished worldwide: B. atrum (Hudson) Harvey [syn. B. gallaei Sirodot, B. orthostichum Skuja, B. sertularina (Bory) Bory] B. diatyches Entwisle; B. androinvolucrum sp. nov.; and B. puiggarianum Grunow in Wittrock et Nordstedt (syn. B. angolense Welwitsch ex West et West, B. nigrescens Welwitsch ex West et West). Two of these species were found in North America: B. atrum in California and Texas and B. androinvolucrum in British Columbia, Washington State, and Alabama. The new species, B. androinvolucrum, is distinguished by having spermatangia restricted to one-celled involucral bracts of the carpogonial branch.", "label": [0, 4, 45, 9]}
+{"token": "Pressure ulcer in institutionalized elderly: the risk scores and clinical determinants. Conclusion: Pressure ulcers are preventable wounds that require constant observation by the professionals responsible for the planning and implementation of care.Introduction: The term senescence translates the natural process of aging, which includes a sum of physiological, anatomical and functional changes. These changes can lead to morbidities and, when associated with chronic diseases, provide a situation of fragility and dependence, which may leave the elderly vulnerable to the appearance of wounds, which usually present a chronic evolution.Objective: to determine the prevalence and characteristics of pressure ulcers among institutionalized elderly people, the association between risk scores and clinical conditions of the elderly, and the measure of intensity of association of these variables with the development of the lesion.Method: This is a cross-sectional, population-based study with a quantitative approach, based on the analysis of part of the database. All the elderly included in the database (N = 324), enrolled in long-term institutions, were included in the study.Results: The prevalence of pressure ulcer was 8% in institutionalized elderly. It can be verified that of the five variables related to clinical conditions, they had a significant association (p=0.05). The estimates of the coefficients of the binary logistic regression model showed that positive values, such as urinary incontinence, osteoarticular, neurological diseases and negative values for the change in vision, may increase and / or decrease the chance of developing the lesion.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Origin of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) - Immunoreactive fibers in guinea pig parasympathetic cardiac ganglia. This study was conducted to determine the origin(s) of neuronal nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive (NOS-IR) fibers within guinea pig atrial whole-mount preparations containing the cardiac ganglia. Intrinsic NOS-IR cardiac neurons exhibited choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity, indicating that they were cholinergic as well as nitrergic. Comparison of control versus 72-hour explant culture preparations indicated that most of the nitrergic fibers within cardiac ganglia were extrinsic. The extrinsic NOS-IR fibers were not IR for ChAT (marker of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons), tyrosine hydroxylase (marker of catecholaminergic sympathetic postganglionic axons), or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) (marker of afferent fibers). Separate NOS-IR and ChAT-IR neurons were present within medullary regions containing the cardiovascular regulatory nuclei (nucleus ambiguus and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus), but no cells were found that exhibited both NOS immunoreactivity and ChAT immunoreactivity. The small size and location of the medullary NOS-IR neurons suggested they were probably interneurons. Only an occasional sympathetic postganglionic cell in the stellate ganglion complex exhibited NOS immunoreactivity. NOS-IR cells were present in dorsal root ganglia (thoracic 1-5), but these typically also exhibited CORP immunoreactivity. NOS-IR cells were also present in the nodose ganglia, but only some exhibited CORP immunoreactivity. We concluded that virtually all the extrinsic NOS-IR nerve fibers represented an afferent fiber input that was separate from the substance P (SP)/CGRP-containing population of sensory fibers. Furthermore, much of this NOS innervation is probably derived from the nodose ganglia. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 47]}
+{"token": "Spectroscopic (analytical) approach to gunshot residue analysis for shooting distance estimation: a systematic review. Short conclusion: This paper discusses the current scope of research concerning the chemographic and spectroscopic analysis of GSR for shooting distance estimation. It also examines the challenges of these techniques and provides recommendations for future research.Main text: We obtained all peer-reviewed articles relevant to shooting distance estimation from searching Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. We specifically searched the databases using the keywords \\\\'shooting distance,\\\\'\\\\'range of fire,\\\\'\\\\'gunshot residue,\\\\' \\\\'firearm discharge residue,\\\\' and \\\\'firearm-related crime\\\\' and obtained 3811 records. We further filtered these records using a combination of two basic keywords \\\\'gunshot residue\\\\' and \\\\'shooting distance estimations\\\\' yielding 108 papers. Following a careful evaluation of the titles, abstracts, and full texts, 40 original peer-reviewed articles on shooting distance estimation via GSR analysis were included in the study. The forgoing included additional sources (n = 5) we obtained from looking through the reference lists of the forensic articles we found.Background: The determination of the shooting distance using gunshot residue (GSR) analysis is crucial in the investigation and reconstruction of firearm-related crimes. However, the conventional chemographic method for GSR analysis is destructive and has limited sensitivity and selectivity. While the spectroscopic method has potential in GSR analysis for crime investigation, there is a current lack of consistency in the spectroscopic results obtained for shooting distance estimation via GSR analysis. Addressing such limitations will enhance the forensic capabilities of law enforcement and provide an added advantage to crime laboratories during an investigation. It will also reinforce the use of such spectroscopic data in a criminal investigation.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Structural features promoting dioxygen production by Dechloromonas aromatica chlorite dismutase. Chlorite dismutase (Cld) is a heme enzyme capable of rapidly and selectively decomposing chlorite (ClO2 (-)) to Cl- and O-2. The ability of Cld to promote O-2 formation from ClO2 (-) is unusual. Heme enzymes generally utilize ClO2 (-) as an oxidant for reactions such as oxygen atom transfer to, or halogenation of, a second substrate. The X-ray crystal structure of Dechloromonas aromatica Cld co-crystallized with the substrate analogue nitrite (NO2 (-)) was determined to investigate features responsible for this novel reactivity. The enzyme active site contains a single b-type heme coordinated by a proximal histidine residue. Structural analysis identified a glutamate residue hydrogen-bonded to the heme proximal histidine that may stabilize reactive heme species. A solvent-exposed arginine residue likely gates substrate entry to a tightly confined distal pocket. On the basis of the proposed mechanism of Cld, initial reaction of ClO2 (-) within the distal pocket generates hypochlorite (ClO-) and a compound I intermediate. The sterically restrictive distal pocket probably facilitates the rapid rebound of ClO- with compound I forming the Cl- and O-2 products. Common to other heme enzymes, Cld is inactivated after a finite number of turnovers, potentially via the observed formation of an off-pathway tryptophanyl radical species through electron migration to compound I. Three tryptophan residues of Cld have been identified as candidates for this off-pathway radical. Finally, a juxtaposition of hydrophobic residues between the distal pocket and the enzyme surface suggests O-2 may have a preferential direction for exiting the active site.", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
+{"token": "DC traction power system grounding. This paper provides a review of the present practice of de traction power system grounding methods employed in North America. An analysis of equipment grounding, system grounding, and their relationships to achieve optimized equipment and personal safety is derived. Generic protective relay schemes commonly used in the dc equipment enclosure grounding are shown. Rail leakage stray current and personnel safety affected by the dc system grounding method are discussed. To enhance personnel/equipment safety, specific recommendations for the design of the dc traction power system grounding are included.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "A South African Legal Perspective on the Regulation of Net Neutrality and Its Implications for Cyber-Security and Cyber-Warfare. With the approval of Articles 11 and 13 in Europe, net neutrality has become a contentious issue globally. These articles refer to European Union (EU) copyright law, which could possibly destroy the freedom of the internet that once existed. Throughout Europe it has become known as the \\\\'meme ban,\\\\' referring to the censorship elements. While there is much opposition to these articles, its supporters consider it necessary for the preservation for creative works online. Opposition to the legislation, which includes certain websites and internet presences, remains of the opinion that these two pieces of legislation will mean an end to \\\\'meme culture and user-generated content.\\\\' Along with the limitation to the freedom of the internet, cyber-security and cyber-warfare risks and vulnerabilities are imminent. This paper seeks to provide an in-depth discussion on the implications of neutrality on cyber-security and cyber-warfare.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Dynamic automated DNA hybridization on a CD (compact disc) fluidic platform. A dynamic DNA hybridization microfluidic system was developed for a compact disc (CD) platform. The compact disc was used as the fluidic platform for sample and reagent manipulation using centrifugal force. Chambers for reagent storage and conduits for fluidic functions were replicated from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) using a SU-8 master mold fabricated by a 2-level lithography process which we developed specially for the microfluidic structures used in this work. For capture probes, we used self-assembled DNA oligonucleotide monolayers on gold pads patterned on glass slides. The PDMS flow cells were aligned with and sealed against the glass slides to form the DNA hybridization units. Hybridization was detected using an enzymatic-labeled fluorescence technique. An analytical model was introduced to quantitatively predict the accumulation of target DNA molecules. The flow-through hybridization units were tested using DNA samples (25-mers) of various concentrations down to 100 pM and passive assays (no flow) using samples of the same concentrations were performed for comparison. For the same concentration, with the same hybridization time (3 min), a fluorescence intensity increase up to threefold was observed in the flow-through hybridization unit compared to the passive hybridization assays. Furthermore, at the lowest sample concentration, the signal intensity from the passive assay is at the same level of the background while the signal from the flow-through assay is appreciably above the noise level. Besides the fast hybridization rate, the CD-based method has the potential for enabling highly automated, multiple and self-contained assays for DNA detection. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All fights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15]}
+{"token": "Mobility and charge density tuning in double delta-doped pseudomorphic high-electron-mobility transistors grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition. In this article, the authors present mobility and charge density tuning for metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD)-grown double delta-doped pseudomorphic high-electron-mobility transistors (PHEMTs). Good epitaxial wafers were obtained by MOCVD as indicated by uniform and abrupt interfaces seen in measurements taken using a transmission electron microscope and two pronounced Si-delta-doped peaks in the secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis. The I-Am-gate-length PHEMT device exhibited good dc performance with a threshold voltage of -1.34 V, a maximum drain current of 570 mA/mm, and a maximum transconductance of 279 mS/mm. From the dependences of mobility and charge density between the delta-doping level and spacer layer. thickness, most PHEMT design requirements in the ranges between 5750 and 7500 cm(2)/V S (for mobility) and 2.4 X 10(12) and 3.6 X 10(12) cm(-2) (for charge density) can be satisfied. (c) 2006 American Vacuum Society.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35]}
+{"token": "A diminutive deinonychosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of Oosh (Ovorkhangai, Mongolia). We describe a new specimen of small maniraptoran theropod from the Early Cretaceous Oosh locality, Ovorkhangai province, central Mongolia. This exemplar ISMD-VP09 preserves a maxillary fragment, two teeth and partial appendicular elements. The strict consensus of a parsimony analysis of 68 coelurosaur taxa places this theropod within Deinonychosauria with an unresolved relationship with the other members of the clade. Support for this clade was based on two unambiguous synapomorphies: maxillary dentition with at least some teeth lacking denticles anteriorly, and ungual and penultimate pedal phalanx II highly modified for hyperextension, with ungual II being more strongly curved and substantially larger than that of digit III. The finding of a new small theropod specimen in the Oosh Formation adds to the deinonychosaur fossil record from the same beds, until now restricted to the dromaeosaurid Shanag ashile.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Diphtheria in the south of France, March 2011. In March 2011, a 40 year-old French man was diagnosed with diphtheria caused by toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Fifty-three close contacts were identified from whom throat samples were analysed. C. diphtheriae was found only in the asymptomatic partner of the index case. The two cases had travelled in Spain during the incubation period of the index case. Investigation around the second case identified 13 new close contacts. None of them was found to be infected.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "Educational Potentials of Flipped Learning in Intercultural Education as a Transversal Resource in Adolescents. The evolution of technology in the educational field has resulted in the emergence of new ways of teaching and learning, adapted to the formative characteristics of a digital era. This is the case of Flipped Learning (FL), an innovative teaching methodology that uses technology to carry out instructional action and change learning moments and spaces. The objective of this study is to verify the effectiveness of FL on a traditional methodology without the use of digital resources in teaching content related to intercultural education. A quantitative research method has been followed by an experimental design. Two study groups have been set up. With the control group a traditional training methodology has been used, and with the experimental group an innovative one, through FL. A total of 60 students of the 4th level of Secondary Education from an educational center in Ceuta (Spain) have participated. An ad hoc questionnaire derived from other validated instruments has been used for data collection. The findings show that the FL has achieved better results in the different dimensions analyzed. Therefore, it is concluded that the implementation of innovative training actions such as FL can obtain better results in academic indicators than a traditional methodology.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of a Point-of-Care Test for Pre-Vaccination Testing to Detect Antibodies against Canine Adenoviruses in Dogs. (1) Background: Antibody testing is commonly used to assess a dog's immune status. For detection of antibodies against canine adenoviruses (CAVs), one point-of-care (POC) test is available. This study assessed the POC test ' s performance. (2) Methods: Sera of 198 privately owned dogs and 40 specific pathogen-free (SPF) dogs were included. The reference standard for detection of anti-CAV antibodies was virus neutralization (VN) using CAV-1 and CAV-2 antigens. Specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and overall accuracy (OA) of the POC test were assessed. Specificity was considered most important. (3) Results: Prevalence of CAV-1 neutralizing antibodies (>= 10) was 76% (182/238) in all dogs, 92% (182/198) in the subgroup of privately owned dogs, and 0% (0/40) in SPF dogs. Prevalence of CAV-2 neutralizing antibodies (>= 10) was 76% (181/238) in all dogs, 91% (181/198) in privately owned dogs, and 0% (0/40) in SPF dogs. Specificity for detection of CAV-1 antibodies was lower (overall dogs, 88%; privately owned dogs, 56%; SPF dogs, 100%) compared with specificity for detection of CAV-2 antibodies (overall dogs, 90%; privately owned dogs, 65%; SPF dogs, 100%). (4) Conclusions: Since false positive results will lead to potentially unprotected dogs not being vaccinated, specificity should be improved to reliably detect anti-CAV antibodies that prevent infectious canine hepatitis in dogs.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Endogenous lipoid pneumonia associated with pulmonary neoplasia in three dogs. Endogenous lipoid pneumonia is a poorly characterised condition in veterinary medicine, particularly in dogs, but it is well recognised in association with lung neoplasia in humans. This case series describes three unique cases of endogenous lipoid pneumonia associated with lung neoplasia, including clinical, imaging, cytological findings and outcome. Clinical presentation and imaging lesions can appear non-specific and may be obscured by neoplastic infiltrate and so diagnosis requires cytology or histopathology. Awareness of endogenous lipoid pneumonia in dogs with pulmonary neoplasia has an impact on staging and monitoring, treatment of clinical signs and quality of life and also aids appropriate use of antimicrobials.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Intolerance of uncertainty is associated with heightened responding in the prefrontal cortex during cue-signalled uncertainty of threat. Heightened responding to uncertain threat is considered a hallmark of anxiety disorder pathology. We sought to determine whether individual differences in self-reported intolerance of uncertainty (IU), a key transdiagnostic dimension in anxiety-related pathology, underlies differential recruitment of neural circuitry during cue-signalled uncertainty of threat (n = 42). In an instructed threat of shock task, cues signalled uncertain threat of shock (50%) or certain safety from shock. Ratings of arousal and valence, skin conductance response (SCR), and functional magnetic resonance imaging were acquired. Overall, participants displayed greater ratings of arousal and negative valence, SCR, and amygdala activation to uncertain threat versus safe cues. IU was not associated with greater arousal ratings, SCR, or amygdala activation to uncertain threat versus safe cues. However, we found that high IU was associated with greater ratings of negative valence and greater activity in the medial prefrontal cortex and dorsomedial rostral prefrontal cortex to uncertain threat versus safe cues. These findings suggest that during cue-signalled uncertainty of threat, individuals high in IU rate uncertain threat as aversive and engage prefrontal cortical regions known to be involved in safety-signalling and conscious threat appraisal. Taken together, these findings highlight the potential of IU in modulating safety-signalling and conscious appraisal mechanisms in situations with cue-signalled uncertainty of threat, which may be relevant to models of anxiety-related pathology.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 55]}
+{"token": "Perinatal Experiences of Women With Physical Disabilities and Their Recommendations for Clinicians. Methods: Participants were asked about their interactions with clinicians during pregnancy and their recommendations for clinicians to improve perinatal care for women with physical disabilities. Content analysis was used to analyze transcribed interviews. Themes that emerged from analysis of the interviews were identified and coded. Kurasaski's coding was used to establish the reliability of the coding.Results: Three themes emerged from analysis of the interview data: Clinicians' lack of knowledge about pregnancy-related needs of WWPD; Clinicians' failure to consider women's knowledge, experience, and expertise about their own disabilities; and Clinicians' lack of awareness of the reproductive concerns of WWPD. Women provided recommendations that warrant attention from clinicians who provide perinatal care for women who live with physical disabilities.Conclusion: Participants experienced problematic interactions with clinicians related to pregnancy and identified recommendations for maternity care clinicians to address those problems with the goal of improving perinatal health care for WWPD.Setting: Telephone interview.Participants: Twenty-five women with physical disabilities who gave birth within the last 10 years and were 21 to 55 years of age were recruited and agreed to participate in the study.Design: A mixed-methods study was conducted with a semistructured interview guide to identify the experiences of WWPD. This qualitative descriptive study was part of a larger study of the unmet needs and barriers to perinatal care experienced by WWPDObjective: To explore the perinatal experiences of women with physical disabilities (WWPD) and their associated recommendations for maternity care clinicians to improve care.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
+{"token": "A new species of Dermadena (Digenea: Lepocreadiidae) from the stone triggerfish Pseudobalistes naufragium (Tetraodontiformes: Balistidae) in the South American Pacific Ocean. The present paper describes a new species of Dermadena (Digenea) parasitizing Pseudobalistes naufragium in Puerto Pizarro, northern Peru, using light and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). Additionally, molecular analysis was also performed to determine the phylogenetic affinities of Dermadena within the Lepocreadiidae. The new species is differentiated from Dermadena spatiosa, Dermadena stirlingi and Dermadena lactophrysi by presenting a curved and well-developed external seminal vesicle. Also, SEM revealed numerous dome-shaped tegument protuberances forming glandular papillae with transversal wrinkles arranged roughly in concentric rows around the acetabular region, varying in size from large at the middle of the body to small at the margin. In the molecular phylogeny, the new species formed a well-supported clade with sequences of species from the Lepocreadiidae, confirming that it belongs to this family.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 47]}
+{"token": "Tractolira delli, a new Volutidae (Mollusca : Gastropoda : Neogastropoda) from the abyssal plains off Antarctica. A new deep-sea species of Volutidae in the genus Tractolira is named from material collected by the United States Antarctic Program in and around the Ross Sea, eastern Antarctica, and from one locality in the Subantarctic region. Tractolira delli new species is most similar to T. sparta Dall, 1896, from which it differs in having a relatively wider shell, less prominent spiral sculpture, with narrower threads, and by the absence of strong axial ribs at least on the first three teleoconch whorls. The other Antarctic congener, Tractolira germonae, has a thicker, dark-brown periostracum ( instead of a thin, light-yellow one), a proportionally smaller inductura, and lacks surface sculpture.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "A note on Mark Solms's paper. In the paper \\\\'Revision of drive theory\\\\' (Psicoterapia e Scienze Umane, 2022, 56, 3: 363-422) Mark Solms (2021a) correctly argues that the basic motivational forces are affect systems, activated following the general homeostatic principles that govern biological processes that assure survival and reproduction. However, psychoanalytic object relation theory points to a specifically human, supraordinate integrative motivational system that condenses component affect systems into the affiliative and counteraffiliative motivations described by Freud with the concepts of libido and aggression. They are not \\\\'drives\\\\' in the psychobiological sense, but profoundly define unconscious intrapsychic conflict and are relevant in clinical psychoanalysis.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Opportunities of Critical Discourse Analysis as a Tool of Interpretation of Stories About World War II. The article deals with appliance of critical discourse-analysis for interpretations of oral reenactments during World War II. As the basis material we use interviews with veterans and witnesses of military events in the south of Russia.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "NEW LIGHT ON THE SOURCES OF THE ILLUMINATIONS OF THE CHRISTIAN TOPOGRAPHY OF KOSMAS INDIKOPLEUSTES. The illuminations of the Christian Topography were depicted in the 6th century by the author of this cosmological treatise, known under the pseudonym Kosmas Indikopleustes. If his identity still remains uncertain along with other facts of his life, we know from his own words that his doctrine derives from the commentary on the Exodus by the bishop of Persia Mar Aba I (540-552). He used this knowledge of a large repertory of cosmological and biblical illuminations actually conserved only in the three extant manuscripts of the Christian Topography: the more ancient one in the Vatican Library, others in the Monastery of Saint Catherine at Sinai and in the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana in Florence. Though the presence of the twelve springs of Moses in these illuminations, conserved in the latter two manuscripts, has already been interpreted as a consequence of Jewish tradition, this contribution, written in collaboration between an art historian and an expert in Syriac sources, offers a new interpretation of the illumination of the third stage of the Israelites' journey in the desert. It is based on a fragment of the teaching of Mar Aba, conserved in the Commentary of the Exodus of Isho' dad of Merv, a Christian bishop lived in the 9th century, never compared before with the illuminations of the Christian Topography. This source clarifies the genesis of the iconography, shading new light on these illuminations, which represent the witnesses of an oral source involving many exegetical traditions. Refs 46.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "LOSS ON IGNITION AND KJELDAHL DIGESTION FOR ESTIMATING ORGANIC-CARBON AND TOTAL NITROGEN IN ESTUARINE MARSH SOILS - CALIBRATION WITH DRY COMBUSTION. Soils (n = 250) were collected from ten salt and brackish-water marshes of North Carolina and analyzed for organic matter content by loss on ignition (LOI) and Kjeldahl nitrogen (KN). Total organic carbon and total nitrogen were determined on the same samples using an elemental CHN analyzer. Regression analyses indicated that LOI and KN were excellent estimators of organic C (R2 = 0.990) and total N (R2 = 0.986), respectively, in low clay content (0-11%) marsh soils containing a wide range of soil organic C (0.1-28%) and total N (0-1.6%). A quadratic equation best described the relationship between organic C and organic matter (Organic C = 0.40 [LOI] + 0.0025 [LOI]2) while a linear model accurately described the relationship between total N and Kjeldahl N (Total N = 1.048 [KN] - 0.010). The proportion of organic C in organic matter (C/OM) increased with increasing soil organic matter content, probably as a result of aging. Young marshes, which are characterized by low soil organic content contain C/OM ratios similar to emergent vegetation (40-45%). In old organic soils (70-80% organic matter), C/OM increased to 57-60% due to accumulation of reduced organic materials.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
+{"token": "Computational exploration and experimental validation to identify a dual inhibitor of cholinesterase and amyloid-beta for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The cholinesterases are essential targets implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, virtual screening and molecular docking are performed to identify the potential hits. Docking-post processing (DPP) and pose filtration protocols against AChE and BChE resulted in three hits (AW00308, HTS04089, and JFD03947). Molecular Mechanics-Generalized Born Surface Area (MM-GBSA) and molecular dynamics simulation analysis affirmed the stability and binding pattern of the docked complex JFD03947, which was further synthesized and evaluated for in vitro cholinesterase inhibition (AChE, IC50 = 0.062 mu M; BChE, IC50 = 1.482 mu M) activity. The enzyme kinetics study of the JFD03947 against hAChE and hBChE suggested a mixed type of inhibition. The results of thioflavin T-assay also elicited anti-A beta aggregation activity by JFD03947. Further, biological evaluation of identified compound JFD03947 also showed neuroprotective ability against the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines.", "label": [4, 40, 42]}
+{"token": "Racial Valuation: Cultural Gatekeepers, Race, Risk, and Institutional Expectations of Success and Failure. Racial inequality persists in culture industries, despite increases in representation. Focusing on the Hollywood film industry, this research analyzes written correspondence to understand how, in their discourses, cultural workers as intermediaries or gatekeepers construct ideas about race to make predictions about economic value, success, and failure of cultural products. Findings demonstrate that cultural workers make racial valuations, or race-based judgments about the economic worth of cultural products-in this case by associating white actors with low economic risk, increased chances of profitability, and the expectation of success and linking black actors to high economic risk, decreased chances of profitability, and the expectation of failure. This practice of racial valuation disrupts conventional logics that emphasize the financial ambiguity of cultural markets to advance white institutional logics that invoke raced-based projections about a cultural product's expected performance. Ultimately, these racially biased assessments affect people, products, and processes along the film production, distribution, and consumption spectrum, especially privileging white workers and limiting Black workers in foreign markets, thereby creating and reinforcing unequal racial outcomes within culture industries.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Short-term Automated Quantification of Radiologic Changes in the Characterization of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Versus Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia and Prediction of Long-term Survival. Purpose:Fibrotic interstitial lung diseases presenting with nonspecific and overlapping radiologic findings may be difficult to diagnose without surgical biopsy. We hypothesized that baseline quantifiable radiologic features and their short-term interval change may be predictive of underlying histologic diagnosis as well as long-term survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) presenting without honeycombing versus nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP).Materials and Methods:Forty biopsy-confirmed IPF and 20 biopsy-confirmed NSIP patients with available high-resolution chest computed tomography 4 to 24 months apart were studied. CALIPER software was used for the automated characterization and quantification of radiologic findings.Results:IPF subjects were older (66 vs. 48; P<0.0001) with lower diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide and higher volumes of baseline reticulation (193 vs. 83mL; P<0.0001). Over the interval period, compared with NSIP, IPF patients experienced greater functional decline (forced vital capacity, -6.3% vs. -1.7%; P=0.02) and radiologic progression, as noted by greater increase in reticulation volume (24 vs. 1.74mL; P=0.048), and decrease in normal (-220 vs. -37.7mL; P=0.045) and total lung volumes (-198 vs. 58.1mL; P=0.03). Older age, male gender, higher reticulation volumes at baseline, and greater interval decrease in normal lung volumes were predictive of IPF. Both baseline and short-term changes in quantitative radiologic findings were predictive of mortality.Conclusions:Baseline quantitative radiologic findings and assessment of short-term disease progression may help characterize underlying IPF versus NSIP in those with difficult to differentiate clinicoradiologic presentations. Our study supports the possible utility of assessing serial quantifiable high-resolution chest computed tomographic findings for disease differentiation in these 2 entities.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Cytosolic phospholipase A(2), cyclo-oxygenases and arachidonate in human stomach tumours. Human stomach tumours usually form more prostaglandins (PGs) than their associated normal mucosa/submucosa, but the mechanisms are not fully understood. The key enzymes are cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2), Mr 85000) and the cyclo-oxygenases (COXs) which exist in constitutive (COX-1) and inducible forms (COX-2). In human stomach tumours and associated macroscopically normal tissues, we determined the fatty acid composition by gas chromatography, amounts of cPLA(2), COX-1 and COX-2 by immunoblotting with specific antibodies and cPLA(2) enzyme activity using a tritiated substrate. Although compared to normal mucosa there was less arachidonate in tumours (P < 0.05), the arachidonate/total fatty acid ratio was higher. Mean amounts of cPLA(2) and COX-1 and cPLA(2) activity were similar in tumours and normal mucosa. However, substantial amounts of COX-2 were found in the tumours but not in the mucosa, which may explain why many gastric tumours form increased amounts of PGs. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND EXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF BmNOX IN TWO STRAINS OF Bombyx mori WITH CONTRASTING VIRAL RESISTANCE PHENOTYPE. We recently documented the identification of a 26.5 kDa protein named BmNox in the gut fluid of Nistari strain of Bombyx mori, which possessed antiviral activity against BmNPV in vitro. In this report, we report the characterization of the full-length gene encoding BmNOX and the levels of expression of this gene in select tissues of silkworm larvae from a BmNPV-susceptible and a BmNPV-resistant strain to the defense capability in Bombyx mori larvae challenged with BmNPV. We also evaluated the BmNox expression in various stages of larval life of a resistant and a susceptible strain of Bombyx mori selected from among a panel of strains of silkworm. Nistari, a multivoltine strain of silkworm, expressed BmNOX during all five larval stages, and were highly resistant to BmNPV infection. In sharp contrast, CSR2, a bivoltine strain, showed weaker expression of BmNOX in the anterior midgut in larval life and was highly susceptible to BmNPV infection. BmNOX is a secretory protein with dual expression in gut fluid and mid gut tissue. BmNOX is expressed heavily in the posterior mid gut, with weaker expression in the fore- and mid-gut regions. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 44, 42]}
+{"token": "Ideology of Responsibility or Strategy of Forming Anti-Terrorist Ideology as a Personal Value. The authors proceed on the assumption that responsibility is an integral personality trait which is shown in conscious, initiative, independent, and socially positive behaviour. Responsibility is important in all spheres of personal and social life as a whole. At the same time the absence of the thoroughly elaborated general theory of responsibility greatly complicates its study. A special part of the study of responsibility concerns its ideological orientation. How should responsibility be formed as a responsibility of ideological counteraction to violence? This is the matter of the article.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Prolamins of maize and wheat differentially affect intestinal cells both in biopsies of celiac patients and CACO-2 cell line. We study the effect of maize zeins on cellular immune response as compared to that of wheat gliadins for exacerbating celiac disease due to a hypothetical similar response in some patients. In vitro activation of celiac duodenal mucosa with gliadin or zein immunoreactive peptides and pro-inflammatory response of CACO-2 cells to digested gliadin or zein fractions were evaluated as indicators of adaptive and innate response, respectively. In 3/5 biopsies, zein increased production of IFN-, whereas gliadin has done it in all the patient biopsies. In CACO-2 cells, two zein fractions (3-5 and 1-3kDa), similar to gliadin fractions, stimulated the production of IL-8, p38 MAPK, COX2, and release of ZO-1 as compared to medium alone. The 3-5kDa zein fraction increased permeability in cell monolayers, although less than gliadin. Zein peptides are immunogenic for some patients and induce a similar innate response, but to a lesser extent than gliadin peptides.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 18, 36, 22, 8]}
+{"token": "LEGENDS OF THE SUSQUEHANNA: FRONTIER NARRATIVES AND THE FOLKLORIC SENSE OF PLACE. This article examines two pieces of regional folklore set in the Susquehanna Valley during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries: the historical legends of Juniata Jack and Cherry Tree Joe McCreery. Taking an interdisciplinary approach that combines environmental history, folklore studies, and ecocriticism, I argue that these stories constitute a mythology of place that invites our critical attention. In effect, the collection of frontier narratives associated with Juniata Jack and Cherry Tree Joe McCreery has created an imaginary geography of the Susquehanna Valley, a storyline of tragic or heroic experience that combines landscape and narrative, connects the local residents to the past, and, in doing so, provides a point of access to the region's fraught - history of frontier conquest, racial violence, and resource extraction.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Appealing to the base or to the moveable middle? Incumbents' partisan messaging before the 2016 U.S. congressional elections. This paper examines partisan communications of incumbent members of Congress during the nine weeks leading up to the 2016 U.S. election. The central premise is rooted in the median voter theorem, which is coupled with theories of political activation and reinforcement, to show how politicians communicate in order to attract support from large swaths of the public. We analyze the partisanship of tweets posted by incumbents in Congress using mixed-effects models to examine the relationships between party, time, and race competitiveness on the degree of partisanship expressed by politicians. Our results reveal that Democrats and Republicans exhibited different partisanship signaling patterns in the weeks before the election. Specifically, Democrats decreased their partisanship, perhaps to appeal to the median voter, while Republicans stayed consistent in their partisanship, potentially using Twitter to activate and reinforce voters rather than to win them over.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "Prestin at year 14: Progress and prospect. Prestin, the motor protein of cochlear outer hair cells, was identified 14 years ago. Prestin-based outer hair cell motility is responsible for the exquisite sensitivity and frequency selectivity seen in the mammalian cochlea. Prestin is the 5th member of an eleven-member membrane transporter superfamily of SLC26A proteins. Unlike its paralogs, which are capable of transporting anions across the cell membrane, prestin primarily functions as a motor protein with unique capability of performing direct and reciprocal electromechanical conversion on microsecond time scale. Significant progress in the understanding of its structure and the molecular mechanism has been made in recent years using electrophysiological, biochemical, comparative genomics, structural bioinformatics, molecular dynamics simulation, site-directed mutagenesis and domain-swapping techniques. This article reviews recent advances of the structural and functional properties of prestin with focus on the areas that are critical but still controversial in understanding the molecular mechanism of how prestin works: The structural domains for voltage sensing and interaction with anions and for conformational change. Future research directions and potential application of prestin are also discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled <Annual Reviews 2014>. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 3, 18, 22, 28]}
+{"token": "Stability of anchored sheet wall in cohesive-frictional soils by FE limit analysis. This study extends the limit analysis techniques used for the computation of strict bounds of the load factors in solids to stability problems with interfaces, anchors and joints. The cases considered include the pull-out capacity of multi-belled anchors and the stability of retaining walls for multiple conditions at the anchor/soil and wall/soil interfaces. Three types of wall supports are examined: free standing wall, simply supported wall and anchored wall. The results obtained are compared against available experimental and numerical data. The conclusion drawn confirms the validity of numerical limit analysis for the computation of accurate bounds on limit loads and capturing failure modes of structures with multiple inclusions of complex interfaces and support conditions. Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Technologically scaffolded atypical cognition: the case of YouTube's recommender system. YouTube has been implicated in the transformation of users into extremists and conspiracy theorists. The alleged mechanism for this radicalizing process is YouTube's recommender system, which is optimized to amplify and promote clips that users are likely to watch through to the end. YouTube optimizes for watch-through for economic reasons: people who watch a video through to the end are likely to then watch thenextrecommended video as well, which means that more advertisements can be served to them. This is a seemingly innocuous design choice, but it has a troubling side-effect. Critics of YouTube have alleged that the recommender system tends to recommend extremist content and conspiracy theories, as such videos are especially likely to capture and keep users' attention. To date, the problem of radicalization via the YouTube recommender system has been a matter of speculation. The current study represents the first systematic, pre-registered attempt to establish whether and to what extent the recommender system tends to promote such content. We begin by contextualizing our study in the framework oftechnological seduction. Next, we explain our methodology. After that, we present our results, which are consistent with the radicalization hypothesis. Finally, we discuss our findings, as well as directions for future research and recommendations for users, industry, and policy-makers.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
+{"token": "Pilgrims, Prostitutes, and Ritual Seks Heterodox Ritual Practices in the Context of the Islamic Veneration of Saints in Central Java. The general fixation on globally spreading forms of Islam and other religions (agama) has contributed to an undervaluing of the current and parallel boom in local, often heterodox ritual practices (adat). These ritual practices include forms of pilgrimage that encourage the performance of a sexual act on the tombs of saints, which is regarded as conducive to the redemption of the wishes and hopes associated with such a pilgrimage. The possible sexual partners involved in ritual seks (ritual sex) include not only husband and wife, but also other pilgrims to whom one is not married; even prostitutes are regarded as completely legitimate partners. For a number of years, pilgrimage sites known for this remarkable conjunction of religion and sexuality have been experiencing an unprecedented boom, in sharp contrast to the often diagnosed Islamization of Indonesian society. Against this background, this article examines the media discourses that are controversially related to ritual seks and supports the thesis that the current religious boom ('religionization') not only involves globalized Islam, but all religious forms, even the deviant.", "label": [5, 56, 52]}
+{"token": "Striking isotope effect on the metallization phase lines of liquid hydrogen and deuterium. Liquid atomic metallic hydrogen is the simplest, lightest, and most abundant of all liquid metals. The importance of nucleon motions or ion dynamics can be studied by comparing the metallization phase lines of the dissociative insulator-metal transitions of hydrogen and deuterium. We use static compression to study the optical properties of dense liquid metallic deuterium in the pressure region of 1.2-1.7 Mbars and measured temperatures up to similar to 3000 K. At the same pressure (density) for the two isotopes, the phase lines of this transition reveal a prominent isotopic shift of similar to 700 K. Our paper shows the importance of quantum nuclear effects in the metallization transition and conduction properties in dense hydrogen isotopes at conditions of giant planetary interiors and provides an invaluable benchmark for ab initio calculations.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Frequency data for the STR loci HumFibra (FGA) and HumACTBP2 (SE33) in a population of Germans and Turks from South-West Germany. Population studies were carried out on Gel-man and Turkish individuals from South-West Germany using the short tandem repeat (STR) systems HumFibra (n = 138 Turkish and 1161 German individuals) and HumACTBP2 (n = 202 Turkish and 1338 German individuals), After electrophoresis 19 alleles could be identified for HumFibra and 55 for HumACTBP2, No significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were observed.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Expression of coat protein gene of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV-subgroup IA) Gladiolus isolate in Nicotiana tabacum. The coat protein (CP)-mediated resistance against Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) subgroup IA was developed in transgenic lines of Nicotiana tabacum cv. Petit Havana using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Ten independently transformed lines have developed, four of which were tested for resistance against CMV using virus challenge inoculations. The transgenic lines exhibiting complete resistance remained healthy and symptomless in their life span and showed reduced or no virus accumulation in their systemic leaves after virus challenge inoculation. These transgenic lines also showed resistance against CMV strains which are not closely related to CMV-Gladiolus strains. This is the first report of CP-mediated transgenic resistance against a CMV subgroup IA member isolated from India showing resistance to all CMV strains occurring in the same vicinity.", "label": [0, 4, 37, 9]}
+{"token": "WHAT DOES BARDIN SAY THAT AUTHORS DO NOT SHOW? STUDY OF BRAZILIAN SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTIONS FROM 1997 TO 2015. This study presents the analysis of articles published in Brazilian periodicals between 1997 and 2015 that used the content analysis method by author Laurence Bardin. That is an exploratory methodology with a longitudinal temporal perspective, employing the documentary, quantitative and qualitative approaches to research. Fifty-two papers published in the Portuguese language, available on the Scientific Periodicals Electronic Library (SPELL) and SCIELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online) journal databases, were analyzed. Atlas.ti and Microsoft Office Excel software were used for organization and tabulation. Those works were analyzed using the bibliography method, quantifying, describing and predicting the process of written communication according to the Bradford Law, Lotka Law and Zipf Laws (GUEDES, 2012). In addition, they were qualitatively explored according to the application of the method, and classified as partial, minimum or total. The results show that there has been an improvement in the articles published in recent years from the perspective of application and description, considering the three phases: pre-analysis, material exploration and treatment of results. Some studies use content analysis neglecting key steps, others only mention the method in the methodology, but do not apply it in practice. The analyses indicated that 39 (75%) of the articles did not clarify the steps defined by Bardin, in addition, 24 papers used an auxiliary analytical method in conjunction with the content analysis.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "'These infants are future Australians': making the nation through intercountry adoption. The formal practice of intercountry adoption has its origins in the immediate postwar years but has increased in scale over the past two decades. Although rates of intercountry adoption remain low in Australia, in recent years proponents have called for the transnational adoption of children to be made more readily accessible by Australian couples. As researchers working on the history of adoption in Australia, we are interested in the ways in which intercountry adoption is conceptualised in current discourse. This article examines the manner in which submissions to a 2005 government inquiry into intercountry adoption in Australia mobilised the idea of the 'interests of the nation' in their arguments for intercountry adoption, a deployment which - on the surface - seems to represent a break with the nation-building rhetoric associated with 'White Australia', a policy which dominated attitudes to immigration and population growth for much of the twentieth century, and one which continues to have a strong resonance. However, we would like to suggest that this strategic deployment of the national interest by proponents of intercountry adoption in fact perpetuates many of the discourses and outcomes associated with earlier population and nation-building policies in Australian history.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 30, 52]}
+{"token": "Mood disorders in multiple sclerosis: diagnosis and treatment. Emotional disturbances are common in MS and consist of disturbances of mood and disturbances of affect. The important mood disorders are major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, bipolar disorder, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. Their relationship to MS is multi-factorial and complex, and the extent to which they are direct consequences of the disease process or psychological reactions to it remains unclear. Whatever their cause, however, the symptoms of mood disorders in people with MS are no different from the symptoms of mood disorders in people without MS, and respond just as well to standard treatments. The disorders of affect are euphoria, pathological laughing and weeping, and other frontal lobe syndromes. These disorders result from demyelination, are some of the most characteristic symptoms of MS, and have the same implications for treatment as do other aspects of the disease. Mood and affective disturbances can cause enormous pain and suffering and lead to significant disruption of family, work, and social life. Physicians who can identify, diagnose, treat, and manage mood and affective disturbances effectively and who can help their patients and family members acknowledge these difficulties, talk about them, and accept psychiatric consultation and treatment can have a dramatic impact on the quality of their lives. This paper outlines the symptoms and diagnostic criteria for mood disorders and affective disturbances, reviews current treatment options, summarizes data from epidemiologic and pathophysiological studies, and suggests areas for future research.", "label": [2, 18, 21]}
+{"token": "Explaining Italian 'exceptionalism' and its end: Minimum income from neglect to hyper-politicization. Traditionally at the margins of the political debate, minimum income protection has recently become a key issue in Italian politics. After decades of social and political \\\\'neglect\\\\' letting Italy the only European country (with Greece) still lacking an anti-poverty minimum income safety net in the 2010s, finally a national programme called Inclusion Income was introduced in 2018, then replaced by a more robustly financed scheme, the Citizenship Income in 2019. The introduction of these new programmes was the object of an intense political debate, which raises two main puzzles. Why a policy field characterized by the low political resources of would be beneficiaries and low incidence on the overall welfare budget has become so important in the political debate? How did it occur in Italy, where minimum income protection had been absent in political discourses for at least five decades after World War II? To answer these questions, this article first elaborates a novel theoretical framework which combines the main properties of socio-political demand and political supply in order to explain the scope and direction of minimum income reforms. Second, it provides an analytically oriented reconstruction of MIS policy trajectory in Italy in the three different phases: the phase of MIS \\\\'neglect\\\\' (1948-1992) characterized by inertia; the period of political \\\\'contentiousness\\\\' (1993-2012), marked by attempts of path departure followed by policy reversals; the more recent phase leading to the introduction and institutionalization of a MIS. Third, the article provides a theoretically framed interpretation of the overall MIS trajectory in Italy.", "label": [5, 52, 51, 57]}
+{"token": "RELATIONS BETWEEN FRANCO'S SPAIN AND GADDAFI'S LIBYA (1969-1975): CORDIALITY AND HESITATION. This research article examines the political, economic and cultural relations established between Spain and the Libyan Arab Republic from September 1969, when Muammar al-Gaddafi seized power in Tripoli, to November 1975, when General Franco died. Drawing primarily on primary sources, including unpublished reports, letters and telegrams, the article outlines how the ties between the two countries remained cordial in the wake of the advent of a revolutionary and anti-Western regime in Libya, although bilateral relations were marred by the decolonization of the Spanish Sahara.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Ethnic, religious, and national minorities - Definitions and status options. For a long time, ethnic, religious, and national minorities were seen by the majority as disruptive elements to be assimilated into a nation-state that was as homogenous as possible. In a few states, several minorities that have long been resident are considered to have the same rights as the majority; in others, they enjoy federal or autonomous status; and in many others, they face discrimination or oppression. New immigrants and naturalized minorities have fewer rights everywhere. The pattern of settlement and political-geographic position of ethnic minorities within states is of considerable significance for the level and type of eventual mobilization and radicalization within national movements. A differentiated range of definitions for types of minorities makes it easer to develop different options for the social, political, and legal interaction between majority and minorities.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Damping of Alfven waves in solar partially ionized plasmas: effect of neutral helium in multi-fluid approach. Aims. We aim to study the effect of neutral helium in the damping of Alfven waves in solar, partially ionized plasmas.Context. Chromospheric and prominence plasmas contain neutral atoms, which may change the plasma dynamics through collision with ions. Most of the atoms are neutral hydrogen, but a significant amount of neutral helium may also be present in the plasma with a particular temperature. Damping of MHD waves due to ion collision with neutral hydrogen has been studied well, but the effects of neutral helium are largely unknown.Methods. We consider a three-fluid magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) approximation, where one component is electron-proton-singly ionized helium and the other two components are the neutral hydrogen and neutral helium atoms. We derive the dispersion relation of linear Alfven waves in isothermal and homogeneous plasma. Then we solve the dispersion relation and derive the damping rates of Alfven waves for different plasma parameters.Results. The presence of neutral helium significantly enhances the damping of Alfven waves compared to the damping due to neutral hydrogen at certain values of plasma temperature (10 000-40 000 K) and ionization. Damping rates have a peak near the ion-neutral collision frequency, but decrease for the higher part of the wave spectrum.Conclusions. The collision of ions with neutral helium atoms can be important for the damping of Alfven waves in chromospheric spicules and in prominence-corona transition regions.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "The R/V Meteor cruise leg M44/1 in February 1999 in the Sea of Marmara: The first multibeam bathymetric study and analysis of methane in sediment and water columns. During the first leg of R/V Meteor cruise M44 in February 1999, geoscientific studies in two areas in the Sea of Marmara were carried out. The studies mainly focused on cool fluid and gas (mainly methane) emanations in the deepest zones of the Sea of Marmara along the northern strand of the North Anatolian Fault Zone, which were particularly expected because of the availability of fault zones as a preferential pathway for fluid migration. Fluids and gases both within the pore water and the benthic water were investigated through long cores and water samples to reveal their relationship with the solid substance of the sediments. In order to determine the coring, water sampling and video stations, bathymetric charts of the study areas A and B were obtained by using the HYDROSWEEP mapping system. The first multibeam bathymetric maps at 1:50.000 scale of the Sea of Marmara revealed E-W-trending strike-slip faults cutting the basins and the ridges, adding new insights to previous studies which reported ridges and basins bounded by NE-SW-trending strike-slip faults and E-W-trending normal faults.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Influence of Starch Sources in Prepartum Diet on Colostrum Quality and Blood Immunoglobulin Concentration of Calves. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of wheat or corn as the main source of starch in prepartum diets on colostrum composition, colostrum IgG(1) and IgG(2) concentrations, serum IgG(1) and IgG(2) concentrations of calves and efficiency of IgG(1), IgG(2) and total Ig absorption. For this purpose, thirty primiparous and twenty multiparous Holstein cows were used in a randomized complete blocks design. Cows were blocked by parity and expected calving dates and assigned to treatments at 27 +/- 2.5 d before calving. The dietary treatments contained corn or wheat grain as the main sources of starch. Blood samples of calves were drawn before the first colostrum feeding (0 h) at the birth and 24 h of life. The results indicated that prepartum diets had no effect on daily dry matter intake of cows. Lactose, fat and IgG(2) concentrations in colostrum did not respond to dietary treatment, but protein, total solids, IgG(1) and total IgG concentrations in colostrum were significantly higher for cows fed the wheat containing diet. At 24 h of age, serum IgG(2) concentrations of calves were similar between the two treatments, while serum IgG(1) and total IgG concentrations were significantly higher for calves fed colostrum from cows fed wheat containing diet. Prepartum starch source did not affect apparent efficiencies of IgG(1), IgG(2) and total IgG absorption. Briefly, the results indicated that feeding cows with the wheat containing diet in prepartum period increased colostrum quality and serum IgG(1) concentrations in calves which in turn might have a positive effect on health, survival and growth of newborn calves.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Triterpenoids from Parthenium argentatum x P-tomentosa. Four tetracyclic triterpenoids and lupeol were isolated from the hybrid Parthenium argentatum x P. tomentosa. The new triterpenoids were identified as 16, 24-epoxy-3alpha-hydroxylanost-8-ene (argentatin E); 16, 24-epoxy-25-hydroxycycloart-1, 11, 22-trien-3-one (argentatin F); 16,24-dihydroxycycloart-20, 25-dien-3-one (argentatin G) and 16, 24-dihydroxycycloart-25-en-3-one (argentatin H). The chemical identities of these compounds were confirmed by the different spectrometric measurements. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
+{"token": "Political crisis and the Rise of the Far Right in Greece Racism, nationalism, authoritarianism and conservatism in the discourse of Golden Dawn. The electoral rise of Golden Dawn from obscurity to parliamentary representation has drawn attention to its particular neo-fascist discourse. In sharp contrast to the tendency of most far-right movements in Europe to present themselves as being part of the political mainstream, Golden Dawn has never disavowed its openly neo-Nazi references. Its political and ideological discourse combines extreme racism, nationalism and authoritarianism along with traditional conservative positions in favour of traditional family roles and values and the Greek Orthodox Church. The aim of this paper is twofold: on the one hand to situate the ideology and discourse of Golden Dawn in a conjuncture of economic and social crisis, a crisis of the project of European Integration, and examine it as part of a broader authoritarian post-democratic and post-hegemonic transformation of the State in contemporary capitalism; on the other hand to criticize the position suggested recently that Golden Dawn was also the result of the supposedly \\\\'national-populist\\\\' discourse of the anti-austerity movement. On the contrary, we will insist on the opposition between the discourses and practices of Golden Dawn and the anti-austerity movement in Greece.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Extraction behavior and simulation of rare earths in phosphonic acid systems. In this work, equilibrium data in the (Sm-Cd)Cl-3-HCl-H2O-1 M saponified and nonsaponified HEHEHP-isoparaffin system were determined. The total and individual effects of rare earth (RE) concentrations on the separation factor were obtained. Based on the equilibrium data, five mathematical models describing the extraction of Sm and Gd under equilibrium conditions were developed. The models cover wide ranges of various parameters such as the total RE concentration in equilibrated aqueous phase from 0.045 to 0.6 M; acidity in equilibrated aqueous phase from 0.09 to 0.65 M; and mole fraction of Sm from 0.008 to 0.991 with small average relative errors (<3.5%). These models describe the extraction behavior of Sm and Cd, including the distribution of rare-earth concentrations in both the aqueous and the organic phases, the effects of acidity, RE concentration, and the mole fraction of Sm in aqueous phase and the RE concentration in the organic phase. A solvent extraction simulation and experiment were performed for the (Sm-Gd)Cl-3-H2O-1 M HEHEHP-isoparaffin system. The simulation output result was used to design experimental solvent extraction circuits in laboratory. The purity of the products obtained, samarium as well as gadolinium, was higher than 98%.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
+{"token": "The article 48 of Quebec's charter and the Civil Code of Quebec to counter the exploitation of the elderly: for a harmonious reading. Section 48 of the Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms protects every aged and every handicapped person against exploitation. After receiving little attention for some time, the legislation is now widely discussed, especially in its relationship with the Civil Code of Quebec. Several authors have questioned the interactions between these two laws, some from the standpoint of human rights and freedoms, and others with a focus on civil law. According to the authors of this paper, the division between these two approaches is caused essentially by factors that are more symbolic than legal. The purpose here is, as a result, to present our understanding of the consistency of Quebec's Charter and Civil Code with respect to the legal protection of aged persons. This is an updated approach based on jurisprudence from the last 30 years, an open-plan study of several protection mechanisms in the Civil Code, and a foray into comparative law.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Harmonization is more important than experience-results of the first Nordic-Baltic diatom intercalibration exercise 2007 (stream monitoring). The goal of this study was a harmonization of diatom identification and counting among diatomists from the Scandinavian and Baltic countries to improve the comparison of diatom studies in this geographical area. An analysis of the results of 25 diatomists following the European standard EN 14407 during an intercalibration exercise showed that a high similarity was achieved by harmonization and not because of a long experience with diatoms. Sources of error were wrong calibration scales, overlooking of small taxa, especially small Navicula s.l., misidentifications (Eunotia rhomboidea was mistaken for Eunotia incisa) and unclear separation between certain taxa in the identification literature. The latter was discussed during a workshop with focus on the Achnanthes minutissima group, the separation of Fragilaria capucina var. gracilis from F. capucina var. rumpens, and Nitzschia palea var. palea from N. palea var. debilis. The exercise showed also that the Swedish standard diatom method tested here worked fine with acceptable error for the indices IPS (Indice de Polluo-sensibilit, Sp,cifique) and ACID (ACidity Index for Diatoms) when diatomists with a low similarity (Bray-Curtis < 60%) with the auditor in at least one of the samples are excluded.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 45]}
+{"token": "Measuring the Social Returns of Nonprofits and Social Enterprises: The Promise and Perils of the SROI. Social Return on Investment (SROI) metrics are a new tool available to nonprofit and social enterprise organizations to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of their programs. After a short overview of three dominant methods for calculating the SROI, a case examining the implementation of an SROI study at a nationally recognized Boston-based nonprofit operating workforce development programs is presented to illuminate the methodological dilemmas across the arc of an SROI study. The case analysis centers on four key decision points in the implementation of the SROI study: identification of stakeholders, development of a method for estimating social value creation, determination of the time horizons, and selection of the discount rates. Next, to highlight the challenges in making comparisons across organizations, the second source of data is presented-a set of Yale SOM MBA student assignments conducting an SROI on a written case study found in the literature on workforce development. The student project results showcase how even when conducting SROI assessments on the same focal organization, the SROI calculation can vary widely depending on the outcome of the four decision points delineated above. The paper consequently offers two levels of analysis. First, it provides a detailed methodological overview of the reigning approaches to conducting an SROI. Second, it provides an assessment of the challenges to using SROI as a performance metric at this stage of the field's development. Implications for use of the SROI are discussed from both the perspective of funders and the perspective of nonprofit organizations.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Assessment of professional competence of nurses in emergencies: created and validated instrument. Objective: To create an instrument to assess the professional competence of nurses in emergencies. Method: Methodological study carried out between 2013 and 2016 in a Brazilian university. We used the Pasquali's model and Psychometrics as references because they allow subjective phenomena to be measured. The survey covered defining steps of the behavior to be measured, the formulation of the items in the instrument, development of instructions for using the instrument and elements necessary to demonstrate validity evidence. Although we have previously performed, in a distinct and consecutive way, the literature review, definition of the Core (or Matrix) Competence and the Competence Profile, and identification of validity with Delphi, essential components to structure a technology, in this step we continued the conclusion of these Theoretical Procedures. Result: We created an instrument for self-and/or hetero-evaluation containing: personal/professional/academic characterization, Competency Scale, fictitious cases and actions representing the practice. Conclusion: We created a new soft-hard technology based on the validity evidence of contents according to experts of the five regions of Brazil.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SPRINT TRAINING METHODS ON SPRINT PERFORMANCE OVER VARIOUS DISTANCES: A BRIEF REVIEW. Linear sprinting speed is an essential physical quality for many athletes. There are a number of different training modalities that can be used to improve sprint performance. Strength and conditioning coaches must select the most appropriate modalities for their athletes, taking into consideration the sprint distances that typically occur during competition. The study purpose was to perform a brief review as to the effect of specific (free sprinting; resisted sprinting by sleds, bands, or incline running; assisted sprinting with a towing device or a downhill slope), nonspecific (resistance and plyometric training), and combined (a combination of specific and nonspecific) training methods on different sprint distances (0-10, 0-20, 0-30, and 31+ m). A total of 48 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria, resulting in 1,485 subjects from a range of athletic backgrounds. The training effects associated with specific sprint training were classified as moderate (effect size [ES] = -1.00; % change = -3.23). Generally, the effect of specific sprint training tended to decrease with distance, although the largest training effects were observed for the 31+ m distance. The greatest training effects (ES = -0.43; % change = -1.65) of nonspecific training were observed for the 31+ m distance. The combined training revealed greatest effects (ES = -0.59; % change = -2.81) for the 0-10 m distance. After this review, specific sprint training methods seem the most beneficial over the investigated distances. However, the implementation of nonspecific training methods (e.g., strength and power training) could also benefit speed and athletic performance.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "USE OF FREE SOFTWARE AND INTERNET LIKE TOOLS OF SUPPORT FOR LEARNING. This paper describes the use of information and communication technology tools to support learning. The tools presented are classified in the category of free software and web 2.0 applications. The view of using computers as cognitive tools to promote and develop skills of the different types of thinking. Later, some examples of mindtools are presented by categories that can be downloaded from internet or used on line directly.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Using enhanced OER videos to facilitate English L2 learners' multicultural competence. This study investigated whether applying enhanced open educational resource (OER) videos in English-as-a-Foreign-Language (EFL) classes could improve university students' multicultural competence, and it also explored their perceptions of OERs. The study was implemented with 65 students who were enrolled in two General English classes at a public university in Taiwan. Videos of two TED Talks that carried different multicultural themes were adopted for the purpose of developing the students' multicultural competence and English skills. For each of the videos, the students watched a presentation before class and discussed it with their peers in the class meeting. Data collected from an Intercultural Competence Scale, OER Perception Survey, and post-intervention interviews were analyzed to address the research issues. Results showed that the OER intervention was particularly helpful to the students' use of communicative strategies and attentive preparation for multicultural encounters. The intervention also reinforced their beliefs in the educational value of OERs. Based on the results, pedagogical implications are discussed to provide insights into how to integrate OERs into EFL curricula to facilitate students' multicultural competence.", "label": [4, 5, 53, 40]}
+{"token": "Numerical simulations of local thundercloud field enhancements caused by runaway avalanches seeded by cosmic rays and their role in lightning initiation. We investigate the possibility of the production of an ionized domain by the ionization of the atmosphere by cosmic rays amplified by relativistic runaway electron avalanches (RREAs), the polarization of which could lead to the localized boosting of thundercloud fields, triggering the sequence of processes leading to lightning development. For this goal, a 2D numerical model was developed of atmospheric discharges in a self-consistent electric field allowing for the kinetics of high-energy REs, low-energy electrons, and positive and negative ions. The effects are tested for cosmic ray air showers and for the continuous background of low-energy cosmic radiation. It is shown that lightning cannot be triggered by the joint action of the cosmic ray shower and RREAs. On the contrary, with realistic rates of the cloud charging, the RREAs seeded by low-energy cosmic rays, produce a plasma domain, at the edges of which the electric field of the cloud is enhanced above the magnitude required for the selfsustained growth of the free electron population, potentially resulting in lightning initiation.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "A RULE-BASED FUZZY-LOGIC DEDUCTION TECHNIQUE FOR DAMAGE ASSESSMENT OF PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES. In order to obtain the overall damage level of a protective structure, the values of each variable of the damage criteria should be determined. Assessments by experts result in the production rules for use in a knowledge-based expert system. In cases where conflicting rules occur, fuzzy set operations can be used to solve the problem. The modus ponens deduction technique can be employed for partial matching or development of new rules.", "label": [4, 40, 41]}
+{"token": "HA/Ti composite for biomedical application by mechanical milling. In order to overcome the poor mechanical properties of HA and the low bioactivity of Ti, HA/Ti composites with various compositions were prepared by mechanical milling. The effects of milling condition and the composition on the microstructure, the density and the hardness of the composites were studied. The results show that during the ball milling process, Ti particles are refined and the homogeneity of the HA/Ti mixtures is improved; HA will partially decompose due to the existence of Ti and high sintering temperature. The microstructure of HA/Ti composites is highly dependent on the milling condition and the composition. In the microstructure, Ti phase connects to be a continuous network, and HA/Ti mixtures disperse in the network. The longer the milling time, the finer the network will be. The density of HA/Ti composites decreases with the content of HA increasing and the milling time prolonging, because HA deteriorates the sinterability of Ti. The hardness of HA/Ti composites increases firstly with the content of HA increasing, and then drops when the content of HA exceeds 30%. Addition of HA will strengthen the HA/Ti composite but will decrease the density of the composite, which accounts for the effect of HA on the hardness of the composites.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Bonbonnieres in the gallery: (re)presenting sugar in a family gallery space. This paper charts an on-going process emerging from a collaborative project between Manchester Art Gallery, and early childhood researchers and practitioners, who are currently working together to develop a new learning space for families. It revolves around the potential of exhibiting a collection of bonbonnieres in this space. These little 18th Century pots, originally filled with sweets or breath mints, are colourful and depict fanciful animals that have an almost cartoon like quality that may resonate with younger children. Yet the contents that once lay inside would have been cut from plantations by the hands of enslaved people. Sugar, in all its sweetness, is intrinsically linked to Britain's colonial history. Sections of a poem by Tina Otito Tamsho-Thomas () are emplaced throughout to unambiguously contextualise the bonbonniere as a symbol of enslavement legacy, sugar trade history and British colonialism. Today, excess sugar consumption sits at the heart of the healthy eating agenda, a key priority area for local early years providers. In this paper, textual 'fragments' act as provocations in a series of interdisciplinary conversations that were initiated as a strategy to unsettle the positions of the institution and its curators, educators and practitioners, opening up discursive thinking about the potential of this particular object-space ensemble. By considering these bonbonnieres as 'vibrant matter' (Bennett, 2010) that can affect and be affected within the gallery space (Tolia-Kelly, 2016) we ask questions about how these objects might sit alongside the daily interactions that occur in the space in a way that opens up 'discomfort zones'.", "label": [3, 5, 53, 30]}
+{"token": "CCL2 transgene expression in the central nervous system directs diffuse infiltration of CD45(high)CD11b(+) monocytes and enhanced Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease. CCL2 is a member of the CC chemokine family that mediates the migration and recruitment of monocytes and T cells and has been identified in the central nervous system (CNS) during several neuroinflammatory diseases. In order to examine the biological effect of constitutive CCL2 expression in the CNS, the authors engineered a mouse that expressed CCL2 in the CNS under control of the human glial fibrillary acidic protein (hGFAP) promoter. The results demonstrated that transgenic expression of CCL2 in the CNS resulted in diffuse CNS monocyte infiltration and accumulation. Transgenic CCL2 expression did not alter normal development, differentiation, or function of T cells. There was no evidence of overt CNS disease or other pathologic phenotype when mice were left unchallenged with antigen or uninfected. However, when CCL2 transgenic mice were given a peripheral challenge of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an inflammatory infiltrate with organized perivascular lesions developed. Infection of the transgenic mice with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) resulted in accelerated onset and increased severity of clinical and histological disease. These results suggest that CCL2 expression in the CNS is a major pathogenic factor that drives macrophage accumulation in the development of CNS inflammatory disease.", "label": [2, 18, 21]}
+{"token": "Morphology, phylogeny and life cycle of Fragilidium mexicanum Balech (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae). We describe the life cycle, morphology and molecular phylogenetic position of Fragilidium mexicanum, based on vegetative cells established by incubation of resting cysts isolated from sediment trap samples collected at Jinhae-Masan Bay, Korea. Resting cysts of F. mexicanum were spherical and surrounded by transparent mucilage, similar to other Fragilidium species. Germinated vegetative cells were identified as F. mexicanum based on thecal morphology and tabulation; the plate formula was Po, Pc, 4', 8 '',10c, 6s, 7''', 1p, 2 ''''. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of sequence data for small and large subunits of ribosomal DNA genes revealed that Fragilidium species were monophyletic with high supports and that F. mexicanum formed a separate Glade with Fragilidium sp. (JQ317599). Time-lapse photography was used to clarify the life history. Isolated resting cysts germinated into an unarmoured planomeiocyte and directly formed the pellicle cyst, with an armoured planomeiocyte emerging from the pellicle cyst. The armoured planomeiocyte underwent ecdysis and formed a coccoid meiocyte, with a two-celled chain emerging from the coccoid meiocyte. Like the armoured planomeicyte, vegetative cells also underwent ecdysis and then divided into two daughter cells that eventually emerged as motile vegetative cells. The life cycle of F. mexicanum has nonmotile life history stages that regularly alternate with motile stages. The nonmotile stage consists of five forms: resting cyst, pellicle cyst, asexual coccoid stage, coccoid meiocyte, and zygote. The motile stage also has five forms: unarmoured and armoured planomeiocyte, planozygote, gamete and vegetative cell.", "label": [0, 4, 45, 9]}
+{"token": "Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) and Her Role in District Mental Health Program: Learnings from the COVID 19 Pandemic. COVID 19 pandemic has posed challenges for public mental healthcare delivery, particularly in LAMI countries such as India. However, this unique situation has also brought in opportunities to revisit the health system and optimally utilize the available resources. In this brief report, we report one such new initiative in which existing community health workers (CHWs), known as ASHAs (Accredited Social Health Activist) acted as a bridge between patients with mental illness and the District Mental Health Program (DMHP) of Ramanagara district of Karnataka State, India. They maintained continuity of care of 76 patients by delivering mental healthcare services to the patients' doorstep. This has paved the way to rethink and revisit their role in public mental healthcare delivery not only during COVID 19 times, but also beyond.", "label": [2, 22, 23, 24]}
+{"token": "Turn the Other Cheek or an Eye for an Eye: Exploring Brand-to-Brand Dialogue on Social Media. The phenomenon of brands making sarcastic and sometimes rude comments regarding their competitors via social media is a relatively novel and unexplored behavior, and research in this area is scarce. How consumers perceive the use of humor in brand-to-brand dialogue may have meaningful managerial implications for companies and important theoretical implications for existing theory. Thus, to understand the dyadic relationship between two brands who engage with each other on social media, we explore two different types of humorous comments (low aggression and high aggression) and how the type of humor employed affects consumers' perceptions of both the brand initiating the dialogue and the brand that responds. Interestingly, we find that the safest strategy for brands that elect to interact with other brands on social media is to refrain from either type of humor, thus avoiding perceptions of manipulative intent. However, for brands that elect to respond to other brands, the type of humor employed can vary based on the tone of the initiating brand's comment.", "label": [5, 48, 52]}
+{"token": "Notes on entomophagy and entomotherapy generally and information on the situation in India in particular. Indian tribals use insects in a variety of ways. Species containing valuable protein, easily digestible fats, and considerable amounts of vitamins and minerals are consumed; others serve as raw material for folk remedies. Such uses need to be documented, because tribal communities are increasingly discarding their age-old practices. Research into this field can benefit India and the rest of the world in several ways. Traditional communities need to be shown to appreciate the value of their customs and that to look after their environment (lest many of the useful insects will disappear) is not a luxury, but a necessity. Moreover, studying food insects and therapeutically important species can lead to economic spin-offs and would allow countries like India to develop ways to sustainably use this abundant natural resource.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "First record of Hamacantha (Porifera, Demospongiae, Merliida, Hamacanthidae) from Japan, with description of two new species. Two new species of thinly encrusting sponge Hamacantha (Demospongiae, Merliida, Hamacanthidae) are described from Japan. Hamacantha (Vomerula) mamoi sp. nov. was collected from Sagami Bay, and Hamacantha (Vomerula) umisachii sp. nov. from off Hachijo Island. This is the first record of Hamacantha and the Hamacanthidae from Japan. H. (V.) mamoi sp. nov. is characterized by having styles, two types of diancistras and one of sigmas. Only two known species have the same spicule composition: H. (V.) acerata Levi, 1993 and H. (V.) esperioides Ridley & Dendy, 1886, described from New Caledonia, and south-west Africa and south-east South America, respectively. H. (V.) acerata has larger diancistras and much smaller sigmas compared with those of H. (V.) mamoi sp. nov. H. (V.) esperioides can be separated by having larger styles and smaller sigmas than those of H. (V.) mamoi sp. nov. H. (V.) umisachii sp. nov is characterized by having styles, diancistras, cyrtancistra-like diancistras and sigmas. Hamacantha (V.) carteri Topsent, 1904 seems to have similar spicule composition, however the size of all spicule types is different.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Electron transport and room temperature single-electron charging in 10nm scale PtC nanostructures formed by electron beam induced deposition. Nanostructures of platinum-carbon nanocomposite material have been formed by electron-beam induced deposition. These consist of nanodots and nanowires with a minimum size similar to 20 nm, integrated within similar to 100 nm nanogap n-type silicon-on-insulator transistor structures. The nanodot transistors use similar to 20 nm Pt/C nanodots, tunnel-coupled to Pt/C nanowire electrodes, bridging the Si nanogaps. Room-temperature single-electron transistor operation has been measured, and single-electron current oscillations and 'Coulomb diamonds' observed. In nanowire transistors, the temperature dependence from 290 to 8 K suggests that the current is a combination of thermally activated and tunnelling transport of carriers across potential barriers along the current path, and that the Pt/C is p-type at low temperature.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "The Structural Transformation of Sociology. The advent of public sociology over the past decade represents the end of a string of crisis moments in sociology. Since the 1950s and, especially, the 1960s, sociology was argued to be in a crisis because the discipline was thought to be conservative and contributing to sustain the status quo. As a result, the 1970s witnessed a radicalization of sociology, but the 1980s saw a general decline of sociology. Upon a resurgence during the 1990s, the crisis advocates have come back with a vengeance in the form of a renewed commitment to a heavily politicized sociology under the heading of public sociology, a perspective that is now thoroughly institutionalized and widely embraced. In sociology, the effects of the 1960s thus began to be felt in earnest some 40 years late.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
+{"token": "Effectiveness of distance education intervention using video footage in postoperative patients after total hip arthroplasty. This study evaluated the effectiveness of using video information as a tool in postoperative total hip arthroplasty (THA) patients to help regain their daily activity after discharge. In order to assess patients' activities of daily living after discharge from hospital, we asked their families to take video footage of their activities using a video camera and to send us the video. We investigated a new postoperative educational intervention in which healthcare professionals provided education and instructions to the patients on the basis of the video footage. Patients were assigned randomly to either an intervention group (2 men, 9 women; mean age, 60.7 +/- 9.4 years) or a control group (3 men, 10 women; mean age, 59.5 +/- 13.8 years). Four self-reported questionnaires were used to compare the intervention and control groups: the Oxford hip score, a pain scale, a survey of exercise self-efficacy and the SF-8 health survey. There was a significant improvement in Oxford hip score, exercise self-efficacy and SF-8 physical component summary in the intervention group compared to the control group. This suggests that our educational intervention with video information method improved self-efficacy and activities of daily living in THA patients. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "A new diapsid from the Middle Triassic of southern China. The Middle and early Late Triassic of southern China is well known for a remarkable diversity of marine vertebrates, particularly reptiles, including an abundance of intriguing new forms (e.g., Jiang et al., 2005; Hu et al., 2011; Li et al., 2016). Here we describe a new diapsid from Yunnan Province. It possesses an elongate neck that exhibits a remarkable similarity to that of many Protorosauria, yet in other respects the skull and postcranium are much less derived.The new taxon is part of the so-called Panxian-Luoping Fauna and the deposits correspond to the Upper Member of the Guanling Formation, comprising thin to medium bedded, gray to dark-gray laminated marly limestone and limestone, with several layers of bentonite intercalated in the fossil level at Panxian (Wan, 2002; Motani et al., 2008; Jiang et al., 2009). Their age is Pelsonian (middle Anisian, Middle Triassic) as is indicated by the conodont Nicoraella kockeli Zone (Sun et al., 2006; Zhang et al., 2009). A recent U-Pb study indicates the absolute age of these middle Anisian beds to be close to 244 Ma (Wang et al., 2014).", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Lithology-Based 3D Modeling of Urban Geological Attributes and Their Engineering Application: A Case Study of Guang'an City, SW China. Urban geological modeling (UGM) is a fundamental approach for the visualization of underground space and recognition of complex geological conditions of a city. Previous UGM studies, with the assumption of homogeneous geological characteristics, have resulted in deviated modeling properties due to the negligence of parameters with obviously different spatial distributions in lithologies. This study presents a case study of Guang'an city in SW China by using a sequential simulation interpolation (SSI) method that reflects geological heterogeneity by combining field surveys, topography, borehole data, geological profiles, and stratigraphic columns to establish a lithology distribution model in the study area. The geotechnical attribute model of the area of interest was established based on lithology to capture subtle variations in lithology due to obvious differences in geotechnical characteristics of clay, sand, mudstone, sandy mudstone, and shaly sandstone. This 3D model could provide a reference for the urban underground space master planning and future sustainable development of Guang'an city. In addition, this study also discusses the prospects and directions of urban geological modeling and provides a few suggestions for engineering in urban areas.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Brazil's Iguacu National Park threatened by illegal activities: predicting consequences of proposed downgrading and road construction. The spectacularly biodiverse Atlantic Forest of South America has been reduced to fragmented remnants. The largest remaining inland fragment is protected by national parks on either side of the iconic Iguassu Falls on the border between Brazil and Argentina. Biodiversity in the parks has been under pressure from illegal activities such as commercial hunting, fishing and extraction of palm hearts. A proposed road through Brazil's Iguacu National Park now further threatens the area's biodiversity by further dividing the forest fragment and by increasing access by illegal actors. Here we analyze spatial data on illegal activities and develop a niche-based model to predict the impact of the proposed Caminho-do-Colono road. The model shows the significant increases that this road would provoke in susceptibility to illegal activities such as fishing (median 0.009-0.101), palm-heart extraction (median 0.087-0.260) and poaching (median 0.324-0.334). The road proposal includes downgrading the protected status of a portion of the park, which reflects a worldwide pattern of downsizing, downgrading and degazetting protected areas that is particularly evident in Brazil.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Self-scheduling model for home energy management systems considering the end-users discomfort index within price-based demand response programs. This paper presents a self-scheduling model for home energy management systems (HEMS) in which a novel formulation of a linear discomfort index (DI) is proposed, incorporating the preferences of end-users in the daily operation of home appliances. The HEMS self-scheduling problem is modelled as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) multi-objective problem, aimed at minimizing the energy bill and DI. In this framework, the proposed DI determines the optimal time slots for the operation of home appliances while minimizing end-users? bills. The resulting multi-objective optimization problem has then been solved by using the epsilon-constraint technique and the VIKOR decision maker has been employed to select the most desired Pareto solution. The proposed model is tested considering tariffs in the presence of various price-based demand response programs (DRP), namely time-of-use (TOU) and real-time pricing (RTP). In addition, different scenarios considering the presence of electrical energy storage (EES) are investigated to study their impact on the optimal operation of HEMS. The simulation results show that the self-scheduling approach proposed in this paper yields significant reductions in the electricity bills for different electricity tariffs.", "label": [1, 4, 17, 15, 39]}
+{"token": "On the evolution of the scientific information environment*. Problems arising in the development of the scientific information environment are considered. Emphasis is on the building of international databases for periodical publications and monographs, evaluation of publications and journals, and objective citation. The activity of the S. P. Timoshenko Institute of Mechanics and the journal Prikladnaya Mekhanika (International Applied Mechanics) in this field is exemplified. Suggestions on how to ensure objective citation in articles are discussed.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Stomate-based defense and environmental cues. Environmental conditions play crucial roles in modulating immunity and disease in plants. For instance, many bacterial disease outbreaks occur after periods of high humidity and rain. A critical step in bacterial infection is entry into the plant interior through wounds or natural openings, such as stomata. Bacterium-triggered stomatal closure is an integral part of the plant immune response to reduce pathogen invasion. Recently, we found that high humidity compromises stomatal defense, which is accompanied by regulation of the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways in guard cells. Periods of darkness, when most stomata are closed, are effective in decreasing pathogen penetration into leaves. However, coronatine produced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 cells can open dark-closed stomata facilitating infection. Thus, a well-known disease-promoting environmental condition (high humidity) acts in part by suppressing stomatal defense, whereas an anti-stomatal defense factor such as coronatine, may provide epidemiological advantages to ensure bacterial infection when environmental conditions (darkness and insufficient humidity) favor stomatal defense.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
+{"token": "New species and new records of the lichen genus Porpidia (Lecideaceae) from western China. A taxonomic study of the genus Porpidia in western China revealed two species hitherto unknown to science, Porpidia squamosa and P. shangrila, along with three new records for the country: P. flavicunda, P. soredizodes and P. thomsonii. Detailed taxonomic descriptions, ecological and chemical characters, and illustrations are provided for the new taxa, and brief taxonomic descriptions provided for the newly reported taxa. A key to all known Chinese Porpidia species is also provided.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
+{"token": "From Big Data to Rich Theory: Integrating Critical Discourse Analysis with Structural Topic Modeling. A growing interest in the study of discourses has spread in management research, but so far, it has mostly relied on in-depth qualitative analyses of textual material. With the increasing availability of large textual data, several challenges arise. This paper offers a mixed-methods approach to integrate critical discourse analysis with structural topic modeling to turn these challenges into valuable opportunities. We argue that combining both approaches overcomes their limitations and provides great potential for exploring phenomena that matter in our mediatized society. Based on an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design, we develop a stepwise model that provides practical and theoretical guidance to conduct a critical analysis of large textual data. Our illustrative example focuses on the discursive legitimation struggles around the tobacco industry. We demonstrate how an integrated mixed-methods approach allows capturing the breadth and depth of discourses used by different actors in the tobacco debates.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Head and neck blocks in infants, children, and adolescents. This review will discuss the use of peripheral nerve blocks of the head and neck and its application to the practice of pediatric anesthesia using simple, landmark based approaches.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Enhancing Procurement Quality Performance in a Developing Country: The Roles of Procurement Audit and Top Management Commitment. Despite its strategic importance, procurement quality performance remains not only a difficult-to-improve public procurement outcome in developing countries but also knowledge of its determinants is underdeveloped. This research uses a contingent-agency perspective to propose procurement audit as a procurement quality performance-enhancer, especially when there is a strong top management commitment to strategic procurement issues. Survey data from 223 public sector organizations in Ghana support these propositions. Additional results, however, reveal that internal and external aspects of procurement audit relate differently to self-reported procurement quality performance under differing conditions of top management commitment. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are presented.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Cross-disciplinarity in the advance of Antarctic ecosystem research. The biodiversity, ecosystem services and climate variability of the Antarctic continent and the Southern Ocean are major components of the whole Earth system. Antarctic ecosystems are driven more strongly by the physical environment than many other marine and terrestrial ecosystems. As a consequence, to understand ecological functioning, cross-disciplinary studies are especially important in Antarctic research. The conceptual study presented here is based on a workshop initiated by the Research Programme Antarctic Thresholds - Ecosystem Resilience and Adaptation of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, which focussed on challenges in identifying and applying cross-disciplinary approaches in the Antarctic. Novel ideas and first steps in their implementation were clustered into eight themes. These ranged from scale problems, through risk maps, and organism/ecosystem responses to multiple environmental changes and evolutionary processes. Scaling models and data across different spatial and temporal scales were identified as an overarching challenge. Approaches to bridge gaps in Antarctic research programmes included multi-disciplinary monitoring, linking biomolecular findings and simulated physical environments, as well as integrative ecological modelling. The results of advanced cross-disciplinary approaches can contribute significantly to our knowledge of Antarctic and global ecosystem functioning, the consequences of climate change, and to global assessments that ultimately benefit humankind.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 45]}
+{"token": "Computer-based-limited and personalised education management maximise appropriateness of vitamin D, vitamin B12 and folate retesting. Results In the absence of a laboratory demand strategy, the frequency of inappropriate retesting for vitamin D, vitamin B12 and folate was 60%, 94% and 93%, respectively, for inpatients, and 27%, 87% and 87%, respectively, for outpatients. A limiting IT-based demand management strategy reduced inappropriate retesting for vitamin D (36%), but not for vitamin B12 and folate. The educational strategy was followed by a reduction in inappropriate retesting among outpatients (16% for vitamin D, 72% for vitamin B12 and folate).Conclusions Laboratory demand management based on an IT-limiting management strategy or on education of the referring physicians appears helpful in maximising appropriate retesting.Methods The study was conducted between 3 November 2012 and 8 June 2015, with inpatients and outpatients being considered separately. After an observational reference period (3 November 2012 to 14 September 2013), an information technology (IT)-based permissive strategy (16 September 2013 to 27 July 2014) followed by a limiting strategy was used to manage the demand for inpatient retesting. For outpatients, an educational strategy period (28 July 2014 to 16 December 2014) with direct contact between medical personnel and general practitioners (GPs) was followed by a post-educational period without any restriction. Data from a total of 66496 patients for vitamin D, 14618 for vitamin B12 and 14445 for folate were retrieved from the laboratory IT system. The main outcomes measures were inappropriate vitamin D, vitamin B12 and folate retesting. The minimal retesting intervals were 90 (vitamin D) or 180days (vitamin B12 and folate).Aim To identify the best management strategy for improving the appropriateness of vitamin D, vitamin B12 and folate retesting.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Search for new resonances decaying to a W or Z boson and a Higgs boson in the l(+)l(-)b(b)over-bar, l nu b(b)over-bar, and nu(nu)over-barb(b)over-bar channels with pp collisions at root s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector. A search is presented for new resonances decaying to a W or Z boson and a Higgs boson in the l(+)l(-)b (b) over bar, l nu b (b) over bar, and nu(nu) over barb (b) over bar channels in pp collisions at root s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider using a total integrated luminosity of 3.2 fb(-1). The search is conducted by looking for a localized excess in the WH/ZH invariant or transverse mass distribution. No significant excess is observed, and the results are interpreted in terms of constraints on a simplified model based on a phenomenological Lagrangian of heavy vector triplets. (C) 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "The effect of staining on the monotonic tensile mechanical properties of human cortical bone. Microdamage in the form of microcracks has been observed in cortical bone following in vivo and in vitro fatigue loading. It has been suggested that bone has an inherent ability to repair microdamage at physiological activity levels. If the biological remodelling and repair process cannot keep up with the rate of damage accumulation, as in ageing bone and in individuals such as athletes and military recruits, microdamage may accumulate even at physiological activity levels. Such microdamage accumulation is thought to contribute to stress and fragility fractures. It is therefore important to obtain quantitative data on the rate of damage accumulation so as to understand the etiology of skeletal fractures. Sequential labelling of microdamage using fluorochrome stains at different stages of mechanical loading is becoming standard for assessing damage evolution. Although verification of this staining technique is provided in the literature, it has not yet been reported if the stains change the mechanical properties of cortical bone. In this study, monotonic tensile tests were performed to investigate the effect of the staining on the monotonic tensile mechanical properties of cortical bone. Forty-eight specimens were machined from human femora obtained from three male subjects, aged 52-55 years, and all 48 specimens were systematically divided into one control and three treatment groups. Specimens in the first (n = 12) and second treatment groups (n = 12) were stained with alizarin complexone and calcein (0.0005 M), respectively, for 16 h under 50 mmHg vacuum. Specimens in the third treatment group (n = 12) were kept in calcium-supplemented saline solution under the same conditions of the first and second treatment groups. Specimens in the control group (n = 12) were removed from the freezer prior to testing and allowed to thaw at room temperature in saline solution. Differences among the mean values of the mechanical properties for four testing groups were determined by the Mann-Whitney test at a significance level of P < 0.05. The statistical results indicated that the chelating stains and the staining conditions have no significant effect on the mechanical properties of the cortical bone under monotonic tensile loading. This study demonstrated that microcrack labelling with the chelating stains under aforementioned conditions (stain concentration, staining time, etc.) is a reliable method in that staining cortical bone with alizarin complexone and calcein prior to testing does not affect tensile properties.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Offspring death and subsequent psychiatric morbidity in bereaved parents: addressing mechanisms in a total population cohort. Conclusions Parental psychiatric hospitalization following offspring death was primarily found in offspring suicide. Familial (e.g. shared genetic) effects seemed important, judging from both lack of psychiatric hospitalization in bereaved stepfathers and attenuated risk when bereaved parents were contrasted to their non-bereaved siblings. We conclude that offspring suicide does not cause' psychiatric hospitalization in bereaved parents.Results A total of 3284 suicides and 14095 any-cause deaths were identified in offspring between 12 and 25 years of age. Parents exposed to offspring suicide had considerably higher risk of subsequent psychiatric hospitalization than unexposed parents [relative risk (RR) 1.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.72-2.09], higher than parents exposed to offspring non-suicide death relative to controls (RR 1.18, 95% CI 1.11-1.26). We found no risk increase among stepfathers differentially exposed to biologically unrelated stepchildren's death or suicide, and the relative risk was notably lower among full siblings differentially exposed to offspring death or suicide.Method We identified 3114564 parents through linkage of Swedish nationwide registers. Risk of psychiatric hospitalization was assessed with log-linear Poisson regression and family-based analyses were used to explore familial confounding.Background It is unclear if psychiatric morbidity among parents bereaved of a child is related to major loss in general or if the cause of death matters. Whether such a link is consistent with a causal explanation also remains uncertain.", "label": [2, 5, 23, 55]}
+{"token": "Distributed Energy-Efficient Multi-UAV Navigation for Long-Term Communication Coverage by Deep Reinforcement Learning. In this paper, we aim to design a fully-distributed control solution to navigate a group of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), as the mobile Base Stations (BSs) to fly around a target area, to provide long-term communication coverage for the ground mobile users. Different from existing solutions that mainly solve the problem from optimization perspectives, we proposed a decentralized deep reinforcement learning (DRL) based framework to control each UAV in a distributed manner. Our goal is to maximize the temporal average coverage score achieved by all UAVs in a task, maximize the geographical fairness of all considered point-of-interests (PoIs), and minimize the total energy consumptions, while keeping them connected and not flying out of the area border. We designed the state, observation, action space, and reward in an explicit manner, and model each UAV by deep neural networks (DNNs). We conducted extensive simulations and found the appropriate set of hyperparameters, including experience replay buffer size, number of neural units for two fully-connected hidden layers of actor, critic, and their target networks, and the discount factor for remembering the future reward. The simulation results justified the superiority of the proposed model over the state-of-the-art DRL-EC approach based on deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG), and three other baselines.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Deformation monitoring of Daejeon City using ALOS-1 PALSAR - Comparing the results by PSInSAR and SqueeSAR -. SqueeSAR is a new technique to combine Persistent Scatterer (PS) and Distributed Scatterer (DS) for deformation monitoring. Although many PSs are available in urban areas, SqueeSAR analysis can be beneficial to increase the PS density in not only natural targets but also smooth surfaces in urban environment. The height of each targets is generally required to remove topographic phase in interferometric SAR processing. The result of PSInSAR analysis to use PS only is not affected by DEM resolution because the height error of initial input DEM at each PSs is precisely compensated in PS processing chain. On the contrary, SqueeSAR can be affected by DEM resolution and precision since it includes spatial average filtering for DS targets to increase a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this study we observe the effect of DEM resolution on deformation measurement by PSInSAR and SqueeSAR. With ALOS-1 PALSAR L-band data, acquired over Daejeon city, Korea, two different DEM data are used in InSAR processing for comparison: 1 m LIDAR DEM and SRTM 1-arc (similar to 30 m) DEM. As expected the results of PSInSAR analysis show almost same results independently of the kind of DEM, while the results of SqueeSAR analysis show the improvement in quality of the time-series in case of 1-m LIDAR DSM. The density of InSAR measurement points was also improved about five times more than the PSInSAR analysis.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Reliability of BOD POD Measurements Remains High After a Short-Duration Low-Carbohydrate Diet. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether expected changes in body weight via a 3-day low carbohydrate (LC) diet will disrupt the reliability of air displacement plethysmography measurements via BOD POD. Twenty-four subjects recorded their typical diets for 3 days before BOD POD and 7-site skinfold analyses. Subjects were matched for lean body mass and divided into low-CHO (LC) and control (CON) groups. The LC group was given instruction intended to prevent more than 50 grams/day of carbohydrate consumption for 3 consecutive days, and the CON group replicated their previously recorded diet. Body composition measurements were repeated after dietary intervention. Test retest reliability measures were significant (p < .01) and high for body fat percentage in both the LC and the CON groups (rs = .993 and .965, respectively). Likewise, skinfold analysis for body fat percentage reliability was high in both groups (rs = .996 and .997, respectively). There were significant differences between 1st and 2nd BOD POD measurements for body mass (72.9 +/- 13.3 vs. 72.1 +/- 13.0 kg [M +/- SD]) and body volume (69.0 +/- 12.7-68.1 +/- 12.2 L) in the LC group (p < .05). However, there were no differences (p > .05) in BOD POD determined body fat percentage, lean body mass, or fat mass between the 1st and 2nd trial in either group. Body composition measures via BOD POD and 7-site skinfolds remain reliable after 3 days of an LC diet despite significant decreases in body mass.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 52]}
+{"token": "Resolution of serous macular detachment after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide treatment of patients with branch retinal vein occlusion. Conclusions: The preliminary results of our study showed prompt resolution of serous macular detachment with corresponding improved visual acuity in patients with CME secondary to BRVO. Further study with longer follow-up and a larger series is warranted to assess the long-term efficacy and safety.Methods: Eight eyes of 8 patients with BRVO (6 men and 2 women; age range, 52-76 years) made up the study population. The eligibility criteria for this study included clinically and angiographically detectable cystoid macular edema (CME) in which the presence of serous macular detachment was documented by optical coherence tomography (OCT). After intravitreal injection of 0.1 mL (4 mg) of triamcinolone acetonide, the visual and anatomical responses were observed.Purpose: To evaluate the effect of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide on serous macular detachment in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO).Results: In all eyes, after injection of triamcinolone acetonide, CME and serous macular detachment regressed. At 3 and 6 months, CME and serous macular detachment had recurred in 1 eye (12.5%) and 2 eyes (25%), respectively. Patients with recurrence were retreated. No eyes lost vision at 1 month, and all eyes showed improvement. At 3 months, no eyes had lost vision from baseline, and 7 eyes (87.5%) showed improvement. At 6 months, again no eyes had lost vision from baseline, and 7 eyes (87.5%) maintained improved visual acuity.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Redox-sensing release of human thioredoxin from T lymphocytes with negative feedback loops. Thioredoxin (TRX) is released from various types of mammalian cells despite no typical secretory signal sequence. We show here that a redox-active site in TRX is essential for its release from T lymphocytes in response to H2O2 and extracellular TRX regulates its own H2O2 induced release. Human T cell leukemia virus type I-transformed T lymphocytes constitutively release a large amount of TRX. The level of TRX release is augmented upon the addition of H2O2, but suppressed upon the addition of N-acetylcysteine. In the culture supernatant of a Jurkat transfectant expressing the tagged TRX-wild type (WT), the tagged TRX protein is rapidly released at 1 h and kept at a constant level until 6 h after the addition of H2O2. In contrast, another type of transfectant expressing the tagged TRX mutant (C32S/C35S; CS) fails to release the protein. H2O2 induced release of TRX from the transfectant is inhibited by the presence of rTRX-WT in a dose-dependent manner. Preincubation of the transfectant with rTRX-WT for 1 h at 37 C, but not 0degreesC, results in a significant suppression of the TRX release, reactive oxygen species, and caspase-3 activity induced by H2O2, respectively. Confocal microscopy and Western blot analysis show that extracellular rTRX-WT added to the culture does not obviously enter T lymphocytes until 24 h. These results collectively suggest that the oxidative stress-induced TRX release from T lymphocytes depends on a redox-sensitive event and may be regulated by negative feedback loops using reactive oxygen species-mediated signal transductions.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "A cross-continental comparison of stream invertebrate community assembly to assess convergence in forested headwater streams. We studied two forested, headwater streams to compare patterns of invertebrate community structure and consequences for ecosystem functioning in two temperate locations, Galicia (NW Spain) and Vancouver (SW Canada). The two sites were selected due to the similar dominance of congeneric invertebrate species, as well as similarity in their hydromorphological and physico-chemical characteristics. Field experiments tested for similarities and dissimilarities in the invertebrate community assembly in leaf packs in streams. Our results indicated that alder leaves always decomposed faster than eucalyptus leaves, from threefold higher in Galicia to tenfold in Vancouver. At the species level, the biogeographic factor was the main source of variation on invertebrate assemblages (84.9 %), but this percentage quickly decreased at higher levels of taxonomic resolution, i.e. family. Moreover, there was a strong leaf species influence in both sites. There were more invertebrates colonizing leaves (per unit mass) in Vancouver than in Galicia (fourfold on average), though alder leaves seemed to be always the preferred resource (5.5-fold higher density on average). Regardless, a similar trophic structure was found between sites and leaf species. Brillia spp. and Corynoneura spp., a shredder and a collector-gatherer, respectively, seemed to be the most important species and showed similar colonization patterns in both sites with potential to strongly influence the leaf processing and nutrient cycling in these ecosystems. Even though our results are limited to the similarity found between only two sites, results from other studies, where the same species have been found coexisting during leaf pack processing, reinforces our results that common rules and mechanisms determine patterns of key ecological processes on a biogeographical scale.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Irish teachers, starting on a journey of data use for school self-evaluation. This article outlines the experience of 13 post-primary schools that were supported by the DCU Centre for Evaluation, Quality and Inspection to complete an SSE process, during which, each school gathered and analysed a range of data. This study is part of a larger action research project which explores various aspects of the implementation of SSE in schools, including models of support and continuing professional development for schools. This article looks specifically at the use of data by the schools involved. The key research questions ask: what data was gathered by the schools and what was the attitude to and experience of data-use among teachers? In doing so, this article explores some of the current research questions in relation to data use in schools. Overall, the findings indicate that schools gathered a range of data, which was mainly quantitative due to a focus on quantitative target setting. Despite a generally positive attitude to the usefulness of data and the skills learned, participants did not appear convinced that they would be involved in data use on an ongoing basis.With much of the literature on school self-evaluation (SSE) stressing the importance of data use, this article explores how teachers in Irish post-primary schools are coming to terms with this new challenge. Since 2012, all schools in Ireland are required to engage in SSE for the purpose of improving student outcomes. For the first time, teachers and school leaders are being asked to systematically gather and analyse various types of data, devise improvement plans and implement improvements. Despite such demands, the compulsory education system in Ireland operates within a low-stakes accountability environment, with an absence of published school league tables and no consequences for poor school performance. It is also interesting to explore the introduction of a school improvement process that requires data as evidence for self-evaluation, but where very little data currently exists compared to other jurisdictions and where the discourse of data use in schools is relatively new.", "label": [5, 53, 55]}
+{"token": "Carceral Hermeneutics: Discovering the Bible in Prison and Prison in the Bible. This essay introduces the concept of carceral hermeneutics, the art of interpreting Scripture from within prisons as, or alongside, incarcerated persons. Reading the Bible in prison reframes the Bible as a whole, highlighting how the original sites of textual production were frequently sites of exile, prison, confinement, and control. Drawing on the work of Lauren F. Winner, the author explores the characteristic damages of reading the Bible without attention to the carceral and suggests that physically re-locating the task of biblical interpretation can unmask interpretative damage and reveal alternative, life-giving readings. The essay concludes with an extended example, showing how the idea of cruciformity is a characteristically damaged reading that extracts Jesus' execution from its carceral context. Carceral hermeneutics surfaces a Gospel counter-narrative in which Jesus flees violence and opts for his own safety. Jesus as a refugee (Matt 2), a fugitive (Matt 4:12-17), and a victim escaping violence (Luke 4:14-30) stand alongside Jesus as an executed person to offer a wider range of options for a christoformity in which people can image God while fleeing from violence in order to preserve their own lives and freedom.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "A machine learning algorithm-based approach (MaxEnt) for predicting invasive potential of Trioza erytreae on a global scale. The African citrus triozid (ACT) Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) (Hemiptera: Triozidae), is a principal vector of \\\\'Candidatus Liberibacter species\\\\', the pathogens implicated in citrus greening disease, infecting millions of citrus trees annually. Unfortunately, present control measures are insufficient, necessitating the development of novel climate-smart pest management strategies. Maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) was employed to assess habitat suitability for ACT. The area under the curve values for the initial and final models were 0.968 and 0.962, respectively. The model predicts an expansion of suitable areas outside the pest's known historical records. The environmental variables that most influenced ACT's distribution were isothermality, average temperature of coldest quarter, average temperature of driest quarter, and highest temperature of warmest month, with con-tributions of 37.5%, 16.4%, 13.2%, and 12.7%, respectively. The major citrus-producing countries, such as China, Brazil, and the USA, would have suitable areas for ACT until 2050. The risk maps created in this study could be used in the field to prevent further ACT invasions, thereby contributing to sustainable management of citrus greening disease.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Inhibition of cell growth by cellular differentiation into adipocyte-like cells in dexamethasone sensitive cancer cell lines. The stress responses in human body lead to secretion of cortisol hormone. The present study investigated the cellular responses on cell growth and cellular differentiation into adipocytes by exposure of synthetic stress hormone, dexamethasone (DEX) in various human cancer and normal cells. After prolonged exposure of cells with 1g/ml DEX for 2 weeks, population doubling time (PDT) was significantly (P<.05) increased by inhibited cell growth in A-549 and MCF-7 cancer cells, and was unchanged in MDA-MB-231 cancer cells, normal MRC-5 fibroblasts, umbilical cord matrix-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) and dental papilla tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (DSCs). Whereas, PDT was significantly (P<.05) decreased in U87-MG cancer cells by increased cell growth. Glucose uptake was significantly (P<.05) increased in all the cancer cell lines compared to that in normal cell lines. Further, adiposome-like vesicles were noted in A-549 and MCF-7 cancer cells indicating retarded cell growth by DEX treatment, and the vesicles were stained with Oil-Red O solution. Further, the expression of adipocyte-specific genes such as glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) were significantly (P<.05) increased in A-549 and MCF-7 with lipid vesicles. The level of telomerase activity was found to be significantly (P<.05) downregulated in DEX-treated A-549 and MCF-7 cancer cells. Our results have clearly shown that DEX treatment induces inhibition of cell growth by differentiating into adipocyte-like cells in dexamethasone sensitive cancer cells.", "label": [4, 42, 47]}
+{"token": "Investigation of healthcare-acquired infections associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in taps in neonatal units in Northern Ireland. Findings: The highest P. aeruginosa counts were from the flow straighteners, metal support collars and the tap bodies surrounding these two components. Complex flow straighteners had a significantly higher P. aeruginosa count than other types of flow straighteners (P < 0.05). Highest aerobic colony counts were associated with integrated mixers and solenoids (P < 0.05), but there was not a strong correlation (r = 0.33) between the aerobic colony counts and P. aeruginosa counts. Representative P. aeruginosa tap isolates from two hospital neonatal units had VNTR profiles consistent with strains from the tap water and infected neonates.Aim: To assess whether P. aeruginosa was associated with the neonatal unit taps and whether waterborne isolates were consistent with patient isolates.Background: In December 2011 and early 2012 four neonates died from Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia in hospitals in Northern Ireland.Conclusion: P. aeruginosa was predominantly found in biofilms in flow straighteners and associated components in the tap outlets and was a possible source of the infections observed. Healthcare providers should be aware that water outlets can be a source of P. aeruginosa contamination and should take steps to reduce such contamination, monitor it and have strategies to minimize risk to susceptible patients. (C) 2013 The Healthcare Infection Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Methods: Thirty taps and eight flow straighteners from the relevant hospitals were categorized and dismantled into 494 components and assessed for aerobic colony and P. aeruginosa counts using non-selective and selective agars. P. aeruginosa isolates were typed by variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis. Selected tap components were subjected to epifluorescence and scanning electron microscopy to visualize biofilm.", "label": [2, 25, 24]}
+{"token": "The impact of Chile's school feeding program on education outcomes. Chile operates one of the oldest and largest school feeding programs in Latin America, targeting higher-calorie meals to relatively poorer schools. This paper evaluates the impact of higher-calorie meals on the education outcomes of public, rural schools and their students. It applies a regression-discontinuity design to administrative data, including school enrollment and attendance, first-grade enrollment age and grade repetition, and fourth-grade test scores. There is no evidence, across a range of specifications and samples, that additional calories affect these variables. The paper suggests that the focus of Chilean policy should further shift to the nutritional composition of school meals, rather than the caloric content. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49, 53]}
+{"token": "Ellipsoid, geoid, gravity, geodesy, and geophysics. Geophysics uses gravity to learn about the density variations of the Earth's interior, whereas classical geodesy uses gravity to define the geoid. This difference in purpose has led to some confusion among geophysicists, and this tutorial attempts to clarify two points of the confusion. First, it is well known now that gravity anomalies after the \\\\'free-air\\\\' correction are still located at their original positions. However, the \\\\'free-air\\\\' reduction was thought historically to relocate gravity from its observation position to the geoid (mean sea level). Such an understanding is a geodetic fiction, invalid and unacceptable in geophysics. Second, in gravity corrections and gravity anomalies, the elevation has been used routinely. The main reason is that, before the emergence and widespread use of the Global Positioning System (GPS), height above the geoid was the only height measurement we could make accurately (i.e., by leveling). ne GPS delivers a measurement of height above the ellipsoid. In principle, in the geophysical use of gravity, the ellipsoid height rather than the elevation should be used throughout because a combination of the latitude correction estimated by the International Gravity Formula and the height correction is designed to remove the gravity effects due to an ellipsoid of revolution. In practice, for minerals and petroleum exploration, use of the elevation rather than the ellipsoid height hardly introduces significant errors across the region of investigation because the geoid is very smooth. Furthermore, the gravity effects due to an ellipsoid actually can be calculated by a closed-form expression. However, its approximation, by the International Gravity Formula and the height correction including the second-order terms, is typically accurate enough worldwide.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Genome-Wide Association Studies of Conotruncal Heart Defects with Normally Related Great Vessels in the United States. Conotruncal defects with normally related great vessels (CTD-NRGVs) occur in both patients with and without 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), but it is unclear to what extent the genetically complex etiologies of these heart defects may overlap across these two groups, potentially involving variation within and/or outside of the 22q11.2 region. To explore this potential overlap, we conducted genome-wide SNP-level, gene-level, and gene set analyses using common variants, separately in each of five cohorts, including two with 22q11.2DS (N = 1472 total cases) and three without 22q11.2DS (N = 935 total cases). Results from the SNP-level analyses were combined in meta-analyses, and summary statistics from these analyses were also used in gene and gene set analyses. Across all these analyses, no association was significant after correction for multiple comparisons. However, several SNPs, genes, and gene sets with suggestive evidence of association were identified. For common inherited variants, we did not identify strong evidence for shared genomic mechanisms for CTD-NRGVs across individuals with and without 22q11.2 deletions. Nevertheless, several of our top gene-level and gene set results have been linked to cardiogenesis and may represent candidates for future work.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Opioid-dopamine interaction in planaria: a behavioral study. The behavioral response of planaria to the exposure to selective opioid agonists was studied. The mu agonist [d-ala(2), N-methyl-Phe(4), Gly(5)-ol]enkephalin (DAMGO) and the delta agonist [D-Pen(2), D-Pen(5)]enkephalin (DPDPE) failed to alter motor activity at all doses tested. Low doses of the selective kappa agonist (+/-)-trans-U-50-trans-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N[2-(1-pyrrodinyl)cyclohexyl]benzene acetamide methasulphonate (U50, 488) and bremazocine-HCl increased motor activity leading to C-like position (CLP) and screw-like hyperkinesia (SLH). These changes were identical to those seen previously with the exposure to D2 or D1 dopamine receptor agonists, respectively. Higher doses of kappa agonists produced the enhancement of CLP and SLH together with robust snake-like movements (SLM). This latter response, that was typical of stimulation of kappa opioid receptors, was blocked by co-exposure to naloxone or the selective kappa antagonist Nor-binaltorphimine (Nor-BNI). Finally, co-exposure to sulpiride or SH-23390 respectively blocked the CLP or SLH response produced by U50,488 or bremazocine. Our data indicate the presence of kappa opioid receptors in planaria and suggest the functional interaction between the opioid and dopamine system in this simple animal model. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 42, 47]}
+{"token": "Visual duplication: specimens, works of art and photographs at the Musee d'ethnographie du Trocadero (1928-1935). The article considers how the use of duplicates and the practice of photography interacted in museums of ethnography, contributing to the ambivalent framing of ethnographic objects as items that can be both scientific specimens and works of art. It focuses on the Musee d'ethnographie du Trocadero in Paris and on the key period of its reorganization between 1928 and 1935, which was central to the institutionalization of French ethnology. By examining the place of duplicates in this museum, as well as the major role attributed to photographs of objects and their materiality, the paper shows that these others of the ethnographic artefacts, often considered separately from their originals, still participated in the same project: the development of the museum and its growing cultural influence. While the duplicates positioned the museum in the various networks of the scientific community, the photographs appealed to the avant-garde, amateurs, African and Oceanian art dealers and the general public.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Economic and Household Impacts of Projected Policy Changes for the Irish Agri-food Sector. The policy environment for the Irish agri-food sector could change rapidly in the coming decade. A potentially positive factor will be the elimination of milk quotas in 2015, although a potentially negative factor will be further trade liberalisation and increased import competition. These changes come on top of the move to decouple direct aids to farmers in 2005 as part of the Mid-Term Review of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy agreed in 2003. This paper examines these reforms and their impacts on the Irish economy and income distribution using a CGE model particularly rich in detail on the agri-food sectors, differentiated household groups, and agricultural policy instruments including their links to productive factors and households. The results suggest that the past and projected changes in the policy environment have, in sum, a small positive impact on GDP and household income. However, the gains and losses are unequally distributed across sectors and household groups due to the highly differentiated distribution of support and protection. Although all households generally gain from the sequence of policy reforms in the long run, some experience strong adverse effects from particular reforms and in the medium term.", "label": [0, 5, 6, 49]}
+{"token": "Prototype effects in discourse and the synonymy issue: Two Lakota postpositions. Despite of being fully synonymous at the semantic level, the postpositions el 'locative/directional' and ekta 'locative/directional' in Lakota (Siouan, Central North America) display different semantic cores in discourse: the semantic prototype for el is the role of locative, while the semantic prototype for ekta is the role of directional. Both the functional synonymy between el and ekta and the observed prototype effects can be attributed to constellations created by grammaticalization processes: when an innovative grammatical element is developing-in this case, ekta-replacement of a functionally equivalent older element-in this case, el-is unlikely, to happen overnight, so that the innovative and the older element can be expected to coexist for a while, and to share functional domains.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "CFD Benchmark for a Single Strand Tundish (Part I). A Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) benchmark for the water model of a single-strand continuous casting tundish was performed by ten members of the newly founded working group \\\\'Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Simulation\\\\' of the German Steel Institute VDEh. A critical comparison is drawn between laser-optical velocity measurements and residence time measurements on the one hand and CFD simulations using different CFD programs, turbulence models, boundary conditions, proposed solutions, etc., on the other hand. The validation criteria used include, among others, the turbulence distribution, the position of the recirculation center and the maximum backflow velocity in the tundish which is induced by the recirculation, as well as the residence time distribution. The results show that the flow and turbulence structure can be computed on the basis of the Unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) equations with a good degree of accuracy. The relative positional deviation of the recirculation center is -12.5% < Delta x/L1 < 5.0%. The characteristic times theta(min), theta(max), theta(20%) and theta(5%), which describe the residence time distribution, are established with a variation of +/- 15%. The benchmark yields important results for the sensible use of today's commonly used numerical CFD models and contributes to further improving the reliability of CFD simulations in metallurgical process engineering.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Artifacts Mitigation in Sensors for Spasticity Assessment. Spasticity is a pathological condition that can occur in people with neuromuscular disorders. Objective, repeatable metrics are needed for evaluation to provide appropriate treatment and to monitor patient condition. Herein, an instrumented bimodal glove with force and movement sensors for spasticity assessment is presented. To mitigate noise artifacts, machine learning techniques are used, specifically a multitask neural network, to calibrate the instrumented glove signals against the ground truth from sensors integrated in a robotic arm. The motorized robotic arm system offers adjustable resistance to simulate different levels of muscle stiffness in spasticity, and the sensors on the robot provide ground-truth measurements of angular displacement and force applied during flexion and extension maneuvers. The robotic sensor measurements are used to train the instrumented glove data through multitask learning. After processing through the neural network, the Pearson correlation coefficients between the processed signals and the ground truth are above 0.92, demonstrating successful signal calibration and noise mitigation.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "On becoming pope in late antiquity. To an extent unusual among holders of papal office in late antiquity, we know something of the family of Gregory the Great (590-604). His father, Gordianus, was a wealthy Roman who had married a lady named Silvia, who herself had a sister named Pateria, while he had another three aunts, Aemiliana, Gordiana, and Tarsilla, the sisters of his father.(1) He also seems to have had one, and possibly a second brother.(2) We know from his writings that his three aunts on his father's side adopted a religious life in common, but they attained very different levels, for Gregory reports that, whereas Gordiana disgraced herself by marrying a farmer on her estates, Tarsilla reached the highest level of holiness. He describes his great-great-grandfather Felix, a bishop of the Roman church, appearing to her in a vision in which he showed her a mansion of great brightness and told her to come, for he would receive her there; soon afterwards, she died of fever.(3) While such details may appear sparse, they provide a basis on which we can make some general statements on the kinds of people who became pope in the period from the late fifth to the early seventh centuries; a table of these popes is appended to this paper. We shall suggest that there was a set of criteria which were met by new popes time and time again, and that these remained surprisingly constant across the period.", "label": [3, 31, 33]}
+{"token": "Biodiversity and Oenological Property Analysis of Non-Saccharomyces Yeasts Isolated from Korla Fragrant Pears (Pyrus sinkiangensis Yu). Oenological yeasts play a critical role in the winemaking process. In this study, the biodiversity of the non-Saccharomyces yeast was analyzed and monitored using high-throughput sequencing and culture-dependent approaches. Oenological and fermentation characteristics of these native yeasts were further investigated. A total of 241 fungus species and 5 species of culturable non-Saccharomyces yeasts were detected using high-throughput sequencing and culture-dependent approaches, respectively. Five strains of aroma-producing yeasts (K4, K14, K19, K21, and K26) were isolated, and their growth characteristics, carbon source utilization, hydrogen sulfide production performance, and beta-glucosidase activity were different. The oenological condition tolerances of most strains were lower than that of commercial S. cerevisiae X16. The co-inoculum of these strains and S. cerevisiae X16 regulated the volatile aroma characteristics of the fermented Korla fragrant pear (KFP) fruit wine, enriching and complicating the aroma flavor. Thus, the combined inoculation of these indigenous wine yeasts and S. cerevisiae has some application potential in the production of KFP wine.", "label": [0, 2, 19, 8]}
+{"token": "A Review of an Urban Living Lab Initiative. In 2016 the city of Turin, Italy, launched the Torino Living Lab initiative. By using the urban Living Lab approach, with firms, public bodies, universities, and communities collaborating to co-create innovation, Turin aims to encourage, attract, and foster a growing and inclusive innovation environment. This article describes the efforts that Turin has made to design the initiative and presents a structured methodology to assess its results. The expectations and objectives of the initiative's utilizers and the characteristics, impressions, habits, and behaviors of the citizens were collected before the initiative through a series of semi-structured interviews and a survey. By comparing the obtained results with similar post-mortem measurements, it is possible to assess the success of the initiative and evaluate its impacts. Finally, this study present interesting policy takeaways for cities wanting to implement urban Living Labs and identify best practices for their design, implementation, and management.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "Identification of AFLP markers associated with spot blotch resistance through single marker analysis in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Spot blotch (SB) caused by the fungus Cochliobolus sativus, is an economically important disease on barley worldwide. Molecular analysis of SB resistance using quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis can improve the efficiency of the breeding process. In the current work, and to accelerate development of SB-resistant barley cultivars, AFLP markers linked to SB resistance have been identified by using F2 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between the resistant barley cv. Banteng and the susceptible cv. WI2291. Single marker analysis (SMA) based on t-test revealed that out of 82 AFLP markers; five AFLP markers AAC x CTG (700 bp), ACT x CAT (600 bp), ACT x CAT (400 bp), ACT x CTG (550 bp) and AGG x CAG (490 bp) were identified. The data showed that SMA-based t-test could be a useful analysis for dominant markers such AFLP in breeding programs, and that the AFLP detected markers can be employed in genomics-assisted breeding for selection of SB-resistant barley genotypes.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Dopamine Signaling in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Enables Weight Gain Associated with Hedonic Feeding. The widespread availability of energy-dense, rewarding foods is correlated with the increased incidence of obesity across the globe. Overeating during mealtimes and unscheduled snacking disrupts timed metabolic processes, which further contribute to weight gain. The neuronal mechanism by which the consumption of energy-dense food restructures the timing of feeding is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that dopaminergic signaling within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the central circadian pacemaker, disrupts the timing of feeding, resulting in overconsumption of food. D1 dopamine receptor (Drd1)-null mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity, metabolic disease, and circadian disruption associated with energy-dense diets. Conversely, genetic rescue of Drd1 expression within the SCN restores diet-induced overconsumption, weight gain, and obesogenic symptoms. Access to rewarding food increases SCN dopamine turnover, and elevated Drd1-signaling decreases SCN neuronal activity, which we posit disinhibits downstream orexigenic responses. These findings define a connection between the reward and circadian pathways in the regulation of pathological calorie consumption.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Oral motor deficits in speech-impaired children with autism. Absence of communicative speech in autism has been presumed to reflect a fundamental deficit in the use of language, but at least in a subpopulation may instead stem from motor and oral motor issues. Clinical reports of disparity between receptive vs. expressive speech/language abilities reinforce this hypothesis. Our early-intervention clinic develops skills prerequisite to learning and communication, including sitting, attending, and pointing or reference, in children below 6 years of age. In a cohort of 31 children, gross and fine motor skills and activities of daily living as well as receptive and expressive speech were assessed at intake and after 6 and 10 months of intervention. Oral motor skills were evaluated separately within the first 5 months of the child's enrolment in the intervention programme and again at 10 months of intervention. Assessment used a clinician-rated structured report, normed against samples of 360 (for motor and speech skills) and 90 (for oral motor skills) typically developing children matched for age, cultural environment and socio-economic status. In the full sample, oral and other motor skills correlated with receptive and expressive language both in terms of pre-intervention measures and in terms of learning rates during the intervention. A motor-impaired group comprising a third of the sample was discriminated by an uneven profile of skills with oral motor and expressive language deficits out of proportion to the receptive language deficit. This group learnt language more slowly, and ended intervention lagging in oral motor skills. In individuals incapable of the degree of motor sequencing and timing necessary for speech movements, receptive language may outstrip expressive speech. Our data suggest that autistic motor difficulties could range from more basic skills such as pointing to more refined skills such as articulation, and need to be assessed and addressed across this entire range in each individual.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 55]}
+{"token": "Nursing in an age of multimorbidity. BackgroundA changing sociodemographic landscape has seen rising numbers of people with two or more long-term health conditions. Multimorbidity presents numerous challenges for patients and families and those who work in healthcare services. Therefore, the nursing profession needs to understand the issues involved in supporting people with multiple chronic conditions and how to prepare the future workforce to care for them.MethodsA descriptive, exploratory study was used to examine the future of nursing in an age of multimorbidity. An hour-long Twitter chat was organised and run by the Florence Nightingale Foundation Chairs of Clinical Nursing Practice Research to discuss this important area of practice and identify what needs to be done to adequately upskill and prepare the nursing profession to care for individuals with more than one long-term illness. Questions were formulatedin advance to provide some structure to the onlinediscussion. Data were collected and analysed from the social media platform using NVivo and an analytics tool called Keyhole. Descriptive statistics were used to describe participants and thematic analysis aided the identification of key themes.ResultsTwenty-four people, from a range of nursing backgrounds and organisations, took part in the social media discussion. Five themes encompassing coping with treatment burden, delivering holistic care, developing an evidence base, stimulating learning and redesigning health services were seen as key to ensuring nurses could care for people with multimorbidity and prevent others from developing chronic health conditions.ConclusionsMultimorbidity is a pressing health issue in today's society. Changes in nursing research, education and practice are required to help the profession work collaboratively with patients, families and multidisciplinary teams to better manage and prevent chronic illness now and in the future.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION FUNCTION ON THE PADDY FIELDS OF THAILAND. This research study is based on analyzing the variables, which assess the Thailand's paddy production. Similarly, the TFP in Thailand's paddy production can be determined through these factors. Moreover, the substitution elasticity between capital and labor has been measured in this research. Further, the substitution elasticity between the older and young farmers has been tried to be investigated. It is expected that the results of research would offer suitable suggestions for policy makers to improve the level of paddy sub-sector productivity in Thailand. In this study, the first objective is based on analyzing the factors, which assess the paddy production with reference to Thailand. Cobb-Douglas production function has been used in this study. Moreover, the stand error and coefficient of determination have been used to assess the regressors, which are significant. The study has used production function to formulate the problem. The findings of the study have revealed the fact that A crucial role is played by productivity in improving the paddy production of country. Therefore, there is need for determining the level of paddy production to be sufficient (high enough) or insufficient. Productivity can be measured in different ways. The measurement of productivity is based on the type of information of the productivity available.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Increased Gal-3BP plasma levels in hospitalized patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has quickly turned into a health, financial and societal problem globally. The complex pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus centers on the unpredictable clinical progression of the disease, which may evolve abruptly and results in critical and life-threatening clinical complications. Effective laboratory biomarkers that can classify patients according to risk of progression to severe disease are essential for ensuring timely treatment. Gal-3BP is a human secreted protein with innate immune functions, which is upregulated in viral infections, promotes inflammation and has been shown to induce IL-6 expression. In this study, Gal-3BP plasma levels were measured retrospectively in a cohort of 84 hospitalized COVID-19 patients. These were classified as having either \\\\'non-severe\\\\' or \\\\'severe\\\\' disease. Compared to healthy controls, Gal-3BP plasma levels were markedly increased in COVID-19 patients (P < 0.0001). Moreover, the levels were higher in severe than in non-severe patients (P < 0.05). As expected, patients with severe disease had plasma levels of IL-6 higher than patients with non-severe disease (P < 0.01). In non-severe disease patients, Gal-3BP levels collected at a late stage (13.3 + 5.7 days after the first positive PCR result) were significantly lower than those collected at an early stage (4.2 + 2.9 days form the first positive PCR result). Larger prospective analyses are needed to strength our understanding of the prognostic utility of Gal-3BP in COVID-19 patients.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "PEARL: A PErformance evaluAtor of cRyptographic aLgorithms for mobile devices. Limited computational power imposes new challenges during the implementation of security and privacy solutions for mobile devices. The choice for the most appropriate cryptographic algorithm for each mobile device has become a critical factor. In this paper, we present an approach for performance evaluation of cryptographic algorithms for mobile devices. A tool called PEARL (PErformance evaluAtor of cryptogRaphic aLgorithms for mobile devices) is also introduced in this work to validate the approach. This tool collects and analyzes information related to executions of the cryptographic algorithms in the mobile devices. Moreover, PEARL allows evaluating the performance of symmetrical and asymmetrical cryptographic algorithms, and hash functions for the J2ME platform.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Modeling of the ionospheric Alfven resonator in dipolar geometry. A new model for the propagation of ultralow-frequency (ULF) waves in dipolar geometry has been developed. This model features a full height-resolved ionosphere including finite Pedersen, Hall, and parallel conductivities. By using a nonorthogonal coordinate system, this model is capable of calculating the ground magnetic field produced by ULF waves and comparing these fields to those measured in the ionosphere and magnetosphere. This model has been used to investigate the properties of the ionospheric Alfven resonator (IAR) in a dipolar magnetosphere. Although the IAR mode frequencies are not strongly affected by the finite magnetic zenith angle, the damping of these waves is enhanced by the presence of the height-resolved ionosphere. Pedersen conductivity shields higher frequency ULF waves such as Pc1 from penetrating through the ionosphere, limiting the magnitude of the ground magnetic field, whereas Hall conductivity and finite azimuthal wave number enhance the coupling to the ground. Results for runs in which a wave packet is introduced into the model show that the ground magnetic field is enhanced when the central frequency of the wave packet matches a resonant frequency of the IAR. Including a more realistic height-resolved ionosphere yields a more direct calculation of ionospheric fields, allowing a comparison between ground and ionospheric fields.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Russeting in Apple Is Initiated After Exposure to Moisture Ends-I. Histological Evidence. Russeting (periderm formation) is a critical fruit-surface disorder in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.). The first symptom of insipient russeting is cuticular microcracking. Humid and rainy weather increases russeting. The aim was to determine the ontogeny of moisture-induced russeting in 'Pinova' apple. We recorded the effects of duration of exposure to water and the stage of fruit development at exposure on microcracking, periderm formation and cuticle deposition. Early on (21 or 31 days after full bloom; DAFB) short periods (2 to 12 d) of moisture exposure induced cuticular microcracking-but not later on (66 or 93 DAFB). A periderm was not formed during moisture exposure but 4 d after exposure ended. A periderm was formed in the hypodermis beneath a microcrack. Russeting frequency and severity were low for up to 4 d of moisture exposure but increased after 6 d. Cuticle thickness was not affected by moisture for up to 8 d but decreased for longer exposures. Cuticular ridge thickness decreased around a microcrack. In general, moisture did not affect cuticular strain release. We conclude that a hypodermal periderm forms after termination of moisture exposure and after microcrack formation. Reduced cuticle deposition may cause moisture-induced microcracking and, thus, russeting.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Rapid Site Selection to Prioritize Coastal Seascapes for Nature-Based Solutions With Multiple Benefits. Coastal seascapes are productive and diverse land-sea systems that provide many valuable benefits yet are increasingly threatened by human activity. Scaling up of nature-based solutions (NbS) to effectively protect, sustainably manage, and restore coastal seascapes is urgently required for mitigation of climate change and biodiversity loss while also providing socio-economic benefits. Evidence-based site selection is an important first step to improve the outcomes and avoid negative impacts when prioritizing NbS investments at national level. We developed a spatially explicit, integrative and culturally relevant ecosystem-based site selection process to identify a portfolio of seascapes for NbS consideration in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The primary goal was to rank planning units based on potential for climate change mitigation action, positive impact to biodiversity and socio-economic benefits to people. The multi-criteria site-selection framework provided a rapid, transparent, repeatable and scalable tool. The highest weightings were assigned to blue carbon storage value, biodiversity conservation features, and local stakeholder preferred areas. Spatial proxies for benefits to people were represented by population density and accessibility to coastal seascapes, relative tourism and recreation potential, and importance of fish habitat and fishing grounds for food security. Participatory mapping of local knowledge and review of existing data ensured that both qualitative and quantitative criteria were reliable, up-to-date and locally relevant. Two distinct clusters of high suitability planning units were identified in the Abu Dhabi region and four along the north-western coast of the UAE. Most high suitability sites were located outside of existing marine protected areas. Alternative spatial scenarios without stakeholder bias underscored the suitability of sites identified through participatory mapping and highlighted additional priority sites for future scaling-up of NbS. A spatial corridor of medium and high suitability planning units across the region offers potential for designing well-connected NbS investments to accelerate and boost synergistic outcomes and increase resilience. The site selection framework provides a rapid tool that integrates local and global open access data at a range of scales with great potential for transferability to other regions worldwide.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
+{"token": "NONWOVENS AS 3-DIMENSIONAL TEXTILES FOR COMPOSITES. Three-dimensional. textiles are those materials which have a system or systems in all the three axes of plane. These offer particular properties, such as interlaminar shearing force, and mechanical and thermal stability along all three axes of space, which are not achievable with other reinforcements. The demand for these types of fabrics is expected to increase, especially in the areas of high performance composites in automobile industry, housing, construction and reinforcement materials. Reduction in manufacturing and raw materials costs has to be brought about in order to make the advanced composites competitive in the current market and acceptable in the future new markets. Nonwovens, which are a major constituent of this class of textiles are becoming important because of their ease of manufacture and low production cost. This is a comprehensive review of different methods of manufacturing 3-D textiles with an emphasis on nonwovens.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Arthroplasty Versus Fusion in Single-Level Cervical Degenerative Disc Disease A Cochrane Review. Results. Nine studies (2400 participants) were included in this review; 5 of these studies had a low risk of bias. Results for the arthroplasty group were better than the fusion group for all primary comparisons, often statistically significant. For none of the primary outcomes was a clinically relevant difference in effect size shown. Quality of the evidence was low to moderate.Summary of Background Data. There is ongoing debate about whether fusion or arthroplasty is superior in the treatment of single-level cervical degenerative disc disease. Mainly because the intended advantage of arthroplasty compared with fusion, prevention of symptoms due to adjacent segment degeneration in the long term, is not confirmed yet. Until sufficient long-term results become available, it is important to know whether results of 1 of the 2 treatments are superior to the other in the first 1 to 2 years.Conclusion. There is low to moderate quality evidence that results are consistently in favor of arthroplasty, often statistically significant. However, differences in effect size were invariably small and not clinically relevant for all primary outcomes.Study Design. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).Objective. To assess the effects of arthroplasty versus fusion in the treatment of radiculopathy or myelopathy, or both, due to single-level cervical degenerative disc disease.Methods. We searched electronic databases for randomized controlled trials. We included randomized controlled trials that directly compared any type of cervical fusion with any type of cervical arthroplasty, with at least 1 year of follow-up. Study selection was performed independently by 3 review authors, and \\\\'risk of bias\\\\' assessment and data extraction were independently performed by 2 review authors. In case of missing data, we contacted the study authors or the study sponsor. We assessed the quality of evidence.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes using nickel oxide incorporated titania nanocatalyst. In this present work, two-step methods were executed to prepare TiO2/NiO nanocomposite material. The selected area electron diffraction and X-ray diffraction pattern were interpreted and their fallouts demonstrate the occurrence of the tetragonal structure of TiO2 beside the cubic structure of NiO. The NiO nanoparticles were randomly distributed on the surface of TiO2 which was seen by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and elemental mapping analyses. The high-resolution scanning electron microscope (HR-SEM) images of the prepared materials represent the spherical-shaped nanoparticles. The prepared TiO2/NiO material shows high purity because it contains Ni, Ti and O elements without impurities which were represented by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The estimated band gap of the prepared TiO2@NiO nanocomposite is in the UV region. Under UV light condition, the nanocomposite effectively exploits the colorful dyes like methylene blue and methyl orange. In addition, their photocatalytic mechanism has been explained in detail.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 39]}
+{"token": "Mass Media and Religious Identity: A Case Study of Young Witches. Drawing on interviews with 90 young people who have become Witches, we explore the visual media's influence on identity formation and maintenance. Witchcraft is a late modern religion that is highly individualistic and many young people report they have become a Witch without any interaction with other Witches. The rapid growth of interest in this religion among the young since The Craft was first shown provides an important example of the mass media's role in formation of contemporary religious identity. We argue that representations of Witchcraft in the visual mass media (along with other cultural trends such as environmentalism, feminism, and individualism) and cultural resources such as books, Internet sites, and magazines provide a mediated form of social interaction that sustains the plausibility of Witchcraft as a religion. It also helps the young to develop and legitimate their beliefs and practices and develop their Witchcraft persona.", "label": [3, 5, 33, 57]}
+{"token": "Do fairness and race matter in generosity? Evidence from a nationally representative charity experiment. We present a dictator game experiment where the recipients are local charities that serve the poor. Donors consist of approximately 1000 participants from a nationally representative sample. We manipulate the perceived worthiness and race of the charities' recipients with an audiovisual presentation. Respondents then decide how much to give to the charities and report their perceptions of recipient worthiness and racial composition. We have four main findings. First, treatments describing recipients as worthy significantly increase giving. Second, the treatment where respondents viewed photos mostly of the black recipients rather than white recipients had no significant effect on giving, even though it successfully manipulated perceptions of racial composition. Third, we find significant racial bias in perceptions of worthiness; the black picture treatment lowers perceived recipient worthiness significantly more among non-black respondents than among black respondents. Finally, we decompose the reduced-form effect of the black picture treatment on giving into two channels: one operating via perceptions of recipient worthiness and one running through perceptions of recipient racial composition. The worthiness perceptions channel is statistically significant, while the race perceptions channel is not. Thus, racially biased worthiness perceptions have a significant effect on giving but this effect is not strong enough to cause a significant reduced-form effect of the black picture treatment on giving. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Toxoplasma gondii Serointensity and Seropositivity: Heritability and Household-Related Associations in the Old Order Amish. Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an intracellular parasite infecting one third of the world's population. Latent T. gondii infection has been associated with mental illness, including schizophrenia and suicidal behavior. T. gondii IgG antibody titers were measured via ELISA. The heritability of T. gondii IgG was estimated using a mixed model that included fixed effects for age and sex and random kinship effect. Of 2017 Old Order Amish participants, 1098 had positive titers (54.4%). The heritability for T. gondii serointensity was estimated to be 0.22 (p = 1.7 x 10(-8) and for seropositivity, it was estimated to be 0.28 (p = 1.9 x 10(-5)). Shared household environmental effects (i.e., household effects) were also determined. Household effects, modeled as a random variable, were assessed as the phenotypic covariance between any two individuals who had the same current address (i.e., contemporaneous household), and nuclear household (i.e., the phenotypic covariance between parents and children only, not other siblings or spouses). Household effects did not account for a significant proportion of variance in either T. gondii serointensity or T. gondii seropositivity. Our results suggest a significant familial aggregation of T. gondii serointensity and seropositivity with significant heritability. The shared household does not contribute significantly to family aggregation with T. gondii, suggesting that there are possible unmeasured non-household shared and non-shared environmental factors that may play a significant role. Furthermore, the small but significant heritability effects justify the exploration of genetic vulnerability to T. gondii exposure, infection, virulence, and neurotropism.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "Drawings as spaces for intellectual play. The aims of this article are to explore the links between drawing and playing and to conceptualise drawings as spaces for intellectual play. The empirical research that supports this position is based on an interpretivist study involving 14 children aged four-six in a primary school in England. Over a one-year period, 882 drawings were collected from home and school contexts, with commentaries and interpretations given by the children, their parents and class teacher. Expanding on the main findings, three themes were identified that link play and drawing: playing at drawing, playing in drawings and playing with drawings. The study builds on contemporary interpretations of sociocultural theories in which drawings are theorised as intellectual play and as authoring spaces for children's identities. By playing at, in and with their drawings children reveal the complex imaginative and meditational processes that underpin their playful transformations of their social and cultural worlds, in which concepts of power, agency and identity are embedded. The findings propose that play and drawing should be seen as mutually constitutive sociocultural practices of young children, and as private and public spaces for imaginative and intellectual play. This theoretical position also contests narrow policy versions of play and drawing as servants to socially valued developmental and educational goals.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Richard Price's Rational Patriotism in the Age of Revolutions. Richard's Price political writings defend the reasons of the American colonies at the time of revolution and offer an admirable example of rational patriotism. English politics is accused to act in open conflict with the principles of civil liberty and self-government. In the international debate of his time, Price is a central figure also to understand the fiery controversy with the prominent intellectual figures as Edmund Burke and Mary Wollstonecraft about the political meaning of the late Eighteenth-Century Revolutions.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Dietary reconstruction, mobility, and the analysis of ancient skeletal tissues: Expanding the prospects of stable isotope research in archaeology. The use of stable isotope ratio analysis in archaeology has exploded over the past few decades to the point where it is now an established tool that is routinely used to investigate questions relating to diet and mobility. Early applications focused mostly on the analysis of human skeletal tissues as a way to reconstruct major shifts in human diet, but current stable isotopic approaches have expanded to include high resolution analyses of human, animal, and plant remains, which are helping to better define the resource exploitation and management strategies that underscore changes in the human diet. In addition, stable isotopic data sets are now regularly filtered through interpretive archaeological theoretical frameworks to explore socially mediated food acquisition and consumption choices, mortuary practices, and social identity. Much work remains to be done in documenting the biological and ecological variation in the distribution of stable isotopes in ancient food webs and the mechanisms responsible for the isotopic signals observed in archaeological plant and animal tissues. Here, we identify several areas in stable isotope analysis where additional 'first principles' driven research would help to improve existing isotopic methods, or develop new ones, and consequently improve our ability to answer questions of archaeological significance. We consider the strengths and limitations of the application of stable isotope analysis to ancient skeletal material obtained from archaeological contexts. We also pay particular attention to nitrogen isotopic variation in ancient ecosystems, organic oxygen and hydrogen isotopes to;mixing models as a means of estimating source contributions in human diet, mobility, and isoscapes; and to how compound specific analysed may help detangle dietary routing. We conclude with a plea for greater scientific rigour and more informed use of stable isotope analyses and call for a closer integration of stable isotope analysis with other aspects of archaeological research programmes, in order to optimise the information that isotopes can provide. (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
+{"token": "Geometric Working Drawing of a Gothic Tierceron Vault in Seville Cathedral. Some of the pavements in Seville Cathedral still display full-scale geometric working drawings (known as monteas in Spanish) of architectural elements, such as flying buttresses, arches and windows. We have recently discovered a new one, which was completed in the final stage of the Gothic work between 1490 and 1506. The documentation, coupled with the mapping and geometric analysis of the drawing found and its comparison with the examples reproduced in architectural manuscripts and printed books, confirms that it corresponds to the construction of a vault with diagonal ribs and tiercerons. Our aim here is to present, document and decipher the keys to a rare example of a geometric drawing for this type of vault, which may in turn furnish interesting data about geometric systems for controlling form and how they were used in stone construction processes at a fascinating time in the transition from Gothic to Renaissance architecture. This article forms part of the research currently being conducted under the auspices of projects HAR2012-34571 sponsored by Institute of Architecture and Building Science and Spain's Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, in which the authors are involved, and within the framework of the Late Gothic Network.", "label": [1, 3, 17, 30]}
+{"token": "Vision in the mantispid: a sit-and-wait and stalking predatory insect. Mantispids (Neuroptera: Mantispidae) are remarkable insects as a result of their close resemblance to the praying mantis (order Mantodea). Although not closely related phylogenetically, as a result of similar selective pressures, both mantispids and mantids have evolved powerful raptorial forelegs for capturing insects. Another striking feature is the hypermetamorphosis in mantispid development, as well as the parasitizing behaviour of the first-instar larvae. The present review focuses on the role of mantispid vision. First, the morphology and functional significance of the larval eyes (stemmata) are examined. In principle, the stemmata are suitable for spatial vision because of their arrangement and structure. This is then followed by a discussion of how adult mantispids are able to capture fast-moving insects successfully, although, in contrast to the praying mantis, mantispids rely on superposition eyes rather than on apposition eyes with a frontal region of high acuity. For both larvae and adults, comparisons are made with other insect groups. The present review also addresses the role of mantispid vision as an important cue for triggering mating behaviour; accordingly, sex-specific differences are considered. Finally, vision in the context of orientation flight is discussed.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Experimental investigation on combustion and particulate emissions of the high compressed natural gas reactivity controlled compression ignition over wide ranges of intake conditions in a multi-cylinder engine using a two-stage intake boost system. Compressed natural gas (CNG)/diesel reactivity-controlled compression ignition was investigated to understand the combustion and emission characteristics over wide ranges of intake pressure and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate at high load condition. Reactivity-controlled compression ignition is a dual fuel engine combustion strategy that employs in-cylinder fuel blending with two different reactivity fuels, and multiple injections for the in-cylinder fuel reactivity control to optimize the combustion phasing, duration, and magnitude as well as NOx and soot reduction. High CNG substitution was of interest since it could lead to greater CO2 and particulate matter reductions. The present 80% CNG substitution required substantial intake boosting due to the charge air displaced by CNG. The experimental engine is commissioned for the reactivity-controlled compression ignition regime using natural gas and diesel fuel with a two-stage turbocharging system. The intake boosting system achieved the intake pressure and EGR rate of 210 kPa and 25%, respectively, when the EGR valve was fully open. The intake pressure and EGR levels varied in the ranges of 150 to 210 kPa and 0 to 25%, respectively. The corresponding equivalence ratio ranged from 0.85 to 0.5. The intake system achieved the highest turbocharger efficiency of 56% at the maximum boosting operation. The highest CO2 reduction was 23.4% at the maximum boosting condition. The improvements under the enhanced intake condition were significant from the standpoints of both efficiency and emissions, including in terms of the particle concentrations.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36, 15]}
+{"token": "Phylogeny of isolates of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus from the Ilarvirus ringtest and identification of group-specific features. Isolates of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) were examined to establish the level of naturally occurring sequence variation in the coat protein (CP) gene and to identify group-specific genome features that may prove valuable for the generation of diagnostic reagents. Phylogenetic analysis of a 452 by sequence of 68 virus isolates, 20 obtained from the European Union Ilarvirus Ringtest held in October 1998, confirmed the clustering of the isolates into three distinct groups. Although no correlation was found between the sequence and host or geographic origin, there was a general trend for severe isolates to cluster into one group. Group-specific features have been identified for discrimination between virus strains.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Mental models of dynamic systems: taking stock and looking ahead. This paper deals with the representation of the conceptual structure of mental models of dynamic systems (MMDS). Heretofore, this structure has not been consistently defined. Consequently, studies about MMDS continue to use different conceptual structures to measure mental models. Even such properties as feedback loops and delays, which lie at the core of dynamic systems, are often not considered. This situation leads to incompatible findings and stagnating research. We review the literature about mental models in the field of system dynamics. In addition, we refer to dynamic systems theory as the mathematical basis for system dynamics to complement and validate our conceptual structure. One may conclude that most of the existing mental model studies measure only parts of the structure that we propose. The paper's contribution is to elaborate the conceptual structure of an MMDS and to use this structure to operationally enhance the definition of an MMDS. Copyright (c) 2012 System Dynamics Society", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "Developmental plasticity of limb bone microstructural organization in Apateon: histological evidence of paedomorphic conditions in branchiosaurs. P>Apateon, a key genus among Branchiosauridae from the Carboniferous-Permian of Europe, is often considered closely related to salamanders on the basis of developmental similarities, anatomical features, and life history. The current work deals with recognition of heterochronies among three \\\\'time-averaged populations\\\\' of Apateon based on inference from histological features already studied in extant urodeles. Our study is performed on the long bones of 22 specimens of Apateon pedestris and Apateon caducus. Histological observations show that diaphyseal and epiphyseal ossification patterns of Apateon are similar to those of urodeles. From skeletochronological analysis, the identification of the age of sexual maturity allows us to discriminate juveniles from adults and to confirm the previous hypothesis of a paedomorphic condition based on anatomical data among these species. The current study also suggests a paedomorphic condition of each \\\\'population\\\\' at the histological level. This heterochrony may have been linked to peculiar ecological conditions such as hypoxic and fresh water environment. Functional reasons may also be invoked to explain differences of ossification between fore- and hindlimbs of the \\\\'populations\\\\' from Odernheim and Niederkirchen because paleoecological conditions are very different from one locality to another. This study illustrates the role that the acquisition of heterochronic features plays at the microevolutionary scale.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "Mental Illness Is Not Anyone's Fault: A Review of NAMI, the National Alliance on Mental Illness. The National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) was established in 1979 and has since grown into a national foundation supporting both online and physical resources for those with mental disorders and/or their families, friends, and caregivers. NAMI.org, their website, houses a multitude of information, resources, community support, and crisis contact outlets and is a highly reliable source for anyone who would use it. Through their website alone they accomplish their four goals to educate, advocate, listen, and lead. NAMI offers support, guidance, and educational materials and opportunities, a safe space for voices to be heard, and a point of contact to the outside world when users may not know where to look or even start. It is an excellent resource and is highly recommended as a consumer health website for mental disorders and mental illness.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "sigA is an essential gene in Mycobacterium smegmatis. sigA encodes a sigma factor of the sigma(70) family, sigma(A), that is found in all mycobacterial species. As sigma(A) shows high similarity to the primary sigma factor in Streptomyces coelicolor, it was postulated that sigma(A) has the same role in mycobacteria. However, a point mutation in sigA, resulting in the replacement of arginine 522 by histidine, was found responsible for the attenuated virulence of the Mycobacterium bovis strain ATCC 35721. This raised the possibility that sigma(A) was an alternative a factor specifically required for virulence gene expression. In this work, we show that sigA can not be disrupted in Mycobacterium smegmatis unless an extra copy of the gene is provided at another chromosomal site, which demonstrates that sigA is essential. To characterize the pattern of sigA expression during exponential and stationary phase in M,smegmatis, we measured the beta-galactosidase activity in a strain carrying a sigA-lacZ transcriptional fusion and monitored sigma(A) levels using Western blotting. Our results indicate that sigA is expressed throughout the growth of the culture. The essential character of sigA and its pattern of expression corroborate the hypothesis that sigA codes for the primary sigma factor in M. smegmatis and, most likely, in all mycobacteria.", "label": [4, 43, 42]}
+{"token": "Connections between chemical composition and rheology of aged base asphalt binders during repeated freeze-thaw cycles. The chemical composition and rheological properties of asphalt binder play a key role in the performance of the asphalt pavement. However, pavement diseases (cracks, pitted surface, potholes and slurry) caused by the degradation of pavement performance have shortened the service life of the asphalt pavement and increased maintenance and repair costs, seriously affected the smooth flow of traffic and traffic safety. In this study, the sum of the different absorption peak areas of the asphalt binder spectroscopy was selected as a reference. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) quantitative analysis was carried out on the Rolling Thin Film Oven (RTFO) test with different aging cycles and Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV) test of the asphalt binder after aging. Based on the above analysis, the author tries to establish a reliable FT-IR quantitative analysis method. An FT-IR specimen which could be subjected to multiple freeze-thaw cycles could be prepared by the self-designed test sample preparation device. By carrying out the freeze-thaw cycle aging test of asphalt binder for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 times, combining FT-IR and Dynamic Shear Rheological (DSR) testing techniques, the author explored the relationship between chemical composition and rheological performance parameters of asphalt binder in cold region, which were based on the Levenberg-Macquarie method and test data of universal global optimization algorithm regression analysis. The results show that FT-IR can not only qualitatively analyze and study the structure and chemical composition of asphalt binder before and after aging on a micro level, but also quantitatively represent the changes of characteristic functional groups before and after aging of asphalt binder. It is feasible to calculate the absorption peak area for FT-IR quantitative analysis using the tangent at the lowest point on both sides of the spectral absorption peak as the calibration baseline. It is recommended to use the range of 2000-650 cm(-1) absorption peak area sum as a benchmark for FT-IR quantitative analysis. The complex shear modulus of the asphalt binder shows a linear growth with the increase of freeze thaw cycles, and phase angle of asphalt binder also shows a linear growth with the increase of Ln T. There is a multivariate linear relationship between the rheological index and chemical functional groups after the aging freeze-thaw cycle. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Summer Migrant Students Learn Healthy Choices Through Videography. The purpose of this single-group pre-and posttest intervention pilot study was to teach middle school migrant farmworker children the benefits of healthy eating and activity using a multimedia and ethnic-tailored health curriculum, embedded in a 7-week summer Migrant Education Program. Conceptual frameworks were from transcultural nursing, education, and child development. Student-made video productions enhanced classroom learning and content retention. Outcomes were health infomercials, body mass index (BMI), BMI percentile, muscle strength and flexibility, and We Can! and Coordinated Approach To Child Health (CATCH) surveys. Sixty-four students were enrolled (girls n = 31, boys n = 33), 96% Latino, and 65% were overweight or obese. Students had significant improvement in 12 knowledge and attitudes measures with significant gender differences in 11 measures. Although not statistically significant, trends toward healthier weight were seen. Five student infomercials were produced. The school environment effectively delivered health promotion to migrant children and will serve as a prototype for middle school health interventions.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Ecological release and insular shifts in avian morphological traits in the Caribbean. We compared support for 3 hypotheses that might explain observed morphological variation among islands of 4 species of Caribbean land birds: ecological release from competition and predation pressure, predation pressure from 1 novel predator species (small Indian mongoose, Herpestes auropunctatus), and climate. We measured wing chord, tarsus length, bill length, and mass of Bananaquits (Coereba flaveola), Black-faced Grassquits (Tiaris bicolor), Lesser Antillean Bullfinches (Loxigilla noctis), and Common Ground Doves (Columbina passerina) in Grenada, 2015-2017, and combined these measures with data from 23 other Caribbean islands collated from academic papers and researchers, for a total sample size of 6,518 individuals. We found the strongest support for the ecological release hypothesis, but each of our hypotheses received some support, suggesting that ecological release from competition, predation pressure from mongoose, and climate may all interact to influence morphological adaptations of birds to local conditions in the Caribbean.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "INTEGRATING MULTI-GRADE COLLABORATIVE LEARNING PEDAGOGY INTO DESIGN STUDIOS. The literature review addresses: definition of collaborative learning, assumed benefits, conditions for success, as well as the vertical studio approach and relevant experiences in the Arab world.Undergraduate design instruction in the Arab world has traditionally focused on the design studio as the primary tool for developing creative design capacities. Interaction continues to be based on student-tocontent, student-to-interface, and/or student-to-instructor. Student-to-student (peer) interaction however has usually not been formally considered as a source of skill-development, or limited to groups formed in the research and data collection phase of the design process.This paper describes and evaluates a type of collaborative learning which was applied in the context of transforming the traditional single-level design studio into an all-level combined design studio. The impressions, skills acquired, and the efficiency of the produced project is compared with those produced in a traditional design, competitive class setting using a student-based survey. The items of this survey were derived from theories on collaborative learning that stress the importance of interaction to promote deep learning.", "label": [1, 17]}
+{"token": "The ESX-1 Virulence Factors Downregulate miR-147-3p in Mycobacterium marinum-Infected Macrophages. As important virulence factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, EsxA and EsxB not only play a role in phagosome rupture and M. tuberculosis cytosolic translocation but also function as modulators of host immune responses by modulating numerous microRNAs (miRNAs). Recently, we have found that mycobacterial infection downregulated miR-148a-3p (now termed miR-148) in macrophages in an ESX-1-dependent manner. The upregulation of miR-148 reduced mycobacterial intracellular survival. Here, we investigated miR-147-3p (now termed miR-147), a negative regulator of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin-6 (IL-6] and IL-10), in mycobacterial infection. We infected murine RAW264.7 macrophages with Mycobacterium marinum, a surrogate model organism for M. tuberculosis, and found that the esxBA-knockout strain (M. marinum Delta esxBA) upregulated miR-147 to a level that was significantly higher than that induced by the M. marinum wild-type (WT) strain or by the M. marinum Delta esxBA complemented strain, M. marinum Delta esxBA/Delta esxBA, suggesting that the ESX-1 system (potentially EsxBA and/or other codependently secreted factors) is the negative regulator of miR-147. miR-147 was also downregulated by directly incubating the macrophages with the purified recombinant EsxA or EsxB protein or the EsxBA heterodimer, which further confirms the role of the EsxBA proteins in the downregulation of miR-147. The upregulation of miR-147 inhibited the production of IL-6 and IL-10 and significantly reduced M. marinum intracellular survival. Interestingly, inhibitors of either miR-147 or miR-148 reciprocally compromised the effects of the mimics of their counterparts on M. marinum intracellular survival. This suggests that miR-147 and miR-148 share converged downstream pathways in response to mycobacterial infection, which was supported by data indicating that miR-147 upregulation inhibits the Toll-like receptor 4/NF-kappa B pathway.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
+{"token": "Ecology and Education in Marine Protected Areas: Insights from Brazil and South America. South American coastal habitats include a wide range of benthic ecosystems, many of which are unique and constitute hotspots of biodiversity. Marine protected areas (MPAs), instituted mostly during the second half of the twentieth Century, are considered a key management tool to conserve regional biodiversity, prevent overexploitation, and generate economic benefits. Educational actions to promote changes in basic values, principles, and attitudes - although considered also as a main objective - frequently have a poor conceptual basis. In conjunction with the evaluation of their effectiveness by long-term, site-based ecological and socio-economic research, in Brazil MPAs are aiming to implement a holistic approach. This will allow the development and testing of environmental practices that integrate ecology, economy, ethics, and conflict resolution in the different uses of marine space. However, ecological long-term studies, socio-economic long-term evaluation, and the integration of education and ethics are still incipient. With the recent creation of some independent networks in different South American countries related to the assessment of biological communities, marine biologists of this continent are now focusing more on: (1) sharing methodologies and data to allow comparative and integrated continental analyses, and (2) integrating social components, including not only economic but also ethical values and participatory approaches. Toward this aim, the Chilean Long Term Socio-Ecological Research network (LTSER-Chile) has developed a Field Environmental Philosophy program that could be adapted to MPAs educational programs, and also contribute to the integration of ecology and ethics in theory and praxis for an Earth Stewardship initiative.", "label": [3, 4, 37, 30]}
+{"token": "Distribution of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) providers in rural New South Wales, Australia: A step towards explaining high CAM use in rural health?. Objective: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use is high in rural health and an agenda for research in the geography of CAM has been outlined. Unfortunately, no studies to date have mapped the geographic distribution of CAM practitioners in rural areas. For the first time we investigate CAM practitioner distributions across a large district/region in rural Australia.Setting and design: A CAM infrastructure audit of practitioners was performed in rural Divisions of General Practice in New South Wales, Australia.Results: CAM providers form a significant part of the health care system in rural New South Wales with substantial representation across all degrees of rurality and in both under-serviced and well-serviced areas. CAM practitioners outnumbered GPs in four NSW Divisions of General Practice and in no Division numbered less than half of the total number of GPs.Conclusions: Given the challenges of access to and recruitment and retention of conventional health care providers in rural settings and the significant presence of CAM practitioners, it is possible to consider such practitioners as an untapped resource in rural health care delivery. Assuming appropriate regulatory and quality standards are in place this resource should attract careful attention as part of future rural health policy and planning. The significant presence and high prevalence of use of CAM practitioners should also serve as an impetus to reform CAM service delivery in Australia.", "label": [2, 26, 24]}
+{"token": "Progress and Monitoring Opportunities of Skid Resistance in Road Transport: A Critical Review and Road Sensors. Skid resistance is a significant feature that provides consistent traffic safety management for road pavements. An appropriate level of Skid resistance describes the contribution that the pavement surface makes to tire/road friction, and the surface of the road pavement can reduce vehicle operation cost, traffic accidents, and fatalities, particularly in wet conditions. Wet conditions decrease the level of the skid resistance (pavement friction), and this may lead to serious struggles related to driving on the road pavement (e.g., skidding or hydroplaning), which contributes to higher crash rates. The knowledge of skid resistance is essential to ensure reliable traffic management in transportation systems. Thus, a suitable methodology of skid resistance measurement and the understanding of the characterization of the road pavement are key to allow safe driving conditions. This paper presents a critical review on the current state of the art of the research conducted on skid resistance measurement techniques, taking into account field-based and laboratory-based methodologies, and novel road sensors with regard to various practices of skid resistance, factors influencing the skid resistance, the concept of the minimum skid resistance and thresholds. In conclusion, new trends that are relevant to data collection approaches and innovative procedures to further describe the data treatment are discussed to achieve better understanding, more accurate data interoperability, and proper measurement of skid resistance.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 38, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Relationship between pathogen splash dispersal gradient and Weber number of impacting drops. We examined the potential of the dimensionless Weber number of an impacting water drop for predicting the associated gradient of pathogen dispersal. Previously shown to be related to the mechanisms of splash droplet formation, the Weber number compares the inertial forces to surface tension force of the drop. Based on new data on tomato late blight and previously published data on wheat rust diseases and on strawberry diseases, the number of spores splashed by incident drops at a given distance from the source is expressed as a negative exponential function of distance multiplied by the pathogen deposition term in the immediate vicinity of the source. Results show strong evidence that the pathogen deposition term is well described by a power law function of the Weber number. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 7, 39]}
+{"token": "PERMANENT MOLD CASTING OF TITANIUM ALLOY TI-6AL-4V. A literature review indicated that data on the effect various casting defects, such as inclusions and porosity, oil the properties of titanium alloy castings were not readily available. This information is required to reduce the cost of fabricating titanium castings for potential automotive applications. To this end, a research project was initiated to develop data on the as-east properties of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64). Step plate castings with 3.2, 6.3, 13 and 25 mm thick steps were produced in a high-density graphite mold following melting in an induction furnace with water-cooled copper hearth. The mechanical properties were determined in the as-cast condition and were found to be close to the values reported in standards. Few casting defects such as inclusions and porosity were observed, and the loss of strength due to these defects is not significant. It is shown that titanium castings with good mechanical properties can be produced in high-density graphite molds.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Mitochondrial DNA and karyotypic data confirm the presence of Mus indutus and Mus minutoides (Mammalia, Rodentia, Muridae, Nannomys) in Botswana. We use a combination of cytochrome b sequence data and karyological evidence to confirm the presence of Mus indutus and Mus minutoides in Botswana. Our data include sampling from five localities from across the country, including one site in northwestern Botswana where both species were captured in syntopy. Additionally, we find evidence for two mitochondrial lineages of M. minutoides in northwestern Botswana that differ by 5% in sequence variation. Also, we report that M. minutoides in Botswana have the 2n=34 karyotype with the presence of a (X.1) sex-autosome translocation.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Syphilis: A growing concern. Since a brief low in 1998, reported cases of syphilis have continued to grow in the US. As primary care providers, NPs are at the forefront of the battle to eliminate syphilis. This article reviews the stages of this infection, diagnosis nuances, and treatment guidelines.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Juvenile Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Kroyer) affect the skin and gills of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) and the host response to a handling procedure. Infectious Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Kroyer) cause localized inflammation at the site of attachment on the host fish, while the greatest physiological impact occurs with the development of the subadult and adult stages. We exposed Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) to infectious copepods at 30, 25 and 14 days prior to a net confinement procedure, while a second group were sham infected. Fish were sampled at time zero, 2, 4, and 6 h of continuous net confinement, and at 24 h after 2 h confinement. Plasma Na+, Cl-, gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity and skin mucous cell numbers were measured, and skin and gill condition assessed microscopically. Exposure to copepods resulted in lower numbers of acidophilic mucous cells and poor condition of the skin and gill epithelia. Total numbers of mucous cells were decreased in net confined infected fish only. Plasma Na+ was elevated in all samples from non-infected netted fish, without altered gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity, while infected fish had higher plasma Na+ only at 2 h and increased gill ATPase activity at 4 h. The epithelia of infected fish were more severely affected by the confinement procedure. Exposure to juvenile lice can induce effects that become apparent only when a stressor is applied.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Retranslation, Paratext, and Recontextualization: Le Comte de Monte Cristo and The Hound of Baskervilles in Turkish (Re)translations. This article discusses retranslation as evidence for the popularity of certain titles among readers in Turkey. By taking retranslations of two novels as case study, namely Arthur Conan Doyle's The Hound of Baskervilles (1901) and Alexandre Dumas' Le Comte de Monte Cristo (The Count of Monte Cristo) (1844) that have been retranslated many times since the late Ottoman period, it aims to analyze 'popularity' both as a motive and a consequence with a considerable impact on the publication of retranslations. The article draws on paratextual material such as prefaces, cover pages, and blurbs deployed by print agents (i.e. translators, publishers, bookseller, and printers) to create their niche in the marketplace. These two cases will shed light on how (re)translation has shaped the fates of these two novels and their protagonists in the Turkish literary system and how they both have become popular fictional characters through a variety of retranslations and transmedial storytelling practices in Turkey both contemporaneously and across time. The itineraries of the two popular-canonized novels and their successive retranslations in relation to the corresponding literary, social, and cultural contexts in Turkey will display how paratexts change, not only because of the literary or commercial criteria established by the publishers, but also due to the inextricable relations within these transmedial storytelling practices.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Effect of temperature on geosynthetic rutting performance in asphalt pavement. In this research study, a 3D finite element model using ABAQUS software is used to evaluate the rutting performance of reinforced asphalt pavement. In this research study, the effects of three types of geosynthetic layers on the optimum location are studied at temperatures of 20 degrees C, 40 degrees C, and 50 degrees C. According to the model analysis, the middle of asphalt layer is determined as the optimized location of geosynthetic layers in the pavement structure. The results showed that the effect of geosynthetic layers on rutting performance increased with increasing elastic modulus of geosynthetic at high temperature of pavement.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Influence of conditioning regimens and stem cell sources on donor-type chimerism early after stem cell transplantation. We retrospectively analyzed very early chimerism before and ongoing neutrophil engraftment (days 7, 14, 21, 28) and investigated the influence of conditioning regimens and stem cell sources on donor-type chimerism in 59 Japanese patients who had received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The percentage of donor-type chimerism increased before engraftment in all patients who achieved engraftment. The average percentage of donor-type chimerism in patients who had received reduced-intensity stem cell transplantation (RIST) with total body irradiation (TBI) was significantly higher than that in patients who had received RIST without TBI (98.8% vs 87.5% on day 21, P < 0.01; 99.3% vs 84.3% on day 28, P < 0.01). The average percentage of donor-type chimerism after peripheral blood stem cell transplantation was significantly higher than that after bone marrow transplantation on day 7 (81.5% vs 43.1%, P < 0.01), and the average percentage of donor-type chimerism after cord blood transplantation was significantly lower on day 14 (55.8% vs 84.8%, P < 0.05). Compared with the average percentage of donor-type chimerism in patients who achieved engraftment with each stem cell source, a notable decrease in donor-type chimerism was observed in patients who failed to achieve engraftment. This study suggests that differences in conditioning regimens and stem cell sources should be taken into account when considering donor-type chimerism.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Expanded Chemical Reactivity Worksheet (CRW4) for determining chemical compatibility, past, present, and future. Chemical compatibility is a key consideration throughout the chemical industry wherever two or more chemicals have the potential to mix, either inadvertently or by design. One of the most comprehensive tools available for determining chemical compatibility, the NOAA Chemical Reactivity Worksheet (CRW), has gained significant traction since the release of the third version (CRW3) in 2012. In 3 years, this free software has been downloaded >200,000 times and has become the chemical compatibility tool of choice at many organizations. As a result of an ongoing partnership between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), The Dow Chemical Company, The Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS), Materials Technology Institute (MTI) and other industrial/academic/government volunteers, a fourth version of the CRW (CRW4) has been developed. The expanded capabilities of this new version include a materials of construction section, improved import/exporting/data sharing capabilities, additional reactive groups to aid in determining compatibility decisions, several user interface enhancements, along with the correction of minor issues found in the CRW3. This article will describe past development, the new features included in the CRW4, followed by a brief discussion of future development plans for the software tool. Such developments should solidify this tool's position as the gold standard within the chemical industry for determining chemical hazards. (C) 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Cancer diagnostic delays and travel distance to health services: A nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Background: This study aims to investigate the association between distance to health services and intervals in the cancer diagnostic pathway, and explore whether the diagnostic difficulty of the cancer influences this association.Conclusion: Travel distance to cancer diagnostic health care services was associated with interval length in the diagnostic pathway. This association was less pronounced in the period after introducing CPPs and also strongly depending of the underlying cancer type and symptomatology.Results: Longer travel distance to the hospital of diagnosis was associated with longer diagnostic interval. This association was strongest in the period before the implementation of Cancer Patient Pathways (CPP) in 2010. Patients with a cancer categorised as 'hard to diagnose' contributed mostly to the association. Longer travel distance to the GP was associated with shorter patient interval and primary care interval for patients diagnosed with cancer types 'intermediate to diagnose'.Method: A nationwide cohort study was conducted based on data from both questionnaires and registries. Danish cancer patients diagnosed in 2005-2016 and their general practitioner (GP) were included if enrolled in the Danish Cancer in Primary Care (CaP) cohort (n = 37,872). The CaP cohorts provided data on intervals assessed by patients and GPs. The Geographical Information System (GIS) was used to calculate travel distances from the residence of the patient to their GP surgery and to the hospital of diagnosis.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "Golden retriever pigmentary uveitis: Challenges of diagnosis and treatment. Pigmentary uveitis (PU), also known as Golden Retriever Pigmentary Uveitis (GRPU), is a common ocular condition of Golden Retrievers that has severe, vision-threatening ocular complications and can require surgical intervention. In order to ensure consistency in the diagnosis of GRPU between examiners, a specified set of diagnostic criteria must be applied. This is critical to ensure owners, breeders, and veterinary ophthalmologists maintain confidence in the ocular certification process. Therefore, current and former members of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists' Genetics Committee came together to draft this Viewpoint Article on the challenges of diagnosis and treatment of Golden Retriever Pigmentary Uveitis for veterinary ophthalmologists, Golden Retriever owners, and Golden Retriever breeders.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Computational tools for metabolic engineering. A great variety of software applications are now employed in the metabolic engineering field. These applications have been created to support a wide range of experimental and analysis techniques. Computational tools are utilized throughout the metabolic engineering workflow to extract and interpret relevant information from large data sets, to present complex models in a more manageable form, and to propose efficient network design strategies. In this review, we present a number of tools that can assist in modifying and understanding cellular metabolic networks. The review covers seven areas of relevance to metabolic engineers. These include metabolic reconstruction efforts, network visualization, nucleic acid and protein engineering, metabolic flux analysis, pathway prospecting, post-structural network analysis and culture optimization. The list of available tools is extensive and we can only highlight a small, representative portion of the tools from each area. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Selling Schelling Short: Reputations and American Coercive Diplomacy after Syria. The notion that credibility is important in international politics, and maintaining it requires following through on threats and commitments to establish a reputation for resolve, has been standard diplomatic savoir-faire for decades, with its most influential articulation in the work of Thomas Schelling. According to a new consensus it also is wrong; credibility is linked exclusively to the relative capabilities and interests a state can bring to bear. The new consensus was invoked to criticize the Obama administration's coercive strategy against Syrian chemical weapons use in 2013. This article revisits Schelling to determine whether critics have an accurate depiction of coercive diplomacy theory. The analysis show that many of Schelling's specific arguments related to American-Soviet Cold War rivalry were mistakenly offered as general statements about reputation in all coercive bargaining encounters. A more nuanced interpretation stresses commitment of reputation operating within the complexity of the particular bargaining situation. Reputations are relevant but do not determine credibility in international politics; they matter more, relative to other factors, in iterated encounters (and the expectation of future crises) between the same two actors, a situation that approximates Schelling's 'continuous negotiation', as well as across fundamentally similar crises between an adversary and a third party. This qualified position was missing in the debate over Syrian chemical weapons in 2013, and should be embraced to better manage tense diplomatic relationships and periodic crises with other potentially hostile world powers. Schelling's work shows that reputation can be an ingredient for peace, and not merely a pretense for war.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "ECONOMIC INEQUALITY AS A SOURCE OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE: EVIDENCE FROM SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA AND SOUTH AFRICA. This article examines whether the close association of income inequality and violence identified for high income countries applies also to sub-Saharan Africa and, in particular, to South Africa. Cross sectional analysis across sub-Saharan countries provided no evidence of such an association. However, using homicide rates and several measures of inequality across South Africa's 52 districts does provide evidence of a significant positive relationship between homicide rates and expenditure inequality. A one per cent increase in inequality is associated with an increase in the homicide rate of 2.3 to 2.5 per cent. This relationship remains significant after controlling for other characteristics of the district.", "label": [5, 49, 50]}
+{"token": "The Phyllosphere: Microbial Jungle at the Plant-Climate Interface. The surface of plant leaves, or the phyllosphere, harbors hyperdiverse microbial communities. These communities mediate foliar functional traits, influence plant fitness, and contribute to several ecosystem functions, including nutrient and water cycling. In this review, we briefly recall the history of phyllosphere research and present the features of this microbial habitat. Adopting a recent framework for evolutionary community ecology, we then review evidence for each of the four major processes shaping phyllosphere microbial communities: dispersal, evolutionary diversification, selection, and drift. We show how these processes are influenced by the host plant, the surrounding atmospheric conditions, and microbial interactions. Rapidly growing evidence indicates that phyllosphere microbial communities are altered by global change, with potential cascading effects on plant performance, plant evolution, and ecosystem functioning. We propose future avenues for phyllosphere research aimed at improving plant adaptation and ecosystem resilience to environmental changes.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
+{"token": "Biometric revisions of the 'body' in airports and US welfare reform. This article explores how biometrics function as technologies of embodiment that both redefine and challenge Agamben's notion of 'bare life' and the state of exception. We contend that the body is transformed when the subject under scrutiny is conceived of in terms of information profiles and communication networks. Through our analysis of two examples - airports and the US welfare system - we reveal how blometrics are used to produce bare life. That is, biometrics dramatize Agamben's assertion that the state of exception becomes the rule as every body is blometrically inscribed with the potential for bare life. Our case studies demonstrate that this process is not random. Rather, biometrics reveal the unequal distribution of risk, and their usage under the aegis of regulating security and poverty reframes what life - and, particularly, 'bare life' - signifies in those spaces governed by security, regulation, marginalization and criminalization.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Subsidiary Networks and Foreign Subsidiary Performance: A Coopetition Perspective. From a coopetition perspective, we differentiate between a multinational enterprise's product-similar subsidiary network and product-different subsidiary network in a host country. We argue that the product-similar network will have a curvilinear (inverted U-shaped) effect on foreign subsidiary performance, whereas the product-different network will produce a monotonic (positive) effect. Moreover, we introduce host-country economic advantage and intangible resource of the subsidiary as moderators into the relationship between subsidiary network and performance. Using longitudinal panel data of foreign subsidiaries, we find evidence that when host-country economic advantage is large, and the level of intangible asset intensity is high, the inverted U-shaped effect of product-similar subsidiary network is less pronounced. Moreover, host-country economic advantage and intangible asset intensity both enhance the positive effect of product-different subsidiary network. However, the moderating effect of intangible asset intensity is opposite to our prediction.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Mathematics teacher education in the Czech Republic and Hungary: commonalities and differences. The aim of the paper is to show whether the systems of mathematics teacher education in two countries whose historical development may seem quite similar (the Czech Republic and Hungary were parts of the Habsburg Monarchy, and they were part of the Eastern European communist block) are also very similar, or whether each country follows its own, unique path. In this paper we build on the general need for more international comparative studies in the area of teacher education. We present a historical review of development of mathematics teacher education in both countries and analyse and compare current teacher education programs, their structure and organization, the demands on mathematics teachers and their qualifications for teaching at various levels. In the paper we pinpoint a number of aspects resulting in differences in the two systems, including historical development and traditions, (de)-centralization, globalization and international cooperation, etc. The comparison based on these aspects shows that the systems in both countries are very different. The analysis described in this paper could become the starting point for further research using the data from international surveys (e.g. PISA). Such research would enable us to make conjectures about the effects of various ways of organizing teacher education.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Transnasal Sphenopalatine Ganglion Block for the Preventive Treatment of Chronic Daily Headache in Adolescents. Chronic headaches are a major source of morbidity in the pediatric population, affecting physical function, school attendance, social capacity, mood, and sleep. In adults, repetitive sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) blockade has been studied as a preventive treatment for chronic migraines. This case series aims to evaluate the SPG block for the preventive treatment of chronic daily headache (CDH) in adolescents. We prospectively evaluated 17 adolescents (14 females, 14 +/- 1 year) with CDH not responding to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), physiotherapy, and standard medications. Each patient received 10 SPG blocks (two blocks/week) using the Tx360 (R) device. At the end of treatment, 10 patients (59%) reported a Patient's Global Impression of Change (PGIC) score >= 67%, and 3 months after the end of treatment, nine patients (53%) sustained a PGIC >= 67%. There was also a statistically significant reduction in the depression subscale of the Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) at the end of treatment and 3 months post-treatment compared with baseline. The procedure was well tolerated with no adverse effects. In our study, the use of repeat SPG blockade was associated with sustained benefits on the PGIC and the depression subscale of the RCADS when used as preventive headache treatment in adolescents with refractory CDH.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "RGB color sensor for colorimetric determinations: Evaluation and quantitative analysis of colored liquid samples. In this work, a red, green, blue (RGB) color sensor was used for quantitative optical analysis of colored solutions. The capability of the sensor to respond to different colored solutions was critically evaluated to better understand which spectral bands are filtered and processed by each sensor channel. The effective capability of the RGB sensor, defined as its ability to illuminate and detect electromagnetic radiation reflected by the samples, was observed in the range of 415-564, 440-600 and 510-750 nm for blue, green and red channels, respectively. These results can help understand the interaction between the light emitted by the sensor and the signals obtained by the RGB channels for different quantitative determinations. In order to investigate the interaction between the RGB sensor and colored substances, and thereafter achieve quantitative optical analysis, different colored dyes were chosen to evaluate the RGB sensor capability, thus covering a wide range of colors. The analytical performance of the RGB sensor yielded a linear range of 5.0-50.0 mu mol L-1 for dye solutions. The accuracy of this sensor was demonstrated by the thiocyanate method for colorimetric determination of iron in soil and supplement samples. Such RGB sensor achieved analytical performance similar to that obtained with the commercial spectrophotometer, without requiring the use of computers for image processing so as to gather RGB values. Additionally, this sensor also contributes to meeting the requirements of Internet of Analytical Things (IoAT) for the quantitative analysis of colored solutions.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Preparation of activated carbon from lotus stalks with the mixture of phosphoric acid and pentaerythritol impregnation and its application for Ni(II) sorption. Activated carbons were prepared from lotus stalks impregnated with H3PO4 solution or the H3PO4 solution mixed with pentaerythritol (PER), producing AC and AC-PER. The results of thermogravimetric analysis and SEM suggested that PER enhanced the depolymerization of lignocelluloses and the degree of cross-linked structure in activation process. The physicochemical properties of AC and AC-PER were characterized by N-2 adsorption/desorption, Boehm's titration, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). AC exhibited much higher values of the BET surface area (1418.78 m(2)/g) and total pore volume (1.253 cm(3)/g) than that of AC-PER (342.67 cm(2)/g and 0.273 cm(3)/g). Nevertheless, the results of FTIR. Boehm's titration and XPS showed that AC-PER contained much more surface oxygen-containing functional groups. The sorption equilibrium data for Ni(II) sorption onto the carbons agreed well with the Langmuir model. The maximum sorption capacity derived from Langmuir model was 0.5800 mmol/g for AC and 0.9184 mmol/g for AC-PER (I = 0 mM). Based on the results of sorption studies, FTIR and XPS analysis, several possible mechanisms for these sorption systems were elaborated further. Cation exchange, electrostatic attraction and surface complexation were likely important mechanisms for Ni(II) sorption onto the carbons. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Anti-caspase-8 autoantibody response in silicosis patients is associated with HLA-DRB1, DQB1 and DPB1 Alleles. We reported previously the autoantibodies directed to caspase-8 among patients with silicosis, systemic sclerosis (SSc) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and in healthy individuals. In this study, we analyzed the correlation between anti-caspase-8 autoantibody responses and HLA class II alleles in silicosis patients. The frequencies of HLA-DRB1*0406 were significantly higher in antibody positive patients (16.67%) than in control individuals (3.03%, p=0.0006). The lysine (K) at position 71 as in DRB1*0406 has been reported to be associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). The haplotype HLA-DR4; DQB1*0302 was detected in 4 of 12 antibody positive patients. RA, IDDM, or pemphygus vulgaris link to the haplotype. The frequencies of DQB1*0401 were significantly lower in antibody positive patients (0%) than that in controls (13.33%, p=0.0390). The aspartic acid at position 57 in the DQB1 molecule as in DQB1*0401 is reported to play a role in the resistance to IDDM. The frequency of DPB1*0601 in antibody positive patients (5.88%) was significantly higher than that in controls (0.56%, p=0.0003). DPB1*0601 is reported to be a risk factor among RA patients, and glutamate at position 69 of the DPB1 molecule may be involved. Repeated and continuous screening of autoantibodies seems to be necessary among workers in contact with Si-related substances for the detection of immunological disorders in the early stage.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Dissipative structures and the relation between individual and collective aspects of social behavior. We describe the transfer of dissipative structure theory from thermodynamics to the social sciences. In our opinion, this transfer can contribute to a theory of social evolution where the relation between individual actions and social structures is a focal point. Central to the argument is the idea that dissipative structures emerge in social systems like they do in other open systems with inflows triggered by constraints. The transfer delivers a complexity-informed model for the different phases of social evolution. While there are average periods where the prevailing 'norms' of social behaviour do not change in a significant way, there are also bifurcation periods where the 'norm' of behaviour may change due to the amplification of deviating individual behaviour.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "A QUANTITATIVE COMPARISON OF STOCHASTIC MORTALITY MODELS USING DATA FROM ENGLAND AND WALES AND THE UNITED STATES. We compare quantitatively eight stochastic models explaining improvements in mortality rates in England and Wales and in the United States. On the basis of the Bayes Information Criterion (BIC), we find that, for higher ages, an extension of the Cairns-Blake-Dowd (CBD) model that incorporates a cohort effect fits the England and Wales males data best, while for U.S. males data, the Renshaw and Haberman (RH) extension to the Lee and Carter model that also allows for a cohort effect provides the best fit. However, we identify problems with the robustness of parameter estimates under the RH model, calling into question its suitability for forecasting. A different extension to the CBD model that allows not only for a cohort effect, but also for a quadratic age effect, while ranking below the other models in terms of the BIC, exhibits parameter stability across different time periods for both datasets. This model also shows, for both datasets, that there have been approximately linear improvements over time in mortality rates at all ages, but that the improvements have been greater at lower ages than at higher ages, and that there are significant cohort effects.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "CONSTRUCTION OF POLYEPITOPE FUSION ANTIGENS OF HUMAN CYTOMEGALOVIRUS PPUL32 - REACTIVITY WITH HUMAN-ANTIBODIES. We have previously shown that single linear epitopes of the major human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) antigens, expressed as fusion proteins or synthesized as oligopeptides, can be valuable diagnostic material in the serology of HCMV infection (M. P. Landini, M. X. Guan, G. Jahn, W. Lindenmaier, M. Mach, A. Ripalti, A. Necker, T. Lazzarotto, and B. Plachter, J. Clin. Microbiol. 28:1375-1379, 1990; M. P. Landini, T. Lazzarotto, A. Ripalti, M. X. Guan, and M. La Placa, J. Clin. Microbiol. 27:2324-2327, 1989; A. Ripalti, M. P. Landini, E. S. Mocarski, and M. La Placa, J. Gen. Virol. 70:1247-1251, 1989). In this work we addressed the question of whether the expression of more than one linear epitope on a single fusion protein could increase the reactivity of genetically engineered antigenic material with human antibody. To answer this question we fused sequences expressing two different epitopes contained in the basic phosphoprotein of 150 kDa encoded by UL32 (M. S. Chee, A. T. Bankier, S. Beck, R. Bohni, C. M. Brown, T. Cerny, T. Hornsel, C. A. Hutchinson, T. Kouzarides, J. A. Martignetti, and B. G. Barrell, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 154:125-169, 1990; G. Jahn, T. Kouzarides, M. Mach, B.-C. Scholl, B. Plachter, B. Traupe, E. Preddie, S. C. Satchwell, B. Fleckenstein, and B. G. Barrell, J. Virol. 61:1358-1367, 1987), ppUL32, which was repeatedly shown to be the strongest immunogen present in the viral particle. We also made fusions with sequences expressing a single epitope repeated once, twice, or three times. The different fusion proteins were tested with HCMV-positive human sera. We found that fusion proteins expressing different epitopes together were recognized by a larger number of serum specimens and with more intense reactions in Western blot (immunoblot) experiments. We also found evidence that expression on the same polypeptide of the two distinct epitopes produced a stronger antigen than the mere addition of two fusion proteins which each carried one copy of one of these epitopes. Furthermore, we found that while the same epitope expressed two or three times on the same fusion protein was not better recognized by immunoglobulin G than the single epitope, immunoglobulin M reactivities to the double and triple epitopes were enhanced.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Home range variation in leopards living across the human density gradient. Home range size is a fundamental measure of animal space use, providing insight into habitat quality, animal density, and social organization. Human impacts increasingly are affecting wildlife, especially among wideranging species that encounter anthropogenic disturbance. Leopards (Panthera pardus) provide a useful model for studying this relationship because leopards coexist with people at high and low human densities and are sensitive to human disturbance. To compare leopard home range size across a range of human densities and other environmental conditions, we combined animal tracking data from 74 leopards in multiple studies with new analytical techniques that accommodate different sampling regimes. We predicted that home ranges would be smaller in more productive habitats and areas of higher human population density due to possible linkage with leopard prey subsidies from domestic species. We also predicted that male leopards would have larger home ranges than those of females. Home ranges varied in size from 14.5 km(2) in India to 885.6 km(2) in Namibia, representing a 60-fold magnitude of variation. Home range stability was evident for 95.2% of nontranslocated individuals and 38.5% of translocated individuals. Leopard home range sizes were negatively correlated with landscape productivity, and males used larger areas than females. Leopards in open habitats had a predicted negative correlation in home range size with human population density, but leopards in closed habitats used larger home ranges in areas with more people.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Hooded Vultures Necrosyrtes monachus nearly extirpated from Edo State, Nigeria: a report on the avian scavenger community. Avian scavengers, by feeding on carrion and other organic matter, provide critical ecosystem services. Vultures, the only obligate avian scavengers, have reportedly experienced massive population declines in Africa yet current knowledge regarding their status in most West African countries is unknown. This study set out to ascertain the status of the avian scavenger community in Edo State, southern Nigeria. We made total counts of all scavenging birds at foraging and roosting sites in 13 urban areas. We recorded three species of avian scavenger which were, in order of decreasing relative abundance, Pied Crow Corvus albus, Yellow-billed Kite Milvus migrans and Hooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachus. There was a positive correlation between relative abundance of avian scavengers and human population size, such that more populous urban centres had larger populations of scavengers. We counted more scavenging birds at roosting sites than at foraging sites. While the Pied Crow and Yellow-billed Kite appear to be thriving in Edo State, the Hooded Vulture appears to have experienced a massive population decline. Our results suggest that without immediate conservation effort such as protection, education and advocacy, the Hooded Vulture will be extirpated from this region in the near future. We suggest that these conservation efforts be focused on the largest urban areas. Furthermore, we recommend that other states in southern Nigeria be urgently surveyed in order for more general conclusions to be drawn about the fate of avian scavengers in this region.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Towards a hybrid logic of participatory budgeting. Purpose Participatory budgeting (PB) is considered a suitable tool for supporting and promoting citizen engagement in government work. Previous studies of PB have deeply investigated its design and effects, but paid little attention to the underlying logics of adopting and implementing PB. The purpose of this paper is to, accordingly, investigate the development over time of the institutional logics of PB and attempt to explain their effect on PB. Design/methodology/approach Using a longitudinal multiple case study design, this research analyzes the evolution of institutional logics over time and across five municipalities in Italy. The analysis integrates documents with interviews conducted at two times to investigate the evolution of PB logics. Findings The development of PB is characterized by the spread of two emerging logics-i.e. managerial and community-building logics-that replace or coexist with the traditional political logic. Indeed, these different logics can coexist within governments, with different degrees of conflict or coexistence, resulting in what can be considered a hybrid logic. Research limitations/implications Although the number of examined cases is limited, this research elaborates an original conceptual approach and provides new insights that could help in better designing and implementing PB. Originality/value This research builds knowledge of PB by shedding light on its different logics, linking them to diverse specific models of PB and exploring their changes over time.", "label": [5, 50, 51]}
+{"token": "Reducing nitrogen loss and salinity during 'struvite' food waste composting by zeolite amendment. Struvite formation during composting through supplementation of Mg and P salts conserved nitrogen but in the same time increased the electrical conductivity (EC) of the compost limiting its application. Therefore the present study aimed at utilizing zeolite to control the EC under 'struvite' composting of food waste. Zeolite at 5% and 10% (dry weight basis) was supplemented to the composting mass receiving Mg and P salts and compared with treatment with Mg and P salts only and the control without any amendment. Addition of Mg and P salts effectively buffered the pH to similar to 8.0 but also increased the EC of the compost to 6.45 mS/cm. Co-amendment with 10% zeolite effectively reduced the EC down to 2.82 mS/cm and improved compost maturity. It also increased the adsorption of ammonium ions reducing ammonia loss to 18% resulting in higher total nitrogen content in the final compost. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 1, 2, 6, 19, 15]}
+{"token": "Using dogs to detect hidden corrosion. Dogs used as detectors in remote scent tracing (RST) technology usually detect the presence of explosives or contraband in scent samples collected by sucking air from containers or air freight. In this study, five dogs were trained to detect corrosion under the insulation (CUI) of pipes in scent samples collected at a gas processing plants. CUI is a major problem in oil and gas processing plants, causing safety risks and leading to production loss. Scent samples were made by sucking air through drain plugs in the insulation material surrounding the pipes onto filters. During a two year project, dogs trained to detect corrosion using insulation material collected earlier from other corroded locations at the plant were able to detect corrosion on the filters collected from intact insulated pipes at that plant at the same level of proficiency, detecting corrosion at around 59% while producing on average less than 3% false alarms. The systematic training approach, the integration of field samples into training runs and the use of several dogs to improve the reliability of the system are described. Preliminary results on double blind samples were promising: the sensitivity of the detection of field samples was 92%, and the selectivity 93%. The application of such a system as a tool in a preventive maintenance program at oil and gas processing plants could be useful to determine timing of maintenance, thus allowing a more efficient allocation of costly resources necessary for the customary visual inspection. (c) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 5, 6, 55, 10]}
+{"token": "Centralized globalization: The Holy See and human mobility since World War II. Through an examination of the official teaching of the Church I show how the increased mobility of large masses of Catholics since World War II has led to continuing efforts by the Holy See to follow and, to a certain extent, to control these fluxes of people. In turn, global human mobility has had an influence on institutional structures and on the self-understanding of the Church. While this evolution has contributed to the globalization of the Catholic Church, the trend towards centralization of power in Rome has hindered the development of more inclusive and democratic reforms and the participation of local churches in the decision-making process.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Nasal dermoid sinus cyst: Accidental coincidence or syndrome association?. Background: Peters anomaly is a rare congenital glaucoma disease. The Peters' plus syndrome is characterized by distinct malformations. As some of the common craniofacial malformations like cleft lip and palate are frequent in Peters' plus syndrome, no nasal dermoid sinus cysts has been reported so far. Nasal dermoid sinus cysts usually present in isolation, although associations to other anomalies or syndromes are possible. The occurence of such an anomaly may be either accidental, or present a syndrome association.Results: Concerning the common (lateral) cleft lip nasal deformity with no midline nasal masses, there are reasons for the assumption that a coincidence of both anomalies might be accidental. Especially in Peters' plus syndrome no occurrence of nasal dermoids has thus far been documented. However, the embryological pathway of the frontonasal region differs from lip and palate development in time and location: So unique formation of both lesions seems inconsistent. Complete surgical removal and plastic reconstruction simultaneously or in a second step are recommended.Patients and method: One patient with an unilateral cleft lip and Peters' plus syndrome had undergone removal of nasal dermoid sinus cyst previously and was referred for management of recurrent disease. Complete surgical removal and plastic reconstruction was performed.Conclusion: As two cases of arhinia and Peters anomaly have been described in 1978, midline nasal masses might be a possible appearance of Peters' plus syndrome.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Associations Among Plasma Stress Markers and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Breast Cancer Following Surgery. Methods The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM- A), Body Image Scale (BIS), and Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (RSES) were used to assess the psychological states of patients who had been diagnosed with and had undergone surgery for breast cancer. Blood concentrations of the stress markers adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, arginine-vasopressin, and angiotensin-converting enzyme were measured. Pearson's correlation analysis and multilinear regression analysis were used to analyse the data.Results At least mild depressive symptoms were noted in 50.5% of patients, while 42.4% of patients exhibited at least mild anxiety symptoms. HAM-D score was positively correlated with HAM-A (r=0.83, p<0.001) and BIS (r=0.29, p<0.001) scores and negatively correlated with RSES score (r=-0.41, p<0.001). HAM-A score was positively correlated with BIS score (r=0.32, p<0.001) and negatively correlated with RSES score (r=-0.27, p<0.001). There were no statistically significant associations between stress markers and depression/anxiety.Conclusion Patients with breast cancer frequently exhibit postoperative depression and anxiety, which are related to low levels of self-esteem and distorted body image.Objective The objective of present study is to analyze the prevalence of depression and anxiety following breast cancer surgery and to assess the factors that affect postoperative psychological symptoms.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Estimating survival of unmarked neonates with camera traps. Survival and recruitment of offspring are important drivers of population dynamics. Yet, studying wildlife shortly after parturition is logistically challenging and oftentimes cost-prohibitive. As a result, our ecological understanding of neonate survival is limited for many species and management decisions are often made without an adequate understanding of their implications. We developed a model to estimate the overall survival rate of neonates and the timing of mortality (i.e., shape of the survival curve) based on changes in the ratio of neonates to adult females observed in camera trap photographs. We evaluated the model with simulations and provided an example application using North American elk (Cervus canadensis) in Idaho. Our simulations suggested that estimates of the overall neonate survival rate and the shape of the survival curve are accurate when researchers provide unbiased estimates of adult female survival, birth rate (offspring per adult female), and the distribution of birth dates. When researchers can provide a priori values for just adult female survival and birth rate, estimates of the overall survival rate were accurate, but early neonate mortality was underestimated. Our estimate of neonate elk survival in Idaho was consistent with values generated by capture-based studies. Our ratio-based model provides an alternative to traditional methods for estimating neonate survival and does not rely on invasive or expensive capture and monitoring techniques. We believe this method could apply to a wide variety of species due to the ease of data collection and the relatively small number of critical model assumptions. A major benefit of our model is the ability to simultaneously monitor other species in the community, which will facilitate a better understanding of drivers of variation in neonate survival.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Realizing Hydrogen De/Absorption Under Low Temperature for MgH(2)by Doping Mn-Based Catalysts. Magnesium hydride (MgH2) has been considered as a potential material for storing hydrogen, but its practical application is still hindered by the kinetic and thermodynamic obstacles. Herein, Mn-based catalysts (MnCl(2)and Mn) are adopted and doped into MgH(2)to improve its hydrogen storage performance. The onset dehydrogenation temperatures of MnCl(2)and submicron-Mn-doped MgH(2)are reduced to 225 degrees C and 183 degrees C, while the un-doped MgH(2)starts to release hydrogen at 315 degrees C. Further study reveals that 10 wt% of Mn is the better doping amount and the MgH2+ 10 wt% submicron-Mn composite can quickly release 6.6 wt% hydrogen in 8 min at 300 degrees C. For hydrogenation, the completely dehydrogenated composite starts to absorb hydrogen even at room temperature and almost 3.0 wt% H(2)can be rehydrogenated in 30 min under 3 MPa hydrogen at 100 degrees C. Additionally, the activation energy of hydrogenation reaction for the modified MgH(2)composite significantly decreases to 17.3 +/- 0.4 kJ/mol, which is much lower than that of the primitive MgH2. Furthermore, the submicron-Mn-doped sample presents favorable cycling stability in 20 cycles, providing a good reference for designing and constructing efficient solid-state hydrogen storage systems for future application.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Raadeite, Mg-7(PO4)(2)(OH)(8): a new dense-packed phosphate from Modum (Norway). The new mineral raadeite, Mg-7(PO4)(2)(OH)(8), was found in nodules of apatite + Mg-phosphates within the Tingelstadtjern serpentinite body, Modum district, Norway. It occurs as veinlets, a few tens of mum wide, crosscutting althausite crystals; also as rare, up to 150 mum large anhedral inclusions in holtedahlite; and with apatite, althausite and magnesite in fibrous coronae replacing heneuite. It is colourless, transparent, biaxial (-); for lambda = 589 nm, n(x) 1.5945(5), n(y) 1.6069(5), n(z) 1.6088(5), 2V(meas) 45.6(1)degrees, 2V(calc) 43 degrees; strong dispersion r > v, n(y) // b. The infrared spectrum shows prominent OH stretching bands at 3375, 3475, 3540 and 3580 cm(-1). Electron-microprobe analyses indicate near-end-member composition, with minor As, Fe and Mn. Raadeite could be synthesized from 3 to 15 kbar, 500 to 700 degreesC. It is monoclinic, space group P2(1)/n, a = 5.250(1), b = 11.647(2), c = 9.655(2) Angstrom, beta = 95.94(1)degrees, Z = 2. Single-crystal structure study (R = 0.021) shows raadeite to be isostructural with the Mn-arsenate allactite and could localize the four protons. The structure consists of brucite-derived layers with 2/7 octahedral vacancies, which are linked by sharing a face and corners with interlayer Mg polyhedra (5+1 coordination) and corners with the PO4 tetrahedra. Raadeite and similar hydrous Mg-phosphates on the join brucite-Mg-3(PO4)(2) (olivine-type structure:) can be formally compared with the polysomatic humite series and other dense hydrous Mg silicates on the brucite-forsterite join. However, the structural variety of the relevant phosphates cannot be accounted for by a polysomatic series, nor are they all high-pressure phases. The new mineral honours Gunnar Raade, for his contribution to the mineralogy of Mg-phosphates.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Experimental investigation of heat transfer and pressure drop in serrated-fin tube bundles with staggered tube layouts. An experimental investigation of the heat transfer and pressure drop performance of ten finned tube bundles using serrated fins is presented. All tube bundles had staggered layouts, and the influence on varying tube bundle layout, tube and fin parameters are presented. The heat transfer coefficient experienced a maximum when the flow areas in the transversal and diagonal planes were equal. An increase in the fin pitch increased the heat transfer coefficient; the same was observed with an increase in fin height. The pressure drop coefficient showed no influence of the tube bundle layout for small pitch ratios, but dropped significantly for higher ratios. Increasing fin pitch reduced the pressure drop, whereas varying fin height had insignificant effect. None of the literature correlations were able to reproduce the experiments for the entire range of tested conditions. A set of correlations were developed, reproducing the experimental data to within +/- 5% at a confidence interval of 95%. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Alterations in myocardial gene expression associated with experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Chagas disease, characterized by acute myocarditis and chronic cardiomyopathy, is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. We sought to identify genes altered during the development of parasite-induced cardiomyopathy. Microarrays containing 27,400 sequence-verified mouse cDNAs were used to analyze global gene expression changes in the myocardium of a murine model of chagasic cardiomyopathy. Changes in gene expression were determined as the acute stage of infection developed into the chronic stage. This analysis was performed on the hearts of male CD-1 mice infected with trypomastigotes of T. cruzi (Brazil strain). At each interval we compared infected and uninfected mice and confirmed the microarray data with dye reversal. We identified eight distinct categories of mRNAs that were differentially regulated during infection and identified dysregulation of several key genes. These data may provide insight into the pathogenesis of chagasic cardiomyopathy and provide new targets for intervention. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 19, 20]}
+{"token": "A correlation for turbulent combustion speed accounting for instabilities and expansion speed in a hydrogen-natural gas spark ignition engine. An analysis of the turbulent premixed combustion speed in an internal combustion engine using natural gas, hydrogen and intermediate mixtures as fuels is carried out, with different air-fuel ratios and engine speeds. The combustion speed has been calculated by means of a two-zone diagnosis thermodynamic model combined with a geometric model using a spherical flame front hypothesis. 48 operating conditions have been analyzed. At each test point, the pressure record of 200 cycles has been processed to calculate the cycle averaged turbulent combustion speed for each flame front radius. An expression of turbulent combustion speed has been established as a function of two parameters: the ratio between turbulence intensity and laminar combustion speed and the second parameter, the ratio between the integral spatial scale and the thickness of the laminar flame front increased by instabilities. The conclusion of this initial study is that the position of the flame front has a great influence on the expression to calculate the combustion speed. A unified correlation for all positions of the flame front has been obtained by adding one correction term based on the expansion speed as a turbulence source. This unified correlation is thus valid for all experimental conditions of fuel types, air-fuel ratios, engine speeds, and flame front positions. The correlation can be used in quasi-dimensional predictive models to determine the heat released in an ICE. (C) 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 15, 35]}
+{"token": "Degradation and Characterisation of Electrospun Polycaprolactone (PCL) and Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) Scaffolds for Vascular Tissue Engineering. The current study aimed to evaluate the characteristics and the effects of degradation on the structural properties of Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)- and polycaprolactone (PCL)-based nanofibrous scaffolds. Six scaffolds were prepared by electrospinning, three with PCL 15% (w/v) and three with PLGA 10% (w/v), with electrospinning processing times of 30, 60 and 90 min. Both types of scaffolds displayed more robust mechanical properties with increased spinning times. The tensile strength of both scaffolds with 90-min electrospun membranes did not show a significant difference in their strengths, as the PCL and PLGA scaffolds measured at 1.492 MPa +/- 0.378 SD and 1.764 MPa +/- 0.7982 SD, respectively. All membranes were shown to be hydrophobic under a wettability test. A degradation behaviour study was performed by immersing all scaffolds in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution at room temperature for 12 weeks and for 4 weeks at 37 degrees C. The effects of degradation were monitored by taking each sample out of the PBS solution every week, and the structural changes were investigated under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The PCL and PLGA scaffolds showed excellent fibre structure with adequate degradation, and the fibre diameter, measured over time, showed slight increase in size. Therefore, as an example of fibre water intake and progressive degradation, the scaffold's percentage weight loss increased each week, further supporting the porous membrane's degradability. The pore size and the porosity percentage of all scaffolds decreased substantially over the degradation period. The conclusion drawn from this experiment is that PCL and PLGA hold great promise for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "The Stages of Development of the French Book Market from the Fifteenth to the Early Seventeenth Century. France was slow to adopt print, but once the presses settled in the kingdom, the country became one of the most vibrant centres of print culture in Europe. Between 1470 and the start of the 17th century, the French book market went through a series of identifiable stages, evolving to meet the needs of a local and international readership. In contrast to traditional scholarship, this article refutes the idea of a broadly seamless progression of the printed book. Instead, it characterises and seeks to explain each moment in the development of the French book world as it responded to the changing commercial world that surrounded it. It looks at how an increasingly sophisticated network of booksellers and the rise of the wholesale book merchant affected printing and access to printed books. It shows the transformative effect of wider phenomena such as the stages of the French wars of religion on the economy as a whole and what this meant for the book industry as well as taking into account the impact of the developing international trade. The analysis is based on a thorough examination of bibliographic and archival sources of printing, publishing and bookselling in Paris and provincial France. By providing a clearly identified series of stages in the development of the French book market, the article shows the strategic importance of four factors: the economy of production, distribution, changes in the form of the book and the impact of wider economic, political and religious circumstances.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Manganese oxide-carbon composite as supercapacitor electrode materials. Nano-sized manganese oxide (Mn2O3) was incorporated homogeneously in templated mesoporous carbon to prepare Mn2O3-carbon nanocomposites, which were used as supercapacitor electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry was employed to investigate the electrochemical properties of the composite materials in an aqueous electrolyte under different scan rates. Results showed that templated mesoporous carbon with layered graphene domains holds a great promise for high-rate supercapacitor applications. With a well-controlled homogeneous insertion of Mn2O3 nanoparticles in the carbon matrix, the electrochemical performance of the composite material was significantly improved because of the contribution of pseudocapacitance of the metal oxide. A specific capacitance of over 600 F/g was realized in term of manganese oxide in the composite materials. A volumetric specific capacitance of 253 F/cm(3) was obtained on the composite electrode, Good capacity retention of over 85% was achieved by the composite electrode after 800 charge-discharge cycles. The greatly enhanced energy storage and high rate capability are attributed to the homogeneous dispersion of the nano-sized transition metal oxide together with the tailored carbon nanostructure. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "X-ray absorption of a warm dense aluminum plasma created by an ultra-short laser pulse. Point-projection K-shell absorption spectroscopy has been used to measure absorption spectra of transient aluminum plasma created by an ultra-short laser pulse. The 1s-2p and 1s-3p absorption lines of weakly ionized aluminum were measured for an extended range of densities in a low-temperature regime. Independent plasma characterization was obtained using frequency domain interferometry diagnostic (FDI) that allows the interpretation of the absorption spectra in terms of spectral opacities. A detailed opacity code using the density and temperature inferred from the FDI reproduce the measured absorption spectra except in the last stage of the recombination phase. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Abstract Clock-Based Design of a JPEG Encoder. This paper presents the design and analysis of multimedia applications such as the JPEG encoder on multiprocessor architectures. Abstract clocks are considered to deal with the correctness of system behaviors and to find themost suitable execution platform configurations regarding performance and energy consumption. Our approach offers a rapid and reliable design space analysis, which is crucial when implementing complex systems.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
+{"token": "On the Frontlines: Perspectives of Providers Working With Homeless Women. Homeless service providers (HSPs) are on the frontlines of caring for the most vulnerable populations to help them navigate out of homelessness and access health and social services. The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand, from the perspectives of HSPs (N = 19; age range, 27-58 years; SD = 10.37), their account and experiences in working with homeless women (HW), and opportunities for intervention development and integration. Five focus groups were conducted with HSPs in Central City East, Los Angeles. Five main themes emerged which included (a) seeking to establish a therapeutic relationship, (b) internal and external drivers of change, (c) navigating systems, (d) targeted outreach, and (e) program design recommendations. Within these themes, individual- and structural-level characteristics emerged. To better equip HW, HSPs' perspectives need to be considered in future interventions to aid women traverse homelessness.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, geraniol, CAS registry number 106-24-1. Geraniol was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data show that geraniol is not genotoxic. Data on geraniol provide a calculated Margin of Exposure (MOE) > 100 for the repeated dose toxicity and reproductive toxicity endpoints. Data provided geraniol a No Expected Sensitization Induction Level (NESIL) of 11000 mu g/cm(2) for the skin sensitization endpoint. The phototoxicity/photoallergenicity endpoints were evaluated based on ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) spectra; geraniol is not expected to be phototoxic/photoallergenic. The local respiratory toxicity endpoint was evaluated using the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) for a Cramer Class I material, and the exposure to geraniol is below the TTC (1.4 mg/day). The environmental endpoints were evaluated; geraniol was found not to be Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic (PBT) as per the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) Environmental Standards, and its risk quotients, based on its current volume of use in Europe and North America (i.e., Predicted Environmental Concentration/Predicted No Effect Concentration [PEC/PNEC]), are <1.The existing information supports the use of this material as described in this safety assessment.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
+{"token": "Numerical analysis of confined flow past permeable square cylinder with CE/SE method. The unsteady flow field past a two-dimensional permeable square cylinder was predicted by an updated CE/SE method. The periodic patterns of streamline and vortex shedding were obtained. The evolution of lift and drag coefficients were analysed. Results of 2D computations were compared with the experimental data. It found that the Reynolds number dominated the magnitude and frequency of the vorticity given porosity and Darcy number. It proved that the CE/SE method was an effective tool for predicting viscous flows in porous media.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "OUTSOURCING YOUR LIFE: EXPLOITATION AND EXPLORATION IN 'THE 4-HOUR WORKWEEK. This article discusses how the concepts of exploration and exploitation are fruitful for understanding individual fantasies of escape from the demands of contemporary workplaces. We examine one influential articulation of such fantasies, namely the best-selling self-help book \\\\'The 4-Hour Workweek.\\\\' This book advocates that individuals outsource the bulk of the routine (\\\\'exploitation\\\\') tasks of their lives, leaving themselves free for creativity, play, and leisure (\\\\'exploration\\\\'). In this way, a radical separation of exploitation and exploration at the individual level is proposed. We examine the meanings and contradictions of such ideas by discussing how they may function as powerful escape fantasies for those facing corporate overwork. However, we argue that the solution proposed is unsatisfactory because of its individualism, which fails to see the inherently social nature of work and life.", "label": [5, 50, 57]}
+{"token": "Modeling MesoBioNano systems with MBN Studio made easy. This paper introduces MesoBioNano (MBN) Studio - a graphical user interface for a popular multiscale simulation package MBN EXPLORER. MBN STUDIO has been developed to facilitate setting up and starting MBN EXPLORER calculations, monitoring their progress and examining the calculation results. It is tailored for any calculations that are supported by MBN Explorer, such as for example the single-point energy calculations, structure optimization, molecular dynamics, and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. Apart from that MBN STUDIO has built-in tools allowing the calculation and analysis of specific characteristics that are determined by the output of the simulations, such as the diffusion coefficients of molecular species, melting temperatures and associated heat capacities, radial distribution function; a dedicated modeling plug-in allows constructing molecular systems in a quick and efficient manner. Employing this plug-in, one can easily construct molecular systems of different geometries (e.g., spherical or ellipsoidal nanoparticles, cubic crystalline samples) with various atomic composition. The paper presents the first public release of MBN STUDIO and provides an overview of its significant capabilities, as well as the reference point for further extensions. (C) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35, 40, 42]}
+{"token": "Latitudinal differences in the breeding phenology of Grey Warblers covary with the prevalence of parasitism by Shining Bronze-Cuckoos. Variation in the temporal patterns of nest availability through the breeding season or across the geographical range of a host is expected to be an important selection pressure shaping the breeding biology of avian brood parasites. The archipelago-wide distribution of the endemic Grey Warbler (Gerygone igata) in New Zealand, and its parasitism by the specialist Shining Bronze-Cuckoo (Chalcites lucidus), makes this a valuable system in which to study small-scale latitudinal gradients in host breeding phenology and the effects of these on the prevalence of brood parasitism. Nest records from throughout New Zealand and our study sites on both the North and South Islands indicated that, as expected, clutch-sizes were larger at higher, more southern, latitudes. Contrary to predictions, breeding began later and finished earlier, and usually involved only one brood on the North Island, compared with a longer breeding season with two broods on the South Island. Prevalence of brood parasitism covaried positively with latitude, suggesting that geographical patterns in breeding phenology of hosts may influence the prevalence of parasitism.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "NEW HYPOTHESIS ON THE PRODUCTION AND CIRCULATION OF THE AMBROSIAN MANUSCRIPT OF THE ROMANCE OF TROY (D 55 SUP.). In this contribute new hypotheses about the origins and ancient history of the Ambrosian Roman de Troie manuscript (Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, D55sup) are presented. These were formulated after a very careful analysis of the codex itself and studying several archival evidences. In particular, new insights are offered by the discovery of an autograph document by Plombeolo de Plombeoli, author of the note of ownership a. c. 196, and by the presence of Jacopo Plombeoli scraped off signature inside the document, never noticed before. The accurate study of the miniatures and their comparison with other decorations of the same time and context arise a new hypothesis about the codex place of production. According to it, the origins of the Manuscript should be located in the crusader area and more precisely in Antioch.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "The anthropocene as media - Information systems and the creation of the human earth. A principal result of the Industrial Revolution and subsequent technological development is the evolution of a planet where the dynamics of major natural systems are increasingly affected by human activity. This anthropogenic Earth is increasingly shaped not just by energy and material flows, the traditional concerns of environmentalists, but by information structures and cultural systems that begin to play out in complex ways across global systems. The combination of these information systems with accelerating technological evolution creates relationships and patterns that are not only difficult to perceive, but that are challenging in their complexity, and leads to profound questions about how best to construct an ethical, rational, and responsible world.", "label": [5, 52, 55]}
+{"token": "The Influence of Body Proportions on Femoral and Tibial Midshaft Shape in Hunter-Gatherers. Variation in femoral and tibial diaphyseal shape is used as an indicator of adaptation to patterns of terrestrial mobility. Recent experimentation has implied that lower limb diaphyseal shape may be primarily influenced by lower limb length, and less so by mobility patterns. If valid, this would, at most, render previous interpretations of mobility patterns based on analyses of diaphyseal shape questionable, and, at least, require additional standardization that considers the influence of limb length. Although the consequences could be profound, this implication has yet to be directly tested. Additionally, the influence of body breadth on tibial shape (and to a lesser extent femoral shape) remains uncertain. Tibial and femoral cross-sectional midshaft shape measurements, taken from nine Pleistocene and Holocene skeletal populations, were compared against lower limb length, limb segment length, and bi-iliac breadth. Generally, limb length and limb segment length do not significantly influence femoral or tibial midshaft shape. After controlling for body mass greater bi-iliac breadth is associated with a relative mediolateral strengthening of the femoral midshaft, while the influence of a wider body shape (BIB/length) is associated with a relative M-L strengthening of the tibia and femur of males, and the tibia of females. We conclude that; (1) mechanical interpretations of lower limb diaphyseal shape are most parsimonious due to the lack of evidence for a consistent relationship between segment length and shape; however, (2) further work is required to investigate the influence of bi-iliac breadth on both femoral and tibial midshaft shape. Am J Phys Anthropol 144:22-29, 2011. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [4, 5, 56, 42]}
+{"token": "Factors associated with non-essential workplace attendance during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK in early 2021: evidence from cross-sectional surveys. Study design: Data from the ongoing COVID-19 Rapid Survey of Adherence to Interventions and Responses survey series of nationally representative samples of people in the UK aged 16+ years in January-February 2021 were used.Objectives: Working from home where possible is important in reducing the spread of COVID-19. In early 2021, a quarter of people in England who believed they could work entirely from home reported attending their workplace. To inform interventions to reduce this, this study examined associated factors.Methods: The study sample was 1422 respondents who reported that they could work completely from home. The outcome measure was self-reported workplace attendance at least once during the preceding week. Factors of interest were analysed in three blocks: 1) sociodemographic variables, 2) variables relating to respondents' circumstances and 3) psychological variables.Results: 26.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 24.5%-29.1%) of respondents reported having attended their workplace at least once in the preceding week. Sociodemographic variables and living circumstances significantly independently predicted non-essential workplace attendance: male gender (odds ratio [OR] = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.33-2.58); dependent children in the household (OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.17-2.32); financial hardship (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.08-1.21); lower socio-economic grade (C2DE; OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.19-2.53); working in sectors such as health or social care (OR = 4.18, 95% CI = 2.56-6.81), education and childcare (OR = 2.45, 95% CI = 1.45-4.14) and key public service (OR = 3.78, 95% CI = 1.83-7.81) and having been vaccinated (OR = 2.08, 95% CI = 1.33-3.24).Conclusions: Non-essential workplace attendance in the UK in early 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic was significantly independently associated with a range of sociodemographic variables and personal circumstances. Having been vaccinated, financial hardship, socio-economic grade C2DE, having a dependent child at home and working in certain key sectors were associated with higher likelihood of workplace attendance. (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Royal Society for Public Health.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Assessing the diet of the endangered Beale's eyed turtle (Sacalia bealei) using faecal content and stable isotope analyses: Implications for conservation. Turtles from Asia are on the brink of extinction with 53% of species considered endangered or critically endangered. Unfortunately, the ecology of many threatened species remains largely unknown. In this study, the diet of the endangered Beale's eyed turtle (Sacalia bealei) was investigated using two methods, visual faecal content analysis and stable isotope analysis. Results from both methods indicated that S. bealei is highly reliant on riparian resources, especially fruits and terrestrial insects. Stable isotope data indicated that terrestrial resources made up around half (47-53%) of all assimilated food resources. These findings suggest that S. bealei facilitates energy flow from riparian forests to stream ecosystems. Moreover, S. bealei is likely to be a seed disperser for riparian plants. This study represents the first application of stable isotope methods to examine the diet of Asian freshwater turtles and their resource use. We stress the importance of similar studies to improve our understanding of remnant turtle populations before they disappear as a result of human activities.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Movement patterns of juvenile Atlantic tarpon (Megalops atlanticus) in Brewers Bay, St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands. BackgroundAtlantic tarpon (Megalops atlanticus) are a highly migratory species ranging along continental and insular coastlines of the Atlantic Ocean. Due to their importance to regional recreational and sport fisheries, research has been focused on large-scale movement patterns of reproductively active adults in areas where they are of high economic value. As a consequence, geographically restricted focus on adults has left significant gaps in our understanding of tarpon biology and their movements, especially for juveniles in remote locations where they are common. Our study focused on small-scale patterns of movement and habitat use of juvenile tarpon using acoustic telemetry in a small bay in St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands.ResultsFour juvenile tarpon (80-95 cm FL) were tracked from September 2015 to February 2018, while an additional eight juveniles (61-94 cm FL) left the study area within 2 days after tagging and were not included in analysis. Four tarpon had>78% residency and average activity space of 0.76 km(2) (range 0.08-1.17 km(2)) within Brewers Bay (1.8 km(2)). Their vertical distribution was<18 m depth with occasional movements to deeper water. Activity was greater during day compared to night, with peaks during crepuscular periods. During the day tarpon used different parts of the bay with consistent overlap around the St. Thomas airport runway and at night tarpon typically remained in a small shallow lagoon. However, when temperatures in the lagoon exceeded 30 <degrees>C, tarpon moved to cooler, deeper waters outside the lagoon.ConclusionOur results, although limited to only four individuals, provide new baseline data on the movement ecology of juvenile Atlantic tarpon. We showed that juvenile tarpon had high residency within a small bay and relatively stable non-overlapping daytime home ranges, except when seasonally abundant food sources were present. Fine-scale acoustic tracking showed the effects of environmental conditions (i.e., elevated seawater temperature) on tarpon movement and habitat use. These observations highlight the need for more extensive studies of juvenile tarpon across a broader range of their distribution, and compare the similarities and differences in behavior among various size classes of individuals from small juveniles to reproductively mature adults.", "label": [4, 37, 45, 39]}
+{"token": "Blazing and grazing: influences of fire and bison on tallgrass prairie stream water quality. Fire and grazers (such as Bison bison) were historically among the most important agents for maintaining and managing tallgrass prairie, but we know little about their influences on water-quality dynamics in streams. We analyzed 2 y of data on total suspended solids (TSS), total N (TN), and total P (TP) (3 samples per week per stream during flow) in 3 prairie streams with fire and bison grazing treatments at Konza Prairie Biological Station, Kansas (USA), to assess whether fire and bison increase the concentrations of these water-quality variables. We quantified the spatial and temporal locations of bison (similar to 0.21 animal units/ha) with Global Positioning System collars and documented bison trails, paw patches, wallows, and naturally exposed sediment patches within riparian buffers. Three weeks post-fire, TN and TP decreased (t-test, p < 0.001), but TSS did not change. Bison spent <6% of their time within 10 m of the streams, increased the amount of exposed sediment in the riparian areas, and avoided wooded mainstem branches of stream (chi(2) test, p < 0.001). Temporal trends suggest that low discharge or increased bison density in the stream may increase TSS and TP during the summer months. Our results indicate a weak connection between TSS and nutrients with bison access to streams over our 2-y study and indicate that low TSS and nutrients characterize tallgrass prairie streams with fire and moderate bison densities relative to surrounding land uses.", "label": [4, 37, 45]}
+{"token": "Dirty pool. International relations scholars make frequent use of pooled cross-sectional regression in which N dyads over T time points are combined to create NT observations. Unless special conditions are met, these regressions produce biased estimates of regression coefficients and their standard errors. A survey of recent publications in international relations shows little attention to this issue. Using data from the period 1951-92, we examine the consequences of pooling for models of militarized disputes and bilateral trade. When pooled models are reestimated to allow for stable but unobserved differences among dyads, the results are altered in fundamental ways.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "Gel formation and the efficiency of anodic film growth on aluminium. The development of gel layers during anodizing, and their influence on the efficiency of growth of anodic films, has been examined for formation of films at constant current density on aluminium in saturated potassium antimonate electrolyte and 0.1 M sodium molybdate, sodium silicate and sodium tungstate electrolytes. The gels are produced immediately above the growing anodic films by the reaction of H+ ions, generated at the film/gel interface, with the electrolyte anions to form uniform layers of hydrated oxide. The gels can enhance the efficiency of film growth by reducing, or eliminating, field-assisted ejection of Al3+ ions from the film to the electrolyte. The thicknesses of the gel layers increase at constant rates with thickening of the anodic films, although the efficiencies of gel formation per se are relatively low. The thickest gels are obtained following anodizing in antimonate electrolyte possibly reflecting a more favorable rate of gel formation, relative to its rate of dissolution, than that for other gel layers. The gel layers may shrink and crack on drying, most noticeably for the gels formed in antimonate and tungstate electrolytes. The gel layers formed in molybdate electrolyte appear, by comparison, highly resistant to cracking. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Molecular characteristics of fluoroquinolone-resistant avian pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from broiler chickens. Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is a major pathogen in the poultry industry worldwide including Korea. In this study, the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of 33 fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistant APEC isolates from broilers were analyzed. All FQ-resistant APEC isolates showed amino acid exchanges at both gyrA and parC and high minimal inhibitory concentrations for FQs. A total of 11 (33.3%) isolates were positive for the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes, qnrA(8 isolates) and qnrS (3 isolates), and showed multidrug resistance. Among the 11 PMQR-positive isolates, 1 and 2 isolates carried bla(CTX-1) and bla(CTX-15), respectively, as extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers, and the non-ESBL gene, bla(TEM-1), was found in 4 isolates. Among 3 aminoglycoside-resistant isolates, aac(3)-II was only detected in 1 isolate. All 8 APEC isolates with resistance to tetracycline carried the tetA gene. Overall, 6 of the 7 trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-resistant isolates carried the sul1 or sul2 genes, while only 2 of the 8 chloramphenicol-resistant isolates carried the catA1 gene. Although 9 isolates carried class I integrons, only 4 isolates carried the gene cassettes dfrA12-aadA2 (2 isolates), dfrA17-aadA5 (1 isolate), extX-psp-aadA2 (1 isolate), and dfrA27 (1 isolate). The most common plasmid replicon was FIB (8 isolates, 72.7%), followed by K/B (4 isolates, 36.4%). Antimicrobial resistance monitoring and molecular analysis of APEC should be performed continuously to surveil the transmission between poultry farms.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Comparing different surface modifications of zinc oxide nanoparticles in the developmental toxicity of zebrafish embryos and larvae. Nanotechnology allows for a greater quality of life, but may also cause environmental and organismic harm. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) are one of the most commonly used metal oxide nanoparticles for commercial and industrial products. Due to its extensive use in various fields, there has already been much concern raised about the environmental health risks of ZnONPs. Many studies have investigated the toxicological profile of ZnONPs in zebrafish embryonic development; however, the specific characteristics of ZnONPs in zebrafish embryonic/larval developmental damage and their molecular toxic mechanisms of liver development are yet to be fully elucidated. This study aimed to reveal the hazard ranking of different surface modifications of ZnONPs on developing zebrafish and the toxicological mechanisms of these modified ZnONPs in liver tissue. The similar to 30 nm ZnONPs with amino-(NH2-ZnONPs) or carboxyl-(COOH-ZnONPs) modification were incorporated during the embryonic/larval stage of zebrafish. Severe toxicity was observed in both ZnONP groups, especially NH2-ZnONPs, which presented a higher toxicity in the low concentration groups. After prolonging the exposure time, the long-term toxicity assay showed a greater retardation in body length of zebrafish in the NH2-ZnONP group. Response data from multiple toxicity studies was integrated for the calculation of the EC50 values of bulk ZnO and ZnONPs, and the hazard levels were found to be decreasing in the order of NH2-, COOH-ZnONPs and bulk ZnO. Notably, NH2-ZnONPs induced ROS burden in the developing liver tissue, which activated autophagy-related gene and protein expression and finally induced liver cell apoptosis to reduce liver size. In conclusion, our findings are conducive to understanding the hazard risks of different surface modifications of ZnONPs in aquatic environments and will also be helpful for choosing the type of ZnONPs in future industrial applications.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 52]}
+{"token": "Defensin-mRNA Expression in the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Is Modulated in Children With Celiac Disease and Helicobacter pylori-positive Gastritis. Results: Expression of hBD2 was upregulated in the antrum and corpus of patients with Hp gastritis, whereas inflammation without detection of Hp was not associated with any change in defensin gene expression. In patients with CD, expression of hBD2 was upregulated in the antrum, whereas hBD1 and 4 were downregulated in duodenal biopsies.Patients and Methods: Semiquantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out with gene-specific primers for human beta-defensin 1 to 6 (hBD1 to 6) and human alpha-defensin 5 and 6 (hD5 and 6) in mucosal biopsies of children diagnosed as having CD (n = 11; 4.2 - 16.2 years) or Hp gastritis (n = 18; 3.2 - 16.7 years). Levels of expression were compared with those of healthy individuals (n = 21; 2.8 - 14.6 years). Expression levels in Hp-infected specimens were furthermore compared with those with histologic inflammation not associated with Hp infection (n = 30; 3.6 - 15.7 years).Conclusions: Different pathological conditions of the upper gastrointestinal tract lead to specific modulations of defensin gene expression in children. Especially the pathophysiological role of hBD2 in Hp infection and hBD1 and 4 in CD warrant further attention.Objectives: Defensins are expressed in epithelial cells as cationic peptides with antimicrobial properties. Because of their role as immunologically important effector molecules, their contribution in maintaining a stable microenvironment in the gastrointestinal tract has recently received much attention. The present study was designed to further characterize expression patterns of defensins in diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract in children, particularly in Helicobacter pylori (Hp)-associated gastritis or celiac disease (CD).", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Nest-site fidelity in Red-tailed Tropicbirds informs costing a localised ant baiting strategy at Ashmore Reef. In many animal species, individuals re-use the breeding site they used in the previous breeding season. Consequently, they accrue benefits including reduced time searching for a territory, and enhanced predator avoidance. Many seabirds display high levels of nest-site fidelity. We sought to determine whether nest-site fidelity occurs in Red-tailed Tropicbirds (Phaethon rubricauda) breeding at Ashmore Reef (eastern Indian Ocean) by recording the nest location of individually-marked birds across three years (2012-2014). We found that Red-tailed Tropicbirds at this surface-nesting colony were highly faithful to their previous nest-site, with a median distance between successive nests of just 13.4 m. By using digitised vegetation maps for Ashmore Reef, we provide quantitative evidence that Red-tailed Tropicbird nest-site fidelity is not driven by a lack of suitable vegetated sites. These findings have important management implications because breeding success at this small, regionally-significant Red-tailed Tropicbird colony is negatively affected by an invasive species, the tropical fire ant (Solenopsis geminata). Using localised ant baiting around known Red-tailed Tropicbird nest-sites may confer benefits on current and future tropicbird breeding attempts. We estimated the financial cost per treatment to bait the 0.85 ha within 13.4 m of known Red-tailed Tropicbird nest-sites, an area expected to encompass half of all subsequent breeding attempts, to be low. This represents a cost-effective interim management strategy prior to any island-wide eradication programme. Therefore, we recommend localised ant baiting around tropicbird nests within an adaptive management framework such that optimum baiting parameters can be resolved (e.g., baiting frequency, most effective baiting radius).", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Somatic Hospital Contacts, Invasive Cardiac Procedures, and Mortality From Heart Disease in Patients With Severe Mental Disorder. Main Outcome Measures: Incidence rate ratios of heart disease admissions and heart disease mortality as well as probability of invasive cardiac procedures.Context: Excess mortality from heart disease is observed in patients with severe mental disorder. This excess mortality may be rooted in adverse effects of pharmacological or psychotropic treatment, lifestyle factors, or inadequate somatic care.Objectives: To examine whether persons with severe mental disorder, defined as persons admitted to a psychiatric hospital with bipolar affective disorder, schizoaffective disorder, or schizophrenia, are in contact with hospitals and undergoing invasive procedures for heart disease to the same degree as the nonpsychiatric general population, and to determine whether they have higher mortality rates of heart disease.Design, Setting, and Participants: A population-based cohort of 4.6 million persons born in Denmark was followed up from 1994 to 2007. Rates of mortality, somatic contacts, and invasive procedures were estimated by survival analysis.Conclusions: Individuals with severe mental disorder had only negligible excess rates of contact for heart disease. Given their excess mortality from heart disease and lower rates of invasive procedures after first contact, it would seem that the treatment for heart disease offered to these individuals in Denmark is neither sufficiently efficient nor sufficiently intensive. This undertreatment may explain part of their excess mortality.Results: The incidence rate ratio of heart disease contacts in persons with severe mental disorder compared with the rate for the nonpsychiatric general population was only slightly increased, at 1.11 (95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.14). In contrast, their excess mortality rate ratio from heart disease was 2.90( 95% confidence interval, 2.71-3.10). Five years after the first contact for somatic heart disease, the risk of dying of heart disease was 8.26% for persons with severe mental disorder (aged <70years) but only 2.86% in patients with heart disease who had never been admitted to a psychiatric hospital. The fraction undergoing invasive procedures within 5 years was reduced among patients with severe mental disorder as compared with the nonpsychiatric general population (7.04% vs 12.27%, respectively).", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Presentation of Two Cases with Early Extracranial Metastases from Glioblastoma and Review of the Literature. Extracranial metastases from glioblastoma are rare. We report two patients with extracranial metastases from glioblastoma. Case 1 concerns a 59-year-old woman with multiple metastases that spread early in the course of disease. What makes this case unusual is that the tumor had grown into the falx close to the straight sinus and this might be an explanation to the early and extensive metastases. Case 2 presents a 60-year-old man with liver metastasis found at autopsy, and, in this case, it is more difficult to find an explanation. This patient had two spontaneous intracerebral bleeding incidents and extensive bleeding during acute surgery with tumor removal, which might have induced extracranial seeding. The cases presented might have hematogenous spreading in common as an explanation to extracranial metastases from GBM.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "A novel MKK gene (EcMKK6) in Epinephelus coioides: Identification, characterization and its response to Vibrio alginolyticus and SGIV infection. Mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 (MKK6) is one of the major important central regulatory proteins response to environmental and physiological stimuli. In this study, a novel MKK6, EcMKK6, was isolated from Epinephelus coioides, an economically important cultured fish in China and Southeast Asian counties. The open reading frame (ORF) of EcMKK6 is 1077 by encoding 358 amino acids. EcMKK6 contains a serine/threonine protein kinase (S_TKc) domain, a tyrosine kinase catalytic domain, a conserved dual phosphorylation site in the SVAKT motif and a conserved DVD domain. By in situ hybridization (ISH) with Digoxigenin-labeled probe, EcMKK6 mainly located at the cytoplasm of cells, and a little appears in the nucleus. EcMKK6 mRNA can be detected in all eleven tissues examined, but the expression level is different in these tissues. After challenge with Vibrio alginolyticus and Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), the transcription level of EcMKK6 was apparently up-regulated in the tissues examined. The data demonstrated that the sequence and the characters of EcMKK6 were conserved, EcMKK6 showed tissue-specific expression profiles in healthy grouper, and the expression was significantly varied after pathogen infection, indicating that EcMKK6 may play important roles in E. coioides during pathogen caused inflammation.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 6, 18, 45, 10]}
+{"token": "Usability evaluation of an augmented reality system for teaching Euclidean vectors. Augmented reality (AR) is one of the emerging technologies that has demonstrated to be an efficient technological tool to enhance learning techniques. In this paper, we describe the development and evaluation of an AR system for teaching Euclidean vectors in physics and mathematics. The goal of this pedagogical tool is to facilitate user's understanding of physical concepts, such as magnitude, direction and orientation, together with basic vector-related operations like addition, subtraction and cross product. The result of the system usability scale showed our system's usability and learnability. The system merges a real-world scenario with virtual elements controlled with a practical body-interactive interface.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Control of Three Species of Stored-Product Insects in Wheat Treated With Steam and Hot Air. The effect of 105 degrees C steam or hot air on adult mortality of three species of stored-product insect pests outside wheat kernels of 12.5, 14.5 and 16.5% moisture content was investigated. The species were Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae), and Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). In the case of S. oryzae, young adults and immature stages inside wheat kernels were also tested. The mortality of insects inside kernels was higher at lower moisture contents of wheat treated with hot air, whereas moisture content did not significantly affect mortality of insects treated with steam. In the hot air treatment, all adults of the three species outside kernels had 100% mortality when the treatment time was 75 s for wheat with 16.5% moisture content, and 60 s for 12.5 and 14.5% wheat. In the steam treatment, the time to reach 100% mortality of adults outside kernels was 1 s at any moisture content and without significantly affecting germination. The young adults and immature stages of S. oryzae inside kernels required 90 s to reach 100% mortality in hot air, whereas 3 s was needed in steam. The treatment to reach 100% mortality of insects inside kernels caused a 20% drop in germination in steam and 81% drop in hot air.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Face Paulista of Digital TV: Reflection on Multiprogramming on TV Cultura. The implantation procedure of the multiprogramming for TV Cultura, a station under the responsibility of the Fundacao Padre Anchieta, from the regulation of digital television in Brazil, through the Sistema Brasileiro de Televisao Digital Terrestre (SBTVD-T), involves the creation and implantation of multiprogramming channels of the station, the Univesp TV and the Multicultura channels, which are functioning through means of a special authorization in scientific and experimental character. Analyzed from the Communication Politics Economy point of view, this research contributes to the reflexion about the multiprogramming which may create alternatives to new options in this country programming and content.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Trout oestrogen receptor sensitivity to xenobiotics as tested by different bioassays. A recombinant yeast system highly and stably expressing rainbow trout oestrogen receptor (rtER) was used in parallel with a more elaborated biological system, trout hepatocyte aggregate cultures to examine the oestrogenic potency of several chemicals commonly found in the environment. In hepatocyte cultures, the vitellogenin gene, whose expression is principally dependent upon oestradiol, was used as a biomarker. Moreover, competitive binding assays were performed to determine direct interaction between rtER and xenobiotics. This paper describes high specificity of our systems for screening potentially oestrogenic chemicals and determining the mode of action of trout ER with oestrogenic compounds. This work also demonstrates that it is important to combine bioassays with in vitro approaches to elucidate the mechanism of xenooestrogen actions. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
+{"token": "The soft skills gap: a bottleneck in the talent supply in emerging economies. The purpose of this study is to identify the soft skills, relevant to the future talent pool in the information technology (IT) sector. Further, the study aims to investigate soft skills gaps among students which are hampering the availability of talent. Soft skills traits were first identified through a literature review. Then, using a structured questionnaire, we surveyed 269 IT professionals working in five IT companies and 329 students pursuing degrees in the IT/CS from 12 technical institutes. The analysis was performed using principal component analysis and an independent t test. We examined important soft skills such as personal traits, leadership, interpersonal skills, team skills, enterprising skills, and organizational skills. The independent t test results showed a perception gap between professionals and students regarding the importance of soft skills. This study contributes to the literature by adding to the understanding of critical soft skills in IT sector. It underlines the partnership between educational institutions and the IT industry to address this gap. This partnership will benefit all stakeholders. We argue that although talent management is dealt with at the industry level, academia play an important role in making this process easier and effective by developing the desired skills in students.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Chaotic Image Encryption with Hash Keying as Key Generator. This paper proposes an image encryption algorithm using Hash key as key generator for permutation and diffusion. SHA-1 algorithm is used to generate symmetric secret key for encryption/decryption process. One-dimensional Logistic map periodic window problem is addressed by employing multiple chaotic maps. In the permutation process, the permutation order is generated in bitwise using Logistic-Sine maps. For diffusion process, the diffusion bits are generated by Logistic-Tent and Tent-Sine maps. Multiple chaotic maps are used for permutation and diffusion to encrypt the images. The image encryption is repeated for four rounds and in each round, different keys are selected to resist chosen plain text attack. The image is encrypted for both gray and color images and satisfactory level of security is achieved. Simulation results are tested for key space analysis, key sensitivity analysis, histogram analysis, quantity analysis, correlation coefficient and average correlation analysis, information entropy analysis and differential attack analysis. The performance analysis tests revealed that the proposed algorithm is robust against cryptanalysis attacks.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with mangroves in South Africa, including Ophiostoma palustre sp nov.. Mangrove trees are continuously under stress due to environmental and/or anthropogenic pressures, which expose them to attack by pathogens, compromising their survival. Ophiostomatoid fungi cause sap stain and diseases of a wide spectrum of tree species globally. These fungi infect trees through natural, insect, animal and/or human made wounds. During routine surveys of mangrove trees in South Africa, wounds on branches and stems of Avicennia marina were regularly monitored for the presence of ophiostomatoid fungi at ten study sites in the country. The stems of four mangrove species, A. marina, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Rhizophora mucronata and Barringtonia racemosa were also wounded and evaluated for the appearance of these fungi. Ophiostomatoid fungi were obtained from the mangrove associate B. racemosa, but not from any of the true mangroves. Analyses of DNA sequence data for the internal transcribed spacer, beta-tubulin, calmodulin and translation elongation factor gene regions revealed that the fungi isolated from the wounds on B. racemosa belong to three species in the Ophiostomataceae, including a new taxon described here as Ophiostoma palustre sp. nov. These results suggest that the mangrove associate B. racemosa is more prone to colonization by ophiostomatoid fungi than the true mangroves.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "An Integrative Review of Text Message Reminders for Medical Surveillance Examinations. The purpose of this integrative review was to evaluate the use of text message (TM) reminders to promote timely medical surveillance examinations (MSEs). Notifying employees of scheduled MSE appointments is challenging. Text messaging can be used by occupational health nurses to remind employees of needed examinations. SCOPUS was searched for relevant studies between 2005 and 2015, resulting in nine articles meeting inclusion criteria. Seven of the nine articles reported significant improvement in attendance rates, with one study demonstrating no-show rates could be reduced by 51% using TM reminders. This integrative review demonstrated that text messaging appointment reminders for MSEs could be effective.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Measures of Risk on Variability with Application in Stochastic Activity Networks. The author proposes a simple measure of variability of some of the more commonly used distribution functions in the class of New-Better-than-Used in Expectation (NBUE). The measure result in a ranking of the distributions, and the methodology used is applicable to other distributions in NBUE class beside the one treated here. An application to stochastic activity networks is given to illustrate the idea and the applicability of the proposed measure.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Sensitive Cu2+detection by reversible on-off fluorescence using Eu3+complexes in SiO2, in chitosan/polyethylene oxide nanofibers. Trace amounts of heavy metal ions in the human body are essential for maintaining health. However, heavy metal ion excess or deficiency causes toxicity or disease. This study examines the sensitivity of luminescent europium complexes for the detection of Cu2+. Here, Eu3+ is complexed with1,10phenanthroline (phen) and 4,40,4-trimethyltriphenylamine (TTA) to form luminescent [Eu3+(TTA)3phen] complexes, encapsulated in silica (SiO2) nanoparticles. The silica nanoparticles are then formed into a composite with a blend of chitosan and polyethylene oxide (PEO), to make electrospun nanofibers. The combination of Eu3+ complexes with SiO2 nanoparticles doped in chitosan enhances the fluorescence performance. Photophysical measurements show that when the Cu2+ concentration is 100 lmol/L, the fluorescence of the composite chitosan nanofibers can be quickly and sensitively quenched, and that concentrations as low as 10 lmol/L Cu2+ can be detected. Furthermore, the use of chitosan and PEO to", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Navigating the role of emotions in expertise: public framing of expertise in the Czech public controversy on birth care. Despite the abundant scholarship on sociopolitical embeddedness of expertise, its relation to emotions remains understudied. The paper fills this gap by discussing how public framings of expertise work against the inclusion of emotional contexts, affecting what kind of professional knowledge dominates in a public debate. The analysis of the Czech public debate on birth care shows that while midwives embrace emotional contexts of birthing and integrate them as an essential part of their professional expertise, obstetricians see these contexts as troubling their expertise. This professional difference is sustained by the public framing of expertise in the media, favoring obstetricians' expertise over midwives'. The analysis shows that public framing of expertise outweighs evidential work done by midwives and legal advisors and impacts how emotional contexts are understood in the debate. Rather than referring to feelings and personal experience of the body, the \\\\'emotional\\\\' becomes a discursive label to delegitimize professional opinion. The results raise thus important questions about how the public framing of expertise impacts whether emotional context and experiences of bodily harm are seen as relevant in policy debates and policy regulations.", "label": [5, 52, 51]}
+{"token": "Long-term changes in the ichthyofauna of the Pechora Sea in response to ocean warming. Ichthyological studies are an important part of the research effort on the water ecosystems of the Arctic. However, data on the changes in the ichthyofauna of the Arctic seas are scarce and contradictory. We studied species composition of trawl catches made in 1980-2015 in the coastal and the open part of the Pechora Sea (south-eastern Barents Sea). We determined the relative abundance (individuals per hour of trawling) of the dominant fish species in the coastal and the open zone and described the taxonomic status of fish and their ecological grouping by distribution area and predominant type of feeding. Cluster analysis revealed four groups of study years similar in respect of the proportion of dominant fish species in trawl catches. The species diversity of the ichthyofauna increased over the study period and so did the number of predominantly Arctic species in the catches. On the contrary, the proportion of Arctic species such as polar cod decreased. In our opinion, this was caused by the changes in the mean water temperature, which showed a tendency to increase over the study period. A comparative analysis of the ichthyofauna of the Pechora Sea and the Baydaratskaya Bay of the Kara Sea revealed differences in the dominance of Arctic and boreal fishes, which might have been associated with the differences in the mean annual temperature in these water bodies. Our results can be used as background data for further monitoring of climate change.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
+{"token": "The Rose-Gurewitz-Fox approach applied for patents classification. We used the so-called deterministic annealing algorithm due to Rose and Gurewitz by the classification of patent documents. A C++ program based on this algorithm was run first on some artificially constructed data and the results were good. Then we tested it on data sets obtained from some already classified patents. The conclusion we reached is that this algorithm provides an alternative classification to the one used in the US Patent Classification System. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
+{"token": "DETECTION OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII TARGETING THE REPETITIVE MICROSATELLITE SEQUENCE BY PCR. Toxoplasma gondii RH strain tachyzoites were inoculated in mice intraperitoneally (1.5x10(4)) and serially propagated. Tachyzoites were cryopreserved using 10-20% glycerol and aliquoted in cryovials in liquid nitrogen. The viability of the preserved tachyzoites were further checked by passage in mice followed by PCR amplification of the highly repetitive sequence of T. gondii. The sequence analysis of the repeated sequence of T. gondii (GenBank Acc. No. KC607824) showed 99.2% homology with Strain SH and Strain PYS (GenBank Acc. no. DQ779192, DQ779189), 98.9% homology with Strain ZS1 (GenBank Acc. no. DQ779196), and 92.5% homology with Strain RH (GenBank Acc. no. DQ779191). The study showed that this repetitive microsatellite sequence could be a good target for detection of toxoplasmosis.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Palmitoylated claudin7 captured in glycolipid-enriched membrane microdomains promotes metastasis via associated transmembrane and cytosolic molecules. In epithelial cells claudin7 (cld7) is a major component of tight junctions, but is also recovered from glycolipid-enriched membrane microdomains (GEM). In tumor cells, too, cld7 exists in two stages. Only GEM-located cld7, which is palmitoylated, promotes metastasis. Searching for the underlying mechanism(s) revealed the following.Taken together, prerequisites for cld7 acting as a cancer-initiating cell marker are GEM location and palmitoylation, which support a multitude of associations and integration into exosomes. The latter suggests palmitoylated cld7 contributing to message transfer via exosomes.The metastatic capacity of the rat pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line ASML is lost by a knockdown (kd) of cld7 and is not regained by rescuing cld7 with a mutated palmitoylation site (cl1d7(mPalm)). ASML-cld7(kd) and ASML-cl1d7(mPalm) cells show reduced motility and invasiveness. This is due to cld7, but not cld7(mPalm) associating with alpha 6 beta 4, ezrin, uPAR and MMP14, which jointly support motility and invasion. Palmitoylated cld7 also is engaged in drug resistance by repressing Pten, allowing activation of the antiapoptotic PI3K/Akt pathway. An association of cld7(mPalm) with the major Pten phosphorylating kinases does not restore apoptosis resistance as phosphorylated Pten is not guided towards GEM to compete with non-phosphorylated Pten. The pathway whereby palmitoylated cld7 supports expression of several EMT genes and nuclear translocation of EMT transcription factors remains to be unraveled. An association with Notch, reduced in ASML-cld7(mPalm) cells, might be the starting point. Finally, GEM located, palmitoylated cld7 associates with several components of vesicle transport machineries engaged in exosome biogenesis.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 42]}
+{"token": "Understanding the Effect of Process Variations on the Delay of Static and Domino Logic. In this paper, the effect of process variations on delay is analyzed in depth for both static and dynamic CMOS logic styles. Analysis allows for gaining an insight into the delay dependence on fan-in, fan-out, and sizing in sub-100-nm technologies. Simple but reasonably accurate models are derived to capture the basic dependences. The effect of process variations in transistor stacks is analytically modeled and analyzed in detail. The impact of both interdie and intradie variations is evaluated and discussed. Interestingly, the input capacitance of static and dynamic logic is shown to be rather insensitive to variations. The delay variability was also shown to be a weak function of the input rise/fall time and load. Analysis shows that domino logic circuits suffer from a doubled variability as compared to the static CMOS logic style. The positive feedback associated with the keeper transistor is shown to be responsible for the variability increase, which, in turn, limits the speed performance. This adds to the well-known speed degradation due to the current contention associated with the keeper transistor. Monte Carlo simulations on a 90-nm technology, including layout parasitics, are performed to validate the results.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
+{"token": "Tasks of research in forensic medicine - different study types in clinical research and forensic medicine. In the last years the research output of forensic medicine has sometimes been regarded as insufficient and as of poor quality, especially when parameters as impact factors and external funding were taken into account. However, forensic medicine has different tasks compared to clinical medicine. The main difference between basic subjects, clinical and forensic medicine is not a lack of scientific efficiency in forensic medicine but is a result of the questions asked, the available methods and specific aims. In contrast to natural-scientific research, forensic science has furthermore important intersections with arts and socio-scientific disciplines.Etiologic and pathogenetic research is of only limited relevance in forensic medicine. Thus, forensic medicine is excluded from these research fields, which are mainly supported by external funding. In forensic medicine research mainly means applied research regarding findings, the probative value and reconstruction as well as examination at different points of intersection between medicine and law.Clinical types of research such as controlled randomised, prospective cross-sectional, cohort or case-control studies can only rarely be applied in forensic medicine due to the area specific research fields (e.g. thantatology, violent death, vitality, traffic medicine, analytical toxicology, hemogenetics and stain analysis). The types of studies which are successfully established in forensic medicine are comparison of methods, sensitivity studies, validation of methods, kinetic examinations etc. Tasks of research in forensic medicine and study types, which may be applied will be addressed. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Narrow but robust advantages in two-big-leaf light use efficiency models over big-leaf light use efficiency models at ecosystem level. This study aims to (1) investigate whether two-big-leaf light use efficiency (LUE) models (TL) outperform big-leaf LUE models (BL) by incorporating different gross primary productivity (GPP) responses in sunlit and shaded leaves; (2) explore the robustness of using the leaf area index (LAI), clumping index (omega) and spherical leaf angle distribution to partition canopies into sunlit and shaded leaves across canopy architectures; (3) identify optimal light response forms in LUE models. To exclude influences of drivers of GPP other than radiation, we collected various formulations of GPP response functions to temperature, vapor pressure deficit, CO2, soil water supply, light intensity and cloudiness index to construct 5600 BLs and 1120 TLs. These models were evaluated at 196 globally-distributed eddy covariance sites from the FLUXNET observational network using the Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency (NSE), root mean squared error and Bayesian information criterion. Across all sites, the best big-leaf model (BL*; NSE=0.82) was statistically equal to the best TL (TL*; NSE=0.84). However, daily dynamics in GPP under hot and dry conditions were best described using TL* in 17% of sites, highlighting the local importance in separating sunlit and shaded leaves. Across approaches to represent effective LAI, the best approach relies on using normalized difference vegetation index with a spherical or flexible leaf angle distri-bution across sites rather than satellite LAI and omega. We also observed similar performance between non -rectangular hyperbola and reciprocal light response functions across TLs. Models degrade when the maximum LUE is not differentiated between sunlit and shaded leaves, but not when light saturation levels are the same. Despite functional differences, the best five TLs agree in a larger contribution of shaded leaf area to total GPP, resulting from higher LAI and LUE. Overall, these results suggest marginal but robust selection of TL compared to BL.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 7, 39]}
+{"token": "Reactive oxygen species on transition metal-based catalysts for sustainable environmental applications. Tailoring reactive oxygen species (ROS) in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in a controlled manner is essential in chemical synthesis and environmental applications. In this paper, we begin with an overview of four ROS, and summarize methods and various precursors (e.g., O-2, H2O2, and persulfate) to generate particular ROS. We then examine the use of the ROS in the degradation of pollutants and in the synthesis of value-added chemicals. We highlight the use and mechanism response of transition metal catalysts, generally developed with defect engineering, in advancing AOPs. We conclude with an outlook of current challenges and future perspectives of applying ROS in AOPs. We anticipate this review to inspire researchers to develop green, safe, and efficient ROS systems for sustainable environmental applications.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Dislocation climb models from atomistic scheme to dislocation dynamics. We develop a mesoscopic dislocation dynamics model for vacancy-assisted dislocation climb by upscalings from a stochastic model on the atomistic scale. Our models incorporate microscopic mechanisms of (i) bulk diffusion of vacancies, (ii) vacancy exchange dynamics between bulk and dislocation core, (iii) vacancy pipe diffusion along the dislocation core, and (iv) vacancy attachment-detachment kinetics at jogs leading to the motion of jogs. Our mesoscopic model consists of the vacancy bulk diffusion equation and a dislocation climb velocity formula. The effects of these microscopic mechanisms are incorporated by a Robin boundary condition near the dislocations for the bulk diffusion equation and a new contribution in the dislocation climb velocity due to vacancy pipe diffusion driven by the stress variation along the dislocation. Our climb formulation is able to quantitatively describe the translation of prismatic loops at low temperatures when the bulk diffusion is negligible. Using this new formulation, we derive analytical formulas for the climb velocity of a straight edge dislocation and a prismatic circular loop. Our dislocation climb formulation can be implemented in dislocation dynamics simulations to incorporate all the above four microscopic mechanisms of dislocation climb.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Effect of anti-auxins on maturation of embryogenic tissue cultures of Nordmanns fir (Abies nordmanniana). The present study was conducted to improve the transition from proliferation to maturation in embryogenic cultures of Nordmanns fir. For that reason, chemicals reported to affect endogenous levels or activity of auxin were included in the growth media during maturation. The auxin antagonist PCIB reduced proliferation and promoted the development of numerous high-quality mature embryos in the tested cell lines. PCIB could not substitute for exogenously supplied ABA and the positive effect was only found when PCIB and ABA were used in combination. The effect of PCIB was dependent on the concentration and the application period. The auxin transport inhibitor TIBA also reduced proliferation, but had no positive effect on maturation. The auxin synergist phloroglucinol had the opposite effect of PCIB; proliferation was increased and no maturation was initiated. A lowered concentration of boron had no effect on proliferation but had some positive effect on maturation. The optimum protocol for PCIB application was strongly genotype dependent, and a general scheme that covered the tested cell lines could not be found. Overexposure to PCIB during maturation caused abnormal development of the mature embryos, which was revealed by a reduced number of cotyledons. These results suggest that endogenously produced auxin may be one reason for low or failing maturation of embryogenic cultures of Nordmanns fir, but also imply that auxin may play a critical role for proper development of cotyledons during the later stages of embryo maturation.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Muscle cachexia is regulated by a p53-PW1/Peg3-dependent pathway. Muscle wasting (cachexia) is an incurable complication associated with chronic infection and cancers that leads to an overall poor prognosis for recovery. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) is a key inflammatory cytokine associated with cachexia. TNF alpha inhibits myogenic differentiation and skeletal muscle regeneration through downstream effectors of the p53 cell death pathway including PW1/Peg3, bax, and caspases. We report that p53 is required for the TNF alpha-mediated inhibition of myogenesis in vitro and contributes to muscle wasting in response to tumor load in vivo. We further demonstrate that PW1 and p53 participate in a positive feedback regulatory loop in vitro. Consistent with this observation, we find that the number of PW1-expressing stem cells in skeletal muscle declines significantly in p53 nullizygous mice. Furthermore, gene transfer of a dominant-negative form of PW1 into muscle tissue in vivo blocks myofiber atrophy in response to tumor load. Taken together, these results show a novel role for p53 in mediating muscle stem cell behavior and muscle atrophy, and point to new targets for the therapeutic treatment of muscle wasting.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of a carrier control valve for a direct nozzle injection system. Environmental friendly pesticide application technologies, utilising direct injection systems and simple patch spraying, have become more important in recent years. During site-specific application, sprays are turned off over areas to be excluded and on over areas to be treated. Thus, to obtain spatially accurate applications, the spray patterns from nozzles have to be rapidly established. An electro-pneumatic carrier valve, in combination with a direct nozzle injection system, has been tested to determine its suitability for site-specific application. Also, the effect of interrupting the flow of carrier fluid on the injection process has been assessed. A high-speed camera was used to study the valve response time and the development of the spray pattern. The increase in concentration of pesticide in the direct nozzle injection system was simulated by a NaCl solution, which was measured using a conductivity sensor. The reaction time of the electro-pneumatic valve was less than 32 ms operating at 400 kPa air pressure. The response time of the valve was less than 23 Ins for a standard nozzle body and less than 31 ms for a direct injection nozzle body with integral mixing chamber. The influence of interrupting the flow of carrier fluid on concentration was insignificant compared to the effect of injection on continuous carrier flow. in the direct injection nozzle body, the development time for the spray pattern was less than the transport and mixing time. Therefore, the feasibility of carrier switching in the direct nozzle injection process was demonstrated. (C) 2009 IAgrE. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "SSRI online: five-year experience on a bachelor degree offered in e-learning at the University of Milan (Italy). This paper is aimed at presenting a review of the 'SSRI online' e-learning experience. Started in the academic year 2004/2005, the online bachelor degree in Computer Systems and Network Security is still the first online degree offered by the University of Milan and the unique degree centred on ICT Security available in Italy. At the moment, we are delivering the seventh edition of the degree and, after six years of experience with an audience of more than 300 students, we want to evaluate the project results, focusing our attention on the students experience: which results they have achieved, how much the degree has met their expectations, which placement opportunities they have achieved after the degree. In the following sections, first we briefly resume the main aspects of the SSRI online project, and then we show our evaluation results.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Co-expression analysis as tool for the discovery of transport proteins in photorespiration. Shedding light on yet uncharacterised components of photorespiration, such as transport processes required for the function of this pathway, is a prerequisite for manipulating photorespiratory fluxes and hence for decreasing photorespiratory energy loss. The ability of forward genetic screens to identify missing links is apparently limited, as indicated by the fact that little progress has been made with this approach during the past decade. The availability of large amounts of gene expression data and the growing power of bioinformatics, paired with availability of computational resources, opens new avenues to discover proteins involved in transport of photorespiratory intermediates. Co-expression analysis is a tool that compares gene expression data under hundreds of different conditions, trying to find groups of genes that show similar expression patterns across many different conditions. Genes encoding proteins that are involved in the same process are expected to be simultaneously expressed in time and space. Thus, co-expression data can aid in the discovery of novel players in a pathway, such as the transport proteins required for facilitating the transfer of intermediates between compartments during photorespiration. We here review the principles of co-expression analysis and show how this tool can be used for identification of candidate genes encoding photorespiratory transporters.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Geographic Distribution and Demography of Pithecia aequatorialis (Pitheciidae) in Peruvian Amazonia. To study the geographic distribution and demographic characteristics of Pithecia aequatorialis in Peruvian Amazonia, we undertook surveys and transect census in three river basins (Rio Itaya, Rio Tigre and Rio Curaray) between 2004 and 2008. A total of 123 groups of P. aequatorialis was encountered during 1623 km of transect walks. Group size was uniform among the three areas (3.4-3.6 individuals), but surprisingly, population densities were higher in the area with strong hunting pressure (Rio Itaya: 7.8 ind./km(2), vs. 5.6 and 5.9 km(2) in the Rio Tigre and Rio Curaray basins, respectively). The most common group composition included an adult pair with one offspring. Groups with more than one adult male and/or female accounted for 35% of sightings. Our observations extend P. aequatorialis range in Peru further south to the area between the Rio Tigre and Rio Corrientes, but exclude the area to the north between the Rio Curaray and Rio Napo. These findings are in contrast to previous distribution maps. P. aequatorialis was rarely seen in interspecific association during our censuses. Am. J. Primatol. 71:964-968, 2009. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Local Renyi entropic profiles of DNA sequences. Results: The new methodology enables two results. On the one hand it shows that the entropic profiles are directly related with the statistical significance of motifs, allowing the study of under and over-representation of segments. On the other hand, by spanning the parameters of the kernel function it is possible to extract important information about the scale of each conserved DNA region. The computational applications, developed in Matlab m-code, the corresponding binary executables and additional material and examples are made publicly available at http://kdbio.inescid.pt/similar to svinga/ep/.Conclusion: The ability to detect local conservation from a scale-independent representation of symbolic sequences is particularly relevant for biological applications where conserved motifs occur in multiple, overlapping scales, with significant future applications in the recognition of foreign genomic material and inference of motif structures.Background: In a recent report the authors presented a new measure of continuous entropy for DNA sequences, which allows the estimation of their randomness level. The definition therein explored was based on the Renyi entropy of probability density estimation (pdf) using the Parzen's window method and applied to Chaos Game Representation/Universal Sequence Maps (CGR/USM). Subsequent work proposed a fractal pdf kernel as a more exact solution for the iterated map representation. This report extends the concepts of continuous entropy by defining DNA sequence entropic profiles using the new pdf estimations to refine the density estimation of motifs.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42]}
+{"token": "High-order ADER-WENO ALE schemes on unstructured triangular meshes-application of several node solvers to hydrodynamics and magnetohydrodynamics. In this paper, we present a class of high-order accurate cell-centered arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) one-step ADER weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) finite volume schemes for the solution of nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws on two-dimensional unstructured triangular meshes. High order of accuracy in space is achieved by a WENO reconstruction algorithm, while a local space-time Galerkin predictor allows the schemes to be high order accurate also in time by using an element-local weak formulation of the governing PDE on moving meshes. The mesh motion can be computed by choosing among three different node solvers, which are for the first time compared with each other in this article: the node velocity may be obtained either (i) as an arithmetic average among the states surrounding the node, as suggested by Cheng and Shu, or (ii) as a solution of multiple one-dimensional half-Riemann problems around a vertex, as suggested by Maire, or (iii) by solving approximately a multidimensional Riemann problem around each vertex of the mesh using the genuinely multidimensional Harten-Lax-van Leer Riemann solver recently proposed by Balsara et al. Once the vertex velocity and thus the new node location have been determined by the node solver, the local mesh motion is then constructed by straight edges connecting the vertex positions at the old time level t(n) with the new ones at the next time level t(n + 1). If necessary, a rezoning step can be introduced here to overcome mesh tangling or highly deformed elements. The final ALE finite volume scheme is based directly on a space-time conservation formulation of the governing PDE system, which therefore makes an additional remapping stage unnecessary, as the ALE fluxes already properly take into account the rezoned geometry. In this sense, our scheme falls into the category of direct ALE methods. Furthermore, the geometric conservation law is satisfied by the scheme by construction.We apply the high-order algorithm presented in this paper to the Euler equations of compressible gas dynamics as well as to the ideal classical and relativistic magnetohydrodynamic equations. We show numerical convergence results up to fifth order of accuracy in space and time together with some classical numerical test problems for each hyperbolic system under consideration. Copyright (c) 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 40, 41, 12]}
+{"token": "GRAPHIC HUMOUR IN THE SEPHARDIC PRESS: THE COVERS OF EL JUGUETON OF CONSTANTINOPLE. GRAPHIC HUMOUR IN THE SEPHARDIC PRESS: THE COVERS OF El, jUGUETON OF CONSTANTINOPLE. This article focuses on the critical edition, description and analysis of 53 covers of the humorous newspaper El Jugueton of Constantinople. They are characterized by the rare use of graphic humour in contemporary Sephardic press. Both images (photographs, cartoons, etc.) and surrounding texts contain invaluable information about the daily life of Sephardic communities in Turkey during the interwar period. In addition, they chronicle the process of westernization, modernization and secularization of the Sephardic Jews of Turkey and the Balkans.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Universal Principles of Human Communication: Preliminary Evidence From a Cross-cultural Communication Game. The present study points to several potentially universal principles of human communication. Pairs of participants, sampled from culturally and linguistically distinct societies (Western and Japanese, N=108: 16 Western-Western, 15 Japanese-Japanese and 23 Western-Japanese dyads), played a dyadic communication game in which they tried to communicate a range of experimenter-specified items to a partner by drawing, but without speaking or using letters or numbers. This paradigm forced participants to create a novel communication system. A range of similar communication behaviors were observed among the within-culture groups (Western-Western and Japanese-Japanese) and the across-culture group (Western-Japanese): They (a) used iconic signs to bootstrap successful communication, (b) addressed breakdowns in communication using other-initiated repairs, (c) simplified their communication behavior over repeated social interactions, and (d) aligned their communication behavior over repeated social interactions. While the across-culture Western-Japanese dyads found the task more challenging, and cultural differences in communication behavior were observed, the same basic findings applied across all groups. Our findings, which rely on two distinct cultural and linguistic groups, offer preliminary evidence for several universal principles of human communication.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "On the origin of the Trojan asteroids: Effects of Jupiter's mass accretion and radial migration. We present analytic and numerical results which illustrate the effects of Jupiter's accretion of nebular gas and the planet's radial migration on its Trojan companions. Initially, we approximate the system by the planar circular restricted three-body problem and assume small Trojan libration amplitudes. Employing an adiabatic invariant calculation, Re show that Jupiter's 30-fold growth from a 10M(circle plus) core to its present mass causes the libration amplitudes of Trojan asteroids to shrink by a factor of about 2.5 to similar to 40% of their original size. The calculation also shows that Jupiter's radial migration has comparatively little effect on the Trojans; inward migration from 6.2 to 5.2 AU causes an increase in Trojan Libration amplitudes of similar to4%. In each case, the area enclosed by small tadpole orbits, if made dimensionless by using Jupiter's semimajor axis, is approximately conserved, Similar adiabatic invariant calculations for inclined and eccentric Trojans show that Jupiter's mass growth leaves the asteroids' eccentricities and inclinations essentially unchanged, while 1 AU of inward migration causes an increase in both of these quantities by similar to4%. Numerical integrations confirm and extend these analytic results. We demonstrate that our predictions remain valid for Trojans with small libration amplitudes even when the asteroids have low but nonzero, eccentricities and inclinations andlor Jupiter has an eccentricity similar to its present value. The integrations also show that Trojans with large libration amplitudes, including horseshoe orbits, are even more strongly affected by Jupiter's mass growth and radial migration than simple scaling from our analytic results would suggest. Further, the numerical runs demonstrate that Jupiter's predicted mass growth is sufficient to cause the capture of asteroids initially on horseshoe orbits into stable tadpole orbits. Thus, if Jupiter captured most of its Trojan companions before or while it accreted gas, as seems probable, then Jupiter's growth played a significant role in stabilizing Trojan objects by systematically driving them to lower libration amplitudes, (C) 2000 Academic Press.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Current state of the problem of water relations in plants under water deficit. The review presents current literature data on the mechanisms maintaining plant water balance or those providing for tolerance to its disturbance. We consider the processes enabling the changes in the transpiration rate under water deficit due to changes in stomatal conductivity and the changes in the rate of leaf growth, as well as the role of hydraulic and hormonal (ABA, ethylene, cytokinins) signals in their regulation. Factors involved in the improvement of water use by the regulation of stomatal movements are also regarded, e.g., transcription factors, kinases, GTP-binding proteins, aquaporins participating in CO2 transfer. Negative consequences of stomata closure induced by the disturbances in gas exchange, ROS generation, and accelerated senescence and the ways of their overcoming (with the involvement of antioxidants and cytokinins as factors of senescence delay) are discussed as well. The great attention is paid to the mechanisms maintaining plant growth and transpiration under water deficit due to the optimization of water uptake (modulation of hydraulic conductivity and relative activation of root growth). It is emphasized that the role of ABA in adaptation to water deficit is not limited only to stomatal closure but also concerns the regulation of root growth and assimilate inflow to reproductive organs. Dual significance of this hormone in the growth regulation is considered: direct inhibitory and mediated stimulatory action (via normalization of water relations). The contradictory data about changes in aquaporin capacity for water transfer and their role in the changes of hydraulic conductivity under water deficit are discussed. Apparently, this contradiction may be related to specific features of water transport in various plant species (relative contribution of apoplastic and symplastic pathways) and also to the effects of such factors as an increase in the hydraulic resistance of the apoplast due to the depositions of lignin and suberin, vessel cavitation, and changes in their anatomy on hydraulic conductivity under water deficit.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Shifting up a gear with iDNA: From mammal detection events to standardised surveys. Invertebrate-derived DNA (iDNA), in combination with high throughput sequencing, has been proposed as a cost-efficient and powerful tool to survey vertebrate species. Previous studies, however, have only provided evidence that vertebrates can be detected using iDNA, but have not taken the next step of placing these detection events within a statistical framework that allows for robust biodiversity assessments. Here, we compare concurrent iDNA and camera-trap surveys. Leeches were repeatedly collected in close vicinity to 64 camera-trap stations in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. We analyse iDNA-derived mammalian detection events in a modern occupancy model that accounts for imperfect detection and compare the results with those from occupancy models parameterised with camera-trap-derived detection events. We also combine leech-iDNA and camera-trap data in a single occupancy model. We found consistent estimates of occupancy probabilities produced by our camera-trap and leech datasets. This indicates that the metabarcoding of leech-iDNA method provides reasonable estimates of occupancy and may be a suitable method for studying and monitoring mammal species in tropical rainforests. However, we also show that a more extensive collection of leeches would be needed to assess mammal biodiversity with a robustness similar to that of camera traps. As certain taxa were only detected in leeches, we see great potential in complementing camera-trap studies with the iDNA approach, as long as the collection of leeches follows a robust and standardised sampling scheme. Synthesis and applications. Here, we describe an approach to analyse detection records of mammals derived from leech samples using an occupancy framework that accounts for leech-specific factors influencing the detection probability. We further combined camera trap and leech data, which lead to increased confidence in occupancy estimates. Our approach is not restricted to the processing of leech samples, but can be used for the analysis of other invertebrate DNA and environmental DNA data. Our study is the first step to shift the application of invertebrate DNA studies from opportunistic ad-hoc collections to the systematic surveys required for long-term management of wildlife populations.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
+{"token": "Palaeolithic grandmothers? Life history theory and early Homo. The acknowledged success of early Homo has generally been thought to reflect male-dominated provisioning and associated patterns of co-operative social organization; recently, however, such conclusions have been challenged with the argument that postmenopausal females, instead, played a significant role in early human subsistence activities males, it has been proposed, had a very minor role in food acquisition in early Homo. The fossil record, however, indicates minimal old-age survivorship of either sex and heavy young adult mortality, a pattern which is also seen in larger prehistoric and ethnographic samples. Heavy young adult mortality, when combined with characteristically slow maturation, represents a paradox which humans have solved through new reproductive strategies (early weaning and alloparenting) and new life history stages (childhood and adolescence). Stone tools, when used to acquire marrow and brain tissue to feed needful youngsters, may also have been among the strategies developed in response to frequent early parental death.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Are quality-adjusted medical prices declining for chronic disease? Evidence from diabetes care in four health systems. Improvements in medical treatment have contributed to rising health spending. Yet there is relatively little evidence on whether the spending increase is \\\\'worth it\\\\' in the sense of producing better health outcomes of commensurate value-a critical question for understanding productivity in the health sector and, as that sector grows, for deriving an accurate quality-adjusted price index for an entire economy. We analyze individual-level panel data on medical spending and health outcomes for 123,548 patients with type 2 diabetes in four health systems: Japan, The Netherlands, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Using a \\\\'cost-of-living\\\\' method that measures value based on improved survival, we find a positive net value of diabetes care: the value of improved survival outweighs the added costs of care in each of the four health systems. This finding is robust to accounting for selective survival, end-of-life spending, and a range of values for a life-year or fraction of benefits attributable to medical care. Since the estimates do not include the value from improved quality of life, they are conservative. We, therefore, conclude that the increase in medical spending for management of diabetes is offset by an increase in quality.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 49]}
+{"token": "Between transcendental Genesis and factual Existence. Configuration of the Concept of Life in the work of Natorp, Husserl and Heidegger. The present study deals with the interpretation of the highly ambiguous concept of life in early twentieth century neo-Kantianism and phenomenology. Natorp's, Husserl's, and Heidegger's approaches to this topic can be read as so many attempts to overcome the restricted perspectives of vitalism and historicism by using \\\\'life\\\\' as the pivotal concept for their interpretation of the fundamental structures of consciousness (Natorp, Husserl) and of factical existence (Heidegger). The meaning of this concept, however, undergoes significant changes in the works of these three authors: Natorp still speaks of \\\\'life\\\\' without any differentiations, i.e. as a synonym for the dynamic of consciousness as such. In Husserl we can already find a duality of meanings since \\\\'life\\\\' can refer either to the pre-phenomenological \\\\'living experience\\\\' of the world or to the transcendental life of pure consciousness. In the early Heidegger's philosophy, \\\\'life itself\\\\' eventually becomes a fundamental phenomenon whose primordiality is no longer the consequence of some kind of subjectivity but rather its origin. Ultimately, life presents itself not as \\\\'something\\\\' but rather as a specific \\\\'how\\\\', i.e. as the possibility to interrupt at any moment the continuous flow of our present world-experience in order to establish its greater or smaller distance from the intensity of the past, originally lived experience.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "A diagnostic framework for food system governance arrangements: The case of South Africa. Although policymakers and scientists are increasingly embracing the food system perspective, it has been poorly reflected in institutional terms. We aim to fill this gap by addressing the question as to what forms of governance are most appropriate to govern food systems in a more holistic way. The article presents a diagnostic framework consisting of five principles: 1) system-based problem framing to deal with interlinked issues, drivers and feedback loops; 2) connectivity across boundaries to span siloed governance structures and include non-state actors; 3) adaptability to flexibly respond to inherent uncertainties and volatility; 4) inclusiveness to facilitate support and legitimacy; and 5) transformative capacity to overcome path dependencies and create adequate conditions to foster structural change. This framework is used to analyse the strengths and weaknesses of three food governance arrangements in South Africa, each of which deliberately aimed to embrace a holistic perspective. Although promising on paper, the outcomes are disappointing because of a reversion to a technical onedimensional problem framing during the implementation, the dominance of single departments, the limited attention to monitoring and flexible responses and the exclusion of those most affected by food insecurity. We conclude that the tensions between the ambitious objectives of the arrangements and the institutional constraints of implementing them can persist because of inadequate resources to facilitate transformative change. Finally, we propose an agenda to further elaborate the framework and improve its practical usefulness.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "'It just opens up their world': autism, empathy, and the therapeutic effects of equine interactions. Experiences of autism-spectrum disorder are now increasingly studied by social scientists. Human-animal relations have also become a major focus of social inquiry in recent years. Examining horse-assisted therapy for autistic spectrum disorders, this is the first paper that brings these fields together. Drawing on participant observation and interviews at a UK horse therapy Centre, this article examines how staff and the parents of riders account for the successes and limitations of equine therapy. To the respondents, horses 'open up' autistic children and make possible interactions that seemed impossible before. Horses were regarded as facilitating the emergence of apparently social behaviours, which included eye contact, pointing, and speech. Three key explanations emerged for therapeutic success: the sensorial, embodied experience of riding the horse; the specific movements and rhythms of the horse; and, the 'personality' of the horse. Equine therapy can be regarded as enabling a form of multispecies intersubjectivity, with the resonance between rider and horse seeming to make possible a new attunement between humans. Practices of equine therapy, and perceptions of its efficacy, serve in turn to attune social scientists to a version of empathy constituted through lively and sensorial interactions, as opposed to one that is restricted to particular kinds of humans.", "label": [2, 5, 56, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "Serological responses to Cryptosporidium in human populations living in areas reporting high and low incidences of symptomatic cryptosporidiosis. One approach to investigating differences in the reported incidence of disease is to measure the extent of exposure to the organism in question by testing for a specific antibody response. IgG responses to Cryptosporidium sporozoite antigens of low molecular size in adults have been shown to be consistent and of sufficient intensity to act as reliable markers of exposure. This study used a western blot procedure to investigate the relative intensity of IgG antibody responses to the 15/17-kDa Cryptosporidium sporozoite antigen complex and the 27-kDa antigen in sera from two cities in north-west England: Liverpool (low numbers of clinical cases reported) and Preston (high numbers reported). The intensity of antibody response to the 15/17-kDa antigen complex was significantly greater in the Liverpool sera, but there was no significant difference in intensity of response to the 27-kDa antigen. The relationship between diagnosed and reported cryptosporidiosis infections and infections identified by serological testing is complex, but could indicate a protective effect resulting from either exposure to non-pathogenic strains or from repeated low-level exposure to pathogenic strains.", "label": [2, 4, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "Frames of spatial reference in Kilivila. Members of the MPI for Psycholinguistics are researching the interrelationship between language, cognition and the conceptualization of space in various languages. Research results show that there are three frames of spatial reference, the absolute, the relative, and the intrinsic frame of reference. This study first presents results of this research in general and then discusses the results for Kilivila. Speakers of this Austronesian language prefer the intrinsic frame of reference for the location of objects with respect to each other in a given spatial configuration. But they prefer an absolute frame of reference system in referring to the spatial orientation of objects in a given spatial configuration. Moreover, the hypothesis is confirmed that languages seem to influence the choice and the kind of conceptual parameters their speakers use to solve non-verbal problems within the domain of space.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Recordkeeping and disaster management in public sector institutions in Ghana. Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the disaster management procedures and measures adopted by public institutions in managing their information resources with a view to identifying possible problems and making recommendations for their resolution. Design/methodology/approach Questionnaires, interviews and observation were used to collect data from 65 respondents from 19 ministries and five respondents from the Public Records and Archives Administration Department (PRAAD) and the National Disaster Management Organization (NADMO). Descriptive statistics and content analysis were used to analyze the data collected for the study. Findings In the 19 ministries surveyed, the findings revealed high levels of unpreparedness to manage disasters concerning public records. The study also revealed the exposure of the ministries to various kinds of risks in their operations, and the lack of coordination between the heads of public sector institutions, NADMO and PRAAD. Also, inadequate budgetary allocation for the records department of the ministries and PRAAD was identified. Research limitations/implications The study concentrated on the headquarters (HQ) of the ministries because they are the administrative headquarters of public sector institutions and they make policies that are complied with by all the Regional and District branches as well as the Departments and Agencies in executing their tasks. The major limitation of the study was the inability of the researcher to cover all the ministries. Practical implications The recommendations made included cooperation among heads of the ministries, PRAAD and NADMO to develop a national information disaster management plan for the effective management of public records and information and a comprehensive program in public institutions to orientate staff on information disaster management. Social implications The study set the tone for public sector institutions and other institutions in the same area of operation to review the processes and procedures with regard to recordkeeping. Also, the study is anticipated to draw the attention of policy-makers (management of the ministries) and regulatory bodies in the field of records and disaster management (PRAAD and NADMO) to review their plans and policies to make provision for information disaster management. Originality/value The study is a research paper and critically looks at the disaster preparedness of public sector institutions in managing their records/information. It also examines whether there are any collaboration and coordination among public sector institutions in Ghana in having disaster preparedness and management plan to safeguard public records/information.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Control of Bean common mosaic virus by plant extracts in bean plants. The present study aimed to evaluate some plant extracts from Plectranthus tenuiflorus, Azadirachta indica, Clerodendrum inerme, Schinus terebinthifolius and Mirabilis jalapa as antiviral materials against Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) in bean plants. The results showed that all the tested plant extracts were effective in reducing the number of local lesions formed by BCMV. The mixing of P. tenuiflorus extracts with BCMV inoculum achieved the highest reduction in BCMV infection (92%), while the mixing of S. terebinthifolius extracts with BCMV inoculum recorded the lowest reduction in BCMV infection (68%). Seed treatment with 1% (w/v) of P. tenuiflorus showed the highest reduction in disease incidence (93% and 85%) under greenhouse and field conditions, respectively. Spray treatments of P. tenuiflorus and M. jalapa reduced disease incidence to 12% and 17% under greenhouse conditions, whereas under field conditions they reduced disease incidence to 17% and 23%, respectively. Protein analysis revealed different effects of the tested treatments on bean plants indicating different gene(s) expression. This study suggests the possibility of using plant extracts for controlling BCMV infection.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Argentina: Questioning Menem's way. \\\\'Since 1989, Argentina has undergone a transformation that has dramatically enhanced the country's economic and political stability. Nevertheless, the functioning of Argentina's political system continues to be troubled by several factors-factors that can be linked to the recent defeat handed to the ruling [Peronist Party] in the 1997 congressional election.\\\\'", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "Literature and the press: the writer's column in Chile. This article offers theoretical reflections on authors' presence in journalism and their opinion columns on topics related to cultural critique- during the XIX and XX centuries. The article presents an overview of the evolution of Chilean journalism during the same period and, finally, highlights some of the period's leading pieces and columnists.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "A REVIEW OF THE NEARCTIC GENUS LUCAINA DUGES, 1879 (COLEOPTERA: LYCIDAE: LYCINAE: CALOCHROMINI), WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES. A review of Lucaina Duges, 1879 with illustrations of diagnostic characters, distribution maps, and an identification key to the species is presented. Lucaina schini Duges, 1879, Lucaina discoidalis Horn, 1885, and Lucaina marginata Gorham, 1884 are redescribed, and their status as valid species is confirmed. Macrolygistopterus bajacalifornicus (Zaragoza, 2003) is transferred to Lucaina bajacalifornica (Zaragoza, 2003), new combination. Lucaina greeni Ferreira and Ivie, new species and Lucaina milleri Ferreira and Ivie, new species are described. Lectotypes and paralectotypes are designated for L. marginata Gorham, 1884, L. schini Duges, 1879, and L. discoidalis Horn, 1885.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "3-DIMENSIONAL VECTOR FLOW ESTIMATION USING 2 TRANSDUCERS AND SPECTRAL WIDTH. Current ultrasonic blood flow measurement systems estimate only that component of flow which is parallel to the incident ultrasound beam. This is done by relating the mean backscattered frequency shift to the axial velocity component through the classical Doppler equation. A number of ultrasonic techniques for estimating the two-dimensional (2-D) blood velocity vector have been published, both Doppler and non-Doppler. Several three-dimensional (3-D) blood velocity vector techniques have also been proposed, all of which require a multiplicity of transducers or lines of sight. Here a technique is described for estimating the total velocity vector, using only two transducers. This is achieved by measuring not only the frequency shifts but also the bandwidths of the back-scattered spectra, making use of the fact that the bandwidth of a Doppler spectrum has been shown to be proportional to the velocity component normal to the sound beam. Partial experimental verification of the proposed vector flow estimation scheme is demonstrated by using a constant velocity thread phantom.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35]}
+{"token": "Assessing the use of saltmarsh flats by fish in a temperate Australian embayment. Little is known about the importance of saltmarshes to juvenile and adult fishes in temperate Australia. We assessed diel and feeding patterns of fish inhabiting saltmarsh in a sheltered embayment along the coast of Victoria, Australia, between October 2002 and May 2003. The saltmarsh flat was generally only inundated during low-pressure weather systems (barometric pressure < 1,013 hP). Fish were sampled over the saltmarsh flats using fyke and seine nets. A total of 2,047 individuals (10 species, including juveniles and adults) were caught. Atherinasoma microstoma was most abundant (fyke [F], mu = 1.6 fish h(-1); seine [S], mu = 28.2 fish shot(-1)), followed by Favonigobius lateralis (F: 0.5; S: 0.6), Galaxias maculatus (F: 0.1), Heteroclinus adelaide (F: < 0.1), Kestratherina esox (F: < 0.1; S: 1.6), Lxptatherina presbyteroides (F: < 0.1; S: 7.1) and Tetractenos glaber (F: 1). Commercial species, including Aldrichetta forsteri (F: < 0.1; S: 3.2), Sillaginodes punctata (F: < 0.1; S: 0.9), and Rhombosolea tapirina (F: 0.4), were commonly sampled. Variability in species richness or fish abundance was not explained by water temperature, salinity, depth, or barometric pressure. Significantly more species were sampled with the seine during nocturnal periods (p = 0.002); fish abundance did not vary between diel periods, nor did fish abundance and species richness in fyke net samples. Diets of the most abundant species (A. microstoma, A. forsteri, and E lateralis) were primarily composed of gammaridean amphipods and hemipteran insects. There was no correlation between fish diets and the composition of benthic invertebrates as sampled at 3 different regions of the saltmarsh flat. The saltmarsh flats in our study region are inhabited by several species normally associated with alternative habitat types such as seagrass, and the patterns of habitat use observed appear to be partially attributed to foraging behavior.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
+{"token": "Determination of receptor binding properties of Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxins to cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa zea) and pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) midgut brush border membrane vesicles. Pesticidal activity and receptor binding properties of Bacillus thuringiensis toxins to cotton pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) and cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa zea) were investigated. P. gossypiella was susceptible to Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, and Cry2Aa toxins. To H. zea, Cry1Ac and Cry1Ab were more potent than Cry1Aa and Cry2Aa. Cry1Ba, Cry1Ca, Cry1Da, Cry1Ea, Cry1Fa, Cry1Ga, Cry1Ha, and Cry2Ba were not potent against both pests. Binding assays were performed with I-125-Iabeled toxins (Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, and Cry2Aa) and brush border membrane vesicles (BBMVs) prepared from H. ten and P. gossypiella midguts. Both Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac toxins showed saturable, high-affinity binding to P. gossypiella and H. zea BBMVs. Cry2Aa and Cry1Aa toxins bound to BBMVs with relatively low binding affinity but with high binding site concentration. Heterologous competition binding assays were performed to investigate the binding site cross reactivity. The results showed that Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, and Cry1Ac recognize the same binding site, which is different from Cry2Aa. Ligand blot assay showed that Cry1Ac toxin binds to a 120-kDa BBMV protein in P. gossypiella and Cry1Ab binds to a major 210-kDa protein, (C) 2000 Academic Press.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 44, 42]}
+{"token": "Viscosity of a liquid crystalline polymer solution with a polydomain or a band texture. The viscosity of a main-chain liquid crystalline polymer (anisotropic aqueous solution of hydroxypropylcellulose) is measured in the case where the liquid crystalline polymer presents a band texture and is compared to the case of a polydomain texture.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Diversity and dissimilarity in lines and hierarchies. Within the multi-attribute framework of Nehring and Puppe [Econometrica, 70 (2002) 1155], hierarchies and lines represent the simplest and most fundamental models of diversity. In both cases, the diversity of any set can be recursively determined from the pairwise dissimilarities between its elements. The present paper characterizes the restrictions on the dissimilarity metric entailed by the two models. In the hierarchical case, this generalizes a classical result on the representation of ultrametric distance functions. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 49, 41, 52]}
+{"token": "CURRENCY AND THE COLLECTIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF AUTHORITY, NATIONALITY, AND VALUE. Mainstream economics has consistently ignored the iconography of currency, describing money 'just' as a commodity. The paper is going to investigate the economic and political significance of the representations of authority and nationality in currency describing how these representation support its acceptability. The aim of the analysis is double: to decipher the visual identity of currency and its contribution to the acceptance of money in day-to-day transactions, as well as to discuss the operational principles of the monetary system as they are uncovered in the iconography of money. By answering these questions, the paper is going to trace the theoretical presuppositions and the cultural stereotypes that inform the representation of economic value and national identity as they are articulated in banknotes and coins with a specific emphasis on the European Monetary Union and the recent financial crisis that is still affecting its periphery.", "label": [3, 5, 49, 30, 57]}
+{"token": "Newly formed cystic lesions for the development of pneumomediastinum in Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. Conclusion: Clinicians should be aware that cystic lesions and bronchiectasis can develop in spite of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole treatment for P. jirovecii pneumonia. The newly formed bronchiectasis and cyst formation that were noted in follow up high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) but were not visible on HRCT at admission could be risk factors for the development of pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum with subcutaneous emphysema in HIV-patients.Case presentations: We encountered two cases of spontaneous pneumomediastinum with subcutaneous emphysema in HIV-infected patients being treated for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.Background: Pneumocystis jirovecii, formerly named Pneumocystis carinii, is one of the most common opportunistic infections in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "CONTROL CHARTS IN THE PRESENCE OF DATA CORRELATION. Traditional statistical process control charts assume that observations are independent and normally distributed about some mean. We investigate the robustness of traditional charts to data correlation when the correlation can be described by an ARMA (1,1) model. We compare the performance of the Shewhart chart and the Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) chart to the performance of the Special-Cause Control (SCC) chart and the Common-Cause Control (CCC) chart proposed by Alwan and Roberts (1988), which are designed to account for data correlation. We also explore the possibility of putting limits on the CCC chart, in order to predict quality abnormalities. The measure of performance used is the average run length (ARL). The results show that the ability of the EWMA chart to detect shifts in the process mean is quite robust to data correlation. while the corresponding individuals Shewhart chart rarely detects such shifts more quickly than the other charts. The SCC and CCC charts are shown to be preferred in most cases when a shift in the process mean exceeds 2 standard deviations. The experimental results can aid practitioners in deciding which chart would be most effective at detecting specified shifts in the process mean given the nature of their particular correlated environments. Two methodologies are utilized to explain the relative performance of the SPC charts compared: the dynamic step response function, and response surface methodology. Such methods not only facilitate a discussion of our results. but also make it possible to predict the relative performance of the charts when the process can be described by a model which is more complex than the ARMA (1,1) model.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
+{"token": "Visual evidence? Rethinking anthropological photography in republican China (1912-1949). Focusing on ethnographic photography representing ethnic minorities on China's southwest frontier during the Republican era (1912-1949), this paper reconsiders the role of photography as a source of evidence. The cross-cultural case in China extends studies of anthropology and photography beyond a European context and complicates our understanding of 'photographic evidence' by probing how such evidence was collected, produced, circulated and perceived in Han Chinese society. While photography played a significant role as an evidential force for anthropological and ethnographic endeavors, photography as 'evidence' was negotiated within the Chinese social, political, and cultural context of ethnicity. In spite of anthropological photography's western origins, it is impossible to fully understand work representing the non-Han subject in Republican China without analyzing its relationship with the visual tradition of the Miao album, a late imperial Chinese genre of ethnographic illustration. Through a critical reading of 'photographic evidence' pertaining to non-Han women's work, marriage and dance, this paper reveals the paradox of anthropological photography as visual evidence and highlights the social constitution of such work.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 31]}
+{"token": "Synchronization of master-slave memristive neural networks via fuzzy output-based adaptive strategy. This paper considers the synchronization problem of memristive neural networks (MNNs) via a fuzzy outputbased adaptive strategy, where the fuzzy model of MNNs with state-dependent memristor is employed. Several adaptive rules for the controller gain of the slave NNs and its connection weights are designed, which provide a new way to realize the state synchronization between master and slaver memristive NNs. Under these adaptive update rules, several synchronization results and their performance analysis are given, which verified by a simulation example. (C) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35, 41]}
+{"token": "Mobility, balance and frailty in community-dwelling older adults: at is the best 1-year predictor of falls?. Aim: The present study aimed, first, to compare the ability to predict falls over 12 months for three measures mobility, balance and frailty. Second, among the three domains of frailty physical, psychological and social we investigated what is the strongest predictor of falls.Results: History of falls and chronic conditions were the indicators more strongly related with falls over 12 months. The resulted as a stronger predictor of falls when compared with the TUG and OLS tests. The explained variance of the three models was 31.2%, 22.4% and 22.2%, respectively. The TFI was significantly associated with falls (P < 0.001), whereas the TUG and the OLS were not (P> 0.05). Among the three frailty domains, physical (P < 0.001) and psychological (P= 0.041) domains were significant predictors of falls.Conclusions: The findings showed that the TFI might be an effective tool for predicting falls at 12 months in aged populations, probably because it is able to capture the multifactorial facets that can lead to falls.Methods: A total of 192 community-dwelling older adults (age 73.0 6.2 years; 62% women) were involved in this longitudinal study. The Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, One Leg Standing (OLS) test and the Tilburg Frailty Indicator (TFI) were respectively used to measure mobility, balance and frailty. The TFI is a questionnaire based on a multidimensional conceptualization of frailty consisting of 15 items in three domains (physical, psychological and social). Falls were self-reported during the 12-month follow up. Logistic regression models, adjusted for interesting variables, were carried out to predict the risk of falls.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 57]}
+{"token": "Ovarian thecoma: clinicopathological analysis of 50 cases. The clinicopathological findings of 50 thecoma cases were studied to establish the most useful diagnostic criteria helpful in characterizing this ovarian stromal tumor. Patient age ranged from 21 to 77 years (median, 57.5 years). In this study, thecoma. appears to be associated with endometrial diseases (15 patients) as an incidental finding in a gynecologic routine examination (14 patients) and in a cesarean delivery (1 patient). Arteries, veins, lymphatics, and mast cells are normally present in the ovarian medulla and are absent in the cortical area. The 50 thecomas studied showed proliferation of stromal cells and presence of arteries, lymphatics, and mast cells. Thecoma tumoral growth appeared to cause atrophy or compression of the cortical area. These findings are significant for diagnosis; thus, thecoma is proposed as a tumor originating in the ovarian medulla. Fibroma and thecoma seem to be different neoplasms and should be considered distinct, separate entities because they have different origin, morphology, and potential functionality. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Effect of capsule addition and healing temperature on the self-healing potential of asphalt mixtures. This paper presents the self-healing results of asphalt mixtures by the action of capsules containing sunflower oil as encapsulated rejuvenator. Three different capsule contents, 0.10, 0.25 and 0.50% by total weight of the mixture, were added to the samples. The mechanical and thermal properties of capsules have been evaluated. In addition, the effect of the capsule addition and the healing temperature on the self-healing properties of asphalt mixtures have been evaluated through three-point bending tests on the cracked asphalt beams with, and without, capsules. The test was implemented by comparing the strength recovery of the broken beams after healing to their original flexural strength. It was proven that the capsules can resist the mixing and compaction processes and break inside the asphalt mixture as a result of applying external mechanical loads, releasing the encapsulated oil. The capsules content in asphalt mixture has a significant influence on the healing level, where a higher capsule content led to obtaining higher healing levels. Likewise, asphalt with, and without, capsules presents an increase of the healing level when the temperature increases. Finally, it was proved that healing temperature has higher influence on the healing levels of the asphalt below 40 degrees C.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "THE SELECTED ISSUES OF LABOUR MARKET POLICY IN GERMANY - IMPLEMENTATION POSSIBILITIES IN POLAND. The author in the article presents the conditionings and the main changes introduced through labour market reforms implemented in Germany since the activity of the Hartz Commission. There were presented the components of all four Hartz Reforms and the directions of its continuation after 2005. The aim of the publication is to determine, which of the German solutions are possible to implement in the Polish economic and social conditionings.The research method undertaken in that paper was the analysis of secondary data both statistical as well as reports and publications connected with German labour market policy.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "On the presence of the genus Branchipus Schaeffer, 1766 (Crustacea : Anostraca) in Macedonia. The fairy shrimp genus Branchipus Schaeffer, 1766 is represented in Macedonia by two species: Branchipus schaefferi Fischer, 1834 and Branchipus intermedius Orghidan, 1947. Branchipus schaefferi appears frequently and in high abundance in the rice fields of eastern Macedonia. Branchipus intermedius is present only in several neighboring shallow rainpools, less than 20 cm in depth, scattered over a high-mountain plateau (elevation about 1950 m) on the Bistra Mountain in western Macedonia.In B. schaefferi, morphological features were consistent with existing descriptions. However, for B. intermedius, the original description of the species, hitherto known from only two localities in eastern Romania, is supplemented by additional diagnostic characteristics.", "label": [4, 45]}
+{"token": "Contribution to the Earlier Estimations of Quarterly National Accounts. Quarterly national accounts provide short-term macroeconomic information matched with those of the annual accounts. Their mission is to provide synthetic information as soon as possible after the end of the quarter. Due to the pressure, caused by Eurostat shortening deadlines on publishing this information, the task is more of creating a methodology to be used in the Czech Republic. Based on faster and more efficient approaches, it should enable to perform and present estimates of aggregates of quarterly national accounts for the last quarter (and forecasts for the current quarter) at a satisfactory level of reliability. Basic considerations on the methods of quarterly estimation should therefore depend on indirect methods, ie., on mathematical and statistical models, that enable (given there is a system of short survey estimates) to accelerate and shorten publishing. The article offers an original methodology of estimating quarterly national accounts values, based on time series analysis and presents the results on the data of national accounts of the Czech Republic.", "label": [5, 49, 54]}
+{"token": "Curtis and others v Pulbrook and others. The decision of Briggs J in Curtis and others v Pulbrook and others clears up some of the uncertainty as to when the court will treat a gift which is imperfect at law as effective in equity which arose following the Court of Appeal's decision in Pennington v Waine.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "fanplot: An R Package for Visualising Sequential Distributions. Fan charts, first developed by the Bank of England in 1996, have become a standard method for visualising forecasts with uncertainty. Using shading fan charts focus the attention towards the whole distribution away from a single central measure. This article describes the basics of plotting fan charts using an R add-on package alongside some additional methods for displaying sequential distributions. Examples are based on distributions of both estimated parameters from a time series model and future values with uncertainty.", "label": [4, 40, 41]}
+{"token": "World-class universities and the Soviet legacies of administration: Integrity dilemmas in Russian higher education. This paper explores integrity dilemmas experienced by Russian academics in the context of building a world-class university. Interviews with professors and managers of major research universities in Moscow provide critical insights into the organisational and attitudinal incongruities generated by a coercive state-a challenge that Russia has been unable to rise above following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Scepticism as to the \\\\'master model\\\\' of competitive performance is evident in relation to the Russian 5-100-2020 excellence scheme, the overseers of which prioritise \\\\'reputation management\\\\' over integrity in governance and performance. In addition to exposing the consequences of deficient institutional autonomy, which prevail in the context of a post-totalitarian society, this paper calls for enhanced critical inquiry into university excellence programmes imposed by performativist and vanity-driven governments.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Clinical relevance of memory performance during Wada is stimulus type dependent. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate whether different types of memory stimulus provide different information during the Wada or intracarotid amytal procedure (IAP) in patients with refractory medial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE).Results: The overall IAP memory performance with the left hemisphere is significantly better than with the right hemisphere regardless of lesion side. This can be explained by the left hemispheric advantage of encoding all stimuli, whereas the right hemisphere has only limited resources to encode verbal stimuli. More importantly, it appeared that dually encodable items remain more readily recognised following injection ipsilateral to the lesion, whereas verbal items are always better recognised following right hemisphere injection regardless of lesion side.Conclusions: Verbal IAP stimuli show left hemispheric sensitivity in left language dominant MTLE patients. The dually encodable items of the IAP appear lesion sensitive.Methods: Eighty nine surgical candidates with documented MTLE and selected for left hemispheric language dominance underwent memory assessment with verbal and dually encodable stimuli during a presurgical IAP.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
+{"token": "Chemical control of parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) in two contrasting cultivars of rice under direct-seeded conditions. Parthenium weed is an emerging problem in direct-seeded rice due to the suitable microclimatic conditions for its establishment in this system. This two-years field study evaluated the potential of pendimethalin (preemergence) and bispyribac-sodium plus bensulfuron-methyl (post-emergence) herbicides to control parthenium weed when applied alone or in combination in two rice cultivars, Basmati-2000 (long duration and tall stature) and Shaheen Basmati (short duration and short stature) under direct-seeded conditions. The cultivar Basmati-2000 had a lower parthenium weed density (27 and 14%) and dry biomass (27 and 25%) but had a greater plant height (8 and 13%), produced more kernels per panicle (8 and 12%) and had a greater grain yield (7 and 9%) when compared to Shaheen Basmati in 2016 and 2017, respectively. The application of pendimethalin followed by bispyribac-sodium plus bensulfuron-methyl provided the highest reductions of 90 and 88% in parthenium weed biomass as compared to the weedy treatment in 2016 and 2017, respectively. In this treatment, rice plants were taller (8 and 10%), having greater panicle lengths (17 and 16%), branches per panicle (11 and 21%), kernels per panicle (9 and 6%), 1000-kernel weight (7 and 9%) and grain yield (33 and 37%) as compared to the weedy treatment in 2016 and 2017, respectively. The highest grain yield and net benefits were recorded in the weed-free treatment. In both years, the sole application of pendimethalin or bispyribac-sodium plus bensulfuronmethyl reduced parthenium weed biomass by 66-69% and 80-82%, respectively as compared to the weedy treatment. Overall, the herbicide treatments followed this order in terms of weed control efficiency, grain yield and economic benefits: pendimethalin followed by bispyribac-sodium plus bensulfuron-methyl > bispyribacsodium plus bensulfuron-methyl > pendimethalin. In conclusion, rice cultivar Basmati-2000 was more suppressive to parthenium weed due to its tall stature. It also produced higher yields and economic returns than the cultivar Shaheen Basmati. The sequential application of pendimethalin and bispyribac-sodium plus bensulfuronmethyl provided an excellent way to control (ca. 90%) parthenium weed and enhanced the productivity and profitability of both rice cultivars under direct-seeded conditions.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Flocculation kinetics and dewatering studies of quaternized cellulose derived from oil palm empty fruit bunches. Flocculation kinetics and sludge dewatering of kaolin suspension as influenced by various q-EFBC flocculant dosing were studied. In this study, 62.5mg L-1 q-EFBC exhibited the highest turbidity removal efficiency of 99.53 +/- 0.08%. The adsorption rate of kaolin towards 12.5mg L-1 to 112.5mg L-1 q-EFBC dosing increased rapidly for t<60 s and became gradual before completion. The mass transfer coefficient was independent of dosage. The experimental data best-fitted the non-linear pseudo-first order due to the R-2>0.99 and the lowest standard deviation. The highest rate constant of particle aggregation and breakage was consistent with the highest rate constant of particle collision, which led to the highest turbidity removal at the optimal dosage. The rate-limiting steps in the flocculation process were particle collision and aggregation since their rate constant was lower than the other kinetic constants. The lower values of SRF and TTF of treated sludge as compared to the untreated one confirmed the improvement in the dewaterability characteristic. The lowest TTF (37.44 +/- 1.44 s) and SRF (1.49x1010 m kg(-1)) was observed for 62.5mg L-1 q-EFBC. The high turbidity removal and improved sludge dewaterability indicate the potential application of q-EFBC for water treatment.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
+{"token": "Subtitling of British stand-up comedy into Italian A questionnaire and eye-tracking study on the audience's perspective. As Chiaro (1992: 5) points out, '[t]he concept of what people find funny appears to be surrounded by linguistic, geographical, diachronic, socio-cultural and personal boundaries'. Nevertheless, empirical research on the perception of subtitled humour is still limited, even though scholarly interest in the rendering of humour within Audiovisual Translation Studies has increased considerably over the past decade (Veiga 2009: 3). Moreover, most of the existing literature on the audience of translated audiovisual products mainly relies on the use of survey tools such as questionnaires (see Bairstow 2011 and Di Giovanni 2012) or group discussions (see Tuominen 2011), thus recording and observing people's reactions based on their subjective opinion. Even publications presenting research projects that use more experimental methods such as eye tracking tend to focus on the translator's activity rather than on the recipients of its products (see Munoz Martin 2010 and Lachaud 2011). Furthermore, no works examining the subtitling of British stand-up comedy humour into Italian have been produced, implying that there is no literature on this topic from the audience's perceptive. In order to bridge the research gaps highlighted above, this work studies the perception and reception of a clip taken from British comedian Eddie Izzard's show Dress to Kill (1998) by a sample of 103 Italians, adopting a two-step methodology combining an online survey questionnaire and eye tracking. In the specific case of Eddie Izzard, the sense of humour originates from culture-bound and metalinguistic elements, references to sensitive subjects such as history and religion (Glick 2007), as well as surrealism (Friedman 2011: 38; Johnston 2014), which may be challenging for an Italian audience as normally these features are not found in Italian stand-up comedy and humour.", "label": [3, 5, 28, 52]}
+{"token": "MnPO4-Coated Li(Ni0.4Co0.2Mn0.4)O-2 for Lithium(-Ion) Batteries with Outstanding Cycling Stability and Enhanced Lithiation Kinetics. Herein, the successful synthesis of MnPO4-coated LiNi0.4Co0.2Mn0.4O2 (MP-NCM) as a lithium battery cathode material is reported. The MnPO4 coating acts as an ideal protective layer, physically preventing the contact between the NCM active material and the electrolyte and, thus, stabilizing the electrode/electrolyte interface and preventing detrimental side reactions. Additionally, the coating enhances the lithium de-/intercalation kinetics in terms of the apparent lithium-ion diffusion coefficient. As a result, MP-NCM-based electrodes reveal greatly enhanced C-rate capability and cycling stabilityeven under exertive conditions like extended operational potential windows, elevated temperature, and higher active material mass loadings. This superior electrochemical behavior of MP-NCM compared to as-synthesized NCM is attributed to the superior stability of the electrode/electrolyte interface and structural integrity when applying a MnPO4 coating. Employing an ionic liquid as an alternative, intrinsically safer electrolyte system allows for outstanding cycling stabilities in a lithium-metal battery configuration with a capacity retention of well above 85% after 2000 cycles. Similarly, the implementation in a lithium-ion cell including a graphite anode provides stable cycling for more than 2000 cycles and an energy and power density of, respectively, 376 Wh kg(-1) and 1841 W kg(-1) on the active material level.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Hysteretic Nonlinearity of Sub-harmonic Emission from Ultrasound Contrast Agent Microbubbles. Sub-harmonic contrast imaging promises to improve ultrasound imaging quality by taking advantage of increased contrast to tissue signal. The aim of this study is to examine the hysteretic nonlinearity of sub-harmonic component emitted from microbubbles. Two kinds of microbubble solutions, i.e. Sonovue (R) and a self-developed contrast agent, are utilized in the study. The hysteretic curves for increasing and decreasing acoustic pressure are theoretically predicted by the Marmottant model and confirmed by measurements. The results reveal that for both microbubble solutions, the development of the rising ramp undergoes three stages, i.e. occurrence, growth and saturation; while hysteresis effect appears in the descending ramp. SonoVue (R) microbubbles exhibit better sub-harmonic performance over the self-developed UCAs microbubbles due to the difference of elastic properties of the shell.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Boundary conditions with adjustable slip length for the lattice Boltzmann simulation of liquid flow. The phenomenon of liquid slip has been studied by many researchers using the lattice Boltzmann method. However, boundary conditions for the lattice Boltzmann simulation of liquid flow are far from perfect and how to specify the boundary conditions for liquid flow with slip accurately is still a challenge. In this work, we introduce four widely used slip boundary conditions in gaseous flow into the simulation of liquid flow, two half-way schemes and two modified schemes. Theoretical analysis shows that all half-way schemes are equivalent in principle, so are the modified schemes. According to the equivalence of these schemes, these slip boundary conditions are improved by expanding the range of the combination parameters from [0,1] to [0,2] to surmount the barrier of limited simulated slip length. And the relations between the combination parameters and the slip length are deduced strictly in theory. The specified combination parameter is decided by the given slip length and the relaxation time. The discrete effects of these slip boundary conditions are analyzed. If the grid is fine enough, the discrete effects can be ignorable and the local flow at the wall can be approximated as flow with linear velocity gradient. The accuracy and reliability of our method have been verified by the simulations of the Couette flow, the Poiseuille flow and the unsteady Womersley flow. The cylindrical Couette flow is also implemented to explore the possibility of simulating liquid flows with curved boundary. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 40, 12]}
+{"token": "UNIPARENTAL INHERITANCE OF MICROSATELLITE ALLELES OF THE CYSTIC-FIBROSIS GENE (CFTR) - IDENTIFICATION OF A 50-KILOBASE DELETION. More than 250 mutations have been detected in the cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene, most of which are single point mutations or small deletions or insertions of a few nucleotides. Here we report the first large deletion identified in the CFTR gene, which involves 50 kb in two stretches of DNA: one of 10 kb from exon 4 to exon 7, and another of 40 kb, spanning exons 11 to 18. The deletion has been detected via uniparental inheritance of CFTR microsatellite alleles (IVS17BTA and IVS17BCA) in 3 independent CF families. Clinical status of the 3 CF patients, of which two have the DELTAF508 mutation as the other CF allele, suggests that this mutation is responsible for a severe clinical phenotype, indistinguishable from homozygous DELTAF508 patients. The deletion detected here suggests that other large, but less complex molecular defects could also exist in the CFTR gene.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "Epidemiological and molecular analysis of a waterborne outbreak of norovirus GII.4. Contaminated water is one of the main sources of norovirus (NoV) gastroenteritis outbreaks globally. Waterborne NoV outbreaks are infrequently attributed to GII.4 NoV. In September 2009, a NoV outbreak affected a small school in Guangdong Province, China. Epidemiological investigations indicated that household use water, supplied by a well, was the probable source (relative risk 1.9). NoV nucleic acid material in concentrated well-water samples was detected using real-time RT-PCR. Nucleotide sequences of NoV extracted from diarrhoea and well-water specimens were identical and had the greatest sequence identity to corresponding sequences from the epidemic strain GII.4-2006b. Our report documents the first laboratory-confirmed waterborne outbreak caused by GII.4 NoV genotype in China. Our investigations indicate that well water, intended exclusively for household use but not for consumption, caused this outbreak. The results of this report serve as a reminder that private well water intended for household use should be tested for NoV.", "label": [2, 25, 24]}
+{"token": "Microstructure-mechanical property relationship to copper alloys with shape memory during thermomechanical treatments. The phase transformations during fabrication and aging after cold deformation in three polychrystalline copper alloys of the Cu-Al-Ni system with shape memory effect (SME) were characterized. Some phase transformations were identified with clear repercussion in their mechanical properties during thermomechanical treatments. Around 430 degrees C, mutual effects of beta-phase recrystallization and precipitation of gamma(2) and NiAl phases were observed. Close to 600 degrees C the dissolution of phase alpha was observed, beginning transformation into 6 phase process. Brittle phases such as gamma(2) and NiAl began to precipitate during a short exposure time at 380 degrees C, 585 degrees C, 600 degrees C, and 700 degrees C temperatures. The phase transformations were intensified due to the plastic deformation that acted as a driving force for the diffusion processes. The introduction of chemical elements inhibited the grain growth and increased the structural disorder generating an elevation in the hardness property.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Towards a Comparative History of Communism: The British and German Communist Parties to 1933. The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 inspired the formation of communist parties across the world. These, in turn, affiliated to the Communist International founded by the Bolsheviks in 1919, through which the national parties adopted a uniform organization, policy and theory. This article seeks to survey the development of the German and British communist parties between 1918 and 1933, examining the extent to which their experiences can be compared and contrasted within the increasingly uniform paradigm established by the Communist International under pressure from Stalin's Soviet Union. By so doing, it rejects traditional monocausal arguments based exclusively on the machinations of Soviet power politics, suggesting instead that to understand the history of communism both nationally and internationally, it is necessary to consider a complex interaction of indigenous and external factors.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "The Taqlid al-Ijtihad Paradox: Challenges to Qur'anic Hermeneutics. ljtihad has been extremely important throughout Islamic history and seen as such by many Muslim scholars, both Sunni and Shi'i, in early, medieval, and contemporary Islam. However, the phenomenon of ijtihad, in both traditional and contemporary Islam, is restricted to a set of rules that were outlined by earlier mujtahids. This poses a challenge in Qur'anic hermeneutics as to whether contemporary mujtahids are performing ijtihad or merely imitating (taqlid) the method of ijtihad. The purpose of this study is to investigate the following question: is ijtihad in the Qur'anic Sciences today merely an imitation (taqlid) of ijtihad? The paper opens with defining imitation (taqlid) according to classical Muslim scholars, starting with the arguments that accepts imitation in Islam and then compares it with various scholars' stances on ijtihad. The paper employs arguments from the Qur'an, prophetic tradition (hadith), and acts of the Companions (sahabah) that are typically used by Muslim scholars to argue in favor of ijtihad over imitation (taqlid). It compares the stance of both Sunni and Shi`i scholars on the roles of both mujtahids and sources of jurisprudence (maraji) and muftis. It shows that, in Qur'anic Sciences, although the role of ijtihad is highly recommended, it continues to be part of a larger paradox, in which ijtihad may only be performed through a set of rules outlined by early scholars. This brings us to a paradox that to be a mujtahid, one needs to imitate (taqlid) rules outlined by earlier mujtahids, which poses the challenging question on whether scholars today are truly performing ijtihad, or simply taqlid al-ijtihad.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Readability of informed consent forms for whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing. Whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing (WES, WGS) can generate an unprecedented amount of complex information, making the informed consent (IC) process challenging. The aim of our study was to assess the readability of English IC forms for clinical whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing using the SMOG and Flesch-Kincaid formulas. We analysed 36 forms, most of which were from US providers. The median readability grade levels were 14.75 (the SMOG formula) and 12.2 (the Flesch-Kincaid formula); these values indicate the years of education after which a person would be able to understand a text studied. All forms studied seem to fail to meet the average recommended readability grade level of 8 (e.g. by Institutional Review Boards of US medical schools) for IC forms, indicating that the content of the forms may not be comprehensible to many patients. The sections aimed at health care professionals (HCPs) in the forms indicate that HCPs should be responsible for explaining IC information to the patients. However, WES and WGS may be increasingly offered by primary care professionals who may not (yet) have sufficient training to be able to communicate effectively with patients about genomics. Therefore, to secure an adequate, truly informed consent process, the task of developing good, legible examples of IC forms along with educating HCPs in genomics should be taken seriously, and adequate resources should be allocated to enable these tasks.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Directional metal-hydrogen bonding in interstitial hydrides II. Structural study of HoNi3Dx (x=0, 1.3, 1.8). The HoNi3-hydrogen system has been re-investigated by neutron and synchrotron powder diffraction on deuterided samples. In contrast to previous reports at least four phases were identified, alpha-HoNi3Dx (x similar to 0), beta(1)-HoNi3D1.3, beta(2)-HoNi3D1.8 and gamma-HoNi3Dx, the latter being stable only at similar to 100 bar D, pressure. Their structures were found to be non-centrosymmetric (R3m) rather than centrosymmetric (R (3) over barm), and the Ni atoms to have pyramidal rather than planar trigonal deuterium atom coordinations. Thus, the HoNi3-hydrogen system is very similar to the recently reported ErNi3-hydrogen system (see part I, J. Alloys. Comp., in press) but unlike the cobalt-based RCo3-hydrogen systems (R = Y, Er) in which the transition element tends to have octahedral hydrogen coordination. These results confirm that directional bonding effects between the transition element and hydrogen contribute in defining compositions and hydrogen atom distributions in \\\\'interstitial\\\\' metal hydrides. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Numerical Modelling of the Destructive Meteotsunami of 15 June, 2006 on the Coast of the Balearic Islands. A destructive tsunami-like event (locally known as \\\\'rissaga\\\\' waves) occurring on 15 June, 2006 in Ciutadella Harbour (Menorca, Balearic Islands) is reproduced by a numerical model forced by a travelling atmospheric disturbance. The disturbance is reconstructed from microbarograph measurements, being the only available instrumental data at the time of the event. The model is verified based on two weaker 1997 events, which were recorded by a number of bottom pressure recorders operating at that time on the Menorca shelf, in Ciutadella Inlet and adjacent Platja Gran Inlet. Both 1997 events are numerically simulated and good agreement is achieved with observations in time, frequency (including eigenfrequencies of the affected inlets) and wave heights. Subsequently the same model is applied to simulate the 2006 event. The vigorous currents with speeds up to 400 cm/s are found to occur specifically at those areas of the harbour where the most severe damage and sinking of boats had been reported. Maximum simulated sea-level heights of 2.5 m were about one half of those reported by eyewitnesses. This difference is apparently caused by quality and spatial resolution of bathymetry data. However, in general, the model is capable of reproducing the event fairly well and can probably be used for future assessment and mitigation activities on the coasts of the Balearic Islands.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "A COMMUNITY-BASED APPROACH TO LINKING INJECTION DRUG USERS WITH NEEDED SERVICES THROUGH PHARMACIES: AN EVALUATION OF A PILOT INTERVENTION IN NEW YORK CITY. Studies suggest that community-based approaches could help pharmacies expand their public health role, particularly pertaining to HIV prevention. Thirteen pharmacies participating in New York's Expanded Syringe Access Program, which permits nonprescription syringe sales to reduce syringe-sharing among injection drug users (IDUs), were enrolled in an intervention to link IDU syringe customers to medical/social services. Sociodemographics, injection practices, beliefs about and experiences with pharmacy use, and medical/social service utilization were compared among 29 IDUs purchasing syringes from intervention pharmacies and 66 IDUs purchasing syringes from control pharmacies using chi-square tests. Intervention IDUs reported more positive experiences in pharmacies than controls; both groups were receptive to a greater public health pharmacist role. These data provide evidence that community-based participatory research aided in the implementation of a pilot structural intervention to promote understanding of drug use and HIV prevention among pharmacy staff, and facilitated expansion of pharmacy services beyond syringe sales in marginalized drug-using communities.", "label": [2, 5, 53, 24]}
+{"token": "LACTOSE - A POTENTIAL DIETARY FIBER - ON THE REGULATION OF ITS MICROECOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY IN THE INTESTINAL-TRACT .1. PROBLEMS, STATE OF KNOWLEDGE, METHODOLOGY. Food components of different chemical structure which attain the colon without being attacked by digestion and absorption during their transit through the small intestine are defined as dietary fibre. In the colon they serve as energy or nutrient source for the intestinal microflora or are excreted without change. Not only chemical structure is decisive when a food component has to be assigned to either nutrients or dietary fibre: Substances resisting small intestine digestion due to the lack of corresponding catabolizing enzymes in man are supposed to be \\\\'obligate\\\\' dietary fibre. \\\\'Potential\\\\' dietary fibre are nutrients which are only partially digested in the small intestine.Lactose - the main carbohydrate of milk - represents a typical potential dietary fibre. The present paper investigates the factors being responsible for both the degree of lactose utilization in the small intestine and its efficiency in the colon.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Finitely many-valued logics and natural deduction. Segerberg presented a general completeness proof for propositional logics. For this purpose, a deductive system was defined in a way that its rules were rules for an arbitrary k-place Boolean operator in a given propositional logic. Each of those rules corresponds to a row on the operator's truth-table. This article extends Segerberg's idea to finite-valued propositional logic. We maintain the idea of defining a deductive system whose rules correspond to rows of truth-tables, but instead of having n types of rules (one for each truth-value), we use a bivalent representation that makes use of the technique of separating formulas as defined by Carlos Caleiro and Joao Marcos.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Nesting mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) forecast brood-stage food limitation when selecting habitat: experimental evidence. By combining and reanalysing data from two independent field experiments we explore whether food limitation at the brood stage affects habitat selection in nesting mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). In an introduction experiment we found that, independent of treatment, some study lakes remained empty of wild mallard pairs (\\\\'empty lakes\\\\'), whereas on other lakes introduced birds attracted wild mallards (\\\\'attractive lakes\\\\'). In the other experiment we used mallard ducklings to address brood-stage food limitation by studying mass change of ducklings, We found that ducklings foraging on lakes that did not attract wild mallard pairs in the introduction experiment gained much less mass than those foraging on attractive lakes. In most cases ducklings even lost mass in the empty-lake foraging trials, providing strong evidence for food limitation. Therefore. lakes that remained empty of wild mallard pairs in the introduction experiment proved to be inferior brood habitats, particularly in terms of food. Our results give insight into the mechanisms underlying the general habitat selection hypotheses, specifically the ideal preemptive and conspecific attraction rules. The results further support our earlier conclusion that mallards do not use the ideal preemptive rule when selecting nesting lakes. However, conspecific attraction may not be generally applicable either, because. independent of the presence of introduced conspecifics, wild mallards somehow anticipated the low quality of the empty lakes as brood-rearing habitats and made their habitat-selection decision accordingly.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Near-infrared spectroscopy method for rapid proximate quantitative analysis of nutrient composition in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Glycogen, amino acids, fatty acids, and other nutrient components affect the flavor and nutritional quality of oysters. Methods based on near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) were developed to rapidly and proximately determine the nutrient content of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Samples of C. gigas from 19 costal sites were freeze-dried, ground, and scanned for spectral data collection using a Fourier transform NIR spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific). NIRS models of glycogen and other nutrients were established using partial least squares, multiplication scattering correction, first-order derivation, and Norris smoothing. The R-C values of the glycogen, fatty acids, amino acids, and taurine NIRS models were 0.967 8, 0.931 2, 0.913 2, and 0.892 8, respectively, and the residual prediction deviation (RPD) values of these components were 3.15, 2.16, 3.11, and 1.59, respectively, indicating a high correlation between the predicted and observed values, and that the models can be used in practice. The models were used to evaluate the nutrient compositions of 1 278 oyster samples. Glycogen content was found to be positively correlated with fatty acids and negatively correlated with amino acids. The glycogen, amino acid, and taurine levels of C. gigas cultured in the subtidal and intertidal zones were also significantly different. This study suggests that C. gigas NIRS models can be a cost-effective alternative to traditional methods for the rapid and proximate analysis of various slaughter traits and may also contribute to future genetic and breeding-related studies in Pacific oysters.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "On the distributional regularity of shot lengths in film. Redfern [(2012), The lognormal distribution is not an appropriate parametric model for shot length distributions of Hollywood films. Literary and Linguistic Computing, doi:10.1093/llc/fqs066] disputes the idea that the lognormal distribution is a suitable parametric model for the shot length distribution of films. The force of his arguments against the idea is diminished by problems in his exposition, the most serious is the manner in which hypothesis testing is deployed. The application fails to deal adequately with the effect sample size has on P-values, and this compromises much of the analysis. There is, nevertheless, strong evidence of a fairly systematic departure from lognormality, manifest in the fact that distributions mostly remain positively skewed after log-transformation. This is not recognized in the article and thus not exploited. The present article shows that after a second transformation, normality can be achieved for well over half the films, which are thus distributionally regular in this sense. Some suggestions as to why lognormality, or any other form of distributional regularity, might be of interest are offered at the start of the article, which concludes with an illustration of how the establishment of a distributional 'norm' might then be exploited.", "label": [3, 28, 30]}
+{"token": "A 1-10-MHz Frequency-Aware CMOS Active Rectifier With Dual-Loop Adaptive Delay Compensation and >230-mW Output Power for Capacitively Powered Biomedical Implants. This article presents a novel CMOS active rectifier for the emerging modality of capacitive wireless power transfer to biomedical implants with high power budgets. For operation versatility in terms of the input frequency, output power level, input voltage range, and load value, dual-loop adaptive delay compensation is utilized to provide both high resolution and high dynamic range in switched-offset currents of comparators that can be reconfigured for low- and high-speed operation modes for automatic adaptation to the input frequency. Fabricated in 0.18 mu m 1P/6M CMOS, the rectifier features power conversion efficiency (PCE) of >84.4% (peak of 91.5%) and voltage conversion ratio (VCR) of >88.6% (peak of 95.1%) when operating in 1-10 MHz and driving a load of 300. Moreover, for a load range of 20-1 k at 5 MHz, PCE of 81%-91.8% and VCR of 78.4%-95.4% are achieved, with a maximum output power of 232 mW at 50 with a PCE of 90.1%. The active rectifier is also interfaced with a series-resonant capacitive link formed with coated flexible copper plates around a 3-mm-thick layer of muscle tissue, demonstrating an end-to-end power transfer efficiency of >40% in 2-10 MHz and with a load of 300 Omega.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Higher order risk attitudes in the time of COVID-19: an experimental study. The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) represents a large increase in background risk for individuals. Like the COVID-19 pandemic, extreme events (e.g. financial downturns, natural disasters, and war) have been shown to change attitudes towards risk. Using a risk apportionment approach, we examine whether risk aversion as well as higher order risk attitudes (HORAs) (prudence and temperance) have changed during COVID-19. This methodology allows us to measure model-free HORAs. We include prudence and temperance as higher order measures, as these two have been largely understudied under extreme events but are determinants of decisions related to the health and financial domains. Once we account for socio-demographic characteristics, we find an overall increase in risk aversion during COVID-19. We also find similar results using a hypothetical survey question which measures willingness to take risks. We do not find changes in prudence and temperance using the risk apportionment methodology.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Transcriptomic profile of tobacco in response to Tomato zonate spot orthotospovirus infection. Background: Tomato zonate spot virus (TZSV), a dominant species of thrips-transmitted orthotospoviruses in Yunnan and Guangxi provinces in China, causes significant loss of yield in lots of crops and is a major threat to incomes of rural families. However, the detailed molecular mechanism of crop disease caused by TZSV remains obscure.Methods: Next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based transcriptome analysis (RNA-seq) was performed to investigate and compare the gene expression changes in systemic leaves of tobacco upon infection with TZSV and mock-inoculated plants as a control.Results: De novo assembly and analysis of tobacco transcriptome data by RNA-Seq identified 135,395 unigenes. 2102 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained in tobacco with TZSV infection, among which 1518 DEGs were induced and 584 were repressed. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed that these DEGs were associated with multiple biological functions, including metabolic process, oxidation-reduction process, photosynthesis process, protein kinase activity. The KEGG pathway analysis of these DEGs indicated that pathogenesis caused by TZSV may affect multiple processes including primary and secondary metabolism, photosynthesis and plant-pathogen interactions.Conclusion: Our global survey of transcriptional changes in TZSV infected tobacco provides crucial information into the precise molecular mechanisms underlying pathogenesis and symptom development. This is the first report on the relationships in the TZSV-plant interaction using transcriptome analysis. Findings of present study will significantly help enhance our understanding of the complicated mechanisms of plant responses to orthotospoviral infection.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Insect harem polygyny: when is a harem not a harem?. In the context of animal behaviour, a harem is generally recognised as a mating system where a single dominant male defends and mates with a group of females. Examples of harem polygyny are best known from mammals. A small number of insects, though, have been described as being harem polygynous but information on insects which display this mating system is scarce, and it remains poorly studied. Here we review the mating systems of these harem polygynous insects. We identify four main behavioural characteristics that, apart from individual males mating with multiple females in a group, are often associated with harem polygyny in vertebrates: exclusive maternal care, monandry, male-biased sexual dimorphism and temporal continuity of harem composition where the dominant male guards females from intruding males over a prolonged period. All four characteristics are commonly seen in mammals with this mating system, but no insect described as harem polygynous consistently displays all of them. Further, the mating systems of these insects can change within a breeding season, which suggests that they adapt to the changes in their environment by switching between polygyny and monogamy or female defence and resource defence polygyny. Thus, the occasional occurrence of harems in such insect species represents temporary marriages of conveniencewith individuals (male and female) maximising their reproductive potential by adjusting their behaviour to fit the current situation.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 55, 47]}
+{"token": "Assessing the ecological integrity of a major transboundary Mediterranean river based on environmental habitat variables and benthic macroinvertebrates (Aoos-Vjose river, Greece-Albania). Ecological integrity has become a primary objective in monitoring programs of surface waters according to the European Water Framework Directive. For this reason we propose a scheme for assessing the ecological integrity of a major transboundary river, the Aoos-Vjose (Greece-Albania), by analysing the effects of physicochemical, hydromorphological and habitat structure variables on benthic macroinvertebrates. Benthos and water samples were obtained from 17 sites, during high and low flow season. Physical habitat structure was determined using the River Habitat Survey method. In all but one of the surveyed habitats no anthropogenic change was evident. Macrobenthos assemblages were mainly influenced by seasonality and river section, whereas the water quality index was negatively correlated to habitat modification. Consequently, a large part of the river is considered of high ecological integrity and as such it may be used as baseline information for the management of other major rivers in the eastern Mediterranean basin.", "label": [4, 45]}
+{"token": "Hierarchies of quantum chemical descriptors induced by statistical analyses of domain occupation number operators. As approximations to the wave functions governing quantum chemical systems become more and more complex, it is becoming increasingly important to devise descriptors that help understand the practical results of those approximations by condensing information in insightful ways. Quantum chemical descriptors that are able to capture the statistical signatures of quantum chemical interactions provide such conceptual building blocks. Central to an understanding of these descriptors is the concept of a \\\\'domain occupation number operator,\\\\' which allows the so-called \\\\'real space\\\\' and Hilbert space partitionings to be treated on the same footing. Many of the existing descriptors can be expressed as the (central) densities and density cumulants associated with the domain operators. These densities can be obtained by successive differentiation of generating functions, effectively structuring domain associated densities into hierarchies. Not only do the resulting hierarchies indicate how many of the previously reported descriptors are related, they also show which areas have not yet been explored. This article is categorized under: Electronic Structure Theory > Ab Initio Electronic Structure Methods", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
+{"token": "Effect of Fibre Material and Fibre Roughness on the Pullout Behaviour of Metallic Micro Fibres Embedded in UHPC. The use of micro fibres in Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) as reinforcement increases tensile strength and especially improves the post-cracking behaviour. Without using fibres, the dense structure of the concrete matrix results in a brittle failure upon loading. To counteract this behaviour by fibre reinforcement, an optimal bond between fibre and cementitious matrix is essential. For the composite properties not only the initial surfaces of the materials are important, but also the bonding characteristics at the interfacial transition zone (ITZ), which changes upon the joining of both materials. These changes are mainly induced by the bond of cementitious phases on the fibre. In the present work, three fibre types were used: steel fibres with brass coating, stainless-steel fibres as well as nickel-titanium shape memory alloys (SMA). SMA fibres have the ability of \\\\'remembering\\\\' an imprinted shape (referred to as shape memory effect), triggered by thermal activation or stress, principally providing for superior performance of the fibre-reinforced UHPC. However, previous studies have shown that NiTi-fibres have a much lower bond strength to the concrete matrix than steel fibres, eventually leading to a deterioration of the mechanical properties of the composite. Accordingly, the bond between both materials has to be improved. A possible strategy is to roughen the fibre surfaces to varying degrees by laser treatment. As a result, it can be shown that laser treated fibres are characterised by improved bonding behaviour. In order to determine the bond strength of straight, smooth fibres of different metal alloy compositions, the present study characterized multiple fibres in series with a Compact-Tension-Shear (CTS) device. For critical evaluation, results obtained by these tests are compared with the results of conventional testing procedures, i.e., bending tests employing concrete prisms with fibre reinforcements. The bond behaviour is compared with the results of the flexural strength of prisms (4 x 4 x 16 cm(3)) with fibre reinforcements.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Fast compressive beamforming with a modified fast iterative shrinkage-thresholding algorithm. Compressive beamforming has been successfully applied to direction-of-arrival estimation with sensor arrays. The results demonstrated that this technique achieves superior performance when compared with traditional high-resolution beamforming methods. The existing compressive beamforming methods use classical iterative optimization algorithms in their compressive sensing theories. However, the computational complexity of the existing compressive beamforming methods tend to be excessively high, which has limited the use of compressive beamforming in applications with limited computing resources. To address this issue, this paper proposes a fast compressive beamforming method which combines the shift-invariance of the array beam patterns with a fast iterative shrinkage-thresholding algorithm. The evaluation shows that the proposed fast compressive beamforming method successfully reduces the number of floating-point operations by 3 orders of magnitude when compared with the existing methods. In addition, both the simulations and experiments demonstrate that the resolution limit for discerning closely spaced sources of the introduced fast method is comparable to those of the existing compressive beamforming methods, which use classical iterative optimization algorithms.", "label": [3, 4, 35, 28]}
+{"token": "The Significance of Relationships: Academic Engagement and Achievement Among Newcomer Immigrant Youth. Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the role of school-based relationships in engagement and achievement in a population of newcomer immigrant students.Background/Context: Newcomer immigrant students are entering schools in the United States in unprecedented numbers. As they enter new school contexts, they face a number of challenges in their adjustment. Previous literature suggested that relationships in school play a particularly crucial role in promoting socially competent behavior in the classroom and in fostering academic engagement and school performance.Findings: Multiple regression analyses suggest that supportive school-based relationships strongly contribute to both the academic engagement and the school performance of the participants. Qualitative interview data and case studies serve to elucidate the relational processes inside and outside school that influence different academic outcomes.Research Design: The Longitudinal Immigrant Student Adaptation Study (LISA) used a mixed-methods approach, combining longitudinal, interdisciplinary, qualitative, and quantitative approaches to document adaptation patterns of 407 recently arrived immigrant youth from Central America, China, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Mexico over the course of five years. Based on data from the last year of the study, we examine how the role of relationships mediates newcomers' challenges with academic engagement and performance. We identify factors that account for patterns of academic engagement and achievement, including country of origin, gender, maternal education, English language proficiency, and school-based relationships.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Phosphate-Limited Growth of the Marine Diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii (Bacillariophyceae): Evidence of Non-Monod Growth Kinetics. The marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii (Grunow) G. A. Fryxell & Hasle was grown in a chemostat over a series of phosphate-limited growth rates. Ambient substrate concentrations were determined from bioassays involving picomolar spikes of 33P-labeled phosphate, and maximum uptake rates were determined from analogous bioassays that included the addition of micromolar concentrations of unlabeled phosphate and tracer concentrations of 33P. The relationship between cell phosphorus quotas and growth rates was well described by the Droop equation. Maximum uptake rates of phosphate spikes were several orders of magnitude higher than steady state uptake rates. Despite the large size of the T. weissflogii cells, diffusion of phosphate through the boundary layer around the cells had little effect on growth kinetics, in part because the cellular N:P ratios exceeded the Redfield ratio at all growth rates. Fitting the Monod equation to the experimental data produced an estimate of the nutrient-saturated growth rate that was similar to 50% greater than the maximum growth rate observed in batch culture. A modified hyperbolic equation with a curvature that is a maximum in magnitude at positive growth rates gave a better fit to the data and an estimate of the maximum growth rate that was consistent with observations. The failure of the Monod equation to describe the data may reflect a transition from substrate to co-substrate limitation and/or the presence of an inducible uptake system.", "label": [0, 4, 45, 9]}
+{"token": "Dynamic compressive behavior of concrete confined with unidirectional natural flax FRP based on SHPB tests. This paper presents an experimental study on the dynamic compressive behaviors of concrete confined with unidirectional natural flax fiber reinforced polymers (FFRPs) under an axial impact load. A total of 80 specimens were prepared and tested using a 75 mm diameter split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) at different strain rates varying from 50 to 200 s(-1). The experimental results showed that the failure modes and dynamic compressive mechanical properties (i.e., dynamic compressive strength, critical compressive strain, and energy absorption capacity) of FFRP-confined concrete were sensitive to the strain rate. The unconfined concrete specimens were crushed into small pieces at relatively low strain rates, whereas the FFRP-confined concrete specimens failed with FRP rupture and partial damage to the core concrete at relatively high strain rates. This indicates that the confinement of FFRP jackets can alleviate concrete damage and improve impact resistance. Compared with unconfined concrete, the application of the FFRP jacket remarkably improves the compressive strength, critical strain, and toughness, which indicates outstanding impact resistance. Increasing the confinement stiffness of the FFRP contributed to increasing the compressive strength, critical strain, and toughness. Based on the experimental results, the confinement mechanism of external flax FRP jackets on concrete was discussed, and a new dynamic strength model was proposed to predict the dynamic compressive strength of FFRP-confined concrete within the investigated strain rate range.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Elastic waves in orthotropic incompressible materials and reflection from an interface. The propagation of elastic plane waves in orthotropic incompressible materials is examined under plane strain conditions in a plane of symmetry, The slowness surface is obtained by aligning a material axis of symmetry with the direction of minimum phase speed, The existence of incident homogeneous waves and reflected homogeneous and nonhomogeneous waves in the presence of a planar interface separating two half-spaces is subsequently examined. A surface which separates the range of existence of two homogeneous reflected waves from that of one homogeneous and one nonhomogeneous is obtained in terms of the angle of incidence, the orientation of the interface with respect to the material asis of symmetry, and one elastic parameter. The critical orientation beyond which there exist two homogeneous reflected waves is derived in explicit form in terms of the elastic parameter, Reflection coefficients are Obtained and discussed when the interface is a free surface. Exclusion points are defined in the range of existence of the reflected waves as points for which only one reflected (homogeneous) wave exists. The analysis is complemented with numerical examples. (C) 1997 Acoustical Society of America.", "label": [3, 4, 35, 28]}
+{"token": "Technological aspects of Mesopotamian Uruk pottery: estimating firing temperatures using mineralogical methods, thermal analysis and luminescence techniques. The Middle Uruk phase in Mesopotamia (3600-3500 bc) has been characterised by the massive production of \\\\'bevelled rim bowls\\\\' (BRBs). They are characterised by their similar shape and volume in Mesopotamia and surroundings. However, their production method has not been studied in detail, including the firing temperature. The determination of the firing temperature of ancient pottery has been attempted by studying mineral phase transformation sequences; although, very little knowledge exists about such transformations in mixtures or thermal analyses. These methods usually provide imprecise firing temperatures between 500 and 800 degrees C, as other factors such as the raw materials or firing time and conditions must be considered. As an alternative, luminescence techniques have been tested with promising results, as they have provided reliable maximum firing temperatures for ancient pottery at mild conditions (below 600 degrees C) with high precision. In this work, the firing temperatures of BRB samples from two archaeological sites located in the Middle Euphrates Valley (Syria) have been studied using mineralogical, chemical and thermal analysis. Both mineral characterization techniques and thermal analyses show agreement and firing probably below 600-700 degrees C. Luminescence yields ambiguous results but circumstantial evidence on the firing temperature between 400 and 550 degrees C.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
+{"token": "Regular Flat Structure and Generalized Okubo System. We study a relationship between regular flat structures and generalized Okubo systems. We show that the space of variables of isomonodromic deformations of a regular generalized Okubo system can be equipped with a flat structure. As its consequence, we introduce flat structures on the spaces of independent variables of generic solutions to (classical) Painleve equations (except for PI). In our framework, the Painleve equations PVI-PII can be treated uniformly as just one system of differential equations called the four-dimensional extended WDVV equation. Then the well-known coalescence cascade of the Painleve equations corresponds to the degeneration scheme of the Jordan normal forms of a square matrix of rank four.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Dietary Supplements Use and Related Factors of Preschoolers in 3 Korean Cities. Conclusion: Approximately half of the preschoolers in our study used DS, which might not have been medically indicated for most of them. Therefore, the role of professionals in counseling on desirable diet behaviors and DS use for preschoolers is warranted.Results: Approximately 45.1% of the preschoolers used DS in the past month. The following factors were associated with greater use of DS: older age (p < 0.001), whether or not the preschoolers attended kindergarten (p < 0.001), higher mother's concern about the nutritional facts (p < 0.001), whether or not the mother use DS (p < 0.001), whether or not the mother counsel with a doctor or pharmacist about DS use (p < 0.001). Vitamin center dot mineral supplements (77.5%) were the most commonly used DS among the preschoolers, followed by ginseng (49.3%) and probiotics (25.6%). Additionally, of the DS users, 95.9% gave DS to their healthy children. Of the users and non-users, 97.6% and 62.2%, respectively, indicated that they would like to have their children take DS. The information on DS was obtained from family or friends in 48.2% of the DS users and from doctors in only 6.1%.Purpose: To estimate the prevalence of dietary supplement (DS) use, investigate the related factors associated with DS use among preschoolers and support the adequate nutrition.Methods: We conducted a questionnaire survey of mothers of children aged between 1 and 6 years who visited pediatric clinics in 3 Korean cities (Jeonju, Suncheon, Jeongeup) between October and November 2012 at Presbyterian Medical Center. The responses from 929 questionnaires were analyzed.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Improvement priorities for sewage treatment in Latvian small and medium sized towns. This paper describes the development of a strategy to identify the priorities for investment in sewage treatment in the rural areas in Latvia. The strategy is developed from the baseline conditions ascertained for the present quality of the many receiving waters (rivers, lakes, ground water and the Baltic Sea) and from the condition of the 800 Plus sewerage systems which serve all of the small and medium sized towns in the country. Technical solutions are developed consistent with Latvian policy goals and the priorities established for improvement to the environment and public health. An investmeni strategy has been prepared to optimise the use of the available funds, to achieve the best value for money. It has been agreed in consultation with interested parties at national, regional and local levels, to produce a plan with wide acceptance. The strategy is known in Latvia as '800 Plus'. (C) 1998 IAWQ. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "A Paleoindian response to Younger Dryas climate change. Late Quaternary changes in North American vegetation and geography reflect the influence of changing climate induced by the retreating ice sheets, orbitally-driven seasonal insolation patterns, increasing carbon dioxide concentrations, and relatively rapid internal variations. At regional scales, these climate changes resulted in ecosystem variability that impacted human access to resources. We use paleoenvironmental and archaeological records from 14,000 to 10,000 cal yr BP for New England and Maritime Canada (NE/M) to propose the impact of rapid climate change on human resource-procurement and technology. Paleoenvironmental reconstructions for the Younger Dryas chronozone (YDC; 12,900-11,600 cal yr BP) show ecologic responses to colder-than-earlier conditions. At roughly the same time (13,000-11,000 cal yr BP), we surmise that fluted points were used to hunt large mammals, including caribou, which inhabited regions with sub-arctic-like vegetation. Environmental changes, associated with rapid regional warming at the end of the YDC, coincided with the abandonment of fluting technology. As conditions warmed, vegetation changes led to shifts in animal populations, which may be reflected in the development of other point styles by Paleoindians and subsequent human groups. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Viscoplastic characterization and post-rupture microanalysis of a novel lead-free solder with small additions of Bi, Sb and Ni. Due to the RoHS and WEEE legislations for restricting the use of six hazardous materials in the manufacture of various types of electronic and electrical equipment, developing novel Pb-free solders becomes a real challenge for many industrials in recent years. In addition, mechanical properties of the lead-free alloys are very important factors in the design and reliability evaluation of the soldered joints. This paper reports the findings of an investigation into the tensile properties of a new lead-free solder alloy which contains Ni, Bi and Sb additives (SAC387-3Bi-1.5Sb-0.15Ni). The fabrication procedure of the bulk samples is described in this study, as well as the mechanical testing of the obtained specimens. The tensile tests are conducted at temperatures between room temperature and 125 degrees C and under strain rates between 2.0 x 10(-5) and 2.0 x 10(-2) s(-1). The results show that both temperature and strain rate may have great effects on the mechanical behavior of the solder alloy. The strength was found to decrease with increasing test temperature and decreasing strain rate. It is noted that the mechanical properties of SAC387-3Bi-1.5Sb-0.15Ni solder alloy are strongly dependent on temperature and significantly sensitive to strain rate. Compared with the reference material without additives, additions of Sb, Ni and Bi elements result globally in an increase in strength of the solder alloy. Also, the stress-strain curves from tensile tests are used to identify nine Anand material parameters by using non-linear least square fitting. The identified parameters prove to be in good agreement with those found in literature on other usual solder alloys. Based on the Anand model, a FEM analysis of a multilayered IGBT packaging module under cyclic thermal loading is presented to predict the fatigue life of the solder joints. In addition, SEM and EPMA microanalyses of both as-cast bulk and fracture specimens are carried out to assess effects of testing conditions on microstructure changes in the SAC387-3Bi-1.5Sb-0.15Ni solder material. The improved strength is found to result from the solid solution hardening effect of Sb and Bi in the Sn matrix, together with the formation of (Cu,Ni)(6)Sn-5 and Ag-3(Sn,Sb) intermetallic compounds (IMCs). (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "The Riddle in Plato's Ion. Like many other Platonic dialogues, the Ion is richly ambiguous. It may be read simultaneously as praise for poetry and as a scathing critique of it. However, I contend in this paper that it is neither entirely favourable nor entirely unfavourable to poetry. Rather, the Ion seems to propose, albeit obliquely and with a generous amount of Socratic irony, a new, un-rhapsodic, philosophical model for the interpretation and evaluation of poetry. This model of poetic interpretation is presented as an alternative to the model immanent in the well-established practice of rhapsody as presented or painted in the dialogue.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Two new analogues of the cytotoxic substance BE-52211 from Streptomyces sp. Two new beta-hydroxy acetamides, BE-52211 B and BE-52211 C, which were structural analogues of BE-52211, were obtained as an inseparable mixture from an actinomycete, Streptomyces sp. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data. They inhibited cell division of starfish embryos at a concentration of 2.5 mug/mL or greater.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 22, 9]}
+{"token": "On the Symbol-Pair Distance of Repeated-Root Constacyclic Codes of Prime Power Lengths. Let p be a prime, and lambda be a nonzero element of the finite field F-pm. The lambda-constacyclic codes of length p(s) over F-pm are linearly ordered under set-theoretic inclusion, i.e., they are the ideals <(x - lambda(0))(i)>, 0 <= i <= p(s) of the chain ring [(F-pm[x])/(< x(ps) - lambda >)]. This structure is used to establish the symbol-pair distances of all such lambda-constacyclic codes. Among others, all maximum distance separable symbol-pair constacyclic codes of length p(s) are obtained.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
+{"token": "Energy Savings in Foundries through Yield Improvement and Defect Reduction in Castings. Energy conservation is an important step to overcome the energy crisis and prevent environmental pollution. Casting industry is a major consumer of energy among all the industries. The distribution of electrical energy consumed in all the departments of the foundry is presented. Nearly 70% of the energy is consumed especially in the melting department alone. Production of casting involves number of process variables. Even though lot of efforts has been taken to prevent defects, it occurs in the casting due to variables present in the process. This paper focuses the energy saving by improving the casting yield and by reducing the rejections. Furthermore, an analysis is made on power consumption for melting in the induction furnace to produce defective castings and improvement in the casting yield. The energy consumed to produce defective castings in all other departments is also presented. This analysis reveals that without any further investment in the foundry, it is possible to save 3248.15 kWh of energy by reducing the rejections as well as by improving the casting yield. The redesign of the feeding system and the reduced major rejection shrinkage in the body casting improved the casting yield from 56% to 72% and also the effective yield from 12.89% to 66.80%.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Non-Abelian Meissner effect in Yang-Mills theories at weak coupling. We present a weak-coupling Yang-Mills model supporting non-Abelian magnetic flux tubes and non-Abelian confined magnetic monopoles. In the dual description the magnetic flux tubes are prototypes of the QCD strings. Dualizing the confined magnetic monopoles we get gluelumps which convert a \\\\'QCD string\\\\' in the excited state to that in the ground state. Introducing a mass parameter m we discover a phase transition between the Abelian and non-Abelian confinement at a critical value m=m(*)similar toLambda. Underlying dynamics are governed by a Z(N) symmetry inherent to the model under consideration. At m>m(*) the Z(N) symmetry is spontaneously broken, resulting in N degenerate Z(N) (Abelian) strings. At m<m(*) the Z(N) symmetry is restored, the degeneracy is lifted, and the strings become non-Abelian. We calculate tensions of the non-Abelian strings, as well as the decay rates of the metastable strings, at N>1.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "Structure and photoluminescence properties of Ba2TiSi2O8 glass ceramics prepared by aerodynamic levitation. Spherical Ba2TiSi2O8 (BTS) and Dy3+-doped BTS glass were prepared by aerodynamic levitation. The glass prepared by aerodynamic levitation demonstrated enhanced glass stability. The crystallization rate of the levitated sample was slower than that of the conventional melt-quenched glass. When the heat treatment temperature was increased, the lattice parameter, a, of the nanocrystalline BTS crystal formed in the glass decreased, but the lattice parameter, c, increased. This was mainly due to the crystallization-induced stress during the crystallization process. Nanocrystallized Dy3+-doped BTS glass exhibited yellow (575 nm), red (669 nm), and blue (484 nm) luminescence. The intensities of all emission peaks increased with increasing heat-treatment temperature due to the increased crystallization of BTS crystals. Nanocrystallized BTS glass ceramic prepared by aerodynamic levitation is potentially useful for optical devices, such as visible semiconductor lasers, optical switches, and amplifiers.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Data processing and initial results of Chang'e-3 lunar penetrating radar. To improve our understanding of the formation and evolution of the Moon, one of the payloads onboard the Chang'e-3 (CE-3) rover is Lunar Penetrating Radar (LPR). This investigation is the first attempt to explore the lunar subsurface structure by using ground penetrating radar with high resolution. We have probed the subsurface to a depth of several hundred meters using LPR. In-orbit testing, data processing and the preliminary results are presented. These observations have revealed the configuration of regolith where the thickness of regolith varies from about 4m to 6m. In addition, one layer of lunar rock, which is about 330m deep and might have been accumulated during the depositional hiatus of mare basalts, was detected.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Mass, shape and thermal properties of Abell 1689 using a multiwavelength X-ray, lensing and Sunyaev-Zel'dovich analysis. Knowledge of the mass and concentration of galaxy clusters is crucial for an understanding of their formation and evolution. Unbiased estimates require an understanding of the shape and orientation of the halo as well as its equilibrium status. We propose a novel method to determine the intrinsic properties of galaxy clusters from a multiwavelength data set, spanning from X-ray spectroscopic and photometric data to gravitational lensing to the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect. The method relies on two non-informative geometrical assumptions: the distributions of total matter or gas are approximately ellipsoidal and co-aligned; they have different, constant axial ratios but share the same degree of triaxiality. Weak and strong lensing probe the features of the total mass distribution in the plane of the sky. X-ray data measure the size and orientation of the gas in the plane of the sky. Comparison with the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich amplitude fixes the elongation of the gas along the line of sight. These constraints are deprojected as a result of Bayesian inference. The mass distribution is described as a Navarro-Frenk-White halo with arbitrary orientation, and the gas density and temperature are modelled with parametric profiles. We have applied the method to Abell 1689. Independently of the priors, the cluster is massive, M-200 = (1.3 +/- 0.2) x 10(15) M circle dot, and overconcentrated, c(200) = 8 +/- 1, but it is still consistent with theoretical predictions. The total matter is triaxial (minor to major axial ratio similar to 0.5 +/- 0.1, exploiting priors from N-body simulations) with the major axis nearly orientated along the line of sight. The gas is rounder (minor to major axial ratio similar to 0.6 +/- 0.1) and deviates from hydrostatic equilibrium. The contribution of non-thermal pressure is similar to 20-50 per cent in the inner regions, less than or similar to 300 kpc, and similar to 25 +/- 5 per cent at similar to 1.5 Mpc. This picture of A1689 was obtained with a small number of assumptions and in a single framework, suitable for application to a large variety of clusters.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "High-temperature dielectric properties and pyrolysis reduction characteristics of different biomass-pyrolusite mixtures in microwave field. Exploring the dielectric properties of mineral-biomass mixtures is fundamental to the coupled application with biomass pyrolysis and microwave technology to mineral reduction. In this work, the microwave dielectric properties of five pyrolusite-biomass mixtures were measured by resonant cavity perturbation technique and the pyrolysis reduction characteristics were systematically investigated, including poplar, pine, ageratina adenophora, rapeseed shell and walnut shell. Results indicated that the dielectric properties commonalities of five mixtures with temperature represented by increasing firstly, dropping intensely and finally rising slightly, with excellent responsiveness to microwaves; which the change trend was mainly attributed to the crystal transformation of amorphous MnO2 and pyrolusite reduction reactions by biomass pyrolysis. Meanwhile, the heating characteristics successfully matched the dielectric properties of the mixtures, and the pyrolusite reduction process by biomass can be divided into two stages: biomass pyrolysis and pyrolusite reduction. The work highlights the universal feasibility of the novel coupled method for mineral reduction.", "label": [0, 1, 2, 6, 19, 15]}
+{"token": "Doing Ideology Amid a Crisis: Collective Actions and Discourses of the Chinese Falun Gong Movement. Based on an interactionist framework, this article examines how followers of a contemporary Chinese religious movement, Falun Gong, deal with a crisis situation and sustain their conviction in the absence of their charismatic leader. Data were collected during a yearlong ethnography of the Falun Gong in Chicago and Hong Kong. The findings reveal that followers experienced cognitive dissonance as a result of the Chinese authorities' suppression and their leader's disappearance. To cope with the external and internal threats, they engaged in frequent collective actions and discourses. These collective exercises allowed them to act out their shared ideology, reaffirm their ideological mentality, and activate their ideological passion. Through interaction and collective interpretation, followers not only reconstructed meanings out of the confusion, they also romanticized the charisma of their missing leader. This article asserts the critical role of doing ideology in sustaining a movement and integrates an interactionist, social psychological approach into the literature of social movements.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Towards regional responsible research and innovation? Integrating RRI and RIS3 in European innovation policy. This article develops a model for a regional responsible research and innovation (RRI) policy, integrating existing European Union policies on RRI, and on research and innovation strategies for smart specialisation (RIS3). RRI and RIS3 are central concepts in the EU's innovation policy agenda, but there are tensions between the two approaches. The place -based approach inherent in RIS3 is missing from RRI, which has a fuzzy concept of geographical scale and is vulnerable to mismatches between the scale of innovations and of the associated governance networks involved in the innovation process. Meanwhile, the multitude of visions, values and stakeholder perceptions embodied in the RRI concept is countered by the more optimistic and unitary imagining of a regional future in RIS3. We highlight that Europe's innovation challenges can only be resolved by leveraging the strengths of both types of innovation policy.", "label": [5, 50, 52, 51]}
+{"token": "Design and Preparation of Imidazole Ionic Liquid-Based Magnetic Polymers and Its Adsorption on Sunset Yellow Dye. Magnetic polymers are often used as loading materials for ionic liquids because of their excellent magnetic separation properties. In this study, a novel imidazolium-based ionic liquid-modified magnetic polymer was synthesized by suspension polymerization and grafting, denoted as gamma-Fe2O3@GMA@IM, and this magnetic polymer was used for the adsorption of the acid dye FCF. The magnetic polymer was characterized by SEM, FTIR, XRD, VSM and TGA. These techniques were used to reveal the overall physical properties of magnetic polymers, including the presence of morphology, functional groups, crystalline properties, magnetism and thermal stability. Studies have shown that gamma-Fe2O3@GMA@IM can adsorb FCF in a wide pH range (2-10), with a maximum adsorption capacity of 445 mg/g. The adsorption data were more in line with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Freundlich isotherm. In order to investigate its reusability, this study used 10% NaCl as the desorption solution, and carried out five batches of adsorption-desorption cycles. After five cycles, the adsorption effect was maintained at 98.3%, which showed a good recycling performance.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "X-ray diffraction and in situ pressurization of dentine apatite reveals nanocrystal modulus stiffening upon carbonate removal. Carbonated apatite nanoparticles, typical for bony tissues, stiffen the network of collagen fibrils. However, it is not known if the biogenic apatite mechanical (elastic) properties differ from those of geologic mineral counterparts. Indeed the tiny dimensions and variable carbonate composition may have strong effects on deformation resistance. The present study provides experimental measurements of the elastic constants which we use to estimate Young's moduli and Poisson's ratio values. Comparison between ashed and annealed dentine samples quantifies the properties of both carbonated and decarbonated apatite nanocrystals. The results reveal fundamental attributes of bony mineral and showcase the additive advantages of combining X-ray diffraction with in situ hydrostatic compression, backed by atom probe and transmission electron microscopy tomography. (C) 2020 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Statement of SignificanceBone-like materials comprise carbonated-hydroxyapatite nanocrystals (c-Ap) embedding a fibrillar collagen matrix. The mineral particles stiffen the nanocomposite by tight attachment to the protein fibrils creating a high strength and toughness material. The nanometer dimensions of c-Ap crystals make it very challenging to measure their mechanical properties. Mineral in bony tissues such as dentine contains 2 similar to 6 wt.% carbonate with possibly different elastic properties as compared with crystalline hydroxyapatite. Here we determine strain in biogenic apatite nanocrystals by directly measuring atomic deformation in pig dentine before and after removing carbonate. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the platy 3D morphology while atom probe tomography revealed carbon inside the calcium rich domains. Highenergy X-ray diffraction in combination with in situ hydrostatic pressurization quantified reversible c-Ap deformations. Crystal strains differed between annealed and ashed (decarbonated) samples, following 1 or 10 h heating at 250 degrees C or 550 degrees C respectively. Measured bulk moduli (K) and a/c-lattice deformation ratios (eta) were used to generate synthetic K-syn and eta-syn identifying the most likely elastic constants C-33 and C-13 for c-Ap. These were then used to calculate the nanoparticle elastic moduli. For ashed samples, we find an average E-11 = 107 GPa and E-33 = 128 GPa corresponding to similar to 5% and similar to 17% stiffening of the a-/c axes of the nanocrystals as compared with the biogenic nanocrystals in annealed samples. Ashed samples exhibit similar to 10% lower Poisson's ratios as compared with the 0.25 similar to 0.36 range of carbonated apatite. Carbonate in c-Ap may therefore serve for tuning local deformability within bony tissues.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "THE RADICAL TRAGIC IMAGINARY: CASTORIADIS ON AESCHYLUS & SOPHOCLES. Castoriadis' entire colossal politico-philosophical-psychoanalytical project is based around the notion of radical autonomy, which, he argues, was most closely appropriated by the ancient Greek imaginary and the newly born demokratia. This paper critically examines Castoriadis' treatment of the earliest democrats in the world-the ancient tragedians-and argues, contra Castoriadis, that it was Aeschylus, rather than Sophocles, that embodied the classical apotheosis of radical human autonomy.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "The MeJA-inducible copper amine oxidase AtAO1 is expressed in xylem tissue and guard cells. Copper amine oxidases oxidize the polyamine putrescine to 4-aminobutanal with the production of the plant signal molecule hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ammonia. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) gene At4g14940 (AtAO1, previously referred to as ATAO1) encodes an apoplastic copper amine oxidase expressed in lateral root cap cells and developing xylem, especially in root protoxylem and metaxylem precursors. In our recent study, we demonstrated that AtAO1 expression is strongly induced in the root vascular tissues by the wound-signal hormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Furthermore, we also demonstrated that the H2O2 derived by the AtAO1-driven oxidation of putrescine, mediates the MeJA-induced early protoxylem differentiation in Arabidopsis roots. H2O2 may contribute to protoxylem differentiation by signaling developmental cell death and by acting as co-substrate in peroxidase-mediated cell wall stiffening and lignin polymerization. Here, by the means of AtAO1 promoter::green fluorescent protein--glucuronidase (AtAO1::GFP-GUS) fusion analysis, we show that a strong AtAO1 gene expression occurs also in guard cells of leaves and flowers. The high expression levels of AtAO1 in tissues or cell types regulating water supply and water loss may suggest a role of the encoded protein in water balance homeostasis, by modulating coordinated adjustments in anatomical and functional features of xylem tissue and guard cells during acclimation to adverse environmental conditions.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
+{"token": "Associations between antimicrobial use and the faecal resistome on broiler farms from nine European countries. Methods: In the cross-sectional pan-European EFFORT study, conventional broiler farms were visited and faeces, AMU information and biosecurity records were collected. The resistomes of pooled faecal samples were determined by metagenomic analysis for 176 farms. A meta-analysis approach was used to relate total and classspecific ARGs (expressed as fragments per kb reference per million bacterial fragments, FPKM) to AMU (treatment incidence per DDD, TIDDDvet) per country and subsequently across all countries. In a similar way, the association between biosecurity status (Biocheck. UGent) and the resistome was explored.Results: Sixty-six (38%) flocks did not report group treatments but showed a similar resistome composition and roughly similar ARG levels to antimicrobial-treated flocks. Nevertheless, we found significant positive associations between beta-lactam, tetracycline, macrolide and lincosamide, trimethoprim and aminoglycoside antimicrobial flock treatments and ARG clusters conferring resistance to the same class. Similar associations were found with purchased products. In gene-level analysis for beta-lactams and macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins, a significant positive association was found with the most abundant gene clusters blaTEM and erm(B). Little evidence was found for associations with biosecurity.Conclusions: The faecal microbiome in European broilers contains a high diversity of ARGs, even in the absence of current antimicrobial selection pressure. Despite this, the relative abundance of genes and the composition of the resistome is positively related to AMU in European broiler farms for several antimicrobial classes.Objectives: To determine associations between farm-and flock-level antimicrobial usage (AMU), farmbiosecurity status and the abundance of faecal antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) on broiler farms.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "Civility, Locality and Loyalty: Football and Croatian Identity in Bosnia-Herzegovina. In what follows the trilogy of People, Place, and Performance in the contemporary post-conflict milieu of Bosnia-Herzegovina (BiH) is considered. The nation of BiH began in the mid-1990s arising out of the ruins of the Yugoslav War (1991-95). The conflict officially ended with the Dayton Peace Agreement (DPA) of November 1995. The DPA divided a specific region of the former Yugoslavia (BiH) into two Entities; the Serb Republika Srpska - where Orthodox Serbs constitute the majority of the population - and the BiH Federation - an uneasy co-existence of 10 cantons, three of them with a clear Croat majority, five with a Bosniak (Muslim Bosnians) majority, and two ethnically mixed. Political power is concentrated at this level, each group is - ideally - governed by their own ethnicity. Sports play a major socio-political role in post-conflict BiH. The specific case analysed here is the link between the practice of football to political identity processes and to how they develop in a given urban context; specifically, an urban context that in itself is a symbol of national and ethnic identity. Central to the ethnographic narrative that follows is a group of football fans who support a club founded in 1948 named NK Siroki Brijeg Nogometni klub (SBNK)(2) that represents the 29,000 strong Herzegovinian-Croat town of Siroki Brijeg (Wide Hills; SB) which is the cultural and administrative headquarters of the Western-Herzegovina Canton. The football club acts as a vehicle for and offers narratives around Croatian ethno-political nationalism. The club and its fans are the most publicly articulate citizens of a town long considered a bulwark of a national identity; some 99% of its citizens claim Croat-Catholic citizenship. An emic narrative informs this analysis which examines that we might best term the 'Croat Question' in post-conflict BiH. Issues of Croat-perceived injustice, discrimination, and political autonomy dominate the political narratives of contemporary Herzegovinian-Croat identity. How this came to be is presented and how such a situation is sustained and considered. The notion of cultural and social borders and the trust that may be placed in football for state formation are issues integral to the analysis.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "A note on duals of topologies. In this note it is proved that for a quasicontinuous lattice L, the lower topology omega(L) and the Scott topology sigma(L) are duals for each other; and if L is a complete lattice such that sigma(L) is continuous but not hypercontinuous (equivalently, L is not quasicontinuous), then omega(L) is not the dual of sigma(L) and hence they are not duals for each other. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Transition Semantics for Branching Time. In this paper we develop a novel propositional semantics based on the framework of branching time. The basic idea is to replace the moment-history pairs employed as parameters of truth in the standard Ockhamist semantics by pairs consisting of a moment and a consistent, downward closed set of so-called transitions. Whereas histories represent complete possible courses of events, sets of transitions can represent incomplete parts thereof as well. Each transition captures one of the alternative immediate future possibilities open at a branching point. The transition semantics exploits the structural resources a branching time structure has to offer and provides a fine-grained picture of the interrelation of modality and time. In addition to temporal and modal operators, a so-called stability operator becomes interpretable as a universal quantifier over the possible future extensions of a given transition set. The stability operator allows us to specify how and how far time has to unfold for the truth value of a sentence at a moment to become settled and enables a perspicuous treatment of future contingents. We show that the semantics developed along those lines generalizes and extends extant approaches: both Peirceanism and Ockhamism can be viewed as limiting cases of the transition approach that build on restricted resources only, and on both accounts, stability collapses into truth.", "label": [3, 4, 40, 28, 41, 32]}
+{"token": "Phenomenological elastoplasticity view on strain recovery loops characterizing shape memory material. Finite elastoplastic J(2)-flow models with combined hardening are found to exhibit strain recovery effects. For uniaxial deformation of bars, these models produce plastic flow with the axial stress growing beyond the initial yield stress and then generate reverse plastic flow with the axial stress reducing to zero. A novel method in terms of parametric variable representations via the plastic work is proposed to study such two-way plastic flow. By means of this new method, it is shown that the foregoing two-way plastic flow may give rise to any given shape of strain recovery loops, and, furthermore, explicit models are constructed with strain recovery loops formed by two-way plastic flow. In conjunction with the parametric variable representation method proposed, these findings suggest the possibility of applying straightforward, classical elastoplasticity models to characterizing pseudoelastic behaviour of shape memory materials. (C) 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim", "label": [1, 4, 41, 12]}
+{"token": "What is it like to be a chimpanzee?. Chimpanzees and humans are close evolutionary relatives who behave in many of the same ways based on a similar type of agentive organization. To what degree do they experience the world in similar ways as well? Using contemporary research in evolutionarily biology and animal cognition, I explicitly compare the kinds of experience the two species of capable of having. I conclude that chimpanzees' experience of the world, their experiential niche as I call it, is: (i) intentional in basically the same way as humans'; (ii) rational in the sense that it is self-critical and operates with logically structured causal and intentional inferences; but (iii) not normative at all in that it does not operate with \\\\'objective\\\\' evaluative standards Scientific data do not answer philosophical questions, but they provide rich raw material for scientists and philosophers alike to reflect on and clarify fundamental psychological concepts.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
+{"token": "Latin America and the Caribbean, the last frontier of the 'New' Foreign Policy of Turkey. In recent years, Turkey has become an actor with a growing presence while demonstrating an increasing autonomy from its Western partners. The international influence of Turkey's position changed radically the vision toward to Latin America and the Caribbean creating fertile ground for political dialogue, trade relations, multilateral diplomacy and cultural cooperation. The \\\\'New\\\\' Turkish Foreign Policy initiated in 2003 by the AKP ruling party has generated a global expansion of its interests, finding Latin America and the Caribbean as their final frontier.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Executive insights: Exploring the practical effects of country of origin, animosity, and price-quality issues: Two case studies of Taiwan and Acer in China. The authors review relevant literature and present two new case studies-one of Taiwans country image campaign and the other of Acer's entry into global markets-to gain a further understanding of two related constructs, country of origin (from the field of international marketing) and animosity (from the field of consumer behavior). The authors formulate four research propositions and discuss them in reference to the two case studies. They show how the Taiwanese government has used various marketing and advertising strategies to create a positive country image and how Acer has mitigated negative country-of-origin effects and animosity in world markets, especially in China.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Improved extraction of resveratrol and antioxidants from grape peel using heat and enzymatic treatments. BACKGROUND Resveratrol, an extensively recognized phytochemical that belongs to the stilbene family, is abundant in grape peel which is discarded as a by-product during grape juice processing. RESULTS In this study, we established that pre-heating grape peel above 75 degrees C significantly improved the extractability of resveratrol and its glucoside piceid. In particular, thermal heating of grape peel at 95 degrees C for 10 min, followed by treatment with a mixture of exo-1,3-beta-glucanase and pectinases at 50 degrees C for 60 min, dramatically increased the conversion of piceid into resveratrol and the overall extractability of this phytochemical by 50%. Furthermore, thermal pre-treatment promoted a substantial increase in the total phenol, flavonoid, and anthocyanin concentrations in the grape peel extract. Ultimately, resveratrol-enriched grape peel extract significantly augmented the antioxidant response in vitro, possibly by attenuating the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species via the Nrf2 signaling pathway. CONCLUSION The method developed in this study for preparing grape peel extract introduces a potential low-cost green processing for the industrial fortification of food products with resveratrol and other health-beneficial antioxidants. (c) 2019 Society of Chemical Industry", "label": [0, 4, 6, 36, 8]}
+{"token": "ASTROPHYSICAL FLUID DYNAMICS VIA DIRECT STATISTICAL SIMULATION. In this paper, we introduce the concept of direct statistical simulation for astrophysical flows. This technique may be appropriate for problems in astrophysical fluids where the instantaneous dynamics of the flows are of secondary importance to their statistical properties. We give examples of such problems including mixing and transport in planets, stars, and disks. The method is described for a general set of evolution equations, before we consider the specific case of a spectral method optimized for problems on a spherical surface. The method is illustrated for the simplest non-trivial example of hydrodynamics and magnetohydrodynamics on a rotating spherical surface. We then discuss possible extensions of the method both in terms of computational methods and the range of astrophysical problems that are of interest.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Fluorescence switch for silver ion detection utilizing dimerization of DNA-Ag nanoclusters. A fluorescence switch that consists of DNA-templated silver nanoclusters (DNA-AgNCs) triggered by silver ion (Ag+) is developed to detect Ag+. The mechanism of the fluorescence switching of DNA-AgNCs is investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy, DNA hybridization assay and mass spectrometry. Ag+ induces a dimeric structure of Cyt(12)-AgNCs by forming a bridge between two Cyt(12)-AgNCs, where Cyt(12) is cytosine 12-mer; this dimer formation causes the fluorescence change of Cyt(12)-AgNCs from red to green. Using this Ag+-triggered fluorescence switch, we successfully detected Ag+ at concentrations as low as 10 nM. Furthermore, we quantitatively detected the Ag+ in the Silmazin (R), which is dermatological burn ointment having silver sulfadiazine. Ag+ detection using this fluorescence switch has high selectivity and sensitivity, and short response time, and can be used successfully even in the presence of other metal ions. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 2, 4, 19, 36, 15, 42]}
+{"token": "Political Theory in Institutional Context: The Case of Patriot Royalism. In the aftermath of the Stamp Act, prominent American thinkers of otherwise unquestioned Whiggish affiliation adopted an expansive view of the king's prerogative powers while simultaneously denying Parliament's authority to interfere in the internal governance of the colonies. Scholars have generally attributed this stance, known as \\\\'patriot royalism,\\\\' to political necessity: with no other means of disputing Parliament's oppressive actions, desperate pamphleteers sought to revive the discredited constitutional ideas of the Stuarts. In contrast, we argue that this position was deeply rooted in the institutional context of colonial governance. More specifically, we show that revolutionary Americans directly experienced lawmaking by Privy Council and the Board of Trade over which, as a practical matter, there was no higher authority. This \\\\'conciliar\\\\' form of governance, which survived the break with England, exerted a significant influence on the constitutional framers and their handiwork.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Health-Care Workers' Perspectives on Preparedness of Health-Care Facilities for Outbreak of Communicable Diseases in Nigeria: A Qualitative Study. A high probability of another outbreak of communicable disease exists in sub-Saharan African countries, after the Ebola virus disease outbreak of 2014. Thus, health-care facility (HCF) preparedness for a prompt and effective response to disease outbreaks needs to be ascertained. In this study, Nigerian health-care workers' (HCWs) knowledge of preparedness, perception of the level of preparedness existing in these HCFs, militating factors, and possible ways to improve, were evaluated through qualitative data collection, using focus group discussion and in-depth interview. Among the 193 HCWs which participated in the study, the perception of 190 (98.4%) was that their HCFs were insufficiently equipped to respond to disease outbreaks. None of the facilities had an emergency operation unit (EOU). Most HCWs perceived preparedness as observation of universal precautions. Other aspects of preparedness, such as training, routine emergency drills, disease surveillance, waste management, and design and location of HCFs were minimally mentioned. None of the participants had undergone any form of emergency drill training. A mong the suggestions of how to improve on preparedness were immunization of staff, improved inter-departmental communication within the HCF, and routine training. The overall poor level of preparedness which exists in the HCFs means that they cannot prevent or contain a communicable disease outbreak. There is a need to improve universal precautions, communication within the HCFs, and routine interpretation of surveillance data by epidemiologists. There is also a need for the establishment of EOU in every HCF, a system that responds to, and manages emergency response to disease outbreaks, which also must be functional during non-outbreak periods.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "DISTRIBUTION AND DISPERSAL OF STABLE FLIES (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE) ON A MARYLAND FARM. Stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), were studied on a 376-ha farm complex in 1989 to assess their dispersal behavior and patterns of distribution. The flies travelled with, and congregated near, cattle. They were not attracted to fresh manure which was spread on fields 0.5 km from the barns, although some stable flies were transported with the manure. Stable flies were only captured at homesites when fly-contaminated breeding materials were spread near the homes or when cattle-loafing areas were within 100 m of the homes. The largest catches of stable flies on the farm were near sites where straw was used as cattle bedding material or was stored after such use. Fifty-nine percent of the total fly catch over the summer was collected in 15 traps which were located near cattle resting areas or cattle trails.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 44]}
+{"token": "Performance of Pinoxaden on the Control of Diclofop-Resistant Italian Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum) in Winter Wheat. Resistance to herbicides in Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot) is an economically important herbicide-resistance issue in world agriculture. Diclofop-resistant ryegrass is the number one weed problem in Arkansas wheat. Field studies were conducted from 2006 through 2008 at Bredlow corner and Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA to determine the effect of herbicide programs consisting of pinoxaden (Axial) alone or in mixtures with preemergence and postemergence herbicides, along with tillage systems, for managing diclofop-resistant Italian ryegrass. Italian ryegrass control, wheat injury, and grain yield were evaluated. A single treatment with pinoxaden alone resulted in 58% ryegrass control and 1488 kg ha(-1) grain yield. The best treatment was metribuzin followed by mesosulfuron, which resulted in 2793 kg grain yield ha(-1), a 47% increase compared to pinoxaden alone. In Fayetteville (2006-2007 and 2007-2008), the best treatment was two applications of metribuzin, which yielded about 3700 kg grain ha(-1). A single application of pinoxaden resulted in 40% loss of grain yield compared to a single application of flufenacet + metribuzin and almost 50% yield loss compared to sequential application of metribuzin. Yield loss was attributed due to insufficient control of Italian ryegrass. The effect of tillage on Italian ryegrass was inconsistent between years and treatments. In the first year, for example, tillage x herbicide treatments did not differ. In the second and third year, control of Italian ryegrass was better in no-till than in conventional till in both locations. In conclusion, pinoxaden alone could not control diclofop-resistant Italian ryegrass sufficiently. Other herbicide modes of action need to be added to the management program of diclofop-resistant Italian ryegrass, especially one with residual activity such as metribuzin.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "A reliability-based and sustainability-informed maintenance optimization considering risk attitudes for telecommunications equipment. Purpose This study presents a reliability-based and sustainability-informed maintenance optimization model for telecommunications equipment. It considers several risk attributes associated with sustainability dimensions (i.e. social, economic and environmental aspects). Design/methodology/approach Many companies have developed long-term strategies to promote higher resource utilization, which has led to a paradigm shift in the role of maintenance. In parallel, reliability has been recognized as a fundamental factor in characterizing the optimal blend of maintenance strategies for a given system. It is essential for accurate failure prediction, which contributes toward more efficient use of all resources. Findings The corresponding subattributes are identified based on expert opinions and then incorporated into the proposed model. Subsequently, using the multiobjective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO), the proposed sustainability risks together with the maintenance costs are optimized, and the proper blend of maintenance strategies is identified. Originality/value Effective management of all human and natural resources, which are particularly emphasized by the concept of sustainability, has attracted much attention in recent years. However, contributions that effectively apply this concept in maintenance problems are very few and very few studies have attempted to quantify sustainability.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "HYPOTHESIS OF DINLIN-YENISSEIC UNITY. The main interesting regarding their ancient genetic relations currently seem to be Sino-Tibetan and Dene-Yenisseic hypothesis, based on linguistic data.In the proposed paper the author makes another come-back to the issue of Kets origin or, wider - Yenisseic people, the questions that was addressed to themselves by the XVIII century scholars and which is being asked by the XXI century scholars, there are many anticipations, but the Kets are still a mystery, nevertheless, we, of course know more about them nowadays, than the past centuries scholars. Especially we enriched our knowledge on them beginning from the second half of the XX century, mostly like due to works of outstanding scientists E. A. Alekseenko, A. P. Dulzon and E. A. Kreinovitch.In the proposed article there is no a set task on critical analysis of the hypothesis on remote genetic relationship of Yenisseic people, the author would like to go to the question of the latter predecessors of Ket-Yenisseic people among early peoples of Central Asia and consider their possible ethnographic roots within those peoples. The level of working out of the Ket and other Yenisseic peoples' problem currently allows only to outline different anticipations, regarding this point, the article is not different from other ones, but it attempts to allocate the above mentioned problem to the recorded historical events before BC and first centuries of CE, and also correlate it to peoples-participants of those events, particularly with Dinlins, Hunns and Hunnas. So that there is an attempt to estimate historiographic, ethnographic and linguistic material related to Yenisseic peoples' problem to define their place, their participation and role in registered and possible to be reconstructed historical events in correspondent geographical areas.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Nano-size NiS particles anchored on nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide for superior sodium storage. Nickel sulfides are regarded as promising anode materials for sodium-ion battery due to their natural abundance and high theoretical capacity. However, they are subjected to poor conductivity and severe volume variation during charging/discharging process, leading to sluggish kinetics and rapid capacity loss. To address these dilemmas, a hybrid composite consisting of nickel sulfide nanoparticles uniformly anchored on the nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (NiS@N-rGO) has been fabricated through a facile sulfidation of ultrathin Ni(OH)2/rGO precursor. Owing to the high electronic conductivity of composite, alleviated volume expansion and accelerated ion diffusion, the NiS@N-rGO composite exhibits an initial specific capacity as high as 872.8 mAh g-1 at a current density of 0.2 A g-1 and maintain 300 mAh g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1 after 300 cycles when employed as anode in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). This work may present a new avenue in the design of electrode materials with excellent performance for SIBs in the future. (c) 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "The new development paradigm through the lens of the Aga Khan Rural Support Programme: legitimacy, accountability and the political sphere. This article critically reviews the Aga Khan Rural Support Programme (AKRSP) in light of Joseph Stiglitzs onew development paradigm' (NDP). Based on the analysis of the pioneering participatory development strategies applied by the AKRSP in Gilgit-Baltistan, Northern Pakistan, the NDP is used to highlight a number of issues. I argue that an emphasis on social legitimacy and the political sphere as a realm for political debate and action can clarify relationships between funders, projects and communities, and contribute to the ground assessment of the impacts of the AKRSP on local communities. Raising issues about accountability and transparency, and questioning the robustness of political relations towards which the NDP works, I conclude that the AKRSPs participatory development model may, contrary to the rhetoric of empowerment inherent to the concept of participatory development, in fact lead to the effective weakening of political rights.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "A Trialectical Cusp: between the real and the represented: At the bus stop in SPID Theatre Company's 23176. This article applies Soja's trialectic' as an analytical method with which to explore the relationship between the real, the imagined and the represented in SPID Theatre Company's 2008 production 23176. This production took place in the community rooms of the Kensal House estate in Ladbroke Grove, London. The central feature of the set was hyper-realistic depiction of a Transport for London bus stop, which referenced similar bus stops just outside the Kensal and across London. I argue that the fictional bus stop worked affectively to place viewers on a trialectical cusp', which disrupted stereotypical depictions of young council estate residents as criminal and delinquent. Kate Katafiaz proposes that the dialectical cusp' is a plastic physical point of [de-limitation] which allows the onlooker autonomy, [and] may help figure and understand a lost classical connection between drama and democracy' (2013: 24). In this analysis I consider how placing audience members on a spatialized, and thus trialectical', cusp is a political act which might activate Soja's Thirdspace' and allow audience members reflexively to evaluate ingrained beliefs and prejudices.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "EFFECT OF RATIONAL AND IRRATIONAL STATEMENTS ON INTENSITY AND INAPPROPRIATENESS OF EMOTIONAL DISTRESS AND IRRATIONAL BELIEFS IN PSYCHOTHERAPY PATIENTS. Ellis's rational-emotive theory postulates that since irrational statements augment emotional distress, replacing irrational with rational statements should lessen distress. This hypothesis was tested in the initial stages of psychotherapy by having 13 and 14 clinical out-patients respectively repeat for one minute either rational or irrational statements about their major presenting psychological problem. The distinction by Ellis & Harper (1975) that 'inappropriate' emotions differ qualitatively from 'appropriate' emotions was also examined. Although the experimental intervention had no effect on a post-test measure of irrational beliefs, patients repeating rational statements had significantly lower appropriate and inappropriate negative emotions at post-test, suggesting that inappropriate emotions do not differ qualitatively from appropriate emotions and that making rational statements may lower emotional distress in patients. Patients reiterating irrational statements showed no change in emotions, implying that these kinds of irrational cognitions may have already been present.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Estimating the size of hard-to-reach populations: a novel method using HIV testing data compared to other methods. Objective: To estimate population size of hard-re-reach groups such as injecting drug users and men who have sex with men.Results: The survey method gave the lowest estimates which are best viewed as minimum estimates given the relative inability of surveys to access these populations and the reluctance of participants to admit to sensitive behaviors. The indirect method produced results more closely comparable with those obtained by other methods, but they are probably slight overestimates, at least for injecting drug users, due to possible underestimation of the proportion tested for HIV. Point estimates using the indirect method were 17 700 and 17 500 for injecting drug users in Toronto and Vancouver, respectively, and 39 100 and 15 900 for men who have sex with men. In Toronto, results for the other methods ranged from 12 300-13 360 for injecting drug users and 18 800-35 000 for men who have sex with men. For Vancouver, these ranges were 6400-11 670 and 7000-26 500, respectively. In Montreal, ranges were 4300-12 500 for injecting drug users and 18 500-40 000 for men who have sex with men.Methods: A novel method (referred to as the indirect method) was developed for use in Toronto and Vancouver that combines HIV serodiagnostic information with data on HIV testing behavior. Population size estimates were obtained by dividing the number of injecting drug users or men who have sex with men recorded in HIV serodiagnostic databases in a given year by the proportion of the corresponding group that reported being tested in a 1-year period. Results of this method were compared with four other methods: (1) population surveys; (2) capture-recapture (for injecting drug users only); (3) a modified Delphi technique; and (4) a method based on the proportion of never-married men aged 45 and over (for men who have sex with men only). Only these other methods were used in Montreal.Design: Several different methods were used to estimate the size of these populations in Canada's three largest cities (Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver).Conclusions: This novel method provides estimates of population size of hard-to-reach groups such as injecting drug users and men who have sex with men that are comparable with results derived by other methods. These estimates may be useful for the purposes of planning, implementing and evaluating prevention and care services, especially when they are combined with the results of other estimation methods to improve the degree of confidence in the resulting estimates. (C) 2001 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.", "label": [2, 18, 25, 21]}
+{"token": "Fractionation of BSA and lysozyme using gas-sparged ultrafiltration in hollow fiber membrane modules. Ultrafiltration experiments were performed on mixtures of BSA and lysozyme with the aim of fractionating the two proteins. Pilot-plant scale polysulphone hollow fiber membrane modules with molecular weight cutoffs of 150 000 and 200 000 were used. The membrane process was enhanced via the injection of gas slugs into the hollow fiber membrane modules. The gas slugs served to disrupt concentration polarization near the membrane surface with the subsequent aim of improving membrane selectivity. It was found that hollow fiber membranes were effective at fractionating BSA and lysozyme, with the membrane selectivity being greater than 20 across a range of operating conditions. The introduction of gas slugs further improved membrane selectivity by a factor of 3-5. The sieving mechanism of the membrane and electrostatic interactions between proteins and the membrane were discussed and used to explain experimental observations.", "label": [0, 2, 19, 8]}
+{"token": "The prevalence of endocrinopathic laminitis among horses presented for laminitis at a first-opinion/referral equine hospital. Endocrinopathic causes of laminitis may be a common underlying causative pathogenesis in first-opinion or field cases presenting with laminitis, as opposed to laminitis produced in inflammatory research models. This study aimed to determine whether evidence of an underlying endocrinopathy was present in horses presented for laminitis to a first-opinion/referral veterinary teaching hospital. A second aim was to compare the signalment of horses and ponies with laminitis with the equine hospital population during the same period. All horses presenting for laminitis at Helsinki University Equine Teaching Hospital, Finland, over a 16-month period were examined for an underlying endocrinopathy. Horses presenting for laminitis were compared with the hospitalized population over the same period. There were 36 horses presented for laminitis, and evidence of endocrinopathy was present in 89%. Of the horses showing an underlying endocrinopathy, one-third had a diagnosis of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, and two-thirds showed basal hyperinsulinemia indicative of insulin resistance, without evidence of hirsutism. Phenotypic indicators of obesity were present in 95% of horses with basal hyperinsulinemia without hirsutism. Compared with the hospital population during the same period, horses with laminitis associated with an underlying endocrinopathy were significantly older and more likely to be pony breeds. Our data support that endocrine testing should be performed on all cases of laminitis that do not have a clear inflammatory or gastrointestinal origin. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 6, 22]}
+{"token": "ERROR BOUND FOR A GENERALIZED M.A. LAVRENTIEV'S FORMULA VIA THE NORM IN A FRACTIONAL SOBOLEV SPACE. We generalize M.A. Lavrentiev's approximate formula for the conformal mapping of the perturbed half-plane onto the half-plane. The generalization concerns harmonic functions and their derivatives in locally perturbed half-spaces (Lipschitz epigraphs). For both formulas, we obtain remainder estimates involving the square of the norm of the perturbing function in the fractional homogeneous Sobolev space H-1/ 2. By the Kashin-Besov-Kolyada inequality, these estimates imply pointwise stability bounds in terms of the Lebesgue measure. Moreover, we prove the joint analyticity of the above-named harmonic functions with respect to the perturbing parameter and the space variables and justify a result on the interpolation between L-1- and homogeneous Slobodetskii spaces which is essentially due to A. Cohen.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "The effect of heterogeneity on hydraulic fracturing in shale. Modelling hydraulic fracturing processes in shale oil and gas development remains a major challenge for industrial applications. The omission of heterogeneity inherent in the shale matrix may be one of the causes for the divergence between simulated fractures and those in reality. To elucidate the effects of heterogeneity on hydraulic fracturing, a workflow is developed for generating heterogeneous fields of hydraulic and geomechanical properties based on relatively easily available compressional wave velocity and shear wave velocity. After that, the workflow is implemented in our thermo-hydro-mechanical simulator for hydraulic fracturing. With the integrated simulator, the following are investigated: the effect of heterogeneity and the interactive effects of heterogeneity with other factors, i.e., in-situ stress gradient and stress shadow, the significance of different levels of heterogeneity, and the impact of various injection rates. The simulation results showed that these factors could have either synergetic or competitive effects under different circumstances. Also, different levels of heterogeneity result in different patterns of fractures' geometry. According to our study, a heterogeneity field with a large coefficient of variation (CV) and medium correlation length (CL) turns out to develop fractures of the most complex patterns. Moreover, the high injection rate leads to neutralization of the influence of heterogeneity through the averaging effect of intense fracturing. The study leads to better understandings in the mechanism of hydraulic fracturing process under complicated factors such as heterogeneity, interactive effects, fracturing strategies, and both modes of rock failure. This study may shed light on future research on hydraulic fracturing and possible applications in practice as well as some improvements in designing hydraulic fracturing simulator.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "DISTANCES BETWEEN FORMAL THEORIES. In the literature, there have been several methods and definitions for working out whether two theories are \\\\'equivalent\\\\' (essentially the same) or not. In this article, we do something subtler. We provide a means to measure distances (and explore connections) between formal theories. We introduce two natural notions for such distances. The first one is that ofaxiomatic distance, but we argue that it might be of limited interest. The more interesting and widely applicable notion is that ofconceptual distancewhich measures the minimum number of concepts that distinguish two theories. For instance, we use conceptual distance to show that relativistic and classical kinematics are distinguished by one concept only.", "label": [3, 4, 41, 32]}
+{"token": "Genome-Wide Association Studies and Haplotype-Sharing Analysis Targeting the Egg Production Traits in Shaoxing Duck. Age at first egg (AFE) and egg number (EN) are economically important traits related to egg production, as they directly influence the benefits of the poultry industry, but the molecular genetic research that affects those traits in laying ducks is still sparse. Our objective was to identify the genomic regions and candidate genes associated with AFE, egg production at 43 weeks (EP43w), and egg production at 66 weeks (EP66w) in a Shaoxing duck population using genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and haplotype-sharing analysis. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based genetic parameter estimates showed that the heritability was 0.15, 0.20, and 0.22 for AFE, EP43w, and EP66w, respectively. Subsequently, three univariate GWASs for AFE, EP43w, and EP66w were carried out independently. Twenty-four SNPs located on chromosome 25 within a 0.01-Mb region that spans from 4.511 to 4.521 Mb were associated with AFE. There are two CIs that affect EP43w, i.e., twenty-five SNPs were in strong linkage disequilibrium region spanning from 3.186 to 3.247 Mb on chromosome 25, a region spanning from 4.442 to 4.446 Mb on chromosome 25, and two interesting genes, ACAD8 and THYN1, that may affect EP43w in laying ducks. There are also two CIs that affect EP66w, i.e., a 2.412-Mb region that spans from 127.497 to 129.910 Mb on chromosome 2 and a 0.355-Mb region that spans from 4.481 to 4.837 Mb on chromosome 29, and CA2 and GAMT may be the putative candidate genes. Our study also found some haplotypes significantly associated with these three traits based on haplotype-sharing analysis. Overall, this study was the first publication of GWAS on egg production in laying ducks, and our findings will be helpful to provide some candidate genes and haplotypes to improve egg production performance based on breeding in laying duck. Additionally, we learned from a method called bootstrap test to verify the reliability of a GWAS with small experimental samples.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "DARK-MATTER HALOS IN ELLIPTIC GALAXIES. Values of the M/L(B) ratio in the inner regions of elliptical (E) galaxies are determined using ionized gas disks as tracers of the triaxial potential. These data, when combined with those provided by the H I disks extending to the outer regions, show that the variation of M/L(B) with galactocentric radius in Es is similar to that of spirals. In particular, it is found that in spirals and Es of the same visible mass the radius where the density of the dark matter equals that of the visible matter occurs at the same distance in units of r(e), namely at 1.2r(e). This suggests a similar picture of baryonic collapse into a preexisting DM halo for both Es and spirals.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "'Democratic Ignorance' and the Politics of Knowledge. The conditions for liberal democracy - by any operational definition of that concept - include some minimum level of knowledge. We can assume everybody knows something about local matters. But total ignorance of non-local matters must make people incompetent to deliberate about those issues. If a majority of citizens know nothing about such problems, are they ready for non-local democracy? This question has been raised by scholars with reference to the pace of democracy in developing countries. But it is equally relevant for some developed countries where widespread ignorance is demonstrable. Some theorists argue that 'democratic ignorance' is not harmful because electoral democracies are actually run by well-informed elites. The problem with this model of elite politics is that ignorant citizens vote (even if their voting rate is lower),(1) and are sampled in political polls. Elections and polls are used to legitimize both policies and rule by particular elites. Ignorance, therefore, has consequences. There is no democratic society where a majority of the electorate are completely ignorant about non-local matters. But large proportions of the population in some countries are uninformed to the point of ignorance. What is the minimum level of non-local knowledge which should be the goal of a democratic society? This abstract question has implications for education, for political citizenship, and for the evolution of democratic politics in developing and developed countries.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "AN UPPER ESTIMATE FOR THE NUMBER OF LIMIT CYCLES OF EVEN-DEGREE LIENARD EQUATIONS IN THE FOCUS CASE. M. Caubergh and F. Dumortier [1] obtained an explicit linear upper estimate for the number of large-amplitude limit cycles of such equations. We estimate the number of mid-amplitude limit cycles of the Lienard equations using the growth-and-zeros theorem proved by Ilyashenko and Yakovenko in [7].Our estimate depends on four parameters: n, C, a(1), and R. Let F(x) = x(n) + Sigma(n-1)(i=1) a(i)x(i), where n = 2l is the even degree of the monic polynomial F without a constant term, vertical bar a(1)vertical bar < C for all i, so C is the size of a compact subset in the space of parameters, R is the size of the neighborhood of the origin, such that there are at most l limit cycles located outside of this neighborhood, vertical bar a(1)vertical bar stands for the distance from the equation linearization to the center case in the space of parameters, and 2 - vertical bar a(1)vertical bar stands for the distance from the equation linearization to the node case in the space of parameters.We give an upper estimate for the number of limit cycles of the Lienard equations (x)over dot = y - F(x), (y)over dot = -x of even degree in the case where its unique singular point (0, 0) is a focus.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 41]}
+{"token": "Isotopic evidence for axial tree stem methane oxidation within subtropical lowland forests. Overall, we estimated that c. 33% of the methane was oxidised between lower and upper stems during axial transport, therefore potentially representing a globally significant, yet previously unaccounted for, methane sink.Knowledge regarding mechanisms moderating methane (CH4) sink/source behaviour along the soil-tree stem-atmosphere continuum remains incomplete. Here, we applied stable isotope analysis (delta C-13-CH4) to gain insights into axial CH4 transport and oxidation in two globally distributed subtropical lowland species (Melaleuca quinquenervia and Casuarina glauca).Coupled 3D-photogrammetry with novel 3D-stem measurements revealed distinct hotspots of CH4 flux and isotopic fractionation on Melaleuca, which were likely due to bark anomalies in which preferential pathways of gas efflux were enhanced. Diel experiments revealed greater delta C-13-CH4 enrichment and higher oxidation rates in the afternoon, compared with the morning.We found consistent trends in CH4 flux (decreasing with height) and delta C-13-CH4 enrichment (increasing with height) in relation to stem height from ground. The average lower tree stem delta C-13-CH4 (0-40 cm) of Melaleuca and Casuarina (-53.96 parts per thousand and -65.89 parts per thousand) were similar to adjacent flooded soil CH4 ebullition (-52.87 parts per thousand and -62.98 parts per thousand), suggesting that stem CH4 is derived mainly by soil sources. Upper stems (81-200 cm) displayed distinct delta C-13-CH4 enrichment (Melaleuca -44.6 parts per thousand and Casuarina -46.5 parts per thousand, respectively).", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "How Chinese thought can lead the transformation in management practice. Originality/value - The value of the essay lies in its integration of twentieth century science, Chinese philosophy and the study of organizations to indicate how Chinese managers and thinkers can help shape a new, trans-cultural way of understanding organizations, markets and finally, the world.Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to explore how the emerging, post-Newtonian twenty-first century worldview, integrating elements of holistic Chinese philosophy and individualistic Western Newtonianism, is also driving a new model of organization, the articulation of which Chinese managers and thinkers must take a leadership position.Findings - This essay asserts that the worldview emerging from twentieth century science primarily quantum mechanics and complexity theory will reinforce many of the basic assumptions basic to Chinese culture and philosophy. As a result, Chinese managers and thinkers have the opportunity to make critical contributions to an emerging model of organization, which Western management thinkers have been predicting for nearly half a century.Practical implications - The paper offers a series of theoretical tools, taken from fields of study ranging from the philosophy of science to organizational dynamics, with which Chinese managers and thinkers can develop a leadership position in the discussion that has begun about what the author calls the post-Newtonian organizational model.Design/methodology/approach - The author focuses, first, on the similarities between the worldviews of Chinese philosophy and post-Newtonianism; second, on how those changes in worldview support the emerging model of organization, whose management style one writer refers to as \\\\'unmanaging\\\\'; and, third, on the benefits available for Chinese business people who apply their acculturated understanding of principles that still seem foreign to Western business people.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Inkjet Printed Metamaterial Loaded Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX Applications. In this paper, the design and performance analysis of an Inkjet printed metamaterial loaded monopole antenna is presented for wireless local area network (WLAN) and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) applications. The proposed metamaterial structure consists of two layers, one is rectangular tuning fork-shaped antenna, and another layer is an inkjet-printed metamaterial superstate. The metamaterial layer is designed using four split-ring resonators (SRR) with an H-shaped inner structure to achieve negative-index metamaterial properties. The metamaterial structure is fabricated on low-cost photo paper substrate material using a conductive ink based inkjet printing technique, which achieved dual negative refractive index bands of 2.25-4.25 GHz and 4.3-4.6 GHz. The antenna is designed using a rectangular tuning fork structure to operate at WLAN and WiMAX bands. The antenna is printed on 30 x 39 x 1.27 mm3 Rogers RO3010 substrate, which shows wide impedance bandwidth of 0.75 GHz (2.2 to 2.95 GHz) with 2 dB realized gain at 2.4 GHz. After integrating metamaterial structure, the impedance bandwidth becomes 1.25 GHz (2.33 to 3.58 GHz) with 2.6 dB realized gain at 2.4 GHz. The antenna bandwidth and gain have been increased using developed quad SRR based metasurface by 500 MHz and 0.6 dBi respectively. Moreover, the proposed quad SRR loaded antenna can be used for 2.4 GHz WLAN bands and 2.5 GHz WiMAX applications. The contribution of this work is to develop a cost-effective inject printed metamaterial to enhance the impedance bandwidth and realized the gain of a WLAN/WiMAX antenna.", "label": [1, 4, 40, 11]}
+{"token": "Islam, Jews and Eastern Christianity in Late Medieval Pilgrims' Guidebooks: Some Examples from the Franciscan Convent of Mount Sion. The Holy Land was described, not just in the accounts of the pilgrims who visited the most sacred land of Christianity, but also in several compilations and collections of texts conceived as guidebooks for clerics and pilgrims. From the fourteenth century onwards, many of these collections are clearly linked to the Franciscan Convent of Mount Sion. These assemblages often include texts on customs and religious beliefs of the peoples of the Near East and on the history of the Holy Land. One of the aims of the compilers seems to have been to prepare the reader to meet unorthodox practices and beliefs, emphasising the contrast between Latin Christianity and Eastern Christianity or Islam.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Migration and Distribution of Graft-inoculated Jujube Witches'-broom Phytoplasma within a Cantharanthus roseus Plant. Periwinkle seedlings (Cantharanthus roseus) were inoculated with jujube witches'-broom (JWB) phytoplasma via grafting to analyze the migration of JWB phytoplasmas within the host plant. The phytoplasmas were detected using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fluorescence microscopy. Fluorescence microscopy was a simple and easy method of detecting phytoplasmas; however, it was not sufficiently sensitive to detect very low phytoplasma concentrations. Therefore, the migration of JWB phytoplasma was investigated through PCR. The first migration of JWB phytoplasma from an infected tissue to healthy tissues occurred late. After grafting, the phytoplasmas moved from the inoculated twig (or scion) to the main stem, which took 28 days. Afterward, the phytoplasma migrated faster and took less than 4 days to spread into the roots from the main stem. All twigs were then successively colonized by the JWB phytoplasmas from the bottom to the top. JWB phytoplasma was detected via nested PCR in all parts of the periwinkle seedling 82 days after inoculation. Based on these results, the inoculated JWB phytoplasma appeared to migrate downward to the roots along the main stem during the early stages, and then continued to move upward, colonizing twigs along the way until they reached the apex.", "label": [0, 6, 9]}
+{"token": "Normal metabolism but different physical properties of myelin from mice deficient in proteolipid protein. Proteolipid protein (PLP) is the primary protein component of CNS myelin, yet myelin from the PLPnull mouse has only minor ultrastructural abnormalities. Might compensation for a potentially unstable structure involve increased myelin synthesis and turnover? This was not the case; neither accumulation nor in vivo synthesis rates for the myelin-specific lipid cerebroside was altered in PLPnull mice relative to wild-type (wt) animals. However, the yield of myelin from PLPnull mice, assayed as levels of cerebroside, was only about 55% of wt control levels. Loss of myelin occurred during initial centrifugation of brain homogenate at 20,000g for 20 min, which is sufficient to sediment almost all myelin from wt mice. Cerebroside-containing fragments from PLPnull mice remaining in the supernatant could be sedimented by more stringent centrifugation, 100,000g for 60 min. Both the rapidly. and the more slowly sedimenting cerebroside-containing membranes banded at the 0.85/0.32 M sucrose interface of a density gradient, as did myelin from wt mice. These results suggest at least some myelin from PLPnull mice differs from wt myelin with respect to physical stability (fragmented into smaller particles during dispersion) and/or density. Alternatively, slowly sedimenting cerebroside-containing particles could be myelin precursor membranes that, lacking PLP, were retarded in their processing toward mature myelin and thus differ from mature myelin in physical properties. If this is so, recently synthesized cerebroside should be preferentially found in these \\\\'slower-sedimenting\\\\' myelin precursor fragments. Metabolic tracer experiments showed this was not the case. We conclude that PLPnull myelin is physically less stable and/or less dense than wt myelin. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Mechanism of deleading of silicate glass by 0.5 N HNO3. Mechanism of removal of lead from silicate glass containing 68.5 wt% PbO by 0.5 N HNO3 was investigated by incorporation of the chemical-analyses/weight-loss data into shrinking-core model (SCM) and minimization of the difference. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS) were used to determine the compositional changes of the lead-silicate glass (LSG) samples. Dual inter-diffusion chemical reaction mechanisms having respective activation energies of 83.49 and 47.80 kJ/mol dominated the deleading process. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Mergers and acquisitions and bank performance in Europe: The role of strategic similarities. We examine the impact of European Union banks' strategic similarities on post-merger performance. We find that, on average, bank mergers have resulted in improved performance. We also find that for domestic deals, it can be quite costly to integrate institutions which are dissimilar in terms of their loan, earnings, cost, deposit and size strategies. For cross-border mergers, differences between merging partners in their loan and credit risk strategies are conducive to higher performance, whereas diversity in their capital and cost structure has a negative impact from a performance standpoint. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Sincerity Silencing. Catharine MacKinnon claims that pornography silences women in a way that violates the right to free speech. This claim is, of course, controversial, but if it is correct, then the very free speech reasons for protecting pornography appear also to afford reason to restrict it. For this reason, it has gained considerable attention.The philosophical literature thus far focuses on a type of silencing identified and analyzed by Jennifer Hornsby and Rae Langton (H&L). This article identifies, analyzes, and argues for the importance of a different type of silencing.As we shall see, there are compelling reasons in favor of regarding H&L silencing as a free speech violation and, as I argue here, the same can be said for sincerity silencing. Although additional work needs to be done to show that either one actually is a free speech violation, I demonstrate here that both types of silencing equally warrant this further attention. Moreover, I show that sincerity silencing is a fairly widespread phenomenon; so, therefore, is the harm it constitutes. As a result of these considerations, then, we can safely conclude that sincerity silencing also requires our attention.", "label": [3, 5, 52, 32]}
+{"token": "Conditioned Media Enhance Osteogenic Differentiation on Poly(L-lactide-co-epsilon-caprolactone)/Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds and Chondrogenic Differentiation in Alginate. The biochemical factors that regulate cell proliferation and differentiation can provide a means of optimizing culture conditions to develop a tissue-engineered osteochondral construct. Thus, the objectives of this study were to determine the effects of chondrocyte conditioned medium ( CM) on the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) cultured on poly(L-lactide-co-epsilon-caprolactone)/hydroxyapatite (PLA/PCL/HAP) scaffolds and to determine the effect of osteoblast CM on the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs cultured in alginate. In addition, the biomaterial's effect on MSC differentiation was also investigated. MSCs were grown in two groups: ( 1) on porous PLA/PCL/HAP scaffolds in osteogenic differentiation medium or ( 2) encapsulated in alginate in chondrogenic differentiation medium. CM was taken from one group and administered to the 'opposite' group in volumetric concentrations of 25% or 50% at each medium change. The osteogenic group samples that were administered chondrocyte CM showed higher alkaline phosphatase activity than the controls that were not administered CM. Additionally, the cells that were given chondrocyte CM had higher osteocalcin and sialoprotein expression than the controls. Samples in the chondrogenic group that were administered osteoblast CM at a volumetric concentration of 50% produced more sGAG than the controls. The aggrecan and Sox9 expression was significantly higher in the samples given 50% CM as compared to the controls. The study also showed that culturing cells in alginate, without differentiation medium, can produce similar levels of differentiation as cells that were administered differentiation medium. (C) Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2010", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Surprise election for Trump connections. We exploit Donald Trump's nonpolitical background and surprise election victory to identify the value of sudden presidential ties among S&P 500 firms. In our setting firms did not choose to become politically connected, so we identify treatment effects comparatively free of selection bias prevalent in this literature. Firms with presidential ties enjoyed greater abnormal returns around the 2016 election. Since Trump's inauguration, connected firms had better performance, received more government contracts, and were less subject to unfavorable regulatory actions. We rule out a number of confounding factors, including industry designation, sensitivity to Republican platforms, campaign finance, and lobbying expenditures. (C) 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [5, 48, 49]}
+{"token": "Antifouling activity of the sponge metabolite agelasine D and synthesised analogs on Balanus improvisus. This study reports a screening study for antifouling (AF) activity of the natural compound agelasine D isolated from marine sponges of the genus Agelas and 20 synthesised analogs of agelasines and agelasimines. Agelasine D, together with two of the analogs, ie AV1003A and AKB695, displayed a strong inhibitory effect on settlement of Balanus improvisus cypris larvae. Agelasine D had an EC(50) value of 0.11 mu M while the two analogs AV1033A and AKB695 had EC(50) values of 0.23 and 0.3 mu M, respectively. None of these three compounds affected larval mortality as was the case with several of the analogs tested. Moreover, the effect of AV1033A and AKB695 was reversible. When cyprids after 24 h exposure to the compounds were transferred to fresh seawater, the settlement frequency compared with the controls was completely recovered. The properties of the agelasine D analogs AV1003A and AKB695 make them highly attractive candidates as AF agents in future marine coatings.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 45]}
+{"token": "Reclaiming European Heritages of Transatlantic Migration The Politics of Identity of East European Immigrants to the U.S.A.. This article provides a fieldwork-based case study for the application of identity empowerment through heritage as a research perspective for the analysis of East European transnationalism seen in Lithuanian immigration in the U.S.A. Two patterns of reclaiming European heritages, 'diasporic' and 'recognitionist', are discussed. The 'diasporic' pattern among more recent migrants embraces a transatlantic heritage in which culture stands for the nation. It is instrumentalised as a claim to retain essential Lithuanianness, and reinforced by the moral imperative to return to the homeland. The 'recognitionist' pattern is exemplified by descendants of earlier East European immigrants, and is focused on family roots, as well as on ethnic history and culture. Transatlantic roots and ethnic heritages of the Lithuanian 'Texas pioneers' are reinforced by belonging to the local United States as migrants strive to achieve re-inscription of that heritage as one that has long been rooted in the local history of Texas.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "REVIEW OF THE GENUS CLADONOTA STAL WITH KEYS, ILLUSTRATIONS OF ADULTS, AND DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES FROM ECUADOR (HEMIPTERA: MEMBRACIDAE: MEMBRACINAE: HYPSOPRORINI). II. SUBGENUS CLADONOTA STAL. This is the second in a series of four papers that will treat the 55 species and one incertae sedis in the genus Cladonota Stal. The genus Cladonota contains four subgenera: Cladonota Stal, Falculifera McKamey, Lecythifera Fowler, and Lobocladisca Stal. This paper treats the 18 species of the subgenus Cladonota which includes: C. albofasciata (Goding), C. amazonica (Andrade), C. atrata (Fonesca), C. cinerea (Fonesca), C. crassepunctata (Sakakibara), C. erwini n. sp., C. foliata (Funkhouser), C. fritzi (Sakakibara), C. gracilis (Sakakibara), C. guimaraesi (Sakakibara), C. latifrons (Stal), C. lopezi (Strumpel), C. mirabilis (Fairmaire), C. paradoxa (Germar), C. ridicula (Walker), C. rufescens (Fonesca), C. trilobosa (Fonesca and Diringshofen), and C. undulata (Walker). Cladonota erwini n. sp. is from Ecuador. Keys, species illustrations, and diagnoses are given for each species treated.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Email Classification Research Trends: Review and Open Issues. Personal and business users prefer to use e-mail as one of the crucial sources of communication. The usage and importance of e-mails continuously grow despite the prevalence of alternative means, such as electronic messages, mobile applications, and social networks. As the volume of business-critical e-mails continues to grow, the need to automate the management of e-mails increases for several reasons, such as spam e-mail classification, phishing e-mail classification, and multi-folder categorization, among others. This paper comprehensively reviews articles on e-mail classification published in 2006-2016 by exploiting the methodological decision analysis in five aspects, namely, e-mail classification application areas, data sets used in each application area, feature space utilized in each application area, e-mail classification techniques, and the use of performance measures. A total of 98 articles (56 articles from Web of Science core collection databases and 42 articles from Scopus database) are selected. To achieve the objective of the study, a comprehensive review and analysis is conducted to explore the various areas where e-mail classification was applied. Moreover, various public data sets, features sets, classification techniques, and performance measures are examined and used in each identified application area. This review identifies five application areas of e-mail classification. The most widely used data sets, features sets, classification techniques, and performance measures are found in the identified application areas. The extensive use of these popular data sets, features sets, classification techniques, and performance measures is discussed and justified. The research directions, research challenges, and open issues in the field of e-mail classification are also presented for future researchers.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Seasonal variations of carbohydrates in Pueraria lobata related to growth and phenology. The seasonal changes of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs), water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) and starch concentrations were examined in Pueraria lobata throughout its life cycle in order to elucidate the potential points in the seasonal growth and phenological cycles for its improved control. The study was carried out at two different habitat zones with distinct soil conditions in the riparian zone of the Tama River, Tokyo, Japan. One zone, with sandy soil, had lower levels of available nitrogen and phosphorous, while the second zone contained high levels of organic matter and nutrients. The highest and lowest concentrations of the NSC pools in the roots of P. lobata were observed in December and August, respectively, at both study sites. The lowest NSC reserves were attained at the end of the vegetative stage, with the highest NSC reserves found at the end of the reproductive stage. The WSCs gradually decreased from April to August in the roots and then increased until February. The starch concentrations of all the plant organs followed the same pattern as for the WSCs. The stems and leaves did not show the same pattern as did the roots. The total carbohydrate concentrations and pools did not show significant variation between the two sites, suggesting that the soil conditions had very little effect on carbohydrate production in the different organs of the plant. The study suggests that to control P. lobata effectively, the above-ground biomass should be removed at any date between the end of August and early September.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Green Growth, Green Paradox and the global economic crisis. A Schumpeterian case can be made for boosting Green Growth in a global economic crisis. The best way to achieve this is a combination of R& D subsidies to redirect growth from polluting to clean economic activities and a credible, rising carbon tax to speed up the transition to the carbon-free era. If a carbon tax is infeasible, renewables subsidies might be a second-best alternative to reduce the duration of the fossil fuel era and curb cumulative carbon emissions despite some adverse, short-run Green Paradox effects. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Traditional Knowledge About Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) in East Greenland: Changes in the Catch and Climate Over Two Decades. In Greenland, polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are nutritional, economic, and cultural subsistence resources for Inuit. Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) collected from subsistence hunters can provide important insights and improve management decisions when collected systematically. We report on the results of a TEK survey of subsistence polar bear hunters living in the areas around Tasiilaq and Ittoqqortoormiit, East Greenland. Twenty-five full-time polar bear hunters were interviewed between December 2014 and March 2015 in a conversation-style interview, where a local interviewer fluent in the East Greenlandic dialect asked a series of 55 predetermined questions. The primary goals were to (1) gather Inuit perspectives on polar bear subsistence quotas and hunting strategies, (2) understand how climate change is affecting the polar bear subsistence hunt, and (3) document observed changes in polar bear distribution, abundance, and biology. Approximately 40% of the Tasiilaq respondents had caught between 10 and 19 polar bears in their lifetime, while 67% of lttoqqortoormiit respondents reported lifetime catches of >= 20 bears. In both areas, polar bears were most commonly hunted between February and April. Hunters noted large changes to the climate in the areas where they hunt polar bears. Most hunters reported loss of sea ice, receding glaciers, unstable weather, and warmer temperatures. In Tasiilaq 73% of the hunters said climate changes had affected the polar bear hunt and in lttoqqortoormiit about 88% of respondents reported the same. Hunters indicated that sea ice loss has created more areas of open water so dog sledges have become unsafe for hunting transportation compared to 10-15 years ago (reported by 100% of hunters in Tasiilaq and 80% in Ittoqqortoormiit). In lttoqqortoormiit, the distance traveled during polar bear hunting trips has decreased dramatically. In both areas hunters noted that more polar bears are coming into their communities compared to 10-15 years ago (81% of Tasiilaq hunters and 78% of Ittoqqortoormiit hunters) and pointed to the introduction of quotas and loss of sea ice as potential reasons. This study provides an important perspective on the East Greenland subpopulation of polar bears that can be used to direct science questions and inform management.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
+{"token": "Adaptation of contingency management for stimulant use disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic. The current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has rapidly spread across the world. Individuals with stimulant use disorder are a vulnerable population, who are particularly at risk of negative outcomes during this pandemic due to several risk factors, including mental and physical comorbidities, weakened immune responses, high-risk behaviors, and barriers to healthcare access. Engaging patients with stimulant use disorder in regular treatment has become even more difficult during this pandemic, which has resulted in many cuts to addiction treatment programs. The most effective treatment options for stimulant use disorder are psychosocial interventions, which rely heavily on in-person interactions, posing an added challenge during physical distancing. In particular, contingency management (CM) is a behavioral therapy that utilizes tangible reinforcements to incentivize targeted behavior changes, and is an effective treatment intervention used for stimulant use disorder. This paper highlights the treatment challenges for individuals with stimulant use disorder and the importance of adapting CM programs during COVID-19. We present strategies for how CM can be adapted and its role expanded in a safe way during the COVID-19 pandemic to help prevent infection spread, stimulant use relapse, and worsened psychosocial consequences.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 55]}
+{"token": "Resource-saving technology for underground mining of high-value quartz in Kyshtym. The article presents the applied research on formation of science-and-technology basis for commercial introduction of a technology that ensures cardinal reduction in loss in underground mining at unique Kyshtym quartz deposit. Based on the theoretical analysis of the minimum quartz loss criterion, the authors determine rational variants of combined mining and quartz breaking by planar charge system for in-situ experimentation.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Spatial Series and Fractal Analysis Associated with Fracture Behaviour of UO2 Ceramic Material. SEM micrographs of the fracture surface for UO2 ceramic materials have been analysed. In this paper, we introduce some algorithms and develop a computer application based on the time-series method. Utilizing the embedding technique of phase space, the attractor is reconstructed. The fractal dimension, lacunarity, and autocorrelation dimension average value have been calculated.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Genetic diversity, structure, gene flow and evolutionary relationships within the Sorghum bicolor wild-weedy-crop complex in a western African region. Gene flow between domesticated plants and their wild relatives is one of the major evolutionary processes acting to shape their structure of genetic diversity. Earlier literature, in the 1970s, reported on the interfertility and the sympatry of wild, weedy and cultivated sorghum belonging to the species Sorghum bicolor in most regions of sub-Saharan Africa. However, only a few recent surveys have addressed the geographical and ecological distribution of sorghum wild relatives and their genetic structure. These features are poorly documented, especially in western Africa, a centre of diversity for this crop. We report here on an exhaustive in situ collection of wild, weedy and cultivated sorghum assembled in Mali and in Guinea. The extent and pattern of genetic diversity were assessed with 15 SSRs within the cultivated pool (455 accessions), the wild pool (91 wild and weedy forms) and between them. F-ST and R-ST statistics, distance-based trees, Bayesian clustering methods, as well as isolation by distance models, were used to infer evolutionary relationships within the wild-weedy-crop complex. Firstly, our analyses highlighted a strong racial structure of genetic diversity within cultivated sorghum (F-ST = 0.40). Secondly, clustering analyses highlighted the introgressed nature of most of the wild and weedy sorghum and grouped them into two eco-geographical groups. Such closeness between wild and crop sorghum could be the result of both sorghum's domestication history and preferential post-domestication crop-to-wild gene flow enhanced by farmers' practices. Finally, isolation by distance analyses showed strong spatial genetic structure within each pool, due to spatially limited dispersal, and suggested consequent gene flow between the wild and the crop pools, also supported by RST analyses. Our findings thus revealed important features for the collection, conservation and biosafety of domesticated and wild sorghum in their centre of diversity.", "label": [0, 2, 6, 7, 20, 9]}
+{"token": "Phase I and II biotransformation and antioxidant enzymes in the coral Siderastrea siderea act as biomarkers for reproductive condition and habitat quality. In this study we examined the behaviour of biomarkers in corals combining the reproductive status of colonies and reef sites with different levels of contamination. The content of P450 and P420 and the activities of NADPH c reductase, glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dimutase (SOD) were measured in the coral Siderastrea siderea at two marine parks. Parque Nacional Morrocoy (PNM) encompasses a continental marine ecosystem largely influenced by anthropogenic impacts. In contrast, Parque Nacional Archipielago Los Roques (PNALR) is 160 km offshore and relatively less impacted. As these enzymes are also affected by reproduction, samples were taken in both parks during the reproductive and non-reproductive seasons. In both parks, NADPH c reductase and GST were higher in the reproductive than in the non-reproductive season. Differences in enzymatic content or activity in corals from the two parks were usually more prominent during the reproductive season. Hence, P450 and P420 were undetectable during the non-reproductive season, while during the reproductive season, P420 was highest in colonies from the most impacted park (PNM). Activities of NADPH c reductase, CAT and SOD were also higher at PNM than at PNALR, while GST was an exception to this trend. Our results show that the aforementioned enzymes act as biomarkers in the coral S. siderea, changing in relation to its reproductive status and with the habitat quality.", "label": [4, 37, 45]}
+{"token": "Influence of overnight recreation on grizzly bear movement and behavior in Yellowstone National Park. Interactions among recreational users and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) are a continuous challenge for bear managers. Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA uses a system of designated backcountry campsites to manage overnight use and provides bear-resistant food-storage devices for recreational users. Few studies have evaluated how this type of management and recreation influences grizzly bear behavior. We used global positioning system (GPS) data for humans and bears to determine how overnight use influenced grizzly bear movement behavior. We determined times of day campsites were occupied and contraked grizzly bear locations to random locations near occupied campsites. We conducted a similar analysis ignoring campsite occupancy to assess the utility of including a temporal variable. Grizzly bears were 0.35 times as likely as random locations to be <= 200 m from occupied campsites (95% CI = 0.19-0.62, P <= 0.001). Conversely, when human occupancy was ignored, bears were 2.11 times more likely than random locations to be <= 200 m from campsites (95% CI = 1.85-2.41, P <= 0.001). We conclude that overnight backcountry camping can displace grizzly bears within 200 m of campgrounds. To avoid confounding results, we suggest considering use of a temporal variable in studies of human-bear interactions.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Organizational changes of the daughter basal complex during the parasite replication of Toxoplasma gondii. The apicomplexans are a large group of parasitic protozoa, many of which are important human and animal pathogens, including Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii. These parasites cause disease only when they replicate, and their replication is critically dependent on the proper assembly of the parasite cytoskeletons during cell division. In addition to their importance in pathogenesis, the apicomplexan parasite cytoskeletons are spectacular structures. Therefore, understanding the cytoskeletal biogenesis of these parasites is important not only for parasitology but also of general interest to broader cell biology. Previously, we found that the basal end of T. gondii contains a novel cytoskeletal assembly, the basal complex, a cytoskeletal compartment constructed in concert with the daughter cortical cytoskeleton during cell division. This study focuses on key events during the biogenesis of the basal complex using high resolution light microscopy, and reveals that daughter basal complexes are established around the duplicated centrioles independently of the structural integrity of the daughter cortical cytoskeleton, and that they are dynamic \\\\'caps'' at the growing ends of the daughters. Compartmentation and polarization of the basal complex is first revealed at a late stage of cell division upon the recruitment of an EF-hand containing calcium binding protein, TgCentrin2. This correlates with the constriction of the basal complex, a process that can be artificially induced by increasing cellular calcium concentration. The basal complex is therefore likely to be a new kind of centrin-based contractile apparatus.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 43, 21]}
+{"token": "Victim of kidnapping or an unfortunate defector? The strange case of Otto John. Dr Otto John was a controversial choice as head of the Office for the Protection of the Constitution, West Germany's domestic counter-espionage agency. After attending a commemoration of the victims of the resistance plot against Hitler, on 20 July 1954, John disappeared from West Berlin in the company of his friend Dr Wolfgang Wohlgemuth. This article explores available evidence from Central Intelligence Agency and Stasi files to assess whether John was abducted or went freely as a would-be defector. An examination of his mental state is crucial in determining this.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Effects from disruption of mitochondrial electron transport chain function on bull sperm motility. Sperm mitochondrial function is essential for normal physiology and fertility, but the importance of mitochondrial activity to support specific sperm functions, such as motility, varies between species. It was previously believed that mitochondrial function was not necessary for bull sperm motility [1]; however, this theory is contradicted by recently reported findings that the upper fraction of bull sperm swim-up preparations had both high motility and elevated mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates [2]. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between mitochondrial function and motility in bull sperm. We hypothesized that sperm motility would be positively correlated with mitochondrial oxygen consumption (MITOX) but unaffected by pharmacological inhibition of electron transport chain (ETC) activity. This was accomplished by monitoring both mitochondrial oxygen consumption and motility parameters in the presence of mitochondrial effector drug treatments. Duplicate ejaculates were collected by electroejaculation from Black Angus bulls (n = 4). Oxygen consumption, as % air saturation (pO(2); oxygen partial pressure), over time was monitored in the presence of 5 drug treatments: vehicle control, FCCP, Antimycin (ANTI), Oligomycin (Oligo), and FCCP + Oligomycin (FCCP + OLIGO). Duplicate aliquots were prepared for concurrent motility assessment by computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA) at 6 and 30 min post-treatment (t6 and t30). The impact of treatments on pO(2) (in % air saturation) over time were assessed by generalized linear mixed effects modeling (GLMM) which was also used to test for differences in average motility across treatment conditions and time points (t6 and t30). Pearson product-moment correlation was used to investigate relationships between oxygen consumption and motility parameters. Overall, pO(2) differed over time between treatment conditions (p < 0.0001). When compared to the vehicle treatment, ANTI and OLIGO significantly inhibited oxygen consumption (p < 0.05, adjusted), and FCCP stimulated a marked increase in oxygen consumption. No significant differences in motility over time were observed between treatments, so comparison of motility parameters between treatment conditions was performed with pooled time points. Motility parameters were only observed to differ significantly from the vehicle with ANTI Treatment, for which significant decreases in numerous parameters, including total motility (p = 0.007), progressive motility (p = 0.01), DAP (p = 0.01), VAP (p = 0.01) and VSL (p = 0.02) were identified. For the vehicle treatment, correlational analysis did not reveal any significant correlations between pO(2) and any motility parameters at t6; however, several significant correlations were identified at t30. Mean pO(2) was negatively correlated with local motility (p < 0.01) and positively correlated with DCL, DAP, and VCL (p < 0.05). Results from this study suggest that bovine sperm motility is impacted by mitochondrial functionality, with ETC inhibition by ANTI causing significant reduction in motility parameters. This study also demonstrates the use of a new technology for the assessment of bovine sperm mitochondrial function. This modality for evaluation of bull sperm mitochondrial function will inform future efforts to understand bull sperm function and fertility and aid investigations into toxicological agents. (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).", "label": [0, 4, 42, 10]}
+{"token": "Monotonic and cyclic crack growth response of a Mo-Si-B alloy. Fracture toughness and fatigue response in the temperature range 20-1400 degrees C of a two-phase Mo-Si-B alloy is compared to that of a TZM alloy. Fracture toughness of the Mo-Si-B alloy varies from similar to 8 MPa root m at room temperature to similar to 25 MPa root m at 1400 degrees C, the increase in toughness with temperature being steepest between 1200 and 1400 degrees C. S-N response at room temperature is shallow whereas at 1200 degrees C, a definitive fatigue response is observed. Fatigue crack growth in vacuum and air in the temperature interval 20-600 degrees C is similar for the Mo-Si-B alloy whereas significant deterioration is noted for TZM when it is tested in air. The difference in response is attributed to differences in the oxide scales formed in the two alloys. The Paris slopes for the two alloys is high at room temperature (similar to 20-30) and decreases with increasing temperature to similar to 3 at 1400 degrees C. For the Mo-Si-B alloy, da/dN for a fixed value of Delta K in the Paris regime in the 900-1400 degrees C range, increases with increasing temperature. Apparent activation energies extracted using an Arrhenius-type relationship illustrate grain-boundary diffusion dominance in the 900-1200 degrees C regime and volume diffusion dominance ill the 12001400 degrees C regime. (c) 2005 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "A Review on Extrahepatic Manifestations of Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection and the Impact of Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy. Extrahepatic manifestations are a feature of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In the course of chronic HCV infection, about 70% of patients have one or more extrahepatic manifestations. The latter are often the first and only clinical sign of infection. Experimental and clinical data support a causal association for many extrahepatic manifestations and HCV infection, which include mixed cryoglobulinemia, non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL), cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, neurological and psychiatric disease and other rheumatic diseases. All these extrahepatic conditions influence the morbidity, quality of life and mortality of HCV-infected patients. Currently, interferon-free therapeutic regimens with direct-acting antiviral agents (DAA) offer the possibility of treatment to almost the entire infected population, irrespective of stage of cirrhosis and associated serious comorbidities, always maintaining a high efficacy and tolerability. Several studies have shown a close association between HCV clearance by DAAs and an improvement or reduction in the risk of extrahepatic manifestations. Patients with HCV after a sustained virologic response (SVR) by DAA treatment have a lower risk than non-responders of developing cryoglobulinemic vasculitis and B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Furthermore, the SVR by DAA also reduces the risk of acute coronary syndrome, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, and it improves atherosclerosis. HCV clearance by DAA also improves the quality of life and survival of patients with chronic HCV infection with associated extrahepatic diseases. Thus, DAAs should be initiated as early as possible in HCV patients with extrahepatic manifestations.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "La Nina-like conditions in the eastern equatorial Pacific and a stronger Choco jet in the northern Andes during the last glaciation. Six deep sea cores from the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) were analyzed for planktonic foraminifera and stable isotopes in order to reconstruct sea surface temperatures (SST) for the last 40 ka. South of the Equatorial Front the abundance of Globorotalia inflata increased, and SST decreased by >5degreesC (core ODP846B), creating a stronger SST meridional gradient and advection of the Peru Current than present for the degrees16-35 ka interval. A sharper SST meridional gradient forced stronger Choco jet events and a moisture increase in western Colombia, which supplied, through the San Juan River and the south-flowing equatorial and the Peru-Chile countercurrents, abundant hemipelagic quartz over the northern Peru basin (core TR163-31B). The Choco jet, and its associated mesoscale convective cells, provoked an increase in snow precipitation over the Central Cordillera of Colombia and the advance of the Murillo glacier. In synchrony with the intensified Choco jet events, the \\\\'dry island'' effect over the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia intensified, and the level of Fuquene Lake dropped.", "label": [4, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "Cover crop residue management for optimizing weed control. Although residue management seems a key factor in residue-mediated weed suppression, very few studies have systematically compared the influence of different residue management strategies on the establishment of crop and weed species. We evaluated the effect of several methods of pre-treatment and placement of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) and winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) residue on seedling emergence under field conditions. For both species two cultivars, differing in allelochemical content, were used. Residues incorporated in the upper soil layer exerted a large inhibitory effect on the establishment of the relatively early emerging lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) seedlings, whereas the inhibitory effect on the slightly later emerging Stellaria media L. seedlings was variable, and often a stimulatory effect on the very late emerging Chenopodium album L. seedlings was observed. Differences between cover crop cultivars were minor. For winter oilseed rape residue, pre-treatment strongly affected the time-course of residue-mediated effects. Finely ground residues were only inhibitory to seedling establishment during the first two to three weeks, whereas cut residues became inhibitory after this period. For winter rye, residue placement was most important. Residue incorporation gave variable results, whereas placement of winter rye residue on top of the soil inhibited the emergence of all receptor species. In conclusion, the optimal residue management strategy for weed suppression depends both on the cover crop species used and the target weed species.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "ROCK-CUT WINE PRESSES IN ROUGH CILICIA. The great number of installations related to the production of wine and oil, supports the information gathered from ancient resources and inscriptions, and verifies the knowledge concerning the presence and abundance of the production of oil and wine in Rough Cilicia. The presses at Rough Cilicia are constructed or carved out in or next to various fields. The most common presses are rock cut lever and weights presses which are constructed near the fields used for agricultural production. It's possible to see these presses near agricultural fields, in the farmstead at the countryside, in the workshops which are on the routes of ancient roads and in ancient cities on the coast. Lever and weight press has a widespread use in the area and it is preferred to press at the open-air. This type of press consists of a rock-cut treading-floor and a collection vat into which the liquid flows with the help of a spout. In lever and weights presses, weight stones are used to provide power to apply on the lever. There are lots of samples of these stones which are found in the area. The types that are found in the area are divided into two types. A collection vat in a form which widens at the body part and narrows through the bottom, and which has 1,00 m. depth & 0,90 m. diameter can hold nearly 900-1100 litres of liquid.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Understanding the endogeneity between firm value and shareholder rights. I explore the relation between firm value and the shareholder rights-based Governance Index \\\\'G\\\\' which has become a popular measure of governance quality among researchers and investors. I show that the relation is not spuriously driven by unobservable firm heterogeneity or an assortment of observable firm characteristics, such as firm growth potential and profitability. The causality seems to run from G to firm value, rather than from firm value to G My results suggest that granting more rights to shareholders could be an effective way to reduce agency costs and enhance firm value.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "MAGNETIC FIELDS IN SOLAR FLARES. New observational data obtained with spectral-polarized method are briefly presented. The data confirm the conclusion made earlier by the author that extremely strong magnetic fields may exist in solar flares which reach values of several tesla (similar to 10 kG) in the upper photosphere and temperature minimum zone.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "The ethics of crashes with self-driving cars: A roadmap, II. Self-driving cars hold out the promise of being much safer than regular cars. Yet they cannot be 100% safe. Accordingly, we need to think about who should be held responsible when self-driving cars crash and people are injured or killed. We also need to examine what new ethical obligations might be created for car users by the safety potential of self-driving cars. The article first considers what lessons might be learned from the growing legal literature on responsibility for crashes with self-driving cars. Next, worries about responsibility gaps and retribution gaps from the philosophical literature are introduced. This leads to a discussion of whether self-driving cars are a form of agents that act independently of human agents. It is suggested that it is better to analyze their apparent agency in terms of human-robot collaborations, within which humans play the most important roles. The next topic is the idea that the safety potential of self-driving cars might create a duty to either switch to self-driving cars or seek means of making conventional cars safer. Lastly, there is a short discussion of ethical issues related to safe human-robot coordination within mixed traffic featuring both self-driving cars and conventional cars.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Relationship between habit of consuming iron-rich foods and prevalence of anemia among pregnant women. Conclusion: Pregnant women that consumed iron according to their needs were able to minimize the incidence of anemia. (C) 2021 Elsevier Espana, S.L.U. All rights reserved.Result: This study showed that the habit of consuming iron-rich foods in the high category was 23.3%, and the moderate was 76.7%. While, the incidence of anemia in pregnant women was 33.3%, but those that were not anemic were 66.7%. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between the consumption habit and incidence of anemia with a value of p = 0.000.Method: Descriptive design was used with a cross-sectional correlation. The respondents were 30 pregnant women selected using the total sampling technique, and Spearman correlation test was performed. Furthermore, the study instrument consisted of demographic data and questionnaires.Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between the habit of consuming iron-rich foods and incidence of anemia in pregnant women.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Effect of Agricultural Employment and Export Diversification Index on Environmental Pollution: Building the Agenda towards Sustainability. Agricultural activities have a significant impact on environmental quality, because they generate waste that pollutes water and soil. In parallel, the supply of products has diversified in recent years to meet growing demand, exerting strong pressure on nature's capacity for regeneration and absorption of waste. This research aims to examine the impact of agricultural employment and the export diversification index on ecological footprints, using advanced techniques of panel data econometrics. This relationship is moderated by population density and real per capita product. Cross-section dependence and slope homogeneity were included in the econometric models. The cointegration and causality analysis was reinforced by estimating the short- and long-term elasticities, using the AMG, CCE-MG, FMOLS, and DOLS models. Using annual data for 96 countries, we found a heterogeneous impact of agricultural employment and the export diversification index on ecological footprint, between the short and long term. The findings reveal that the increase of the product increases the pressure on the ecological footprint. The achievement of SDGs must include joint efforts between countries, and not in isolation. Those responsible for environmental policy should promote the idea that production must be friendly to the environment and promote the green growth of countries. The adoption of new technology, higher productivity agricultural employment, and the regulation of exports of sustainable products can contribute to achieving environmental sustainability.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Long term wetting characteristics and saturation induced strength reduction of some igneous rocks. This paper demonstrates the results of a long-term study on the effect of water saturation on the mechanical properties and failure modes of tuffs and andesites. As an initial step, an extensive literature survey has been performed about the water effect on mechanical strength of rocks. Afterwards, experimental studies have been initiated and five different igneous rock samples (three tuffs and two andesites) were subjected to uniaxial compressive strength, indirect tensile strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity tests under three extreme conditions which are fully saturated, oven-dry and air-dry. Additionally, mass gain or loss of representative samples was tracked for 1-year period and the wetting and drying profiles of the rocks were demonstrated. Effect of the water saturation and natural moisture on the compressive strength, tensile strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity and failure modes of the samples was investigated. Consequently, it has been seen that while compressive and tensile strength of the samples were reduced with the presence of water and natural moisture, ultrasonic pulse velocities have been increased with water saturation. Additionally, andesite samples demonstrated a shear localization during the uniaxial compression due to saturation.", "label": [4, 5, 38, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Cytosolic iron-sulphur protein assembly is functionally conserved and essential in procyclic and bloodstream Trypanosoma brucei. Cytosolic and nuclear iron-sulphur (Fe/S) proteins include essential components involved in protein translation, DNA synthesis and DNA repair. In yeast and human cells, assembly of their Fe/S cofactor is accomplished by the CIA (cytosolic iron-sulphur protein assembly) machinery comprised of some 10 proteins. To investigate the extent of conservation of the CIA pathway, we examined its importance in the early-branching eukaryote Trypanosoma brucei that encodes all known CIA factors. Upon RNAi-mediated ablation of individual, early-acting CIA proteins, no major defects were observed in both procyclic and bloodstream stages. In contrast, parallel depletion of two CIA components was lethal, and severely diminished cytosolic aconitase activity lending support for a direct role of the CIA proteins in cytosolic Fe/S protein biogenesis. In support of this conclusion, the T. bruceiCIA proteins complemented the growth defects of their respective yeast CIA depletion mutants. Finally, the T. bruceiCIA factor Tah18 was characterized as a flavoprotein, while its binding partner Dre2 functions as a Fe/S protein. Together, our results demonstrate the essential and conserved function of the CIA pathway in cytosolic Fe/S protein assembly in both developmental stages of this representative of supergroup Excavata.", "label": [4, 43, 42]}
+{"token": "Improved Performance of Immobilized Laccase on Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) Functionalized Halloysite for 2,4-Dichlorophenol Degradation. Low in stability, difficulty in reuse, and loss in activity are key challenges to the potential use of laccase in industrial applications. To date, enzyme immobilization has become one of the most popular methods to maintain the activity and enhance the stability and reusability of enzymes. Here we described the immobilization of laccase onto poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA)-modified halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), a natural inorganic porous material, which is biologically safe and chemically stable, to improve the stability and recovery rate of laccase, and immobilized laccase was utilized to destroy priority pollutant 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetrical analysis (TGA), atomic force microscope (AFM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and fluorescence microscopy analysis show that PDDA has been successfully coated onto HNTs surface for improving laccase immobilization. Immobilized laccase exhibits enhancedpHand thermal stability compared with free laccase; and after 10th cycle of continuous reuse, the activity of immobilized laccase remains above 50%. Also, immobilized laccase was able to degrade 2,4-DCP (25mg/L, 80%) with addition ofmediator 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS). Results of this study demonstrate that, alongside the better stability and reusability, immobilized laccase onto PDDAmodified halloysite can be used in removing chlorophenolic pollutants from aqueous sources and also have potential applications in other environmental domains.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 52]}
+{"token": "Value of instream recreation in the Sonoran Desert. This study investigates recreation use value for access to a Sonoran Desert canyon, and associated instream flow, through a case study of Aravaipa Canyon Wilderness. The Wilderness is one of the last perennial streams in Southern Arizona, tributary to the famed and imperiled San Pedro River. Available permit information is combined with zip-code level census data to estimate a zonal travel cost model of recreation trip demand. Estimated consumer surplus per visitor day values are $25.06 and $17.31 (in 2003 dollars), for two separate access sites. Results indicate a significant recreation value of surface water sites in the Sonoran Desert region, while the value discrepancy may imply a premium for remote recreation.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 39]}
+{"token": "Pulmonary function and exercise response in patients with pectus excavatum after nuss repair. Background/Purpose: The Ravitch repair of pectus excavatum removes segments of abnormal costal cartilages after which the sternum is elevated and stabilized. Some investigators have found a worsening in total lung capacity postoperatively. Recently, a technique has been used in which the costal cartilages are preserved, and the sternum is elevated with an internal steel bar (Nuss repair). The authors hypothesized that placement of a substernal bar in the first stage of the Nuss repair will not adversely affect pulmonary and exercise function.Methods: Patients who presented to the Children's Hospital of Buffalo for surgical repair of pectus excavatum from June 1997 through June 2000 underwent pulmonary function and exercise testing before and 6 to 12 months after the first stage of a Nuss repair.Results: Ten patients were studied (all boys; mean age at operative repair, 13.4 +/- 3 years). Mean baseline pulmonary function was normal, and no significant differences were seen before and after placement of the intrathoracic bar. Peak oxygen consumption was near normal, although work at VO2max was less than predicted (mean, 68.2% before v. 71.8% after surgery). V-E was below normal and Vt/FVC was below the expected 50% to 60% level both before and after surgery (41.3% +/- 3 SE and 41.6% +/- 3 SE pre- and postoperatively, respectively).Conclusions: Placement of a substernal steel bar in the first stage of the Nuss procedure for repair of pectus excavatum does not cause adverse effects on either static pulmonary function or on the ventilatory response to exercise. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "The effect of fertilizers on the efficacy of the bioherbicide, Phoma macrostoma, to control dandelions in turfgrass. Phoma macrostoma is registered as a bioherbicide in North America to control broadleaved weeds species in turfgrass. A study was conducted to examine the effect of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, lime, and commercial fertilizers with or without applications of the bioherbicide on the reduction of dandelion under greenhouse and field conditions. The bioherbicide provided 70-100% reduction of dandelion. The addition of nitrogen with the bioherbicide, in the form of urea (45-0-0), Scotts Turf Builder Pro (32-0-4 plus 2% Fe), and Scotts Lawn Pro (26-0-3, with no iron), significantly reduced dandelion more than in soil that was not amended with fertilizers in the greenhouse and field locations. Bioherbicide efficacy on dandelion was 10-20% better with these fertilizer treatments. Phosphate (0-46-0), potassium sulfate (0-0-42), and lime had either no effect or did not reduce dandelions under greenhouse conditions. This study showed that P. macrostoma retained bioherbicide efficacy on dandelion in conjunction with typical fertility practices and the combination of the bioherbicide with nitrogen fertilizers improved bioherbicide efficacy, especially in low nitrogen soils. Crown Copyright (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 44]}
+{"token": "CATS AND CALCIUM OXALATE Strategies for managing lower and upper tract stone disease. Practical relevance Calcium oxalate (CaOx) containing stones are among the most common of the urinary tract stones identified in cats.Evidence base Limited evidence-based studies are published regarding management of feline upper and lower urinary tract CaOx stone disease, making this a difficult condition to manage in some cats. Studies designed to evaluate the relationship to dietary modifications, medical management, stress, obesity and surgical techniques are warranted in cats with upper and lower urinary tract CaOx stones.Clinical challenges CaOx ureterolithiasis has emerged as a difficult and sometimes life-threatening problem for cats. In those cats where stones are found incidentally, periodic monitoring may be required to assess for disease progression. Interventional procedures such as ureteral stent placements are now increasingly being performed for recurrent cases or those with larger stone burdens. Periodic radiographs for more severe cases and frequent client communication can help ensure successful outcomes for cats with lower and upper CaOx stone disease.Management approach A tailored, individual management strategy for preventing CaOx stone recurrence is important and should include addressing the diet, environment and any other comorbid conditions present. Increasing the cat's moisture intake is one of the key mechanisms for preventing recurrence.Risk factors Risk factors tor CaOx stone formation include such things as breed, gender and diet; stress and obesity have also been hypothesized to be risk factors for this disease.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "TENSILE-SHEAR STRENGTH OF LAYERED WOOD REINFORCED BY CARBON MATERIALS. This article deals with the influence of selected factors (wood species, used adhesive type, carbon reinforcement) on tensile-shear strength of glued layered wood. Tensile-shear strength was investigated on samples of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and European spruce (Picea abies L.). The laminated wood was modified with carbon polymer or carbon fabric, and the tensile-shear strength values were compared with non-reinforced wood. Polyurethane and epoxide adhesives were used for the experiment. The highest tensile-shear strength values were found on non-reinforced beech wood glued by epoxide adhesive. As far as the tensile-shear strength concerns, each monitored factor as well as their mutual interactions were proven to be statistically significant.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Thermomechanical constitutive modeling of fiber reinforced shape memory polymer composites based on thermodynamics with internal state variables. Shape memory polymer composites (SMPCs) can be used to improve the mechanical properties of the shape memory polymers (SMPs). They also have the potential to enhance or enable new stimulus approaches and novel shape memory effects (SMEs). In this paper, a thermoviscoelastic finite deformation constitutive model is developed for thermally activated unidirectional continuous elastic fiber reinforced SMPCs. Since the structural relaxation and viscous flow mainly exist in the SMP matrix, an internal state variable modeling approach is used to describe the thermomechanical behavior of the SMPCs. Recent works mainly focus on the thermomechanical behavior of carbon fiber reinforced SMPCs in the small strain range, for the tensile tolerant strain of carbon fiber is small. The model that is developed here shows that the unidirectional continuous carbon fiber reinforced SMPCs with proper fiber inclination angle and volume fraction can also be used in finite deformation range for the first time. The finite deformation thermomechanical response of unidirectional continuous carbon fiber reinforced SMPCs with different inclination angles and volume fractions is addressed here. Therefore, this study provides useful guidance for reasonable design of unidirectional continuous elastic fiber reinforced SMPCs.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "A potential link between AQP3 and SLC14A1 gene expression level and clinical parameters of maintenance hemodialysis patients. Background The transport of water and urea through the erythrocyte membrane is facilitated by aquaporins such as aquaglyceroporin (AQP3), and type B urea transporters (UT-B). As they may play an important role in osmotic balance of maintenance hemodialysis (HD) patients, the aim of the present study was to determine whether any relationship exists between the expression of their genes and the biochemical / clinical parameters in HD patients. Methods AQP3 and UT-B (SLC14A1) gene expression was evaluated using RT-qPCR analysis in 76 HD patients and 35 participants with no kidney failure. Results The HD group demonstrated significantly higher median expression of AQP3 and UT-B (Z = 2.16; P = 0.03 and Z = 8.82; p < 0.0001, respectively) than controls. AQP3 negatively correlated with pre-dialysis urea serum concentration (R = -0.22; P = 0.049) and sodium gradient (R = -0.31; P = 0.04); however, no significant UT-B correlations were observed. Regarding the cause of end-stage kidney disease, AQP3 expression positively correlated with erythropoietin dosages in the chronic glomerulonephritis (GN) subgroup (R = 0.6; P = 0.003), but negatively in the diabetic nephropathy subgroup (R = -0.59; P = 0.004). UT-B positively correlated with inter-dialytic weight gain% in the GN subgroup (R = 0.47; P = 0.03). Conclusion Maintenance hemodialysis seems significantly modify AQP3 and UT-B expression but their link to clinical and biochemical parameters needs further large-scale evaluation.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "A proposal for a geometrical delimitation model for ventro-gluteal injection. This study aimed at presenting and comparing geometrical and traditional technique for intramuscular injection in the ventrogluteal area. This is a quasi-experimental study of non-equivalent control group type, carried out with anatomical parts of corpses to verify the precision of punction between traditional delimitation using hand as reference and the geometrical model which was constituted by tracing imaginary lines across bone structures of the hip, making a configuration of a triangle whose barycenter points the punction site. The study demonstrated that the punction site delimited by the geometrical technique keeped proportion of the envolved structures, and matched with the muscular womb of the ventrogluteal area in 100% of punctions. In another hand, in the traditional technique the punction site varied in 39.9% of punctions.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Fourier Descriptors Based on the Structure of the Human Primary Visual Cortex with Applications to Object Recognition. In this paper, we propose a supervised object recognition method using new global features and inspired by the model of the human primary visual cortex V1 as the semidiscrete roto-translation group . The proposed technique is based on generalized Fourier descriptors on the latter group, which are invariant to natural geometric transformations (rotations, translations). These descriptors are then used to feed an SVM classifier. We have tested our method against the COIL-100 image database and the ORL face database, and compared it with other techniques based on traditional descriptors, global and local. The obtained results have shown that our approach looks extremely efficient and stable to noise, in presence of which it outperforms the other techniques analyzed in the paper.", "label": [4, 40, 41]}
+{"token": "An expert outlook on water security and water for energy trends to 2030-2050. The water-energy nexus has increasingly been recognized as one of the key factors underlying the sustainability and security of future water and energy supply. An improved understanding of this issue is required to guide political decision-making on the choice of technologies that can better lead towards water-energy efficient scenarios. One of the biggest challenges relies on the reduction of uncertainties over selected variables, and the analysis of trends and interrelations that may have an impact on the future of water and energy security. This paper presents the results of a Delphi study on prospective and future trends of the water-energy nexus and energy technologies. Based on the opinion and contributions of experts on the topic from different backgrounds, institutions and disciplines, the results indicate the importance of technology innovation and transfer as the main conditioning factors to achieve energy and water security. In terms of energy, biofuels and shale gas are perceived to have the highest potential impacts on water quantity and especially on water quality. Thus their evolution will be influential for future water and environmental security. Biofuels in particular, together with the rising demands for food, have the highest prospects for an increase in agricultural water withdrawals.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "The Joint Effect of Childhood Abuse and Homelessness on Substance Use in Adulthood. BackgroundChildhood abuse and homelessness are independently associated with substance use. Though childhood abuse and homelessness are strongly correlated, research on the joint effect of exposure to both traumatic life events on substance use is limited. Objective: To estimate independent and joint effects of childhood abuse and homelessness on substance use risk during emerging adulthood and adulthood. Methods: Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 12,288), we measured associations between exposure to physical or sexual abuse in childhood, homelessness in childhood or emerging adulthood, or exposure to both traumas and outcomes of binge drinking, marijuana use, cocaine use, methamphetamine use, and prescription opioid misuse during emerging adulthood (Wave III, ages 18-26 years) and adulthood (Wave IV, ages 24-32 years). Results: In adjusted analyses, exposure to childhood abuse alone, homelessness alone, and both childhood abuse and homelessness were significant correlates of most substance use indicators in emerging adulthood. Those jointly exposed to childhood abuse and homelessness had disproportionate risk of substance use, particularly use of cocaine (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=4.25, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.70, 6.71) and methamphetamine (AOR = 6.59, 95% CI: 3.87, 11.21). The independent and combined effects of abuse and homelessness generally persisted into adulthood though associations tended to weaken. Conclusions/Importance: Those with exposure to abuse, homelessness, and both adverse outcomes constitute a high-risk population for substance use. Addressing abuse and homelessness should be a component of preventing drug risk for screening, treatment, and prevention efforts.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 23, 55]}
+{"token": "Antimicrobial peptides from Mirabilis jalapa and Amaranthus caudatus: Expression, processing, localization and biological activity in transgenic tobacco. The cDNAs encoding the seed antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from Mirabilis jalapa (Mj-AMP2) and Amaranthus caudatus (Ac-AMP2) have previously been characterized and it was found that Mj-AMP2 and Ac-AMP2 are processed from a precursor preprotein and preproprotein, respectively [De Bolle ed al., Plant Mol Biol 28:713-721. (1995) and 22:1187-1190 (1993), respectively]. In order to study the processing, sorting and biological activity of these antimicrobial peptides in transgenic tobacco, four different gene constructs were made: a Mj-AMP2 wild-type gene construct, a Mj-AMP2 mutant gene construct which was extended by a sequence encoding the barley lectin carboxyl-terminal propeptide, a known vacuolar targeting signal [Bednarek and Raikhel, Plant Cell 3: 1195-1206 (1991)]; an Ac-AMP2 wild-type gene construct; and finally, an Ac-AMP2 mutant gene construct which was truncated in order to delete the sequence encoding the genuine carboxyl-terminal propeptide. Processing and localization analysis indicated that an isoform of Ac-AMP2 with a cleaved-off carboxyl-terminal arginine was localized in the intercellular fluid fraction of plants expressing either wild-type or mutant gene constructs. Mj-AMP2 was recovered extracellularly in plants transformed with Mj-AMP2 wild-type gene construct, whereas an Mj-AMP2 isoform with a cleaved-off carboxyl-terminal arginine accumulated intracellularly in plants expressing the mutant precursor protein with the barley lectin propeptide. The in vitro antifungal activity of the AMPs purified from transgenic tobacco expressing any of the four different precursor proteins was similar to that of the authentic proteins. However, none of the transgenic plants showed enhanced resistance against infection with either Botrytis cinerea or Alternaria longipes.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
+{"token": "Studying the State in Order to Understand Early Medieval Societies: Reflections on a Recent Book. Alvaro Carvajal's Bajo la mdscara del regnum is an original and fruitful contribution to existing research on early medieval societies, based on Bob Jessop's approach to state theory. This article suggests a number of points for discussion around three issues: agrarian growth, the forms and functions of justice, and conflicts over space. On the one hand, the potential of Carvajal's approach can be verified beyond the aspects that constitute the core of the book. On the other hand, its originality makes very apparent (by contrast) some theoretical and historiographic problems that burden current research practice.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Voltammetric, FTIR Spectroscopic and Thermal Analysis Studies on Adduct Formations of Rifampicin with Soft Nucleophiles Cysteine and Glutathione. In the present study, the adduct formation equilibria of rifampicin (RIF) with cysteine (CySH) and glutathione (GSH) at different pHs were investigated using cyclic and square-wave voltammetry techniques. With increasing RIF concentration, the reduction currents of mercurous thiolates (Hg-2(RS)(2)) which are main surface products for CySH and GSH on Hg electrode decrease drastically and their reduction potentials shifted towards less negative values due to intermolecular interactions. At the same time, the voltammetric signals (especially theE(pa)andE(pc)values of reversible redox process of the alpha-hydrojuglone moiety) of RIF shifted towards positive values in the presence of CySH or GSH. A plausible mechanism is proposed to explain the formations of some adducts by means of this interaction process. That is that CySH and GSH behave as nucleophile and undergo the addition reaction with RIF. The formation of adducts was also confirmed by FTIR measurements and could be clarified by the disappearance of the stretching band of free thiol group. The stoichiometric ratio of this reaction was found to be 1 : 1 and the binding constants were evaluated using the experimental data of square-wave voltammetry. The pH effect on binding constant was studied by varying pH (4.5, 7.4, 9.0). It was found that the reaction was strongly influenced by the pH. This nucleophilic addition reaction was mostly suitable at pH 9. Also, the constant of the addition reaction of GSH is higher than that of CySH for all studied pHs. The thermal behaviours of these adducts were characterized by thermal analysis techniques (TGA/DrTGA/DTA). Since the thermograms recorded for adducts are not an overlapping of thermal curves of starting materials, this behaviour has been considered a further proof for the formation of adducts.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Response of 100% internal quantum efficiency silicon photodiodes to 200 eV-40 keV electrons. Electron irradiation of 100% internal quantum efficiency silicon photodiodes having a thin (60 Angstrom) SiO2 dead layer results in measured responsivities ranging from 0.056 A/W at an incident electron energy E-0 = 0.2 keV to 0.24 A/W at E-0 = 40 keV, By comparing the data to a Monte Carlo simulation of electron interactions with the photodiode over an energy range of 1-40 keV, we derive an average electron-hole pair creation energy of 3.71 eV, in close agreement with other studies. Analysis of electron energy lost to processes that do not contribute to electron-hole pair creation shows that the energy lost in the SiO2 dead layer is dominant for E-0 < 1.5 keV, whereas the energy removed by backscattered electrons is dominant for E-0 > 1.5 keV, At E-0 = 300 eV, the Monte Carlo simulation results show that the electron projected range is significantly less than the dead layer thickness even though the measured response is 0.082 A/W, indicating that electron-hole pairs generated in the oxide dead layer are collected by the junction.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Utilising a systematic review-based approach to create a database of individual participant data for meta- and network meta-analyses: the RELEASE database of aphasia after stroke. Background: Collation of aphasia research data across settings, countries and study designs using big data principles will support analyses across different language modalities, levels of impairment, and therapy interventions in this heterogeneous population. Big data approaches in aphasia research may support vital analyses, which are unachievable within individual trial datasets. However, we lack insight into the requirements for a systematically created database, the feasibility and challenges and potential utility of the type of data collated. Aim: To report the development, preparation and establishment of an internationally agreed aphasia after stroke research database of individual participant data (IPD) to facilitate planned aphasia research analyses. Methods: Data were collated by systematically identifying existing, eligible studies in any language (>= 10 IPD, data on time since stroke, and language performance) and included sourcing from relevant aphasia research networks. We invited electronic contributions and also extracted IPD from the public domain. Data were assessed for completeness, validity of value-ranges within variables, and described according to pre-defined categories of demographic data, therapy descriptions, and language domain measurements. We cleaned, clarified, imputed and standardised relevant data in collaboration with the original study investigators. We presented participant, language, stroke, and therapy data characteristics of the final database using summary statistics. Results: From 5256 screened records, 698 datasets were potentially eligible for inclusion; 174 datasets (5928 IPD) from 28 countries were included, 47/174 RCT datasets (1778 IPD) and 91/174 (2834 IPD) included a speech and language therapy (SLT) intervention. Participants' median age was 63 years (interquartile range [53, 72]), 3407 (61.4%) were male and median recruitment time was 321 days (IQR 30, 1156) after stroke. IPD were available for aphasia severity or ability overall (n = 2699; 80 datasets), naming (n = 2886; 75 datasets), auditory comprehension (n = 2750; 71 datasets), functional communication (n = 1591; 29 datasets), reading (n = 770; 12 datasets) and writing (n = 724; 13 datasets). Information on SLT interventions were described by theoretical approach, therapy target, mode of delivery, setting and provider. Therapy regimen was described according to intensity (1882 IPD; 60 datasets), frequency (2057 IPD; 66 datasets), duration (1960 IPD; 64 datasets) and dosage (1978 IPD; 62 datasets). Discussion: Our international IPD archive demonstrates the application of big data principles in the context of aphasia research; our rigorous methodology for data acquisition and cleaning can serve as a template for the establishment of similar databases in other research areas.", "label": [2, 3, 22, 28]}
+{"token": "Effect of an Asparagine-to-Serine Mutation at Position 294 in Neuraminidase on the Pathogenicity of Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza A Virus. Like the histidine-to-tyrosine substitution at position 274 in neuraminidase (NA H274Y), an asparagine-to-serine mutation at position 294 in this protein (NA N294S) confers oseltamivir resistance to highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza A viruses. However, unlike viruses with the NA H274Y mutation, the properties of viruses possessing NA N294S are not well understood. Here, we assessed the effect of the NA N294S substitution on the replication and pathogenicity of human H5N1 viruses and on the efficacy of the NA inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir in mouse and ferret models. Although NA N294S-possessing H5N1 viruses were attenuated in mice and ferrets compared to their oseltamivir-sensitive counterparts, one of the infected ferrets died from systemic infection, demonstrating the potential lethality in ferrets of oseltamivir-resistant H5N1 viruses with the NA N294S substitution. The efficacy of oseltamivir, but not that of zanamivir, against an NA N294S-possessing virus was substantially impaired both in ferrets and in vitro. These results demonstrate the considerable pathogenicity of NA N294S substitution-possessing H5N1 viruses and underscore the importance of monitoring the emergence of the NA N294S mutation in circulating H5N1 viruses.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Is Melatonin the Cornucopia of the 21st Century?. Melatonin, an indoleamine hormone produced and secreted at night by pinealocytes and extra-pineal cells, plays an important role in timing circadian rhythms (24-h internal clock) and regulating the sleep/wake cycle in humans. However, in recent years melatonin has gained much attention mainly because of its demonstrated powerful lipophilic antioxidant and free radical scavenging action. Melatonin has been proven to be twice as active as vitamin E, believed to be the most effective lipophilic antioxidant. Melatonin-induced signal transduction through melatonin receptors promotes the expression of antioxidant enzymes as well as inflammation-related genes. Melatonin also exerts an immunomodulatory action through the stimulation of high-affinity receptors expressed in immunocompetent cells. Here, we reviewed the efficacy, safety and side effects of melatonin supplementation in treating oxidative stress- and/or inflammation-related disorders, such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, immune disorders, infectious diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, as well as osteoporosis and infertility.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 18, 8, 42]}
+{"token": "Ornamental plumage coloration interacts with habitat urbanization to predict problem-solving in the House Finch Haemorhous mexicanus. Urbanization presents wildlife with many novel environmental challenges and opportunities, including navigating new physical structures and exploiting unique food bases. Thus, animal species that persist or thrive in urban environments may have superior cognitive abilities that allow them to navigate and solve anthropogenic problems. Prior studies have shown neural and behavioral differences between animals inhabiting urban and rural environments, but few have tested cognition-related behavioral responses of animals in an urban context. We administered a novel foraging challenge to caged male House Finches Haemorhous mexicanus - a successful urban and native desert species in the southwestern United States - captured from two urban and two rural locations to examine population differences in problem solving. This task involved opening a tin lid that was slid over the bird's normal small food dish and left only slightly ajar (with no food visible). Male House Finches display exaggerated, sexually selected plumage color that is dependent on diet, so we also tested the hypothesis that more colorful males can better solve foraging problems. We found no differences in problem solving success between urban and rural birds. However, among rural birds, we found that redder males were more likely to solve the foraging task than less-red males. Also, birds that lost more mass during the study were more likely to solve the task, but this was only true among less colorful birds. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that plumage redness reveals foraging skill in House Finches found in their native environment.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Concerted evolution and higher-order repeat structure of the 1.709 (satellite IV) family in bovids. The 1.709 or satellite IV repeated DNA family originally isolated from the domestic cow was analyzed using Southern blotting, pulsed field gel electrophoresis, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and DNA sequencing in species belonging to the genera Bos, Bison, Bubalus, Syncerus, Boselaphus, and Tragelaphus. Hybridization indicates that the family has been amplified in Bos, Bison, Bubalus, and Syncerus but not in Boselaphus or Tragelaphus. Pericentromeric, higher-order repeat substructure exists in all species, with multimeric arrays ranging in size from 10 to 1500 kb. Sequence analysis of a 492-bp PCR product revealed comparable levels (0.2-4.5%) of intra- and interspecific divergence when species of Bos and Bison were compared, supporting the idea that species of these two genera should be recognized under the genus Bos. Alternatively, all Syncerus sequences cluster as a monophyletic group on an evolutionary tree and differ from those of Bos/Bison by about 13%. Comparing these findings with the fossil record indicates that concerted evolution has occurred since Bos/Bison and Syncerus last shared a common ancestor (5.0 MYA) but before the radiation of the genus Bos (2.5 MYA): GenBank accession numbers AY517856-AY517904.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "Current status of pediatric labeling in China and the near future efforts needed for the country. Results: Among all these medicines, only 238 (3.95%) are pediatric products, the rest are adult formulations with an extended use in children. The major pediatric formulations were injection (45.95%), tablet (23.69%), and capsule (4.93%), respectively. Alimentary tract/metabolism medicine (24.70%) and infections medicines (20.60%) had the most species. In prescription drugs, only 210 of 5187 (4%) medicines had adequate pediatric labeling information. The main cause of this deficiency was lack of evidence derived from pediatric clinical trials.Conclusion: The dilemma of \\\\'therapeutic orphan\\\\' requires significant attention. Inadequate labeling information and lack of pediatric clinical trials were two prominent issues in China. It calls for more efforts from pharmaceutical industries, regulatory agencies, and legislature in China to collaborate and find solution to improve the situation.Methods: We investigated 6020 child-applied medicines from 15 representative Chinese hospitals, and analyzed the information according to the dosage forms, therapeutic category, and label information integrity.Background: Children are recognized as \\\\'therapeutic orphan\\\\' in many parts of the world, one expression of this is the lack of adequate pediatric labeling information. Some research studies have been done to investigate the pediatric labeling condition in the U.S. and other countries, but no national studies had been carried out in China.This survey was conducted aiming to inquire the current situation of pediatric labeling in China.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "COPRODUCING 'CLEAN' COLLABORATIVE GOVERNANCE Examples from the United States and China. In the 1990s, collaborative governance emerged as a major public administrative approach for providing a wide array of public services and constraints. A downside to collaborative governance is its potential to create new forms of corruption and expand older ones. Coproduction can promote the public value of \\\\'clean\\\\' collaborative governance by giving private individuals incentives to combat corruption. Qui tam lawsuits in the United States and jubao (\\\\'accusing and reporting\\\\') centers in China, despite their limitations, are substantive approaches to the use of the logic of collaborative governance to reward members of the public who expose corruption.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Measuring staff perception of end-of-life experience of older adults in long-term care. Results: The SPELE captures facets of the quality of the death and dying experience from healthcare staff's perspective. Good group inter-rater reliability was observed among subscales. One exception was the pain and symptom experience scale. Kappa values showed little agreement between nurses and healthcare assistants for certain symptoms, including pain.Conclusion: Further testing of the questionnaire is required. However it is described as a useful mechanism to enable researchers and clinicians to explore quality of care at EOL. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Methods: A questionnaire measuring staff perception of their patient's end of life experience (SPELE) was developed. Content validity (CVI) was assessed by a panel of experts, and piloting was conducted with dyads of healthcare assistants (n = 15) and nurses (n = 15).Background: Quality of dying and death receive far less attention than quality of life. Measuring the quality of care at end-of-life (EOL) in long-term care (LTC) is essential, to ensure high standards.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Decent work in the Economy for the Common Good reports: a documentary analysis. Findings-A total of 1,497 actions were coded, and four clusters, grouping sets of the common good reports, were identified. Results suggest that Customers, Business Partners and Staff and Owners are the most addressed stakeholders, human dignity and environmental sustainability are the most addressed values and Fulfilling and Productive Work and Fundamental Principles and Values at Work are the most addressed DW dimensions. Additionally, all clusters are intensive in environmental concerns but have differentiated priorities. Cluster analysis suggests three drivers: recognition, core business closeness and social common good impact. A total of five conceptual propositions are being made useable by organisational leaders who intend to adhere to the ECG movement.Design/methodology/approach-A documentary analysis was conducted on 14 reports describing the actions taken by Italian organisations that belong to the ECG movement. Qualitative content analysis was performed using QSR-NVivo12. The descriptive analysis of the codes was made, as well as a cluster analysis based on coding similarity.Purpose-This paper aims to describe and characterise the actions carried out by Italian organisations participating in the Economy for the Common Good (ECG) movement and to analyse these actions through the lens of decent work (DW), identifying patterns leading to a typology and conceptual propositions on the subject.Research limitations/implications-The main limitation is the low number of organisations participating in the ECG movement in Italy, which restricts the scope of the conclusions. Practical implications The results are helpful as inputs for designing interventions in organisations that intend to start or strengthen their involvement in the ECG movement.Originality/value-Identifying DW aspects related to common good indicators and the four approaches to the ECG adhesion corresponding to the four clusters.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Screening for smoking and substance misuse in pregnant women with mental illness. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONSAIMS AND METHODSmoking and substance misuse adversely affect the outcome of pregnancy and psychiatric patients are known to smoke more than other patients. Data collected at the time of routine antenatal booking were analysed to investigate whether pregnant women with mental health problems smoke more than other pregnant women.RESULTSData were collected from 156 women. Those with a psychiatric diagnosis (n=76) were significantly more likely to smoke (P<0.001). Associations were also found with illicit drug use and previous termination of pregnancy. The most common psychiatric diagnosis was depression (62%). A diagnosis of schizophrenia was not recorded for any of the women.The strong association between smoking and psychiatric diagnosis results in an increased risk of obstetric complications in psychiatric patients. Anti-smoking interventions might be delivered by adequately trained midwives and opportunistically during contact with mental health professionals.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "SME efficiency in transforming regional business research and innovation investments into innovative sales output. Based on data provided by the Regional Innovation Scoreboard on 23 capital and 184 non-capital regions in Europe, slacks-based models of data envelopment analysis (DEA) reveal that the efficiency by which business research and innovation inputs are converted at regional-level aggregated innovative sales output in small and medium-sized enterprises was significantly lower in capital regions in the period 2006-14. In view of efficiency maximization, a majority of the capital regions overinvest in non-research and development innovation activities, are over-specialized in knowledge-intensive industries, and fall behind in converting research and innovation inputs in intermediary intellectual property outcomes.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
+{"token": "Good from far, but far from good: The impact of a reference genome on evolutionary inference. Genomic diversity and past population histories are key considerations in the fields of conservation and evolutionary biology. In this issue of Molecular Ecology Resources, Prasad et al. (Mol. Ecol. Resour., 2021) examine how the quality and phylogenetic divergence of reference genomes influences the outcomes of downstream analyses such as diversity and demographic history inference. Using the beluga whale and rowi kiwi as examples (Figure 1), they systematically estimate heterozygosity, runs of homozygosity (ROH), and demographic history (PSMC) using reference genomes of varying quality and phylogenetic divergence from the target species. They show that demographic history analyses are impacted by phylogenetic distance, although this is not pronounced until divergence exceeds 3% from the target species. Similarly, their results imply that heterozygosity estimates are dependent on phylogenetic distance and the method used to perform the estimates, and ROHs are potentially undetectable when a nonconspecific reference is used. This investigation into the role of divergence and quality of reference genomes highlights the impact and potential biases generated by genome selection on downstream analyses, and provides a possible alternative in cross-species scaffolding in instances where a conspecific reference genome is not available.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
+{"token": "High-pass NGD characterization of resistive-inductive network based low-frequency circuit. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide the high-pass (HP) negative group delay (NGD) circuit based (RL) network. Synthesis and experimental investigation of HP-NGD circuit are developed. Design/methodology/approach The research work methodology is organized in three phases. The definition of the HP-NGD ideal specifications is introduced. The synthesis method allowing to determine the RL elements is developed. The validation results are discussed with comparison between the calculated model, simulation and measurement. Findings This paper shows a validation of the HP-NGD theory with responses confirming NGD optimal frequency, value and attenuation of about (9 kHz, -1.12 mu s, -1.64 dB) and (21 kHz, -0.92 mu s, -4.81 dB) are measured. The tested circuits have experimented NGD cut-off frequencies around 5 and 11.7 kHz. Research limitations/implications The validity of the HP-NGD topology depends on the coil self-inductance resonance. The HP-NGD effect is susceptible to be penalized by the parasitic elements of the self. Practical implications The NGD circuit is usefully exploited in the electronic and communication system to reduce the undesired delay effect context. The NGD can be used to compensate the delay in any electronic devices and system. Social implications Applications based on the NGD technology will be helpful in the communication, transportation and security research fields by reducing the delay inherent to any electronic circuit. Originality/value The originality of the paper concerns the synthesis formulations of the RL elements in function of the expected HP-NGD optimal frequency, value and attenuation. In addition, an original measurement technique of HP-NGD is also introduced.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40, 41]}
+{"token": "A Comparison of the Effects of Negative Communication and Spirituality on Relationship Quality Among Different Latino and Anglo Couple Groups. This study explored how negative communication and spirituality influence relationship quality across four couple groups. Data was gathered from Anglo couples, interethnic Latino and Anglo couples, and Latino couples. Data was analyzed in a mediating Actor-Partner Interaction Model (APIM) with a multiple group analysis. Negative communication was negatively associated with relationship quality uniformly. Generally, male spirituality positively influenced his own relationship quality and was positively associated with female relationship quality in one group. Female spirituality was negatively associated with relationship quality for both genders in that same group and her spirituality partially mediated that process. Clinical implications are discussed.", "label": [5, 52, 55]}
+{"token": "Stage-dependent differences in RNA composition and content affect the outcome of expression profiling in roach (Rutilus rutilus) ovary. The influence of changing composition and content of RNA on the results of expression profiling was studied in the group-synchronous ovaries of roach (Rutilus rutilus) over the course of their maturation. The highest yield of total RNA was detected in the primary growth and early cortical alveolus stages. The total RNA yield gradually decreased through the late cortical alveolus and late vitellogenic stages. In the primary growth and early cortical alveolus stages, total RNA was characterized by a low percentage of 18S and 285 rRNA and a high percentage of smaller-sized RNAs (tRNA, 55 and 5.8S rRNA), whereas 18S and 285 rRNA had increased by the late cortical alveolus stage and dominated by the late vitellogenic stage. The ratio of mRNA to total RNA was highest at the primary growth stage but decreased significantly in later ovarian stages. When total RNA was used for reverse transcription (RT), the shift in the mRNA/total RNA ratio influenced the results of qPCR expression profiling of several commonly used reference genes (ribosomal protein L8, elongation factor-1 alpha. RNA polymerase-subunit B5, and beta 2-microglobulin) and of two target genes, gonad-type aromatase (cyp19a1a) and follistatin (fst). We conclude that the expression of target genes should be related to the mRNA pool using the same input of either mRNA to RT or cDNA to qPCR. Furthermore, gene expression was related to tissue-specific RNA yield per body mass (RNA yield x ovary mass x body mass(-1)) thereby reflecting the massive increase in the size and cellular composition of the ovary during the reproductive cycle. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42, 47]}
+{"token": "Towards ecological public health? Cuba's moral economy of food and agriculture. The concept of moral economy can be applied to all types of economies as they all involve conceptions of the 'common good' that determine who gets what, why and how, and who is responsible for this distribution, eg state or private actors. In this paper, we use the concept of moral economy to demonstrate how particular morals and logics shape public health governance in Cuba, comparing these with market liberal contexts. The paper draws from ethnographic and interview data from Cuba to evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of Cuban agri-food governance, against the backdrop of market liberal approaches. While Cuban interviewees justified their activities in terms of Cuba's moral economy of collective need, there were also instances when the socialist moral economy conflicted with individual needs and aspirations. We conclude that, despite its faults, Cuba's holistic approach to food and agriculture illustrates how ecological approaches to public health might work in practice.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Number-theory dark matter. We propose that the stability of dark matter is ensured by a discrete subgroup of the U(1)(B-L) gauge symmetry, Z(2)(B-L). We introduce a set of chiral fermions charged under the U(1)(B-L) in addition to the right-handed neutrinos, and require the anomaly-cancellation conditions associated with the U(1)(B-L). gauge symmetry. We find that the possible number of fermions and their charges are tightly constrained, and that non-trivial solutions appear when at least five additional chiral fermions are introduced. The Fermat theorem in the number theory plays an important role in this argument. Focusing on one of the solutions, we show that there is indeed a good candidate for dark matter, whose stability is guaranteed by Z(2)(B-L). (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "Bilingual formal meeting as a context of translatoriality. Drawing on the concept of translatorial action by Justa Holz-Manttari, this article sets out to analyse the role of translation in a bilingual formal meeting without any professional translation or interpreting. The analysis reveals the central role of translatorial activities: 60% of the turns include some kind of translatoriality. The chair and expert speakers stand out as producers for most of the translations. Self-translation is the most prominent form of translation, but otherwise the translator role tends to vary dynamically with the role of the source text producer. Three types of translatorial action with varying degrees of replication of content were found: duplicating, summarizing, and expanding. In the meeting context, translatorial action is the primary means of enabling participation for all, regardless of language skills or language background, and this action was used by the participants in flexible and dynamic ways.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "The manipulation of drugs to obtain the required dose: systematic review. richey r.h., craig j.v., shah u.u., ford j.l., barker c.e., peak m., nunn a.j. & turner m.a. (2012) The manipulation of drugs to obtain the required dose: systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing68(9), 21032112. Abstract Aim. To describe the development of a systematic review protocol that maps the evidence relating to drug manipulations conducted to obtain the required dose. This process included defining a search strategy and methods to assess the quality and to synthesize the evidence retrieved. Background. Economic constraints mean that marketed formulations may not meet the needs of all patients. Consequently, it is sometimes necessary to manipulate marketed products with the aim of obtaining the required dose. Most clinical practice appears to be guided by ad hoc approaches and informal literature reviews. Methods. This systematic review protocol has been designed to identify the evidence available on drug manipulation. The review aims to identify what evidence is available and where the gaps appear in the current evidence. This report describes the challenges of developing a systematic review in an area that potentially involves many drugs and considers outcomes other than effectiveness. In particular, searches required the use of non-specific terms and the iterative development of a complex search strategy. The development of quality assessment criteria is also described. Funding commenced in April 2009. Discussion. The systematic review described here will capture a broad selection of research about drug manipulations and may also be of interest to those conducting reviews in broad remit subject areas that are not easy to define using accepted terminology.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Intravascular ultrasound assessment of coronary artery involvement in Fabry disease. Methods Nine FD patients (5 women) were matched to 10 control patients (5 women) chosen from our IVUS database. Standard volumetric IVUS analyses were performed along with assessment of plaque echodensity.Aim We used intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) to characterize coronary artery involvement in patients with Fabry disease (FD).Results Plaques in FD patients were diffuse and hypoechogenic compared with more focal and more echogenic lesions in control patients. Echogenicity of plaques was significantly lower in FD patients (median 30.7 +/- 12.9 vs 55.9 +/- 15.7, p = 0.0052, mean 37.2 +/- 15.6 vs 66.2 +/- 13.3, p = 0.0014). Diffusiveness was assessed as differences between mean and median plaque burden versus the plaque burden in each of the analysed cross-sections. These differences were lower in FD vs controls (5.8 +/- 4.8 vs 8.7 +/- 6.6, p < 0.001 for mean, and 5.8 +/- 4.9 vs 8.8 +/- 7.3, p < 0.001 for median) indicating a more diffuse involvement. The occurrence of lipid cores was significantly higher in FD patients than in controls (2.4 +/- 1.5 vs 1.0 +/- 0.94, p = 0.02).Conclusion IVUS showed diffuse hypoechogenic plaques in patients with FD. The explanation may be higher lipid content in plaques and accumulation of glycosphingolipid in smooth-muscle and endothelial cells.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 20]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of a nurse-run asthma school. Important aims of the study were to investigate whether an educational program (the 'Asthma School') directed by a nurse led to improved knowledge of the disease, to improved self-medication and self-management and to improved, self-rated, functional status. A total of 32 patients (6 males, 26 females, mean age 43 years) was included. The following methods were used to collect the data before and one year after the Asthma School was completed; two study-specific questionnaires for collecting demographic data and measuring different aspects of the patients' knowledge of the disease and its treatment, monthly diary cards, lung-function tests (FEV1) and the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) questionnaire. The main results of the study were an improved knowledge of the disease and its treatment, better self-management, i.e. more frequent use of the peak expiratory flow meter (PEF-meter) and use of inhaled bronchodilators on an as-required basis, fewer patients on sick-leave and a better, self-rated, physical health status. However, in spite of these encouraging results, the lungfunction was found to be unaffected, no pronounced changes in the use of asthma drugs could be found and the patients' need for medical care remained the same. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "A training and education program for genome medical research coordinators in the genome cohort study of the Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization. Background Genome cohort studies are used to analyze interactions between genetic and environmental factors, providing valuable information for personalized healthcare. Large-scale and long-term cohort studies require a number of specially trained personnel, of whom those involved in obtaining informed consent play a vital role, especially during the initial phase of such studies. The Japanese Society of Human Genetics (JSHG) previously established a certification system for genome medical research coordinators (GMRCs) responsible for obtaining written consent via face-to-face explanation. Meanwhile, in the Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization (ToMMo), GMRCs are expected to play important roles not only in obtaining informed consent and conducting various assessments, but also in communicating with participants throughout the long-term follow-up. Based on the JSHG program, we therefore developed a specific education and training program for ToMMo GMRCs consisting of 17 lectures, one practical training session on the informed consent procedure, and written and interview examinations. Re-education workshops aimed at self-improvement are also carried out following certification. In this study, we evaluated the education and training program in terms of overall understanding, usefulness, and satisfaction using an anonymous questionnaire. Methods An anonymous questionnaire addressing each aspect of the education and training program (understanding, usefulness, and satisfaction) was distributed among 152 qualified ToMMo GMRCs. Responses were received from 94 participants (61.8%). Results There was a significant association between the level of overall understanding of lectures and medical qualification (nurse or clinical laboratory technologist), but not with age or educational background. The level of understanding and overall usefulness were lower in sessions related to genetics and epidemiology than those dealing with ToMMo practices. In the re-education workshops, GMRCs showed a preference for and hoped to learn more about both background knowledge and research progress in the ToMMo. Conclusions The results of our questionnaire suggest that not all ToMMo GMRCs are able to understand everything during the initial education and training program, especially in terms of genomic medicine. Continuous re-education is therefore vital in improving knowledge, skills and motivation, and preparing GMRCs for a specialist role in community-based personalized healthcare.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Lanthanum biosorption using sericin/alginate particles crosslinked by poly (vinyl alcohol): Kinetic, cation exchange, and desorption studies. Nowadays, lanthanum removal from wastewater has received attention due to its importance in various industrial applications. Biosorption has been considered a promising process for lanthanum removal from secondary sources. This study aimed to evaluate the use of sericin/alginate/poly(vinyl alcohol) (SAPVA) particles for lanthanum biosorption in batch system. The effect of pH on the biosorption of lanthanum showed that both lanthanum-uptake (0.103 mol/kg) and calcium-release (0.155 mol/kg) reach a maximum at equilibrium pH 5.22. Biosorption kinetics was carried in three lanthanum initial concentrations (0.0005, 0.0011, and 0.0017 mol/dm(3)). The results revealed that the equilibration time was reached between 210 and 450 min and biosorption capacity at equilibrium between 0.050 and 0.152 mol/kg. The kinetic followed the pseudo-second order model and the external diffusion was the main limiting step. Evaluation of cation exchange mechanism showed that the lanthanum biosorption is related to a stoichiometric reaction (2:3 ratio) between calcium and lanthanum. Calcium nitrate under acidic conditions was able to retrieve lanthanum biosorbed in the particles with high efficiency (96.07 +/- 2.02%). Regeneration kinetics showed a longer equilibration time (630 min) and lower biosorption capacity at equilibrium (0.138 mol/kg) for the lanthanum initial concentration of 0.0015 mol/dm(3). In this case, the experimental kinetic profile of calcium released throughout the lanthanum biosorption was not stoichiometric. Characterization analyzes suggest that the main mechanism involved in lanthanum capture and calcium release was cation exchange between functional groups on the biosorbent particles and lanthanum. Thus, SAPVA particles are a promising biosorbent for lanthanum removal from aqueous solutions.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Rice (Oryza sativa) cultivar tolerance to clomazone. Field experiments were conducted in 1999 and 2000 at the Rice Research and Extension Center at Stuttgart, AR, on a DeWitt silt loam and at the Pine Tree Branch Experiment Station near Colt, AR, on a Calloway silt loam to evaluate the tolerance of 14 rice cultivars and four experimental cultivar lines to clomazone at 0.34 and 0.67 kg ai/ha applied preemergence. Early-season chlorosis 14 days after emergence (DAE) ranged from 1 to 21% in 1999 and 3 to 40% in 2000 when averaged over herbicide rate. The experimental cultivar line RU961096 was slightly more susceptible to clomazone than other cultivars and lines. However, RU9701041 was more tolerant to clomazone at 0.67 kg/ha 14 DAE than other cultivars and lines. By 28 DAE, all cultivars had < 13% chlorosis in 1999 and < 8% in 2000. The experimental cultivar line RU9601096 and cultivar Koshihikari did not recover as quickly as the other 16 cultivars and cultivar lines. Early-season chlorosis had no effect on days to 50% heading or yield for any of the cultivars evaluated.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Centrifugal model tests on the structural response of the shield tunnel when constructing cross passages by mechanical methods. Mechanical methods to construct cross passages between shield tunnels have received growing attention and have been successfully applied in several projects. However, the structural response of the shield tunnels under the construction load when excavating cross passages by mechanical method remains unclear. Centrifugal model tests were conducted in this paper to investigate the mechanical characteristics of the mainline tunnel loaded by two different reaction modes, i.e., back-thrust mode and front-traction mode. The results show that (1) stress concentration occurs at the segments around the opening of cross passages due to the change of the structural type, which may exceed the strength limit of the concrete; (2) the stress concentration was aggravated by the back-thrust load while alleviated by the front-traction load; (3) the back-thrust loading mode intensifies the trend of the horizontal ellipse of the mainline tunnel which is more adverse for shield tunnels. Therefore, the fronttraction reaction mode is better for structural stress and deformation when no other supplementary measures are taken.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "Haplotypes and polymorphism in the CCR5 gene in sickle cell disease. Sickle cell disease shows several clinical manifestations in distinct levels of severity. This heterogeneity is due to the haplotype variability associated with the HbS gene, levels of fetal hemoglobin and environmental conditions, which modify the disease expression. Science community believes that the presence of a polymorphism in the CCR5 gene, which is related to chronic inflammatory state, could confer a higher survival rate and a lower number of inflammatory events to these patients since the deletion in CCR5 Delta 32 would knock out the CCR5 gene. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the haplotypes in beta(S) and beta(C) genes, as well as to investigate the presence of the CCR5 Delta 32 deletion in patients with sickle cell disease. For this purpose, DNA was isolated with the QIAamp DNA Investigator Kit, and PCR was the method chosen to detect the mutant allele CCR5 Delta 32. The haplotypes in beta(S) and beta(C) genes were detected by RFLP with the restriction enzymes XmnI, HindIII, HincII, and HinfI analyzing six polymorphic sites on the beta cluster, succeeded by electrophoresis. The atypical haplotype was the most common (54.3%), followed by Benin (28.6%), Bantu (11.5%), Senegal (2.8%), and Cameroon (2.8%). No patients presented CCR5 Delta 32 deletion. The increase in the frequency of atypical haplotypes suggests that these patients passed by variation in the genetic pattern from ancestral haplotypes throughout the years.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "An application of hybrid data envelopment analytical hierarchy process approach for supplier selection. Purpose - The problem of supplier selection gets complicated when a company looks for various criteria to evaluate different suppliers. The decision criteria used for supplier selection process can be different for different organizations due to a large number of factors. Hence, it can be said that supplier selection is basically, a multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem. The purpose of this paper is to propose a hybrid data envelopment analytical hierarchy process (DEAHP) approach to solve the supplier selection problem for an automobile company.Design/methodology/approach - In this study, the data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach is embedded into analytic hierarchy process (AHP) methodology. Literature review suggested that majority of researches found it appropriate using DEA and AHP methodologies for supplier selection process; hence it is felt that a hybrid DEAHP would be a useful methodology to offer a MCDM model for supplier selection problem.Findings - First, the key criteria of the supplier selection problem for the company are identified. Then a model is developed and implemented for supplier selection using DEAHP approach. This study concluded that quality, cost and service are the most crucial criteria for an automobile company operational in a developing country like India. Sensitivity analysis further helped to evaluate suppliers based on each criterion.Research limitations/implications - As this analysis and findings are based on only one case study of an Indian automobile company, and this necessitates caution in interpreting the results. The limited number of interviewed managers in a company restricts the generalizability of the results. Though the company selected for this study is typical of developing country businesses, the findings of the paper may not be readily extensible to other companies. Second, this study used retrospective settings, based on the interviewed feedback after the events had occurred. This method naturally poses limitations due to respondent recall and the accuracy of information provided. Third, the problem chosen for this study is based in a single country context and further additional research will be required to examine if the findings could be extended to other automobile companies in other developing nations. Also in some cases technique used in the study may pose some extra computational efforts.Practical implications - This study points out the importance of the supplier selection problem. It provides key criteria for supplier selection in Indian context also proposes a framework to deal with multiple criteria. proposed model deals with two crucial criteria long term relationships and flexibility which were relatively less discussed and considered in the literature in past.Originality/value - The proposed MCDM model can provide the guidelines and directions for the decision makers to effectively choose suppliers in the current competitive environment.", "label": [4, 5, 40, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "Harvesting control for a stage-structured predator-prey model with Ivlev's functional response and impulsive stocking on prey. We investigate a delayed stage-structured Ivlev's functional response predator-prey model with impulsive stocking on prey and continuous harvesting on predator. Sufficient conditions of the global attractivity of predator-extinction periodic solution and the permanence of the system are obtained. These results show that the behavior of impulsive stocking on prey plays an important role for the permanence of the system. We also prove that all solutions of the system are uniformly ultimately bounded. Our results provide reliable tactical basis for the biological resource management and enrich the theory of impulsive delay differential equations. Copyright (C) 2007.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "SUPERSONIC STEAM EJECTORS: COMPARISON OF DRY AND WET-STEAM CFD SIMULATION MODELS. Ejectors are used in different vacuums applications. However, they have low efficiency at the current time. Due to a lack of understanding of the ejector mixing process. This paper focuses on using Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) to understand the effect of condensation on the flow characterization after nozzle exit position. This was achieved by modelling a variable ejector geometry with two approaches: Ideal gas, and Wet-Steam models. The simulation outcomes for both cases show that the condensation process that occurs with the primary nozzle, led to change the static pressure and temperature magnitudes in comparison to the case without the condensation. The static temperature profile at NTP shows an increase within the static temperature in the Wet-Steam case with differences of approximately 180 K. In addition, the differences of static pressure after NTP for the two cases was approximately 1 K.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF PROBLEMS OF SOCIOLOGY ON ITS CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSERY IN TURKEY. Sociology education in Turkey, started 100 years ago in 1914 at Istanbul University during the Ottoman Empire era led by lessons given by Ziya Gokalp, a young Ottoman intellectual. As a matter of fact Durkheim, the founder of sociology was trying to find solutions for the problems of industrial societies by developing concepts such as \\\\'solidarity\\\\' to prevent \\\\'anomie\\\\'. At that time Ottoman Empire was neither an industrial nor modem society but Ziya Gokalp assessed Durkheim' s views as appropriated to save the empire from collapsing. Because Durkheim's sociology were holistic rather than particularistic. In other words the basis of his theory was \\\\'communitarian\\\\' rather than \\\\'individualistic\\\\' and applicable to build solidarity instead of conflict. All these background information show that sociology starting from its early foundation days has identity problems which are still continuing. Thus no body hardly knows what sociology is and what sociologists do in Turkey. this paper is limited to examine problems and status of sociology in Turkey based on the views of sociology students and graduates as well as their perants. In this study empirical phenomenological tradition is applied by carrying out deep interviews with 25 students and 20 graduates along with 25 parents. Findings revealed that the status of sociology in Turkey is below the expected level and both the status of sociology and its education at universities are interactively affect each other negatively. The risk for unemployment of sociologists along with identity problems require more attention to see sociology as a profession as well as a scientific discipline limited only in academic studies.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Spatio-temporal pattern of plant communities along a hydrologic gradient in Everglades tree islands. Plant communities arranged along a gradient are a product of underlying physico-chemical drivers that vary on both spatial and temporal scales. Spatial variation in the underlying drivers along the gradient usually results in the formation of boundaries between adjacent plant communities. However, the structure and composition of these communities may change over time resulting in boundary shifts. In the Everglades, tree islands are complex ecosystems, where plant communities are arranged along hydrologic and soil nutrient gradients. In these islands, temporal changes in hydrologic regime often result in a spatial shift in community composition along the gradient and determine the trajectory of community succession. We examined the interaction between hydrology and vegetation over a 12-year period in three southern Everglades tree islands. We hypothesized that drier conditions in recent decades would result in an increase in the dominance of flood in-tolerant woody plants over herbaceous and flood-tolerant woody species, ultimately causing a shift in the boundaries between plant communities. The boundary between adjacent communities varied from sharp, clearly defined peaks of Bray Curtis dissimilarity to more gradual, diffuse transition zones. In the head portion of tree island, there was little change in vegetation composition. However, in the tail portion of the islands, the relative abundance of flood tolerant species declined, while that of moderately flood-tolerant species increased over the study period. In these islands, the effects of relatively dry conditions in recent decades resulted in small shifts in the boundaries among communities. These results suggest that tree islands are dynamic successional communities whose expansion or contraction over time depends on the strength and duration of changes in hydrologic conditions.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Quality of life associated with perceived stigma and discrimination among the floating population in Shanghai, China: a qualitative study. The floating population refers to the large and increasing number of migrants without local household registration status and has become a new demographic phenomenon in China. Most of these migrants move from the rural areas of the central and western parts of China to the eastern and coastal metropolitan areas in pursuit of a better life. The floating population of China was composed of 121 million people in 2000, and this number was expected to increase to 300 million by 2010. Quality of life (QOL) studies of the floating population could provide a critical starting point for recognizing the potential of regions, cities and local communities to improve QOL. This study explored the construct of QOL of the floating population in Shanghai, China. We conducted eight focus groups with 58 members of the floating population (24 males and 34 females) and then performed a qualitative thematic analysis of the interviews. The following five QOL domains were identified from the analysis: personal development, jobs and career, family life, social relationships and social security. The results indicated that stigma and discrimination permeate these life domains and influence the framing of life expectations. Proposals were made for reducing stigma and discrimination against the floating population to improve the QOL of this population.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "Lead Us Not into Temptation, but Deliver Us from Evil Earliest Dutch Sermons on Heidelberg Catechism Q&A 127. This article investigates the three earliest sermons in the Dutch language (1588-1676) on Q&A 127 of the Heidelberg Catechism (HC). It provides insight into the early reception of a catechism from which generations of believers in the Netherlands received instruction. The authors analyze how and to what extent these sermons incorporate the text, theology, and spirituality of the Palatinate textbook for believers who (only) speak the vernacular. They note that this is done in an independent and creative way. Contrary to the HC, the selected sermons thoroughly explore the concept of temptation. The intended audience clearly influences the sermons. Theological distance from the HC arises at some important points. Now and then the influence of changing times is visible.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Multiple speeds of flame edge propagation for Lewis numbers above one. Edges of diffusion flames in a counterflow burner are examined numerically for Lewis numbers greater than unity. When the speed of propagation is plotted against Damkohler number for a range of Lewis numbers a fold bifurcation is observed. It is shown that there exist stable positively and negatively propagating edges for some Damkohler number and Lewis number pairs. It is further shown that changed local conditions can lead to a transition from positive (advancing into the unburnt gasses) to negative (receding) propagation.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 15, 35, 41]}
+{"token": "From triphenyltins to integrated management of the 'pest' snail Cerithidea cingulata in mangrove-derived milkfish ponds in the Philippines. The potamidid snail Cerithidea cingulata is considered a pest in brackishwater milkfish ponds in the Philippines and has been controlled by the triphenyltin (TPT) compounds Aquatin and Brestan. But TPT is also toxic to other invertebrates, fishes, algae, bacteria and people, and high TPT residues occur in sea foods including milkfish. Thus, control of snails in milkfish ponds should be shifted from reliance on TPT to an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy. To formulate a responsible IPM, studies were conducted on C. cingulata in ponds and mangroves and the available data were synthesized with the relevant information from the literature. The deposit-feeding C. cingulata is a native resident of mangrove areas and becomes a problem in mangrove-derived ponds where the lack of competitors and predators results in 'ecological release' and population explosion. Snail densities ranged 1-470 m(-2) in the mangroves and 100-5000 m(-2) in ponds. In ponds, snails ranged 2-40 mm in shell length; those 25 mm long and 8 mm wide weighed 1 g on average, and had 150 mg flesh. Snails matured at 20 mm long and reproduced the whole year with a peak in Mar-Sep at water temperatures of 24-36 degreesC. Enriched sediments and stagnant water in ponds allowed fast growth and reproduction, low dispersal and high recruitment of snails. Snails were very tolerant to hypoxia and adverse conditions, but were killed within a week by sun-drying or by salinities of 48-70 parts per thousand and within 3 d by ammonium phosphate at 10 g l(-1) or urea at 5 g l(-1). IPM of snails requires changes in mind sets and perspectives of milkfish farmers and industry supporters and changes in farm practices and management. Snails must be viewed as a resource from which income can be made and employment can be generated. Harvest of snails for shellcraft and other enterprises also effectively removes the spawning population. Complete draining and sun-drying of ponds after harvest kills the adult snails and the egg strings on the bottom. Snails in puddles in the ponds may be killed by the usual nitrogen fertilizers and lime applied during pond preparation. Water input may be timed with periods of low veliger counts in the supply water. These IPM recommendations have yet to be verified.", "label": [4, 45]}
+{"token": "Index theory and non-commutative geometry on foliated manifolds. This paper gives a survey of the index theory of tangentially elliptic and transversally elliptic operators on foliated manifolds as well as of related notions and results in non-commutative geometry.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Business in society or business and society: the construction of business-society relations in responsibility reports from a critical discursive perspective. In this article, we analyse the discursive construction of business-society relations in Finnish businesses' social and environmental responsibility reports. Drawing on critical discourse analysis, we examine how these discursive constructions maintain and reproduce various interests and societal conditions as a precondition of corporate social responsibility (CSR). Our study contributes to the recent discussion on discursive struggles in business-society relations and the role various interests play in this struggle. We find that not only are power asymmetries between actors veiled through the universalization of interests, but reporting can also be seen as a communicative action that provides a right to define the role of societal actors for the achievement of CSR. We suggest that the discursive struggle over whose interests dominate, and how they dominate, shapes the role of social and environmental reporting as a social practice.", "label": [3, 5, 48, 30]}
+{"token": "Classical Kalb-Ramond field theory in curved spacetimes. We propose to develop the Kalb-Ramond theory in four-dimensional spacetime at the level of a classical field theory by following the same formal development steps as in Maxwell theory of standard electrodynamics. Solutions of Kalb-Ramond theory in the presence of static sources in various curved spacetimes are then analyzed. A question that we address here is that of a possible Kalb-Ramond polarization in curved spacetimes, like one can encounter a dielectric polarization in ordinary Maxwell electrodynamics in certain types of spacetimes.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "In vivo analysis of trypanocidal drug resistance in sahelian goats infected by Trypanosoma vivax strains collected in northern Togo. Trypanosoma (T.) vivax is one of the animal trypanosomes species causing calf mortality and economic losses in Togo. Despite its importance as the most widely distributed trypanosome species, T. vivax has received little attention because it is difficult to cultivate most field isolates in rodents. No molecular diagnostic tools for the identification of drug-resistant in T. vivax are currently available. Herein, four field isolates of T. vivax from Togo were cryopreserved and assessed for susceptibility to diminazene aceturate (DA) and isometamidium chloride (ISM) in goats. For field isolate preparation, 1 ml of blood from an infected goat was diluted in 111 mu l of phosphate-buffered-saline and stored in liquid nitrogen. The in vivo experiment drug test was performed using twenty Sahelian goats with six-month of age and weighing 14.5 +/- 1.6 kg. These experimental goats were purchased from a tsetse free-area Dori, a Sahelian region of Burkina Faso. The cryopreserved T. vivax isolates with unknowns, DA, and ISM sensitivity was inoculated to five goats and one goat was used as control. Each animal was inoculated by intravenously route 1 x 10(5) trypanosomes from the donor goat. Relapses were earlier in the first phase of treatment (14.85 +/- 1.08 days) compared with the second phase (20 +/- 3.39 days). The overall mean PCV of the control group decreased from 32% to 17% at day-60 (P-value < 0.001). Three isolates were phenotypically resistant to 0.5 mg per kg body weight (BW) ISM and one for 3.5 mg per kg BW of DA. There were no relapses with the 7 mg per kg BW dose DA. This study shows the resistance of T. vivax to two main trypanocidal drugs in different villages of Mango. The results suggest the extension of surveillance strategies to remote villages in Togo and will guide the veterinarian or herder in choosing a mass treatment strategy. Further studies will be needed to better understand the molecular basis of the observed resistance.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 10]}
+{"token": "David Orme Masson, the Periodic Classification of the Elements and His 'Flap' Model of the Periodic Table. In the early 1890s, David Orme Masson, Professor of Chemistry at the University of Melbourne, invented a new way to display the periodic table of the elements, in which the transition elements were arranged on a flap that projected from the plane containing the main group elements. He shared the idea with his mentor, Sir William Ramsay, at University College London, who published a similar model in his 1896 book. The 'flap' arrangement was an outcome of Masson's research interest in the periodic classification of the elements, to which he also made contributions in the 1890s about the placement of hydrogen and suggested to Ramsay that a new main group was needed to accommodate the rare gases such as helium and argon then being discovered in London. Although it was not widely adopted elsewhere, Masson's 'flap' model was a research and a teaching tool that was used at the University of Melbourne and in school chemistry teaching in Victoria for over half a century.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Who Counts Where? COVID-19 Surveillance in Federal Countries. Context: While the World Health Organization (WHO) has established guidance on COVID-19 surveillance, little is known about implementation of these guidelines in federations, which frag-ment authority across multiple levels of government. This study examines how subnational gov-ernments in federal democracies collect and report data on COVID-19 cases and mortality asso-ciated with COVID-19. Methods: We collected data from subnational government websites in 15 federal democracies to construct indices of COVID-19 data quality. Using bivariate and multivariate regression, we analyzed the relationship between these indices and indicators of state capacity, the decentral-ization of resources and authority, and the quality of democratic institutions. We supplement these quantitative analyses with qualitative case studies of subnational COVID-19 data in Brazil, Spain, and the United States. Findings: Subnational governments in federations vary in their collection of data on COVID-19 mortality, testing, hospitalization, and demographics. There are statistically significant asso-ciations ( p < 0.05) between subnational data quality and key indicators of public health system capacity, fiscal decentralization, and the quality of democratic institutions. Case studies illustrate the importance of both governmental and civil-society institutions that foster accountability. Conclusions: The quality of subnational COVID-19 surveillance data in federations depends in part on public health system capacity, fiscal decentralization, and the quality of democracy.", "label": [2, 3, 5, 22, 29, 52, 57]}
+{"token": "Hypogymnia recurva and Hypogymnia wilfiana spp. nov., two new lichens from western North America. Hypogymnia metaphysodes was first described from Japan and Sakhalin, and later reported from western North America. Here we show that the North American material currently referred to H. metaphysodes differs from that species not only morphologically and chemically, but also in ascospore size and shape. We also show that the North American material is in fact heterogeneous, and can be assigned to two well-defined species here described as new: Hypogymnia recurva sp. nov. and H. wilfiana sp. nov. Both of these lichens contain distinctive secondary metabolites: vittatolic acid in the case of H. recurva, and 2-methylene-3-carboxy-18-hydroxynonadecanoic acid (\\\\'apinnatic acid''), reported here for the first time from Hypogymnia, in H. wilfiana. Both of our new species are so far known only from western North America, where they occur primarily as epiphytes on the branches of conifers. Hypogymnia metaphysodes s. str. has not yet been reliably reported from this region and should be excluded from the North American lichen flora.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Exploring the generation and use of acylketenes with continuous flow processes. The generation and use of reactive intermediates is well suited to continuous flow processing owing to the ability to scale up reactions, contain hazards and heat solvents past their atmospheric temperature boiling points. Herein we explore the chemistry of acylketenes, generated from commercially available 2,2,6-trimethyl-4H-1,3-dioxin-4-one (TMD, 10) under continuous flow conditions. The developed flow chemistry system is capable of permitting a wide range of applications of these acylketene intermediates, including access to equilibrating processes that result in ketone exchange. Some of the dioxinone products resulting from this study are destabilised towards acylketene generation, this is demonstrated through their ability to generate acylketene at lower reaction temperatures.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
+{"token": "Reflective and collaborative skills enhances Ambulance nurses' competence - A study based on qualitative analysis of professional experiences. Aim: The aim of this study was to elucidate ambulance nurses' professional experiences and to describe aspects affecting their competence.Methods: For data collection, the study used the Critical Incident Technique, interviewing 32 ambulance nurses. A qualitative content analysis was applied.Background: The Swedish ambulance health care services are changing and developing, with the ambulance nurse playing a central role in the development of practice. The competence required by ambulance nurses in the profession remains undefined and provides a challenge. The need for a clear and updated description of ambulance nurses' competence, including the perspective of professional experiences, seems to be essential.Results and conclusion: This study elucidates essential parts of the development, usage and perceptions of the competence of ambulance nurses and how, in various ways, this is affected by professional experiences. The development of competence is strongly affected by the ability and possibility to reflect on practice on a professional and personal level, particularly in cooperation with colleagues. Experiences and communication skills are regarded as decisive in challenging clinical situations. The way ambulance nurses perceive their own competence is closely linked to patient outcome. The results of this study can be used in professional and curriculum development. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Is Samkhya a Form of Idealism? An Exploration into Classical Samkhya. Conclusion Thus, notion of evolution and liberation becomes the apparatus to interpret the Samkhya as idealism.Text and Methods I argue that in the light of textual evidences as well as phenomenological interpretation, Samkhya metaphysics can be viewed as a form of idealism. I begin by proposing that the established realistic interpretation is based on an assumption that prakrti and its evolutes are material and cosmic. In fact, prakrti and its evolutes are mental categories, and the ontological dualism of purusa and prakrti enunciated in the Samkhya system is nothing but a form of idealism. The prakrti and its evolutes are the principles/categories of cognition or experience. The conception that evolution is a process in prakrti that takes place in the presence of purusa can also be conceived after the manner of form idealism. In fact, even the conception of purusa being simple and pure consciousness, together with its notion of liberation as aloneness of purusa and its separation from prakrti and its activities (kaivalya), tends to advocate a form of idealism.Introduction I have aims to shed light on two points in this paper. The first is to illumine that Samkhya realist conception is based on false assumptions, and second is to shed light on the idealistic leanings of the system.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "MtDNA origins of an enslaved labor force from the 18th century Schuyler Flatts Burial Ground in colonial Albany, NY: Africans, Native Americans, and Malagasy?. A burial ground located in the Town of Colonie, NY along the Hudson River revealed fourteen individuals dated from the 17th through the early 19th centuries. Bioarchaeological analysis suggested some of these individuals were of African ancestry who had worked and died on the property owned by the prominent Schuyler family. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis was carried out on skeletal remains of seven adults using restriction fragment length polymorphism typing and direct sequencing of the control region to infer their origins and relatedness. Results show that none of the individuals were maternally related, with four individuals identified as African haplogroup L, one identified as Native American haplogroup X, and two identified as haplogroup M and M7. Individuals of African ancestry correlate with published mtDNA data on African Americans and their geographical origins corroborate with the various exit points during the African slave trade to New York State. Individuals identified as haplogroup M7 and M resemble lineages found in Madagascar. Historical documents suggest several hundred people were imported from Madagascar through illegal trading to New York by the end of the 17th century. This study highlights the diverse origins of the enslaved labor force in colonial New York and contributes to our understanding of African American history in the northeast. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
+{"token": "Stability of electromagnetic cavities perturbed by small perfectly conducting inclusions. In this note, we consider an electromagnetic wave propagation problem in harmonic regime in a bounded cavity, in the case where the medium of propagation contains small perfectly conducting inclusions. We prove that the solution to this problem depends continuously on the data in a uniform manner' with respect to the size of the inclusions. (C) 2014 Academie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Panama: Imperfect Paradise. 2008 was marked by the continuation of an internal election process within political parties, which lasted long and was fought without quarter, presaging the tone of the general elections of May 2009. It has also been a special year because all unusual inflation that mobilized union members, medical associations, carriers, educators and retirees, demanding better incomes, more benefits and even price controls, to the central government. However, the country continued to grow at rates well above the average for Latin America and recorded a significant decline in poverty and indigence Panama from the outside may seem like a paradise, but its obvious imperfection risk further.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Winters are changing: snow effects on Arctic and alpine tundra ecosystems. Snow is an important driver of ecosystem processes in cold biomes. Snow accumulation determines ground temperature, light conditions, and moisture availability during winter. It also affects the growing season's start and end, and plant access to moisture and nutrients. Here, we review the current knowledge of the snow cover's role for vegetation, plant-animal interactions, permafrost conditions, microbial processes, and biogeochemical cycling. We also compare studies of natural snow gradients with snow experimental manipulation studies to assess time scale difference of these approaches. The number of tundra snow studies has increased considerably in recent years, yet we still lack a comprehensive overview of how altered snow conditions will affect these ecosystems. Specifically, we found a mismatch in the timing of snowmelt when comparing studies of natural snow gradients with snow manipulations. We found that snowmelt timing achieved by snow addition and snow removal manipulations (average 7.9 days advance and 5.5 days delay, respectively) were substantially lower than the temporal variation over natural spatial gradients within a given year (mean range 56 days) or among years (mean range 32 days). Differences between snow study approaches need to be accounted for when projecting snow dynamics and their impact on ecosystems in future climates.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 52]}
+{"token": "Utility of cell blocks in the diagnosis of thyroid aspirates. Cell blocks (CBs) are often prepared with fine-needle aspirates (FNAs) from multiple organs as an adjunct to smears in the diagnosis of aspirated lesions. However, the literature contains few reports on their utility with regard to specific organ sites. At our institution, CBs are made routinely on FNAs when there is sufficient material remaining after smear preparation, with thyroid representing the largest volume. The aim of this study was to determine the utility of CBs in the diagnosis of thyroid lesions. From January 2002 to April 2004, 546 thyroid FNAs were performed. Eighty-two (15%) cases, from 60 females and 20 males (age range, 17-88 yr; mean, 50 yr), had CBs and formed the basis of this study. Seventy-four (90%) of the cases were performed by the radiologist or the clinician and 8 (10%) by the pathologist, all of which had an immediate assessment for adequacy. One to 7 passes were performed with an average of 3/case. The needles were immediately rinsed in Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution after smear preparation. CBs were made on bloody specimens/those with tissue fragments. Cell-block slides were reviewed for the presence of cellular elements and classified into three categories: (1) contributory, (2) noncontributory, or (3) provides additional information. Of the 82 cases, 23 (28%) were neoplastic, 51 (62%) were nonneoplastic, and 8 (10%) were nondiagnostic. Fifteen of the neoplastic cases had confirmatory biopsies, 9 of which were papillary carcinoma. The overall cellularity of the CBs was low, varying from 0 to 2 follicular groups in the noncontributory CBs and 3 to 6 follicular groups or papillary formations in the contributory CBs. CBs were contributory in 25 (31%) cases: 5 neoplastic (I follicular neoplasm, 3 papillary carcinoma, and I suspicious for papillary carcinoma), 18 nonneoplastic, and 2 nondiagnostic. CBs were noncontributory in 56 (68%) cases: 18 neoplastic (4 papillary carcinomas, I suspicious for papillary carcinoma, 4 Hurthle cell neoplasms, and 9 follicular neoplasms), 33 nonneeplastic, and 5 nondiagnostic. One case was categorized as provided additional information because the CB showed material that was not present on the slides; however, it was still nondiagnostic. In summary, CBs did not help in the majority of cases. They were contributory in only 25 (31%) of the 82 cases, and of the 23 neoplastic cases, only 5 (22%) CBs were contributory. The contribution of the CBs in the diagnosis of thyroid lesions was minimal because of the low cellularity. On-site assessment of specimen adequacy often results in fewer passes, thus contributing to the low cellularity present in cell-block preparations. Ancillary studies may require additional passes. (c) 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "Trophic Interactions, Management Trade-Offs and Climate Change: The Need for Adaptive Thresholds to Operationalize Ecosystem Indicators. Ecosystem-based management (EBM) is commonly applied to achieve sustainable use of marine resources. For EBM, regular ecosystem-wide assessments of changes in environmental or ecological status are essential components, as well as assessments of the effects of management measures. Assessments are typically carried out using indicators. A major challenge for the usage of indicators in EBM is trophic interactions as these may influence indicator responses. Trophic interactions can also shape trade-offs between management targets, because they modify and mediate the effects of pressures on ecosystems. Characterization of such interactions is in turn a challenge when testing the usability of indicators. Climate variability and climate change may also impact indicators directly, as well as indirectly through trophic interactions. Together, these effects may alter interpretation of indicators in assessments and evaluation of management measures. We developed indicator networks - statistical models of coupled indicators - to identify links representing trophic interactions between proposed food-web indicators, under multiple anthropogenic pressures and climate variables, using two basins in the Baltic Sea as a case study. We used the networks to simulate future indicator responses under different fishing, eutrophication and climate change scenarios. Responsiveness to fishing and eutrophication differed between indicators and across basins. Almost all indicators were highly dependent on climatic conditions, and differences in indicator trajectories > 10% were found only in comparisons of future climates. In some cases, effects of nutrient load and climate scenarios counteracted each other, altering how management measures manifested in the indicators. Incorporating climate change, or other regionally non-manageable drivers, is thus necessary for an accurate interpretation of indicators and thereby of EBM measure effects. Quantification of linkages between indicators across trophic levels is similarly a prerequisite for tracking effects propagating through the food web, and, consequently, for indicator interpretation. Developing meaningful indicators under climate change calls for iterative indicator validations, accounting for natural processes such as trophic interactions and for trade-offs between management objectives, to enable learning as well as setting target levels or thresholds triggering actions in an adaptive manner. Such flexible strategies make a set of indicators operational over the long-term and facilitate success of EBM.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
+{"token": "TRANSFER HYDROCRACKING OF HEAVY OIL AND ITS MODEL-COMPOUND. Transfer hydrocracking of Kuwait atmospheric residue (RC-KW) and its model compounds with nickel supported on active carbon catalyst was examined under several reaction conditions. In the case of RC-KW cracking, the yield of asphaltene in product oil is very low (almost zero) with small amount of hydrogen consumption (100 m3(STP)/kL of oil, kL = m3), whereas coke yield is relatively high (about 10 wt %). As the hydrogen pressure increased, the level of hydrogen consumption and sulfur removal increased, while the coke yield and the conversion of residual oil decreased. These results suggest that transfer hydrocracking of residual oil is composed of thermal cracking of residual oil and hydrogen transfer from precoke compounds such as asphaltene which was adsorbed on active carbon surface to form coke and hydrogen atoms. In order to clarify the reaction mechanism, model reactions of diphenylpropane (DPP) as hydrogen acceptor with tetrahydronaphthalene (THN) or decahydronaphthalene (DHN) as hydrogen donor were conducted with Ni/AC (AC = active carbon) catalysts. Metal-free active carbon showed an activity for hydrogen-transfer reaction to some extent and supported Ni enhanced it, remarkably. With increasing hydrogen pressure, the level of dehydrogenation of hydrogen donor was decreased and the consumption of hydrogen was increased. These results suggest that hydrogen in the gas phase, on the active carbon surface, and in the hydrogen donor was able to move between these phase reversibly, by spillover and reverse spillover of hydrogen.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Nonsurgical Management of Persistent and Hemodynamically Significant Patent Ductus Arteriosus among Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants: A Propensity Score Matched Analysis. Conclusion For chronically ventilator-dependent ELBW infants with persistent hsPDA, a nonsurgical management approach is associated with a reduced rate of surgical ligation of PDA, but not associated with increased risk of adverse major short-term neonatal outcomes.Results Out of 127 infants (surgical approach group, n =67 and nonsurgical approach group, n =60), 72 infants were matched based on the propensity scores. In the matched cohort, in comparison to infants managed with the surgical approach (control group, n =36), infants in the nonsurgical approach group (treatment group, n =36) had a lower rate of surgical ligation (14 vs. 100%, p =<0.001), but there were no differences in both primary outcome (death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia) and secondary outcome measures.Methods In this retrospective study, ELBW infants with a diagnosis of hsPDA (diagnosed based on the echocardiographic criteria and chronic ventilator dependence) that were persistent beyond 14 days of postnatal age despite adequate medical treatment were included.Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a nonsurgical approach (with the incorporation of late postnatal hydrocortisone treatment to facilitate extubation) in comparison to the surgical approach for the management of persistent hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (hsPDA) among chronically ventilator-dependent extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Associations between unmet needs for daytime activities and company and scores on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire in people with dementia: a longitudinal study. Interventions to reduce unmet needs for daytime activities and company could reduce affective and psychotic symptoms in people with dementia.To examine prospectively the association between unmet needs for daytime activities and company and behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia.ObjectivesConclusionMethodsResultsWe included 451 people with mild or moderate dementia, from eight European countries, who were assessed three times over 12 months. Unmet needs were measured with the Camberwell Assessment of Need for the Elderly. Three sub-syndromes of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire were regressed, one-by-one, against unmet needs for daytime activities and company, adjusting for demographic and clinical-functional covariates.Unmet needs for daytime activities were associated with more affective symptoms at baseline, six and twelve months, mean 0.74 (p < 0.001), 0.76 (p < 0.001) and 0.78 (p = 0.001) points higher score respectively, and with more psychotic symptoms at baseline (mean 0.39 points, p = 0.007) and at six months follow-up (mean 0.31 points, p = 0.006). Unmet needs for company were associated with more affective symptoms at baseline, six and twelve months, mean 0.44 (p = 0.033), 0.67 (p < 0.001) and 0.91 (p < 0.001) points higher score respectively, and with more psychotic symptoms at baseline (mean 0.40 points, p = 0.005) and at six months (mean 0.35 points, p = 0.002) follow-up.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 23, 57]}
+{"token": "Metakaolin: a versatile material to enhance the durability of concrete - an overview. The utilisation of calcined clay in the form of metakaolin as a pozzolan for concrete has received considerable interest in recent years. The use of metakaolin as a mineral admixture for concrete is a well-documented practice. Metakaolin is a quality enhancing pozzolan for concrete. In this review paper the work done by various researchers on the effect of the addition of metakaolin to modify the properties of concrete are documented; source and manufacture, fresh concrete properties, hardened concrete and durability. From the survey it is concluded that metakaolin enhances early strength in concrete through a filler effect. Metakaolin also enhances long-term strength and durability of concrete and corrosion resistance. Less work has been carried out in corrosion studies and some of these works are highlighted in this review paper. [doi: 10.1680/stco.2009.10.3.125]", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "Social policy between plan and market: Xiagang (off-duty employment) and the policy of the re-employment service centres in China. China's gradual transition from a command economy to a market system has been vexed by its ailing state-owned enterprises (SOEs) employing huge numbers of surplus workers. Under the growing challenge of market competition, the survival of SOEs depends critically on the release of unwanted staff. If not handled well, however, massive layoffs could trigger ugly protests, erode social stability and challenge the governing mandate of the Chinese Communist Party. Facing this dilemma, the state's response has been to invent a process of 'xiagang' (off-duty employment) whereby redundant state workers can leave the production process without causing a social turbulence, and to introduce a national Programme of re-employment service centres (RSCs) which offer living allowances, social security, job training and re-employment assistance as a transitional measure. As a distinct form of unemployment, xiagang reflects the special challenge confronting the state and civil society in a critical stage of China's market transition. This article sets out to explore the political and social meanings of xiagang and the RSCs to elucidate how the state uses a specific social policy to balance both group and national interests and to steer the country on to the next stage of market development.", "label": [5, 52, 51, 57]}
+{"token": "Axillary bud development in pineapple nodal segments correlates with changes on cell cycle gene expression, hormone level, and sucrose and glutamate contents. During the process of lateral organ development after plant decapitation, cell division and differentiation occur in a balanced manner initiated by specific signaling, which triggers the reentrance into the cell cycle. Here, we investigated short-term variations in the content of some endogenous signals, such as auxin, cytokinins (Cks), and other mitogenic stimuli (sucrose and glutamate), which are likely correlated with the cell cycle reactivation in the axillary bud primordium of pineapple nodal segments. Transcript levels of cell cycle-associated genes, CycD2;1, and histone H2A were analyzed. Nodal segments containing the quiescent axillary meristem cells were cultivated in vitro during 24 h after the apex removal and de-rooting. From the moment of stem apex and root removal, decapitated nodal segment (DNS) explants showed a lower indol-3-acetic acid (IAA) concentration than control explants, and soon after, an increase of endogenous sucrose and iP-type Cks were detected. The decrease of IAA may be the primary signal for cell cycle control early in G1 phase, leading to the upregulation of CycD2;1 gene in the first h. Later, the iP-type Cks and sucrose could have triggered the progression to S-phase since there was an increase in H2A expression at the eighth h. DNS explants revealed substantial increase in Z-type Cks and glutamate from the 12th h, suggesting that these mitogens could also operate in promoting pineapple cell cycle progression. We emphasize that the use of non-synchronized tissue rather than synchronous cell suspension culture makes it more difficult to interpret the results of a dynamic cell division process. However, pineapple nodal segments cultivated in vitro may serve as an interesting model to shed light on apical dominance release and the reentrance of quiescent axillary meristem cells into the cell cycle.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
+{"token": "Seed after-ripening and dormancy determine adult life history independently of germination timing. Seed dormancy can affect life history through its effects on germination time. Here, we investigate its influence on life history beyond the timing of germination. We used the response of Arabidopsis thaliana to chilling at the germination and flowering stages to test the following: how seed dormancy affects germination responses to the environment; whether variation in dormancy affects adult phenology independently of germination time; and whether environmental cues experienced by dormant seeds have an effect on adult life history. Dormancy conditioned the germination response to low temperatures, such that prolonged periods of chilling induced dormancy in nondormant seeds, but stimulated germination in dormant seeds. The alleviation of dormancy through after-ripening was associated with earlier flowering, independent of germination date. Experimental dormancy manipulations showed that prolonged chilling at the seed stage always induced earlier flowering, regardless of seed dormancy. Surprisingly, this effect of seed chilling on flowering time was observed even when low temperatures did not induce germination. In summary, seed dormancy influences flowering time and hence life history independent of its effects on germination timing. We conclude that the seed stage has a pronounced effect on life history, the influence of which goes well beyond the timing of germination.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol, isolated from the brown algae Ishige okamurae, protects against radiation-induced cell damage in mice. DPHC significantly decreased the level of radiation-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species in cultured Chinese hamster lung fibroblast (V79-4) cells (p < 0.05), enhanced cell viability that decreased after exposure to gamma-rays, and reduced radiation-induced apoptosis in the V79-4 cells.The aim of this study was to evaluate the radioprotective effects of diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC), isolated from the brown algae Ishige okamurae, in mice subjected to gamma irradiation.Pretreatment with DPHC (100 mg/kg) in mice prior to irradiation significantly protected the intestinal crypt cells in the jejunum (p < 0.01) and maintained villi height (p < 0.01), compared with those of the vehicle-treated irradiated group. Mice pretreated with DPHC also exhibited dose-dependent increases in the bone marrow cell viability. The dose-reduction factor for gamma irradiation in the DPHC-pretreated mice was 2.05 at 3.5 days after irradiation.These results suggest that DHPC plays a role in protecting cells from irradiation-induced apoptosis, through the scavenging of reactive oxygen species in vitro, and that DPHC significantly protected intestinal progenitor cells and bone marrows cells that were decreased by gamma irradiation in vivo. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
+{"token": "MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISATION OF THE VESTIBULAR FOLDS AS LARYNX-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE IN THE ADULT BACTRIAN CAMEL (Camelus bactrianus). Ultrastructure and composition of the lymphoid follicles (LF) found in the vestibular folds (FVC) of the bactrian camel Were examined by immunohistochemistry, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Immunohistochemical examination revealed that CD3 and CD2 positive lymphocytes, CD68 positive macrophages were distributed in the different areas of follicles at different ratio. The positive follicular dendritic cells (FDC) were only found in germinal Centres. Electron microscopy revealed that non ciliated microvillous cells with irregular microvilli, displaying features characteristic of microvillous cells (M cells), were present in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) that covered the lymphoid follicles. The bright germinal centre (GC) contained lymphoblasts, follicular dendritic cells, apoptotic lymphocytes and macrophages. The distribution of high endothelial venules (HEVs) was observed in the parafollicular area (PFA). The morphological findings of LF suggested that the presence of lymphoid follicles and inflammatory cells in the FVC was common, and was part of the normal histological morphology of larynx in the camel. As an active component of the larynx associated lymphoid tissue (LALT) in the camel, the FVC were inductive sites for the common mucosal immune system as well as important components in larynx defense.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Multifunctionality of rare earth doped 0.925Na(0.5)Bi(0.5)TiO(30.075)K(0.5)Na(0.5)NbO(3) ferroelectric ceramics. Undoped and RE3+ (RE: Pr; Nd; Dy; Ho; Tm) doped 0.925Na(0.5)Bi(0.5)TiO(3)-0.075K(0.5)Na(0.5)NbO(3) (NBTKN0.075/ NBTKN0.075-RE) ceramics were synthesized using the solid-state synthesis method. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed a pure perovskite structure without secondary phases. The Ho, Dy and Tm ions revealed a dielectric curve with a more diffused phase transition associated with a high value of the dielectric constant, while the lowest diffusivities were found for the Nd and Pr ions doped NBTKN0.075. The ferroelectric hysteresis loops show the significant increase of polarization and electric breakdown strengths (BDS) in all doped samples, accompanied by P-E shape changes under the influence of the different RE3+ ions. In the optical studies, the conversion of near-infrared light to visible light was investigated for Ho3+ and Dy3+ doped NBTKN0.075. The sample with Ho3+ produced a strong green-yellow up-conversion (UC) emission. At an excitation of lambda ex = 800 nm, the blue-green UC emission of the Dy ion showed that the UC is due to the energy transfer interaction. CIE diagram with the corresponding (x, y) coordinates were used to clearly identify the overall color of the multichromatic spectral emissions in each spectrum. The additional functionality of up-conversion emission in the ferroelectric NBTKN0.075-RE material, and its positive ef-fects on the electrical proprieties, open the possibility to realize multifunctionality in a wide range of ap-plications.(c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Semiology and Mechanisms of Near-Death Experiences. Purpose of ReviewNear-death experiences (NDEs) are conscious perceptual experiences, including self-related emotional, spiritual, and mystical experiences, occurring in close encounters with death or in non-life-threatening situations. The origin of NDEs remains unknown. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of NDE semiology and pathophysiology.Recent FindingsRecent prospective studies confirm that NDEs reflect a spectrum of highly distinctive memories which are associated with negative or positive emotions and can be influenced by the nature of the causal event, but the temporal sequence with which these images unfold is variable. Some drugs, notably ketamine, may lead to experiences that are similar or even identical to NDEs. New models extend previous neural network theories and include aspects of evolutionary and quantum theories.SummaryAlthough the factual existence of NDEs is no longer doubted and the semiology well-described, a pathophysiological model that includes all aspects of NDEs is still lacking.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "A Protective Role for C5a in the Development of Allergic Asthma Associated with Altered Levels of B7-H1 and B7-DC on Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. The role of complement in the development of maladaptive immunity in experimental allergic asthma is unclear. In this study, we show that C3a receptor (C3aR)-deficient mice are protected from the development of Th2 immunity in a model of house dust mite-induced asthma. C5a receptor (C5aR)-targeting of C3aR-deficient mice during allergen sensitization not only reversed the protective effect but enhanced Th2 cytokine production, airway inflammation, and airway responsiveness, suggesting that the reduced allergic phenotype in C3aR-deficient mice results from protective C5aR signaling. In support of this view, C5aR expression in C3aR-deficient pulmonary dendritic cells (DCs) was increased when compared with wild-type DCs. Moreover, C5aR targeting regulated the frequency of pulmonary plasmacytoid DCs expressing costimulatory molecules B7-H1 and B7-DC. Ex vivo targeting of B7-H1 and B7-DC increased Th2 cytokine production from T cells of wild-type but not of C5aR-targeted mice, suggesting a protective role for C5a through regulation of B7 molecule expression on plasmacytoid DCs. The Journal of Immunology, 2009, 182: 5123-5130.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "The plasma wave environment of Europa. The Galileo spacecraft has executed nine close flybys of Jupiter's moon Europa for which plasma wave observations were obtained. This paper presents an analysis of the observations from these flybys laking into consideration the Variable geometry of the trajectories in an attempt to characterize the general plasma-wave environment associated with the interaction of the Jovian magnetosphere with the moon. A wide variety of plasma-wave phenomena are found to be associated with this interaction. While there are apparently temporal variations which complicate the analysis, a crude model of the distribution of these phenomena around Europa is derived. Primarily on the upstream side of Europa, and working inward to the moon, electron-cyclotron harmonics are first observed, followed by a region within about two Europa radii of the moon with whistler-mode hiss or chorus, and culminating in a region closest to the moon where a band at the upper hybrid resonance frequency is sometimes enhanced over its ambient intensity. The wake region is approximately two Europa radii across and comprises a broadband, highly variable, and bursty electrostatic phenomenon. Upon closer inspection, these bursty emissions appear as solitary structures similar to those in Earth s auoral zone and plasma sheet boundary layer. In addition to the survey of wave phenomena in the vicinity of Europa, we provide density profiles derived primarily from the upper hybrid resonance frequency which is readily apparent throughout most of each of the flybys. Finally, we suggest that the whistler mode, electron cyclotron harmonic, and upper hybrid resonance emissions are driven by some combination of factors including variations in the magnetic field near Europa and the loss and production of plasma at Europa as a result of the interaction of the Jovian magnetosphere with the moon. By analogy with studies of the ion and electron heres and broadband electrostatic noise at Earth and Jupiter, we argue that the electrostatic solitary structures in the wake are associated with currents and beams coupling Europa to Jupiter's ionosphere. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Solid-Liquid-Gas Phase Equilibria for Small Phenylene-Thiophene Co-Oligomers. This work reports a comprehensive experimental evaluation of the solid-liquid-gas phase equilibria for five representative phenylene-thiophene co-oligomers (3-ring aromatic compounds having both phenyl and thienyl units). The melting temperatures and corresponding standard molar enthalpies and entropies of fusion were measured by differential scanning calorimetry. The equilibrium vapor pressures of the crystalline solids as a function of temperature were measured by a combined Knudsen/quartz-crystal effusion method, with the consequent derivation of the standard molar enthalpies, entropies, and Gibbs energies of sublimation. The thermodynamic properties of vaporization were estimated from the fusion and sublimation data. The results were analyzed together with the literature data for the corresponding phenylene and thiophene homo-oligomers. The thermodynamic properties of fusion and sublimation exhibited a dependence on ring identity and position that cannot be adequately described by a simple group additivity reasoning. The plot of the Gibbs energy of sublimation as a function of the number of thienyl rings in the co-oligomer showed the existence of two series. Terminal 3-thienyl rings and a linear molecular shape were found to be consistent factors contributing to the stabilization of the crystal phase. The higher melting temperatures and lower volatilities of crystalline 3-thienyl compounds were tentatively explained by the ability of these rings to maximize intermolecular C-H & BULL;& BULL;& BULL;pi interactions independently of the sulfur position. The optical energy gaps, as measured by UV-vis in solution, were found to lie within the values for typical organic semiconductors (< 4 eV) and to decrease for co-oligomers containing more 2-thienyl units, following the increased ring-ring planarity of the molecules. The surface morphology of vapor-deposited thin films suggests a stronger tendency of the co-oligomers, if compared to their corresponding homo-oligomers p-terphenyl and terthiophene, to form less amorphous films.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36, 35]}
+{"token": "HfCo2 Laves phase intermetallics - part II: elastic and mechanical properties as a function of composition. In efforts to establish and understand structure-property relationships in Laves phase intermetallics, elastic and mechanical properties are studied as a function of composition in the C15 HfCo2 System. Elastic constants and Debye temperatures are determined by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) at room temperature. A maximum near the stoichiometric Laves composition is revealed with the Young's modulus, bulk modulus, and Poisson's ratio. In addition, a slight drop in shear modulus is found with Co-rich compositions, and the Debye temperature increases with Co-content. Room temperature Vickers indentation is performed to assess the microhardness and fracture toughness of the HfCo2 alloys. A maximum in hardness occurs near the stoichiometric composition, which is contrary to the behavior displayed in most other classes of intermetallics. Slight improvements in the toughness are found with the Co-rich compositions of the Laves phase. Compositional trends of the properties are attributed to defect structures, and are analyzed with respect to the bonding of the structure and the ease in which the synchroshear deformation process proceeds. Toughening strategies and methodologies are then developed based upon these results. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Exploring the role of cellular homologous of the 30K-superfamily of plant virus movement proteins. Genes orthologous to the 30K-superfamily of movement proteins (MP) from plant viruses have been recently discovered by bioinformatics analyses as integrated elements in the genome of most vascular plants. However, their functional relevance for plants is still unclear. Here, we undertake some preliminary steps into the functional characterization of one of these putative MP genes found in Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that the AtMP gene is expressed at different stages of the plant development, with accumulation being highest in flowers but lowest in mature siliques. We also found down-regulation of the gene may result in a small delay in plant development and in an exacerbation of the negative effect of salinity in germination efficiency. We have also explored whether changes in expression of the endogenous AtMP have any effect on susceptibility to infection with several viruses, and found that the infectivity of tobacco rattle tobravirus was strongly dependent on the expression of the endogenous AtMP. Finally, we have cloned the endogenous MP from four different plant species into an expression vector that allows for specifically assessing their activity as cell-to-cell movement proteins and have shown that though some may still retain the ancestral activity, they do so in a quite inefficient manner, thus suggesting they have acquired a novel function during adaptation to the host genome.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "DIATOM COMMUNITIES IN THE VANISHING AND ORNITHOLOGIST CREEK, KING GEORGE ISLAND, SOUTH SHETLAND, ANTARCTICA. In the diatom communities of the Vanishing and Ornithologist Creek 74 taxa were found. Most of the taxa have a cosmopolitan range and are resistant to various environmental stresses. For example, Achnanthes lanceolata var. lanceolata, is found in all types of waters and in several ecological conditions. Achnanthes delicatula ssp. delicatula, Nitzschia frustulum, N. capitellata, Navicula mutica, and N. gregaria develop both in fresh and brackish waters. Some of the organisms also settle in terrestrial environments. Navicula atomus, N. mutica, Pinnularia borealis, and Hantzschia amphioxys are common soil algae. Navicula digitulus, N. contenta, N. cohnii and Achnanthes coarctata also live in an aerial environment. Navicula atomus is well developed in eutrophic waters and Nitzschia capitellata can tolerate a high level of pollution, while Nitzschia gracilis, Fragilaria capucina, and F. alpestris appear both in oligotrophic, and enriched waters. Stenotopic ecological features are shown by Achnanthes marginulata and Navicula digitulus - known from the Alps and the North, and Navicula muticopsis characteristic for Antarctic and Sub antarctic.The index of diatom biomass, usually of low and medium value, was highest in the area of possible impact by a penguin colony.", "label": [4, 45]}
+{"token": "Diagnostic Value of Cerebrospinal Fluid Neurofilament Light Protein in Neurology: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. This systematic review and meta-analysis assesses the associations of age, sex, and diagnosis with neurofilament light in cerebrospinal fluid and evaluates its potential in discriminating clinically similar conditions.ImportanceNeurofilament light protein (NfL) is elevated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of a number of neurological conditions compared with healthy controls (HC) and is a candidate biomarker for neuroaxonal damage. The influence of age and sex is largely unknown, and levels across neurological disorders have not been compared systematically to date. ObjectivesTo assess the associations of age, sex, and diagnosis with NfL in CSF (cNfL) and to evaluate its potential in discriminating clinically similar conditions. Data SourcesPubMed was searched for studies published between January 1, 2006, and January 1, 2016, reporting cNfL levels (using the search terms neurofilament light and cerebrospinal fluid) in neurological or psychiatric conditions and/or in HC. Study SelectionStudies reporting NfL levels measured in lumbar CSF using a commercially available immunoassay, as well as age and sex. Data Extraction and SynthesisIndividual-level data were requested from study authors. Generalized linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate the fixed effects of age, sex, and diagnosis on log-transformed NfL levels, with cohort of origin modeled as a random intercept. Main Outcome and MeasureThe cNfL levels adjusted for age and sex across diagnoses. ResultsData were collected for 10059 individuals (mean [SD] age, 59.7 [18.8] years; 54.1% female). Thirty-five diagnoses were identified, including inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (n=2795), dementias and predementia stages (n=4284), parkinsonian disorders (n=984), and HC (n=1332). The cNfL was elevated compared with HC in a majority of neurological conditions studied. Highest levels were observed in cognitively impaired HIV-positive individuals (iHIV), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and Huntington disease. In 33.3% of diagnoses, including HC, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease (AD), and Parkinson disease (PD), cNfL was higher in men than women. The cNfL increased with age in HC and a majority of neurological conditions, although the association was strongest in HC. The cNfL overlapped in most clinically similar diagnoses except for FTD and iHIV, which segregated from other dementias, and PD, which segregated from atypical parkinsonian syndromes. Conclusions and RelevanceThese data support the use of cNfL as a biomarker of neuroaxonal damage and indicate that age-specific and sex-specific (and in some cases disease-specific) reference values may be needed. The cNfL has potential to assist the differentiation of FTD from AD and PD from atypical parkinsonian syndromes.Key PointsQuestionHow do levels of neurofilament light in cerebrospinal fluid (cNfL) compare between neurological conditions and with healthy controls? FindingsAmong 10 059 individuals in this systematic review and meta-analysis, cNfL was elevated in most neurological conditions compared with healthy controls, and the magnitude of the increase varies extensively. Although cNfL overlaps between most clinically similar conditions, its distribution did not overlap in frontotemporal dementia and other dementias or in Parkinson disease and atypical parkinsonian syndromes. MeaningThe cNfL is a marker of neuronal damage and may be useful to differentiate some clinically similar conditions, such as frontotemporal dementia from Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease from atypical parkinsonian syndromes.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "USING MULTICYCLE MERCURY INTRUSION POROSIMETRY TO INVESTIGATE HYSTERESIS PHENOMENON OF DIFFERENT POROUS MEDIA. The intrusion-extrusion hysteresis phenomenon is commonly observed during mercury porosimetry analysis. A change in contact angle between intrusion and extrusion processes, and the effect of ink-bottle pores, are generally considered as the two main mechanisms of hysteresis. This work is to further investigate the hysteresis phenomenon for different building materials (concrete and red brick) and natural rocks (shales, dolomite, tuff, and white chalk) using an approach of multicycle mercury intrusion porosimetry. Different correction methods, including the modified Kloubek method with variable constant and contact angle correction method, are used to account for the hysteresis phenomenon for different types of porous media. For all shale samples with quite a number of nanosized pores (> 60% for pore-throats < 100 nm), our results show that they exhibit more complicated hysteresis than other porous media used in this study, and the modified Kloubek method considering both variable contact angle and surface tension exhibits a better correction than the contact angle correction method. Although for other porous media tested here, the contact angle correction method could obtain an equivalent effect to the modified Kloubek method. In summary, multicycle mercury intrusion porosimetry could help elucidate the effect of ink-bottle pores for pore size distribution analysis and evaluate the effect of contact angle changes on the hysteresis phenomenon.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "The point of departure of a particle sliding on a curved surface. A particle is thrown tangentially on a surface. It is shown that for some surfaces and for special initial velocities the thrown particle immediately leaves the surface, and for special conditions it never leaves the surface. The conditions for leaving the surface are investigated. The problem is studied for a surface with the cross-section y = f (x). The surfaces with the equations f (x) = -alpha x(k) (alpha, k > 0) are considered in more detail. Finally, the effect of friction is also considered.", "label": [4, 5, 53, 35]}
+{"token": "EFFECT OF MUTUAL SHADING ON THE EMERGENCE OF NODAL ROOTS AND THE ROOT SHOOT RATIO OF MAIZE. Results of the main experiment showed that the total plant biomass and the root/shoot ratio were lower at high plant density. The number of emerged roots was strongly reduced on the upper phytomer (P8). This reduction was mainly due to a lower percentage of root primordia which elongated. A proposed interpretation is that the number of roots which emerge on upper phytomers is controlled by carbohydrate availability.Results of the control experiment showed that the root biomass was lower in small pots but the number of nodal roots per phytomer was not affected.The effect of mutual shading on the root/shoot ratio and on he number of nodal roots of maize was studied. Plants of two varieties (Dea and LG2281 ) were growth in individual pots of 9 L, at three plant densities: 7.5, 11 and 15 plants m-2. A control experiment was carried out in order to study if root growth was affected by the small size of the pots. Maize plants (cv Dea) were grown at a low plant density (7.5 plants m-2) in pots of two different volumes (9 and 25 1. respectively). In both experiments plants were watered every two hours with a nutrient solution. Some plants were sampled at five dates in the main experiment and the following data were recorded: foliar stage; root, stem and leaf dry weight; number of root primordia and number of emerged roots per phytomer. The final sampling date occurred at silking.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Characterization of the clays used in pottery in three settlements in the municipality of Valledupar - Cesar, Colombia. The evidence of an endangered tradition and the need for adequate technologies leads to the search for mechanisms that allow optimizing the quality of pottery work in three settlements in Valledupar, Colombia's northern coast. For this, physical, thermal and workability properties of the clay were analyzed in order to recognize the characteristics and qualities of six samples in a total of ten tests. Experimental and multidisciplinary methodologies opened dialogues between forms of knowledge, through diagnostic workshops with children, the youth and adults, exposing errors in production and cooking. In order to compensate for these shortcomings, a bottle-type furnace for wood was built in an experimental manner in one of the settlements. It is also necessary to check the appropriate calorie level in this oven and adjust the management of temperature. In addition, a formative and guiding summary is provided that indicates the scientific applications of the project.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Private protection in Russia and Poland. This essay examines the role, sources, and effects of private protection using an original survey of 240 small businesses in Russia and Poland. Results from the survey support three findings, First. most managers said that private protection organizations offered a service other than protection against rival protection organizations, Second, private protection thrives where shops are inspected frequently by many agencies, indicating that disorganized regulation increases informal activity and promotes private protection. In addition, businesses that renovate their shops are more likely to have contact-with a private protection organization, indicating that PPOs prey on shops that reveal that their Wealth. Thus, demand from businesses and the incentives facing PPOs determine the scope of PPO activity. Third, on balance, managers viewed PPOs as doing more harm than good for their business.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Managing risk in a new telecommunications service development process through a scenario planning approach. Managing risk in a new product and service development process is one of the major challenges for many business managers. A scenario planning approach was incorporated into a new telecommunications service development process in order to understand the uncertainties shaping the future economic, business and technological environments. Understanding the major drivers for uncertainties helped in gaining insight and thereby generated new strategies for reducing risks and taking advantage of opportunities from uncertainty. In order to demonstrate the process and value of the approach, it was applied to a new telecommunications service concept, the Phoneweb service, which allows Internet access through telephones rather than a computer interface.", "label": [4, 5, 40, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "Effects of maintenance policy on an imperfect production system under trade credit. The traditional production model development assumed that all products are perfect quality and did not consider maintenance, which is far from reality. In practice, the production process may shift randomly from an in-control state to an out-of-control state during a production run, i.e. process deterioration. This paper considers both preventive maintenance and corrective maintenance which are used to increase the system reliability. The objective of this paper is to determine the optimal production run time and maintenance frequency while minimising the total cost under process deterioration and trade credit. This paper develops a theorem and an algorithm to solve the problem described, provides numerical analysis to illustrate the proposed solution procedure, and discusses the impact of various system parameters. A real case of hi-tech manufacturer is used to verify the model. It predicts a 10.36% decrease in total cost if the preventive maintenance decision is considered.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Physiological changes on agricultural crops induced by different ambient ozone exposure regimes .1. Effects on photosynthesis and assimilate allocation in spring wheat. Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Nandu) cultivated under glasshouse conditions was exposed to ozone in large fumigation chambers for 2 wk. Different exposure regimes were applied as constant concentrations as well as with ozone peaks, partly under equal dose-conditions, in times of high solar radiation during different stages of development (seedling, late tillering, anthesis). Chlorophyll fluorescence was monitored and amounts of carbohydrates (hexoses, sucrose, starch) and chlorophyll were measured in young leaves (seedling) and flag leaves (late tillering, anthesis) during and after ozone exposure. Although seedlings showed no significant response in photosynthesis, strong effects on photosynthesis and carbohydrate accumulation were measured when plants were fumigated during anthesis, especially after a heat stress period preceding ozone treatments. Under equal dose conditions chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (F-v:F-m) and electron transport rate decreased and sucrose content of flag leaves increased significantly if ozone at a concentration of 220 mu g m(-3) was supplied for 4 h, indicating that peak concentrations show stronger effects than constant concentrations. The reaction of wheat plants is dependent on environmental conditions such as preceding heat stress and on the developmental stage during exposure. The results favour the hypothesis that photoinhibition and disturbance of photosynthesis are only secondary effects as a consequence of retarded sucrose export from the leaf, because of damage at the plasma membrane.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Mother knows best: exploring the matrilineal influence in family tourism among Filipinos living in New Zealand. Originality/value In the context of family tourism, inadequate research has been undertaken to examine the perspectives of women and their role as host in the travel of VFR. This study purports to fill in the gap in literature related to hosting experiences of women in the context of family tourism and VFR travel and to consider the voices of women in their new homeland.Purpose This paper aims to examine the personal meanings of hosting experiences of first-generation immigrant families, particularly Filipino mothers in New Zealand, with their visiting relatives (VRs) from the Philippines by using the conceptual lens of hospitality.Design/methodology/approach Through a qualitative approach, a multi-sited fieldwork was carried out to examine kinship ties that bind immigrant-host families in New Zealand with their VRs from the Philippines. Results of in-depth interviews of immigrant-host mothers on their recollections of family visits were thematically analysed.Findings The main drivers that shape the hosting experiences of the research participants are modelling filial piety, fulfilling cultural expectations and strengthening family bonds. These main drivers enable sustaining intergenerational ties that unite the mother's families in the Philippines and those in New Zealand.Research limitations/implications The study elucidates the complex dynamics of culturally connected and motivated domestic hospitality, where the mother is the main protagonist and orchestrator. This dominance is often subdued, and thus, marketing for family often misses the mark. While the study has a small sample size and therefore lacks representativeness, qualitative accounts have produced an enriched cognitive schema that would enable an interesting way of examining the phenomenon.Practical implications This study reveals that matrilineal influence on family tourism among migrant Filipinos in New Zealand is strong and culturally influenced. Further studies may be done with families from other cultures and families. From a practical perspective, the findings suggest the importance of marketing tourism or hospitality products that facilitate visiting friends and relatives' travel through domestic hospitality.Social implications This research calls for reforms in the way family tourism is marketed. While commercial imperatives did not drive this research, findings indicate that certain cultures adhere to the wisdom of mothers on making the final decision on how hospitality has to be extended and manifested.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "EDDY-CURRENT COIL INTERACTION WITH A PERFECTLY CONDUCTING WEDGE OF ARBITRARY ANGLE. In this article, a closed-form expression for the impedance of a tangential eddy-current coil in the presence of an infinite conducting wedge of arbitrary angle is derived. The truncated eigenfunction expansion (TREE) solution given here is valid in the quasi-static frequency regime. The theory was validated via comparison to an independent analytical expression for the impedance change of a horizontal coil over a conducting half-space due to Burke. We present results for three geometries: a conducting quarter-space, a conducting wedge of angle 225 degrees, and a semi-infinite conducting sheet. Our theory predicts a measurable change in the tangent coil reactance in the presence of all three geometries.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Resveratrol inhibits beta-amyloid oligomeric cytotoxicity but does not prevent oligomer formation. Beta-amyloid (A beta) aggregation has been strongly associated with the neurodegenerative pathology and a cascade of harmful event rated to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Inhibition of A beta assembly, destabilization of preformed A beta aggregates and attenuation of the cytotoxicity of A beta oligomers and fibrils could be valuable therapeutics of patients with AD. Recent studies suggested that moderate consumption of red wine and intake of dietary polyphenols, such as resveratrol, may benefit AD phenotypes in animal models and reduce the relative risk for AD clinical dementia. To understand the mechanism of this neuroprotection, we studied the effects of resveratrol, an active ingredient of polyphenols in wine and many plants, on the polymerization of A beta 42 monomer, the destabilization of A beta 42 fibril and the cell toxicity of A beta 42 in vitro using fluorescence spectroscopic analysis with thioflavin T (ThT), transmission electron microscope (TEM), circular dichroism (CD) and MTT assay. The results showed that resveratrol could dose-dependently inhibit A beta 42 fibril formation and cytotoxicity but could not prevent A beta 42 oligomerization. The studies by Western-blot, dot-blot and ELISA confirmed that the addition of resveratrol resulted in numerous A beta 42 oligomer formation. In conjunction with the concept that A beta oligomers are linked to A beta toxicity, we speculate that aside from potential antioxidant activities, resveratrol may directly bind to A beta 42, interfere in A beta 42 aggregation, change the A beta 42 oligomer conformation and attenuate A beta 42 oligomeric cytotoxicity. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "Copy number variation analysis in bicuspid aortic valve-related aortopathy identifies TBX20 as a contributing gene. Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common congenital heart defect (CHD), affecting 1-2% of the population. BAV is associated with thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs). Deleterious copy number variations (CNVs) were found previously in up to 10% of CHD cases. This study aimed at unravelling the contribution of deleterious deletions or duplications in 95 unrelated BAV/TAA patients. Seven unique or rare CNVs were validated, harbouring protein-coding genes with a role in the cardiovascular system. Based on the presence of overlapping CNVs in patients with cardiovascular phenotypes in the DECIPHER database, the identification of similar CNVs in whole-exome sequencing data of 67 BAV/TAA patients and suggested topological domain involvement from Hi-C data, supportive evidence was obtained for two genes (DGCR6 and TBX20) of the seven initially validated CNVs. A rare variant burden analysis using next-generation sequencing data from 637 BAV/TAA patients was performed for these two candidate genes. This revealed a suggestive genetic role for TBX20 in BAV/TAA aetiology, further reinforced by segregation of a rare TBX20 variant with the phenotype within a BAV/TAA family. To conclude, our results do not confirm a significant contribution for deleterious CNVs in BAV/TAA as only one potentially pathogenic CNV (1.05%) was identified. We cannot exclude the possibility that BAV/TAA is occasionally attributed to causal CNVs though, or that certain CNVs act as genetic risk factors by creating a sensitised background for BAV/TAA. Finally, accumulative evidence for TBX20 involvement in BAV/TAA aetiology underlines the importance of this transcription factor in cardiovascular disease.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "THE TERZAN 5 PUZZLE: DISCOVERY OF A THIRD, METAL-POOR COMPONENT. We report on the discovery of three metal-poor giant stars in Terzan 5, a complex stellar system in the Galactic bulge, known to have two populations at [Fe/H] = -0.25 and +0.3. For these three stars we present new echelle spectra obtained with NIRSPEC at Keck II, which confirm their radial velocity membership and provide an average [Fe/H] = -0.79 dex iron abundance and [alpha/Fe] = +0.36 dex enhancement. This new population extends the metallicity range of Terzan 5 to 0.5 dex more metal poor, and it has properties consistent with having formed from a gas polluted by core-collapse supernovae.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "The Development of Russia-Mountain People Interaction in the last quarter of XVIII century in the Context of Factors, Prospective and Problems of Integrating of Mountain People into Imperial State System. The article analyzes the factors and circumstances of the development of Russia-mountain people interaction in the last quarter of XVIII century in the context of the necessity for the Russian part of gradual integrating of mountain people communities into imperial state system. These prospectives were connected with the transforming of Russia into a powerful rival in struggle of foreign policy against the Ottoman Empire and Iran for the Caucasus in which the important role is given to the liquidation of the Crimean Khanate in 1783. It is precisely this factor that to a large extent caused the efforts of the Russian administration shortly thereafter to fill the issue of mountain people citizenship with concrete content which was manifested in \\\\'integration projects\\\\'. Despite the problems with their fulfillment they indicate the constant search of optimal models of interaction with mountain people form the part of Russia in the process of forming the Russian North Caucasus.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "The Influence of Alloying Elements on Adhesive Properties of Epoxy-Quasicrystal Composites. Quasicrystals (QC) are materials that exhibit good surface properties such as high hardness, low surface energy, low friction coefficient, and good resistance to oxidation and corrosion. Despite these properties, QC alloys are highly brittle, discouraging their uses in applications requiring mechanical stresses. Hence, the development of composites using quasicrystalline materials as reinforcement to ductile matrices is an interesting alternative. In this work, Al-Cu-Fe quasicrystals were used as a reinforcement to epoxy resin in order improve adhesion with metallic substrates. Adhesive properties were evaluated by single lap joint (SLJ) tests and the QC/epoxy interface was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Aluminum, copper, and iron, individual elements, were used to investigate the contribution of each element to the adhesive. Results show that it was possible to significantly enhance adhesion properties when 25% QC was added to epoxy and that the effect of QC amount on SLJ bond strength did not follow a linear trend. Moreover, the contribution of each alloying element was important to explain the influence of QC addition on adhesive properties of the epoxy-based composites.", "label": [1, 16, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "On pinning-depinning and microkink-flow in solid state dewetting: Insights by in-situ ESEM on Al thin films. The dynamics of solid state dewetting phenomena of a 50 nm thick, mazed bicrystalline Al film on single crystalline alpha-Al2O3 (sapphire) substrates was studied in-situ using an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). The bicrystalline Al thin films served as a model system where the influence of grain boundaries and texture effects are well determined compared to polycrystalline films. The experiments were performed in controlled oxidizing and reducing atmospheres at 773 K and 823 K, respectively, to shed light on the differences in dewetting mechanisms and dynamics. While the reducing atmosphere led to spontaneous dewetting at 823 K after an incubation time of a few minutes, a hierarchical dewetting process was observed for the sluggish dewetting under oxidizing conditions. Voids initiated at (substrate or surface) defects and expanded trying to maintain a hexagonal shape. Pinning and depinning processes led to a discontinuous void growth and irregular void shapes including finger instabilities. As a consequence, the void growth followed a variety of power law exponents between 0.10 and 0.55. A new microkink-flow mechanism was discovered at the terminating Al planes at the void. (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "How does atmospheric elevated CO2 affect crop pests and their natural enemies? Case histories from China. Global atmospheric CO2 concentrations have risen rapidly since the Industrial Revolution and are considered as a primary factor in climate change. The effects of elevated CO2 on herbivore insects were found to be primarily through the CO2-induced changes occurring in their host plants, which then possibly affect the intensity and frequency of pest outbreaks on crops. This paper reviews several ongoing research models using primary pests of crops (cotton bollworm, whitefly, aphids) and their natural enemies (ladybeetles, parasitoids) in China to examine insect responses to elevated CO2. It is generally indicated that elevated CO2 prolonged the development of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, a chewing insect, by decreasing the foliar nitrogen of host plants. In contrast, the phloem-sucking aphid and whitefly insects had species-specific responses to elevated CO2 because of complex interactions that occur in the phloem sieve elements of plants. Some aphid species, such as cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii and wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae, were considered to represent the only feeding guild to respond positively to elevated CO2 conditions. Although whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, a major vector of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, had neutral response to elevated CO2, the plants became less vulnerable to the virus infection under elevated CO2. The predator and parasitoid response to elevated CO2 were frequently idiosyncratic. These documents from Chinese scientists suggested that elevated CO2 initially affects the crop plant and then cascades to a higher trophic level through the food chain to encompass herbivores (pests), their natural enemies, pathogens and underground nematodes, which disrupt the natural balance observed previously in agricultural ecosystems.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Acquisition of Offshore Engineering Design Skills on Naval Architecture Master Courses Through Potential Flow CFD Tools. This paper presents a teaching-learning methodology focused on the acquisition of basic design principles in offshore engineering for a course entitled Projects in Offshore Maritime Structures, in a Master of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering. A new teaching procedure (including the Project-Based Learning approach), is proposed, for ensuring that students acquire skills related to the ability of analyzing and designing ocean structures. The roles of the Information and Communication Technologies, Computational Fluid Dynamics, potential flow methods and structural analysis are some specific features of the proposed methodology. The method increases the satisfaction of the students in a significant manner, and opens their fields in research and development on offshore engineering. (C) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 53, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Asymmetries and Climate Futures: Working with Waters in an Indigenous Australian Settlement. This paper focuses on a water management project in the remote Aboriginal community of Milingimbi, Northern Australia. Drawing on materials and experiences from two distinct stages of this project, we revisit a policy report and engage in ethnographic storytelling in order to highlight a series of sensing practices associated with water management. In the former, a working symmetry between Yolngu and Western water knowledges is actively sought through the practices of the project. However, in the latter, recurrent asymmetries in the research work continue to appear: a bilingual diagram of water usage is displayed but produces confusion; measuring a water hole for salinity, a member of the scientific team throws in a water meter, while a Yolngu elder prefers the telling of an ancestral story; a collaborative 3-D mapping exercise invites participation from community members but struggles to develop an outcome that differs from existing maps used by scientists and government staff. Focusing on these moments as subtle points of rupture, we suggest that attending to \\\\'seeing,\\\\' \\\\'telling,\\\\' and \\\\'mapping\\\\' in both stages of this water management project offers a way to explore the political work of crafting climate futures and beginning to interrogate differing means for \\\\'doing difference\\\\' within them.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Caulerpa wysorii sp. nov., a denuded Caulerpa (Chlorophyta) resembling C. sertularioides when 'dressed'. Routine DNA barcoding with the chloroplast gene tufA identified novel records of an unknown and denuded (i.e. lacking branchlets) Caulerpa species previously reported from the Florida Middle Grounds. tufA barcoding not only confirmed the matching molecular identity of this taxon with several newly collected denuded specimens from shallow habitats of the Yucatan shelf, but also with a set of plumose specimens previously collected from mesophotic depths of the West Florida shelf and recorded as Caulerpa sertularioides. Sequencing of two additional, faster-evolving DNA markers, i.e. nuclear ITS and the newly tested chloroplast-encoded rpoA, each confirmed conspecificity of the above morphotypes and the molecular separation of the new taxon from C. sertularioides and filiform species found in the region, namely C. cupressoides f. denudata and C. fastigiata. In light of our sequencing results and review of the early taxonomic history of filiform Caulerpa, we propose the description of Caulerpa wysorii sp. nov. for this new species that exhibits two distinct morphotypes in currently available collections, i.e. filiform or plumose assimilators. We also subsume C. tongaensis within the broadly distributed C. fastigiata, whose lectotype is also designated herein. In addition to Caulerpa wysorii sp. nov., we discovered yet another unknown denuded species from the Campeche Banks represented by a single specimen thus far.", "label": [0, 4, 45, 9]}
+{"token": "Preliminary research on soil conditioner mediated citrus Huanglongbing mitigation in the field in Guangdong, China. Huanglongbing (HLB, yellow shoot disease) is devastating citrus production worldwide. No effective control measure is currently available. In China, management of HLB through nutrient applications was used in the past and the interest has been renewed recently. In this study the effects of a soil conditioner (SC) on HLB-affected mandarin citrus (Citrus reticulate Blanco) were evaluated in four orchards (three with cultivar Shatangju and one with cultivar Chuntianju) in Guangdong Province, China. We observed that HLB trees showed more vigorous growth with lower titres of \\\\'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus\\\\', the putative pathogen of HLB, than the untreated trees at 10 months post treatment (MPT) with SC. \\\\'Ca. L. asiaticus\\\\' titres in younger trees (2-year) were significantly lower than those in older trees (8-years old) (P = 0.005). Comparison of SC treatments using 4-year-old Chuntianju showed that the \\\\'Ca. L. asiaticus\\\\' titres were significantly lower in new leaves with 7 MPT (94.51 % reduction or 2.59 times lower) than those with 1 or 4 MPT (P = 0.002). The P, N, K, Mn, and organic matters contents in the treated orchard soils were all significantly higher than those in the non-treated soil tested at 2 MPT (p < 0.05). Effects of SC treatments on fruit yield and quality were also significant. Our preliminary results showed that SC treatment could have various levels of positive influence on HLB-affected mandarin trees.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Implementing Health Reform: Intergovernmental Bargaining and the Affordable Care Act. Implementation of the insurance-exchange and Medicaid-expansion provisions of the Affordable Care Act offers an opportunity to analyze the sources and extent of state and federal government leverage in bargaining over the rollout of amajor federal program. What stands out from this study is state officials'ability to leverage their administrative capacity and policy expertise as well as their power to decline participation in federal programs in order to influence implementation of a federal initiative. State officials' influence is heightened when the program depends on state participation to achieve key federal objectives, when state threats to decline participation are meaningful, and when state nonparticipation threatens the success of a signature item on a president's policy agenda.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Intercultural Communication and Community Participation in Local Governance: the EU Experience. Interaction based on equality is a determining factor in an intercultural approach to mutual cross-border integration. States direct their policy vectors towards creating provisions for positive and constructive cooperation between people of different backgrounds and lifestyles with government institutions. The recognition and testing of policies and practices that promote intercultural interaction and inclusion by local governments are of particular importance in this context. The aim of the article was to identify and reveal current problems and the current state of regulation of intercultural communication and community participation in local governance in the European Union and Ukraine. Observation, analysis and survey methods were the main methodological tools. The study showed that the effective development of intercultural communication and community participation in local governance requires progress in the implementation of the overall strategies declared by the European Union. The adequacy and prospects of the intercultural cities network (ICC) are presented. Analysis of the survey of cities surveyed in the Intercultural Cities Index showed a high level of local government transformation and public participation in regional decision-making.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Handing over the Keys: Nonprofit Economic Development Corporations and Their Implications for Accountability and Inclusion. Public organizations have explored service-delivery with nonprofit organizations to help alleviate the strain on their long-term fiscal sustainability. This interdependence has ramifications for fairness and responsiveness in service-delivery that are poorly understood. One area where government-nonprofit collaborative activity has not been explored is within the context of sustainable development. This study utilizes surveys of U.S. cities at multiple time periods to examine the comparative use of nonprofit economic development corporations and their performance on smart-growth and social equity policy activities. This study first explores the roles played by the two most common types of local nonprofit organizations-nonprofit Local Development Corporations (LDCs) and Community-Based Development Organizations (CBDOs)-in use of performance information and accountability mechanisms in local economic development activities. In turning to policy outcomes, the use of LDCs is negatively associated with land use policies intended to advance social inclusion.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Kostenki 17 (Spitsynskaya): New Data on the Stratigraphy, Chronology and Conditions of the Occurrence of the Cultural Layers. This paper describes the results of 2017-2020 fieldwork at the Upper Palaeolithic site of Kostenki 17 (Spitsynskaya). This work established the presence of five new horizons of finds, in addition to the two cultural layers known since the 1950s. Given the thickness of the Upper Humic Bed, it is clear that the horizons of finds are separated by sterile layers, and correspond to the existence of different sites on this part of the promontory. Despite the small number of finds, the contents of each horizon differ in both the composition of faunal remains and lithic artefacts, as well as raw materials, state of preservation and degree of weathering. The investigated area of the lower (second) cultural layer demonstrates a complex nature of the post-deposition processes that influenced its preservation. A sharp slope of the Lower Humic Bed and a significant difference in the depth of the finds indicate a partial displacement along the slope of some sections of the cultural layer, which was not recorded in previous excavations. The present publication includes a stratigraphic characterization of deposits, a description of the occurrence of the cultural layers and horizons of finds, preliminary results of a technical and typological study of new collections of stone tools and ornaments from cultural layer II, and the results of radiocarbon dating.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "An analytical solution to electromagnetically coupled duct flow in MHD. The flow of an electrically conducting fluid in an array of square ducts, separated by arbitrary thickness conducting walls, subject to an applied magnetic field is studied. The analytical solution presented here is valid for thick walls and is based on the homogeneous solution obtained by Shercliff (Math. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc., vol. 49 (01), 1953, pp. 136-144). Arrangements of ducts arise in a number of applications, most notably in fusion blankets, where liquid metal is used both as coolant and for tritium generation purposes. Analytical solutions, such as those presented here, provide insight into the physics and important benchmarking and validation data for computational magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), as well as providing approximate flow parameters for 1D systems codes. It is well known that arrays of such ducts with conducting walls exhibit varying degrees of coupling, significantly affecting the flow. An important practical example is the so-called Madarame problem (Madarame et al., Fusion Technol., vol. 8, 1985, pp. 264-269). In this work analytical results are derived for the relevant hydrodynamic and magnetic parameters for a single duct with thick walls analogous to the Hunt II case. These results are then extended to an array of such ducts stacked in the direction of the applied magnetic field. It is seen that there is a significant coupling affect, resulting in modifications to pressure drop and velocity profile. In certain circumstances, counter-current flow can occur as a result of the MHD effects, even to the point where the mean flow is reversed. Such phenomena are likely to have significant detrimental effects on both heat and mass transfer in fusion applications. The dependence of this coupling on parameters such as conductivities, wall thickness and Hartmann number is studied.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Mixed-mode QPSK demodulator for home networking applications. A mixed-mode QPSK demodulator for home networking application is demonstrated. The target application is high-bandwidth data transmission through the CATV line at home. A prototype chip realised by a 0.18 mu m CMOS process can demodulate 1 Gbit/s QPSK data with 1.7 GHz carrier frequency in a 20 m CATV line link. It consumes 20.8 mW from an 1.8 V power supply while the area is 170 x 200 mu m(2)", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "A unified nomenclature for tectonic structures on the surface of Enceladus. Enceladus has experienced widespread and diverse tectonic deformation. The diversity and nonuniform distribution of structures visible on the surface attests to a complicated and perhaps long-lived tectonic history. Currently, no fundamental classification scheme based on morphology exists for the tectonic structures on Enceladus, which limits analysis and discussion of tectonic structures and regional and global tectonic histories. Characterization and classification of structures on Enceladus is an important first step in understanding its tectonic history. Here, we propose a global morphologic (i.e., nongenetic) classification scheme for tectonic structures on Enceladus. Five classes of tectonic structures on Enceladus have been identified based on images and limited topographic data: troughs, scarps, chasmata, ridges, and bands. Morphological variation of structures exists within these classes, reinforcing the complicated tectonic history of this small body. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Lissodendogx: rediscovered type and new tropical western Atlantic species (Porifera : Demospongiae : Poecilosclerida : Coelosphacridae). Seven syntypes of Halichondria isodictyalis, type species of Lissodendogx, were rediscovered and studied. By choosing a lectotype and studying it along with the paralectotypes, we find that L. isodictyalis, subgenus Lissodendoyx, is a Caribbean sponge characterized by smooth megascleres, ectosomal tylotes and choanosomal styles, and one size-class of microscleres comprising arcuate isochelae and sigmas. Having determined these characteristics, we re-erect Lissodendogx (Lissodendogx) carolinensis (previously synonymized with L. isodictyalis), with the same smooth megascleres but two distinct size categories of microscleres, isochelae and sigmas; and we add a new western Atlantic species, Lissodendogx (L.) spinosa sp. nov., with coarse spines on the megasclere terminals and with two size-classes of isochelae and sigmas. Other species in the region are Lissodendogx (L.) colombiensis, with smooth tylotes and robust strongyles, and two categories of microscleres (isochelae and sigmas) accompanied by conspicuous raphids arranged in trichodragmas; Lissodendogx (L.) strongylata, with smooth tylotes and slim strongyles, one size-class each of isochelae and sigmas, rare and very thin raphids. Lissodendogx sigmata is here assigned to the subgenus Anomodoryx, with smooth tylotes exclusively as megascleres, two size-classes of isochelae, and one or two sizes of sigmas; it may represent a species complex far more diverse than previously thought. To this subgenus we add another species, Lissodendoryx (A.) amphispinulata sp. nov., characterized by fine spines ornamenting both tyles of part of the tylotes. A third subgenus, Ectyodoryx, is represented by Lissodendoryx (E.) acanthostylota sp. nov., with smooth tylotes and finely spined acanthostyles in two size-classes, as well as two size-classes each of isochelae and sigmas as microscleres. All species studied alive occur in shallow lagoon habitats with mangroves and sea grass (Thalassia) but museum specimen records show that some may reach a depth of 60 m.", "label": [4, 45]}
+{"token": "Who's been a good dog?' - Owner perceptions and motivations for treat giving. Complex relationships commonly exist between owners and their companion animals, particularly around feeding behaviour with an owner's affection or love for their animal most pronounced through the provision of food. It is notable that the pet food market is experiencing strong year-on-year growth in sales of dog and cat treats. Recognising the impact of treat giving in pet nutrition, the objective of the study was to investigate owner attitudes and motivations towards feeding treats (shop bought and other) to their dogs. A researcher-mediated questionnaire consisting of both quantitative and qualitative questions was used to interview dog owners (n = 280) at two locations: an out-of-town retail park and a country park in the East Midlands. Owners almost unanimously viewed the word 'treat' within a nutritional context, as opposed to a new toy or other pleasure. The majority (96%) of owners interviewed reported feeding treats to their dog, with 69% feeding shop-bought treats on a daily basis. A wide range of treats was reportedly given by owners and the majority of owners interviewed fed multiple treat types. No association was found between owner age and frequency of shop-bought treats fed (P = 0.659) nor between owner age and frequency of food given to the dog from the owner's plate (P = 0.083). A wide range of foods which would not be considered balanced for the animal's nutritional requirements was viewed as a treat by some dog owners. A range of positive and negative views around the feeding of treats were expressed by dog owners, with some citing beneficial effects while others were clearly aware of the association between treat feeding and potential weight gain/obesity. Owner views included themes around positive reinforcement and responsibility but also reflected relational aspects of the human animal bond. The results of the study show that treat giving is commonplace in feeding regimes and that treats are embedded in the feeding behaviour of many dog owners. However, the different views expressed around the motivations for, and feeding of, dog treats, reinforce the need to better understand owner psychology linked to this area, and the role this may play in the growing pet obesity epidemic. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Influence of the Aral Sea negative water balance on its seasonal circulation patterns: use of a 3D hydrodynamic model. A 3D hydrodynamic model of the Aral Sea was successfully implemented to address the complex hydrodynamic changes induced by the combined effect of hydrologic and climatic change in the Aral region. The first barotropic numerical experiments allowed us to produce a comparative description of the mean general seasonal circulation patterns corresponding to the original situation (1956-1960) and of the average situation for the period from 1981 to 1985, a very low river flow period. The dominant anticyclonic circulation suggested by our seasonal simulation is in good agreement with previous investigations. In addition. this main anticyclonic gyre was shown to be stable and clearly established from February to September, while winter winds led to another circulation scenario. In winter, the main anticyclonic gyre was considerably limited, and cyclonic circulations appeared in the deep western basin and in the northeast of the shallow basin. In contrast, stronger anticyclonic circulation was observed in the Small Aral Sea during winter. As a consequence of the 10-m sea level drop observed between the two periods considered, the 1981-1985 simulation suggests an intensification of seasonal variability. Total water transport of the main gyre was reduced with sea level drop by a minimum of 30% in May and up to 54% in September. Before 1960, the study of the net flows through Berg and Kokaral Straits allowed us to evaluate the component of water exchange between the Small and the Large Seas linked with the general anticyclonic circulation around Kokaral Island. This exchange was lowest in summer (with a mean anticyclonic exchange of 222 m(3)/s for July and August), highest in fall and winter (with a mean value of 1356 m(3)/s from September to February) and briefly reversed in the spring (mean cyclonic circulation of 316 m(3)/s for April and May). In summer, the water exchange due to local circulation at the scale of each strait was comparatively more important because net flows through the straits were low. After about 20 years of negative water balance, the western Kokaral Strait was dried up and the depth of Berg Strait was reduced from 15 to 5 m. Simulation indicated a quasi-null net transport, except during the seasonal modification of the circulation pattern, in February and October. A limited, but stable, water exchange of about 100 m(3)/s remained throughout the year, as a result of the permanent superposition of opposite currents. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38, 45, 39]}
+{"token": "Establishment and expansion of Lake Malawi rock fish populations after a dramatic Late Pleistocene lake level rise. Major environmental events that fragment populations among multiple island habitats have potential to drive large-scale episodes of speciation and adaptive radiation. A recent palaeolimnological study of sediment cores indicated that Lake Malawi underwent major climate-driven desiccation events 75 000-135 000 years ago that lowered the water level to at least 580 m below the present state and severely reduced surface area. After this period, lake levels rose and stabilized, creating multiple discontinuous littoral rocky habitats. Here, we present evidence supporting the hypothesis that establishment and expansion of isolated philopatric rock cichlid populations occurred after this rise and stabilization of lake level. We studied the Pseudotropheus (Maylandia) species complex, a group with both allopatric and sympatric populations that differ in male nuptial colour traits and tend to mate assortatively. Using coalescent analyses based on mitochondrial DNA, we found evidence that populations throughout the lake started to expand and accumulate genetic diversity after the lake level rise. Moreover, most haplotypes were geographically restricted, and the greatest genetic similarities were typically among sympatric or neighbouring populations. This is indicative of limited dispersal and establishment of assortative mating among populations following the lake level rise. Together, this evidence is compatible with a single large-scale environmental event being central to evolution of spatial patterns of genetic and species diversity in P. (Maylandia) and perhaps other Lake Malawi rock cichlids. Equivalent climate-driven pulses of habitat formation and fragmentation may similarly have contributed to observed rapid and punctuated cladogenesis in other adaptive radiations.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
+{"token": "Camera calibration using symmetric objects. This paper proposes a novel method for camera calibration using images of a mirror symmetric object. Assuming unit aspect ratio and zero skew, we show that interimage homographies can be expressed as a function of only the principal point. By minimizing symmetric transfer errors, we thus obtain an accurate solution for the camera parameters. We also extend our approach to a calibration technique using images of a I-D object with a fixed pivoting point. Unlike existing methods that rely on orthogonality or pole-polar relationship, our approach utilizes new interimage constraints and does not require knowledge of the 3-D coordinates of feature points. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach, we present results for both synthetic and real images.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
+{"token": "Feature-based estimation of steel weight in shipbuilding. The method uses PCA to identify the principal parameters from a set of the ship's parameters and the main structural components, or segments, and to derive general equations for estimating the steel weight. Then, the estimated weight is adjusted using least squares regression based on the features of each structural segment. We demonstrate the practicality and effectiveness of the proposed method by applying 10 modern designs ranging from 1000 to 8500 twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU). The estimated results are presented and compared with those of the standard method, which consists of estimating the weight of the entire ship. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.An innovative and accurate method for estimating the steel weight and center of gravity (COG) of a ship in the preliminary design phase, named feature-based segment estimation (FSE), is presented. The method is based on principal component analysis (PCA) and includes corrections to capture ship features that are neglected by PCA. The feature analysis is based on three-dimensional (3D) computer-aided design (CAD) tools, which are used to build a framework of the ship components, deriving the general steel weight formulas and developing correction methods.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 39]}
+{"token": "Home-range size, response to fire, and habitat preferences of wintering Henslow's Sparrows. Henslow's Sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii) is a declining, disturbance-dependent grassland bird that winters in the longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem of the southeastern United States. During two winters (2001, 2002), we estimated the relative abundances, movement patterns, and habitat associations of Henslow's Sparrows wintering in habitat patches differing in time since last burn (burn treatment). We conducted our study in southeastern Louisiana in Andropogon spp.-donimated longleaf pine savanna habitat. Henslow's Sparrows were most abundant in savannas burned the previous growing season, with a mean relative abundance of 2.6 individuals/ha. The most dramatic decline occurred between burn year 0 and year I (first and second winters after burning), when mean relative abundance dropped to 1.0 individual/ha. Home-range size of radiotagged birds was not correlated with burn treatment. All radio-tagged individuals maintained stable home ranges, with a mean size of 0.30 ha. Vegetation characteristics differed significantly among burn treatments. Sites burned the previous growing season had low vegetation density near the ground, vegetation taller than 1.0 m, and high seed abundance. These variables were all highly correlated with Henslow's Sparrow relative abundance, but seed density best predicted Henslow's Sparrow numbers. We recommend a biennial, rotational burn regime to maintain habitat characteristics correlated with Henslow's Sparrow abundance.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Dietary Phytoestrogens and the Risk of Ovarian Cancer in the Women's Lifestyle and Health Cohort Study. Results: We found no association between intake of phytoestrogens or fiber and overall ovarian cancer risk. In addition, we found no statistically significant association between intake of specific food items rich in phytoestrogens (berries, nuts, beans/soy, and crisp or whole-grain bread) and ovarian cancer risk overall. Fiber and coumestrol was inversely associated with borderline ovarian cancer, but not with invasive ovarian cancer.Methods: In 1991-1992 a prospective population-based cohort study among Swedish women was conducted, including 47,140 women with complete dietary questionnaire data. During follow-up until December 2007, 163 women developed invasive (n = 117) and borderline (n = 46) ovarian cancers. The median follow-up time was 16 years and total person year was 747,178. Cox proportional hazards models were conducted to estimate multivariate risk ratios, 95% CI for associations with risk of ovarian cancer.Impact: Phytoestrogens do not play a major etiologic role in ovarian cancer, at least among women in this Swedish cohort with low bean/soy intake. However, our results of a difference in the effect of fiber or coumestrol between invasive and borderline ovarian cancer need to be evaluated in larger studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(2); 308-17. (C)2011 AACR.Background: Dietary intake of phytoestrogens has been inversely associated to hormone-dependent cancers, such as prostate and breast cancers. Few studies have investigated the association between ovarian cancer and intake of phytoestrogens. We evaluated the associations between intake of phytoestrogens (isoflavonoids/lignans/coumestrol) and fiber (vegetable/cereal) and risk of ovarian cancer.Conclusions: We found no association between intake of phytoestrogens or fiber and overall ovarian cancer risk.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "Unreported cases in the 2014-2016 Ebola epidemic: Spatiotemporal variation, and implications for estimating transmission. In the recent 2014-2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa, non-hospitalized cases were an important component of the chain of transmission. However, non-hospitalized cases are at increased risk of going unreported because of barriers to access to healthcare. Furthermore, underreporting rates may fluctuate over space and time, biasing estimates of disease transmission rates, which are important for understanding spread and planning control measures. We performed a retrospective analysis on community deaths during the recent Ebola epidemic in Sierra Leone to estimate the number of unreported non-hospitalized cases, and to quantify how Ebola reporting rates varied across locations and over time. We then tested if variation in reporting rates affected the estimates of disease transmission rates that were used in surveillance and response. We found significant variation in reporting rates among districts, and district-specific rates of increases in reporting over time. Correcting time series of numbers of cases for variable reporting rates led, in some instances, to different estimates of the time-varying reproduction number of the epidemic, particularly outside the capital. Future analyses that compare Ebola transmission rates over time and across locations may be improved by considering the impacts of differential reporting rates.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
+{"token": "Explaining institutional strength: the case of national human rights institutions in Europe and its Neighbourhood. National human rights institutions have spread rapidly across Europe and its Neighbourhood consolidating their powers to protect human rights. Yet, we know little about the causes for change in the strength of national human rights institutions over time. We propose an analysis of institutional strength along two dimensions of safeguards ? durability and enforcement ? based on original data for 50 states. We illustrate the quantitative analysis with two case studies ? Hungary and Poland. We find that European Union membership conditionality is the strongest predictor of increased strength in national human rights institutions. Additionally, we find evidence of democratic ?lock-in?, as newly democratized states seek to increase the durability of their institutions. The influence of the United Nations and the European Union, through state networks, increases the strength of national human rights institutions, particularly their durability. The Council of Europe has a positive impact on the institutional safeguards for enforcement.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "Oxidation of liquid solders for die attachment. This study deals with thermal oxidation behaviour in the liquid state of a commonly-used die-attach solder, Pb-Sn, and its potential Pb-free alternatives (Bi-Ag and Zn-Sn) from viewpoints of thermodynamics and kinetics. The characteristics of the oxidation reaction layers were investigated using XPS, XRD and AES. The superior performance in oxidation prevention of the Zn based alloys can be ascribed to their stable oxidative product, ZnO, which exhibits low free energy of formation, as well as slow growth rate. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Structural, morphological and genetic variability in Halophila stipulacea (Hydrocharitaceae) populations in the western Mediterranean. Halophila stipulacea (Forssk.) Ascher. is a dioecious seagrass that colonized the Mediterranean basin probably following the opening of the Suez Canal (1869). Natural meadows have been reported since the end of the last century on the eastern side of the basin and only recently along the northern coast of Sicily. In the present study we examined the morphological and genetic variability of two natural meadows located along the Sicilian coast (Vulcano Island and Oliveri-Tindari coastal lakes). In order to determine morphological and genetic polymorphism, samples were collected at different depths (5, 15 and 25 m depth at the Vulcano site) and positions ledge vs mid-bed) within the meadows. Statistically significant differences in phenotypic features were found between the factors \\\\'depth\\\\' and \\\\'position\\\\' within the same meadow and between the two localities. Genetic diversity was assessed using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA and found to be high. Deep and shallow stands of the Vulcano Island meadow clustered in different positions in the UPGMA tree. The shallow Vulcano stand was found to be closer to the shallow Oliveri-Tindari meadow than to the deeper stand from Vulcano. Mantel's test did not allow rejection of the null hypothesis of independence of morphological and molecular distance matrices. We conclude that (i) H. stipulacea shows high morphological and genetic polymorphism, (ii) environmental and/or ecological barriers exist between different depths, and (iii) trends of morphological and genetic variability may be influenced by different environmental and/or ecological factors.", "label": [4, 45]}
+{"token": "Dynamical phase transitions in one-dimensional stochastic cellular automata. We study the influence of dynamic noise and disorder on the evolution of a chaotic cellular automaton model. Three distinct phases are identified corresponding to ordered, random and damage spreading evolution. The time evolution of the associated order parameters is investigated and the critical exponents are calculated close to the phase transition.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Recognition of Cap Structure by Influenza B Virus RNA Polymerase Is Less Dependent on the Methyl Residue than Recognition by Influenza A Virus Polymerase. The cap-dependent endonuclease activity of the influenza virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase cleaves host mRNAs to produce capped RNA fragments for primers to initiate viral mRNA synthesis. The influenza A virus (FluA) cap-dependent endonuclease preferentially recognizes the cap1 structure (m(7)GpppNm). However, little is known about the substrate specificity of the influenza B virus (FluB) endonuclease. Here, we determined the substrate specificity of the FluB polymerase using purified viral RNPs and (32)P-labeled polyribonucleotides containing a variety of cap structures (m(7)GpppGm, m(7)GpppG, and GpppG). We found that the FluA polymerase cleaves m(7)G-capped RNAs preferentially. In contrast, the FluB polymerase could efficiently cleave not only m(7)G-capped RNAs but also unmethylated GpppG-RNAs. To identify a key amino acid(s) related to the cap recognition specificity of the PB2 subunit, the transcription activity of FluB polymerases containing mutated cap-binding domains was examined by use of a minireplicon assay system. In the case of FluA PB2, Phe323, His357, and Phe404, which stack the m(7)GTP, and Glu361 and Lys376, which make hydrogen bonds with a guanine base, were essential for the transcription activity. In contrast, in the case of FluB PB2, the stacking interaction of Trp359 with a guanine base and putative hydrogen bonds using Gln325 and Glu363 were enough for the transcription activity. Taking these results together with the result for the cap-binding activity, we propose that the cap recognition pocket of FluB PB2 does not have the specificity for m(7)G-cap structures and thus is more flexible to accept various cap structures than FluA PB2.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Implementing Quality Matters in The Political Science Online Classroom. As colleges and universities push to offer more online offerings, particularly during this current pandemic, concerns about upholding standards of excellence surface. As a result, programs like Quality Matters (QM) have flourished in an attempt to make courses not only easily accessible, but also tied to learning outcomes. This paper takes a look at the Quality Matters framework with the goal of easing new instructors into the process; it breaks down the specific review standards into easily understandable \\\\'bucket\\\\' categories, and assesses how it fits within introductory political science and international relations courses. It will also make recommendations on potential activities and assignments to help fit QM's active learning framework, which should be helpful for new and seasoned instructors alike.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Evolving Rural Typologies for Rapidly Growing Cities: Urbanus's Work Towards Inclusive Communities. How can an inclusive community be created that provides for the lower-income populations migrating to China's ever-expanding cities? And how can traditional community relationships be nurtured in these settings? These are challenging questions that demand collaboration between designers, policymakers, developers and the general public. The Shenzhen-based practice Urbanus has carried out extensive research in this field, leading to some promising solutions. Urban transformation researcher Na Fu, who worked at Urbanus between 2010 and 2012, outlines some of their built and speculative contributions to date.", "label": [1, 17]}
+{"token": "Effect of Small-Scale Gravity Waves on Polar Mesospheric Clouds Observed From CIPS/AIM. Data from the Cloud Imaging and Particle Size experiment on the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) satellite are employed to study the impact of small-scale gravity wave (GW) on albedo, ice water content (IWC), and particle radius (PR) of polar mesospheric clouds. Overall, 23,987 eligible GW events, with a horizontal wavelength of 20-150 km are eventually extracted from Cloud Imaging and Particle Size level 2 orbit albedo maps during 2007-2011. The overall statistical results show that when small-scale GWs travel horizontally in polar mesospheric clouds, they can amplify the albedo and IWC by a rate of 10.0-22.6%, while reducing the PR by as much as -7.01%. Owing to the strong temporal and spatial dependences, the albedo and IWC variations are larger on an average during the core of the season, while they decrease during the initial and final periods of the season. The obvious zonal asymmetries are also found. The albedo variations show a positive linear relation with the GW amplitudes in albedo, as opposed to a negative linear relation with GW horizontal wavelengths. In most of the GW events, the periodic variation in the trend of albedo exhibits an anticorrelation with that of PR. Combining previous research studies with our results, we deduce that the rapid change in particle concentration and the upward movement of water vapor by GWs may be very important aspects for explaining the influence mechanism.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Selective permeation of CO2 through new facilitated transport membranes. A new membrane material containing facilitated transport groups for carbon dioxide has been synthesized through the hydrolysis of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) obtained by radical polymerization. The composite membrane was prepared with the hydrolysate as the top layer and microporous membrane as the support. The permeation of pure CO2 and CH4 as well as a binary mixture Of CO2/CH4 through the composite membrane was measured. The effects of feed gas pressure, heat treatment and support membranes on the composite membrane performance were studied. The results show that the composite membranes possess better CO2 permeance and selectivity Of CO2 over CH4 than that of other fixed carrier membranes reported in literature.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 39]}
+{"token": "Review on Correlation of Accumulated Annealing Parameter and Corrosion Resistance of Nb-containing Zirconium Alloys. Accumulated annealing parameter has been widely used for indicating the corrosion resistance of Zircaloys. However, for Nb-containing zirconium alloys, a unanimous conclusion has not been drawn yet. Even more, some researchers confirm that the accumulated annealing parameter is totally inadequate in this type of alloy. Based on its physical nature, we summarize the correlation of the accumulated annealing parameter and alloy microstructure. Further, the reason why it can identify the corrosion resistance in some specific alloys is explained tentatively. It is suggested that the diffusion rate of alloying elements (Fe and Cr diffusing fast while Nb diffusing extraordinarily slow) determines whether the accumulated annealing parameter will work. A clear conclusion is drawn that the accumulated annealing parameter can identify the low-Nb zirconium alloy's corrosion resistance, i.e., the smaller the value of the accumulated annealing parameter, the finer the second phase particles and then the better the corrosion resistance of alloy.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine, MK-467 and their combination following intramuscular administration in male cats. Results A one-compartment model best fitted the time plasma dexmedetomidine concentration data in cats administered D25IM, and the time-plasma MK-467 concentration data in cats administered MK600IM and D25MK600IM. A two-compartment model best fitted the time-plasma dexmedetomidine concentration data in cats administered D25IV and D25MK600IM, and the time plasma MK-467 concentration data in cats administered MK600IV. Median (range) area under the time concentration curve, absorption rate half-life, maximum concentration, time to maximum concentration and terminal half-life for dexmedetomidine in D25IM and D25MK600IM were 1129 (792-1890) and 924 (596-1649) ng minute mL(-1), 4.4 (0.4-15.7) and 2.3 (0.2-8.0) minutes, 10.2 (4.8-16.9) and 17.8 (15.8-73.5) ng mL(-1), 17.8 (2.6-44.9) and 5.2 (1.2-15.1) minutes and 62 (52-139) and 50 (31-125) minutes, respectively. Rate of absorption but not systemic exposure was significantly influenced by treatment. No significant differences were observed in MK-467 pharmacokinetic parameters in MK600IM and D25MK600IM.Study design Prospective randomized crossover experimental study.Conclusions and clinical relevance MK-467 significantly influenced the disposition of dexmedetomidine, whereas dexmedetomidine did not significantly affect the disposition of MK-467 when the drugs were coadministered IM.Objective To characterize the pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine, MK-467 and their combination following intramuscular (IM) administration to cats.Methods Cats were administered dexmedetomidine (25 mu g kg(-1)) IM (treatment D25IM) or intravenously (IV; treatment D25IV); MK-467 (600 mu g kg 1) IM (treatment MK600IM) or IV (treatment MK600IV); or dexmedetomidine (25 mu g kg(-1)) IM with 300, 600 or 1200 mu g kg(-1) MK-467 IM (treatments D25MK300IM, D25MK600IM and D25MK1200IM). D25MK600IM was the only combination treatment analyzed. Blood samples were obtained prior to drug administration and at various times for 5 hours (D25IV) or 8 hours (all other treatments) thereafter. Plasma dexmedetomidine and MK-467 concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Compartment models were fitted to the time-concentration data.Animals A total of eight healthy adult male castrated cats aged 1-2 years.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Mechanical and thermal properties of C/C composites modified with SiC nanofiller. The paper deals with carbon/carbon composites (C/C) modified with a ceramic nanofiller designed for high temperature applications. The C/C samples were manufactured from a coal tar pitch precursor (CTP) modified with a silicon carbide in the form of nanopowder (SiC). Carbon fibers were used as a reinforcement. The composite samples containing differing amount of the ceramic nanofiller were manufactured. The mechanical properties, thermal conductivity and oxidation resistance of C/C composites before and after modification with nanoSiC were determined. The structure and microstructure of the composites were examined using X-ray diffraction and SEM with EDS technique. The presence of the ceramic nanoparticles in carbon matrix precursor decreased the total porosity of carbon composites and redistributed pore sizes after annealing to 1000 degrees C. CTP-derived carbon matrix was composed from two carbon components that differed in crystallographic parameters. Modified C/C composites performed distinctly higher mechanical properties, thermal conductivity and oxidation resistance in comparison with the pure carbon/carbon samples.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Ancistroceroides de Saussure, a potter wasp genus new for the United States, with a new key to the genera of Eumeninae of America north of Mexico (Hymenoptera : Vespidae). The eumenine genus Ancistroceroides is reported from the southwestern United States; the genus is otherwise neotropical. Two new species are described: Ancistroceroides evansi Carpenter from Texas and Mexico, and A. levis Carpenter from Arizona. Ancistroceroides cordovae Carpenter is proposed as a replacement name for A. conspicuus (de Saussure) non Smith. New combinations are: A. acuminatus (Brethes), A. domingensis (Bequaet and Salt), A. erythraeus (Brethes), A. fabienii (Brethes), A. gribodoi (Zavattari), A. mearimensis (Zavattari), A. schulzi (Zavattari), A. sylveirae (de Saussure), and A. venustus (Brethes). A new key to the genera of Eumeninae occurring in America North of Mexico is presented.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Long-term risk of tuberculosis among immigrants in Norway. Conclusion These results indicate the need for health personnel to be aware that immigrants remain at high risk of TB many years post- migration. Screening for TB on arrival should be strengthened, and preventive therapy for those with recent TB infection should be considered.Background Two-thirds of the tuberculosis (TB) cases in Norway were discovered among immigrants. Some cases were discovered at arrival, but many develop the disease several years post- migration. Knowledge about how long after migration to Norway TB were discovered will enable us to better target preventive measures including preventive therapy. This study examines the long- term risk of TB among immigrants in Norway.Methods All non- Nordic immigrants who arrived in Norway between 1986 and 2002, as registered by the Norwegian Directorate of Immigration, were followed- up. Their TB status was determined from the National Tuberculosis Registry. Observation period for TB cases was calculated from the date of arrival in Norway to TB registration. For persons without TB, it was calculated from the date of arrival in Norway to the date of emigration from Norway, date of death, or until end of follow- up (December 31, 2002).Results For immigrants from Africa and Asia, the TB rates were 190 and 80 per 100 000 person- years (PY), respectively, at 7 years post- migration. For immigrants from Somalia, Pakistan, Vietnam, and the former Yugoslavia, the rates were 520, 160, 210, and 40 per 100 000 PY respectively, at 7 years post- migration. These rates were 7 to 90 times higher than the crude TB incidence for Norway. This increased risk applies to both genders, pulmonary and extra- pulmonary sites.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Immediate and Delayed Reactions to Radiocontrast Media: Is There an Allergic Mechanism?. Radiocontrast media can cause immediate (1 hour) and nonimmediate (>1 hour) hypersensitivity reactions that remain unpredictable and a cause of concern for radiologists and cardiologists. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions resemble anaphylaxis, whereas nonimmediate ones clinically are predominated by exanthemas. Increasing evidence indicates that immediate reactions and nonimmediate skin exanthemas may be allergic reactions involving either contrast media-reactive IgE or T cells, respectively. Skin testing is a useful tool for the diagnosis of contrast media allergy. It may have an important role in the selection of a safe product in previous reactors, although validation data are still lacking. In vitro tests to search for contrast media-specific cell activation are currently under investigation.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "'Ploop!': reading Sophie Robinson through Frank O'Hara's shit. Frank O'Hara's 1959 'POEM (Wouldn't it be funny)', is, at first glance, adamantly minor and wilfully juvenile. And yet, as I argue in the first section of this essay, O'Hara's 'POEM' and related works have much to say about abjection and silliness as a form of politics. O'Hara's texts also serve to repudiate the romantic equation of poet as prophet that through the 1950s and 1960s defined writers as various as Ezra Pound, Allen Ginsberg and Dylan Thomas. O'Hara upends poets' efforts both to represent a falsely universalised human condition and, correspondingly, to frame poetry as hierarchically superior to other artistic genres. The second section of the essay notes O'Hara's prominence in the United Kingdom and moves on to consider specifically how O'Hara's poetry has influenced the work of Sophie Robinson, a significant figure in British innovative poetry networks. Robinson, this essay concludes, positively applies and adapts O'Hara's invocation of the abject to her own project, in part by advancing a progressive politics that appears however complexly and elusively in her verse.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Premixed edge-flame oscillations in a rectangular channel with side-wall mass injection. The steady structures and the dynamics of oscillatory motions of strained, premixed edge-flames are studied in a planar rectangular channel, closed at one end, with side-wall mass injection. The injection velocities are;either constant or temperature-flux dependent: The motivation for this study is recent experiments conducted by Berghout et al (2000 Proc. Combust. Inst. 28 911-7) in a rectangular crack of a homogeneous propellant. The strained edge-flame dynamics are obtained by numerical solution of the zero-Mach-number, variable density Navier-Stokes equations, assuming a one-step reaction. Important parameters are found to be the Reynolds number Re based on the injection - velocity and surface separation, the Lewis number Le, and the strain-dependent Damkohler number. We show the first theoretical illustration of edge-flame oscillations in a premixed environment, which are found to occur in near-limit conditions, induced, for example; by decreasing the mass injection surface separation distance leading to an increase in the characteristic strain rate, and for sufficiently large Lewis numbers. A marked difference between oscillatory edge-flame structures with constant and temperature-flux dependent injection conditions is also found.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 15, 35, 41]}
+{"token": "Developing Test Guidelines on invertebrate development and reproduction for the assessment of chemicals, including potential endocrine active substances - The OECD perspective. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Test Guidelines Programme is involved in the international harmonisation and validation of test methods to evaluate effects of chemicals, including potential endocrine active substances. To meet their existing and foreseen regulatory needs in this area, OECD member countries have encouraged the development of test methods and their emergence at the OECD level. Validation activities are underway in countries and industry to ascertain the relevance and reliability of these tests to enable future regulatory acceptance. This includes work on development and (sexual) reproduction of aquatic invertebrates. What is the importance of mechanistic information in regulating chemicals, and how to address the issue of possible endocrine disruption in invertebrates while integrating these tests in a regulatory scheme are the current questions faced by the OECD countries.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 22, 37, 52]}
+{"token": "Toxicity studies on dermal application of plant extract of Plumbago zeylanica used in Ethiopian traditional medicine. Plant-based therapeutic preparations are cyclically returning to complement dermatologic therapy, however, data on the toxicity profile of such plants are lacking. In the present study, Plumbago zeylanica, a medicinal plant commonly used in Ethiopia for skin diseases was subjected to a systematic dermatotoxicity study. To this effect, the dermatotoxicity of 80% methanol extract of the root part of Plumbago zeylanica was investigated in animals following standard procedures for irritation, sensitization, acute toxicity and repeated toxicity tests.Extraction of plant material with 80% methanol resulted in 9.45% of crude extract of Plumbago zeylanica. The skin irritation test on rabbits showed Plumbago zeylanica extract to be a moderate irritant, with a primary irritation index of 2.00. Sensitization test on mice by the Mouse Ear Swelling Test method revealed the extract to be non-sensitizer in a dose range of 4-10 mg/ml and the percent responder was zero. Acute dermal toxicity test on rats did not produce any overt signs of toxicity, except that there was a weight gain difference between the test and control groups of female rats. This was not, however, supported by other parameters, like the absolute and relative organ weights. Repeated dose toxicity test was associated with increased relative testis weight (P < 0.05) as well as higher values for Blood urea nitrogen and K+ (P < 0.05) in both sexes with the highest dose (1000mg/kg) group, although histopathological analyses failed to lend support to these observations. Taken together, the dermatotoxicity test results from this study suggest that Plumbago zeylanica toxic effects might be limited to effects like moderate irritation. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 22, 9]}
+{"token": "Gap analysis of Mycoplasma bovis disease, diagnosis and control: An aid to identify future development requirements. There is a worldwide problem of disease caused by Mycoplasma (M.) bovis in cattle; it has a significant detrimental economic and animal welfare impact on cattle rearing. Infection can manifest as a plethora of clinical signs including mastitis, pneumonia, arthritis, keratoconjunctivitis, otitis media and genital disorders that may result in infertility and abortion. Current diagnosis and control information are reviewed and analysed to identify gaps in knowledge of the causative organism in respect of the disease pathology, diagnosis and control methods. The main considerations are as follows: no vaccines are commercially available; antimicrobial resistance is increasing; diagnostic and antimicrobial sensitivity testing needs to be improved; and a pen-side test would facilitate more rapid diagnosis and implementation of treatment with antimicrobials. More data on host susceptibility, stress factors, immune response and infectious dose levels are required. The impact of asymptomatic carriers, M. bovis survival in the environment and the role of wildlife in transmitting the disease also needs investigation. To facilitate development of vaccines, further analysis of more M. bovis genomes, its pathogenic mechanisms, including variable surface proteins, is required, along with reproducible disease models.", "label": [0, 2, 25, 10]}
+{"token": "Legal Interpretation as a Rule-Guided Phenomenon. The content of law is derived from legal texts in a process of interpretation that is not random but is rather supposed to follow some rules. There are different types of rules of interpretation, and they govern different levels of every interpretation process. In describing this process, an analogy can be drawn between some notions present in the contemporary philosophy of language and legal interpretation. Rules of interpretation constitute legal content; i.e. they provide it with truth conditions. Rules of interpretation are given by a political theory adopted together with semantic theory grounded in social practice. Ontologically, the most problematic issue is the question of what makes an application of rules of interpretation correct or incorrect. It is part of a certain view of law to suggest that indeed there are always facts of some kind (either social practice or moral values) that guide the application of given rules of interpretation. This common picture of law is built on some presuppositions, among them normativity (guidance and justification), objectivity and classical realism. Within this view, it is also presupposed that there are right answers to questions about the content of law. It is argued that Kripkenstein's sceptical paradox poses a threat to this view, as it questions the existence of any facts that could guide any types of rules of interpretation. Such an ontological threat does not necessarily weaken the justificatory function of legal interpretation.", "label": [3, 29, 32]}
+{"token": "Detection of Oncogenic Genital Human Papillomavirus ( HPV) Among HPV Negative Older and Younger Women After 7 Years of Follow-Up. The knowledge on risk factors of being human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive among older women is sparse. The aim was to determine the frequency of oncogenic HPV appearance after 7 years among initially HPV-negative women and to examine potential risk factors that influence the occurrence of HPV in older women using multiple logistic regression. For comparison, a younger cohort of women examined under identical study settings was included. This prospective cohort study comprised 1,577 older women (age 40-50 at enrolment) and 2,920 women aged 22-32. Participants were interviewed and underwent a gynecological examination at two time points (7 years apart). Cervical samples were tested for HPV using Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) and only women who tested HC2-negative at baseline were included. The HPV prevalence among older and younger women was 6.4% and 10.7%, respectively, and there was no second peak observed among older women. Recent sexual partners were a strong determinant of HPV appearance irrespective of age. Lifetime number of sexual partners was a significant risk factor for HPV appearance among older women, even after adjustment for recent sexual behavior. In addition, menopause was associated with a non-significantly increased risk of HPV appearance at follow-up. In conclusion, appearance of HPV in previously HPV-negative older women may be due to both recent sexual behavior and previous exposure that is, reactivation of a latent HPV infection. J. Med. Virol. 86:975-982, 2014. (c) 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "SEWERS AND THE QUALITY OF CANALS AND DITCHES IN AMSTERDAM. The surface water system of Amsterdam is very complicated. Of two characteristic types of water systems the influences on water and sediment quality are investigated. The importance of the sewer output to the total loads is different for both water systems. In a polder the load from the sewers is much more important than in the canal basin. Measures to reduce the emission from the sewers are much more effective in a polder. The effect of these measures on sediment quality is more than the effect on water quality. Some differences between a combined sewer system and a separate sewer system can be found in sediment quality.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Amount of Brain Edema Correlates With Neurologic Recovery in Pediatric Cerebral Malaria. Coma duration before admission was similar between cases and controls (16.1 vs. 15.3; P = 0.81), but overall coma was longer among children with sequelae (60 vs. 38 hours; P < 0.01). Lower initial CSF volumes and decreased volumes over time were both associated with a higher probability of neurologic sequelae at discharge.Among pediatric CM survivors with prolonged coma, lower initial CSF volume and decreasing volume during coma is associated with neurologic sequelae at discharge. These findings suggest that cerebral edema is an underlying contributor to both morbidity and mortality in pediatric CM.Conclusions:Results:In this case-control study, 54 Malawian pediatric CM survivors with neurologic sequelae evident at discharge who underwent serial magnetic resonance imaging scans while comatose were matched to concurrently admitted children with serial imaging who made full recoveries. Serial cranial cisternal CSF volume quantified by radiologists blinded to outcome was evaluated as a predictor of neurologic deficits at discharge. The probability of neurologic sequelae was determined using a model that included coma duration and changes in cisternal CSF volume over time.Methods:Cerebral malaria (CM) remains a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in children in sub-Saharan Africa. Recent studies using brain magnetic resonance imaging have revealed increased brain volume as a major predictor of death. Similar morphometric predictors of morbidity at discharge are lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the utility of serial cranial cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume measurements in predicting morbidity at discharge in pediatric CM survivors.Background:", "label": [2, 18, 25, 27]}
+{"token": "ANALYSIS OF THE ATTITUDE FOR USING COMMON EDUCATIONAL INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE TRAINING. This study was motivated by the fundamental objective of the National program information and communication technology (ICT) in education, developed by the Ministry of Education. A successful ICT modernization of education includes not only e-learning, but also suitable electronic content to provide quality education. A review of the theoretical analysis of the current status of the problem was conducted and followed by a proposal for web-based platform for teaching Bulgarian as a foreign language for the first two levels according to the Common European Framework. The motivation of teaching foreign language and attitudes of learners to use interactive media in the learning process of a foreign language was investigated and analyzed.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "The institutionalization of just decision making: analyzing planning practice in Portugal. The institutionalization of just decision making in urban policy and planning is fundamental for the achievement of social justice in the city. In this paper we highlight the importance of generating adequate institutional conditions for the constitution of cosmopolis, Sandercock's post-modern utopia of justice. In doing that we resort to sociological institutionalist approaches to planning and policy analysis to evaluate a specific planning practice in the Portuguese planning system. Hence, after putting forward an appropriate analytical framework we tell the story of the decision-making process in the revision of Porto's Municipal Director Plan by delving through its intertwined history and evaluating it against the chosen criteria of social justice. The transcendent aim of this paper is to help to find opportunities for institutional improvements which can open the way for nonoppressive decision making and a more socially just urban future in Portugal and elsewhere.", "label": [5, 52, 51]}
+{"token": "Phosphorous-based epoxy resin composition as an effective anticorrosive coating for steel. Epoxy resin (ER) is an attractive material for metal protection against corrosion; it can form a strongly adhered film onto a metal surface through its multi coordination sites. In this study, an epoxy resin-based formulation was designed, prepared, and applied onto steel surface with and without a pigment. The anticorrosive formulation (ER-MDA-ZP) was prepared from the ER and the hardener 4,4-methylene dianiline (MDA) in the presence of the anticorrosive pigment zinc phosphate (ZP). A second standard formulation (ER-MDA) was prepared without ZP. The epoxy and the hardener react to form a 3D cross-linked polymeric network with multicoordination sites (hydroxyl and amino groups) for metals. The characterization of the epoxy resin was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (H-1 and P-31 NMR). Both samples exhibited excellent thermal properties as they subjected to thermal analysis using differential scanning calorimetry. The ER-MDA-ZP formulation showed a higher glass transition temperature (T-g) than ER-MDA. The coated steel specimens were immersed for 1h in a 3 wt% NaCl solution and their anticorrosive properties were monitored by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The total resistance (R-t) values obtained by the EIS method for the ER-MDA and ER-MDA-ZP formulations were 21,383 cm(2) and 55,143 cm(2), respectively. The coated steel samples after the acid treatment were subjected to aging by exposing them to a UV light for 2000h. The aging caused the R-t values to drop to 1621 cm(2) and 7264cm(2), respectively. The results indicate the formation of a highly stable film of ER-MDA-ZP formulation on the steel surface that withstands an accelerated corrosive environment of 2000 h exposure to UV light and 1h of immersion in a 3 wt% NaCl.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "A direct quantitative PCR-based measurement of herpes simplex virus susceptibility to antiviral drugs and neutralizing antibodies. Our direct qPCR method for the HSV-2 growth determination of antiviral IC50 and neutralization titre is less time-consuming, less subjective and a more accurate alternative to the traditional plaque titration and growth reduction assays. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.The direct qPCR method was able to detect the HSV-2 DNA quantitatively between multiplicity of infection 1/64 and 1/4194304, indicating that the dynamic range of the detection was approximately 65,500 fold with high correlation between the biological and technical replicates. As a proof of the adaptability of the method, we applied the direct OCR for antiviral inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) measurements of known and novel antiviral compounds. The measured IC50 of acyclovir was similar to 0.28 mu g/ml, similar to the previously published IC50 value. The IC50 of novel antiviral candidates was between 1.6-3.1 mu g/ml. The direct qPCR-based neutralization titres of HSV positive sera were 1:32-1:64, identical to the neutralization titres determined using a traditional neutralization assay. The negative sera did not inhibit the HSV-2 replication in either of the tests.Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) are common human pathogens that can cause painful but benign manifestations and recurrent complaints, but can also cause significant morbidity and mortality on infection of the eye or brain and with disseminated infection of an immunosuppressed patient or a neonate. HSV growth inhibition measurement by plaque or yield reduction is a key task in the development of novel antiviral compounds but the manual methods are very labour intensive. The sensitive and specific PCR technology could be an effective method for quantitation of HSV DNA related to virus replication; however the currently described PCR approaches have a major limitation, namely the requirement of purification of DNA from the infected cells. This limitation makes this approach unfeasible for high-throughput screenings. The monitoring of HSV specific antibody titre is essential in vaccination trials and in the improvement of HSV-based oncolytic virotherapy. Usually, conventional cytopathic effect-based and plaque reduction neutralization tests are applied to measure the neutralization titre, but these methods are also time-consuming. To overcome this, we developed a quantitative PCR (VCR) method for the detection of HSV-2 DNA directly from the infected cells (direct VCR) and the method was further adapted to measure the titre of HSV specific neutralizing antibody in human sera. The conditions of direct OCR assay were optimized to measure the antiviral activity of known and novel antiviral substances. Using HSV-2 seronegative and seropositive patients' sera, the validity of the direct OCR neutralization test was compared to traditional cytopathic effect-based assay.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42, 21]}
+{"token": "Multiobjective Coordinated Energy Dispatch and Voyage Scheduling for a Multienergy Ship Microgrid. Given the rapid development of the ship industry and increasing ship operating cost and gas emissions, this article studies the optimal operation of a multienergy ship (MES) microgrid to simultaneously reduce the ship operating cost and gas emissions. Apart from the conventional diesel generators, electric energy storage, and photovoltaic cells, the combined cooling heat and power (CCHP) unit is introduced for higher energy utilization efficiency. Besides, to flexiblize the CCHP operation and enhance the multienergy interaction, the thermal storage and power-to-thermal conversion unit are also included in the MES microgrid. Then, a multiobjective coordinated energy dispatch and voyage scheduling method are presented. After the constraints linearization, the coordination method is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming problem, which is solved by the augmented epsilon-constraint method through Cplex solver. Finally, the proposed method is verified on a testing MES microgrid with necessary sensitivity analysis, and by comparing it with traditional benchmarks, its advantages are demonstrated. The simulation results indicate that the proposed method is effective for reducing the operating cost and emission, and it could provide references for the optimal operation of the emerging multienergy cruising ships.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Drying of mint leaves in a solar dryer and under open sun: Modelling, performance analyses. In this study was investigated the thin-layer drying characteristics in solar dryer with forced convection and under open sun with natural convection of mint leaves, and, performed energy analysis and exergy analysis of solar drying process of mint leaves. An indirect forced convection solar dryer consisting of a solar air collector and drying cabinet was used in the experiments. The drying data were fitted to ten the different mathematical models. Among the models. Wang and Singh model for the forced solar drying and the natural sun drying were found to best explain thin-layer drying behaviour of mint leaves. Using the first law of thermodynamics, the energy analysis throughout solar drying process was estimated. However, exergy analysis during solar drying process was determined by applying the second law of thermodynamics. Energy utilization ratio (EUR) values of drying cabinet varied in the ranges between 7.826 and 46.285%. The values of exergetic efficiency were found to be in the range of 34.760-87.717%. The values of improvement potential varied between 0 and 0.017 kJ s(-1). Energy utilization ratio and improvement potential decreased with increasing drying time and ambient temperature while exergetic efficiency increased. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Two new species and two unrecorded species of Limacodidae (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea ) from Xizang, China. Two new species (Iragoides peiwangi sp. nov. and Caelestomorpha serratus sp. nov.) and two newly recorded species [Euphlyctina phaeopasta (Hampson, 1906) and Mummu aerata Solovyev & Witt, 2009] are reported from China. Of these, the genera Caelestomorpha Solovyev & Witt, 2009 and Mummu Solovyev & Witt, 2009 are new to China; the female of the genus Euphlyctina Hering, 1931 is illustrated and described in this paper for the first time.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Violence and Civilization in Flaubert's Salammbo. This essay argues that in Salammbo Flaubert marks a rigorous cultural distinction between the civilized Carthaginians and the barbarous mercenaries that is based oil particular practices of violence specific to each one. In drawing this distinction, ill maintaining all equivalency in the capacity of each for atrocity, excess, and depravity, and in conferring emblematic status to this Conflict, Flaubert disallows any privileging Of One Cultural order over the other. In this way, Flaubert undermines the principles, tools, and strategies of historical analysis or understanding and figures the events Of the story in such a way as to maintain their essential otherness and to Situate them at the limits of our conceptual horizon.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Idiopathic erythrocytosis: a study of a large cohort with a long follow-up. Idiopathic erythrocytosis (IE) is an absolute erythrocytosis with no known cause, diagnosed by exclusion of primary and secondary erythrocytosis. Familial erythrocytosis (FE) is a rare disease and as the rare patients with JAK2-wild-type polycythemia vera (PV) may be misdiagnosed as IE. We compared 78 patients with IE, 21 with FE and 136 with PV in the effort to identify simple features capable of discriminating between them. FE patients were younger at diagnosis either than IE and PV (p<0.001); IE and FE had lower WBC, platelet counts and higher serum EPO levels, and had splenomegaly and thrombotic events less frequently than PV patients. Phlebotomies to obtain a haematocrit lower than 45 % induce platelet count increase in 70 % of PV but not in IE. Mainly in men, normal spleen, normal platelet counts and no history of thrombosis at diagnosis argue against PV; diagnosis of IE could be supported by means of a cycle of venesection to see how it affects their platelet count. No simple data capable of distinguishing between IE and FE were identified; therefore, a case of sporadic erythrocytosis in a young patient should be investigated as a possible genetic cause.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "HOW TO APPROACH TRANSLATION IN A FINANCIAL NEWS CORPUS?. This article deals with some of the theoretical and methodological problems that arise when working with a bilingual comparable (i.e., non-parallel) journalistic corpus of financial news that is relatively large (9 million words). The corpus under study comprises two sets of texts drawn from Canadian French and English newspapers in the years between the Tech Wreck of 2001 and the financial crisis of 2007-2008. Following Davier (2015) who advocates for a broadened definition of news translation that includes intralingual activity, the authors make a case for the study of intralingual translation, or rewording, which is a fundamental feature of financial news, as journalists work to popularize specialized knowledge for lay audiences. The methodological challenges of surveying interlingual translation in a sizeable corpus of financial news are discussed in relation with the production of news in Canada. A pilot study using the lexical item \\\\'subprime\\\\' and its French equivalents illustrates how interlingual and intralingual translation can be investigated in a corpus comprising 18,601 news items. The authors explain how they apply a mixed-method approach (Saldanha and O'Brien 2013) that is based on the interaction between qualitative and quantitative analysis in their research on news translation.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Camelina sativa Composition, Attributes, and Applications: A Review. Camelina sativa seeds are rich in oil (30-49%) and protein (24-31%). They contain omega-3 acids, omega-6 acids, tocopherols, phytosterols, and phenolic compounds, among others. From an agricultural perspective, growing of this crop is of interest due to its short growth cycle and low fertilizer and water input requirements. Camelina is also tolerant to cold and drought and is consequently well adapted to grow in semiarid regions. Camelina is mainly cultivated for its oil in Europe and North America. In this review, the processes applied for camelina oil extraction, composition, and attributes, as well as the food and nonfood applications of camelina oil are reviewed. Applications include animal feed, functional foods, materials, biofuels, and agrochemicals. Valorization of the camelina protein found in the meal after the oil extraction is also discussed. Practical Applications: The need to develop an integrated process consisting of a degumming step to extract the mucilage from the whole camelina seeds, followed by an oil extraction step, and finally by a protein extraction step is highlighted. There is also a need to develop food applications of camelina oil. More research works should also focus on the utilization of camelina oil in food applications and in specialty applications such as functional foods, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical applications.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
+{"token": "Tasmania's Bioeconomy: Employing the Seven Capitals to Sustain Innovative and Entrepreneurial Agrifood Value Chains. Tasmania, Australia's southernmost and smallest island state, depends strongly on its bioeconomy. Currently the farm gate production of Tasmania's bioeconomy contributes around 7.4% to the overall Gross State Product (GSP). This figure is considerably higher than for Australia, where the bioeconomy contributes 2.5% to the overall Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Based on this measure, Tasmania's economy is more in line with the economies of Brazil (5.7%) or New Zealand (7.2%). It is estimated that Tasmania's bioeconomy currently contributes 16-20% of overall economic output, when taking into account the economic impact of related value chains that reach from agricultural suppliers to retailers. Government policy for economic growth in Tasmania aims to build up this sector over the following decades. To achieve the stated growth targets, technologies must be combined with business capabilities in order to effectively and efficiently commercialize innovation while maintaining sound environmental practices. A technology-driven, irrigation-led transformation is currently underway in the state, turning Tasmania's bioeconomy into a highly knowledge-intensive sector of the economy. To fully realize the economic, environmental and social potential of investment in irrigation infrastructure, there must be similar investments in research, knowledge creation, marketing, value chain innovations and capability development.", "label": [0, 4, 5, 6, 49, 39]}
+{"token": "The economic impact and cost-effectiveness of combined vector-control and dengue vaccination strategies in Thailand: results from a dynamic transmission model. Background and aimsConclusionsAuthor summaryDengue fever has become a major public health problem. It is considered one of the most important mosquito-borne viral diseases and occurs in >100 countries in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia-Pacific, the Americas, the Middle East, and Africa with >3 billion people at risk. Despite current control interventions against dengue fever in endemic countries, the disease is associated with considerable healthcare utilisation, personal costs to patients and caregivers, productivity loss and human suffering. Whilst the illness is well understood, there is also recognition that current control efforts focussing predominantly on Aedes aegypti control and elimination are less than optimal although may still have an important role to play in the short to medium term. In this study, we consider the cost-effectiveness of individual as well as mixed dengue control strategies in Thailand, embracing chemical interventions, public health education/ environmental control and paediatric vaccination using a dengue vaccine profile broadly consistent with (dengue) vaccines in late stage development. To anticipate the transition to possible new vector control technologies, we also carry out exploratory scenario analyses of the impact and cost-effectiveness of the release of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes (which are less capable of spreading viruses). Our findings indicate that single dengue control interventions can be cost-effective weapons in reducing dengue infections, although their effectiveness may be additionally enhanced when combined.Dengue fever is a major public health problem in tropical/subtropical regions. Prior economic analyses have predominantly evaluated either vaccination or vector-control programmes in isolation and do not really consider the incremental benefits and cost-effectiveness of mixed strategies and combination control. We estimated the cost-effectiveness of single and combined approaches in Thailand.The impacts of different control interventions were analysed using a previously published mathematical model of dengue epidemiology and control incorporating seasonality, age structure, consecutive infection, cross protection, immune enhancement and combined vector-host transmission. An economic model was applied to simulation results to estimate the cost-effectiveness of 4 interventions and their various combinations (6 strategies): i) routine vaccination of 1-year olds; ii) chemical vector control strategies targeting adult and larval stages separately; iii) environmental management/ public health education and awareness [EM/ PHEA]). Payer and societal perspectives were considered. The health burden of dengue fever was assessed using disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) lost. Costs and effects were assessed for 10 years. Costs were discounted at 3% annually and updated to 2013 United States Dollars. Incremental cost-effectiveness analysis was carried out after strategies were rank-ordered by cost, with results presented in a table of incremental analysis. Sensitivity and scenario analyses were undertaken; and the impact and cost-effectiveness of Wolbachia was evaluated in exploratory scenario analyses.Our model shows that individual interventions can be cost-effective, but that important epidemiological reductions and economic impacts are demonstrated when interventions are combined as part of an integrated approach to combating dengue fever. Exploratory scenario analyses demonstrated the potential epidemiological and cost-effective impact of Wolbachia when deployed at scale on a nationwide basis. Our findings were robust in the face of sensitivity analyses.From the payer and societal perspectives, 2 combination strategies were considered optimal, as all other control strategies were dominated. Vaccination plus adulticide plus EM/ PHEA was deemed cost-effective according to multiple cost-effectiveness criteria. From the societal perspective, incremental differences vs. adulticide and EM/ PHEA resulted in costs of $157.6 million and DALYs lost of 12,599, giving an expected ICER of $12,508 per DALY averted. Exploratory scenario analyses showed Wolbachia to be highly cost-effective ($343 per DALY averted) vs. other single control measures.MethodsResults", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
+{"token": "Methods and tools contributing to FTA: A knowledge-based perspective. Future oriented technology analysis (FTA) applied to innovation policy and practice often goes well beyond the narrow domain of technology forecasting. It is oriented to supporting the functioning and development of innovation systems, and involves mutual learning processes, involving stakeholders and experts of many kinds. Such FTA calls for crossing the boundaries of disciplines, research traditions, and professional activities FTA then necessarily involves knowledge management (whether this be formal or implicit); and this knowledge management has to confront the challenges created by FTA's call for engagement across different - and across potentially competing - corporate, sectoral, and public interests. This paper explores the consequences of this view of FA and how the roles of various FTA methods and tools are seen in terms of knowledge management. It goes on to discuss the implications that follow for FTA design, and the methodological challenges, and requirements for development of tools, techniques and principles, for FTA. The challenges of participatory knowledge management are seen to be particularly important ones to tackle. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
+{"token": "Comparison of prospective and retrospective methods for haplotype inference in case-control studies. We compare bias and power of three methods for haplotype inference on disease risk using unphased genotype data from a case-control study. We examine the prospective score test of Schaid et al. ([2002] Am. J. Hum. Genet 70:425-434), a novel modification of the prospective estimating equations of Zhao et al. ([2003] Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72:1231-1250) and the retrospective likelihood of Epstein and Satten ([2003] Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73:1316-1329). We find that all three approaches are roughly comparable when the haplotype effect on disease odds follows a multiplicative model. However, for dominant and recessive models of haplotype effect, the retrospective-likelihood method has increased efficiency with respect to the prospective methods. As all three methods assume haplotype frequencies are in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE), we compare the robustness of each procedure to departures from HWE. We find the prospective methods are robust to departure from HWE, while the retrospective-likelihood method is biased for dominant and recessive models of haplotype effect. To remedy this limitation of the retrospective-likelihood method, we propose a modification that allows for a non-negative fixation index (common to all haplotype pairs) and show it dramatically reduces the bias of the retrospective likelihood when HWE is violated. Published 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger).", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "Political Simulations: What We Know, What We Think We Know, and What We Still Need to Know. For political scientists looking for creative ways to engage students, simulations might be the answer. The common conception is that because this type of activity offers a unique way to convey information through active learning, student learning will consequently increase. In order to evaluate this claim, we conducted a metaanalysis reviewing relevant simulation articles published in the Journal of Political Science Education from its inception through 2013. This systematic approach examines not just whether simulations prove engaging but, more importantly, whether they are valuable learning tools. We found that the discipline needs to conduct a more rigorous assessment of learning outcomes to move beyond the \\\\'Show and Tell\\\\' approach to evaluating simulations. Upon reviewing the articles, we are able to identify how a few changes can offer better information about the pedagogical value of simulations.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Multi-scale topology optimization for stiffness and de-homogenization using implicit geometry modeling. In this article, we demonstrate the state-of-the-art of multi-scale topology optimization for 3D structural design. Many structures designed for additive manufacturing consist of a solid shell surrounding repeated microstructures, so-called infill material. We demonstrate the performance of different types of infill microstructures, such as isotropic truss or plate lattice structures and show that the best results can be obtained using spatially varying and oriented orthotropic microstructures. Furthermore, we demonstrate how implicit geometry modeling using nTop platform can help to interpret these multi-scale designs as single-scale manufacturable designs (de-homogenization). More importantly, we demonstrate the small difference in performance between these multi-scale and single-scale designs through extensive numerical testing. The presented method is at least 3 orders of magnitude more efficient compared to standard density-based topology optimization, allowing for high-resolution 3D structures to be obtained on a standard workstation PC.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40, 12]}
+{"token": "Biomarkers of oxidative stress in electroplating workers exposed to hexavalent chromium. This study evaluates levels of biomarkers of oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation in 105 male workers at 16 electroplating companies who had been exposed to hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). The study participants were 230 non-smoking male workers, comprising 105 electroplating workers who had been exposed to chromium and 125 control subjects who performed office tasks. Personal air samples, spot urine samples, hair samples, fingernail samples and questionnaires were used to quantify exposure to Cr (VI), oxidative DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and environmental pollutants. Both the geometric mean personal concentrations of Cr(VI) of the Cr-exposed workers and the total Cr concentrations in the air to which they were exposed significantly exceeded those for the control subjects. The geometric mean concentrations of Cr in urine, hair and fingernails, and the urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the Cr(VI) exposed workers exceeded those in the control subjects. Daily cumulative Cr(VI) exposure and urinary Cr were significantly correlated with urinary 8-OHdG levels following adjustments for covariates. A ten-fold increase in urinary Cr level was associated with a 1.73-fold increase in urinary 8-OHdG level. Daily cumulative Cr(VI) exposure and urinary Cr level were significantly correlated with urinary MDA level following adjustments for covariates. A ten-fold increase in urinary Cr was associated with a 1.45-fold increase in urinary MDA. Exposure to Cr(VI) increased oxidative DNA injury and the oxidative deterioration of lipids in electroplating workers.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "USING STABLE-ISOTOPE ANALYSIS AS A TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINING CONSUMPTION OF SUPPLEMENTARY FOODS BY INDIVIDUAL BIRDS. The amount of supplementary food humans provide to wild animals is increasing, yet the full effects of this provisioning remain unclear. For these effects to be assessed at the levels of both the population and the individual, the degree to which individuals are using this resource must be quantified. Traditional approaches rely on observations of feeding animals and analysis of gut contents and feces, but these have several limitations. Stable-isotope analysis can overcome some of these. If supplementary food items are isotopically distinct from natural ones, the relative contribution of supplementary food to the diet may be quantified accurately. We demonstrate how the isotopic signature of supplementary foods can be manipulated to increase their discrimination from natural food sources and provide an example of the utility of this approach in a supplementary feeding study. We provided supplementary food over a winter, then sampled birds during the following breeding season and analyzed their claws for their isotopic signature to estimate diet choices. The results highlight considerable variation in individuals' use of supplementary food, both within a study site and between different sites. Often the results from supplementation experiments are inconclusive. Even within the same species there can be an effect in one year or location but not in others, so a method for quantifying variation in food uptake could help in interpretation of the results. Stable-isotope analysis allows the effects of experimentally increased food supplies on ecology and behavior to be assessed accurately.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Indians or Blacks, fibers or slaves': work and culture in the Portuguese Amazon (XVII and XVIII centuries). Historiography considered the Portuguese colonial Amazon region as being a \\\\'land of Indians\\\\'. Scholars argued that African slavery was economically just not possible, due to the settlers' poverty, and especially the region's geographical isolation, which hindered the connection of this province with the main trade circuits of the Portuguese empire. However, besides the many references to Indians in the registers, colonial documentation frequently mentions Africans and Mestizos. Analysing colonial sources dealing with and produced in Portuguese Amazonia, and based on the specific economic and social dynamics of this region, this paper examines the construction of an ethnically diversified world of labour, where Indians, Africans and Mestizos were. interacting in an inextricable way.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Swallowtail Butterflies Use Multiple Visual Cues to Select Oviposition Sites. Simple SummaryButterflies must not only identify host plants on which to lay their eggs-which they achieve using chemical cues-but also select suitable leaves on that plant that will support the growth of their larval offspring. Here, we asked whether swallowtail butterflies lay eggs on particular leaves of a Citrus tree and, if so, which cues they use to select the leaves. We first observed that butterflies indeed select just a few leaves on which to lay eggs. These leaf preferences were observed across many individuals, implying that they were not idiosyncratic, and the butterflies descended directly towards the leaves from some distance, suggesting that they were using visual rather than chemical cues. We then investigated which visual cues are used by the butterflies, and found that the number of eggs laid upon a leaf was correlated with its height on the tree, flatness, green reflectance, brightness, and degree of polarization. These five features may be important both for selecting young leaves and those which are situated well for egg-laying. An outstanding question for future study is how visual and chemical cues interact in this context.Flower-foraging Japanese yellow swallowtail butterflies, Papilio xuthus, exhibit sophisticated visual abilities. When ovipositing, females presumably attempt to select suitable leaves to support the growth of their larval offspring. We first established that butterflies indeed select particular leaves on which to lay eggs; when presented with a single Citrus tree, butterflies significantly favored two out of 102 leaves for oviposition. These preferences were observed across many individuals, implying that they were not merely idiosyncratic, but rather based on properties of the leaves in question. Because the butterflies descended towards the leaves rather directly from a distance, we hypothesized that they base their selection on visual cues. We measured five morphological properties (height, orientation, flatness, roundness, and size) and four reflective features (green reflectance, brightness, and degree and angle of linear polarization). We found that the number of eggs laid upon a leaf was positively correlated with its height, flatness, green reflectance, and brightness, and negatively correlated with its degree of polarization, indicating that these features may serve as cues for leaf selection. Considering that other studies report ovipositing butterflies' preference for green color and horizontally polarized light, butterflies likely use multiple visual features to select egg-laying sites on the host plant.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Cultural Diplomacy and Europe's Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919-1939: Introduction. Photographs of the German and Soviet pavilions facing off at the Paris International Exposition in 1937 offer an iconic image of the interwar period, and with good reason. This image captures the interwar period's great conflict of ideologies, the international interconnectedness of the age and the aestheticisation of political and ideological conflict in the age of mass media and mass spectacle. [Figure 1] Last but not least, it captures the importance in the 1930s of what we now call cultural diplomacy. Both pavilions - Germany's, in Albert Speer's neo-classical tower bloc crowned with a giant swastika, and the Soviet Union's, housed in Boris Iofan's forward-thrusting structure topped by Vera Mukhina's monumental sculptural group - represented the outcome of a large-scale collaboration between political leaders and architects, artists, intellectuals and graphic and industrial designers seeking to present their country to foreign visitors in a manner designed to advance the country's interests in the international arena. Each pavilion, that is, made an outreach that was diplomatic - in the sense that it sought to mediate between distinct polities - using means that were cultural - in the sense that they deployed refined aesthetic practices (like the arts and architecture) and in the sense that they highlighted the distinctive features, or 'culture', of a particular group (like the German nation or the Soviet state).", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "A Bowman-Birk Inhibitor from the Seeds of Luetzelburgia auriculata Inhibits Staphylococcus aureus Growth by Promoting Severe Cell Membrane Damage. Staphylococcus aureus is a multidrug-resistant bacterium responsible for several cases of hospital-acquired infections, which constitute a global public health problem. The introduction of new healthcare strategies and/or the discovery of molecules capable of inhibiting the growth or killing S. aureus would have a huge impact on the treatment of S. aureus-mediated diseases. Herein, a Bowman Birk protease inhibitor (LzaBBI), with strong in vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus, was purified to homogeneity from Luetzelburgia auriculata seeds. LzaBBI in its native form is a 14.3 kDa protein and has a pI of 4.54, and its NH2-terminal sequence has high identity with other Bowman-Birk inhibitors. LzaBBI showed a mixed-type inhibitory activity against both trypsin and chymotrypsin, respectively, and it remained stable after both boiling at 98 degrees C for 120 min and incubation at various pHs. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that LzaBBI disrupted the S. aureus membrane integrity, leading to bacterial death. This study suggests that LzaBBI is a powerful candidate for developing a new antimicrobial to overcome drug resistance toward reducing hospital-acquired infections caused by S. aureus.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 22, 9]}
+{"token": "The business capacity of broiler farmers in the partnership business pattern. The present study was conducted to analyze the broiler farmers' capacity level in the partnership pattern and to analyze the factors which affect it. The current study was conducted in Bogor and Sukabumi, West Java Province using a survey approach on 247 farmers who ran farm businesses with the partnership pattern. Data were collected through questionnaire filling by farmers and in-depth interviews with key informants. The data were collected from July to October 2018. The data were analyzed descriptively and with inferential analysis (regression). The results of the study revealed that the farmers' business capacity was weak. This was evident in the managerial and partnership capability which was categorized as low, the entrepreneurship and problem-solving capability which was categorized as medium, and only the technical capability which was categorized as high. The regression results demonstrated that business capacity was influenced positively by the formal education level, social environment characteristics (organizational support, access to experts), and the role of private extension agents (their role as educators, communicators, consultants, dynamizators, and organizers).", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Polyamines and their biosynthetic enzymes during somatic embryo development in red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.). The major objective of this study was to determine if the observed changes in polyamines and their biosynthetic enzymes during somatic embryo development were specifically related to either the stage of the embryo development or to the duration of time spent on the maturation medium. Somatic embryos of red spruce (Picea rubens) at different developmental stages, grown in the embryo development and maturation media for various lengths of time, were separated from the associated subtending tissue (embryogenic and the suspensor cell masses) and analyzed for their polyamine content as well as for polyamine biosynthetic enzyme activities. Polyamine content was also analyzed in embryos representing different stages of development that were collected from the same culture plate at the same time and the subtending tissue surrounding them. Putrescine was the predominant polyamine in the pro-embryogenic tissue, while spermidine was predominant during embryo development. Significant changes in spermidine/putrescine and spermine/putrescine ratios were observed at all stages of embryo development as compared to the pro-embryogenic cell mass. Changes in the ratios of various polyamines were clearly correlated with the developmental stage of the embryo rather than the period of growth in the maturation medium. Whereas the activities of both ornithine decarboxylase and arginine decarboxylase increased by week 3 or 4 and stayed high during the subsequent 6 wk of growth, the activity of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase steadily declined during embryo development.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
+{"token": "Synthesis and characterization of nano-sepiolite by solvothermal method. Nano-sepiolite with novel morphology has been fabricated by solvothermal method in different conditions. The nano-sepiolite was characterized by X-ray fluorescence analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, thermal gravimetry analysis, differential thermal analysis and infrared spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy observations revealed that using of solvothermal route led to nano-wires of sepiolite. The reactions have been performed in several conditions to find out the role of different factors such as the aging time and temperature of the reaction in the solvothermal on the size and morphology of the nano-structures. (C) 2009 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Mediation in Conflict Systems. The article begins with a brief discussion of issues relating to the concepts of conflict and of system. The possible contributions of mediation to the transformation of destructive large-scale conflict systems are analyzed. Then, the various mediator services that can help transform destructive large-scale conflicts are analyzed. Subsequently, the variety of mediator roles is examined, as they function internally or externally in conflict systems. Finally, illustrative mediation cases are examined, considering unsuccessful mediation efforts. In conclusion, the implications of the analysis for system theory and for conflict analysis and resolution are noted. Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "Police Scotland: challenging the current democratic deficit in police governance and public accountability. This article considers the recent creation of Police Scotland and the substitution of local police forces for a national police service 'Police Scotland' in 2013. It assesses the drivers for change and the arguments presented by both politicians and police professionals in favour of the eradication of all 8 local Scottish forces and the creation of a single police force. It contrasts developments in Scotland with those in England and Wales where there has been a recommitment to local delivery of police services in which local police boundaries have been retained with the introduction of Police and Crime Commissioners. It considers the police boundaries and coterminosity with local authorities and highlights the absence of shared boundaries within Police Scotland. It reflects on the removal of local accountability in Scotland with the abolition of Police Boards and the creation of a national and unelected Scottish Police Authority. It highlights the significance of police planning led by senior officers from Strathclyde Police and the impact of this on Police Scotland. It raises legitimate questions as to the overall efficacy of a national force made answerable to a nationally appointed body, the Scottish Police Authority. Finally, it makes a number of recommendations which might go towards someway to reestablishing a degree of local accountability to communities and local governments in Scotland which is now so clearly absent.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "From Ensemble Clustering to Subspace Clustering: Cluster Structure Encoding. In this study, we propose a novel algorithm to encode the cluster structure by incorporating ensemble clustering (EC) into subspace clustering (SC). First, the low-rank representation (LRR) is learned from a higher order data relationship induced by ensemble K-means coding, which exploits the cluster structure in a co-association matrix of basic partitions (i.e., clustering results). Second, to provide a fast predictive coding mechanism, an encoding function parameterized by neural networks is introduced to predict the LRR derived from partitions. These two steps are jointly proceeded to seamlessly integrate partition information and original features and thus deliver better representations than the ones obtained from each single source. Moreover, an alternating optimization framework is developed to learn the LRR, train the encoding function, and fine-tune the higher order relationship. Extensive experiments on eight benchmark datasets validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm on several clustering tasks compared with state-of-the-art EC and SC methods.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
+{"token": "An evolutionary approach for the target allocation problem. We propose an evolutionary approach for target allocation in tactical level land combat. The purpose is to assign friendly military units to enemy units such that the total weapon effectiveness used is minimised while the attrition goals set for the enemy units are satisfied. A repair algorithm is developed to ensure feasibility with respect to the attrition goal constraints. A tightness measure is devised to determine the population size of the genetic algorithm as a function of constraint tightness. Also, a local improvement algorithm is used to further improve the solution quality. Experimental results indicate that the genetic algorithm can find solutions with acceptable quality in reasonable computation time. Although the approach is developed for the target allocation problem, it can be adapted for other assignment problems.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
+{"token": "A new solvent extraction process for recovery of rare metals from spent hydrodesulfurization catalysts. A new solvent extraction process using a single extractant, PC-88 A, was developed for efficient separation and recovery of rare metals such as molybdenum, vanadium, aluminum, cobalt and nickel from an aqueous solution, derived from total dissolution of spent hydrodesulfurization catalysts in sulfuric acid solution. In this process, preferential extraction and separation of molybdenum and vanadium over aluminum is achieved at low pH based on the differences in equilibria and kinetics of extraction between these metals. The co-extracted vanadium together with molybdenum is eliminated from the loaded organic phase by selective scrubbing with sulfuric acid solution. Molybdenum in the scrubbed organic phase is easily stripped and separated from small amounts of iron by employing an aqueous solution of NH4OH+NH4Cl and recovered as ammonium molybdate. Vanadium in the scrub solution is separated from small amounts of aluminum and recovered as vanadyl sulfate by extraction with PC-88 A after adjustment of pH to approx. 1.5 with ammonia solution, followed by stripping with sulfuric acid solution. The raffinate obtained after recovery of molybdenum and vanadium is contacted with an organic solution of PC-88 A neutralized by ammonia so as to quantitatively extract aluminum and separate from cobalt and nickel. Aluminum sulfate is obtained after stripping the organic phase with sulfuric acid solution. Cobalt in the raffinate is further recovered as cobalt sulfate with high purity by extraction with PC-88 A, followed by scrubbing with an aqueous solution of CoSO4+H2SO4 and then, by stripping with dilute sulfuric acid. Nickel in the final raffinate is readily concentrated and recovered as high-purity nickel sulfate after direct extraction with PC-88 A, followed by stripping with dilute sulfuric acid. This process has the potential for incorporating a practical system on a commercial scale.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "LYVE-1 immunocytochemical staining for gastrointestinal carcinoids. Aims: By immunocytochemical staining for lymphatic vessels using anti-lymphatic vessel hyaluronan receptor (LYVE-1) antibody, pancreatic islets and some pancreatic endocrine tumours (PETs) were positively stained for the cytoplasm in addition to lymphatic vessels. The current study was extended to investigate possible immunostaining of gastrointestinal carcinoids using goat antihuman LYVE-1 antibody. Methods: Lymphatic vessels were immunostained by LYVE-1 and blood vessels were immunostained by factor 8 (F-8). Results: Among 27 gastrointestinal carcinoids, six cases (22%) including five primary and one metastatic carcinoids were positive in the cytoplasm for LYVE-1 in addition to lymphatic vessels and there were abundant lymphatic and blood vessels at the margin of the carcinoids. These six LYVE-1 positive cases consisted of three of 10 small intestinal, one of five appendiceal and two of seven large intestinal carcinoids. There was no LYVE-1 positive staining in the adjacent normal gastro-intestinal mucosa. Conclusions: The presence of LYVE-1 immunostaining in some gastrointestinal carcinoids may support a structure-function relationship of lymphatic vessels/hyaluronan receptor for modulating synthesis and secretion of hormones and amines by carcinoid tumour cells.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Infection history of the blood-meal host dictates pathogenic potential of the Lyme disease spirochete within the feeding tick vector. Lyme disease in humans is caused by several genospecies of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) complex of spirochetal bacteria, including B. burgdorferi, B. afzeffi and B. garinii. These bacteria exist in nature as obligate parasites in an enzootic cycle between small vertebrate hosts and Ixodid tick vectors, with humans representing incidental hosts. During the natural enzootic cycle, infected ticks in endemic areas feed not only upon naive hosts, but also upon seropositive infected hosts. In the current study, we considered this environmental parameter and assessed the impact of the immune status of the blood-meal host on the phenotype of the Lyme disease spirochete within the tick vector. We found that blood from a seropositive host profoundly attenuates the infectivity (>10(4) fold) of homologous spirochetes within the tick vector without killing them. This dramatic neutralization of vector-borne spirochetes was not observed, however, when ticks and blood-meal hosts carried heterologous B. burgdorferis.l. strains, or when mice lacking humoral immunity replaced wild-type mice as blood-meal hosts in similar experiments. Mechanistically, serum-mediated neutralization does not block induction of host-adapted OspC+ spirochetes during tick feeding, nor require tick midgut components. Significantly, this study demonstrates that strain-specific antibodies elicited by B. burgdorferis.l. infection neutralize homologous bacteria within feeding ticks, before the Lyme disease spirochetes enter a host. The blood meal ingested from an infected host thereby prevents super-infection by homologous spirochetes, while facilitating transmission of heterologous B. burgdorferis.l. strains. This finding suggests that Lyme disease spirochete diversity is stably maintained within endemic populations in local geographic regions through frequency-dependent selection of rare alleles of dominant polymorphic surface antigens.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 43, 21]}
+{"token": "Investigation of structural, electrokinetic and energy state properties of the semiconductive Zr1-xVxNiSn solid solution. Structural, electrokinetic and energy state characteristics of the Zr1-xVxNiSn semiconductive solid solution (x = 0 - 0.10) were investigated in the temperature interval 80 - 400 K. It was shown that doping of the ZrNiSn compound by V atoms (r(V) = 0.134 nm) due to substitution of Zr (r(Zr) = 0.160 nm) results in increase of lattice parameter a(x) of Zr1-xVxNiSn indicating unforecast strucrural change. Based on analysis of the motion rate of the Fermi level Delta epsilon(F)/Delta x for Zr1-xVxNiSn in direction of the conduction band it was concluded about simultaneous generation of the structural defects of the donor and acceptor nature (donor-acceptor pairs) by unknown mechanism and creation of the corresponding energy levels in the band gap of the semiconductor.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Convexity constant of a domain and applications. In the present paper we introduce a new characterization of the convexity of a planar domain, based on the convexity constant K (D) of a domain D subset of C. We show that in the class of simply connected planar domains, K (D) = 1 characterizes the convexity of the domain D, and we derive the value of the convexity constant for some classes of doubly connected domains of the form D-Omega = D - (Omega) over bar for certain choices of the domains D and Omega. Using the convexity constant of a domain, we derive an extension of the well-known Ozaki-Nunokawa-Krzyz univalence criterion for the casFs of non-convex domains, and we present some examples, which show that our condition is sharp. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "The thematic system in the construction of Arabic Sufism communities and Islamic identity. This research aims to investigate the thematic system (theme and rheme) of Arabic texts, especially Arabic Sufi texts related to al-Hikam aphorisms. Thematic structure is defined as the set of options relating to ???information structure???, the linguistic representation of extralinguistic experience and how a Sufi constructs an information structure in al-Hikam aphorisms. In this case, the extralinguistic experience is focused on the Arabic Sufi communities (Tarekat Syadziliyah community). The first problem of this research, about thematic system in al-Hikam aphorism related to Arabic Sufi communities and Islamic identities, is elaborated comprehensively. The elaboration process can be classified into a number of thematic systems such as (1) unmarked topical, (2) marked topical, (3) interpersonal and (4) textual. The thematic analysis becomes the base foundation to elaborate the construction of Arabic Sufi communities and Islamic identities. A thematic model shows how language users in Arabic Sufi communities encode language from their mental picture of reality. By capturing the al-Hikam aphorism through the thematic system, it can be concluded that communication is pivotal in making Islamic Sufi identities. Contribution: Contextually, this research contributes to the study of cross-language and cross -culture. Language as a reflection of a certain culture can be seen both in terms of the product and the translation process.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "b-metrics. In [20] it was claimed that the topology induced by a b-metric is metrizable but the proof used the assumption that the topology is a group topology. Here we prove what was claimed there. Also, we prove some results about b-metrics. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "2,4-dimethoxyphenylsemicarbazones with anticonvulsant activity against three animal models of seizures: Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation. Various 2.4-dimethoxyphenylsemicarbazones were synthesized starting from 2,4-dimethoxyaniline via a phenylcarbamate intermediate. The structures were confirmed by spectral and elemental analyses. The anticonvulsant activity of the synthesized compounds was established after intraperitoneal administration in three seizure models in mice which include maximal electroshock seizure, Subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole, and subcutaneous strychnine-induced seizure screens. Nine Compounds exhibited protection in all the three seizure models, and N-1-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-4-(propan-2-one)semicarbazone (17) emerged as the most active compound with no neurotoxicity. These compounds were found to elevate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in the midbrain and medulla oblongata regions equipotent to clobazam. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 36, 42]}
+{"token": "Transcriptomic profiles of Drosophila melanogaster third instar larval midgut and responses to oxidative stress. Oligoarray analysis was used to determine the number and nature of genes expressed in third instar Drosophila melanogaster larval midguts. The majority of transcripts were associated with protein synthesis and metabolism. Serine proteases were the main proteolytic enzymes detected. Some 40% of the cytochrome P450 genes and 74% of the glutathione S transferases (GSTs) in the genome of D. melanogaster were observed to be expressed in the midgut by oligoarray analysis. We also identified potential transcription factor binding motifs (TFBMs) of P450s, GSTs and carboxylesterases. Many of the midgut-expressed GST genes contained candidate TFBMs homologous to TFBMs in mammals that have been associated with responses to oxidative stress. We also investigated the response of GSTs in the midgut to dietary H2O2, which showed a dosage-based differential response.", "label": [4, 44, 42]}
+{"token": "Anger and hostility predict the development of atrial fibrillation in men in the Framingham Offspring Study. Conclusions - This is the first study to examine and demonstrate a predictive relation between measures of anger and hostility to the development of AF in men. As opposed to type A behavior, measures of anger and hostility may be more productive avenues for research in studying the risk of arrhythmias and total mortality in men.Background - Conflicting findings in the literature with regard to the ability of type A behavior, expressions of anger, or hostility to predict incident coronary heart disease ( CHD) have created controversy. In addition, there are no prospective studies relating these characteristics to the development of atrial fibrillation (AF).Methods and Results - From 1984 to 1987, 3873 men and women, 18 to 77 years of age, participating in the Framingham Offspring Study, were examined and monitored for 10 years for the incidence of CHD, AF, and total mortality. Measures of type A behavior, anger, hostility, and risk factors for CHD and AF were collected at the baseline examination. After controlling for age, diabetes, hypertension, history of myocardial infarction, history of congestive heart failure, and valvular heart disease in Cox proportional hazards models, trait-anger (RR = 1.1; 95% CI, 1.0 to 1.4; P = 0.04), symptoms of anger ( RR = 1.2; 95% CI, 1.0 to 1.4; P = 0.008), and hostility ( RR = 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.5; P = 0.003) were predictive of 10-year incidence of AF in men. After controlling for risk factors for CHD, none of the measures of anger, type A behavior, or hostility were related to incident CHD; however, trait-anger ( RR = 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.4; P < 0.01) was related to total mortality in men. None of the psychosocial variables were related to the 3 outcomes in women.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "The current challenges of dourine: difficulties in differentiating Trypanosoma equiperdum within the subgenus Trypanozoon. In the light of these concerns, it was decided, in agreement with the Directorate of the Federal Veterinary Services of Russia in Moscow, to perform comparative trials on the value of CFT/dourine at the OIE Reference Laboratory for dourine in Moscow (The All-Russian Research Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine) using reagents (antigens and sera) from seven countries with extensive experience in the field of dourine diagnosis, namely, South Africa, France, Italy, Germany, Russia, the United States of America and the People's Republic of China. It is thanks to the successful co-operation of these countries that the trials were made possible. Results showed an overall concordance and were submitted for consideration to the DIE Biological Standards Commission, the commission which is in charge of the Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. These trials serve as a starting point for further study, particularly in the following areas:the isolation of new strains of T equiperdum from clinical dourine casesDuring its 20th annual meeting in Paris in May 1999, the DIE (World organisation for animal health) Ad Hoc Group on Non-Tsetse Transmitted Animal Trypanosomoses expressed the following concerns about dourine:the discrepancies in some of the results of the complement fixation test (CFT), which is the only international diagnostic test officially recognised by the International Organisation for the Transportation of Equidaethe persistence of suspected cases of dourine in some Asian, European and African countriesthe identification of specific markers for T equiperdum which would make it possible to differentiate it from among the other species within the subgenus Trypanozoonthe experimental infection of horses with newly isolated T equiperdum strains to compare their pathogenicity with those currently used in national diagnostic laboratories and with that of T evansithe proposal and validation of new, internationally recognised diagnostic test(s) for dourine.phylogenetic studiesthe impossibility of differentiating Trypanosoma equiperdum from Trypanosoma evansi and of isolating new strains of T equiperdum from clinical cases that have appeared in various parts of the world since 1982.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "A PAS-Containing Histidine Kinase is Required for Conidiation, Appressorium Formation, and Disease Development in the Rice Blast Fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. Rice blast disease, caused by the ascomycete fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, is one of the most important diseases in rice production. PAS (period circadian protein, aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator protein, single-minded protein) domains are known to be involved in signal transduction pathways, but their functional roles have not been well studied in fungi. In this study, targeted gene deletion was carried out to investigate the functional roles of the PAS-containing gene MoPAS1 (MGG_02665) in M. oryzae. The deletion mutant Delta Mopas1 exhibited easily wettable mycelia, reduced conidiation, and defects in appressorium formation and disease development compared to the wild type and complemented transformant. Exogenous cAMP restored appressorium formation in Delta Mopas1, but the shape of the restored appressorium was irregular, indicating that MoPAS1 is involved in sensing the hydrophobic surface. To examine the expression and localization of MoPAS1 in M. oryzae during appressorium development and plant infection, we constructed a MoPAS1:GFP fusion construct. MoPAS1:GFP was observed in conidia and germ tubes at 0 and 2 h post-infection (hpi) on hydrophobic cover slips. By 8 hpi, most of the GFP signal was observed in the appressoria. During invasive growth in host cells, MoPAS1:GFP was found to be fully expressed in not only the appressoria but also invasive hyphae, suggesting that MoPAS may contribute to disease development in host cells. These results expand our knowledge of the roles of PAS-containing regulatory genes in the plant-pathogenic fungus M. oryzae.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 42]}
+{"token": "Preparation and Performance Evaluation of Cold Mix Asphalt Mixture. Cold mix asphalt mixture has a low strength and poor water stability, hence to solve this challenge, a cold mix asphaltic liquid was prepared in this study based on microscopic properties. LB-10 gradation was adopted and basalt fiber was selected as a reinforcing agent. The optimum asphalt aggregate ratio was determined by the Marshall test, and mix proportion was also designed. The laboratory tests were used to systematically evaluate road performance of the cold mix asphalt mixture. From the test results, it was shown that the initial strength, molding strength, immersion Marshall strength, residual stability, freeze-thaw splitting ratio, residual rate and dynamic stability of self-made cold mix asphalt mixture were 2.42 kN, 4.87 kN, 6.79 kN, 92.8%, 82.05%, 99.5% and 632 times/mm respectively. The initial strength, molding strength and residual stability of mixture became 90.9%, 88.7%, and 96.2%, respectively of their former values after one-month storage, showing good workability. By analyzing its research data and comparing with its existing products, the developed cold mix asphalt mixture can not only meet the requirements for road performances of the cold mix asphalt mixture in terms of strength, workability and high temperature stability, but greatly improves the water stability, storage stability and cohesive performance of the mixture.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Tacit Knowledge in Painting: From Studio to Classroom. This article discusses research that employed practice-led and action research methods to study the tacit knowledge of painting practice and its application to teaching. Polanyi's theory of tacit knowledge is used to analyse the non-verbal, experience-based knowledge of painting to construct a discursive relationship between the dual practices of painting and teaching. The research was undertaken in the context of a twelve-week class in landscape painting for adults in a non-profit art school. Within the context of the class, a series of paintings was created and documented. By analysing the focal and subsidiary knowledge of the painting processes, several distinct patterns of action and thinking emerged. These patterns were synthesised into three modes of thinking that integrate the mind, body and materials. The outcome of the study is a preliminary model that describes painting as a dynamic multi-modal thinking process, integrating visual perception, material actions and expressive ways of thinking. The discussion includes a detailed description of the research methods, the data analysis, the application in teaching, and the embodied nature of cognition in the painting process.", "label": [3, 5, 53, 30]}
+{"token": "Growth and maturation of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans following exposure to weak microwave fields. Prolonged exposure to weak microwave fields (750-1000 MHz, 0.5 W) at 25degreesC induces a heat-shock response in transgenic C. elegans strains carrying hsp16 reporter genes [1]. A comparable response to heat alone requires a substantially higher temperature of 28degreesC, suggesting that microwave heating of worms or of the system as a whole might provide a sufficient explanation, although this can be ruled out by indirect arguments [1]. Here we investigate two further biological consequences of prolonged microwave exposure at 25degreesC in synchronised cultures of wild-type worm larvae, namely alterations in (i) growth rate (GR) and (ii) the proportion of worms later maturing into egg-bearing adults (MP). Both of these parameters are significantly increased following microwave exposure (GR by 8-11%, and MP by 28-40%), whereas both are significantly decreased (GR by 10% and MP almost abolished) after mild heat treatment at 28degreesC for the same period. It follows that the biological consequences of microwave exposure are opposite to, and therefore incompatible with, those attributable to mild heating. This evidence does not in itself necessitate a non-thermal mechanism, but does eliminate explanations that invoke the bulk heating of tissues by microwaves. This latter, however, remains the sole basis for current regulations governing microwave exposure. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Knowledge production in the era of neo-liberal globalization: reflections on the changing academic conditions in Taiwan. This essay is an intervention to interrupt the blind adoption of the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) by Taiwan's academic regime to evaluate scholarly work. Situating the changing local conditions of knowledge production in the larger context of neo-liberal globalization, we trace the trajectory of implementing the new evaluation system and then pinpoint the critical impacts on intellectual work in this wave of 'internationalizing' research and publication promoted by the state bureaucracy. We argue for an alternative vision of globalization that is locally grounded, multiculturally nurturing and democratically driven.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30, 52]}
+{"token": "Project bank accounts: the second wave of security of payment?. Research limitations/implications - The relative infancy of PBA usage in the construction industry means that responses are largely based on awareness as opposed to experience. Nevertheless, survey data represent a snapshot of contractors' perceptions with respect to PBAs, which may be used as a benchmark against which to compare future studies to monitor how contractors' views and expectations have changed with time.Originality/value - The survey results will be of particular interest to those international jurisdictions who are considering, or who have already embarked on, the path of trialling and/or using PBAs in the public sector.Findings - Contractors consider PBAs as an effective initiative to encourage fair payment. There is uncertainty, however, as to whether PBAs will result in project cost savings. Head contractor resistance is perceived to be the biggest barrier to the use of PBAs. Adoption of PBAs in private-sector construction projects is likely to be slow.Purpose - The purpose of this study is to identify building contractors' views as to the need for, impact of and barriers to the use of project bank accounts (PBAs) in the UK construction industry.Design/methodology/approach - A cross-sectional research study was carried out by the use of questionnaires to collect quantitative data. The population for the research was of construction professionals working as full-time employees for either main (Tier 1) or specialist contractors (Tiers 2-4).", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Effects of rolling on wind-induced detachment thresholds of volcanic glass on Mars. Dunes in the northern lowlands on planet Mars are composed of volcanic sands with high contents of volcanic glass and these deposits are mobilised and transported by winds in the present-day surface environment. In this experimental study we measured fluid thresholds for detachment of Mars-analogue volcanic glass particles using a low-fluid density wind tunnel under wind shear stresses in the range of 0.1-0.6 N m(-2). Measured thresholds for larger particle diameters (> 150 mu m) were best-explained using a semi-empirical model of detachment which incorporates the effects of drag-induced rolling. Fitting of this semi-empirical model to obtained experimental data, combined with a residual analysis of the model fit with quantified particle properties made it possible to assess the sensitivity and validity of the model for predicting this type of particle detachment. This new model was used to predict the threshold shear stress for detachment of particles on Mars and indicated that larger particle diameters can detach by drag-induced rolling when subjected to present-day surface wind shears. A large morphological and granulometric variety of particles is therefore susceptible to this form of detachment, which provides a possible mechanism for the initial mobilisation of particles at lower wind speeds than required for detachment by saltation. Recent sand mobility may therefore have benefited from rolling as a contributing or as a saltation triggering process. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Deformation Behavior and Cavitation of AA2017 at Elevated Temperatures. In this work, deformation behavior of AA2017-T4 at elevated temperatures was studied employing uni-axial tensile and creep experiments. Tensile tests were carried out at temperatures varying 150-500 degrees C under different strain rates then, a combination of neural network and dynamic material modeling was utilized to construct the processing maps. Furthermore, creep experiments were conducted to assess inelastic deformation behavior of the alloy at temperatures between 150 and 225 degrees C and stresses in the range of 150 to 230 MPa. Microstructural evaluations were carried out for determination of microstructural changes and formation of voids and cavities within the samples. The results showed that dynamic precipitation could occur during deformation at temperatures 175-225 degrees C leading to negative strain-rate sensitivity at true strains larger than 0.1. The main softening process was detected as dynamic recovery at temperatures higher than 250 degrees C however, dynamic recrystallization could also occur at low strain rates and temperatures higher than 400 degrees C. The activation energies for hot deformation were computed as 380.6 kJ mole(-1)at 250-350 degrees C and it was reduced to 224.7 kJ mole(-1)for the range of 350-500 degrees C. This showed the hard particle could significantly change rate of flow softening. The creep activation energy was determined as 169.5 kJ while the stress-exponent varied between 5.5 and 10.1 at temperatures between 150 and 225 degrees C indicating that dynamic recovery controlled by dislocation climb could be the governing creep mechanism.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Diatoms, silicic acid and biogenic silica dynamics along the salinity gradient of the Scheldt estuary (Belgium/The Netherlands). The Scheldt estuary (Belgium/The Netherlands) was sampled along the entire salinity gradient from 2003 to 2005 for silicic acid (DSi), biogenic silica (BSi), suspended particulate matter (SPM) and pigments. Net DSi consumption and/or release within the estuary were investigated by comparing measured DSi concentrations with (fully-transient) model simulations of the concentrations that would have been obtained in case of conservative transport. The DSi consumption was at maximum in May due to diatoms of presumably marine origin blooming in the lower estuary. DSi consumption decreased rapidly in July, probably because of the grazing pressure of copepods also of marine origin, and DSi was released from late summer onwards. Multiple regression analyses showed that most of the BSi did not follow the dynamics of the living diatoms but rather that of the SPM. They also suggested that diatoms were more silicified in the upper estuary than in the lower estuary. Phytoliths were not expected to contribute significantly to the BSi pool. As BSi dynamics strongly differed from those of diatoms and DSi, this study highlighted the importance of taking BSi into account when investigating estuarine silica dynamics. This study also revealed the fundamental role of the coupling between the biogeochemical and ecological functioning of the lower estuary and that of the adjacent coastal zone. This contrasts with the classical consideration that estuaries act as one-way filters for dissolved and particulate material of riverine origin.", "label": [4, 5, 38, 52]}
+{"token": "First report on the isolation of Trueperella abortisuis from companion animals. The present study gives a detailed phenotypic and genotypic characterization of three Trueperella abortisuis strains isolated from a ten year old male Hovawart dog with an abscess of anal sac, from urine of an eight year old European shorthair cat with urolithiasis and nephrolithiasis and from a 14 year old Maine Coon cat with a perianal abscess, respectively. All three strains could be identified phenotypically, by MALDI-TOF MS analysis and genotypically by sequencing the 16S rDNA and the molecular target genes gap and tuf. The present study gives a first description of T. abortisuis of this origin.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Recent results at the metal-insulator transition of icosahedral AIPdRe. The metal-insulator transition, MIT, in icosahedral AlPdRe has been studied from measurements of magnetoresistance and conductivity. Results for the localisation length xi, the characteristic hopping temperature To and their relations at the MIT are discussed. The results indicate important similarities between i-AlPdRe and doped semiconductors.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Ignition of a metallized composite solid propellant by a group of hot particles. The solid-state ignition of a metallized composite propellant (ammonium perchlorate + 14% butyl rubber +5% aluminum powder + 6% plasticizer) under local heating by several sources of limited power capacity (dimensions of the hot particle x (p) = 4 mm and y (p) = 2 mm) was studied by mathematical modeling. For the temperature of the heated steel particles and the distance between them varied in the ranges 700 < T (p) < 1500 K and 0.1(x) (p) < Delta(x) < 1.5xp, respectively, the values of T (p) and Delta(x) were determined for which the ignition delay corresponds to the initiation of combustion of the composite propellant by a single particle, by a plate at a constant temperature or by several particles. In the region of low initial temperatures of the local sources (T (p) < 1100 K), the limiting values Delta(x) -> 0.1x (p) and Delta(x) > 1.5x (p), were identified for which the characteristics and mechanism of ignition of the propellant by a group of heated particles can be studied using the \\\\'plate-propellant-gas\\\\' model and the \\\\'single particle-propellant-gas\\\\' model, respectively. Decreasing the distance Delta x at T (p) < 1100 K decreases the induction period to 50% and reduces the minimum initial temperature of the source required to initiate propellant combustion from 830 to 700 K. At T (p) > 1100 K, the ignition of the metallized composite solid propellant by a single or several particles can be studied using relatively simple one-dimensional models of condensed material ignition by a plate at constant temperature. The variation in the ignition delay in this case is less than 5%.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 15, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Trends in ipecac use: A survey of poison center staff. The steady decline in syrup of ipecac used by poisoned victims from a peak of 15% in 1985 to 2.3% in 1995 is of concern. A survey compared syrup of ipecac use by CSPI, ABAT, and ABMT/ACMT members as the first response decontamination. The survey asked CSPI, ABAT, and ABMT/ACMT members their professional opinion on the use of syrup of ipecac in a potentially toxic ingestion. The scenario was \\\\'Your 2-y-old child/grandchild accidentally ingested a potentially lethal dose of poison (ie colchicine) 5 min ago and you have syrup of ipecac at home. Would you consider using it?\\\\' Of the 171 CSPI's who responded, 34.5% favored the use of syrup of ipecac while 63% were against and 2.3% needed more information. Of the 26 ABAT's who responded, 50% favored it's use, 42.3% would not and 7.6% needed more information, From the 55 ABMT/ACMT members who responded, 81.8% would use ipecac while 18.1% would not. ABMT/ACMT members favored the use of syrup of ipecac in this scenario (P < 0.005), while the CSPI's did not (P < 0.005), and the ABAT's did not have statistical difference. With CSPI's providing the treatment recommendations from poison centers, it is important that ABMT/ACMT members influence the recommended treatment protocols.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 10]}
+{"token": "The impact of endogenous content, replicates and pooling on genome capture from faecal samples. Target-capture approach has improved over the past years, proving to be very efficient tool for selectively sequencing genetic regions of interest. These methods have also allowed the use of noninvasive samples such as faeces (characterized by their low quantity and quality of endogenous DNA) to be used in conservation genomic, evolution and population genetic studies. Here we aim to test different protocols and strategies for exome capture using the Roche SeqCap EZ Developer kit (57.5Mb). First, we captured a complex pool of DNA libraries. Second, we assessed the influence of using more than one faecal sample, extract and/or library from the same individual, to evaluate its effect on the molecular complexity of the experiment. We validated our experiments with 18 chimpanzee faecal samples collected from two field sites as a part of the Pan African Programme: The Cultured Chimpanzee. Those two field sites are in Kibale National Park, Uganda (N=9) and Loango National Park, Gabon (N=9). We demonstrate that at least 16 libraries can be pooled, target enriched through hybridization, and sequenced allowing for the genotyping of 951,949 exome markers for population genetic analyses. Further, we observe that molecule richness, and thus, data acquisition, increase when using multiple libraries from the same extract or multiple extracts from the same sample. Finally, repeated captures significantly decrease the proportion of off-target reads from 34.15% after one capture round to 7.83% after two capture rounds, supporting our conclusion that two rounds of target enrichment are advisable when using complex faecal samples.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
+{"token": "Comparison of a CMOS-based and a CCD-based digital x-ray imaging system: Observer studies. The purpose of this study is to compare the performance of a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-based digital x-ray imaging system with that of a charge-coupled device (CCD)-based system for small animal research. A CMOS-based digital x-ray imaging system was developed and tested. The core of this system is a detector module consisting of eight joint CMOS chips, each having a size of 512X1024 pixels with a readout unit on the side. The pixel size of the CMOS detectors is 0.048 mm. The contrast detail detectability of the CMOS-based system was studied using different phantoms, and compared with that of a CCD-based digital imaging system. The contrast detail curves of the CMOS-based image system, obtained from the observer-based studies, are highly comparable to the CCD-based imaging system, particularly at higher x-ray exposures. The images of fine structures of a mouse, acquired by the CMOS system, demonstrated the capability of the system in the studies of small animals. With integration potential, manufacturability, and low costs, the CMOS-based imaging systems could be used in animal studies and potentially become useful clinical tools for diagnosis. (c) 2005 SPIE and IS&T.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35]}
+{"token": "Ependymal ciliary motion and their role in congenital hydrocephalus. Purpose Since a case of hydrocephalus in humans considered to be caused by ciliary dysfunction was first reported by Greenstone et al. in 1984, numerous papers on the correlation between ciliary function and hydrocephalus have been published. Methods We reviewed the published literature on primary ciliary dyskinesia in humans causing hydrocephalus, focusing on articles specifically examining the relation between ciliary function and hydrocephalus and its treatment. In addition, the authors' experience is briefly discussed. Results Full texts of 16 articles reporting cases of human hydrocephalus (including ventriculomegaly) due to defects in ependymal ciliary function or primary ciliary dyskinesia observed in clinical practice were extracted. In recent years, studies on animal models, especially employing knockout mice, have revealed genetic mutations that cause hydrocephalus via ciliary dysfunction. However, a few reports on the onset of hydrocephalus in human patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia have confirmed that the incidence of this condition was extremely low compared to that in animal models. Conclusion In humans, it is rare for hydrocephalus to develop solely because of abnormalities in the cilia, and it is highly likely that other factors are also involved along with ciliary dysfunction.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Highly reliable energy-efficient glass coatings for pipes transporting energy carriers, liquids, and gases. Comparative characteristics of known materials which are used to increase the longevity of steel pipes are presented. It is shown that glass enamel coatings provide effective protection from corrosion. The physical and technological characteristics of fused frits (water resistance, impact strength, microhardness) fall within the GOST 24405-80 limits.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Vascular Flora of Longleaf Pine Woodlands after Wind Disturbance and Salvage Harvesting in the Alabama Fall Line Hills. The Oakmulgee District of the Talladega National Forest is the largest remnant of the endangered longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem in Alabama. A partial floristic survey using nested plots and survey plots was conducted May-July 2016 in longleaf pine woodlands of the Oakmulgee District that were differentially impacted by a 27 April 2011 EF3 tornado and a subsequent salvage harvesting operation. Vascular plants were identified and ranked by frequency of occurrence (rare, occasional, common, and abundant) in three disturbance categories: undisturbed, wind-disturbed, and compound-disturbed (wind-disturbed and salvage-harvested). Overall, 192 plant taxa in 68 families and 137 genera were documented. Plant taxonomic richness was lowest on undisturbed sites (90 taxa), greatest on wind-disturbed sites (160 taxa), and reduced on compound-disturbed sites (126 taxa). Although salvage harvesting reduced taxonomic richness, 46 of the 48 plant taxa unique to unharvested wind-disturbed sites were rare (occurred on <10% of nested plots). Moreover, undisturbed sites had only nine unique taxa, of which eight were rare. Decisions on whether to salvage harvest must consider the ecological significance of these rare plants. Wind- and compound-disturbed areas may recover toward predisturbance conditions, and the floristic list presented here provides the baseline to monitor this succession. The documented floristic composition also provides insight on short-term responses of vascular plants to differential disturbance impacts in an understudied region of the longleaf pine ecosystem.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Reconciling food security and bioenergy: priorities for action. Understanding the complex interactions among food security, bioenergy sustainability, and resource management requires a focus on specific contextual problems and opportunities. The United Nations' 2030 Sustainable Development Goals place a high priority on food and energy security; bioenergy plays an important role in achieving both goals. Effective food security programs begin by clearly defining the problem and asking, ` What can be done to assist people at high risk?' Simplistic global analyses, headlines, and cartoons that blame biofuels for food insecurity may reflect good intentions but mislead the public and policymakers because they obscure the main drivers of local food insecurity and ignore opportunities for bioenergy to contribute to solutions. Applying sustainability guidelines to bioenergy will help achieve near- and long- term goals to eradicate hunger. Priorities for achieving successful synergies between bioenergy and food security include the following: (1) clarifying communications with clear and consistent terms, (2) recognizing that food and bioenergy need not compete for land and, instead, should be integrated to improve resource management, (3) investing in technology, rural extension, and innovations to build capacity and infrastructure, (4) promoting stable prices that incentivize local production, (5) adopting flex crops that can provide food along with other products and services to society, and (6) engaging stakeholders to identify and assess specific opportunities for biofuels to improve food security. Systematic monitoring and analysis to support adaptive management and continual improvement are essential elements to build synergies and help society equitably meet growing demands for both food and energy.", "label": [0, 1, 2, 7, 19, 15]}
+{"token": "Structural insights into calicivirus attachment and uncoating. The Caliciviridae family comprises positive-sense RNA viruses of medical and veterinary significance. In humans, caliciviruses are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis, while in animals respiratory illness, conjunctivitis, stomatitis, and hemorrhagic disease are documented. Investigation of virus-host interactions is limited by a lack of culture systems for many viruses in this family. Feline calicivirus (FCV), a member of the Vesivirus genus, provides a tractable model, since it may be propagated in cell culture. Feline junctional adhesion molecule 1 (fJAM-1) was recently identified as a functional receptor for FCV. We have analyzed the structure of this virus-receptor complex by cryo-electron microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction, combined with fitting of homology modeled high-resolution coordinates. We show that domain 1 of fJAM-1 binds to the outer face of the P2 domain of the FCV capsid protein VP1, inducing conformational changes in the viral capsid. This study provides the first structural view of a native calicivirus-protein receptor complex and insights into the mechanisms of virus attachment and uncoating.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Intraspecific genetic variation in mitochondrial 16S ribosomal gene of Zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri. A 592 base-pair fragment of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal gene in 47 Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri) specimens was sequenced to examine its intraspecific genetic variation and geographic structure. These samples were collected from six populations [four from China, and one each from South Korea (SK) and Japan] across its range. Thirty-one nucleotide positions were found variable, and twenty-three haplotypes were detected in all samples, which showed that more 16S rDNA variation existed in C. farreri when compared with several other oyster species. Analysis at the intrapopulation level showed that the SK sample had the richest sequence diversity. However, an analysis of haplotype frequency distribution and analysis of molecular variance indicated that little geographic structure was present among all samples, and an absolute majority (99.65%) of the genetic variation was distributed within populations, suggesting that the populations in this study may belong to a single panmictic unit. A relatively smaller distribution range and various currents may account for sufficient gene flow among these populations for this benthic species.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
+{"token": "The Neotropical species of the predaceous midge genus Austrohelea Wirth & Grogan (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Two new Neotropical species of the predaceous midge genus Austrohelea Wirth & Grogan, A. sirii n. sp. and A. spinosa n. sp., and the previously known A. shannoni (Wirth & Blanton) are described, illustrated and photomicrographs provided of male and female specimens collected from several localities in Argentine and Chilean Patagonia. The similarities and differences between the three Neotropical species are discussed, and a key is provided of the males and females of these three species. The distribution of A. shannoni is extended to the southernmost region of South America.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "A Home for Obedience: Masculinity in Personal Status for Muslims Law. Over the centuries, family laws around the Muslim world have been enacted mainly with the aim of restricting women and curbing their rights. One of the issues that family laws paid much attention to and legislated in details is disobedience (nushuz) of the wife. Nushuz in shari'a is said to be withholding of the conjugal rights of the husband. Although Nushuz became a description of women's behavior, in Chapter 4, of the Qur'an, An-Nisa (The Women) mentions the nushuz of both the husband and the wife-nushuz of the wife in verse 34 and a husband's nushuz in verse 128. This chapter discusses both husband and wife's nushuz and highlights the masculinity (and manipulation of that interpretation) in the Qur'an to legislate laws such as the Sudanese Personal Status for Muslims Act, 1991. The law dealt with the wife's disobedience in details, but totally ignored to legislate any limit of the husband's desertion of his wife or any behavior that may make him the one who is nashiz.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Detection of damaged mooring line based on deep neural networks. Since severe damage to the floating offshore structures due to the deterioration of their structural stability may lead to major disasters, it is necessary to detect mooring line damage at an early stage. However, most of the existing damage detection approaches of mooring line have difficulties to provide constant monitoring or to detect local damages to line. This study aims to develop a detection approach of a damaged mooring line in tension leg platform (TLP) based on deep neural networks (DNN). Simulation data with Charm3D was used for training and testing the DNN in the study because it is impractical to obtain actual data by intentionally damaging mooring lines that are in operation. The accuracies of the DNN model were significantly high (94.6%-99.3%) with noise level differing from 0% to 20%. The quite low false negative (FN) errors of 0.7%-5.4% for noise levels of 1-20% shows the potential of DNN-based structural health monitoring system to identify a damaged mooring line in TLP. The results of the study indicate that DNN-based damage detection approach with floater responses is applicable for even a local damage, and thus can prevent further damage or accident by early-stage detection.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 39]}
+{"token": "Romans 3,20b: Sinful through the Law. In Rom 3,20 Paul summarises the argument of the narratio (1,18-3,20). 3,20a is his proposition, 3,20b his argument: observing the Law cannot justify the Jew; he becomes acquainted with Sin through the Law.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Searching for Signs of Life on Other Planets: Mars a Case Study. Demonstrating the existence of simple life forms (past or present) on a cosmic body other than Earth is exceedingly challenging: (1) A naturally sceptic scientific community expects the evidence to be convincing-for example, several independent lines of analyses performed on a feature where the results can only be explained by a biological process. (2) Most bodies are difficult to explore in situ, just about the only way to achieve the above goal, and even then, typically, several missions are required to understand where to go and what to study. (3) Planets and moons that can only be observed remotely (e.g. exoplanets) or from orbit can at best provide some indirect hints of life potential. The actual verification of life would require studying samples containing biosignatures. With the exception of some active moons where jets and plumes may provide the means for satellites to analyse surface sourced material, most other cases require landing, exploring, collecting samples, and analysing them in situ-or bringing them back to Earth.In this chapter we look at Mars as an example case and propose a scoring system for assigning a confidence value to a group of observations aiming to establish whether a location hosted (or still harbors) microbial life.Life-seeking missions to other planets should target as many biosignatures as possible. Their discoveries cannot be conclusive unless they include powerful analytical chemistry instruments able to study biosignatures of biomolecules and their degradation products.", "label": [4, 34, 42]}
+{"token": "The relative importance of vertical and horizontal visual cues in nest location by Megachile rotundata. We addressed the relative importance of vertical and horizontal visual cues in nest location by females of the solitary bee Megachile rotundata. We compared vertical versus horizontal displacements of a nest block in the first experiment and of a proximal landmark in the second experiment. In a third experiment, we removed either vertical or horizontal proximal landmarks. Bees responded to changes applied to the nesting area by increasing nest location time and displaying behaviours consistent with confusion (hovering flights, reorientation flights, wrong nest visitations). The nest block displacements revealed a higher level of disorientation with horizontal displacements than with vertical displacements. Proximal landmark displacements led to disorientation with a horizontal displacement, but not with a vertical displacement. Removing proximal landmarks elicited disorientation, regardless of the orientation of the remaining landmarks.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Automatic buildings detection using Sobel, Roberts, Canny and Prewwitt detector. This work deals with the possibilities of contemporary automatic identification of objects. Automatic object identification can be done by two computational procedures, namely object detection and object recognition. This work deals with the automatic buildings detection, specifically. Presented detection is performed using the edge detectors, namely Prewwitt, Roberts, Canny and Sobel. The main goal of our work was to automate the device for the detection of hazardous substances in the air, as the detection of hazardous substances is realized by laser-based CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear) stand-off detectors, which evaluate the measured data from the reflected laser beam. In this case, buildings are the most reflective surfaces. In order to detect a building, it is necessary to find a suitable edge detector to be used in further research and serve as a basis for software solution of automatic identification.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Cocreated brand value: theoretical model and propositions. Though ample studies address the cocreation process, scholarly understanding of the outcome of such cocreative processes (i.e. cocreated value) lags behind, particularly with respect to brand-related cocreated value. Based on this gap, we explore S-D logic-informed customer cocreated brand value (CCBV), which reflects a customer's assessment of the value derived from interactive, joint, or collaborative activities for or with brand-related actors. We also develop a model that identifies the CCBV antecedents of resource integration-which generates resource personalisation and institutionalisation-engagement, and sharing that combine to yield CCBV. In turn, CCBV generates modified tie-strength and modified network cohesion. Drawing on the model, we develop a set of propositions that consolidate CCBV-based insight, followed by an overview of implications that arise from our analyses.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
+{"token": "Austro-Hungarian refugee soldiers in China. This paper deals with the problem of the Austro-Hungarian prisoners of war in World War I who were captured by the Russian Army and who then escaped from Siberian detention camps and ultimately found asylum in China. The Tianjin German Relief Fund (Tientsin Hilfsaktion) was a leading nongovernmental charitable organization that provided aid for these captives and refugees. It operated successfully in China until that country's decision to join the war on the side of the Allied Powers forced the organization to close. A local network of German and Austro-Hungarian civilian middlemen also helped the refugee soldiers passing through, and the Chinese authorities set up camps in Manchuria for these soldiers, where they were interned until their repatriation after the war. This paper also introduces some individual cases to show how certain Austro-Hungarian POWs attempted to deal with their life in China. The author argues that China had a role and agency in World War I, that the refugee soldier question was the last episode of the nineteenth-century-style Concert of Europe, and that the POWs had a role and agency in shaping their own destinies.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Persistence of a distinct Corynebacterium diphtheriae clonal group within two communities in the United States and Canada where diphtheria is endemic. Molecular characterization of 53 U.S. and Canadian Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolates by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, ribotyping, and random amplified polymorphic DNA showed that strains with distinct molecular subtypes have persisted in the United States and Canada for at least 25 years. These strains are endemic rather than imported from countries with current endemic or epidemic diphtheria.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Automation of library preparation using Illumina ForenSeq kit for routine sequencing of casework samples. Massively Parallel Sequencing (MPS) technologies are called upon to play a major role in forensic genomics in the next few years. However, library preparation protocols contain numerous steps which can complexify casework analysis in routine. Implementation of a MPS analytical workflow, in a casework laboratory, requires automation to guarantee a full sample tracking and to minimize contamination risks. In this study, we present the development and validation of a fully automated workflow using Illumina ForenSeq DNA signature Prep Kit on a NGS STARlet HID Illumina platform. Automation greatly helps with library preparation reproducibility and significantly reduces hands-on time. We are confident that automation of MPS technologies will enhance forensic laboratory to adopt these powerful analytical tools determinant for the future of the forensic genomics field.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Herb layer extinction debt in highly fragmented temperate forests - Completely paid after 160 years?. The time-delayed extinction of plant species following habitat fragmentation is a well-known phenomenon in ecology. The length of the relaxation time until this 'extinction debt' is paid (i.e., until extinctions cease) depends on the ecosystem, species group and extent of fragmentation. Studies of grassland ecosystems have revealed that plant extirpations after fragmentation can occur rapidly when the degree of fragmentation is high. Studies of extinction debt in highly fragmented forests, however, are lacking. In this study, we evaluated the existence of an extinction debt in the Prignitz, Brandenburg, Germany, where 94% of the semi-natural forests have vanished since 1780. We surveyed the herb-layer species of 104 forest patches and fitted species richness as a function of the historical and present-day patch configurations. Models including the present-day habitat area and connectivity explained the present day species richness better than models including historical patch-configuration variables. There was no significant effect of the historical habitat area on the present day species richness. However, the effect of historical patch connectivity on the richness of forest specialists with short-distance dispersal potential was significant when excluding present-day habitat area from the models and habitat quality and heterogeneity were used as covariables. The extinction debt has largely been paid after approximately 160 years of relaxation time which contrasts with previous studies of temperate forests that have found extinction debts persisting 120-225 years after fragmentation. We demonstrate that extinction debts in temperate forests may be paid off more rapidly if the degree of fragmentation is high. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Evaluating stakeholder participation in public services - parents and schools. One of the most important aspects of recent education reforms in England and Wales is the encouragement of parental participation in schools. Parents were empowered as individual consumers in the education market and also gained management positions on school governing bodies. The recent White Papers in education further develops the parental role and recognises the position of parents as key stakeholders in education. This paper highlights the divergence between the rhetoric and the reality concerning parents as stakeholders in education. Behind a facade of parental stakeholding lies a reality which indicates that parents do not actively participate in education.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "The importance of high-quality algal food sources in stream food webs - current status and future perspectives. While many streams and rivers are dominated by terrestrial inputs of organic carbon, algae are an important trophic base for stream food webs. However, the nutritional importance of algae for stream invertebrates only recently has been highlighted. Algae are acknowledged as higher quality food than terrestrial organic matter for the growth and reproduction of invertebrates. In part, this is because of higher algal polyunsaturated fatty-acid (PUFA) content. Here, we review the important influence of algal food quality, as assessed by PUFA, in stream food webs. Current field investigations have mainly focused on the fatty-acid dynamics of macroinvertebrates, and indicate that algal eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), -linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acids (LIN) are present in all macroinvertebrates. However, fungal and bacterial tracers have also been observed in a range of macroinvertebrates. The omega-3 (3)/omega-6 (6) ratio >1 in most macroinvertebrates strongly indicates that dietary energy of algae is highly retained in stream food webs. Interspecific differences in PUFA composition seem to be affected by dietary PUFA and consumer physiology. Some studies have suggested that besides dietary EPA, the shorter chain C18 PUFA LIN and ALA also can improve growth and reproduction of stream invertebrate consumers. Some macroinvertebrates may preferentially retain or synthesise long-chain PUFA from C18 PUFA when experiencing low-quality food. However, this process is controversial since other species have shown very limited ability to synthesise long-chain PUFA. Algal PUFA composition is strongly influenced by abiotic factors, particularly light, nutrients, and temperature. Human disturbance (i.e. riparian vegetation removal and nutrient inputs) on algal PUFA content and their consequent effects on macroinvertebrates and fish clearly warrant further scientific attention. Controlled feeding trials and manipulative studies are required to measure PUFA conversion capacities and reproductive investment of stream macroinvertebrates under different food quality conditions, which will provide insights into how freshwater species can cope with different nutritional food conditions due to human disturbance and climate change.", "label": [4, 37, 45]}
+{"token": "Aquinas's Ecological Vision: Natural Law and Friendship in Contemporary Environmental Political Thought. This article examines Aquinas's thinking about law and nature to show that for Aquinas natural law is not about deriving or finding normative rules (standards) in the order of the cosmos or requirements of practical rationality. Rather, I argue that for Aquinas, natural law is a distinctive way of theorizing relationality and embodiment in the \\\\'sublunary realm\\\\': one that aims at \\\\'friendship\\\\' across species lines (STI-II99.2-3). The word Aquinas uses to describe this ecological practice is synderesis. For Aquinas, synderesis is both the human-creaturely capacity to grasp the analogical structuring of reality and the \\\\'disposition\\\\' that allows us to work on transforming this reality into belonging-together through our participation in natural law (STI79; DV15-17). Synderesis is thus of central importance to Aquinas's account of natural law, yet it is largely overlooked by modern natural law theorists. The article concludes by exploring how Aquinas's natural law thinking might contribute to an environmental politics of friendship.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Post-harvest innovation systems in South Asia - Research as capacity development and its prospects for impact on the poor in developing countries. Post-harvest R&D could make a valuable contribution to pro-poor rural development. Evidence suggests, however, that technological innovations need to be supplemented by institutional innovations that encourage broader participation from researchers, entrepreneurs and users of the technology. Furthermore, greater attention will need to be given to the wider institutional context in which innovation takes place. This paper presents the concept of a post-harvest innovation system as a way of exploring these issues and explains the capacity-development view of research that this perspective brings. Examples of post-harvest innovation systems are presented to illustrate the critical importance of partnerships and the influence of the institutional context on the outcome of research. Ways of implementing this in research programmes are then discussed.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "A professional development climate course for sustainable agriculture in Australia. There are few professional development courses in Australia for the rural sector concerned with climate variability, climate change and sustainable agriculture. The lack of educators with a sound technical background in climate science and its applications in agriculture prevents the delivery of courses either stand-alone or embedded in other courses, and adversely affects the ability of graduating students to apply climate information. This paper presents evidence from a professional development climate course with 20 professional educators and consultants and results from: surveys at the training workshop; from a questionnaire 12 months post-workshop; and a combined interview and survey two years post-workshop. The key finding was that professional development courses specifically addressing climate are essential, while topics should include climate and weather, the impacts of climate on agricultural systems, strategic thinking and planning options available for business. A project undertaken by professionals delivering climate education helped to improve their skills and confidence to deliver other stand-alone climate courses or to embed climate in existing courses. The paper proposes that a suitable resource manual should be `problem-based' in its design to allow for a broad range of geographic climates, and should address a wide range of agricultural enterprises including livestock production, horticulture and cropping. The authors also propose ways to introduce and integrate applied climate knowledge and skills into the wider community. Possible progress for inter-disciplinary education and the implications from enhancing learning about climate for sustainable agriculture are discussed.", "label": [5, 53, 52]}
+{"token": "Market attractiveness of developing countries. Companies operating in international markets must be able to evaluate the potential market attractiveness of developing countries with which they may wish to do business. To make decisions about where to go for business, they have access to much information from specialized sources and from statistical data supplied by international institutions. Such vast and diverse information is rarely used in a systematic way in the management decision processes. When it is used, the process is often inadequately formalized. The available information generally deals with economic factors, while in the present international arena, judgments about politics must also be taken into account. This paper investigates the applicability and advantages of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to this decision process, using it to create maps of joint economic progress and political stability in a number of countries for two time periods, 1990-91 and 1995-97.", "label": [1, 5, 49, 15, 50]}
+{"token": "Cirripedia Thoracica associated with Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) in the northern Aegean Sea. Twenty-nine dead loggerhead tunics, washed ashore at various localities in northern Greece, were sampled. Study of the material collected revealed 9 species of Cirripedia Thoracica. Chelonibia panda (Ranzani, 1818), Balanus perforatus Bruguiere, 1789, and Pachylasma giganteum (Philippi, 1836) are reported for the first time as epibionts of Caretta caretta. The results are discussed in relation to the relevant literature.", "label": [4, 45]}
+{"token": "Increased spontaneous, tumor necrosis factor receptor and CD95 (Fas)-mediated apoptosis in cord blood T-cell subsets from Turner's syndrome. Increased spontaneous as well as TNF-alpha-induced and CD95-mediated apoptosis were observed in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from the cord blood of a patient with Turner's syndrome as compared to normal cord blood. Increased apoptosis was associated with an increased expression of TNFR-1, TNFR-2, and CD95L and decreased expression of clAP1 and FLIP, No significant difference was observed in the expression of Bcl-2 family members (Bcl-2, Bax) between Turner's syndrome cord blood and normal cord blood, lymphocytes. This study demonstrates that increased apoptosis of T-cell subsets in Turner's syndrome occurs via the death receptor pathway and may play a role in the pathogenesis of immunological defects associated with Turner's syndrome.", "label": [2, 18, 20]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of LiNES: A New Measure of Trauma, Negative Affect, and Relationship Insecurity Over the Life Span in Persons With FND. Methods: The LiNES, Childhood Abuse and Trauma Scale (CATS), Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ), and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) were administered to 71 individuals with FND. The reliability and validity of LiNES were examined by correlation with the other measures. END patients' responses on LiNES were compared with those of 170 healthy control subjects.Results: LiNES scores in the FND group were internally consistent and correlated highly with CATS, RSQ, and PANAS scores. At each developmental stage, LINES trauma scores were higher among patients with FND, compared with control subjects. The FND subgroup, which comprised patients who also had nonepileptic attack disorder, had higher trauma scores, compared with the END-only subgroup. Compared with control subjects, patients with FND reported greater negative affect and relationship insecurity in adulthood. Lifetime LiNES scores for interpersonal trauma and relationship insecurity predicted FND group classification with >80% accuracy.Objective: The authors evaluated potential predisposing vulnerabilities and perpetuating factors among individuals with functional neurological disorder (END) by using the novel Lifespan Negative Experiences Scale (LiNES), which assesses retrospective self-report of interpersonal trauma, negative affect, and relationship insecurity at three developmental stages: childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.Conclusions: This study provides further support for the links between FND and trauma, negative affect, and insecure attachment. Recognition of these factors is likely to be important for treatment and stratification of important subpopulations in research. These findings provide new insights into the association between the timing of negative experiences and their effect, with LINES emerging as a potentially useful measure for patients presenting with END.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 23]}
+{"token": "Contrasting elegant variation in English- and Spanish-language dailies and novels. Anyone who learns a second language realizes that beyond phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicon, there are variations of style between different tongues. One notable manifestation is word choice, particularly in writing. Writers may repeat vocabulary for efficiency and clarity, or they may choose synonyms to promote variety and creativity. When the latter practice is carried to extremes, it is known as elegant variation and is largely stigmatized in English, whereas such flexibility is widely valued among writers of Romance languages such as Spanish. While this phenomenon has been noted anecdotally, the present study explores it empirically. The main focus is journalistic prose in two U.S. and two Mexican newspapers, followed by a briefer examination of English and Spanish literature. Although elegant variation occurs in various word classes, this study centers on specific nouns and verbs. While the results demonstrating the vast difference between English and Spanish are interesting in their own right, there follows a discussion of their practical impact on translation, including the preservation of idiomaticity. This is especially relevant in light of the vastly improved capabilities of Google Translate, a development that calls for a reevaluation of the role of both humans and machines in the translation process.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Integrated visualized time control system for repetitive construction projects. Construction control is an essential management function for successful delivery and achieving of construction projects' goals. Considerable research efforts have been done regarding project control. However, literature suffers from a lack of visualizing the controlling process. With the growth of using visualization techniques in construction, Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Geographic Information System (GIS) have recently attained a widespread contribution in visualization of construction progress. BIM is a process of creating virtual models data that represents building facilities. In this research, BIM represents a platform for nD (n-Dimensional) visualization of construction progress. The advantages of this paper stems from three main contributions for construction projects control: 1) developing of a mathematical model for time control of repetitive construction projects; 2) an automated system to dynamically integrate project progress with BIM technique; and 3) a GIS-based tool to visualize the progress of distributed sites. The developed model provides abundant information to help decision makers take the appropriate corrective actions. An example application is presented to demonstrate the applicability of the developed system. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "Tardigrade Resistance to Space Effects: First Results of Experiments on the LIFE-TARSE Mission on FOTON-M3 (September 2007). The Tardigrade Resistance to Space Effects (TARSE) project, part of the mission LIFE on FOTON-M3, analyzed the effects of the space environment on desiccated and active tardigrades. Four experiments were conducted in which the eutardigrade Macrobiotus richtersi was used as a model species. Desiccated (in leaf litter or on paper) and hydrated tardigrades (fed or starved) were flown on FOTON-M3 for 12 days in September 2007, which, for the first time, allowed for a comparison of the effects of the space environment on desiccated and on active animals. In this paper, we report the experimental design of the TARSE project and data on tardigrade survival. In addition, data on survival, genomic DNA integrity, Hsp70 and Hsp90 expressions, antioxidant enzyme contents and activities, and life history traits were compared between hydrated starved tardigrades flown in space and those maintained on Earth as a control. Microgravity and radiation had no effect on survival or DNA integrity of active tardigrades. Hsp expressions between the animals in space and the control animals on Earth were similar. Spaceflight induced an increase of glutathione content and its related enzymatic activities. Catalase and superoxide dismutase decreased with spaceflight, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances did not change. During the flight mission, tardigrades molted, and females laid eggs. Several eggs hatched, and the newborns exhibited normal morphology and behavior.", "label": [4, 34, 38, 42]}
+{"token": "Stopover ecology of autumn landbird migrants in the Boise foothills of southwestern Idaho. The topography of western North America provides a complex landscape for landbird migrants, and stopover patterns in this region are poorly understood. We examined seven years of stopover data (1997-2003) from a montane area in southwestern Idaho to determine whether this area provides Suitable stopover habitat. We compared the proportion of birds recaptured, stopover duration. and changes in energetic condition within and among species and between two mist-netting, sites located in different habitats. The proportion of birds recaptured ranged from zero to over 20%, and fewer than 5% of individuals were recaptured in most species. Mean minimum stopover durations from recapture data ranged from I to 10 days: most species averaged less than 6 days. Stopover duration estimates from open-populations models were comparable but generally greater than estimates from recapture data. As found in stopover studies from other regions, stopover metrics varied within and among species in Idaho. However, most migrants in this study exhibited an ability to gain mass, evidenced both by recapture data and by regression of energetic condition against time since sunrise. These data imply that montane habitats in Idaho are suitable stopover sites. It follows that these habitats might serve an important role for many landbird migrants during the period of late summer molt and autumn migration. a time when many lowland areas of the West, including some riparian systems, are especially arid. We suggest that including montane nonriparian habitats in future stopover ecology Studies will allow for a more complete understanding of migrant habitat needs in the West.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Did the strategy of skilled attendance at birth reach the poor in Indonesia?. Findings There was no change in rates of professional attendance or caesarean section before the programme's full implementation (1986-1991). After 199 1, the greatest increases in professional attendance occurred among the poorest two quintiles - 11% per year compared with 6% per year for women in the middle quintile (P = 0.02). These patterns persisted after the economic crisis had ended. In contrast, most of the increase in rates of caesarean section occurred among women in the wealthiest quintile. Rates of caesarean deliveries remained at less than 1% for the poorest two-fifths of the population, but rose to 10% for the wealthiest fifth.Methods Using pooled Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data from 1986-2002, we examined trends in the percentage of births attended by a health professional and deliveries via caesarean section. We tested for effects of the economic crisis of 1997, which had a negative impact on Indonesia's health system. We used logistic regression, allowing for time-trend interactions with wealth quintile and urban/rural residence.Objective To assess whether the strategy of '' a midwife in every village '' in Indonesia achieved its aim of increasing professional delivery care for the poorest women.Conclusion The Indonesian village midwife programme dramatically reduced socioeconomic inequalities in professional attendance at birth, but the gap in access to potentially life-saving emergency obstetric care widened. This underscores the importance of understanding the barriers to accessing emergency obstetric care and of the ways to overcome them, especially among the poor.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Heart Rate Variability as a Measure of Disease State in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a noninvasive measure of sympathovagal balance in the autonomic nervous system (ANS). This review will: (a) consider HRV measurement in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); (b) discuss the applicability of HRV measurement in IBS by addressing strengths and limitations; and (c) propose future directions in this field of gastrointestinal research and clinical practice. As a strength, analyzing HRV components is a useful method and appears most suitable for detection of changes in ANS sympathovagal balance in both stress and non-stress conditions with good validity and reliability. Also, it is an appropriate measure for ANS in studies with large populations, in both laboratory and clinical settings, and for longitudinal studies because of its noninvasive assets. With regard to limitations of measuring HRV, these are poor standardization, additional human editing, not considering medication or other confounding factors, inconsistent results in gastrointestinal vagal tone study, and different time periods. [Asian Nursing Research 2008;2(1):5-16]", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Influence of heat treatment on high-temperature mechanical properties of Ti-5Dy-5Si-Sn alloys. By the methods of X-ray diffraction, metallography, TEM, SEM and mechanical testing for compression, the influence of heat-treatment condition on the structure and properties of Ti-5Dy-5Si-Sn alloys was studied. High dispersity and stability of the microstructure were observed, predetermining a high level of mechanical properties. Annealing by the regime 1350 degrees C, 31.5 h + 1250 degrees C, 32 h + 1200 degrees C, 32 h + 1100 degrees C, 32 h was shown to provide optimum combination of high-temperature strength and room-temperature plasticity.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Risk Assessment of residual monomer migrating from acrylic polymers and causing Allergic Contact Dermatitis during normal handling and use. Acrylic, Poly Methyl Methacrylate (PMMA) based polymers are found in many industrial, professional and consumer products and are of low toxicity, but do contain very low levels of residual monomers and process chemicals that can leach out during handling and use. Methyl Methacrylate, the principle monomer is of low toxicity, but is a recognized weak skin sensitizer. The risk of induction of contact allergy in consumers was determined using a method based upon the Exposure-based Quantitative Risk Assessment approach developed for fragrance ingredients. The No Expected Sensitization Induction Level (NESIL) was based on the threshold to induction of sensitization (EC3) in the Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA) since no Human Repeat Insult Patch Test (HRIPT) data were available. Categorical estimation of Consumer Exposure Level was substituted with a worst case assumption based upon the quantitative determination of MMA monomer migration into simulants. Application of default and Chemical-Specific Adjustment Factors results in a Risk Characterization Ratio (RCR) of 10,000 and a high Margin of Safety for induction of Allergic Contact Dermatitis (ACD) in consumers handling polymers under conservative exposure conditions. Although there are no data available to derive a RCR for elicitation of ACD it is likely to be lower than that for induction. Crown Copyright (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier Inc.", "label": [2, 3, 22, 29]}
+{"token": "Field Comparisons of the Gravid Aedes Trap (GAT) and BG-Sentinel Trap for Monitoring Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations and Notes on Indoor GAT Collections in Vietnam. We report on the use of the Gravid Aedes Trap (GAT) as a surveillance device for Aedes albopictus (Skuse) relative to the BG-Sentinel (BGS) trap in field studies conducted in Trenton, NJ, and on Hammond Island, Queensland, Australia. A parallel study conducted in Nha Trang, Vietnam, assessed the use of the GAT as an indoor surveillance device as well as the use of canola oil as a noninsecticide killing agent. In Trenton and Hammond Island, the GAT collected fewer male (0.40 +/- 0.12 and 0.43 +/- 0.30, respectively) and female (3.05 6 0.67 and 2.7 +/- 2.3, respectively) Ae. albopictus than the BGS trap (males: 3.54 +/- 1.26 and 3.75 +/- 0.83; females: 4.66 +/- 1.18 and 3.9 +/- 0.23) over their respective sampling periods (i. e., 24 h for the BGS and 1 wk for the GAT). Despite differences in capture rates, the percentage of traps positive for female Ae. albopictus was similar between the BGS and GAT (Trenton: 60.1 +/- 6.3% and 64.4 +/- 4.1%; Hammond: 87.5 +/- 6.9% and 80.0 +/- 8.2%). In Nha Trang, the GAT was equally effective indoors and outdoors with (10 g hay or 3 g fish food) and without (water or empty) infusion. Additionally, no significant decrease in collections was observed between GATs set with canola oil or long-lasting insecticidal net. In summary, both traps were successful in monitoring female Ae. albopictus over their respective trapping intervals, but would be best used to complement each other to monitor both sexes and all physiological stages of female Ae. albopictus. However, the versatility and low-cost of the GAT makes it an attractive alternative to the more expensive BGS trap.", "label": [0, 4, 44, 10]}
+{"token": "Fusion of Aerosol Optical Depth from the GOCI and the AHI Observations. In this study, fused Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) data were produced using AOD products from the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) onboard Communication, Oceanography and Meteorology Satellite (COMS) satellite and the Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) onboard Himawari-8. Since the spatial resolution and the coordinate system between the satellite sensors are different, a preprocessing was first preceded. After that, using the level 1.5 AOD dataset of AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET), which is ground-based observation, correlations and trends between each satellite AOD and AERONET AOD were utilized to produce more accurate satellite AOD data than the original satellite AODs. The fused AOD were found to be more accurate than the original satellite AODs. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and mean bias of the fused AODs were calculated to be 0.13 and 0.05, respectively. We also compared errors of the fused AODs against those of the original GOCI AOD (RMSE: 0.15, mean bias: 0.11) and the original AHI AOD (RMSE: 0.15, mean bias: 0.05). It was confirmed that the fused AODs have better spatial coverage than the original AODs in areas where there are no observations due to the presence of cloud from a single satellite.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Using HARPS-N to characterize the long-period planets in the PH-2 and Kepler-103 systems. We present confirmation of the planetary nature of PH-2b, as well as the first mass estimates for the two planets in the Kepler-103 system. PH-2b and Kepler-103c are both long-period and transiting, a sparsely populated category of exoplanets. We use Kepler light-curve data to estimate a radius, and then use HARPS-N radial velocities to determine the semi-amplitude of the stellar reflex motion and, hence, the planet mass. For PH-2b we recover a 3.5 sigma mass estimate of M-p = 109(-32)(+30) M-circle plus and a radius of R-p = 9.49 +/- 0.16 R-circle plus. This means that PH-2b has a Saturn-like bulk density and is the only planet of this type with an orbital period P > 200 d that orbits a single star. We find that Kepler-103b has a mass of M-p,M-b = 11.7(-4.72)(+4.31) M-circle plus and Kepler-103c has a mass of M-p,M-c = 58.5(-11.4)(+11.2) M-circle plus. These are 2.5 sigma and 5 sigma results, respectively. With radii of R-p,R-b = 3.49(-0.05)(+0.06) R-circle plus and R-p,R-c = 5.45(-0.17)(+0.18) R-circle plus, these results suggest that Kepler-103b has a Neptune-like density, while Kepler-103c is one of the highest density planets with a period P > 100 d. By providing high-precision estimates for the masses of the long-period, intermediate-mass planets PH-2b and Kepler-103c, we increase the sample of long-period planets with known masses and radii, which will improve our understanding of the mass-radius relation across the full range of exoplanet masses and radii.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Physical chemical properties and kinetics of redox processes in water/soybean oil microemulsions. Water/oil microemulsions (w/o ME) constituted by water, soybean oil, SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and several short-chain alcohols were characterized from the viewpoint of its physical-chemical and electroanalytical properties. Different co-surfactants and surfactant: co-surfactant ratios were used, and the ME with the most favourable composition was used to study the kinetics of redox processes. For this purpose, cyclic voltammetry measurements using a Pt disk working ultramicroelectrode, an Ag/AgCl reference electrode and a Pt auxiliary electrode, and ferrocene as a probe, were performed. It was verified that the thermodynamic stability of the MEs increases with the co-surfactant content. The molecular structure and water solubility of the co-surfactant affect the electrical conductivity and the hydrodynamic radio of the MEs. Owing to the low diffusion coefficients verified in the MEs, measurements in transient state using conventional sweeping rates could be performed. Ferrocene oxidation in the ME has been demonstrated to proceed in quasi-reversibility conditions. Thus, the possibility of carrying out studies of cyclic voltammetry in vegetable oils under the w/o ME form was demonstrated.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Reasons as Experiments: Judgment and Justification in the 'Hard Look. Arbitrariness review of agency rulemakings has long set \\\\'political\\\\' influences aside as a special case worthy of special scrutiny. This essay argues that the orthodox account of arbitrariness review in this vein makes some untenable assumptions about both reviewing courts and agencies as agents. If we seek more agency responsiveness to reason rightly defined, then reviewing courts must begin devoting more (scarce) cognitive resources to the monitoring of agencies' behaviors over time. Reviewing courts should encourage agencies to organize themselves in order to learn-by-doing. This will probably entail paying less attention to the separation of law from fact, science from politics, and judgment from justification.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Laser-ultraviolet-A-induced ultraweak photon emission in mammalian cells. Photobiological research in the last 30 yr has shown the existence of ultraweak photon emission in biological tissue, which can be detected with sophisticated photomultiplier systems. Although the emission of this ultraweak radiation, often termed biophotons, is extremely low in mammalian cells, it can be efficiently increased by ultraviolet light. Most recently it was shown that UV-A (330 to 380 nm) releases such very weak cell radiation in differentiated human skin fibroblasts. Based on these findings, a new and powerful too] in the form of UV-A-laser-induced biophotonic emission of cultured cells was developed with the intention to detect biophysical changes between carcinogenic and normal cells. With suspension densities ranging from 1 to 8 X 10(6) cells/mL, it was evident that an increase of the UV-A-laser-light induced photon emission intensity could be observed in normal as well as melanoma cells. Using this new detection procedure of ultraweak light emission, photons in cell suspensions as low as 100 mu L could be determined, which is a factor of 100 lower compared to previous procedures. Moreover, the detection procedure has been further refined by turning off the photomultiplier system electronically during irradiation leading to the first measurements of induced light emission in the cells after less than 10 mu s instead of 150 ms, as reported in previous procedures. This improvement leads to measurements of light bursts up 10(7) photons/s instead of several hundred as found with classical designs. Overall, we find decreasing induction ratings between normal and melanoma cells as well as cancer-prone and melanoma cells. Therefore, it turns out that this highly sensitive and noninvasive device enables us to detect high levels of ultraweak photon emission following UV-A-laser-induced light stimulation within the cells, which enables future development of new biophysical strategies in cell research. (c) 2005 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 35, 42]}
+{"token": "Preoccupation with Devotional Songs and Spiritual Well-Being of Religious Individuals: The Mediating and Moderating Effects of Religiosity and Emotionally Adaptive Functions of Music. This study identified the relationship between preoccupation with devotional songs and spiritual well-being of religious individuals, and examined the mediating effect of intrinsic religiosity on preoccupation with devotional songs and spiritual well-being, moderated by the emotionally adaptive functions of music. The participants were 427 male and female Korean religious individuals. PROCESS Macro 3.5 Model 7 was used to analyze the moderated mediating effects. The results revealed that preoccupation with devotional songs was positively correlated with the emotionally adaptive functions of music, religiosity, and spiritual well-being, whereas emotionally adaptive functions of music were not significantly correlated with intrinsic religiosity. Intrinsic religiosity was positively correlated with spiritual well-being, whereas extrinsic social religiosity was not. In a moderated mediating model, there was a significant interaction effect of preoccupation with devotional songs and the emotionally adaptive functions of music; however, intrinsic religiosity could mediate the relationship between preoccupation with devotional songs and spiritual well-being, regardless of the level of emotionally adaptive functions of music. These findings suggest that, although there may be a slight difference depending on the level of use of emotionally adaptive functions of music, preoccupation with devotional songs can promote intrinsic religiosity and lead to the spiritual well-being of religious individuals.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Why do bacteria divide?. The problem of not only how but also why cells divide can be tackled using recent ideas. One idea from the origins of life Life as independent of its constituents is that a living entity like a cell is a particular pattern of connectivity between its constituents. This means that if the growing cell were just to get bigger the average connectivity between its constituents per unit mass its cellular connectivity would decrease and the cell would lose its identity. The solution is division which restores connectivity. The corollary is that the cell senses decreasing cellular connectivity and uses this information to trigger division. A second idea from phenotypic diversity Life on the Scales of Equilibria is that a bacterium must find strategies that allow it to both survive and grow. This means that it has learnt to reconcile the opposing constraints that these strategies impose. The solution is that the cell cycle generates daughter cells with different phenotypes based on sufficiently complex equilibrium (E) and non-equilibrium (NE) cellular compounds and structures appropriate for survival and growth, respectively, alias 'hyperstructures: The corollary is that the cell senses both the quantity of E material and the intensity of use of NE material and then uses this information to trigger the cell cycle. A third idea from artificial intelligence Competitive Coherence is that a cell selects the active subset of elements that actively determine its phenotype from a much larger set of available elements. This means that the selection of an active subset of a specific size and composition must be done so as to generate both a coherent cell state, in which the cell's contents work together harmoniously, and a coherent sequence of cell states, each coherent with respect to itself and to an unpredictable environment. The solution is the use of a range of mechanisms ranging from hyperstructure dynamics to the cell cycle itself.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Using Cs-137 to estimate wind erosion and dust deposition on grassland in Inner Mongolia-selection of a reference site and description of the temporal variability. The aims of this study were to identify areas of wind erosion and dust deposition and to quantify the effects of different grazing intensities on soil redistribution rates in grasslands based on the Cs-137 technique. Because the method uses a reference inventory as threshold for erosion or deposition, the classification of any other site as source or sink for dust depends on the accurate selection of this reference site.Measurements of Cs-137 inventories and depth distributions were carried out at pasture sites with predominant species of Stipa grandis and Leymus chinensis which are grazed with different intensities. Additional measurements were made at arable land, plant-covered sand dunes and alluvial plains. Wind-induced soil erosion and dust deposition rates were calculated from Cs-137 inventories by means of the \\\\'Profile-Distribution\\\\' and the \\\\'Mass Balance II\\\\' models.The selection of the reference site was based on fluid dynamical and process-determining parameters. The chosen site should meet the following four conditions: (i) located at a summit position with obviously low deposition rates, (ii) sufficient vegetation cover to prevent wind erosion, (iii) plane to exclude water erosion and (iv) in the wind/dust shadow of a higher elevation. The measured reference inventory of Cs-137 was 1967(+/- 102) Bqm(-2) located at a summit position of moderately grazed Leymus chinensis steppe. The Cs-137 inventories at other sites ranged from 1330 Bqm(-2) at heavily grazed sites to 5119 Bqm(-2) at river deposits, representing annual average soil losses of up to 130 tkm(-2) and deposits of up to 540 tkm(-2), respectively. The calculated annual averages of dust depositions at ungrazed Leymus chinensis sites were related to the dust storm frequencies of the last 50 years resulting in a description of the temporal variability of annual dust depositions from about 154 tkm(-2) in the 1960s to 26 tkm(-2) at recent times. Based on this quantification already 80% of the total dust depositions can be related to the 20 years between the 1960s and the end of the 1970s and only 20% to the time between 1980 and 2001.Cs-137 technique is a promising method to assess the effect of grazing intensity and land use types on the spatial variability of wind-induced soil and dust redistribution processes in semi-arid grasslands. However, considerable efforts are needed to identify a reliable reference site, because erosion and deposition induced by wind may occur at the same places. The combination of the dust deposition rates derived from Cs-137 profile data with the dust storm frequencies is helpful for a better reconstruction of the temporal variability of dust deposition and wind erosion in this region. The calculated recent deposition rates of about 20 tkm(-2) are in good agreement with data of other authors.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Tax compliance and privacy rights in profiling and automated decision making. New technologies allow tax authorities to carry out faster and automated analysis of large amounts of data, minimising errors and saving time. Some of these technologies enable tax administrations to identify and cluster taxpayers based on the risk of noncompliance. Consequently, \\\\'high risk\\\\' taxpayers will be audited. The European Union General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has introduced new provisions on automated decision making and how individuals can be profiled - technology, such as the one implemented by tax administrations, could present difficulties in this area. Even if profiling and automated decision making in tax matters are included in the broader public interest exception, safeguards to taxpayers' privacy rights need to be in place.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 52]}
+{"token": "Human technologies, affect and the global psy-complex. Minds, behaviours and psyches are increasingly and explicitly problematized within social, economic, health, welfare, education and development policy, in both the global North and global South. While this shift is new, it also builds on a long colonial history of the constitution and governance of the 'psy'. This special section considers these developments through critically engaging with them as human technologies whereby certain cognitions, affects and behaviours come to be made knowable, calculable and amenable to technological interventions and quantification. Starting with the concept of human technologies, this special section also seeks to extend it, troubling the prevailing account of technology's role as governmentalization by placing this particular power/knowledge nexus in relation to other historical and current forms of power such as gender, race and coloniality. In this introduction to the special section, 'Human technologies, affect and the global psy-complex', we outline the conceptual and empirical contributions the collection of papers seeks to make.", "label": [5, 49, 57]}
+{"token": "The Concentration and Composition of Hydrocarbons in Water, Particulate Matter, and Bottom Sediments of the Kara Sea. Data are presented on the content of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (AHC and PAH, respectively) in the interstitial waters and bottom sediments of the Kara Sea compared to the distribution of the particulate matter and organic carbon. It was found that the AHC concentrations within the water mass (16 mu g/l on average) are mainly formed by natural processes. The AHC distribution represents the variability of the hydrological and sedimentation processes in different regions of the sea. The widest ranges of the concentrations were registered in the Ob Bay-Kara Sea section: in the water (10-310 mu g/l for the AHC and 0.4-7.2 ng/l for the PAH) and in the surface layer of the bottom sediments (8-42 mu g/l for the AHC and 9-94 ng/g for the PAH). The differentiation of the hydrocarbons (HC) in the different media follows the marginal filter's regularities; therefore, no oil and pyrogenic compounds are supplied to the open parts of the sea. In the sediment mass, the HC content is determined by the variations in the oxidative conditions in the sediment and its material's composition.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "An autumn at Pincevent (Seine-et-Marne, France): refitting for an ethnographic approach of a Magdalenian settlement. To provide an image of the Magdalenians who came to hunt reindeers on the banks of the Seine River 13,000 years ago, we largely, but not only, relied on flint refitting that is just one of the many analytical tools. This reconstruction of a Paleolithic camp shows habitations and workshops extending over an area of nearly 5.000 m(2). The refitted debitage sequences enabled us to identify individuals from their performances. There are young apprentices knapping for un-useful production, only to acquire a skill. Productive knappers can be experienced or only competent. By applying a frame of reference to the refitting done in each habitation, we have identified knappers whose skills we have assessed and that we can count. Their numbers vary according to the different habitations, and we can propose an evaluation of the size of the group and show that the organization of the camp and of each of the habitations obeyed rules. The connections highlighted for each category of remains do not always have the same intensity nor the same meanings. By analyzing the relationships between the units indicated by the flint, but also stones and fauna refittings, we have outlined, probably in a very fragmentary way, some aspects of the social organization of those Magdalenian families, suggesting that certain relationships of dependency existed between them: three families accept a particular status of the master of the fourth residence whose social unit appears different from the others, and with whom the community of the camp maintained relationships of allegiance.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
+{"token": "Towards robust and efficient planning execution. Finally, the paper reports the results of the experiments and draws conclusions. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.This paper presents a holonic manufacturing execution system (MES) that cooperates with a planning system. This cooperation allows to combine the robustness and flexibility of the holonic MES with the optimisation performed by the planning system. The paper investigates the effect on the global performance of this cooperation for a specific manufacturing case in a series of experiments. It compares the effect of this cooperation when the planning is optimal with regard to the manufacturing case with situations where the planning system is not optimal. More precisely, it compares the performance of the HEMS in situations where the planning systems systematically misestimates the execution time of a workstation (e.g. a poorly maintained workstation or a partially operational workstation) to situations where this is not the case.The experiments are conducted under varying work loads. Also, the effort the Holonic MES puts in finding new solutions resembling the planning is varied.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Analytical Sociology: Bringing Culture and Identity Back In. This paper is a critique of analytical sociology as presented in Peter Hedstrom's book Dissecting the Social. Our critique has two main targets. First, we believe that too little attention is being paid to the macro-to-micro link, and we argue for the importance of macro-level entities such as culture, social categories, and groups - all of which have so far been largely omitted from analytical sociology. Second, we critique the persistent focus on intentionality as the driving force of social action. We argue that the strong focus on intentionality unnecessarily restricts the scope conditions of analytical sociology, and that it also introduces theoretical inconsistencies, by bringing in unrealistic assumptions and as-if theorizing. Hedstrom has strived to distance the program of analytical sociology from rational choice theory by relaxing the assumption of rationality. However, we argue that analytical sociology is still too closely connected with rational choice theory, and that the assumption of intentionality - that people make reasoned choices - needs to be relaxed. We discuss the ways in which a further focus on social identity would complement analytical sociology by making it fundamentally more realistic and less restricted.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Mirtazapine in Pregnancy and Lactation Data From a Case Series. Depression is a common disorder in pregnancy and associated with adverse effects for both mother and neonate. Pharmacological treatment and prevention options include mirtazapine. In a series of 56 cases, we investigated neonatal outcome after intrauterine exposure to mirtazapine and exposure through lactation in the first days postpartum. No increase in any neonatal complication was observed. None of the infants exposed to mirtazapine in the first trimester were born with a major malformation. Of the 54 infants exposed to mirtazapine in the third trimester, 14 were diagnosed with poor neonatal adaptation syndrome (PNAS). This incidence (25.9%) is similar to the incidence of PNAS after intrauterine exposure to other antidepressants. The incidence of PNAS after exposure to mirtazapine was significantly diminished in children who were partially or fully breastfed (18.6% versus 54.5%, P = 0.024).", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
+{"token": "Pathogenesis-related gene (PvPR1 and PvPR2) expression involved in Meloidogyne incognita parasitism and resistance reactions of common bean genotypes in host-nematode interactions. Pathogenesis-related (PR) genes are useful molecular markers, and gene expressions are activated in the reaction of plant -parasitic nematodes. Determining the PR gene expression and the resistance reaction of Phaseolus vulgaris L. genotypes against root-knot nematode are valuable for understanding plant-;nematode interactions. However, resistance reactions of P. vulgaris genotypes and the gene expression of host-nematode interactions are not fully understood. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the expression of PR genes during the infection of Meloidogyne incognita on resistant and susceptible bean varieties at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days postinfection (dpi). The results revealed that one genotype gave a reaction as \\\\'immune\\\\', and numerous genotypes were susceptible. The expression of PvPR1 and PvPR2 genes reached the highest peak at 1 dpi in nematode-infected immune plants, and the expression of PvPR1 reached 5 dpi in susceptible plants. In conclusion, PR genes involved in nematode resistance and parasitism and the immune common bean genotype have great potential in breeding programs and under-standing the exact location of resistance on the gene map would be advantageous as future work.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Short chain fatty acids analysis by capillary electrophoresis and indirect UV detection or laser-induced fluorescence. Short chain fatty acids are difficult to study using conventional techniques such as gas chromatography, because of their high volatility. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and UV detection or conductimetry was used to study fatty acids of 6 carbon lengths or less. Difficulties in dissolving longer acids in aqueous buffer prevented analysis by CE. Recently indirect laser-induced fluorescence was used to study C-6 to C-18 fatty acids and the sensitivity of the detection was in the sub-micromolar range. In this paper we studied C-5 to C-18 branched, hydroxy or linear fatty acids using CE and UV indirect detection and we succeeded in obtaining good separations but with very poor sensitivity (limited to 10(-5) M). In a second attempt we studied fatty acids after 5-bromomethylfluorescein derivation and analysis by CE and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). The sensitivity was in the sub-nanomolar (10(-10) M) range but we could only study C-8 to C-11 fatty acids. Using CE-LIF, we quantitated these acids in normal and pathological serae. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
+{"token": "Clinical outcomes of current medical approaches for Middle East respiratory syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a respiratory disease caused by MERS coronavirus. Because of lack of vaccination, various studies investigated the therapeutic efficacy of antiviral drugs and supportive remedies. A systematic literature search from 10 databases was conducted and screened for relevant articles. Studies reporting information about the treatment of MERS coronavirus infection were extracted and analyzed. Despite receiving treatment with ribavirin plus IFN, the case fatality rate was as high as 71% in the IFN-treatment group and exactly the same in patients who received supportive treatment only. Having chronic renal disease, diabetes mellitus and hypertension increased the risk of mortality (P<.05), and chronic renal disease is the best parameter to predict the mortality. The mean of survival days from onset of illness to death was 46.6 (95% CI, 30.5-62.6) for the IFN group compared with 18.8 (95% CI, 10.3-27.4) for the supportive-only group (P=.001). Delay in starting treatment, older age group, and preexisting comorbidities are associated with worse outcomes. In conclusion, there is no difference between IFN treatment and supportive treatment for MERS patients in terms of mortality. However, ribavirin and IFN combination might have efficacious effects with timely administration and monitoring of adverse events. Large-scale prospective randomized studies are required to assess the role of antiviral drugs for the treatment of this high mortality infection.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "The Role of Reiteration in Spoken Dialectal Discourse. In spoken language reiterations have a significant role. In addition to establishing and maintaining the coherence, i.e., as repeated or partially repeated Occurrences, they have many other functions, of which the speakers are more or less aware. The article focuses on various types of reiterations and their functions in the extemporaneous dialectal speech. The texts were recorded in Brda.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Veblen, Europe and Utopia. Rick Tilman's new study, Veblen and his European Contemporaries, explores Veblen's conceptual relationship with a host of seminal European thinkers. Among the continuities and differences that Tilman develops, none stands out more than his strikingly original claim that in important ways Veblen's work parallels that of Ferdinand Tonnies. This essay reviews Tilman's study, with a particular emphasis on Veblen's idea of community, particularly its political and utopian aspects. Most notable in these regards is Veblen's idea that a free and insurgent spirit of insubordination is the chief animating principle of self-regulating anarchistic communities. The essay examines tensions between Veblen's embrace of the free spirit of anarchism and his belief in the centralizing thrust of modern technology. It suggests, however, that by dramatically curtailing needs for human labor, Veblen's industrial republic might, as most systems do, fumble its way toward a rough working balance between predominant values in conflict, in this case, industry and insubordination.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "ALLOPURINOL DOSE IS IMPORTANT FOR ATTENUATION OF LIVER DYSFUNCTION AFTER NORMOTHERMIC ISCHEMIA - CORRELATION BETWEEN BILE-FLOW AND LIVER-ENZYMES IN CIRCULATION. We have investigated the effect of two doses of allopurinol (ALL) (100 and 50 mg/kg) administered i.v. on liver function after 1 h of normothermic ischemia. ALL given in a concentration of 100 mg/kg significantly improved bile output after 1 and 24 h of reperfusion. Hepatocyte injury reflected by alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) in plasma was also significantly reduced at 24 h, but not at 1 h of reperfusion compared with controls. ALL administered at a concentration of 50 mg/kg had some protective effect. Significant correlation between circulating liver enzymes and bile output at 24 h after reperfusion indicates an important pathophysiologic link between hepatocyte function and injury in this time window.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Bands of brothers and in-laws: Waorani warfare, marriage and alliance formation. The root of modern human warfare lies in the lethal coalitionary violence of males in small-scale societies. However, there is a paucity of quantitative data concerning the form and function of coalitionary violence in this setting. Debates exist over how lethal coalitions are constituted, as well as the motivations and benefits for males to join such groups. Data from a lowland Amazonian population, the Waorani of Ecuador, illuminate three issues: (i) the degree to which raiding parties are composed of groups of fraternal kin as opposed to strategic alliances of actual or potential affinal kin; (ii) the extent to which individuals use pre-existing affinal ties to motivate others to participate in war or leverage warfare as a mechanism to create such ties; and (iii) the extent to which participation in raiding is driven by rewards associated with future marriage opportunities. Analyses demonstrate that Waorani raiding parties were composed of a mix of males who were potential affines, actual affines and fraternal kin, suggesting that men used pre-existing genetic, lineal and social kin ties for recruiting raid partners and used raiding as a venue to create novel social relationships. Furthermore, analyses demonstrate that males leveraged raiding alliances to achieve marriage opportunities for themselves as well as for their children. Overall, it appears that a complex set of motivations involving individual rewards, kin marriage opportunities, subtle coercion and the assessment of alliance strength promote violent intergroup conflict among the Waorani. These findings illustrate the complex inter-relationships among kin selection, coalition building and mating success in our species.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
+{"token": "Franz Kafka's The 'Burrow' as model of ipseity in Levinasian theory. Taking the interpretive cues from the philosophical insights of Emmanuel Levinas, this essay argues that Franz Kafka's 'The Burrow' may be read (post-Heidegger) as a critique of the fundamental ontology that posits 'being-toward-death' and absolute understanding of being as the primary mode and concern of human existence.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "National identity and law in the context of European integration: the case of Denmark. Nationalistic discourse is often associated with the flag waving of popular culture, political views of extremist right-wing parties or the routine rhetoric of 'us' versus 'them', pervading social life in general. However, nationalistic discourse is to be found even in academic writings by the professional elite of lawyers, who readily resort to ideological topoi of national identity and culture to support legal argument. Reporting from a comprehensive study on Danish academic and public debate on European human rights law, this article explores how the legal community of Denmark reacts emotionally and ideologically to legal integration in Europe. It is argued that the somewhat heated debate reflects points of instability within the social class of Danish jurists, who are engaged in a hegemonic struggle to construct or sustain positions of power within a national legal system under radical change.", "label": [5, 52, 55, 57]}
+{"token": "Climate, soil and plant functional types as drivers of global fine-root trait variation. 3. We demonstrate that: (i) Climate conditions promoting soil fertility relate negatively to fine-root traits favouring fast soil resource acquisition, with a particularly strong positive effect of temperature on fine-root diameter and negative effect on specific root length (SRL), and a negative effect of rainfall on root nitrogen concentration; (ii) Soil bulk density strongly influences species fine-root morphology, by favouring thicker, denser fine-roots; (iii) Fine-roots from herbaceous species are on average finer and have higher SRL than those of woody species, and N-2-fixing capacity positively relates to root nitrogen; and (iv) Plants growing in pots have higher SRL than those grown in the field.2. We compiled a world-wide fine-root trait dataset, featuring 1115 species from contrasting climatic areas, phylogeny and growth forms to test a series of hypotheses pertaining to the influence of plant functional types, soil and climate variables, and the degree of manipulation of plant growing conditions on species fine-root trait variation. Most particularly, we tested the competing hypotheses that fine-root traits typical of faster return on investment would be most strongly associated with conditions of limiting versus favourable soil resource availability. We accounted for both data source and species phylogenetic relatedness.1. Ecosystem functioning relies heavily on below-ground processes, which are largely regulated by plant fine-roots and their functional traits. However, our knowledge of fine-root trait distribution relies to date on local-and regional-scale studies with limited numbers of species, growth forms and environmental variation.4. Synthesis. This study reveals both the large variation in fine-root traits encountered globally and the relevance of several key plant functional types and soil and climate variables for explaining a substantial part of this variation. Climate, particularly temperature, and plant functional types were the two strongest predictors of fine-root trait variation. High trait variation occurred at local scales, suggesting that wide-ranging below-ground resource economics strategies are viable within most climatic areas and soil conditions.", "label": [0, 4, 37, 9]}
+{"token": "QUANTUM INTEGRAL INEQUALITIES FOR CONVEX FUNCTIONS. In this paper we establish some new quantum integral inequalities for convex functions.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Compositional design and in vitro investigation on novel Zr-Co-Cu-Ti metallic glass for biomedical applications. Zr-Co-Cu-Al based metallic glasses (MGs) are potential material for making surgical equipment due to their ultra-high strength. However, presence of elemental Al in these alloys is not desirable due to biotoxicity. To counter this problem the present study is undertaken to design metallic glass forming composition by replacing Al with Ti. Design strategy adopted is based on thermodynamic modelling by rationalizing the effect of chemical enthalpy and atomic mismatch entropy along with statistically controlled atomic arrangement through configurational entropy. The rapid solidification technique was used to synthesize MG in melt spun ribbon form. The structural nature and glass stability of the ribbon are confirmed by X-Ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Corrosion response of the MG is thoroughly investigated using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in a simulated body fluid (SBF) environment. The mechanical property of MG is evaluated using microindentation technique. Improvement in corrosion resistance is observed in all the SBF solutions along with in vitro biocompatibility study using MG-63 cell viability experiment.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Binding of monoclonal antibodies to the movement protein (MP) of Tobacco mosaic virus: influence of subcellular MP localization and phosphorylation. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to recombinant movement protein (MPREC) of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) were used to reveal the dependence of MP epitope accessibility to mAbs on subcellular MP localization and post-translational MP phosphorylation. Leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana or N. tabacum were inoculated mechanically with TMV or agroinjected with an MP expression vector. At different time post-inoculation, ER membrane- and cell wall-enriched fractions (ER-MP and CW-MP, respectively) were isolated and analysed. The N-terminal region (residues 1-30) as well as regions 186-222 and 223-257 of MP from the CW and ER fractions were accessible for interaction with mAbs By contrast, the MP regions including residues 76-89 and 98-129 were not accessible. The C-terminal TMV MP region (residues 258-268) was inaccessible to mAbs not only in CW-MP, but also in ER-MP fractions Evidence is presented that phosphorylation of the majority of TMV MP C-terminal sites occurred on ER membranes at an early stage of virus infection, i.e not after, but before reaching the cell wall. C-terminal phosphorylation of purified MPREC abolished recognition of C-proximal residues 258-268 by specific mAbs, which could be restored by MP dephosphorylation Likewise, accessibility to mAbs of the C-terminal MP epitope in ER-MP and CW-MP leaf fractions was restored by dephosphorylation Substitution of three or four C-terminal Ser/Thr residues with non-phosphorylatable Ala also resulted in abolition of interaction of mAbs with MP.", "label": [2, 19, 21]}
+{"token": "RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, alpha-amyl cinnamic aldehyde diethyl acetal, CAS Registry Number 60763-41-9. alpha-Amyl cinnamic aldehyde diethyl acetal was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity/ photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data from oc-amyl cinnamic aldehyde diethyl acetal and read-across analog cinnamic aldehyde dimethyl acetal (CAS # 4364-06-1) show that oc-amyl cinnamic aldehyde diethyl acetal is not expected to be genotoxic. The repeated dose, reproductive, and local respiratory toxicity endpoints were evaluated using the TTC for a Cramer Class II material, and the exposure to oc-amyl cinnamic aldehyde diethyl acetal is below the TIC (0.009 mg/kg/day, 0.009 mg/kg/day, and 0.47 mg/day, respectively). Data from read-across analog cinnamic aldehyde dimethyl acetal (CAS # 4364-06-1) provided oc-amyl cinnamic aldehyde diethyl acetal a NESIL of 820 mu g/cm(2) for the skin sensitization endpoint. The phototoxicity/photoallergenicity endpoints were evaluated based on UV/Vis spectra; alpha-amyl cinnamic aldehyde diethyl acetal is not expected to be phototoxic/photoallergenic. The environmental endpoints were evaluated; alpha-amyl cinnamic aldehyde diethyl acetal was found not to be PBT as per the IFRA Environmental Standards, and its risk quotients, based on its current volume of use in Europe and North America (i.e., PEC/PNEC), are <1.The existing information supports the use of this material as described in this safety assessment.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
+{"token": "Vortex strings and nonabelian sine-Gordon theories. We generalize the Lund-Regge model for vortex string dynamics in 4-dimensional Minkowski space to the arbitrary n-dimensional case. The n-dimensional vortex equation is identified with a nonabelian sine-Gordon equation and its integrability is proven by finding the associated linear equations of the inverse scattering. An explicit expression of vortex coordinates in terms of the variables of the nonabelian sine-Gordon system is derived. In particular, we obtain the n-dimensional vortex soliton solution of the Hasimoto-type from the one soliton solution of the nonabelian sine-Gordon equation. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "It is good to take her early to the doctor' - mothers' understanding of childhood pneumonia symptoms and health care seeking in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania. Background: Pneumonia is among the leading causes of avoidable deaths for young children globally. The main burden of mortality falls on children from poor and rural families who are less likely to obtain the treatment they need, highlighting inequities in access to effective care and treatment. Caretakers' illness perceptions and care-seeking practices are of major importance for children with pneumonia to receive adequate care. This study qualitatively explores the caretaker concepts of childhood pneumonia in relation to treatment seeking behaviour and health worker management in Moshi urban district, Tanzania.Conclusion: Local illness concepts and traditional treatment options did not constitute barriers to care for pneumonia symptoms. Poor access to health facilities was the main barrier. Decentralisation of care through community health workers may improve access to care but needs to be combined with strengthened referral systems and accessible hospital care for those in need.Results: Mothers demonstrated good awareness of common childhood illnesses including pneumonia, which was often associated with symptoms such as cough, flu, chest tightness, fever, and difficulty in breathing. Mothers had mixed views on causative factors and treatments options but generally preferred modern medicine for persisting and severe symptoms. However, all respondent reported access to health facilities as a barrier to care, associated with transport, personal safety and economic constraints.Methods: In May - July 2013 data was gathered through different qualitative data collection techniques including five focus group discussions (FGDs) with mothers of children under-five years of age. The FGDs involved free listing of pneumonia symptoms and video presentations of children with respiratory symptoms done, these were triangulated with ten case narratives with mothers of children admitted with pneumonia and eleven in-depth interviews with hospital health workers. Transcripts were coded and analysed using qualitative content analysis.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "An investigation of the association between corporate governance, earnings management and the effect of governance reforms. Practical implications - This study is important to investors, academics and policy makers as it demonstrates that governance reforms that encourage firms to adopt better governance practices reduces the likelihood of earnings management.Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of recent corporate governance reforms on the association between governance practices and earnings management.Design/methodology/approach - This study examines the impact of corporate governance reforms by using a firm fixed-effect, cross-sectional analysis of 200 firms listed on the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) for the financial years ending in 2000 and 2005. This paper examines the association between firms' corporate governance practices and the quality of financial reports as measured by the magnitude of earnings management pre-and post-the governance reforms (CLERP 9 and ASX Corporate Governance Council (CGC)).Findings - The results of this study indicate that certain governance practices are important in limiting earnings management. In particular, board independence and audit committee (AC) independence, are associated with lower performance- adjusted discretionary accruals, one commonly used measure of earnings management. However, increasing executive shareholdings provides incentives to manage earnings.Originality/value - There is limited research on the association between corporate governance practices or the recent corporate governance reforms (ASX CGC Recommendations and CLERP 9) on earnings management in Australia. This study extends the literature by demonstrating the impact of recent corporate governance reforms on board independence, AC effectiveness and executive directors' shareholding and the association with earnings management.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "PID: a PDF-induced distance based on permutation cross-distribution entropy. In this paper, a PDF-induced distance (PID) based on permutation cross-distribution entropy is proposed to measure the dissimilarity between complex time series. It overcomes the effects of spatial distance by focusing on similar local fluctuation patterns. It also corrects the disadvantage of being insensitive to symmetric skewness distributions. We have applied PID to synthetic data and financial time series. The Euclidean distance is employed as a reference. In simulated experiments, eight signals generated from four models are detected, and results are presented by hierarchical clustering analysis via PID, which is correctly clustered and superior to other methods. Then, PID is applied to the real-world financial time series. Eight stocks in the global financial markets are employed. It reveals that they are clearly divided based on their financial backgrounds. The cophenetic correlation coefficient is used to measure the quality of solutions. It reveals that the PID is convincing and superior to the Euclidean distance. In addition, as a classic method for non-stationary time series, detrended cross-correlation analysis (DCCA) is adopted to compare the superiority of PID. Although experiments show that DCCA does perform well, it is inferior to PID. Also, we conduct additional experiments on the effects of non-Gaussian noises. Excitingly, PID can still cluster signals accurately after adding uniformly distributed noises, and the cophenetic correlation coefficient reaches 0.9788.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Mycobacterium DNA detection in liver and skin of a horse with generalized sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis is a rare equine skin disease characterized primarily by an exfoliative and granulomatous dermatitis but also presenting granulomatous inflammation of multiple systems. The current report presents the clinical and histopathological findings of sarcoidosis in a 16-year-old American Quarter Horse gelding with nested polymerase chain reaction Mycobacterium spp. DNA detection within hepatic and skin samples. Mycobacterium spp. may play a role in the pathogenesis of equine sarcoidosis as has been proposed for human sarcoidosis.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Egg-jelly production and composition in an oviparous chondrichthyan,Scyliorhinus canicula(Linnaeus, 1758). Embryos of oviparous chondrichthyans develop within a structurally complex tertiary egg envelope known as the egg-case, which is provisioned with a secondary egg coat known as the egg-jelly. Whereas the former has been studied in detail, relatively little attention has been paid to the latter. This study examined the production and composition of egg-jelly in the small-spotted catsharkScyliorhinus canicula(Linnaeus, 1758) and determined that it is a mucin hydrogel. The role of the egg-jelly appears to be one of simple, physical support for the developing embryo, as it was not found to possess bactericidal properties, nor did its constituents suggest a nutritive role.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
+{"token": "Leadership in Absentia: Negotiating Distance in Centralized Solomon Islands. This article examines a tension at the heart of national leadership in Solomon Islands today: a conviction that national leaders need to spend more time in rural environments to better represent rural interests, needs and values, while having to be in town to access the individuals and organizations that, essentially, make them national leaders in the first place. Drawing on fourteen months of ethnographic fieldwork in urban Honiara and the rural Lau Lagoon, Malaita, we are especially interested in how this tension shapes rural perceptions of the legitimacy of chiefs as national leaders. Given that development projects can only be negotiated in Honiara, where the required state institutions, international (N)GOs and major businesses are based, rural residents feel compelled to send their most important village leaders, especially clan chiefs, to town. However, the longer these leaders are away from their homes, the more they seem distracted by urban 'luxuries' and the less they appear committed to their rural homes. In particular, villagers complain about their chiefs' contributions to exchange relations. Villages, thus, find themselves in a double-bind that exaggerates a broader 'crisis of leadership' alongside an urban-rural divide which challenges the promise of chiefly leadership as solution to antipolitical sentiments and a centralized state.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "PROHORMONE PROCESSING IN PERMEABILIZED CELLS - ENDOPROTEOLYTIC CLEAVAGE OF PROSOMATOSTATIN IN THE TRANS-GOLGI NETWORK. Many peptide hormones are synthesized as larger precursors which undergo endoproteolytic cleavage at paired basic residues to generate a bioactive molecule. Morphological evidence has implicated either the trans-Golgi network (TGN) or immature secretory granules as the site of prohormone cleavage. To identify the site where prohormone cleavage is initiated, we have used retrovirally infected rat anterior pituitary GH(3) cells which express high levels of prosomatostatin, proSRIF, (Stoller TJ, Shields D (1988) J Cell Biol 107, 2087-2095). By incubating these cells at 20 degrees C, a temperature that prevents exit from the Golgi apparatus, proSRIF accumulated quantitatively in the TGN and no proteolytic processing was evident. Following the 20 degrees C block, the cells were permeabilized and proSRIF processing determined. Cleavage of proSRIF to the mature hormone was approximately 35-50% efficient, required incubation at 37 degrees C and ATP hydrolysis, but was independent of GTP or cytosol. The in vitro ATP-dependent proSRIF processing was inhibited by inclusion of chloroquine, a weak base, CCCP, a protonophore, or by pre-incubating the permeabilized cells with low concentrations of N-ethylmaleimide or bafilomycin, both inhibitors of vacuolar-type ATP-dependent proton pumps. These data suggest that ATP is required for generation of an acidic pH in the lumen of the TGN which is necessary for the activity of prohormone processing enzymes. By exploiting a permeabilized cell system, we have demonstrated that proSRIF cleavage is initiated in the TGN, in a reaction which is facilitated by a Golgi-associated vacuolar type ATPase.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "The onset of convection in a horizontal nanofluid layer of finite depth: A revised model. This paper presents a revised linear stability analysis for the onset of natural convection in a horizontal nanofluid layer. The employed model incorporates the effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis. It is now assumed that the value of the temperature can be imposed on the boundaries, but the nanoparticle fraction adjusts so that the nanoparticle flux is zero on the boundaries. It is shown that, with the new boundary conditions, oscillatory convection can no longer occur. The pertinent dimensionless nanofluid parameters have been rescaled. The effect of the nanoparticles on non-oscillatory convection is destabilizing. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Moving history to the 'Bad Bank' The Revolution in Russia's education policy and school textbooks. The October Revolution was the founding myth of the USSR, and determined the way in which Soviet citizens viewed history. With the collapse of the USSR, the history of the Revolution lost its binding force; since then, there has been much debate in Russia as to how it should be interpreted. The Putin government wants to harmonise history textbooks in order to promote national unity. But the complex legacy of the October Revolution prevents it from being exploited for the purposes of patriotic educational programmes. The centenary could provide an opportunity for renewed consideration of the Revolution and its consequences. However, those in power are attempting to ignore it to a large degree.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Assessment of clinical and computed tomographic findings for association with the outcome of intraoral cheek tooth extraction in horses and ponies. 74 horses and 7 ponies.Most extractions of cheek teeth in the study sample were successful, and results may be useful for practitioners in refining cheek tooth extraction plans for horses and ponies. Further studies are required to assess whether specific CT findings can be used to predict the outcome of intraoral extraction in equids.CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE89 cheek teeth (80 maxillary and 9 mandibular) were included in the analyses. Sixty of 89 (67%) cheek teeth were extracted successfully (56/80 [70%] maxillary and 4/9 [44%] mandibular cheek teeth). Only presence of a simple fracture (vs no fracture) was associated with outcome on multivariable regression analysis; odds of successful intraoral extraction were significantly lower when this feature was present.RESULTSMedical records were searched to identify horses and ponies that underwent CT and intraoral extraction of >= 1 cheek tooth with standing sedation. Signalment and clinical variables were recorded, and CT scans were reviewed. Anatomic location and measurements of affected teeth; abnormalities of the periodontium, pulp, infundibula, roots, and tooth shape; fracture presence and type; presence of sinusitis; and affected sinus cavities were assessed by a surgeon and a radiologist. Intraoral extraction outcome was recorded as successful (complete removal of the tooth in 1 intraoral extraction procedure) or unsuccessful. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to assess associations between clinical or CT findings and outcome.OBJECTIVETo describe clinical and CT findings for horses and ponies undergoing intraoral cheek tooth extraction and assess potential associations between these features and outcome of the procedure.ANIMALSPROCEDURES", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "WHAT WILL THE LETTERS TELL?: A LITERATURE LESSON ON THE EPISTOLARY NOVEL BY I. KRAEVA 'BABA YAGA WRITES' IN THE 6th GRADE. The article presents a plan of a lesson on the epistolary novel by the contemporary writer I. Kraeva \\\\'Baba Yaga Writes\\\\'. The work is based on the technique of\\\\'reading aloud\\\\', which allows the teacher to elicit the children's lively response and to organize a talk. The system of questions is designed to lead the pupils to the understanding of the figurative pattern of the story. The image of the grandmother is interpreted in the novel as an adult key person for the child who teaches them empathy and fantasy, gives them new games, and guides the transformation of the inner world of not only the main character of the novel but also of the environment. The novel is interesting not only in the problem-thematic terms, but also as a work of the epistolary genre. The lesson contains a discussion of the significance of letter writing in the person's life and the role of letters in general. The main aim of the lesson is to encourage students to read the novel on their own. The article suggests possible variants of creative tasks to establish feedback after reading the book.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "On the NOx production by laboratory electrical discharges and lightning. Different approaches are used in estimating the global production of NOx by lightning flashes, including field measurements carried out during thunderstorm conditions, theoretical studies combining the physics and chemistry of the electrical discharges, and measurements of NOx yield in laboratory sparks with subsequent extrapolation to lightning. In the latter procedure, laboratory data are extrapolated to lightning using the energy as the scaling quantity. Further, in these studies only the return strokes are considered assuming that contributions from other processes such as leaders, continuing currents, M components, and K processes are negligible. In this paper, we argue that the use of energy as the scaling quantity and omission of all lightning processes other than return strokes are not justified. First, a theory which can be used to evaluate the NOx production by electrical discharges, if the current flowing in the discharge is known, is presented. The results obtained from theory are compared with the available experimental data and a reasonable agreement is found. Numerical experiments suggest that the NOx production efficiency of electrical discharges depends not only on the energy dissipated in the discharge, but also on the shape of current waveform. Thus, the current signature, can influence extrapolation of laboratory data to lightning flashes. Second, an estimation of the NOx yield per lightning flash is made by treating the lightning flash as a composite event consisting of several discharge processes. We show that the NOx production takes place mainly in slow discharge processes such as leaders, M components, and continuing currents, with return strokes contributing only a small fraction of the total NOx. The results also show that cloud flashes are as efficient as ground flashes in NOx generation. In estimating the global NOx production by lightning flashes the most influencing parameter is the length of the lightning discharge channel inside the cloud. For the total length of channels inside the cloud of a typical ground flash of about 45 km, we estimate that the global annual production of NOx is about 4Tg(N). (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [4, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "Trypanosoma rangeli - In vitro metacyclogenesis and fate of metacyclic trypomastigotes after infection to mice and fibroblast cultures. High metacyclogenesis was induced when freshly-isolated Trypanosoma rangeli from humans were grown in a modified liver-infusion-tryptose medium and transferred into the medium overlaid on mouse fibroblasts at 27 degrees C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. Such in vitro-generated metacyclic trypomastigotes could induce a significantly high and constant parasitemia in both ICR and SCID mice for a period of about a week but thereafter the parasitemia gradually decreased. Histological examination could not detect any tissue-forms of T. rangeli in Various organs of SCID mice. On the other hand, two long-maintained stocks of T. rangeli produced lower metacyclogenesis and only latent parasitemia in both strains of mice. When these populations were incubated in fibroblast cultures at 37 degrees C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere, only trypomastigotes survived for two to three weeks without proliferation, while other forms, mainly epimastigotes, soon began to swell and degenerate. Electron microscopy showed that most surviving trypomastigotes had the basketlike conformation of the kinetoplasts. This is characteristic of the non-dividing trypomastigote stage of T. cruzi, and suggests that T. rangeli trypomastigotes may survive long periods in the blood without proliferation.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "'No More Fears, No More Tears'?: Gender, Emotion and the Aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars in France. This article investigates why royalist popular culture in the immediate aftermath of the Napoleonic wars often depicted young mothers anxious for peace. Such representations reflected the brutality of the wars, women's relative prominence in anti-conscription resistance and a cultural shift from revolutionary injunctions to wives and mothers to sacrifice their menfolk for the good of the nation to Napoleonic images of women as tremulous counterparts to virile soldiers. But the image of peace-loving mothers in 1814 and 1815 was not simply a response to the devastation of war or a continuation of Napoleonic gender roles. Instead, it served distinctive purposes in a period of peace-making and political transition, which entailed not only disentangling masculinity from martial valour but also strategically invoking feminine anguish or joy. The focus on Louis XVIII's role in rescuing mothers helped legitimise an unpopular monarch, who had gained power only with the help of foreign armies, and was returning to a country that had executed its last king. The image of grateful women and happy families also deflected attention away from contemporary problems -including the difficult return of veterans to a defeated country and the lasting grief of those who had lost loved ones in war - by focusing on the joy of mothers whose sons would remain safely home. This article draws on two different bodies of scholarship, rarely considered together - the growing literature on the history of emotion in the era of the French Revolution and studies of gender and war in the twentieth century, especially the First World War - and uses a variety of sources, from recruitment propaganda to songs, to show the specific ways gendered and emotional images could be deployed at transitional moments.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 52]}
+{"token": "What does the minister do? On the working conditions of political leaders. This article contributes insight into the working conditions of political leaders based on rarely accessible high-quality data that include unique surveys of Danish ministers, mayors, and permanent secretaries supplemented by in-depth interviews. The results show that the classical metaphor of the leader as a puppet master being pulled by an endless number of strings also fits the ministers. Their work life is fragmented in time and space, and their time is in great demand when compared to mayors and permanent secretaries. They experience high work pressure, which comes at a cost to their personal lives. They are exposed in public life and harassed, especially on social media. The implications for the balance between the minister and permanent bureaucracy, descriptive representation as well as policy innovation and quality of decision-making are discussed. It is concluded that stressful working conditions are likely to affect the way our democracies work.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "Cyborgs in the Everyday: Masculinity and Biosensing Prostate Cancer. An in vivo biosensor is a technology in development that will assess the biological activity of cancers to individualise external beam radiotherapy. Inserting such technology into the human body creates cybernetic organisms; a cyborg that is a human-machine hybrid. There is a gap in knowledge relating to patient willingness to allow automated technology to be embedded and to become cyborg. There is little agreement around what makes a cyborg and less understanding of the variation in the cyborgisation process. Understanding the viewpoint of possible beneficiaries addresses such gaps. There are currently three versions of cyborg' in the literature (i) a critical feminist STS concept to destabilise power inherent in dualisms, (ii) an extreme version of the human/machine in science-fiction that emphasises the man' in human and (iii) a prediction of internal physiological adaptation required for future space exploration. Interview study findings with 12 men in remission from prostate cancer show a fourth version can be used to describe current and future sub-groups of the population; everyday cyborgs'. For the everyday cyborg the masculine cyborg status found in the fictionalised human-machine related to issues of control of the cancer. This was preferred to the felt stigmatisation of being a leaker and bleeder'. The willingness to become cyborg was matched with a having to get used to the everyday cyborg's technological adaptations and risks. It is crucial to explore the everyday cyborg's sometimes ambivalent viewpoint. The everyday cyborg thus adds the dimension of participant voice currently missing in existing cyborg literatures and imaginations.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Pay Your Debts: Moral Dilemmas of International Debt. Should a government repay its international debts even if this imposes severe hardships on its citizens? Drawing on moral psychology, we investigate when people think a government is morally obligated to pay its debts. Participants read about a government that has to decide whether to default on its debt payments or cut vital programs. Across conditions, we varied the number of jobs at stake and whether a full or partial default is required to save them. Overall, most participants judged that a government should pay its debt even when the damage to the debtor is greater than the benefit to the lender. As the damage to the debtor became extreme, participants increasingly said the government should default, but they still judged that defaulting is morally wrong. In Experiment 2, we find in a national sample of Americans that political conservatives were more opposed to default than liberals. We discuss implications for policy, public opinion, and public welfare during economic downturns.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "The immune response to bovine viral diarrhea virus: a constantly changing picture. Since the last comprehensive review of this subject in 1995 [1], probably no field of bovine viral diarrhea Virus (BVDV) research has evolved more quickly than immunology. The interaction of bovine viral diarrhea virus with both innate and adaptive immunity is clearer now than ever before. However, with each new discovery in the field of immunology, our understanding of the host immune response to BVDV lags behind. In this review we have tried to add to the knowledge of the interaction of BVDV and the bovine immune response and its application to BVDV control. The ability to cross the placenta of susceptible pregnant animals and cause a variety of fetal infections is the most important evidence of the Success of BVDV in the evasion of the host immune system. Transient immunosuppression occurs in acutely infected animals. BVDV infects cells pivotal in control of the innate and acquired immune response. These cells include granulocytes, macrophages, antigen-presenting myeloid cells, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-lymphocytes and B cells. We will discuss each of these components in greater detail.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Formation of the Actor's/Speaker's Formant: A Study Applying Spectrum Analysis and Computer Modeling. Study Design and Setting. The immediate effects of a vocal exercise series on speaking voice were studied in a Finnish male actor, who is an experienced teacher of the exercises. They consist of nasal vowel syllable strings and words containing nasals. Before and after a 30-minute exercising, the subject (1) read aloud at three loudness levels and (2) phonated the Finnish vowels at habitual level.Results. After the exercise, the peak at 3.5 kHz in the LTAS of the reading samples was stronger, although L-eq was the same as before, suggesting a level-independent resonance change. Reading samples after exercising were evaluated to sound better in voice quality than before exercising. The strong peak at 3.5 kHz was present in all vowels, and it was mainly formed by clustering of F-4 and F-5.Conclusions. A 1D model-based optimization suggested that this kind of a formant cluster could be best established by simultaneously narrowing the epilaryngeal tube, widening the pharynx and narrowing the front of the oral cavity.Hypothesis. A strong peak between 3 and 4 kHz in the long-term average spectrum (LTAS) of speech has been found to be one correlate of a good male speaking voice, for example, among actors. The actor's or speaker's formant (resembling the singer's formant) can be established by certain vocal training. This study investigates the origin of the speaker's formant.Methods. Formant frequencies were estimated from spectra of the vowel samples. LTAS was made and equivalent sound level (L-eq) was measured for the text samples. Formant frequencies were used as the input for a one-dimensional (1D) mathematical model.", "label": [2, 3, 22, 28]}
+{"token": "Integrating In Situ and Current Generation Satellite Data for Temporal and Spatial Analysis of Harmful Algal Blooms in the Hartbeespoort Dam, Crocodile River Basin, South Africa. The Hartbeespoort Dam is a discharge point of a catchment that is characterized by urbanization, mining, industrial, and agricultural activities. These activities coupled with fluxes of heavily polluted wastewater from informal settlements, wastewater treatment works, as well as runoff from golf courses have led to the development of recurring harmful algal blooms (HABs). The predominant cyanobacteria scum that is largely covering the Dam water is toxic to fish and poses serious public health risks. Phosphorus is the limiting nutrient in terrestrial aquatic systems and excess concentration in the waters usually results in eutrophication. The productivity level in Hartbeespoort Dam is also a function of total phosphorous (TP) level, showing a positive correlation with chlorophyll-a, an index for phytoplankton which are predominantly HABs in this Dam. Analysis of long-term in situ water quality data (1980-2020) show that TP is not the only driver, changes in surface water temperatures also affect the productivity level, especially, when TP levels are below a threshold of approximately 0.4 mg/L. Chlorophyll-a was retrieved from current generation high resolution satellite (Landsat and Sentinel) at 5-year interval. Standard band ratio-based ocean color model applied to satellite data produced an accuracy of R-2 = 0.86 and RMSE of 5.56 mu g/L. Time series analysis of in situ and satellite data show similar trends including capturing the effect of biocontrol on productivity levels between the late 1980s and the early 1990s, after which productivity increased with an increased flux of TP. Since 2015, the average annual surface temperature in the Dam has decreased leading to the decline in productivity level despite increasing levels of TP. The spatial dynamics of the HABs is a function of the discharges levels of the various rivers draining into the Dam as well as its geometry. Relatively higher concentrations are observed near river discharges and in areas of restricted water circulation.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 38, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Morphological and molecular study on Yininemertes pratensis (Nemertea, Pilidiophora, Heteronemertea) from the Han River Estuary, South Korea, and its phylogenetic position within the family Lineidae. Outbreaks of ribbon worms observed in 2013, 2015, and 2017-2019 in the Han River Estuary, South Korea, have caused damage to local glass-eel fisheries. The Han River ribbon worms have been identified as Yininemertes pratensis (Sun & Lu, 1998) based on not only morphological characteristics compared with the holotype and paratype specimens, but also DNA sequence comparison with topotypes freshly collected near the Yangtze River mouth, China. Using sequences of six gene markers (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, histone H3, histone H4, 16S rRNA, and COI), the phylogenetic position of Y. pratensis was inferred among other heteronemerteans based on their sequences obtained from public databases. This analysis firmly placed Y. pratensis as a close relative to Apatronemertes albimaculosa Wilfert & Gibson, 1974, which has been reported from aquarium tanks containing tropical freshwater plants in various parts of the world as well as a wild environment in Panama.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Hiring and retaining physicians to work primary health care in the state of Bahia. This article analyzes the strategies of work management adopted at the Fundacao Estatal Sairde da Familia (State Health Family Foundation) (FESF-SUS), which was created to hire and allocate physicians in the Brazilian state of Bahia. The research aims to contribute to the debate about the difficulties of hiring and retaining physicians to work in the public policy promoting family health \\\\'Estrategia Saude da Familia\\\\' (ESP). The research consisted of a case study adopting several methodological strategies, with emphasis on documentary analysis. The findings show that one solution to hire and retain physicians is the creation of an inter-municipal career. The proposed work management of the Foundation included aspects such as variable compensation, worker mobility between municipalities, and factors associated with the provision of physicians to work in public health. The complexity of this proposal is faced with the lack of experience in operating this form of work management, as well as with the structural and institutional issues that historically marked the work management in the municipalities.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Identification and fine mapping of a recessive gene controlling zebra leaf phenotype in maize. Leaf color mutant is an important resource for studying chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development in maize. Here, a novel mutant zebra crossband 9 (zb9) with transverse green-/yellow-striped leaves appeared from ten-leaf stage until senescence was identified from mutant population derived from the maize inbred line RP125. The yellow section of the zb9 mutant displays a reduction of chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, as well as impaired chloroplast structure. Genetic analysis showed that the zb9 mutant phenotype was caused by a single recessive gene. Map-based cloning demonstrated that the zb9 locus was delimited into a 648 kb region on chromosome 1 covering thirteen open reading frames (ORFs). Among them, a point mutation (G to A) in exon 2 of the gene Zm00001d029151, named Zmzb9, was identified based on sequencing analysis. The causal gene Zmzb9 encodes UDP-glucose-4-epimerase 4 (UGE4), a key enzyme involved in chloroplast development and was considered as the only candidate gene controlling the mutant phenotype. Expression patterns indicated that the causal gene was abundantly expressed in the leaves and sheaths, as well as significantly downregulated in the mutant compared to that in the wild type. Subcellular localization showed that ZmZB9 was localized in chloroplasts and implied the putative gene involved in chloroplast development. Taken together, we propose that the causal gene Zmzb9 tightly associated with the zebra leaf phenotype, and the obtained gene here will help to uncover the regulatory mechanism of pigment biosynthesis and chloroplast development in maize.", "label": [0, 2, 6, 7, 20, 9]}
+{"token": "A survey on the infection of Onion yellow dwarf virus and Iris yellow spot tospovirus in seed and bulb productions systems of onion in Calabria, Italy. A survey on the incidence of onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV) and iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) was carried out over three production cycles of onion 'Rossa di Tropea' in Calabria, Italy. OYDV was found to be the prevalent virus. 'Rossa di Tropea' seedbeds adjacent to OYDV-infected green onion field had seedlings with 1.76% infection rate determining 36.2% and 98.67% infected plants in the bulbs and in the subsequent seed harvesting times, respectively. When seedbeds were at least one km away from other onion crops seedlings and bulb cultivation had the infection rate close to zero. OYDV was detected in whole plants except the roots and outer desiccated bulb skins. Seed transmission was not detected in 'Rossa di Tropea'. Early OYDV infection significantly reduced the number and weight of seeds/inflorescence compared to late season infection, while the weight of 100 seeds was not different in the two early and late OYDV infected plants. IYSV was never found in seedbeds. It was always detected first in seed crops (April) than in bulb crops (June), and the final infection rate was higher in seed (2.67%-3.33%) than in bulb crops (0%-0.87%), suggesting there was an internal source of viral inoculum in the field. IYSV was detected in 3/123 apex bulbs randomly collected from stored bulbs and in 12/12 apex fresh bulbs collected at harvest time from infected plants, suggesting the role of bulbs as IYSV inoculum source. On the contrary, randomly collected bulbs (N = 109) from warehouse and bulbs of infected plants (N = 22), transplanted after storage, did not result in IYSV-infected plants.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Responses of reactive oxygen metabolism and quality in mango fruit to exogenous oxalic acid or salicylic acid under chilling temperature stress. After being immersed in water, oxalic acid (OA) or salicylic acid (SA) aqueous solutions, mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Zill) fruit were stored at 14 degrees C or at 5 degrees C with shelf life to determine the effects of exogenous OA or SA on reactive oxygen metabolism, quality and chilling injury (CI) of the fruit. Mango CI could be reduced by OA and SA treatments. Compared with that in control, accompanied with alleviated CI at shelf life, fruit treated with OA or SA had significantly higher reduction states of ascorbate and glutathione. Moreover, the treated fruit showed lower superoxide anion content, higher hydrogen peroxide content, lower lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.12) activity and higher activities of superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), guaiacol peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7), ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11) and glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2). In addition, fruit firmness, total soluble solids and titratable acidity content were not obviously affected by OA and SA treatments. It was suggested that the effect of OA or SA on mango CI probably attributed to more reducing status of ascorbate and glutathione, less O-2(-) accumulation and more H2O2 accumulation.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Germination of Barnyardgrass Seeds under Light and Temperature Conditions. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of temperature and light on germination of barnyardgrass in different periods of seed storage after dispersal. The research was divided into two studies: in the first it was evaluated the effect of three temperatures (15, 25 and 35 degrees C) and two light conditions (presence and absence), on germination percentage, hypocotyl length and radicle length; and, in the second, it was evaluated the effect of three temperatures (15, 25 and 35 degrees C) on the germination speed index and germination speed. The seeds were collected in the field shortly after the start of natural seed dispersal. The studies were performed at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330 and 360 days after seed harvest. At 30 days after seed harvest, there was no germination regardless of light conditions and temperature. At 60 days after seed harvest, the seeds germinated both in the presence and absence of light. The absence of light increased hypocotyl length, regardless of temperature. Under 15 degrees C temperature condition and absence of light, the seeds showed higher radicle length. The increase in temperature caused an increase on the germination speed index and germination speed of the seeds. The knowledge of factors that affect barnyardgrass germination contribute to develop crop management practices of this important weed that interferes in some crops, including the soybean grown in rotation with rice paddy.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Identification of Novel Chemical Scaffolds Inhibiting Trypanothione Synthetase from Pathogenic Trypanosomatids. A library composed of 144 compounds from 7 different families and several singletons was screened against TryS from three major pathogen species (Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania infantum). The screening conditions were adjusted to the TryS' kinetic parameters and intracellular concentration of substrates corresponding to each trypanosomatid species, and/or to avoid assay interference. The screening assay yielded suitable Z' and signal to noise values (>= 0.85 and similar to 3.5, respectively), and high intra-assay reproducibility. Several novel chemical scaffolds were identified as low mu M and selective tri-tryp TryS inhibitors. Compounds displaying multi-TryS inhibition (N,N'-bis(3,4-substituted-benzyl) diamine derivatives) and an N-5-substituted paullone (MOL2008) halted the proliferation of infective Trypanosoma brucei (EC50 in the nM range) and Leishmania infantum promastigotes (EC50 = 12 mu M), respectively. A bis-benzyl diamine derivative and MOL2008 depleted intracellular trypanothione in treated parasites, which confirmed the on-target activity of these compounds.Methodology/Principal FindingThe search for novel chemical entities targeting essential and parasite-specific pathways is considered a priority for neglected diseases such as trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis. The thiol-dependent redox metabolism of trypanosomatids relies on bis-glutathionylspermidine [trypanothione, T(SH)(2)], a low molecular mass cosubstrate absent in the host. In pathogenic trypanosomatids, a single enzyme, trypanothione synthetase (TryS), catalyzes trypanothione biosynthesis, which is indispensable for parasite survival. Thus, TryS qualifies as an attractive drug target candidate.Conclusions/SignificanceBackgroundNovel molecular scaffolds with on-target mode of action were identified as hit candidates for TryS inhibition. Due to the remarkable species-specificity exhibited by tri-tryp TryS towards the compounds, future optimization and screening campaigns should aim at designing and detecting, respectively, more potent and broad-range TryS inhibitors.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
+{"token": "Creep of concrete at variable stresses and heating. This article gives analytical dependences for creep of concrete at heating, taking into account conditions of its drying. These dependences are based on the standard nonlinear theory of creep of concrete at a normal temperature and temperature-time analogy. For the description of creep at various stresses and temperatures the principle of superposition are used. All stages of model's creation are confirmed by the existing experimental data. Calculation examples are given.", "label": [1, 4, 17, 15, 40, 11]}
+{"token": "Dynamics of a four-bar mechanism with clearance and springs - Modeling and experimental analysis. This paper presents a study of the dynamic behavior of a planar four-bar mechanism with clearance. A spring was added to improve the dynamic response of the mechanism with clearance. Simulations and experimental tests were carried out to show the improvement of the dynamic behavior using this simple yet effective solution. The simulation was performed under MATLAB and ADAMS. An experimental set-up was designed and built to achieve the experimental validations. The presented results show that the added spring improved the dynamic behavior of the mechanism by keeping a continuous contact between the journal and the sleeve despite the presence of the clearance. The effect of the spring on the input torque was also investigated. It is shown that the spring increases the maximum value of the torque. Optimization was performed to determine the best parameters of the spring that reduce the effect of the clearance while minimizing the increase of the input torque. The optimized system was tested at different speeds to show the effect of the speed on the dynamic behavior of the optimized system.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Interpretation of canine and feline blood smears by emergency room personnel. ERP interpretation of canine and feline blood smears should be used cautiously and should not replace evaluation by a veterinary diagnostic laboratory.One hundred and fifty-five blood smears were evaluated. There was moderate agreement (kappa value, 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.52, 0.74) between estimated platelet counts by ERP and automated counts. Poor agreement was found between estimated WBC counts by ERP and automated counts (kappa value, 0.48; 95% CI: 0.37, 0.60). Specific abnormalities with a high likelihood of clinical significance, eg, toxic change, nucleated RBCs, spherocytes, hemoparasites, and lymphoblasts, were not predictably identified by ERP.Interpretation of blood smears is commonly used to provide rapid laboratory evaluation of animals in veterinary emergency practice, but the accuracy of results of blood smear interpretation by emergency room personnel (ERP) compared with evaluation by trained veterinary clinical pathology personnel is unknown.BackgroundThe goal of this study was to compare blood smear evaluation by ERP with that of clinical pathology personnel.MethodsAll animals that had a CBC determined by a diagnostic laboratory and had blood smears evaluated by personnel at the Foster Hospital for Small Animals Emergency Room between September 2008 and July 2009 were eligible for study inclusion. ERP who evaluated blood smears completed standardized forms with estimates of the WBC and platelet counts and evaluation of RBC and WBC morphology. Results from point-of-care assessment were compared with automated or manual results reported by the veterinary diagnostic laboratory.ResultsConclusionsObjective", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Plant and Insect Viruses in Managed and Natural Environments: Novel and Neglected Transmission Pathways. The capacity to spread by diverse transmission pathways enhances a virus' ability to spread effectively and survive when circumstances change. This review aims to improve understanding of how plant and insect viruses spread through natural and managed environments by drawing attention to 12 novel or neglected virus transmission pathways whose contribution is underestimated. For plant viruses, the pathways reviewed are vertical and horizontal transmission via pollen, and horizontal transmission by parasitic plants, natural root grafts, wind-mediated contact, chewing insects, and contaminated water or soil. For insect viruses, they are transmission by plants serving as passive \\\\'vectors,\\\\' arthropod vectors, and contamination of pollen and nectar. Based on current understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics of virus spread, the likely roles of each pathway in creating new primary infection foci, enlarging previously existing infection foci, and promoting generalized virus spread are estimated. All pathways except transmission via parasitic plants, root grafts, and wind-mediated contact transmission are likely to produce new primary infection foci. All 12 pathways have the capability to enlarge existing infection foci, but only to a limited extent when spread occurs via virus-contaminated soil or vertical pollen transmission. All pathways except those via parasitic plant, root graft, contaminated soil, and vertical pollen transmission likely contribute to generalized virus spread, but to different extents. For worst-case scenarios, where mixed populations of host species occur under optimal virus spread conditions, the risk that host species jumps or virus emergence events will arise is estimated to be \\\\'high\\\\' for all four insect virus pathways considered, and, \\\\' very high\\\\' or \\\\'moderate\\\\' for plant viruses transmitted by parasitic plant and root graft pathways, respectively. To establish full understanding of virus spread and thereby optimize effective virus disease management, it is important to examine all transmission pathways potentially involved, regardless of whether the virus' ecology is already presumed to be well understood or otherwise.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Gene Expression Patterns in Different Wool Densities of Rex Rabbit Using cDNA Microarray. This study was carried out to identify gene expression patterns in different wool densities of rex rabbit. The mid-dorsal skin samples from 8 rex rabbits were studied. They were divided into two groups according to different wool densities. Total RNA was isolated and labeled by reverse transcription reaction with Cy5-dCTP and Cy3-dCTP for cDNA probe. The cDNA probe was hybridized with cDNA microarrays containing 14 601 rabbit's genes. The differently expressed genes were analysed with the Gene Ontology (GO) classification and the pathway analysis. Hierarchical clustering was performed to clarify genes in association with different wool densities. The 2 657 differentially expressed genes were identified. Among them, 1 103 genes were functionally known genes, 687 genes were up-regulated and 419 were down-regulated. GO analysis indicated that these altered genes were associated with metabolism, signal transduction, cell cycle, cell adhesion, cell proliferation, cell division, apoptosis, and other processes. KEGG analysis showed that 95 signal pathways associated with up-regulated genes and 87 signal pathways associated with down-regulated genes had changed significantly (P<0.05). Some important differentially expressed genes in different wool densities of rex rabbit were identified, such as MMP2, TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 2, IGF-1, ITGB1, RPS6KB1, BMP2, ActRIIB, CDK2, and CCNA2. Hierarchical clustering analysis separated the differentially expressed genes into 5 main characteristic groups. Data from cDNA microarray experiments clearly distinguished between group A and group B. Some important genes were identified, which might be useful in further study on wool density markers of rex rabbit.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Mental health and wellbeing of medical students in Nigeria: a systematic review. In addition to the stresses common to medical school training, medical students in Nigeria face additional peculiar contemporary social problems due to income inequality, poverty, insecurity and political instability. These have a direct impact on their mental health and wellbeing. The aim of this study was to systematically review articles reporting on the epidemiology of psychiatric disorders among medical students in Nigeria. Studies were identified using MEDLINE, HINARI, African Journal Online (AJOL) and Google Scholar databases using search terms encompassing psychiatric morbidity amongst medical students. No date restrictions were applied to the search. The pooled prevalence estimate was calculated for each disorder. Psychological distress was present in 25.2% of the students, perceived stress in 60.5%, depression in 33.5% and anxiety in 28.8%. The current use of at least one psychoactive substance was present in up to 44.2%, while 35.5% of all the respondents had experienced one or more forms of abuse during their training as medical students. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders among medical students in Nigeria is high. Positive coping mechanisms such as religiosity, positive reframing and resilience which were identified in this review should be optimized to reduce the burden.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "The requirement for natural sunlight to prevent vitamin D deficiency in iguanian lizards. To investigate possible causes of embryonic and neonatal mortality in a group of captive Fijian iguanas (Brachylophus fasciatus and Brachylophus vitiensis), the vitamin D status of adults in the colony was compared with that of agamid and iguanid lizards either housed in indoor enclosures under artificial ultraviolet light or exposed to natural Sunlight (wild-caught or captive animals housed outdoors). Those under artificial lighting had a significantly lower vitamin D status than those housed exclusively outdoors, whereas the vitamin D status of Fijian iguanas that had received intermittent exposure to natural sunlight was intermediate and not significantly different from that of animals housed exclusively outdoors. However, eggs front some of these Fijian iguanas had substantially lower vitamin D content than eggs from outdoor iguanid and agamid animals, Artificial ultraviolet light, therefore, might not be an adequate Substitute for natural sunlight to maintain vitamin D status of lizards, This possible inadequacy may be because either artificial ultraviolet light has a lower intensity of the wavelengths that induce vitamin D than does sunlight or the intensity of the artificial lighting is not sufficient.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Experimental system for X-ray cone-beam microtomography. A laboratory test of X-ray tomography employing a diverging beam of X-rays rather than the usual parallel X-ray beam is described. We chose to test and demonstrate the advantages of divergent beam tomography by imaging an extracted juvenile human premolar using an ordinary dental X-ray source and a cooled CCD camera. Experiments with a three-piece cover-glass sample and with the human tooth demonstrated that three-dimensional reconstruction can be achieved at 34 mu m per pixel resolution employing an X-ray tube spot 800 mu m in its smallest direction without requiring close contact with the fluorescent screen. Reconstruction of a 256 x 256 pixel single-plane image from 100 projection images took only 45 sec on a personal computer with a Pentium 166 MHz processor. We have also demonstrated a volume reconstruction of 256 x 256 x 256 voxels from the data. Successful extension of this work to submicrometer projection X-ray microscopy is predicted. Improved resolution of medical tomography is another possible application.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Diversity and abundance of leafhoppers in Canadian vineyards. Leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) are pests of many temperate crops, including grapevines (Vitis species). Uncontrolled populations can induce direct and indirect damage to crops due to feeding that results in significant yield losses and increased mortality in infected vineyards due to virus, bacteria, or phytoplasmas vectored by leafhoppers. The main objective of this work was to determine the diversity of leafhoppers found in vineyards of the three main Canadian production provinces, i.e., in British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec. Approximately 18,000 specimens were collected in 80 commercial vineyards from 2006 to 2008. We identified 54 genera and at least 110 different species associated with vineyards, among which 22 were predominant and represented more than 91% of all the leafhoppers. Species richness and diversity were estimated by both Shannon's and Pielou's indices. For each province, results indicated a temporal variation in species composition. Color photographs provide a tool to quickly identify 72 leafhoppers commonly associated with vineyards.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "NMR reveals an undeclared constituent in custom synthetic peptides. The cases show that experimental verification supersedes trust in both pharmaceutical and research QC. They also highlight the promising utility of both established high-field and recently re-evolving low-field benchtop qHNMR. The unanticipated findings remind manufacturers and researchers alike about the advantages of including/performing NMR and qNMR with routine CofA documentation and/or verification of research grade chemicals. Especially when done jointly, this can greatly improve confidence in research and help streamline the pharmaceutical QC toolbox. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.This report shows how NMR analysis uncovered the unanticipated presence of substantial amounts of mannitol (20 and 43% w/w) as undeclared constituent in two custom synthetic peptides, DR and DRVYI, that were sourced commercially. Quantitative H-1 NMR (qHNMR) readily detected the contaminant, even on a 60 MHz benchtop instrument, and quantified the highly polar and UV-transparent adulterant. Quantum-mechanical H-1 iterative Full Spin Analysis (HiFSA) not only achieved unambiguous identification of both the mannitol and the peptides, but also confirmed the quantitative results.Whereas generic, LC-based pharmaceutical control quality procedures depend largely on the detection mode and can be particularly 'blind' to certain impurities, NMR is a more versatile and, thus, often more judicious detector. While adulteration presents ever-evolving challenges for the analysis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and finished products sold in the worldwide (online) marketplace, research chemicals are usually trusted rather than being considered flawed or even adulterated.", "label": [2, 4, 36, 22]}
+{"token": "Thermal characterization of recycled polymer for additive manufacturing applications. This work is focused on the thermal characterization of Nylon 6 based nano-composite (NC) material. Initially, melt flow index (MFI) test confirms the qualification of this material, as an alternative material for the fabrication of FDM filament. The differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements characterize the material by recording their phase and mass changes as a function of temperature. The DSC results confirmed the decrease of crystallinity with the inclusion of nano fillers but also realized that these filler particles act as a thermodynamic sink and improves its stability. The TGA analysis also demonstrated the increase in thermal stability and flame retardancy level of NC material. In addition to above scanning electron microscopy analysis visualized the dispersion of filler materials in Nylon 6 matrix. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "IO circuit design for 2.5D through-silicon-interposer interconnects. This paper presents four topologies of voltage-mode un-terminated IO cells in 28-nm CMOS for single-ended rail-to-rail signaling over a passive interposer die in 2.5D configuration for >1Gbps data rates. The presented design explores the existing IO design-space from a 2.5D viewpoint, optimizing existing topologies from area, speed, power and protection perspectives, with a higher degree of configurability in the form of pre-emphasis and slew-rate control. The transmitter (TX) embeds pre-emphasis to enhance high-frequency components of the signal for longer low-pass natured channels. The TX also implements slew-rate control to minimize reflections on shorter channels because of impedance discontinuities and also to minimize simultaneous switching noise. Level-shifting capability embedded in the receiver (RX) enables multi-technology interfacing where different dies are signaling at their core voltages (range: 0.7V-1.8V) instead of following a particular signaling standard. The measurement results of the transceivers, over a interposer of length of 3.5mm, demonstrate +/- 5% duty-cycle distortion with 700W at 500MHz/0.8-V-signaling on the channel with jitter of 20ps, +/- 10% duty-cycle distortion with 1.8mW at 1Gbps/0.9-V signaling with jitter of 20ps, +/- 10% duty-cycle distortion with 2mW at 2Gbps/0.7-V signaling for 1-V receiver core voltage with a jitter of 10ps. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Refiguring Baideha Bilasa: Reading the Queer and the Erotic in Upendra Bhanja's Ramayana. Baideha Bilasa is a seventeenth century Odia erotic retelling of the Ramaya?a. The work is particularly pertinent today, as the political right wing in India celebrates Rama's abstinence and represses his conjugal life in public memory. Rama's leaving of Sta for his kingdom (read the Hindu nation) is further highlighted as his choosing of Dharma (duty) over Kama (pleasure). This text reorders that binary and demonstrates how preoccupied Rama was in fulfilling his duties as a husband. It contains multiple erotic encounters between the couple and some important (and subversive) instances of queer imagination and interaction. This article is an attempt to survey and decipher the same. And, in doing so, we intend to contribute to the scholarship on Ramaya?a and the literary history of pre-modern Odisha, which has received relatively little scholarly attention.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Finding maximum induced matchings in subclasses of claw-free and P-5-free graphs, and in graphs with matching and induced matching of equal maximum size. In a graph G a matching is a set of edges in which no two edges have a common endpoint. An induced matching is a matching in which no two edges are linked by an edge of G. The maximum induced matching (abbreviated MIM) problem is to find the maximum size of an induced matching for a given graph G. This problem is known to be NP-hard even on bipartite graphs or on planar graphs. We present a polynomial time algorithm which given a graph G either finds a maximum induced matching in G, or claims that the size of a maximum induced matching in G is strictly less than the size of a maximum matching in G. We show that the MIM problem is NP-hard on line-graphs, claw-free graphs, chair-free graphs, Hamiltonian graphs and r-regular graphs for r greater than or equal to 5. On the other hand, we present polynomial time algorithms for the MIM problem on (P-5, D-m)-free graphs, on (bull, chair)-free graphs and on line-graphs of Hamiltonian graphs.", "label": [4, 40, 41]}
+{"token": "Depression and atherosclerosis. The aim of this paper was to examine the interaction between depression and atherosclerosis through a systematic review. A Medline search was performed from 1966 through 2009 using relevant terms such as depression, epidemiology and atherosclerosis. This was supplemented by a thorough manual search using bibliographies of reviews and full articles. The papers were divided and analyzed separately for each vascular bed. Depression is diagnosed usually before atherosclerosis becomes obvious. The contribution of depression in the development of atherosclerosis emerges from various mechanisms, including lack of physical activity, that exist in this illness. Controversies about the etiology and pathogenesis exist. These interactions of all elements and the importance of each one have not been investigated adequately. Repeated objective measurements for atherosclerosis are lacking. There is an association between depression and atherosclerosis, but the strength of this relationship has to be determined. Prospective studies are needed to determine the early and long term effects of their interaction. [Int Angiol 2011;30:97-104]", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Occurrence of tomato leaf curl Bangladesh virus and associated subviral DNA molecules in papaya in Bangladesh: molecular detection and characterization. Forty-five papaya samples showing severe leaf curl symptoms were tested by PCR with a degenerate primer set for virus species in the genus Begomovirus. Of these, 29 were positive for tomato leaf curl Bangladesh virus (ToLCBV). The complete genome sequences of ToLCBV (GenBank accession no. MH380003) and its associated tomato leaf curl betasatellite (ToLCB) (MH397223) from papaya isolate Gaz17-Pap were determined and characterized. Defective betasatellites were found in ToLCBV-positive papaya isolates Gaz19-Pap, Gaz20-Pap and Gaz21-Pap. This study confirmed that papaya is a host of ToLCBV, ToLCB, and other defective and recombinant DNA satellites in Bangladesh.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "LEGO - II. A 3mm molecular line study covering 100 pc of one of the most actively star-forming portions within the Milky Way disc. The current generation of (sub)mm-telescopes has allowed molecular line emission to become a major tool for studying the physical, kinematic, and chemical properties of extragalactic systems, yet exploiting these observations requires a detailed understanding of where emission lines originate within the Milky Way. In this paper, we present 60'' (similar to 3pc) resolution observations of many 3mm-band molecular lines across a large map of the W49 massive star-forming region (similar to 100x100pc at 11kpc), which were taken as part of the 'LEGO' IRAM-30m large project. We find that the spatial extent or brightness of the molecular line transitions are not well correlated with their critical densities, highlighting abundance and optical depth must be considered when estimating line emission characteristics. We explore how the total emission and emission efficiency (i.e. line brightness per H-2 column density) of the line emission vary as a function of molecular hydrogen column density and dust temperature. We find that there is not a single region of this parameter space responsible for the brightest and most efficiently emitting gas for all species. For example, we find that the HCN transition shows high emission efficiency at high column density (10(22)cm(-2)) and moderate temperatures (35K), whilst e.g. N2H+ emits most efficiently towards lower temperatures (10(22)cm(-2); <20K). We determine XCO(1-0)similar to 0.3 x 10(20)cm(-2)(Kkms(-1))(-1), and alpha(HCN(1-0))similar to 30M(circle dot)(Kkms(-1)pc(2))(-1), which both differ significantly from the commonly adopted values. In all, these results suggest caution should be taken when interpreting molecular line emission.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Examining the effects of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) on Residential Burglary. Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) began to develop in the early 1970s as a response to an increase in crime and fear in urban areas. Advancing research in CPTED requires clarifying the theoretical conceptualizations and validating an integrated CPTED model. The purpose of this study is to develop and validate a hierarchical, CPTED model for urban neighborhoods. Conceptually, this study extends theory by reframing CPTED as a reflective, hierarchical construct and modelling its impact on burglary victimization. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that CPTED is a third-order, reflective construct model with four main dimensions, namely, surveillance, access control, territoriality and maintenance. The results of the structural model support the theoretical findings in the literature that associate high CPTED with low victimization. The scale can be applied for a wide range of landed residential properties. Crime prevention practitioners should take these factors into consideration to make informed decisions for future developments. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 57]}
+{"token": "LOSS OF ALUMINIUM DURING THE PROCESS OF Ti-Al-V ALLOY SMELTING IN A VACUUM INDUCTION MELTING (VIM) FURNACE. In the present paper, results of the study on changes in basic Ti-6Al-4V alloy component contents during smelting in the vacuum induction melting (VIM) furnace are presented. The experiments were performed at 5 - 1 000 Pa and 1 973-2 023 K. Assuming that the observed loss of aluminium from the alloy during smelting is the effect of evaporation, an additional thermodynamic analysis was performed aimed at determining evaporation coefficients.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "EFFECT OF FERMENTED WHEY PROTEIN CONCENTRATE ON TEXTURE OF IRANIAN WHITE CHEESE. Perhaps the biggest story in the dairy industry in the past couple of decades has been the rise of new applications for whey and whey proteins. Once considered a waste product in the cheese manufacturing process, whey and whey protein products today are used for a wide range of functional and nutritional properties. In the cheese industry, particularly in soft cheese varieties, whey proteins have shown good applications to replace caseins as they act as fat replacer and bind more water than caseins, which results in softer cheeses. Therefore, this study was attempted to investigate the impact of fermented whey protein concentrate on textural attributes of Iranian white cheese.The influence of fermented whey protein concentrate (FWPC) added before and after formation of cheese curd on the textural characteristics of Iranian white cheese was studied. The FWPC, prepared from whey obtained during cheese making, was added at different levels 5, 10, 15 and 20% (v/v) after (A) or before (B) cheese curdling. The changes in rheological parameters of cheeses were determined before and after 1 month of ripening. It was found that both incorporation level and stage of addition of FWPC (A and B) caused significant effects on texture profile analysis of cheeses. Increasing the level of FWPC in B group, except samples containing 10% FWPC, in contrast with A cheeses led to considerable increase in moisture and decrease in hardness and chewiness. Samples containing more than 15% FWPC had undesirable texture and were too soft. All experimental cheeses exhibited a decline in values for each rheological parameter after 1 month of ripening.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "How Might Gastronomy be a Suitable Discipline for Testing the Validity of Different Modern and Postmodern Claims About What May be Called Avant-Garde?. Between the years 1996-2007 many interesting academic developments occurred in gastronomy, culinary arts, and culinary science and technology studies. In that period, undergraduate and postgraduate master's degrees were inaugurated from Brighton to Auckland, and serious research leading to master's and doctoral awards was undertaken. In these studies the importance of gastronomy and culinary/table arts in our individual everyday lives became a focus for further exploration and research. The restaurant meal experience has many implications socially, scientifically, economically, and aesthetically. This article addresses some suggestions of how the aesthetic/artistic experience may be integrated into achieving meaning, socially and scientifically, raising more than answering some questions about the place of the meal experience in our everyday lives. Also, it explores the links and differences between the technological, aesthetic, scientific, and social dimensions of the meal experience from the perspectives of philosophers and scientists who help us think about the issues surrounding the restaurant meal experience.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Fostering creativity in students in the teaching of structural analysis. The need to design structures for ever harsher environments, to greater heights and spans, with greater controllability and durability, and of greater economy and safety, calls for creative solutions by today's structural engineers. This paper examines the issue of fostering structural engineering creativity in students, which does not appear to have been discussed in the open literature. The paper begins with a brief discussion of creativity followed by an analysis of the design process as a creative process. This analysis identifies the deficiencies in the current approach of teaching structural analysis which emphasises the mastery of skills for quantitative analysis hut neglects the development of structural insight and an ability for divergent thinking. A number of measures which may be able to rectify these deficiencies are then discussed These include the imparting of qualitative-analysis skills in students, the use of structural paradoxes to develop problem-solving skills, and a stronger emphasis in teaching on links between structural forms and functional attributes and between different structural forms.", "label": [1, 5, 53, 15]}
+{"token": "The geographies of policy translation: how nudge became the default policy option. This paper examines the emergence of libertarian paternalism or 'nudge' as a rationale of government in the UK and charts the way in which this development has been enabled by, and has enabled, a process of policy translation. We examine: the reasons for the emergence of libertarian paternalism in the UK; the processes that have enabled libertarian paternalism to become a significant way of framing policy in the UK for both the New Labour and the Coalition administrations; the way in which this set of policy initiatives has been predicated upon a process of social and spatial embedding that has seen it become interpreted as a meaningful and default solution to a whole host of social ills. We conclude by arguing that there is a need to appreciate both the political malleability of libertarian paternalism as a concept and the complex geographies that have enabled it to assume political significance in the UK.", "label": [5, 52, 51]}
+{"token": "Transient Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus: A Challenge and Opportunity for Specialized Nursing Care. Transient neonatal diabetes mellitus (TNDM) is a rare disorder, with a reported incidence of approximately 1 in 450,000 live births. It is characterized by insulin-requiring hyperglycemia in the neonatal period. The disease improves by early childhood, but the patient may relapse in later life. Diagnosis is made after genetic testing following presentation with hyperglycemia not conforming to Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes. Management is based on insulin and possible sulfonylurea administration. Three genetically distinct subtypes of TNDM are recognized. Type 1 TNDM is due to overexpression of genes at the 6q24 locus, whereas the 11p15 locus is involved in Type 2 and 3 TNDM. In this article the clinical presentation, management, and genetics of TNDM are discussed, particularly emphasizing the role of the neonatal nurse.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Health related quality of life among pregnant women living with HIV in Kenya, results from comparing a patient generated index and the Euroqol 5 dimension 3 level. Background Standardized tools are used to measure health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and they focus on selected physical, emotional, and social functioning. This approach may miss out on the heterogeneity of HRQoL among various sub-populations. The patient-generated index (PGI) is a tool used to measure HRQoL based on patients' expectations. Among patients living with HIV, HRQoL is an important indicator as the world moves beyond the UNAIDS 90-90-90 goals, towards the so-called fourth 90 that aims at good HRQoL. We compared the PGI and the Euroqol 5 Dimension 3-level (EQ-5D-3L) to identify areas of importance to pregnant women living with HIV affecting thier HRQoL. Methods Through convenience sampling, we surveyed 100 pregnant women living with HIV attending antenatal and postnatal clinics in Western Kenya, using both the PGI and the EQ-5D-3L questionnaires. A PGI score and EQ-5D-3L index were generated for each participant. Data from the PGI was also summarized into themes. The PGI scores and EQ-5D-3L index scores were correlated using Pearson correlation. Results From the PGI tool, 64% of the women reported having two to three main priority areas of their lives affected by their HIV status. These areas centered on themes of economic wellbeing (84% of the women), physical health (58%), psychological/emotional health (49%), and relationships (28%). The mean PGI score was 2.01 [SD = 1.10; median 1.10]. The majority of the women reported having no problems in any of the 5 dimensions captured in the EQ-5D-3L. The mean EQ-5D-3L score was 0.94 [SD = 1.10; median 1.00]. Both the EQ-5D-3L and the PGI showed less than perfect HRQoL. There was no correlation between the PGI and the EQ-5D-3L scores. Conclusion The PGI may capture aspects of contextual social and emotional life for Kenyan pregnant women living with HIV that are not identified by generic tools. Highlighting areas of importance to patients' HRQoL is key as focus shifts towards the fourth 90 and may also inform the design of care programs aligned to patient needs.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, S-isopropyl 3-methylthiobutyrate, CAS Registry Number 34322-06-0. S-Isopropyl 3-methylthiobutyrate was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data from read-across analog methyl thiobutyrate (CAS # 2432-51-1) show that S-isopropyl 3-methylthiobutyrate is not expected to be genotoxic. The repeated dose, reproductive, and local respiratory toxicity endpoints were evaluated using the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) for a Cramer Class I material, and the exposure to S-isopropyl 3-methylthiobutyrate is below the TTC (0.03 mg/kg/day, 0.03 mg/kg/day, and 1.4 mg/day, respectively). The skin sensitization endpoint was completed using the dermal sensitization threshold (DST) for non-reactive materials (900 mu g/cm(2)); exposure is below the DST. The phototoxicity/photoallergenicity endpoints were evaluated based on ultraviolet (UV) spectra; S-isopropyl 3-methylthiobutyrate is not expected to be phototoxic/photoallergenic. The environmental endpoints were evaluated; S-isopropyl 3-methylthiobutyrate was found not to be persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) as per the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) Environmental Standards, and its risk quotients, based on its current volume of use in Europe and North America (i.e., Predicted Environmental Concentration/Predicted No Effect Concentration [PEC/PNEC]), are < 1.The existing information supports the use of this material as described in this safety assessment.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
+{"token": "THE SPATIAL DIFFUSION OF FERTILITY - A CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYSIS OF COUNTIES IN THE AMERICAN SOUTH, 1940. In recent years, the diffusion perspective on variation and change infertility levels has attracted increasing interest. Yet, few researchers have attempted to estimate the effect of diffusion on geographic variations in fertility. I employ a spatial-diffusion model to assess the effect of diffusion in shaping fertility variation across 1,052 counties in the American South in 1940. Variation infertility levels and the ''fertility potential'' for each county are measured. Fertility potential is a spatial-effects variable that summarizes each county's geographic proximity to the influence of other high- or low-fertility counties. A two-stage least squares technique described by Land and Deane (1992) is used to assess the effect of fertility potential on observed fertility levels. A significant diffusion effect is inferred. The diffusion effect withstands the introduction of control variables measuring a variety of other characteristics of southern counties, many of which, themselves, have significant effects on actual fertility levels. I conclude that inter-county variation in fertility in the South was shaped by a mix of social forces, especially structural and diffusion processes.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Blood phenylalanine reduction corrects CNS dopamine and serotonin deficiencies and partially improves behavioral performance in adult phenylketonuric mice. Central nervous system (CNS) deficiencies of the monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin have been implicated in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric dysfunction in human phenylketonuria (PKU). In this study, we confirmed the occurrence of brain dopamine and serotonin deficiencies in association with severe behavioral alterations and cognitive impairments in hyperphenylalaninemic C57BL/6-Pah(enu2/enu2) mice, a model of human PKU. Phenylalanine-reducing treatments, including either dietary phenylalanine restriction or liver directed gene therapy, initiated during adulthood were associated with increased brain monoamine content along with improvements in nesting behavior but without a change in the severe cognitive deficits exhibited by these mice. At euthanasia, there was in Pah(enu2/enu2) brain a significant reduction in the protein abundance and maximally stimulated activities of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2), the rate limiting enzymes catalyzing neuronal dopamine and serotonin synthesis respectively, in comparison to levels seen in wild type brain. Phenylalanine-reducing treatments initiated during adulthood did not affect brain TH or TPH2 content or maximal activity. Despite this apparent fixed deficit in striatal TH and TPH2 activities, initiation of phenylalanine-reducing treatments yielded substantial correction of brain monoamine neurotransmitter content, suggesting that phenylalanine-mediated competitive inhibition of already constitutively reduced TH and TPH2 activities is the primary cause of brain monoamine deficiency in Pah(enu2) mouse brain. We propose that CNS monoamine deficiency may be the cause of the partially reversible adverse behavioral effects associated with chronic HPA in Pah(enu2) mice, but that phenylalanine-reducing treatments initiated during adulthood are unable to correct the neuropathology and attendant cognitive deficits that develop during juvenile life in late-treated Pah(enu2/enu2) mice.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 20]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of a management strategy to control the spread of Myxobolus cerebralis in a Lower Columbia river tributary. In October 2001, Myxobolus cerebralis, the myxozoan parasite that causes salmonid whirling disease, was detected in juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss from a private hatchery that received water from Clear Creek, a tributary of the Clackamas River, Oregon. The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife closed the surface water portion of the hatchery in March 2003 and initiated a monitoring program to evaluate the success of the closure in containing further parasite spread. From 2002 to 2005, rainbow trout sentinels were held in live cages for 2 weeks at locations upstream, downstream, and within the area of the facility and then were tested for M. cerebralis infection. Infection prevalence in groups held in the hatchery pond, the outflow, and downstream of the facility was initially high; however, by May 2004 infection was no longer detected in Clear Creek, although the parasite continued to be detected in the hatchery pond. A single rainbow trout collected approximately IS river kilometers upstream of the facility in 2002 was infected with M. cerebralis. The parasite was not detected in fish collected from other portions of the Clackamas River drainage, indicating that the introduction was limited. Tubifex tubifex, the invertebrate host for the parasite, were abundant in the hatchery ponds, but only a single specimen was identified in the main stem of Clear Creek. Actinospores of M. cerebralis were only detected in the hatchery waters. The monitoring indicated that the parasite had not become widely established in Clear Creek and that partial closure of the hatchery removed the primary source of infection for fish.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Report allocation in the European Parliament after eastern enlargement. This article identifies factors that have influenced the chances for Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) to become rapporteurs in the European Parliament after the 2004 eastern enlargement. More specifically, it answers the question of how the MEPs from the new member states were integrated into the report allocation process under different legislative procedures. Controlling for a whole range of alternative explanations such as legislative experience, attendance rates or party group membership, we find that MEPs from the accession countries were at a disadvantage when reports were distributed. Their chances of becoming rapporteurs were lower than those of their peers from the old member states. Most importantly, this pattern still holds when comparing MEPs from the accession countries with first-time MEPs from the old member states.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "Welfare implications of Pigovian taxation of a durable goods monopolist. This paper examines the effectiveness of Pigovian taxation in checking the behaviour of a durable goods monopolist who generates some externality in the production process. The durable good lasts two periods. It is found that while the effect of an increase in the tax is to lower the first period output, the second period output decreases only under certain conditions. The overall welfare effect of a Pigovian tax can either be positive or negative depending on the relative magnitudes of the price-cost margins, the extent of the negative externality, the extent of longevity (durability) of the first period output and the underproduction relative to social optima. Public policy implications are discussed.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Testing for regime switching. We analyze use of a quasi-likelihood ratio statistic for a mixture model to test the null hypothesis of one regime versus the alternative of two regimes in a Markov regime-switching context. This test exploits mixture properties implied by the regime-switching process, but ignores certain implied serial correlation properties. When formulated in the natural way, the setting is nonstandard, involving nuisance parameters on the boundary of the parameter space, nuisance parameters identified only under the alternative, or approximations using derivatives higher than second order. We exploit recent advances by Andrews (2001) and contribute to the literature by extending the scope of mixture models, obtaining asymptotic null distributions different from those in the literature. We further provide critical values for popular models or bounds for tail probabilities that are useful in constructing conservative critical values for regime-switching tests. We compare the size and power of our statistics to other useful tests for regime switching via Monte Carlo methods and find relatively good performance. We apply our methods to reexamine the classic cartel study of Porter (1983) and reaffirm Porter's findings.", "label": [4, 5, 49, 41, 52]}
+{"token": "Changes in ocean circulation and carbon storage are decoupled from air- sea CO2 fluxes. The spatial distribution of the air-sea flux of carbon dioxide is a poor indicator of the underlying ocean circulation and of ocean carbon storage. The weak dependence on circulation arises because mixing-driven changes in solubility-driven and biologically-driven air-sea fluxes largely cancel out. This cancellation occurs because mixing driven increases in the poleward residual mean circulation result in more transport of both remineralized nutrients and heat from low to high latitudes. By contrast, increasing vertical mixing decreases the storage associated with both the biological and solubility pumps, as it decreases remineralized carbon storage in the deep ocean and warms the ocean as a whole.", "label": [4, 37, 38]}
+{"token": "Cooperation in evolutionary snowdrift game: Networking effects. We study the effects of networking on the extent of cooperation emerging in an evolutionary snowdrift game, which is a possible alternative to the well-known Prisoner's Dilemma game. The model is studied in the Newman-Watts network that spans the regular, small-world, and random networks through randomly added links. For a wide range of payoffs, the added links are found to suppress cooperation, when compared with a well-mixed or fully connected system. We identify extinction payoffs that characterize the emergence of a homogeneous steady state and study how these payoffs depend on the extent of addition of links to the network.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Herbal medicines for children: an illusion of safety?. Herbal medicaments are in common use. In general, the judicious use of carefully selected and prepared herbal medications seems to cause few adverse effects and may be beneficial. However, toxic effects of these products have been reported with increasing frequency. infants and children may be even more susceptible to some of the adverse effects and toxicity of these products because of differences in physiology, immature metabolic enzyme systems, and dose per body weight. Although information promoting the use of herbal medicine is widespread, true evidence-based information about the efficacy and safety of herbal medications is limited. Although the most conservative approach is to recommend against use of herbal medicine until such evidence is available, some patients are not receptive to this approach. A reasonable approach for health care providers may be to follow such use closely, assist in herbal therapeutic decisions, and monitor for adverse effects and interactions. This manuscript discusses general concepts about herbal medicines, public health implications, and a framework for mechanisms of adverse effects from the use of botanicals, Adverse effects and toxicity of selected herbal products, including Chinese herbal medicines, are presented. The authors propose a risk reduction approach in which physicians actively seek information about the use of complementary or alternative medicine while taking medical histories. (C) 2001 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Inc.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis secondary to disseminated histoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus viremia, and nontuberculous mycobacteria bacteremia in a patient with recently diagnosed AIDS. A 30-year-old Honduran male with recently diagnosed AIDS presented with a 1-month history of worsening abdominal pain, diarrhea, and fever. Initial investigations were notable for Cytomegalovirus viremia and diffuse lymphadenopathy. Axillary lymph node biopsy demonstrated necrotizing lymphadenitis with disseminated histoplasmosis. Despite aggressive antimicrobial therapy he continued to clinically deteriorate raising suspicion for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. The patient met 5 of 8 HLH-2004 diagnostic criteria and was suc-cessfully treated with dexamethasone and etoposide per the HLH-94 protocol. Despite the high mortality rates and poor clinical outcomes of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in patients living with HIV/AIDS, this case demonstrates that this high-risk patient population can be successfully treated and survive acquired hemopha-gocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Furthermore, our case stresses the importance of maintaining a broad differential diagnosis in patients living with HIV/AIDS who present with sepsis.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "Short communication: Using diurnal patterns of C-13 enrichment of CO2 to evaluate the effects of nitrate and docosahexaenoic acid on fiber degradation in the rumen of lactating dairy cows. Nitrate decreases enteric CH4 production in ruminants, but may also negatively affect fiber degradation. In this experiment, 28 lactating Holstein dairy cows were grouped into 7 blocks. Within blocks, cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 isonitrogenous treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement: control (CON); NO3 [21 g of nitrate/kg of dry matter (DM)]; DHA [3 g of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/kg of DM]; or NO3+DHA (21 g of nitrate/kg of DM and 3 g of DHA/kg of DM). Cows were fed a total mixed ration consisting of 21% grass silage, 49% corn silage, and 30% concentrates on a DM basis. Based on the difference in natural C-13 enrichment and neutral detergent fiber and starch content between grass silage and corn silage, we investigated whether a negative effect on rumen fiber degradation could be detected by evaluating diurnal patterns of C-13 enrichment of exhaled carbon dioxide. A significant nitrate x DHA interaction was found for neutral detergent fiber digestibility, which was reduced on the NO3 treatment to an average of 55%, as compared with 61, 64, and 65% on treatments CON, DHA, and NO3+DHA, respectively. Feeding nitrate, but not DHA, resulted in a pronounced increase in C-13 enrichment of CO2 in the first 3 to 4 h after feeding only. Results support the hypothesis that effects of a feed additive on the rate of fiber degradation in the rumen can be detected by evaluating diurnal patterns of C-13 enrichment of CO2. To be able to detect this, the main ration components have to differ considerably in fiber and nonfiber carbohydrate content as well as in natural C-13 enrichment.", "label": [0, 6, 8]}
+{"token": "Nephronophthisis: a pediatric case report. Nephronophthisis is an autosomal recessive cystic kidney disease caused by mutations in genes that encode proteins involved in the primary cilia function, resulting in kidney disease and extrarenal manifestations such as retinal degeneration and liver fibrosis. According to the age of development of end-stage chronic kidney disease, three clinical forms of presentation are described: infantile, juvenile and adolescent. Diagnosis is made by a positive genetic test, or a kidney biopsy demonstrating chronic tubulointerstitial changes with thickening of the tubular basement membranes. At the moment there is no healing therapy, so early kidney transplant is a fundamental tool to improve prognosis. We present a 13-month old male patient with polyuria, kidney failure, anemia and elevated aminotransferases over three months. With compatible histological kidney biopsy, the diagnosis of infantile nephronophthisis with liver involvement was reached.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "POLYAMINE METABOLISM ASSOCIATED WITH GROWTH AND EMBRYOGENIC POTENTIAL OF RICE. To determine whether polyamines are involved in somatic embryogenesis in a monocot, levels of polyamines were determined using HPLC during embryogenic callus induction and during cell-culture growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Free putrescine accumulated ten-fold in cells during callus induction and growth using conditions optimized for subsequent plant regeneration. Free and conjugated pools of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine in cell suspension cultures exhibited a regular, proportional pattern of increase and decline during each subculture cycle. Polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors, difluoromethylarginine (DFMA) and difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), were used to determine the importance of de novo putrescine biosynthesis for explant dedifferentiation and growth of embryogenic rice callus. Callus was induced in the presence of 2,4-D and either of these inhibitors. However, DFMA (10 mM) suppressed cell suspension culture growth and plant regeneration from callus. These effects were reversible with exogenous agmatine. DFMO inhibited cell suspension culture growth only in the absence of exogenous 2,4-D and had no effect on plant regeneration from callus. A comparison of the morphogenesis of cell suspensions cultured in the presence of DFMA or DFMO revealed that these inhibitors differ in their impact on cell differentiation, proliferation of compact meristematic cell clusters, starch metabolism, and cell cluster friability. We conclude that polyamine metabolism via arginine decarboxylase influences the embryogenic potential of in vitro rice cultures.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Cause and effect of factors affecting the Delta K-th of small crack. The threshold stress intensity factor (Delta K-th) of small crack is affected by various factors, especially by material hardness, stress ratio and crack size. Test results showed that harder material had higher Delta K-th and smaller crack had lower Delta K-th. The crack closure measurement on a very small crack was done to make clear the root cause of those effects. Most of those effects could be explained by the peculiar behavior of crack closure for crack deeper than 100 mu m. However, everything could not be understood only by the crack closure behaviour. In addition to the difference in crack closure, (Delta K-eff)(th) itself was also dependent on crack size when the crack depth was shallower than 100 mu m. Another remarkable phenomenon was experienced in this study. Unusual decrease in Delta K-th was found in some case. The large decrease of Delta K-th occurred under the conjunction of three factors, that is, extremely high stress ratio (R) higher than 0.8, small crack and hard material. This kind of large reduction in Delta K-th in high R region is of much importance in turbo machinery that operates under high mean stress with small vibratory stress.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Indicators of physiological condition in juveniles of Utterbackia imbecillis (Bivalvia : Unionidae): A comparison of rearing techniques. Larvae of Utterbackia imbecillis normally undergo metamorphosis to the juvenile while attached to the gills or fins of a host fish; however, metamorphosis can also be induced in the laboratory in a modified cell culture medium. This study examined juveniles resulting from each of these rearing techniques to determine their relative physiological conditions. Juveniles reared in vitro grew more slowly and had higher mortality rates than did their fish-reared counterparts. Animals reared on their host fish accumulated triglycerides, cholesterol, glycogen, and protein during the parasitic metamorphic period. In contrast, animals reared in vitro showed an increase in the levels of triglycerides, but did not accumulate cholesterol, glycogen, or protein. These results suggest that fish-reared juvenile individuals of U. imbecillis are in more robust physiological condition than their in vitro-reared counterparts.", "label": [4, 45, 47]}
+{"token": "THE POLICY OF ELECTRO-AMPLIFIED POPULAR MUSIC IN FRANCE: THE LIBERAL CONTEXT AND THE REGULATION OF REBELLIOUS CULTURES. Originality/value of chapter - This academic text offers some key concepts explaining the normalization of the emerging and anarchistic musical cultures.Findings - The meaning of the so-called \\\\'musicalization of revolt\\\\' is defined. This phenomenon emerged, in France, at the end of 1960s, after a long and traditional period of \\\\'politization\\\\' and rationalization of protest. The main sociological and economic dimensions of this new historical process are designated: a special standardization of the emotional expression and a transcultural and global matrix of rebellion. Then, the public policy of EAPM is examined in depth. The paradox of the French voluntarism (the regulation of EAPM practices) is accentuated. What to do with the liberal origin of these styles and the institutional policy that began in 1982? Why and for what reasons has this public policy been still going on? What are the advantages of the public support from musicians' as well as local and national authorities' point of view? What are the topics of EAPM public policy (support for social creation, status of drugs, and ritualization of violence)?Design/methodology/approach - To explain the significance and the institutionalization of EAPM through the conflict and mediation between two modes of legitimation of the rebellion and recognition of identity: deliberative rationality and verbalization of protest, on the one hand, and \\\\'musicalization\\\\' of revolt and globalization of the rebellious feeling attitude, on the other hand.Purpose - The aim of this chapter is to theorize and describe the main characteristics of the social construction of the policy of electro-amplified popular music (EAPM) in the French context.", "label": [3, 29, 30]}
+{"token": "Funerary ridiculing in Tanzania. Translocality, inclusion and moralization in the utani relationship. This essay introduces the issue of joking relationships and describes the role played by such relationships as observed in two ethnographic fields in Somalia and Tanzania. Between the 1930s and 1980s, joking relationships were the subject of animated discussions among Francophone and Anglophone Africanist anthropologists. Later the theoretical debate seems somehow to have become obsolete while UNESCO has been involved in recognizing the cultural value of such relations. The opportunity to take video shots of a funerary event in Tanzania in which the utani relatives of the dead played a central role during an entire morning of funerary celebrations provides the stimulus to reflect again on this institution in East Africa through video images and to highlight the role that joking relationships have played in integrating foreigners and in highlighting moral standards within a community.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Neutrophil count is not associated with infection episodes in breast cancer patients treated with anthracycline-based chemotherapy. The aim was to evaluate the impact of anthracycline-based chemotherapy on neutrophil count and infections in breast cancer women. The medical records of patients were retrospectively and prospectively reviewed (8-year period). Patients were grouped according to anthracyclines at different doses: (1) Scheme 1 (n = 56, 224 courses): 50-60 mg/m(2); and (2) Scheme 2 (n = 25, 100 courses): 65-75 mg/m(2), associated to cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil, at 21-day intervals between courses. Neutrophil count was performed on diagnosis and 48-72 h before each chemotherapy course. Patients were followed up for neutrophil count and infection episodes for three consecutive courses. Multivariate analysis was used to determine independent factors for infection. After the first course, neutrophil count was reduced than baseline (P < 0.001) and maintained during the subsequent courses, without differences between courses or groups. There were 49 infection episodes (63.2% urinary, 18.4% neutropenic fever and 18.4% diverses), mainly between course 1-2 (39%) and course 3-4 (38%) of chemotherapy. Patients evaluated as presenting or not with infection episodes did not differ in neutrophil count. The number of chemotherapy courses (P < 0.05), but not age, neutrophil count or chemotherapy regimen, was associated with infection. We concluded that progressive chemotherapy, but not neutrophil count, was an independent factor for infection.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
+{"token": "User innovation and the market. This paper proposes a way of including in official statistics consumers as user innovators who modify or develop products for their own use. The issue addressed is the role of the market in the definition of innovation in the OECD/Eurostat Oslo Manual and the exclusion by that definition of consumers who modify or develop products and then freely reveal the knowledge thus gained to others. A change to the definition, which also has implications for the measurement of innovation in the public sector, is proposed. The policy implications of user innovation by consumers and by firms are considered along with the importance of including consumer user innovation in official statistics. The paper ends with a programme for future work.", "label": [5, 50, 52, 51]}
+{"token": "KINETICS OF FOLDING AND ASSOCIATION OF DIFFERENTLY GLYCOSYLATED VARIANTS OF INVERTASE FROM SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE. Although reactivation kinetics and yields of the core-glycosylated and high-mannose-glycosylated invertase are essentially identical between 5 and 40-degrees-C, the nonglycosylated cytoplasmic form displays strongly reduced reactivation yields at the high end and significantly reduced reactivation rates at the low end of this temperature range.Renaturation of core-glycosylated invertase upon dilution from guanidinium-chloride solutions follows a unibimolecular reaction scheme with consecutive first-order subunit folding and second-order association reactions. The rate constant of the rate-limiting step of subunit folding, as detected by fluorescence increase, is k1 = 1.6 +/- 0.4 x 10(-3) s-1 at 20-degrees-C; it is characterized by an activation enthalpy of DELTAHdouble dagger = 65 kJ/mol. The reaction is not catalyzed by peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase of the cyclophilin type. Reactivation of the enzyme depends on protein concentration and coincides with subunit association, as monitored by size-exclusion high-pressure liquid chromatography. The association rate constant, estimated by numerical simulation of reactivation kinetics, increases from 5 x 10(3) M-1 s-1 to 7 x 10(4) M-1  s-1 between 5 and 30-degrees-C.A core-glycosylated form of the dimeric enzyme invertase has been isolated from secretion mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae blocked in transport to the Golgi apparatus. This glycosylation variant corresponds to the form that folds and associates during biosynthesis of the protein in vivo. In the present work, its largely homogeneous subunit size and well-defined quaternary structure were utilized to characterize the folding and association pathway of this highly glycosylated protein in comparison with the nonglycosylated cytoplasmic and the high-mannose-glycosylated periplasmic forms of the same enzyme encoded by the suc2 gene.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Charles McLean Fraser (1872-1946) - his contributions to hydroid research and to the development of fisheries biology and academia in British Columbia. Charles McLean Fraser (1872-1946) is best remembered for his work on hydroids, but he was also involved in a much broader range of activities during the development of marine biology on the Pacific coast of Canada in the first half of the 20th century. He first became interested in hydroids when. as a graduate student at the University of Toronto, he collected from the floating laboratory near Canso, Nova Scotia. In 1903 he began teaching at the high school in Nelson, British Columbia, and collected hydroids at various locations on the Pacific coast. He completed a Ph.D. under the direction of C. C. Nutting at the University of Iowa. Fraser had worked at the Pacific Biological Station in 1908. the first year it was open: and in 1912 he became its second curator. In the latter capacity he was a member of a commission on sea lions. and worked on such commercially important species as salmon and herring. From 1920 to 1940 he was Head of the Department of Zoology at the University of British Columbia and continued marine work there. He was an influential member of societies such as the Royal Society of Canada and the Pacific Science Association. In the decade before the Second World War he also participated in the Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions which collected from Southern California to Peru and east into the Caribbean Sea. His hydroid work culminated in the publication of three books on hydroids of the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of North America and their distribution and relationships.", "label": [4, 45]}
+{"token": "Analysing foreign language instructional materials through the lens of the multiliteracies framework. Literacy, understood as a socially situated process of making meaning from texts, has been offered as a conceptual solution to collegiate foreign language curricular divisions, and multiliteracies pedagogy as a means of implementing that solution. Within multiliteracies pedagogy, the knowledge processes framework [Kalantzis, M., Cope, B., Chan, E., & Dalley-Trim, L. (2016). Literacies (2nd ed.). Melbourne: Cambridge University Press] facilitates deep engagement with texts and development of advanced language and literacy skills. As more programmes adopt this conceptualisation of literacy as a programmatic goal, additional research is needed to understand how this framework is applied in materials design and implementation. In response, this article documents the materials analysis of multiliteracies lesson plans developed as part of a revised lower-level collegiate Spanish curriculum. Using the knowledge process framework as an analytical lens, study participants examined 25 lessons targeting interpretive communication from two different courses. Results reveal an overwhelming emphasis on the knowledge process of experiencing; the knowledge processes of conceptualising, analysing, and applying occur much less frequently. The authors discuss conceptual and pedagogical factors contributing to the findings and implications for teacher development and student learning in collegiate foreign language contexts.", "label": [3, 5, 53, 28]}
+{"token": "INTENSITY OF INFORMATION EXPOSURE AS A PSYCHO-TRAUMATIC FACTOR IN A VIRAL THREAT SITUATIONS. A review of research into psychological impact of the viral threat COVID-19 is presented. It is proposed that a pandemic should be seen as a traumatic stressor. A comparison of different types of \\\\'invisible\\\\' threats is given: the threat of radiation contamination, the threat of terrorist acts to indirect victims and the viral threat. The main distinguishing features of the viral threat are the multifactorial nature of the impact, the totality of dissemination and the control/prevention of contamination. The key role of the media in shaping psychopathological signs in populations in epidemic situations is identified. Studies examining the psychological consequences of experiencing a viral threat (anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, somatization, post-traumatic stress disorder, sleep disorders) during a pandemic are reviewed. A comparative analysis of the severity of psychopathological symptoms in different population groups during and before the pandemic was performed.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "The Problem of Foundation in Early Nyaya and in Navya-Nyaya. The evaluation of arguments was not the sole concern of logicians in ancient India. Early Nyya and the later Navya-Nyya provide an interesting example of the interaction between logic and ontology. In their attempt to develop a kind of property-location logic (Navya-)Naiyyikas had to consider what kind of restrictions they should impose on the residence relation between a property and its locus (which might again be a property). Can we admit circular residence relations or infinitely descending chains of properties, each depending on its successor as its locus? Early Naiyyikas and to some extent also Navya-Naiyyikas regard these phenomena as a kind of absurdity and they want to rule them out. Their intuitions about properties are close to well-founded systems of set theory, whereas the author of the Navya-Nyya work Updhidarpana is a proponent of a non-well-founded property concept. Despite certain similarities with sets properties are still regarded as intensional objects in Navya-Nyya. In the present article I demonstrate that a Quine/Morse-style extension of George Bealer's property calculus T1 (with or without a property adaptation of the axiom of regularity) may serve as a formal system which adequately mirrors the Navya-Nyya property-location logic.", "label": [3, 4, 41, 30, 32]}
+{"token": "A comparison of US and European conceptualisations of clinical supervision. The editors note how this chapter draws attention to several important points/questions. Clearly, there are multiple interpretations and/or versions of CS; in different parts of the world, the same term has very different meanings. The resultant confusion and difficulty in international, translation (or exporting) of CS should not come as a surprise. The persistent confusion surrounding the term continues to bedevil our academe's research efforts; it inhibits clinicians' attempts to grapple with and subsequently embrace CS; it enables a variety of practices which bear little passing resemblance to the original conceptualisations of CS to be 'passed off' as CS. Movement towards an agreed (and, the editors would argue, international) shared conceptualisation of CS (and an associated nomenclature) can then be regarded as one of the most pressing issues facing the CS academe.This chapter compares the extent of United States and European nursing literature that focuses on substantive clinical supervision (CS) matters. Examination of this body of work indicates (at least) two principal, differing conceptualisations of the purpose and resultant practice of CS. The chapter points out how the US conceptualisation creates the need for all supervisors to be more 'expert' in the particular specialty of nursing than the supervisee; the European conceptualisation posits supervision as a forum for considering the personal, interpersonal and clinical aspects of care so as to develop and maintain nurses who are skilled and reflective practitioners. In such a conceptualisation, this creates the need for supervisors to be effective at supporting nurses in self-monitoring, identifying difficulties in practice and finding the proper place to make good the deficit, not necessarily to be more expert in the particular nursing speciality. The chapter concludes by highlighting and discussing two key issues that emerged from this comparison: does the clinical supervisor of a nurse have to share the same specialty background as the supervisee (the recipient of the CS) and, what are the advantages of cross-discipline supervision?This chapter is adapted from the paper which was originally published as Cutcliffe, J. R. and Lowe, L. (2005) A comparison of North American and European conceptualisations of clinical supervision, Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 26(5), 475-488.", "label": [2, 26, 23]}
+{"token": "Bibliometric analysis of qualitative research on patients' experiences of intestinal stoma published between 2002-2018. Conclusion The present bibliometric study helps us to map the qualitative research on the experiences of individuals with an intestinal stoma and to understand patterns in the designs, methods, disciplines and journals involved in this area of research. This will allow nurses to have a leading contribution to stoma care at their disposal.Results Nursing was the main area of knowledge. Brazil was the predominant country of origin. The most productive journal was the Journal of Wound, Ostomy & Continence Nursing. English and Portuguese were the main languages of scientific communication. The number of authors was typically between 2 and 6. Authors conducted descriptive and phenomenological studies.Methods Databases such as PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Knowledge, Scopus, SciELO, CUIDEN, Lilacs and Google Scholar were used to collect the data, between August - November 2018.Design Descriptive bibliometric study focused on the production of qualitative research on the subject of study, on three levels: micro, meso and macro.Aims The purpose of this paper was to perform a bibliometric analysis of the production of qualitative research in scientific journals through aggregation by levels and to identify factors of diversity, such as types of designs, in qualitative research on the experience of having an intestinal stoma between 2002 and 2018.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Prevention of work disability due to musculoskeletal disorders: The challenge of implementing evidence. Background: The process of returning disabled workers to work presents numerous challenges. In spite of the growing evidence regarding work disability prevention, little uptake of this evidence has been observed. One reason for limited dissemination of evidence is the complexity of the problem, as it is subject to multiple legal, administrative, social, political, and cultural challenges. Purpose and methods: A literature review and collection of experts' opinion is presented, on the current evidence for work disability prevention, and barriers to evidence implementation. Recommendations are presented for enhancing implementation of research results. Conclusion: The current evidence regarding work disability prevention shows that some clinical interventions (advice to return to modified work and graded activity programs) and some non-clinical interventions (at a service and policy/community level but not at a practice level) are effective in reducing work absenteeism. Implementation of evidence in work disability is a major challenge because intervention recommendations are often imprecise and not yet practical for immediate use, many barriers exist, and many stakeholders are involved. Future studies should involve all relevant stakeholders and aim at developing new strategies that are effective, efficient, and have a potential for successful implementation. These studies should be based upon a clearer conceptualization of the broader context and inter-relationships that determine return to work outcomes.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 57]}
+{"token": "Representationalism and the perspectival character of perceptual experience. Perceptual experiences inform us about objective properties of things in our environment. But they also have perspectival character in the sense that they differ phenomenally when objects are viewed from different points of view. Contemporary representationalists hold, at a minimum, that phenomenal character supervenes on representational content. Thus, in order to account for perspectival character, they need to indentify a type of representational content that changes in appropriate ways with the perceiver's point of view. Many representationlists, including Shoemaker and Lycan, argue that such contents are best construed in terms of mind-dependent properties. Other representationalists, including Tye and Dretske, hold that these contents involve only mind-independent properties. Susanna Schellenberg has recently developed an account of perceptual experience that would serve these latter representationalists extremely well. She suggests that we can do justice to the perspectival character of perceptual experience by appeal to representations of a certain type of relational properties, so-called 'situation-dependent properties.' In this paper, I critically engage with Schellenberg's proposal in order to show how mind-independent representationalists can explain perspectival character. I argue that appeal to situation-dependent properties is problematic. I then show that mind-independent representationalists can account for perspectical character by means of scenario contents in Christopher Peacocke's sense.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "A comparative study of three numerical schemes for solving Atangana-Baleanu fractional integro-differential equation defined in Caputo sense. This study contains numerical schemes namely Linear scheme, Quadratic scheme, and Quadratic-linear scheme to solve a fractional integro-differential equation using the Atangana-Baleanu derivative defined in Caputo sense. The error bounds of the schemes are obtained. We discuss four test examples to perform the numerical simulations, and the obtained numerical results ensure that the presented schemes work well and the obtained approximate solution agrees with the analytical solution. The convergence order and maximum absolute errors of the schemes are calculated and their comparative performances are discussed.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Entry and social efficiency under Bertrand competition and asymmetric information. This paper explores the welfare implications of free entry when firms face known entry costs, but production costs are privately known. Upon entering, firms compete in prices to supply a homogeneous good. Our framework yields results that are more nuanced than those of the literature on social efficiency and entry, where there is either insufficient or excessive entry for all parameter values. With asymmetric information, depending on the distribution of costs, and the magnitude of entry costs, it is possible to have both excessive and insufficient entry, as well as the optimal level of entry. We also show that the existence of entry costs fundamentally changes one of the key results of Spulber (J Ind Econ 43(1):1-11) on the convergence of the equilibrium price to the competitive equilibrium.", "label": [4, 5, 49, 41, 52]}
+{"token": "Mann and Gender in Old English Prose: A Pilot Study. It has long been known that OE mann was used in gender-neutral as well as gender-specific contexts. Because of the enormous volume of its attestations in Old English prose, the more precise usage patterns of mann remain, however, largely uncharted, and existing lexicographical tools provide only a basic picture. This article aims to present a preliminary study of the various uses of mann as attested in Old English prose, particularly in its surprisingly consistent use by an individual author, namely that of the ninth-century Old English Martyrology. Patterns emerging from this text are then tested against other prose material. Particular attention is paid to gender-specific usage, examples of which are shown to be exceptional for a word which largely occurs in gender-neutral contexts.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Annealing Harmony Search Algorithm to Solve the Nurse Rostering Problem. A real-life problem is the rostering of nurses at hospitals. It is a famous nondeterministic, polynomial time (NP)-hard combinatorial optimization problem. Handling the real-world nurse rostering problem (NRP) constraints in distributing workload equally between available nurses is still a difficult task to achieve. The international shortage of nurses, in addition to the spread of COVID-19, has made it more difficult to provide convenient rosters for nurses. Based on the literature, heuristic-based methods are the most commonly used methods to solve the NRP due to its computational complexity, especially for large rosters. Heuristic-based algorithms in general have problems striking the balance between diversification and intensification. Therefore, this paper aims to introduce a novel metaheuristic hybridization that combines the enhanced harmony search algorithm (EHSA) with the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm called the annealing harmony search algorithm (AHSA). The AHSA is used to solve NRP from a Malaysian hospital. The AHSA performance is compared to the EHSA, climbing harmony search algorithm (CHSA), deluge harmony search algorithm (DHSA), and harmony annealing search algorithm (HAS). The results show that the AHSA performs better than the other compared algorithms for all the tested instances where the best ever results reported for the UKMMC dataset.", "label": [1, 4, 40, 11]}
+{"token": "Quantitative Tetraplex Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay with TaqMan Probes Discriminates Cattle, Buffalo, and Porcine Materials in Food Chain. Cattle, buffalo, and porcine materials are widely adulterated, and their quantification might safeguard health, religious, economic, and social sanctity. Recently, conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assays have been documented but they are just suitable for identification, cannot quantify adulterations. We described here a quantitative tetraplex real-time PCR assay with TaqMan Probes to quantify contributions from cattle, buffalo, and porcine materials simultaneously. Amplicon-sizes were very short (106-, 90-, and 146-bp for cattle, buffalo, and porcine) because longer targets could be broken down, bringing serious ambiguity in molecular diagnostics. False negative detection was eliminated through an endogenous control (141-bp site of eukaryotic 18S rRNA). Analysis of 27 frankfurters and 27 meatballs reflected 84-115% target recovery at 0.1-10% adulterations. Finally, a test of 36 commercial products revealed 71% beef frankfurters, 100% meatballs, and 85% burgers contained buffalo adulteration, but no porcine was found in beef products.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 36, 8]}
+{"token": "Supervised Classification of CYP2D6 Genotype and Metabolizer Phenotype With Postmortem Tramadol-Exposed Finns. Cytochrome p450 family 2, subfamily D, polypeptide 6 (CYP2D6) may be used to infer the metabolizer phenotype (MP) of an individual as poor, intermediate, extensive/normal, or ultrarapid. Metabolizer phenotypes may suggest idiosyncratic drug responses as contributing factors to cause and/or manner of death in postmortem investigations. Application of CYP2D6 has used long-range amplification of the locus and restriction enzyme digestion to detect single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) associated with MPs. This process can be cumbersome and requires knowledge of genotype phase. Phase may be achieved using long-read DNA sequencing and/or computational methods; however, both can be error prone, which may make it difficult or impractical for implementation into medicolegal practice. CYP2D6 was interrogated in postmortem autopsied Finns using supervised machine learning and feature selection to identify SNVs indicative of MP and/or rate of tramadol O-demethylation (T:M1). A subset of 18 CYP2D6 SNVs could predict MP/T: M1 with up to 96.3% accuracy given phased data. These data indicate that phase contributes to classification accuracy when using CYP2D6 data. Of these 18 SNVs, 3 are novel loci putatively associated with T: M1. These findings may enable design of small multiplexes for easy forensic application of MP prediction when cause and/or manner of death is unknown.", "label": [2, 3, 18, 29]}
+{"token": "Comprehensive Lichenometabolomic Exploration of Ramalina conduplicans Vain Using UPLC-Q-ToF-MS/MS: An Identification of Free Radical Scavenging and Anti-Hyperglycemic Constituents. In this study, we propose ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-MS/MS)-guided metabolite isolation as a choice analytical approach to the ongoing structure-activity investigations of chemical isolates from the edible lichen, Ramalina conduplicans Vain. This strategy led to the isolation and identification of a new depside (5) along with 13 known compounds (1-4, 6-14), most of which being newly described in this lichen species. The structures of the isolates were established by detailed analysis of their spectral data (IR, NMR, and Mass). The acetone extract was further analyzed by UPLC-Q-ToF-MS/MS in a negative ionization mode, which facilitated the identification and confirmation of 18 compounds based on their fragmentation patterns. The antioxidant capacities of the lichen acetone extract (AE) and isolates were measured by tracking DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities. Most isolates displayed marked radical scavenging activities against ABTS while moderate activities were observed against DPPH radical scavenging. Except for atranol (14), oxidative DNA damage was limited by all the tested compounds, with a marked protection for the novel isolated compound (5), as previously noted for the acetone extract (p < 0.001). Furthermore, compound (4) and acetone extract (AE) have inhibited intestinal alpha-glucosidase enzyme significantly (p < 0.01). Although some phytochemical studies were already performed on this lichen, this study provided new insights into the isolation and identification of bioactive compounds, illustrating interest in future novel analytical techniques.", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
+{"token": "New records of lichens from France. 13 lichen species (Biatora flavopunctata, Buellia arborea, Clavascidium imitans, Lecanora juniperina, L. valesiaca, Lobothallia praeradiosa, Peltigera monticola, Placidiopsis tiroliensis, Verrucaria asperula, V dinarica, V finitima, V poeltii, and V praerupta) collected in the western Alps are first records for France; two of these (Clavascidium imitans, Lecanora juniperina) are reported for the first time for Europe. Short notes on characteristics, ecology and distribution of the species are provided.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "HPPD-resistant cotton response to isoxaflutole applied preemergence and postemergence. Studies were conducted in 2019 and 2020 in Lewiston, NC, to determine the crop response of 4-hydroxyphenylpyrivate dioxygenase (HPPD)-resistant cotton to isoxaflutole (IFT) and other cotton herbicides as part of a cotton weed management program that included herbicides applied preemergence, early postemergence (EPOST), and mid-postemergence (MPOST). IFT was applied PRE at 105 g ha(-1) alone and in various combinations with acetochlor, diuron, fluometuron, fluridone, fomesafen, pendimethalin, and pyrithiobac. EPOST treatments included IFT at 53 or 105 g ha(-1) alone or in combination with glyphosate or glufosinate, or dimethenamid-P + glufosinate. Glyphosate + glufosinate was applied MPOST to all treatments except the nontreated control. Cotton injury from IFT applied PRE was minimal (0% to 3%). Injury following EPOST application of dimethenamid-P + glufosinate ranged from 3% to 5% and 6% to 9% in 2019 and 2020, respectively. In both years, injury from IFT applied PRE followed by IFT applied EPOST never exceeded injury from IFT applied PRE followed by dimethenamid-P + glufosinate. Isoxaflutole applied PRE followed by IFT applied EPOST at 105 g ha(-1) resulted in 0% to 2% cotton injury, indicating that IFT can be applied either PRE or EPOST with minimal risk to cotton. Late-season cotton height and cotton lint yield were not affected by any herbicide treatment. The experimental HPPD-resistant cotton cultivar was minimally injured by IFT applied PRE and EPOST, it tolerated standard cotton herbicides, and yield loss was not observed. Given these results, HPPD-resistant cotton and IFT may be integrated into cotton weed management systems with minimal risk for cotton injury and provide an additional effective mechanism of action for managing troublesome weeds in cotton.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "GeoGebra-based Scaffolding of a Prospective Mathematics Teacher's Learning While Exploring the Properties of Chord and Tangent in Circle. The aim of this study is to investigate GeoGebra-based scaffolding and the reasoning processes of a prospective mathematics teacher while exploring chord and tangent's relations with centre point in circle within the scope of a geometric construction problem in GeoGebra. In this study, qualitative paradigm is adopted and a task-based interview is conducted with a prospective mathematics teacher enrolled in a mathematics teacher education program at a state university located in central Turkey. During the interview, the participant was given a task about construction of the centre point of a circle with different strategies in GeoGebra. Data were collected through video-camera looking at the participant's working environment and screen recorder software. The participant's reasoning processes, GeoGebra-based scaffolding needed during the task and also used dragging modalities were analysed. GeoGebra-based scaffolding consisted of three dimensions: the support provided by the software tools and also the operational and mathematical support by the interviewer. The findings of this study indicated that GeoGebra-based scaffolding became an effective way to support the prospective teacher's abductive, inductive and deductive reasoning processes in construction tasks and enabled her to discover various properties of chord and tangent in circle.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Cross-Cultural Insight into the Association Between Religiousness and Authoritarianism. The current study investigated the possible existence of a relationship between authoritarianism and religiousness and the possible strength of this potential relationship. The study involved samples from four cultural environments known to differ substantially in terms of religious salience and content: Slovenia (predominantly Catholic), Serbia (predominantly Eastern Orthodox), Bosnia and Herzegovina (predominantly Muslim), and the United States (predominantly Protestant). Religiousness was assessed by way of religious orientation (including intrinsic and extrinsic orientation) as proposed by Allport (1950), whereas authoritarianism was tapped by a modified Lane scale (1955). Results from zero-order correlations indicated a strong and positive association between authoritarianism and all types of religious orientation, regardless of the sample analyzed. Residualizing the main study constructs by demographic variables did not alter the results. The association changed only when each dimension of religious orientation was controlled for the effect of other dimensions. Results did not lend support to the hypothesis that authoritarianism is more strongly linked to those who are more extrinsically oriented.", "label": [3, 5, 55, 33]}
+{"token": "TREATMENT OF BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS WITH A 3 DAY COURSE OF 2-PERCENT CLINDAMYCIN VAGINAL CREAM - A PILOT-STUDY. Conclusion-This pilot study provides encouraging evidence of the efficacy and safety of a 3 day course of 2% clindamycin cream in bacterial vaginosis.Objective-To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a 3 day course of 2% clindamycin cream in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis.Design-A prospective, randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study.Setting-Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital.Subjects-55 female patients aged 18 years and over, and premenopausal, who spontaneously or after questioning complained of symptoms of bacterial vaginosis.Results-55 patients were enrolled. 44 patients were evaluable at Visit 1 when among the 23 who received clindamycin cream bacterial vaginosis was not present in 22 (95.6%) and only one failed treatment. Of the 21 patients in the placebo group only one (4.8%) patient was cured and 20 (95.2%) were failures. Of the 17 patients evaluable at Visit 2 in the clindamycin group, bacterial vaginosis was not present in 14 (82.4%) and had recurred in three. No serious adverse events were noted in either group.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "A novel putative member of the family Benyviridae is associated with soilborne wheat mosaic disease in Brazil. Soilborne wheat mosaic disease (SBWMD), originally attributed to infections by Soilborne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) and Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus (WSSMV), is one of the most frequent virus diseases and causes economic losses in wheat in southern Brazil. This study aimed to characterize molecularly the viral species associated with wheat plants showing mosaic symptoms in Brazil. Wheat leaves and stems displaying mosaic symptoms were collected from different wheat cultivars in Passo Fundo municipality, Rio Grande do Sul State, southern Brazil. Double-stranded RNA was extracted and submitted to cDNA library synthesis and next-generation sequencing. No sequences of SBWMV and WSSMV were detected but the complete genome sequence of a putative new member of the family Benyviridae was determined, for which the name wheat stripe mosaic virus (WhSMV) is proposed. WhSMV has a bipartite genome with RNA 1 and RNA 2 organization similar to that of viruses belonging to Benyviridae. WhSMV RNA 1 has a single open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polyprotein with putative viral replicase function. WhSMV RNA 2 has six ORFs encoding the coat protein, the major protein (read-through), triple gene block movement proteins (TGB 1, 2 and 3) and ORF 6 (hypothetical protein). In addition to the genomic organization and nucleotide and amino acid sequence identities, phylogenetic analyses also corroborated that WhSMV is a virus species of the Benyviridae. However, isolates of WhSMV formed a clade distinct from members of the genus Benyvirus. It was also demonstrated that the plasmodiophorid Polymyxa graminis is associated with wheat roots showing SBWMD symptoms and infected by WhSMV.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Nurses' meaning of caring with patients in acute psychiatric hospital settings: A grounded theory study. Participants: Registered Nurses (N = 17) licensed with the College of Nurses of Ontario.Design: The qualitative research design of grounded theory methodology was used to develop a theory of caring. Settings: Three urban, acute psychiatric hospital settings in Canada. Two were general hospitals and one was a psychiatric hospital.Background: The concept of caring is described as intangible, abstract, and invisible in nursing practice. This has translated into a view of caring as a personal choice or natural obligation rather than a deliberate process. While there has been movement to delineate caring within nursing in general, the psychiatric nurse's perspective on caring has been absent from theoretical works and measures constructed to describe nurse's work.Objectives: To develop a substantive grounded theory of caring from the perspective of Registered Nurses working with patients in three Canadian acute psychiatric hospital settings.Conclusions: The theory of protective empowering provides six main categories and 27 subcategories that can be transferred to funding formulas, patient health record documentation systems, nurse orientation and education programs, nurse role descriptions, and used in guiding discussions about organizational values of patient-centred care within a collaborative multidisciplinary context. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Results: Protective empowering is the basic social psychological process that represents Registered Nurses' caring with patients in acute psychiatric hospital settings. Nurses accomplish protective empowering through six main categories of:. (1) respecting the patient; (2) not taking the patient's behaviour personally; (3) keeping the patient safe; (4) encouraging the patient's health; (5) authentic relating; and (6) interactive teaching. The six main categories were accomplished through 27 subcategories. In the theory of protective empowering, the goal is to help patients participate in activities contributing to convalescence, health, and/or quality of life.Method: In-depth interviews with Registered Nurses were conducted using theoretical sampling. The data were analysed using constant comparative analysis.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "TEI Analytics: converting documents into a TEI format for cross-collection text analysis. For the purposes of large-scale analysis of XML/SGML files, converting humanities texts into a common form of markup represents a technical challenge. The MONK (Metadata Offer New Knowledge) Project has developed both a common format, TEI Analytics (a TEI subset designed to facilitate interoperability of text archives) and a command-line tool, Abbot, that performs the conversion. Abbot relies upon a new technique, schema harvesting, developed by the author to convert text documents into TEI-A. This article has two aims: first, to describe the TEI-A format itself and, second, to outline the methods used to convert files. More generally, it is hoped that the techniques described will lead to greater interoperability of text documents for text analysis in a wider context.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Co-circulation and characterization of HPAI-H5N1 and LPAI-H9N2 recovered from a duck farm, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. In July 2016, an avian influenza outbreak in duck farms in Yogyakarta province was reported to Disease Investigation Center (DIC), Wates, Indonesia, with approximately 1,000 ducks died or culled. In this study, two avian influenza (AI) virus subtypes, A/duck/Bantul/04161291-OR/2016 (H5N1) and A/duck/Bantul/04161291-OP/2016 (H9N2) isolated from ducks in the same farm during an AI outbreak in Bantul district, Yogyakarta province, were sequenced and characterized. Our results showed that H5N1 virus was closely related to the highly pathogenic AI (HPAI) H5N1 of clade 2.3.2.1c, while the H9N2 virus was clustered with LPAI viruses from China, Vietnam and Indonesia H9N2 (CVI lineage). Genetic analysis revealed virulence characteristics for both in avian and in mammalian species. In summary, co-circulation of HPAI-H5N1 of clade 2.3.2.1c and LPAI-H9N2 was identified in a duck farm during an AI outbreak in Yogyakarta province, Indonesia. Our findings raise a concern of the potential risk of the viruses, which could increase viral transmission and/or threat to human health. Routine surveillance of avian influenza viruses should be continuously conducted to understand the dynamic and diversity of the viruses for influenza prevention and control in Indonesia and SEA region.", "label": [0, 2, 25, 10]}
+{"token": "The influence of mist and rain on the reproductive success of the Blue Swallow Hirundo atrocaerulea (1995-96). Due to the locality of the Blue Swallow Natural Heritage Site it appears that the birds have no alternative but to forage in the mist. The birds cease foraging as soon as it starts raining. Eight eggs failed to hatch after a week in which rainfall occurred for 60% and mist for 85% of the time. Later in the season a further six eggs failed to hatch after a week in which rainfall occurred for 18% and mist occurred for 65% of the time. The only mortality of two nestling Blue Swallows occurred at the end of a week in which rainfall occurred for 65% and mist was recorded for 85% of the time. At a nest containing three eggs, during the presence of mist (16 degrees C wet / 19 degrees C dry) the female Blue Swallow spent a mean of 52 min h(-1) foraging and therefore only a mean of 8 min h(-1) incubating. In the absence of mist (21 degrees C wet / 26 degrees C dry) the female Blue Swallow spent a mean of 25 min h(-1) foraging and therefore 35 min h(-1) incubating. Rainfall did not occur during the monitoring of this nest. It appears that the mist greatly reduces the foraging efficiency of the birds and that rainfall duration impacts on the birds by limiting the available foraging time.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Simultaneous Detection of Dihydroxybenzene Isomers with ZnO Nanorod/Carbon Cloth Electrodes. Herein, ZnO nanorods with an average diameter of 50 nm were uniformly anchored on the surface of carbon cloth directly by a simple hydrothermal method. The nanorods growing in situ along the specific direction of (002) have single crystalline features and a columnar structure. On the basis of the ZnO nanorod/carbon cloth composite, free-standing electrodes were fabricated for the simultaneous determination of dihydroxybenzene isomers. The ZnO nanorod/carbon cloth electrodes exhibited excellent electrochemical stability, high sensitivity, and high selectivity. The linear ranges of concentration for hydroquinone, catechol, and resorcinol were 2-30, 2-45, and 2-385 mu M, respectively, and the corresponding limits of detection (S/N = 3) were 0.57, 0.81, and 7.2 mu M. The outstanding sensing properties of ZnO/carbon cloth electrodes have a great promise for the development of free-standing biosensors and other electrochemical devices.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "The impact of the environment on height in Europe: conceptual and theoretical considerations. Main outcomes and results: It is proposed that studies based on measurements taken 25 years ago or more are unsatisfactory for assessing the current situation. There is a widespread assumption that sufficient information is available for assessing the issue. However, on inspection, there are very few environmental factors for which sufficient material on their effects on height has been published. In many studies to evaluate the effect of the environment an ecological design is used and a post hoc interpretation is made. It is concluded that this type of study is helpful only for generating hypotheses. When inspecting analytical studies on the association between socio-economic factors and height it is observed that the reports identified are only the tip of the iceberg of published reports on the subject and include studies from less than half the European countries. In many of these papers the independent variables are not defined in the same manner and a formal comparison is difficult to make.Conclusions. Given the current deficiencies, it is worthwhile to discuss in auxological epidemiology whether it is relevant to tackle the issue proposed in this review. If the answer is yes, it is necessary to identify the best course of action. Possible avenues to explore are the potential and the barriers for harmonizing the investigation of socio-economic factors in growth studies, and the organization of a registry of reports on growth and social factors. At a more modest level, a collaborative report examining the availability of information and gaps on this topic among European countries could be helpful.Primary objective: The purpose of this review is to assess whether information available to evaluate the impact of the environment and, more specifically, socio-economic factors on height in European countries is sufficient.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 56, 42, 24]}
+{"token": "Methods of identification of nonlinear mechanical vibrating systems. Methods for determination of the dynamic characteristics and parameters of mechanical vibrating systems by processing experimental data on controlled vibrations are presented. These methods are intended for construction of mathematical models of objects to be identified and classed as parametric and nonparametric methods. The quadrature formulas of the nonparametric-identification method are derived by inverting the integral parameters of approximate analytical solutions of nonlinear differential equations. The parametric-identification method involves setting up and solving systems of linear algebraic equations in the sought-for inertia, stiffness, and dissipation parameters by integrating experimental processes using special weighting functions. Depending on the type of the nonlinearity of the vibrating system and the method of representing experimental processes, the weighting functions can be oriented toward displacement, velocity, or acceleration gauges. The results of studies made mainly at the Institute of Mechanics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine are presented.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Teaching as a focussed conversation: the use of incentive-based preparation exercises. In this case note I report on the introduction of incentive-based preparation exercises into my law teaching. These exercises require students, at each seminar class, to hand in a written summary of their responses to focussed questions on course materials. These questions are directly related to the work required for the final assessment in the course. The preparation exercises are marked and returned at the following class, and a percentage of the final mark is assigned to students who complete the preparation exercises and attend the seminars. These exercises are based on the conception of teaching as a conversation involving dialogue between teacher, student and subject area, with a central focus on assessment requirements. In this case note I outline the factors that prompted this initiative, namely the uneven engagement of students in seminars and the lack of formative assessment to prepare students for final assessment. I present the main features and rationales of the initiative and the strategies for evaluating it. My conclusion is that the initiative significantly improves student engagement and provides an effective means of formative assessment. At the same time, certain issues require attention as an ongoing part of the conversation of teaching.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Polygenic burdens on cell-specific pathways underlie the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Recent evidence suggests that a substantial portion of complex disease risk alleles modify gene expression in a cell-specific manner1-4. To identify candidate causal genes and biological pathways of immune-related complex diseases, we conducted expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis on five subsets of immune cells (CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells and monocytes) and unfractionated peripheral blood from 105 healthy Japanese volunteers. We developed a three-step analytical pipeline comprising (i) prediction of individual gene expression using our eQTL database and public epigenomic data, (ii) gene-level association analysis and (iii) prediction of cell-specific pathway activity by integrating the direction of eQTL effects. By applying this pipeline to rheumatoid arthritis data sets, we identified candidate causal genes and a cytokine pathway (upregulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in CD4(+) T cells). Our approach is an efficient way to characterize the polygenic contributions and potential biological mechanisms of complex diseases.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Influence of the molecular geometry on the formation of the self-assembled structures. This paper presents simulations of the molecular dynamics and off-lattice Monte Carlo devoted to investigate self-assembly process of molecules with tetrapod architecture. Formation of diverse supramolecular networks were found, which were characterized by several structure and order parameters, such as two-dimensional structure factors and nematic order parameters. Moreover, it follows from the aforementioned functions that one of the most important factors driving the self-assembly phenomena is the molecular architecture and the presence of directional interactions. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
+{"token": "'OBOR' and South Asia: Can India and China Cope with the Emerging 'New Normal' in the Region?. Ever since President Xi Jinping announced the 'One Belt, One Road' project in 2013, more than 66 countries across the continent expressed their interest to be part of this grand project of the century. In South Asia, most of the countries embraced the idea except India. There is no doubt that OBOR is likely to have far-reaching implications on South Asian politics, economy and security. China has been engaging in the region through various economic and development projects for last two decades. This has raised serious security and strategic concerns in India. China's growing bilateral trade investments and development-oriented connectivity projects in India's neighbourhood have been popularly dubbed as China's 'String of Pearl Strategy' aimed to contract India's sphere of influence in the region. There is a deficit of trust between emerging India and rising China over their interests and intentions. Many observers, however, view OBOR as a game changer at least in South Asia, where this would necessitate re-alignment and re-balancing. But, how does India perceive this project is a matter of serious concern that would shape the nature of implications on South Asia? In this context, this article examines the impact of OBOR on South Asia Region from sub-regional perspectives and it explores how China can play a constructive role by reconciling its grand strategy with national interests of South Asian countries in order to minimise the adverse impact of OBOR [especially China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)] on the peace and security of the region through effective CBMs.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "The Effects of Textually Enhanced Captions on Written Elicited Imitation in L2 Grammar. As second language (L2) research adapts to the dynamics of multimodal instruction, researchers are exploring the role of captioning and textual enhancement (TE) on learner development. The present experiment assesses the differential effects of textually enhanced captions on learners' elicited imitation of L2 Spanish grammar. Twenty-eight English-speaking intermediate L2 Spanish learners saw 3 videos that focused on gustar-type verbs, the preterite-imperfect contrast, or the subjunctive. Each video included 3 conditions: sentences without captions (NC); sentences with target verbs highlighted entirely (TE1); or sentences with highlighting on inflectional morphemes (TE2). Using a novel written elicited imitation task, we uncovered consistent positive effects of both TE conditions compared to NC, with an added advantage of TE2 for the subjunctive. The findings demonstrate that (a) TE with captions contributes to increased L2 accuracy, (b) the elicited imitation of some grammatical structures is more conducive to enhancement than others, and (c) there is space for future investigation into the factors that mediate the effectiveness of multimodal interventions.", "label": [3, 5, 53, 28]}
+{"token": "A new novel approach to treat depression: Importance of psychological mediators. Depression is likely to be one of the first and most enduring psychological outcomes for caregivers. Caregivers' depression scores have been found to be substantially higher than those of the general population and higher levels of caregiving stress have been related to greater depression and to more depressive symptoms in caregivers.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Virulence Diversity of Phakopsora pachyrhizi Isolates From East Africa Compared to a Geographically Diverse Collection. Soybean rust, caused by the biotrophic pathogen Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is a highly destructive disease causing substantial yield losses in many soybean producing regions throughout the world. Knowledge about P. pachyrhizi virulence is needed to guide development and deployment of soybean germplasm with durable resistance against all pathogen populations. To assess the virulence diversity of P. pachyrhizi, 25 isolates from eight countries, including 17 isolates from Africa, were characterized on 11 soybean genotypes serving as differentials. All the isolates induced tan lesions with abundant sporulation on genotypes without any known resistance genes and on soybean genotypes with resistance genes Rpp4 and Rpp5b. The most durable gene was Rpp2, where 96% of the isolates induced reddish brown lesions with little or no sporulation. Of the African isolates tested, the South African isolate was the most virulent, whereas those from Kenya, Malawi, and some of the isolates from Tanzania had the lowest virulence. An Argentinian isolate was virulent on most host differentials, including two cultivars carrying multiple resistance genes. Ten distinct pathotypes were identified, four of which comprised the African isolates representing considerable P. pachyrhizi virulence. Soybean genotypes carrying Rpplb, Rpp2, Rpp3, and Rpp5 resistance genes and cultivars Hyuuga and UG5 were observed to be resistant against most of the African isolates and therefore may be useful for soybean-breeding programs in Africa or elsewhere.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Effects of natural weathering conditions on faecal cortisol metabolite measurements in the greater bilby (Macrotis lagotis). Natural weathering conditions can influence faecal cortisol metabolite (FCM) measurements in wildlife if fresh faeces cannot be collected immediately following defaecation. In this study, we evaluated this issue in a threatened Australian marsupial, the greater bilby (Macrotis lagotis). Fresh (<12h since defaecation) faecal samples (n=19 pellets per bilby) were collected one morning from seven adult bilbies kept in captivity. One control faecal sample (Day 1) from each bilby was immediately frozen. The remaining faecal pellets were randomly positioned outdoors. Subsequently, we froze one faecal pellet every 24h for 19 days. FCM levels in bilby faeces were quantified using an enzyme-immunoassay. Mean FCM levels showed variation (daily mean coefficients of variation [CV %]) of 56.83-171.65% over 19 days. Overall, FCM levels were affected by exposure time; however, multiple comparisons showed that no significant change in FCM occurred after environmental exposure (no significant difference in mean FCM between control (Day 1) with any of the exposure days (Days 2-19). Individuals and sex also affected FCM levels. We found no correlation between mean daily CVs with daily minimum-maximum temperatures or rainfall. Our results indicate that FCM in bilby faeces is fairly stable to long-term environmental exposure (19 days). In future, freshly excreted bilby faeces (where the sample maintains a distinct odour for 9-13 days) should be used to study FCM levels in wild bilbies.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "A membrane-anchored Theileria parva cyclophilin with a non-cleaved amino-terminal signal peptide for entry into the endoplasmic reticulum. Recent studies suggest that peptidyl-prolyl isomerases of the cyclophilin family, that access the secretory pathway, can be involved in the interaction of parasitic protozoa with mammalian host cells. The amino acid sequence of a cDNA encoding a cyclophilin family member of the intracellular protozoan parasite of cattle Theileria parva contains a conserved C-terminal domain that exhibits 70% amino acid identity to cyclophilin proteins from other organisms, and a unique 60 amino acid novel N-terminal extension. Cell-free expression of the cDNA revealed a 26 kDa amino translation product, indicating expression of the N-terminal domain. The protein-coding region contains three short introns, less than 100 base pairs in length and Northern blot analysis demonstrates expression of a single 0.9kb transcript in the piroplasm and schizont stages. The transcript is present in high abundance in the intra-lymphocytic schizont stage. The recombinant protein binds to immobilized cyclosporin A, a finding consistent with peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase function in vivo. A predicted N-terminal signal peptide was functional for entry into the eukaryotic secretory transport pathway in a cell-free in vitro transcription/translation system. The C-terminal cyclophilin domain was translocated across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum and the uncleaved signal peptide functioned as a membrane anchor. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 10]}
+{"token": "Welfare Regimes and Welfare Regions in Britain and Europe, c.1750s to 1860s. Welfare Regimes and Welfare Regions in Britain and Europe, c.1750s to 1860s This article is concerned with the models that might be used to classify and compare welfare regimes in different European states prior to the broad convergence of welfare debates and structures of the late-nineteenth century. Reviewing existing models (\\\\'Nordic\\\\' welfare systems, confessional divides, welfare peripheries, etc.) the article contends that a more sensitive set of comparative yardsticks is needed if welfare historians are to break out of a cycle of research that has come to focus overwhelmingly on intra-state regional and intraregional differences in welfare inputs and outputs. It suggests that welfare historians might talk in terms of four broad regime types - entitling, exclusionist, obligatory and disciplinary - anchored less in how welfare was funded or organised and more in issues of sentiment and intent. Taking up such a model, the article argues, allows a much more sophisticated frame of comparative reference than one which is based upon broad confessional divides or the sense that countries like England and Wales were somehow \\\\'different\\\\'.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Novel experimental protocol to increase specific plasma nonesterified fatty acids in humans. This study reports a novel protocol to increase plasma monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and saturated nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) in eight healthy volunteers (age 29-54 yr, body mass index 23-26 kg/m(2)). This was achieved by feeding small boluses of fat at different time points (35 g at 0 min and 8 g at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, and 210 min) in combination with a continuous low-dose heparin infusion. Olive oil, safflower oil, or palm stearin were used to increase monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, or saturated NEFAs, respectively. Plasma NEFA concentrations were increased for 2 h, when fat and heparin were given (olive oil: 745 +/- 35 mumol/l; safflower oil: 609 +/- 37 mumol/l, and palm stearin: 773 +/- 38 mumol/l) compared with the control test (no fat and no heparin: 445 +/- 41 mumol/l). During the heparin infusion, 18:1 n-9 was the most abundant fatty acid for the olive oil test compared with 18:2 n-6 for the safflower oil test and 16: 0 for the palm stearin test (P < 0.01). The method described here successfully increases several types of plasma NEFA concentrations and could be used to investigate differential effects of elevated individual NEFAs on metabolic processes.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "Molecular characterization of the complete genome of a novel partitivirus hosted by the saprobic mushroom Leucocybe candicans. Virus communities of uncultivated fungi stay largely unknown. In the current study, we characterized a new partitivirus species detected in the basidiomycetous, saprobic mushroom Leucocybe candicans, named \\\\'Leucocybe candicans partitivirus 1\\\\' (LcPV1). The full-length genome of LcPV1, determined using deep sequencing and RLM-RACE approaches, consists of two dsRNA segments with each having the same size of 1984 bp. Both dsRNA genome segments comprise a single open reading frame (ORF), encoding an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and a capsid protein (CP), respectively. Based on BLASTp search, the sequences of the RdRp and CP show the highest identity (50.09% and 35.71% similarity, respectively) to those of partitiviruses reported from an oomycetous, plant pathogenic, stramenopile algae Plasmopara viticola and basidiomycetous, plant pathogenic fungus Ceratobasidium sp., respectively. Phylogenetic analyses performed based on the RdRp and CP sequences revealed that LcPV1 falls within a cluster that includes different alphapartitivirus species from the family Partitiviridae. In this study, we propose that LcPV1 is a new member of a species belonging to the genus Alphapartitivirus. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting on a new fungal virus (mycovirus) identified in the basidiomycetous, saprobic mushroom Leucocybe candicans.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "The Size of Terror Organizations: Poverty and Economic Inequality as Mobilizing Forces. This study examines the relationships between poverty, economic inequality and joining to terror organizations. Based on the rational-economic model, differently, from previous studies, we focused on the organizational level. We hypothesized that in a poorer base country of operation and in a base country of operation in which the economic inequality is wider the likelihood of terror organizations to become larger (higher number of core activists) is higher. Using GDP per-capita and GINI index as proxies and several statistical methods we tested these hypotheses analyzing hundreds of terror organizations. The findings are that there are no robust relationships between poverty and economic inequality and the number of people who joined them. However, the likelihood of a larger terror organization - lifetime, defeat as the life-ending cause of the organization and political goal - regime change, found to be significantly related to the size of terror organizations.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "NATIONAL TELEVISION AND THE MARKET FOR LOCAL PRODUCTS: THE CASE OF BEER. Information technology lowers the cost of distributing information to dispersed consumers. Because national firms reap larger benefits from new media than firms serving only local consumers, media innovations may reduce the market for local products. This paper considers the effect of television on the market for local beer. Using market-level data on television penetration, local breweries and brewery production from 1945-1960, results show that increases in television penetration are associated with fewer local breweries and less local beer production. The results indicate that the industrial organization of media markets can affect the structure of markets for local products.", "label": [5, 48, 49]}
+{"token": "A nearly complete skeleton of the oldest definitive erycine boid (Messel, Germany). A nearly complete skeleton of an erycine boid is described from the Ypresian-Lutetian (early-middle Eocene) site of Messel, Germany, for which we propose the name Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp. The animal had a total length of c. 52 cm, with c. 258 vertebrae. In skull proportions it is similar to ungaliophiine bolds, especially Ungaliophis, and to Tropidophis. The proportions and distinctive accessory processes of the distal caudal vertebrae that are common to all living erycine boids are present in the specimen, although the processes are not as elaborate as in many extant species. The premaxilla was not protruded to form a wedge-shaped snout, and the nasofrontal joint does not appear to show any special buttressing, unlike in many burrowing snake species. Furthermore, the inner ear lacks adaptations to an actively burrowing mode of life. We conclude that the animal, while it was probably secretive, was not fossorial. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference place Rageryx schmidi n. gen., n. sp. unambiguously on the stem of the North American Glade (Lichanura + Charina). If this relationship is accurate, it provides further support for a common Euro-American squamate fauna in the early Eocene. The majority of known Messel snake taxa are small-bodied with a small gape, suggesting that such forms may have played a greater role in the early evolutionary radiation of Booidea than their present diversity would suggest.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "IN VITRO EVALUATION OF A NEW CEFIXIME-CLAVULANIC ACID COMBINATION FOR GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA. The study was conducted to evaluate a new cefixime-clavulanic acid combination for in vitro susceptibility towards gram-negative bacteria. A total of 220 isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Acinetobacter spp, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium were included in the Study. The isolates were tested for Susceptibility towards the new combination antimicrobial molecule cefixime with clavulanic acid by disk diffusion and Epsilometer strip (E-strip) Minimum Inhibitary Concentration (MIC) method. Of the 101 E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates, 62.4%, were found to be extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers. Almost half of these were from the community and 55.6% were hospital isolates. Of the ESBL isolates, 19% were AmpC (cephalosporinases that are poorly inhibited by beta lactamase inhibitor) producers while the remaining 81% were non AmpC ESBL producers. The AmpC producers were resistant to both cefixime and the combination, while the non-AmpC producers were sensitive to the combination. The addition of clavulanate to cefixime did not improve the sensitivities of P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter isolates. There were no ESBL isolates among the S. Typhi isolates, all of which were sensitive to cefixime. Of the S. Typhimurium, 88.9%, were ESBL producers and all of these were resistant to cefixime but sensitive to the combination. The combination of cefixime with clavulanic acid offers the advantage of oral administration and appears to be a viable option for the treatment Of uncomplicated community acquired infections caused by non-AmpC ESBL producing gram-negative bacteria.", "label": [2, 22, 25, 24]}
+{"token": "Free-living marine nematodes of hard bottom substrates in Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies. As part of a larger comparative study, marine nematode hard-bottom assemblages from Trinidad and Tobago were surveyed using artificial substrates. The collectors (nylon pan scourers) were used as a standard substratum for the colonization by marine nematodes inhabiting subtidal hard, rocky bottom substrata. The artificial substrate units (ASUs) were deployed at four sites off the islands of Trinidad and Tobago, the former being the southernmost of the Caribbean chain of islands. The nematode fauna was represented by 5 orders, 25 families, 52 genera, and 70 species. The Chromadoridae were most abundant followed by the Cyatholaimidae. At the family level, the nematode fauna was found to be similar to other temperate and tropical locations including those of a few previously described Caribbean assemblages. Epigrowth feeders were dominant (65.2%) on the substrate followed by non-selective deposit-feeders (13.3%). Free-living marine nematodes of the western and southern Caribbean are not well known, while nematode fauna of hard-bottom substrates are even less known. This survey provides first records of the hard-bottom nematode fauna of Trinidad and Tobago and also adds new evidence for the geographic range of some nematode species.", "label": [4, 45, 39]}
+{"token": "New epicycle to the great ruby of the day'. The Duke of Lerma, Court dance and the image of power. This article proposes to explore the complex interrelationship between Philip III and his Favourite, the Duke of Lerma, through a prism little used by historiography: courtly dance. In the very ambitious festive policy of the Favourite, dance occupies a special role that responds to the monarch's specific taste for this art and which will have no equivalent later under the Habsburgs. In this context, courtly dance is one of the supports of the allegorical representation of the monarchy that operates in the royal festivals. The article shows how dance affects this system of representation when it is in the hands of the Favourite, that is to say, not only a participant in any of the dances, but also the one who dances alongside the king and, above all, who ends up having enough power to afford masques capable of emulating royal magnificence.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Hermetia illucens meal as fish meal replacement for rainbow trout on farm. In a 7-week on-farm feeding trial rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were provided with a diet containing 28% mechanically de-fatted insect meal prepared from larvae of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (HIM) and compared to a control that received a certified organic and fishmeal based diet. In the test diet insect meal replaced almost 50% of the fishmeal. The whole experiment was conducted under practical conditions on an organically certified rainbow trout farm in Switzerland. Fish of initially 66.5 +/- 2.3 g body weight were grown to 125 +/- 4.5 g and assessed for their growth performance, as well as analysed for their proximate composition, feed conversion ratio, fatty acid contents and organoleptic properties. Improved lipid utilisation and decreased protein utilisation were observed in fish fed the HIM diet. Furthermore, in a controlled degustation no differences except a slightly darker coloration of fish fed HIM were observed. The experiment demonstrated that substantial replacement of fishmeal by insect meal is possible without compromising growth, feed conversion and product quality. However, the decreased protein utilisation efficiency in HIM fed fish might lower production efficiency when applied over a whole production cycle and not only over 7 weeks.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 44, 8]}
+{"token": "IDENTIFICATION, LOCALIZATION, TRANSCRIPTION, AND SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS OF THE CHORISTONEURA-FUMIFERANA NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS DNA-POLYMERASE GENE. The location of the Choristoneura fumiferana baculovirus DNA polymerase gene was determined by hybridization analysis using a probe prepared from the previously identified polymerase gene from the Autographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus. DNA sequence analysis revealed that the Choristoneura fumiferana baculovirus DNA polymerase gene consists of 2970 base pairs encoding 990 amino acids (114.2 kDa). Transcriptional analysis demonstrated that overlapping transcripts of 3.2 and 4.6 kb, first detected at 6 hr postinfection, potentially coded for the DNA polymerase gene. The major transcription starts sites, identified at 6 hr postinfection, mapped to baculovirus consensus early start sites CGTGCTCA and CAGT. The relatively low level and late initiation of the DNA polymerase gene coupled with our previous data on the temporal control of DNA replication and late gene synthesis (Liu and Carstens, 1993) suggests that the low virulence of the spruce budworm baculovirus may be related to the regulation of its gene expression at the transcriptional level. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Evolutionary constraints shape caste-specific gene expression across 15 ant species. Development of polymorphic phenotypes from similar genomes requires gene expression differences. However, little is known about how morph-specific gene expression patterns vary on a broad phylogenetic scale. We hypothesize that evolution of morph-specific gene expression, and consequently morph-specific phenotypic evolution, may be constrained by gene essentiality and the amount of pleiotropic constraints. Here, we use comparative transcriptomics of queen and worker morphs, that is, castes, from 15 ant species to understand the constraints of morph-biased gene expression. In particular, we investigate how measures of evolutionary constraints at the sequence level (expression level, connectivity, and number of gene ontology [GO] terms) correlate with morph-biased expression. Our results show that genes indeed vary in their potential to become morph-biased. The existence of genes that are constrained in becoming caste-biased potentially limits the evolutionary decoupling of the caste phenotypes, that is, it might result in caste load occasioning from antagonistic fitness variation, similarly to sexually antagonistic fitness variation between males and females. On the other hand, we suggest that genes under low constraints are released from antagonistic variation and thus more likely to be co-opted for morph specific use. Overall, our results suggest that the factors that affect sequence evolutionary rates and evolution of plastic expression may largely overlap.", "label": [2, 4, 37, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "Weekly multimodal MRI follow-up of two multiple sclerosis active lesions presenting a transient decrease in ADC. Background and purpose: Blood-brain barrier disruption during the earliest phases of lesion formation in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients is commonly ascribed to perivenular inflammatory activity and is usually accompanied by increased diffusivity. Reduced diffusivity has also been shown in active lesions, albeit less frequently. This study aimed to characterize the development and natural history of contrast-enhanced lesions by weekly following five relapsing remitting (RR) MS patients. Materials and methods: Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), perfusion imaging, FLAIR and contrast-enhanced 3D T1-weighted MR, were weekly performed on five untreated patients recently diagnosed with RR MS. Results: All five patients showed significant increases of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in the lesions compared to the first time point. One of the five patients presented 98 active lesions on ADC maps among which 36 had a volume larger than 10mm(3). In two of these lesions, a 1week transient decrease in ADC was detected at the time of the first gadolinium enhancement. Also, the perfusion analysis showed a concomitant increase in the relative cerebral blood volume. Conclusions: The infrequency detection of such ADC decrease in a new lesion is probably due to its very short duration. This observation may be consistent with a hyper-acute inflammatory stage concomitant with an increased reactional perfusion.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 55]}
+{"token": "Halophilic bacteria as a food source for the brine shrimp Artemia. Artemia cysts are highly demanded by the aquaculture industry to be hatched into nauplii and used as live food for larvae of most farmed fish and shellfish species. In recent years, pond production of Artemia cysts has been proposed as an effective measure to reduce the high dependence of the industry on cysts harvested from wild populations. Nonetheless, the feeding management strategies of this type of intensive Artemia culture, focusing until now on costly phytoplankton boosting are still in need of optimization. The growth stimulation of the naturally occurring halophilic bacterial flora in the culture ponds, as a complementary food source for the Artemia nauplii, is currently being considered as a viable way to improve Artemia biomass and cyst production. Field studies conducted until now did not however, allow for patent conclusions about the actual dietary value of this bacterial biomass to the Artemia diet, hindering the widespread application of these practices. The purpose of this research was therefore to investigate the capacity of Artemia nauplii to survive and grow on diets consisting exclusively of mono-diets of live or dead biomass of six halophilic bacteria, belonging to genera commonly found in hypersaline environments where Artemia occur. To this end, a standard gnotobiotic Artemia culture system was used at a salinity relevant for a field situation (100 g l(-1)) and at seawater salinity (35 g l(-1)). The results showed that the addition of most tested halophilic bacteria, either as live or dead biomass, to the Artemia culture water, allowed for significantly superior nauplii survival than the corresponding negative control (starvation treatment). Furthermore, significantly higher individual length in comparison to the positive control (a standard marine bacterial diet used in Artemia gnotobiotic tests) was also observed, especially when feeding the nauplii with live halophilic bacteria biomass. The success at both salinities of the tested halophilic bacteria mono-diets when compared to both controls, clearly denoted that despite having a low nutritional value as far as fatty acids are concerned, they can be an intergral part of its diet during its first developmental stages. Although our findings need to be confirmed in field conditions, they are of importance for Artemia pond production as they confirm the potential of these microorganisms to be used as a viable dietary source, complementing the present focus on phytoplankton blooms to sustain Artemia populations.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
+{"token": "THE USE OF ENCARSIA-FORMOSA IN INTEGRATED PROGRAMS TO CONTROL THE WHITEFLY TRIALEURODES-VAPORARIORUM WESTW (HOM, ALEYRODIDAE) ON GREENHOUSE CUCUMBER. Releases of E. formosa after monitoring whitefly populations with traps seemed to be very effective; the whitefly populations fluctuated around low levels without the necessity for other means of control.Quinomethionate gave satisfactory results when combined with traps or Encarsia; it did not harm the parasite. Plots treated with this chemial were clean, the plants were healthy and free of red spider mite and oidium disease, which were found in other treatments and in the controls.All treatments were effective in controlling whitefly populations. The fastest acting treatments were those with traps, the second those with Applaud and Acetellic, in which a rapid reduction of the whitefly population occurred immediately after spraying.Four different methods for the control of the glasshouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum were tested on cucumber: traps and Quinomethionate (Morestan), Encarsia formosa Gahan and Quinomethionate spray, traps followed by parasite release and Applaud combined with Actellic.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Alternating Magnetic Fields of 60 Hz Affect Magnetic Orientation and Magnetosensitivity of Fire Ants. Fire ants Solenopsis sp. show magnetic orientation and magnetosensitivity when exposed to constant magnetic fields. The present report aims to analyze the effect of alternating magnetic fields of 60 Hz on the behavior of fire ants associated with constant magnetic fields. Individuals were exposed to alternating magnetic fields of 60 Hz and 21, 40 and 57 mu T of intensity in the presence of constant magnetic fields of 10, 16, 26 and 29 mu T. The experiment consisted in observing an ant trap inside a plastic cap with 8 holes equally spaced by 45A degrees; the parameters measured were the time to escape and the orientation angle relative to the geomagnetic North-South axis. Both parameters are associated to magnetosensitivity and magnetic orientation, respectively. It was observed that the behavior is modified just for specific values of alternating and static magnetic field intensities (constant 10 mu T and alternating 57 mu T, constant 26 mu T and alternating 40 mu T, constant 29 mu T and alternating 40 mu T). It is shown, for the first time, that 60 Hz alternating magnetic fields affect magnetic orientation and magnetosensitivity of fire ants. More experimental efforts are necessary to understand the real mechanisms behind the observed effects. Assuming that the mechanisms associated to these behaviors are similar in several animals, it is hoped that similar effects may be observed in animals that have already shown magnetic orientation and magnetosensitivity.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Description of two new species of Portanus Ball, 1932 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Portanini) from Northeastern Brazil. Two new species of Portanus Ball, 1932 are described and illustrated from Brazil. P. hastatus sp. nov. from Ceara State, can be recognized by its acute pygofer apex and aedeagus with pair of apical processes directed dorsally. Portanus phoenicius sp. nov. from Piaui State, can be recognized by its rounded pygofer lobe with dorsal tooth turned inwardly, aedeagus apex with pair of elongate processes and pair of rounded flanges directed ventrally. Portanus boliviensis is newly recorded from Brazil. These findings double the number of species of Portanini recorded from Northeastern Brazil.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Analysis of the thermostability determinants of hyperthermophilic esterase EstE1 based on its predicted three-dimensional structure. The three-dimensional (3D) structure of the hyperthermophilic esterase EstE1 was constructed by homology modeling using Archaeoglobus fulgidus esterase as a reference, and the thermostability-structure relationship was analyzed. Our results verified the predicted 3D structure of EstE1 and identified the ion pair networks and hydrophobic interactions that are critical determinants for the thermostability of EstE1.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 43]}
+{"token": "Mortality in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea patients treated with positive airway pressure. Study objectives: The aims of this study were to analyze mortality in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) treated with positive airway pressure (PAP) and to know whether PAP compliance affects survival, as well as to investigate the prognostic value of several pretreatment variables.Setting: Outpatient sleep disorders unit.Results: By the end of the follow-up period (mean duration, 48.5 +/- 22.7 months), 46 patients had died. The 5-year cumulative survival rates were significantly lower in patients who did not use PAP (compliance < 1h) than in those who used the device for > 6 h/d (85.5% [95% confidence interval (0), 0.78 to 0.92] vs 96.4% [95% CI, 0.94 to 0.98; < 0.00005]) and I to 6 h/d (85.5% [95% CI, 0.78 to 0.92] vs 91.3% [ 95% CI, 0.88 to 0.94; p = 0.01]), respectively. A trend in survival rates across the groups was identified (p = 0.0004). The main cause of death in 19 cases was cardiovascular disease (CVD). Variables that independently correlated with mortality in the multivariate analysis were the following PAP use categories: compliance for > 6 h/d (odds ratio [OR], 0.10; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.29); compliance for I to 6 h/d (OR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.69); arterial hypertension (AHT) [OR, 3.25; 95% CI, 1.24 to 8.54]; age (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.10); and FEV1 percent predicted (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.94 to 0.98).Design and patients: A study was made of an historical cohort of 871 patients in whom OSAHS had been diagnosed by sleep study between January 1994 and December 2000 and who had been treated with PAP. Patients were followed up until December 2001. The mean (+/- SD) age of the group was 55.4 +/- 10.6 years, the mean apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) 55.1 +/- 28.7, and 80.9% were men. To assess whether mortality was influenced by PAP therapy compliance, patients were assigned to one of the following compliance categories: < 1 h/d; I to 6 h/d; or > 6 h/d. Survival rates were calculated according to the Kaplan-Meier method. Survival curves were compared with the log-rank test and the trend test, when necessary. Univariate and multivariate analyses using a time-dependent Cox model were performed to elicit which variables correlated with mortality.Conclusion: Mortality rates in OSAHS patients who did not receive PAP therapy were higher compared with those treated with PAP and were moderately or highly compliant with therapy. A trend in survival across compliance categories was found. Patients died mainly from CVD. Categories of PAP compliance, AHT, age, and FEV, percent predicted were the variables that independently predicted mortality.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Learning nonlinearly separable categories by inference and classification. Previous research suggests that learning categories by classifying new instances highlights information that is useful for discriminating between categories. In contrast, learning categories by making predictive inferences focuses learners on an abstract summary of each category (e.g., the prototype). To test this characterization of classification and inference learning further, the authors evaluated the two learning procedures with nonlinearly separable categories. In contrast to previous research involving cohesive, linearly separable categories, the authors found that it is more difficult to learn nonlinearly separable categories by making inferences about features than it is to learn them by classifying instances. This finding reflects that the prototype of a nonlinearly separable category does not provide a good summary of the category members. The results from this study suggest that having a cohesive category structure is more important for inference than it is for classification.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide recompression Brayton cycle considering anti-condensation design of centrifugal compressor. Supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle has the advantages of high-efficiency and compactness, and is one of the most promising propulsion and power system options in shipboard application. The high-efficiency design of supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle requires the compressor to operate near the critical point of carbon dioxide where the carbon dioxide changes dramatically in thermophysical properties resulting in inaccurate performance prediction for compressor and condensation tends to occur especially at the inlet of compressor impeller. So far, most of the studies on supercritical carbon dioxide cycle optimization have taken thermal efficiency and exergy performance into account while the anti-condensation performance is rarely considered. In this context, a design optimization strategy is proposed for supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle, in which both the thermal efficiency and condensation margin are considered as objective functions in an attempt to improve the performance and anti-condensation. In addition, an aerodynamic design method is developed for supercritical carbon dioxide centrifugal compressor by using real gas two-zone model to alleviate the reliance on model empiricisms. The proposed strategy and the developed method are validated and then applied to a 50 MW shipboard supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton recompression cycle optimization and the main compressor design. The analysis results show that condensation margin and cycle thermal efficiency are conflictive with each other. The higher temperature and lower pressure at the compressor inlet can improve cycle anti-condensation while the opposite is true for the cycle thermal efficiency. As the condensation margin is 0.1, the thermal efficiency of optimized cycle is 48.16%. The computational fluid dynamics simulations confirm that the designed main compressor meets the anti-condensation requirements as condensation margin is above 0.1. This work is of certain significance to promote the application of supercritical carbon dioxide cycle in shipboard usage.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Transformation of Labor and its Temporalities: Chronological Disorientation and the Colonization of Non-working Time. One hundred years ago, Emil Lederer supposed that the transition from the condition of independence to the status of employee caused a change in temporal perception. After the war, Georges Friedmann realized that in Taylorism and Stakhanovism, work time and free time are closely connected: for an employee, leisure time is a time of escape from dissatisfaction due to split labor. In this article, the autho argues that we are facing yet another important change due to the transformation of the employee into a self-entrepreneur, signalling a transition from split labor to split employment. Two major aspects of this change are analyzed:.) temporal disorientation caused by the loss of the temporal horizon crucial for one's existence; b) colonization of free time by the task of constant self-production (Andre Gorz).We can interpret such an anthropological change in two ways: 1) time control is no longer mediated by disciplinary practices, but is rather run by technologies of neoliberal governments whose aim is the submission of any social form to the managerial ethos ( following ideas of Michel Foucault); 2) perceptions of existential time result in a global process of social acceleration, where the project of modernity turns against itself ( following Hartmut Rosa). Now, the fundamental fear people have is to miss opportunities or crucial connections. The organization of free time also becomes the subject of such a fear. The semantics of free time are now filled by notions of duty and obligation: I must do sports, I have to read newspapers, and so on.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Coastal land cover mapping using UAV imaging on the southeast coast of Brazil. The use of Object Based Analysis (OBIA) from drone images (Unmanned Aerial vehicles - UAVs) has been increasingly employed in land use mapping, specifically in coastal areas, regions of high dynamics and complexity. Such approaches can be very useful as they allow the elaboration of high spatial resolution maps and multitemporal analysis. However, few studies have been conducted in order to evaluate different classification methods and establish best practices for the use of these applications with a standardized and comparable way. In this work four supervised classification methods were analysed (Logistic Regression, Decision Forest, Decision Jungle and Neural Networks); in addition, we have analysed the role of different parameters (such as texture and shape indices) in the classification. The results may significantly contribute to the dissemination of the use of UAVs for coastal areas mapping, specifically for monitoring and management as well as in the detection of areas vulnerable to erosion and in the delimitation of regions sensitive to environmental changes.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Thermal conduction analysis and characterization of solder bumps in flip chip package. Flip chip has been widely used in microelectronic packaging to meet the requirements of high density and optimal performance. With the shrinking of the package size, the heat dissipation problem is getting more serious, and the thermal modeling and measurement of flip chip have become hot topics. This paper investigated the thermal performance of the solder bumps using analytical and numerical methods. A lumped thermal resistance network was derived from the mathematical model of heat transfer in the flip chip structure. Common defects were introduced in the 3D finite element model. The impact of the defects on the heat conduction was investigated by the temperature distribution. The thermal performance of the solder bumps was characterized by using the thermal resistances. The relationship between the thermal resistance and the defects size was also studied, and the finite element model describes well the experimental data available from the literature. The results demonstrate that this model is effective for the thermal characterization of solder bumps, and can provide guidelines for failure detection in flip chip package. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Soil-less bioassays for early screening for resistance to imazapyr in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). CONCLUSION: The simple and rapid screening assays described in the present study were useful indiscriminating imidazolinone resistance at the seedling stage. Therefore, these bioassays could be potential tools for early screening of imidazolinone resistance genes from large sunflower populations. (C) 2009 Society of Chemical industryBACKGROUND: Rapid and efficient diagnostic tests for early screening of herbicide resistance are convenient alternatives to field screening methods. There is a need for a quick, reliable and cost-effective method for rapid diagnosis of imidazolinone resistance in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.).RESULTS: Two seed germination bioassays were developed. Seeds from three sunflower inbred lines differing in resistance to imidazolinones were germinated either on solid culture medium or placed in plastic pots filled with commercial perlite. After 8 days incubation under controlled conditions, both assays successfully distinguished susceptible genotype from the resistant and intermediate ones. The susceptible genotype showed arrested root growth at all herbicide treatments (root length <1 cm). The resistant genotype developed a complete root system even when exposed to the highest dose of herbicide. However, no definite differences were observed for the intermediate and resistant genotypes with respect to root growth under the different herbicide treatments.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 44]}
+{"token": "Nerve fibre tracing of branches to the coracobrachialis muscle in a Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus). A detailed anatomical analysis of the left brachial plexus, composed of the fourth cervical to first thoracic spinal nerve roots, was performed in an adult male orangutan obtained from the Osaka Museum of Natural History. Although the medial and posterior cords fused into a common trunk, a nerve fibre analysis revealed that the cords were not actually connected. A superficial branch (Rs) running ventral to the musculocutaneous nerve (MC) and a deep branch (Rp) running dorsal to the MC innervated the coracobrachialis muscle, which was also innervated by coracobrachialis branches (Rmc) from the MC. (1989: Acta Anat. Nippon, 64, 18) reported that the Rmc and Rs innervated the superficial region of the coracobrachialis muscle corresponding to superficial coracobrachialis muscle in prosimians, whereas the Rp innervated the deep region. However, the detailed innervation of the coracobrachialis muscle in orangutans was not included in Koizumi and Sakai's (1995: J. Anat. 186, 395) report. Our observations in an orangutan did not seem to support generalisation, because the common trunk of the Rp and Rmc appeared to innervate both the superficial and deep regions of the coracobrachialis muscle. Therefore, a nerve fibre analysis of the common trunk was performed as a detailed examination. The analysis confirmed that the Rp in the orangutan only innervated the deep region of the coracobrachialis muscle, similar to the innervation pattern seen in other apes and humans.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 10]}
+{"token": "Should 'Heredity' and 'Inheritance' Be Biological Terms? William Bateson's Change of Mind as a Historical and Philosophical Problem. In 1894, William Bateson objected to the terms \\\\'heredity\\\\' and \\\\'inheritance\\\\' in biology, on grounds of contamination with misleading notions from the everyday world. Yet after the rediscovery of Mendel's work in the spring of 1900, Bateson promoted that work as disclosing the \\\\'principles of heredity.\\\\' For historians of science, Bateson's change of mind provides a new angle on these terms at a crucial moment in their history. For philosophers of science, the case can serve as a reminder of the potential of Putnam's hypothesis of a division of linguistic labor for analyzing the semantic lives of scientific kind terms.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Legal status of abiotic resources in outer space: Appropriability, ownership, and access. Humankind's exploration and use of outer space are first and foremost limited by the obligation of non-appropriation. This prohibition, with an aim to prevent conflicts arising from competing territorial claims, does not extend to the exploitation of abiotic resources in space. Recent state practice has shown a clear trend of regarding such exploitation as a freedom of exploration and use of outer space. The future international legal regime should prohibit property claims over natural resources in place on celestial bodies, avoid the controversial issue of ownership, co-ordinate the resource activities of different entities by a stage-specific and priority-right-based mechanism, and harden the obligations of capacity-building and co-operation. The ideas of parallel system and monetary benefit sharing should not be discarded although resistance from major space-faring countries is foreseeable.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "The Lambarene Organ Dysfunction Score (LODS) Is a Simple Clinical Predictor of Fatal Malaria in African Children. Conclusions. The LODS is a simple clinical predictor of fatal malaria in African children. This score provides accurate and rapid identification of children needing either referral or increased attention.Methods. We used both forward and backward stepwise logistic regression to select the best predictors of death, as evaluated for 23,890 African children with severe P. falciparum malaria. The study was conducted from December 2000 through May 2005 in 6 hospital-based research units (in Banjul in the Gambia, Blantyre in Malawi, Kilifi in Kenya, Kumasi in Ghana, and Lambarene and Libreville in Gabon) in a network established to study severe malaria in African children (ie, the SMAC Network).Results. The Lambarene Organ Dysfunction Score (LODS) combines 3 variables: coma, prostration, and deep breathing. A LODS >0 (odd ratio, 9.6; 95% confidence interval, 8.0-11.4) has 85% sensitivity to predict death, and a LODS <3 is highly (98%) specific for survival.Background. Plasmodium falciparum malaria accounts for >1 million deaths annually, mostly among young children in sub-Saharan Africa. Identifying those individuals who are likely to die is crucial. Several factors have been independently associated with death. Because malaria is a systemic disease, a quantitative score combining such risk factors may be superior.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "Divergent Bro1 Domains Share the Capacity To Bind Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nucleocapsid and To Enhance Virus-Like Particle Production. To promote the release of infectious virions, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) exploits the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) pathway by engaging Tsg101 and ALIX through late assembly (L) domains in p6 Gag. An LYPx(n)L motif in p6 serves as docking site for the central V domain of ALIX and is required for its ability to stimulate HIV-1 budding. Additionally, the nucleocapsid (NC) domain of Gag binds to the N-terminal Bro1 domain of ALIX, which connects ALIX to the membrane-deforming ESCRT-III complex via its CHMP4 subunits. Since the isolated Bro1 domain of ALIX is sufficient to markedly stimulate virus-like particle (VLP) production in a minimal Gag rescue assay, we examined whether the Bro1 domains of other human proteins possess a similar activity. We now show that the Bro1 domain-only protein Brox and the isolated Bro1 domains of HD-PTP and rhophilin all bind to HIV-1 NC. Furthermore, all shared the capacity to stimulate VLP production by a minimal HIV-1 Gag molecule, and Brox in particular was as potent as the Bro1 domain of ALIX in this assay. Unexpectedly, Brox retained significant activity even if its CHMP4 binding site was disrupted. Thus, the ability to assist in VLP production may be an intrinsic property of the boomerang-shaped Bro1 domain.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Numerical Study on the Behavior of Square Stiffened Caissons Penetrating into Normally Consolidated Clay. Significant difference between predicted and measured installation resistance of stiffened suction caissons was identified due to the existing uncertainty regarding the mobilized soil flow mechanisms. This paper describes an extensive investigation of square stiffened caisson penetration in nonhomogeneous clays undertaken through large deformation FE (LDFE) analysis to identify the soil flow mechanisms around and between lateral ring stiffeners. A detailed parametric study has been carried out, exploring a range of nondimensional parameters related to stiffened caisson geometry, caisson roughness, and soil strength. The LDFE results were compared with centrifuge test data in terms of soil flow mechanisms, with good agreement obtained. Two interesting features of soil flow inside the caisson were observed including soil backflow into the gaps between the embedded stiffeners and soil heaving at the surface. It shows that the cavity depth can reach similar to 5 m. Finally, simple expressions were proposed for estimating the critical depths of soil backflow and cavity formation.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "Management of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. The incidence of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is increasing. Many different and multimodal novel treatment options were brought on the way since the beginning of a new era in the early 1980s, when the neobladder as a common option for urinary diversion had been induced. In addition to open radical cystectomy and urinary diversion, recently, minimal invasive surgery has been implemented in experienced centers and led to promising results in short term follow-up, awaiting confirmation in larger cohorts. Pelvic lymphnode dissection can cure patients with low metastatic load. Expansion of pelvic lymphonodal dissection and its influence on survival was discussed intensively with trends to a moderate enlargement of the standard field. Outcome in nodal positive disease is remaining poor, while 90% of patients with multiple lymphnode metastases will suffer from systemic progress 5 years after diagnosis. In the last decade, treatment regimens based on neoajuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy were published with different results on efficiency. To decide whether to treat with surgery alone, or to offer perioperative systemic cytostatic therapy, is one of the unanswered questions. Furthermore, bladder preserving techniques are still optional for patients with small unifocal lesions or the medically unfit cohort. This review summarizes current data and aims to help guiding through several available recommendations on therapy and management of MIBC.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "MAXIMUM MINIMAL VERTEX COVER PARAMETERIZED BY VERTEX COVER. The parameterized complexity of problems is often studied with respect to the size of their optimal solutions. However, for a maximization problem, the size of the optimal solution can be very large, rendering algorithms parameterized by it inefficient. Therefore, we suggest studying the parameterized complexity of maximization problems with respect to the size of the optimal solutions to their minimization versions. We examine this suggestion by considering the Maximum Minimal Vertex Cover (MMVC) problem, which has applications to wireless ad hoc networks and whose minimization version, Vertex Cover, is one of the most studied problems in the field of parameterized complexity. We first present tight conditional lower bounds for the running time of any algorithm for MMVC or its weighted variant. Next, we develop a parameterized approximation algorithm for MMVC and its weighted variant. The approximation ratio of this algorithm cannot be achieved by polynomial-time algorithms unless P = NP, and its running time cannot be matched by exact parameterized algorithms unless the strong exponential time hypothesis fails. In particular, the algorithm de fines a user-controlled parameter that corresponds to a trade-off between time and approximation ratio.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Epiphytic lichen responses to environmental change due to clear-cutting differ among tree taxa. Question Many species-rich communities are associated with a foundation species. While we often have detailed information about the foundation species, we know less about its associated species. We explore such a situation, comparing the responses of lichen species associated with different tree taxa, which differ in successional strategy, to the environmental change that takes place when the surrounding trees are clear-cut. Location Boreal forests in Sweden. Methods We illustrated general differences in lichen species composition among four tree taxa and three stand categories using ordination of species occurrences. To analyse responses to clear-cutting we modelled the occurrence probability individually for 144 epiphytic lichen species from the lower 2 m of 2,400 tree trunks of four tree taxa in 130 stands, and compared trees in closed-canopy forests with those retained in logged stands, using Bayesian hierarchical models. Results The composition of lichens on aspen trees deviated clearly from that on the other tree species. Also lichen responses to logging differed among main host tree taxa, where lichen species associated with birches, European aspen, and Scots pine increased in probability of occurrence on trees in logged areas compared to intact forest, while lichen species associated with Norway spruce decreased. We found that time lags for changes in occupancy existed primarily in the increase, but not in the decline, of the groups of lichens associated with different tree taxa. Conclusions Lichens associated with different tree taxa vary in their response to the environmental change brought about by logging, but in a way that differs from the differences in species composition among host trees. Our results highlight the importance of considering the taxa of trees in forest management for the conservation of their associated lichen species. The extent to which the ecology of foundation species influences their associated species merits further inquiry, since such knowledge may facilitate predictions of responses of associated species also in other species-rich communities.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 37, 9]}
+{"token": "New Dihydrostilbene Derivatives from Chloraea chrysantha. The study of the main components of the alcoholic extract obtained from Chloraea chrysantha Poepp. led to the isolation of two new dihydrostilbene derivatives together with the known gavilein (3). The new compounds have been assigned as 3-methoxy-5-{2-[3-methoxy-2-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)phenyl]ethyl}phenol (1) and 1-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-3-methoxy-2-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)benzene (2). The presence of compounds 1-3 is perfectly in accordance with the current botanical classification of the genus.", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
+{"token": "Protecting intellectual property during divestitures and acquisitions. As companies the world over strive to gain product market share through acquisitions and mergers, a strong intellectual property base must back the technology behind the acquired products. Accordingly, when management is considering an acquisition or merger prospect, the intellectual property assets must be scrutinized more thoroughly than ever In today's litigious environment, this proactive measure is a must. Similarly, a company divesting of product lines must also review its intellectual property assets to assure it does not disconnect from its ongoing business base. Key intellectual property supporting the remaining products must not be lost through the divestiture process.", "label": [1, 5, 48, 15, 50]}
+{"token": "SOCIAL VULNERABILITY FROM A TERRITORIAL PERSPECTIVE. On 14 March 2020, in the face of the health crisis caused by COVID-19, the Spanish government declared a state of alarm in the whole of Spain, which, in different phases and degrees, entailed the confinement of the population and the suspension of economic activity not considered essential. This decision has been analysed from multiple perspectives, including the territorial one, but perhaps the one that has remained most invisible has been the rural perspective.In order to achieve this aim, the results of a survey of 2,920 interviews, carried out throughout Spain in May 2020, will be analysed. As we will see, contrary to what was initially expected, rural areas did not behave significantly differently from urban areas. What the statistical analysis shows is that it is the semi-urban environment that was worst affected by the initial impact of the pandemic.This paper aims to analyse the impact of the pandemic and the first confinement in rural areas, by comparison with urban and semi-urban areas.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Further interest of miniexon multiplex PCR for a rapid typing of Trypanosoma cruzi DTU groups. In order to validate a rapid typing of Trypanosoma cruzi DTUs, the miniexon multiplex PCR was tested for the first time, on a large and diversified sample of 70 strains belonging to all current DTUs (TcI to TcVI). Three DTU groups have been distinguished by specific PCR molecular weight, TcI (200 bp), TcII, V, VI (250 bp) and TcIII and IV (150 bp) with no incorrect grouping. These groups are epidemiologically and genetically relevant; moreover the method is easy and cheap and allows direct identification of parasites from triatomine faeces. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "What not to wear? Oppositional ideology, fashion, and governmentality in wardrobe self-help. In this paper, we draw attention to the emancipatory premises of oppositional ideologies and the ideological nature of consumption in the context of fashion. Drawing on the Foucauldian concept of power, we illustrate how a specific genre of self-help literature, which we have termed wardrobe self-help (WSH), produces an alternative mode of discourse about fashion and clothing as a cultural mediator. Our findings challenge the prevailing fashion ideology that capitalizes on emancipation, and unravel the means through which WSH oppositional ideology governs consumers. Consequently, we argue that while oppositional ideologies can blur the boundaries between coercion and consent, and act as vehicles of repression and liberation, they ultimately come to govern, if not limit, consumer choice and expression.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Physical property characteristics of gas hydrate-bearing reservoir and associated seal sediments collected during NGHP-02 in the Krishna-Godavari Basin, in the offshore of India. India's National Gas Hydrate Program Expedition 02 (NGHP-02) was conducted to better understand geologic controls on gas hydrate occurrence and morphology, targeting coarse-grained sediments along the lower continental slope offshore eastern India. This study combines seismic, logging-while-drilling data, and a petroleum system approach to provide a regional geologic and lithologic context for: 1) gas hydrate morphology and distribution, and 2) effects of fine-grained sediments (clays and other grains smaller than 63 mu m) on gas production in NGHP-02 Area B in the Krishna-Godavari Basin. Area B seismic data show a buried anticline/syncline structure with strong reflectors, R1 and R2, that delineate two of the five lithologic units: Unit I (shallowest), II (R1), III, IV (R2) and V (below the bas of gas hydrate stability). Throughout Area B, gas hydrate morphology depends on its placement within these units. Specifically, core- and grain-scale measurements indicate fines content exerts a primary control on the gas hydrate distribution and morphology. Units I, II and III are generally fine-grained. On the anticline crest, these units host primarily grain-displacing gas hydrate veins linked to pore-occupying gas hydrate in thin, localized, coarser-grained deposits. Diatoms in Unit III increase porosity with depth, reaching similar to 70% where it contacts Unit IV, the gas hydrate reservoir associated with reflector R2. The Unit III lithology and porosity allow fluid and dissolved-phase methane to escape Unit IV and form gas hydrate in the fine-grained overburden. Within Unit IV, fine-grained layers are interbedded with coarser-grained gas hydrate reservoir sands, and the fines content even in the sands is high enough to impact hydraulic and mechanical properties during gas production. Fluid motion during gas production can mobilize fines, which can then clog pore throats, limiting production rates. Pore-water freshening during gas hydrate dissociation can increase fines mobilization, particularly given the smectite identified in the fine-grained interbeds.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Improving the glass-filament method for accurate measurement of drying kinetics of liquid droplets. In this paper, a detailed study of the drying kinetics for a range of milk products has been conducted. Firstly, an improved glass-filament method for continuous monitoring of the drying process has been established through a series of modifications. The external heat and mass transfer correlation for pure water droplets with large evaporation rates have been obtained. Then, the characteristics of drying of milk droplets have been measured and interpreted. Furthermore, the changes in the diameters of the milk droplets during drying have been recorded using the improved system. This work has yielded some important information on how a dairy particle shrinks during water removal.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "India, Racial Caste, and Abolition in Charles Sumner's Political Thought. In recent years, scholars across the humanities have argued that the nineteenth-century American abolitionists articulated important conceptual lessons about democracy. This essay contributes to this literature by newly interpreting the political thought of Charles Sumner. Regnant scholarly treatments of Sumner have been narrowly biographical. I shift focus by examining his use of the word \\\\'caste\\\\' as an analytic and political term. The article demonstrates that Sumner adopted the language of caste from missionary accounts of caste hierarchy in India; that he used this information to argue that there was an oppressive analogue at home: racial caste; and that, accordingly, Sumner's conception of abolition included the dismantling of racial caste and the cultivation of interracial republican association.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "On q-ary plateaued functions over F-q and their explicit characterizations. Plateaued and bent functions play a significant role in cryptography, sequence theory, coding theory and combinatorics. In 1997, Coulter and Matthews redefined bent functions over any finite field F-q where q is a prime power, and established their properties. The objective of this work is to redefine the notion of plateaued functions over F-q, and to present several explicit characterizations of those functions. We first give, over F-q, the notion of q-ary plateaued functions, which relies on the concept of the Walsh-Hadamard transform in terms of canonical additive character of F-q. We then give a concrete example of q-ary plateaued function, that is not vectorial p-ary plateaued function. This suggests that the study of plateaued-ness is also significant for q-ary functions over Fq. We finally characterize q-ary plateaued functions in terms of derivatives, Walsh power moments and autocorrelation functions. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Detection of antibodies against spotted fever group Rickettsia (SFGR), Typhus Group Rickettsia (TGR), and Coxiella burnetii in human febrile patients in the Philippines. A total of 157 sera from febrile patients in the Philippine General Hospital in Manila, Luzon, and the Northern Samar Provincial Hospital, the Philippines, were used. Serum antibodies against spotted fever group Rickettsia (SFGR) and typhus group Rickettsia (TGR) were detected by indirect immunofluorescence test. Antibody positive rates were 1.3% for SFGR (Rickettsia japonica) and 2.5% for TGR (R. typhus), respectively. Rickettsial antibodies in humans in the Philippines were found for the first time. These results underscore the need for further epidemiological study of clinical rickettsioses in the Philippines.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "New data for the Early Upper Paleolithic of Kostenki (Russia). Several questions remain regarding the timing and nature of the Neanderthal-anatomically modern human (AMH) transition in Europe. The situation in Eastern Europe is generally less clear due to the relatively few sites and a dearth of reliable radiocarbon dates. Claims have been made for both notably early AMH and notably late Neanderthal presence, as well as for early AMH (Aurignacian) dispersal into the region from Central/Western Europe. The Kostenki-Borshchevo complex (European Russia) of Early Upper Paleolithic (EUP) sites offers high-quality data to address these questions. Here we revise the chronology and cultural status of the key sites of Kostenki 17 and Kostenki 14. The Kostenki 17/11 lithic assemblage shares important features with Proto-Aurignacian material, strengthening an association with AMHs. New radiocarbon dates for Kostenki 17/11 of similar to 41-40 ka cal BP agree with new dates for the recently excavated Kostenki 14/IVw, which shows some similarities to Kostenki 17/11. Dates of >= 41 ka cal BP from other Kostenki sites cannot be linked to diagnostic archaeological material, and therefore cannot be argued to date AMH occupation. Kostenki 14's Layer in Volcanic Ash assemblage, on the other hand, compares to Early Aurignacian material. New radiocarbon dates targeting diagnostic lithics date to 39 -37 ka cal BP. Overall, Kostenki's early EUP is in good agreement with the archaeological record further west. Our results are therefore consistent with models predicting interregional penecontemporaneity of diagnostic EUP assemblages. Most importantly, our work highlights ongoing challenges for reliably radiocarbon dating the period. Dates for Kostenki 14 agreed with the samples' chronostratigraphic positions, but standard pre-treatment methods consistently produced incorrect ages for Kostenki 17/11. Extraction of hydroxyproline from bone collagen using preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, however, yielded results consistent with the samples' chronostratigraphic position and with the layer's archaeological contents. This suggests that for some sites compound-specific techniques are required to build reliable radiocarbon chronologies. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 56, 42]}
+{"token": "Joseph and his brothers: A biblical paradigm for the optimal handling of traumatic stress. The long-lasting effects of emotional trauma and the important role of unconscious emotional defenses have become increasingly recognized only in the past century. Yet their role is actually manifest, although still overlooked, in one of the most well-known of biblical stories. This paper presents the story of Joseph and his brothers, and the important lessons it teaches about unconscious defenses and the optimal handling of emotional trauma.", "label": [2, 3, 24, 33]}
+{"token": "Detecting diel patterns in the songs of Chipping Sparrows using citizen-science data. Previous studies have revealed diel patterns in the songs of Chipping Sparrows (Spizella passerina), with songs shorter in duration before dawn than after. However, the extent to which this phenomenon generalizes to the full geographic range of these sparrows is unclear, as is the question of whether citizen-science data can be used to detect diel patterns in song. We analyzed all available songs of Chipping Sparrows from the Macaulay Library and xeno-canto databases and compared the distributions of song features of recordings made at different times of day. We show that, across their entire geographic range in North and Central America, Chipping Sparrows sing shorter songs before sunrise (dawn song) than after sunrise (day song). Furthermore, we show that Chipping Sparrows shorten their songs by singing fewer syllables, not by singing faster: the number of syllables per song accounts for the observed difference in duration, not the syllable nor the intersyllable duration. Our results demonstrate that recordings from public repositories can be used to determine whether daily song patterns exist in species even in the absence of prior fieldwork, and we further propose that citizen-science recordings can be used to inform cross-species hypotheses and facilitate future studies to determine whether diel patterns in song are associated with differences in social behavior.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Decision making and planning under low levels of predictability: Enhancing the scenario method. In this paper we review and analyse scenario planning as an aid to anticipation of the future under conditions of low predictability. We examine how successful the method is in mitigating issues to do with inappropriate framing, cognitive and motivational bias, and inappropriate attributions of causality. Although we demonstrate that the scenario method contains weaknesses, we identify a potential for improvement. Four general principles that should help to enhance the role of scenario planning when predictability is low are discussed: (i) challenging mental frames, (ii) understanding human motivations, (iii) augmenting scenario planning through adopting the approach of crisis management, and (iv) assessing the flexibility, diversity, and insurability of strategic options in a structured option-against-scenario evaluation. (C) 2009 International Institute of Forecasters. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49, 50]}
+{"token": "Teaching undergraduates nanotechnology. The first nanotechnology undergraduate degree in Australia was established at Flinders University two years ago. In this paper we present our experience of developing and delivering this degree in a climate where 'traditional' physical sciences are under considerable strain. We will discuss the motivation for this initiative, structure of the established course, and educational issues relating to its development.", "label": [1, 5, 53, 15]}
+{"token": "'Collective wisdom' at the National Archaeological Museum in Portugal. The aim of this article is to highlight the scientific practices of a range of 'invisible technicians' in order to provide a more complete understanding of the history of the National Archaeological Museum, in Portugal. At the meeting point of people, objects and knowledge, the history of its collections reveals the existence of local contexts and hitherto unknown individuals who were part of global communication networks. Thus there is a need for reassessing what is currently seen as the dominant role of a small number of actors at the national level. In the process of the construction of collections of archaeological objects, we argue that the scientific practices of local landowners, information providers and the many private collectors should be taken into account and their knowledge assigned due importance.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Contribution of peroxidized cardiolipin to inactivation of bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase. The lipid-soluble peroxides, tert-butyl hydroperoxide and peroxidized cardiolipin, each react with bovine cytochrome c oxidase and cause a loss of electron-transport activity. Coinciding with loss of activity is oxidation of Trp(19) and TrP48 within subunits VIIc and IV, and partial dissociation of subunits VIa and VIIa. tert-Butyl hydroperoxide initiates these structural and functional changes of cytochrome c oxidase by three mechanisms: (1) radical generation at the binuclear center; (2) direct oxidation of Trp(19) and TtP(48); and (3) peroxidation of bound cardiolipin. All three mechanisms contribute to inactivation since blocking a single mechanism only partially prevents oxidative damage. The first mechanism is similar to that described for hydrogen peroxide [Biochemistry 43:1003-1009; 2004], while the second and third mechanism are unique to organic hydroperoxides. Peroxidized cardiolipin inactivates cytochrome c oxidase in the absence of tert-butyl hydroperoxide and oxidizes the same tryptophans within the nuclear-encoded subunits. Peroxidized cardiolipin also inactivates cardiolipin-free cytochrome c oxidase rather than restoring full activity. Cardiolipin-free cytochrome c oxidase, although it does not contain cardiolipin, is still inactivated by tert-butyl hydroperoxide, indicating that the other oxidation products contribute to the inactivation of cytochrome c oxidase. We conclude that both peroxidized cardiolipin and tert-butyl hydroperoxide react with and triggers a cascade of structural alterations within cytochrome c oxidase. The summation of these events leads to cytochrome c oxidase inactivation. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 42]}
+{"token": "Carotenoids Concentration of Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Fruit Oil Using Cross-Flow Filtration Technology. Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) fruit, a traditional fruit in Vietnam and other countries of eastern Asia, contains an oil rich in carotenoids, especially lycopene and -carotene. Carotenoids in gac fruit oil were concentrated using cross-flow filtration. In total recycle mode, effect of membrane pore size, temperature, and transmembrane pressure (TMP) on permeate flux and on retention coefficients has been exploited. Resistance of membrane, polarization concentration, and fouling were also analyzed. Optimum conditions for a high permeate flux and a good carotenoids retention are 5 nm, 2 bars, and 40 degrees C of membrane pore size, TMP, and temperature, respectively. In batch mode, retentate was analyzed through index of acid, phospholipids, total carotenoids content (TCC), total antioxidant activity, total soluble solids, total solid content, color measurement, and viscosity. TCC in retentate is higher 8.6 times than that in feeding oil. Lipophilic antioxidant activities increase 6.8 times, while hydrophilic antioxidant activities reduce 40%. The major part of total resistance is due to polarization (55%) while fouling and intrinsic membrane contribute about 30% and 24%, respectively.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Effect of rejuvenators on the crack healing performance of recycled asphalt pavement by induction heating. This paper evaluates the healing performance of recycled asphalt mixture modified with steel wool fibers (SWF) using induction heating method. The optimum SWF content was determined through conductivity and microstructure tests. The healing performance of SWF modified recycled asphalt mixture with different rejuvenators and cooking oil waste was evaluated. The testing results shows that the presence of RAP reduces the induction heating effectiveness due to the long-time oxidization and aging process. For the self-healing purpose, it was suggested that an addition of certain rejuvenator or cooking oil waste with low viscosity can enhances healing performance of the recycled asphalt mixture. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Features of Everyday Life in Psychiatric Inpatient Care for Self-harming: An Observational Study of Six Women. This study aimed to describe the features of everyday life in psychiatric inpatient care as experienced by women who self-harm. Participant observations and informal interviews were conducted with six women and were subjected to qualitative content analysis. The major feature of everyday life in psychiatric inpatient care was 'being surrounded by disorder', which consisted of 'living in a confusing environment, being subject to routines and rules that offer safety but lack consistency' and 'waiting both in loneliness and in togetherness'. The nursing staff spent minimal time with the patients and the women turned to each other for support, care and companionship.", "label": [2, 26, 23]}
+{"token": "Pathway identification combining metabolic flux and functional genomics analyses: Acetate and propionate activation by Corynebacterium glutamicum. Corynebacterium glutamicum call utilize acetic acid and propionic acid for growth and amino acid production. Growth on acetate as sole carbon source requires acetate activation by acetate kinase (AK) and phosphotransacetylase (PTA), encoded in the pta-ack operon. Genetic and enzymatic Studies, showed that these enzymes also catalyze propionate activation and were required for growth oil propionate as sole carbon source. However, when glucose was present as a co-substrate Strain lacking the AK-PTA pathway was still able to utilize acetate or propionate for growth indicating that an alternative activation pathway exists. As shown by C-13-labelling experiments, the carbon skeleton of acetate is conserved during activation to acetyl-CoA in this pathway. Metabolic flux analysis during growth on an acetate-glucose Mixture revealed that in the absence of the AK-PTA pathway carbon fluxes in glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and anaplerosis via PEP carboxylase and/or pyruvate carboxylase were increased, while the glyoxylate cycle flux was decreased. DNA microarray experiments identified cg2840 as a constitutively and highly expressed gene putatively encoding a CoA transferase. Purified His-tagged Cg2840 Protein was active as CoA transferase interconverting acetyl-, propionyl- and succinyl-moieties as CoA acceptors and donors. Strains lacking both the CoA transferase and the AK-PTA pathway could neither activate acetate nor propionate in the presence or absence of glucose. Thus, when these short-chain fatty acids are co-metabolized with other carbon Sources, CoA transferase and the AK-PTA pathway constitute a redundant system for activation of acetate and propionate. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to differentiate the antibody responses of animals infected with Brucella species from those of animals infected with Yersinia enterocolitica O9. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using antigens extracted from Brucella abortus with n-lauroylsarcosine differentiated natural Brucella-infected animals from Brucella-vaccinated or Yersinia enterocolitica O9-infected animals. A field trial in Mongolia showed cattle, sheep, goat, reindeer, camel, and human sera without infection could be distinguished from Brucella-infected animals by conventional serological tests.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "Religion and community among the elderly: The relationship between the religious and secular characteristics of their social networks. Research on religious commitment, social networks, and on disengagement/role continuity among the elderly has overlooked the potential connections between commitment and the structure of the elderly social networks. This paper examines the interrelationship between the network characteristics and church attendance of the elderly, focusing particularly on the relationships among indicators of the religious and secular (community) aspects of those networks. Using a sample of 424 free-living elderly, the composition of intimate networks is examined. A series of \\\\'religious factor\\\\' hypotheses are tested, demonstrating that the religious factor components of social networks also predict other dimensions of networks. Similarly, \\\\'community factor\\\\' hypotheses are tested, demonstrating that social network elements such as their diversity affect their religious composition.", "label": [3, 5, 33, 57]}
+{"token": "Enhancing the impact of natural resource management research: Lessons from a meta-impact assessment of the Irrigated Rice Research Consortium. This article present results From a multi-dimensional impact assessment of a large multi-year Natural Resource Management (NRM) research project For rice- the Irrigated Rice Research Consortium (IRRC) and uses insights from this assessment to further understand how NRM research can be improved to have more impact in a developing country context. Results of the meta-impact assessment indicate that NRM research generated by the IRRC has provided a wide-range of impacts in multiple dimensions From micro-level impacts on farmer livelihoods to national-level agricultural policy influence. Based on the IRRC experience, international NRM research institutions can enhance impact in developing countries by: fostering partnerships, collaborations, and cross-country learning; involving social scientists for monitoring, evaluation, and impact assessment; and, having long-term support and involvement of donors. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Solar/chemical energy hybridization via Boudouard reaction. A solar thermochemical energy hybridization system for stating-up the global carbon recycling energy delivery system (GCRED-system) was studied. It involves a solar thermochemical methane decomposition and Boudouard reaction. In this hybridization system, natural gas is decomposed into carbon and H-2, and 3/5 of the carbon is converted solar-thermochemically into CO using the Boudouard reaction. Half of the CO2 recovered from energy consuming site will be recycled. CO2 emissions can be reduced to 60% on the same calorific heat basis at energy consumption site.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 16, 36, 52]}
+{"token": "An Efficient Public Key Cryptosystem Based on Dihedral Group and Quantum Spin States. The enciphering schemes based on medium transformations by following the strict guidelines are almost used everywhere. We have developed the structure to simulate the digital data with quantum spin states rather than following or creating the strict guidelines. We simulate the pixels of an image with the dihedral group and spin states for a defined phase to create confusion in it. The scope of this article is concerned in the development and deployment of public key cryptosystem, its performance and security analyses.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Rapid analysis of fatty acid profiles in raw nuts and seeds by microwave-ultrasonic synergistic in situ extraction-derivatisation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Based on microwave-ultrasonic synergistic in situ extraction-derivatisation (MUED), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was proposed for rapid analysis of fatty acid profiles in raw nut and seed materials. Several critical experimental parameters for MUED, including reaction temperature, microwave power, amounts of catalyst and derivatisation reagent, have been optimised using response surface methodology. The results showed that the chromatographic peak areas of total fatty acids and the content of total unsaturated fatty acids obtained with MUED were markedly higher than those obtained by the conventional method (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). The MUED method simplified the handling steps compared to the conventional procedure, shortened the sample preparation time whilst improving the extraction and derivatisation efficiency of lipids, and reduced oxidisation and decomposition of the unsaturated fatty acids. The simplicity, robustness and practicality of this method highlighted its significant potential for application in the rapid analysis of fatty acids in natural food resource samples. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 36, 22, 8]}
+{"token": "The total iron loss determination in the ferromagnetic elements of the electromagnetic speed and torque converter including the magnetization type. In the presented paper the idea and calculation results concerning the total losses in the ferromagnetic parts of electromagnetic torque converter are introduced. Taking advantage of the field calculations it was decided to determine the type of magnetization in the particular regions of converter and evaluate the losses using elliptical hysteresis loop of the materials. The losses calculations were made for the common armature and magnetic wedges in the slots.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Hidden effects of influence and persuasion. This paper revisits the different notions of influence, persuasion and influence-bound subjects. It illustrates and critiques the dominant prevailing concept of influence and its effects, which, though diversely denominated and presented through various theories, always comes down to reaffirming the relationship of dominance and the possibility of the nullification of the subject within the relationship with the other. With this aim, it studies the classical theories of interpersonal influence and brings to attention some of the bodies of information which have been systematically neglected or set aside, particularly concerning suggestion, possession, mesmerism and somnambulism.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "PIECEWISE-QUADRATIC APPROXIMATIONS IN CONVEX NUMERICAL OPTIMIZATION. We present a bundle method for convex nondifferentiable minimization where the model is a piecewise-quadratic convex approximation of the objective function. Unlike standard bundle approaches, the model only needs to support the objective function from below at a properly chosen (small) subset of points, as opposed to everywhere. We provide the convergence analysis for the algorithm, with a general form of master problem which combines features of trust region stabilization and proximal stabilization, taking care of all the important practical aspects such as proper handling of the proximity parameters and the bundle of information. Numerical results are also reported.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "African-American candidates for the presidency and the foundation of black politics in the twenty-first century. Numerous scholars have attempted to better evaluate the behavior of blacks in the electorate. This paper places black electoral behavior on the national level in historical context. This paper explores the history of African-Americans running for executive office, how the 50-plus failed campaigns+ and the significance of alternative party and symbolic candidacies directly influenced the successful presidential campaign of Barack Obama in 2008. I argue that symbolic and alternative party candidates have contributed to the increase in participation and African-American incorporation into the two-party system and have contributed to the election of the first African-American president after roughly 150 years of black involvement in executive politics.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Morningstar Star ratings and the performance, risk and flows of European bond mutual funds. In this paper we evaluate the relation between Morningstar Star ratings and the performance, risk and flows of European bond funds over the period 2006-2019 based on a comprehensive and survivorship-free dataset comprising 939 mutual funds. Fund performance is evaluated by net and gross returns, as well as alphas based on single and multi-factor models. Our results show that well-rated mutual funds exhibit superior performance even after controlling for differences in fund characteristics although they exhibit high risks both in terms of volatility and value-at-risk. We also find strong evidence of fund performance persistence and rating persistence. Finally, Morningstar Star ratings are also useful for explaining inflows and outflows. Funds with higher ratings attract more flows even if we control for prior performance.", "label": [5, 48, 49]}
+{"token": "Formation timing and genesis of Madiu fluorite deposit in East Qinling, China: Constraints from fluid inclusion, geochemistry, and H-O-Sr-Nd isotopes. The Heyu fluorite ore district is newly discovered in the East Qinling metallogenic belt (EQMB), central China. In this district, the large Madiu fluorite deposit contains five Mesozoic granite-hosted orebodies. The deposit may have formed at shallow depth and occurred as continuous veins controlled by a series of N-S- or NE-trending, steeply dipping faults. The fluorite mineralization can be divided into two stages (I and II). Fluid inclusions in stage I fluorite homogenized at 132.2 degrees C to 342.5 degrees C (peak at 170 degrees C-210 degrees C) with salinities of 0.18 to 4.43 wt% NaCl equiv, whilst those in stage II fluorite homogenized at 122.2 degrees C to 305.7 degrees C (peak at 130 degrees C-170 degrees C) and salinities of 0.18 to 3.71 wt% NaCl equiv. Raman spectroscopic analysis of the fluid inclusions reveals that they comprise predominantly H2O. The rare earth element (REE) characteristics indicate that the deposit is of hydrothermal origin. The delta O-18(H2O) (-8.8 parts per thousand to -0.5 parts per thousand) and delta D-H2O (-69.0 parts per thousand to -61.9 parts per thousand) values show a subhorizontal trend, suggesting that the oxygen isotopic compositions were modified by fluid-rock interactions. Fluid inclusion and stable isotopic data suggest that the ore-forming fluids belong to a meteoric water-sourced, medium-low temperature, and low salinity NaCl-H2O system. Initial fluorite Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios (0.708879-0.709682) resemble those of the Heyu batholith. The water-rock reaction, which leached Ca from the host rock and increased the fluid pH, was likely causative to the ore precipitation. Geochemical and mineralization features suggest that the Madiu fluorite deposit is best classified as a fault-controlled hydrothermal vein-type fluorite deposit. The Sm-Nd isochron age of 118.9 +/- 7.8 Ma and its regional age correlation suggest that the fluorite mineralization occurred under regional extension or lithospheric thinning setting and that the fluorite mineralization was an important component of the Early Cretaceous mineralization event in the EQMB.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Enhancement of the solubility of proteins overexpressed in Escherichia coli by heat shock. Protein misfolding resulting in the formation of inclusion bodies is one of the major problems during protein overexpression in Escherichia coli. In this paper, we introduce a new method, which is simply to heat shock a cell culture prior to protein induction, allowing effective enhancement of the solubility and thereby the yield of overexpressed proteins in E. coli. Using this method, we show that the solubility of the E. colt protein KsgA-DeltaN is significantly increased when overexpressed from a T7 promoter. In addition, we also show that the solubility of several Caenorhabditis elegans proteins are also enhanced after heat-shock treatment when expressed in E. coli. Taken together, these results suggest that the \\\\'heat-shock protocol\\\\' is a generalizable and useful method for increasing the solubility of many proteins overexpressed in E. coli.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 43]}
+{"token": "Goddess with a Picasso face: Art markets, collectors and sacred things in the circulation of Korean shaman paintings. In the well-known story of how primitive art' came to be recognized as such, things once regarded as sacred or empowered circulate as art collected for reasons far removed from their original intention. In the case of Korean shaman paintings, the authors interpret this process as a kind of purification' in Bruno Latour's sense, a translation and transformation of old practices (paintings as the seats of gods) into things that are deployed in acceptably modern ways (paintings as art commodities). The authors recognize, also following Latour, that this is necessarily an incomplete and unstable process. Their discussion assumes two parallel purifications, a discursive purification that recuperates the paintings as art market commodities and a more literal purification by shamans when, in particular circumstances, they deem it appropriate to release paintings to the art market. The authors are concerned with both thickening and broadening the discussion of art market circulation: thickening, by showing how, within a particular history in a particular place, at some distance from Paris or New York, things once sacred came to be revalued as art'. They broaden the discussion by setting it among collectors and dealers in South Korea and thus outside the familiar dichotomy of the West and the rest that has heretofore organized discussions of the commodification and circulation of once sacred goods. A seemingly familiar story about art markets and the social life of things unfolds within the unfamiliar context of an alternative or Other modernity.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30]}
+{"token": "Spread of Sugarcane yellow leaf virus in sugarcane plants and fields on the island of Reunion. The spread of Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV) in sugarcane plants was studied on Reunion using virus-infected cuttings from four cultivars (R570, R575, R577 and R579). One month after the germination of cuttings in an insect-proof glasshouse, SCYLV was detected by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and tissue-blot immunoassay (TBIA) in the leaves, shoots and roots of all cultivars. The distribution of SCYLV in the whole plant did not vary over a 10- to 11-month period of growth. In addition, the spread of SCYLV in sugarcane fields on Reunion was investigated during a survey conducted from 1998 to 2001. Samples were taken in three sugarcane-growing areas, and TBIA was used to detect SCYLV in the three major cultivars (R570, R575 and R579). The percentage of infected stalks varied according to cultivar and growing area, but remained relatively stable for a given cultivar in a given growing area over the 30-month survey period. Cultivar R575 was the most infected cultivar in all three growing areas (mean of 98% infected stalks). The percentage of infected stalks ranged from 16 to 94% in cv. R570 and from 21 to 92% in cv. R579. These results suggested that on Reunion: (i) infected sugarcane stools do not recover from the disease after harvesting; and (ii) the virus is mainly propagated by planting infected cuttings. SCYLV was detected by RT-PCR in the aphid Melanaphis sacchari, a potential vector of this virus. Two months after planting virus-free plants of susceptible cv. R575 in a field surrounded by sugarcane infected with SCYLV, 14% of plants were found infected with the virus. Four months later, 25% of plants were found infected with SCYLV, but no new infections were detected between 6 and 12 months after planting. In the first ratoon crop, 42% of plants were infected with SCYLV after 6 months of growth. Spatial distribution of infected plants suggested that, on Reunion, a small window of time (between 0 and 2 months after planting cuttings) exists during which primary infection can occur. Based on the results obtained in this study, the use of clean planting material for some cultivars and the use of tolerant cultivars should be an efficient means of controlling sugarcane yellow leaf on Reunion.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Hijab, niqab, and the religious symbol debates: consequences for health and human rights. Recently there has been a rise in state surveillance of racialized persons, immigrants, and religious minorities. While there is abundant literature that discusses the discourses of security and concerns over international terrorism, as well as acculturation and accommodation, little is known about how some of these public policies and practices intersect with human rights, health, and wellbeing. This paper seeks to illuminate the health and human rights consequences of policies about the hijab and niqab, including bans on religious symbols in public workplaces. This work is guided by interdisciplinary health, social justice, and anti-racism frameworks, and it explores the human rights concerns of policies that may be used to justify surveillance and control over racialized people, migrants, and their cultural practices. Various countries have increasingly expanded their surveillance of immigrant people from South Asia and the Middle East, especially Arabs, Central and South Asians, Africans, and Muslims. These groups have been experiencing racism at their places of worship, borders, ports of entry, and at airports.(1)Many governments, including the provincial government of Quebec from within Canada, have introduced policy interventions aimed at persons displaying religious symbols, which I argue have undermined the human rights and well-being of affected groups.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Early Childhood Preservice Teachers' Attitude Development Toward the Inclusion of Children with Disabilities. The purpose of this study was to explore what Early Childhood Education (ECE) preservice teachers thought about inclusion and what factors influenced their attitude development toward inclusion, based on written reflections collected from 90 undergraduate ECE preservice teachers. Overall, the majority of the preservice teachers believed that inclusion was important and beneficial for both children with and without disabilities. However, some of the preservice teachers described concerns and challenges they might face when working with students with severe disabilities or challenging behaviors. Also, the majority of the preservice teachers reported that direct contacts with individuals with disabilities had a great impact on shaping their attitudes toward inclusion while several preservice teachers indicated that college courses and/or their family members influenced their attitude formation. The implications of the results and suggestions for future research and teacher education programs are discussed.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "The Modular X- and Gamma-Ray Sensor (MXGS) of the ASIM Payload on the International Space Station. The Modular X- and Gamma-ray Sensor (MXGS) is an imaging and spectral X- and Gamma-ray instrument mounted on the starboard side of the Columbus module on the International Space Station. Together with the Modular Multi-Spectral Imaging Assembly (MMIA) (Chanrion et al. this issue) MXGS constitutes the instruments of the Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor (ASIM) (Neubert et al. this issue). The main objectives of MXGS are to image and measure the spectrum of X- and -rays from lightning discharges, known as Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs), and for MMIA to image and perform high speed photometry of Transient Luminous Events (TLEs) and lightning discharges. With these two instruments specifically designed to explore the relation between electrical discharges, TLEs and TGFs, ASIM is the first mission of its kind. With an imaging system and a large detector area MXGS will, for the first time, allow estimation of the location of the source region and characterization of the energy spectrum of individual events. The sensors have fast readout electronics to minimize pileup effects, giving high time resolution of photon detection for comparison with measurements on s-time scales of lightning processes measured by the MMIA and other sensors in space or on the ground. The detectors cover the large energy range of the relevant photon energies. In this paper we describe the scientific objectives, design, performance, imaging capabilities and operational modes of the MXGS instrument.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Dual effectiveness of Flaxseed in constipation and diarrhea: Possible mechanism. Conclusions: Our results indicate that Flaxseed oil and mucilage exhibit laxative activity, mediated primarily through cholinergic pathway with weak histaminergic effect component evident in Flaxseed oil, which also showed antidiarrheal activity, mediated possibly through K+ channels activation. Thus this study rationalizes the medicinal use of Flaxseed in both the constipation and diarrhea with sound mechanistic basis. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.Results: Oral administration of Flaxseed oil (30 and 70 mg/kg, orally) and mucilage (1 and 2.5 g/kg, orally) caused dose-dependent increase in wet feces in mice. The spasmogenic effect of Flaxseed oil was partially blocked by pyrilamine (p <0.05) and atropine (p <0.01) in isolated rabbit jejunum whereas atropine completely blocked the effect of Flaxseed mucilage on isolated guinea-pig ileum. When studied for its antidiarrheal effect, Flaxseed oil reduced the castor oil-induced diarrheal score by 4935% and 84.41% and intestinal secretions by 19% and 33.62% at the oral doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg respectively. In isolated rabbit jejunum preparations, Flaxseed oil produced a dose-dependent inhibition of both spontaneous and low K+ (25 mM) -induced contractions in rabbit jejunum. The inhibitory effect against low K+ was most sensitive to tetra-ethylammonium chloride, a non-specific K+ channel blocker, followed by glibenclamide, a partial ATP-dependent K+ channels blocker and 4-Aminopyridine, a voltage gated K+-channel blocker.Materials and methods: The oil and mucilage of Flaxseeds were studied for their laxative, and antidiarrheal activities in mice. The mechanisms of laxative and antidiarrheal activities were further studied using the isolated tissue preparations (rabbit jejunum and guinea-pig ileum) immersed in Tyrode's solution maintained at 37 degrees C and aerated with carbogen gas. Isotonic responses were measured on spontaneously contracting isolated jejunum and guinea-pig ileum preparations.Ethnopharinacological relevance: This study was planned to assess pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of Flaxseed in constipation and diarrhea.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 22, 9]}
+{"token": "Biodiesel Production by Esterification of Hydrolyzed Soybean Oil with Ethanol in Reactive Distillation Columns: Simulation Studies. Biodiesel conventional production process, by alkaline transesterification reaction, have disadvantages such as complex products separation and high feedstock costs. In this regard, production of biodiesel by esterification of fatty acids into a reactive distillation column has proved to be promising for overcoming some of these drawbacks. However, only simulation works that consider only one type of fatty acid reagent are available in the literature, and not simulations based on a real fatty material for this process. In this way, this work presents steady-state computational simulations of fatty acid esters (biodiesel) production in a reactive distillation column by esterification reaction of a new feedstock that represents the fatty acids composition of the soybean oil (hydrolyzed soybean oil) with anhydrous ethanol Sensitivity analyses showed that the best operating conditions were the minimum reflux ratio of 0.001 and 15 theoretical stages. As to thermal analysis, it was noted that the process is optimized by increasing the energy consumption of reagent instead of the reboiler. The low thermal load on this equipment can be used in order to avoid exposure of the bottom product at elevated temperatures. Conversions close to 99% were possible with the proper choice of these operating conditions The results show the technical feasibility of this process, and such data can be useful for the design of biodiesel processes.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Synthesis and physical and magnetic properties of CuAlCr4S8: A Cr-based breathing pyrochlore. We present the synthesis and physical properties of a breathing pyrochlore magnet CuAlCr4S8 via synchrotron x-ray diffraction, magnetization under ambient and applied hydrostatic pressure, heat capacity, and muon spin relaxation/rotation measurements. CuAlCr4S8 exhibits positive thermal expansion with a concave upward temperature dependence. We observed a sharp antiferromagnetic ordering transition of a purely magnetic nature at 20 K, which shifts by as much as 3.2 K on application of 600 MPa pressure. The breathing factor (Bf = J'/J) in breathing pyrochlores can be an important parameter to tune the magnetic ground states of the pyrochlore lattice. The breathing factor can be modulated through the breathing ratio, the ratio of the sizes of the two tetrahedra, by using different elements at the A and A' sites in the breathing pyrochlore structure. We find that CuAlCr4S8 has a breathing ratio of 1.0663(8), which is comparable to other sulfur breathing pyrochlores.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "VALUE-BASED MANAGEMENT AS THE INNOVATING PARADIGM OF CONTEMPORARY GOVERNANCE - A THEORETICAL APPROACH. The magnitude and the dynamism of economic, political and social phenomena and the spectacular challenges of the 21st century have led to new approaches of the corporate performance management and to the development of new paradigms. Value-based management (VBM) has emerged as a viable alternative to the various management systems focused on increasing performance which have not recorded the aimed results subsequent to shortcomings of conceptualization, evaluation mechanisms or the concrete possibility of implementation. This article aims to present a theoretical approach of VBM as the complex management philosophy able to offer a holistic solution for achieving performance.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Effect of temperature and degree of rarefaction of the oxygen-bearing medium on the process of oxynitriding of titanium alloys. Dependence of the physicochemical characteristics of surface layers of titanium alloys on the mode of oxynitriding, i.e., the temperature of saturation in the nitrogen-bearing medium and the degree of rarefaction of the oxygen-bearing medium in the process of oxygen modifying of the formed nitride layer, is studied. The conditions ensuring formation of a homogeneous oxynitride layer on the surface are determined.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Detection and identification of various carbon-centred free radicals using N-arylketonitrones: a spin trapping/EPR/MS study. Three N-aryl-C,C-dimethoxycarbonylnitrones were shown to be efficient tools to detect and identify carbon-centred free radicals by coupling the spin trapping method with both EPR detection and MS/MS structure elucidation. The fragmentation pathway of these ketonitrones was first studied by MS/MS. Then, these compounds were used to trap a series of four carbon-centred free radicals and the so-formed spin adducts were analysed by the means of two techniques. EPR spectroscopy allowed to easily detect their presence in the medium, while their structure elucidation was performed using tandem mass spectrometry. The tert-butyl radical spin adducts showed very weak EPR signals and could not be detected by MS, probably because of a sensitivity issue. In the other cases, collision-induced dissociation of the various spin adducts mainly proceeds via three pathways, consisting of the elimination of the arylnitroso fragment, the radical initially trapped, or the methoxycarbonyl radical. The relative rate of these dissociations was observed to highly depend on the nature of the radical trapped. MS/MS analysis of the spin adducts allows unambiguous identification of the addends. This study also showed an unexpected reactivity of these ketonitrones towards (CH3)-C-center dot, resulting in the formation of EPR-silent methoxyamines. All these results demonstrate the potential of N-arylketonitrones in the identification of short-lived free radicals by the means of the spin trapping/EPR/MS technique.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Sin Nombre hantavirus nucleocapsid protein exhibits a metal-dependent DNA-specific endonucleolytic activity. We demonstrate that the nucleocapsid protein of Sin Nombre hantavirus (SNV-N) has a DNA-specific endonuclease activity. Upon incubation of SNV-N with DNA in the presence of magnesium or manganese, we observed DNA digestion in sequence-unspecific manner. In contrast, RNA was not affected under the same conditions. Moreover, pre-treatment of SNV-N with RNase before DNA cleavage increased the endonucleolytic activity. Structure-based protein fold prediction using known structures from the PDB database revealed that Asp residues in positions 88 and 103 of SNV-N show sequence similarity with the active site of the restriction endonuclease HindIII. Crystal structure of HindIII predicts that residues Asp93 and Asp108 are essential for coordination of the metal ions required for HindIII DNA cleavage. Therefore, we hypothesized that homologous residues in SNV-N, Asp88 and Asp103, may have a similar function. Replacing Asp88 and Asp103 by alanine led to an SNV-N protein almost completely abrogated for endonuclease activity. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "DISTRIBUTION OF VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS GPI AND GPII AND CORRESPONDING GENOME SEQUENCES IN THE SKIN. The distribution of VZV gpI and II in 27 formalin fixed paraffin embedded skin biopsies from herpes tester eruptions were compared by immunohistochemistry. Double immunostaining was carried our to identify infected cells. The presence of viral nucleic acids coding for gpI and gpII was examined by in situ hybridisation.The distribution of gpI and gpII and their corresponding genome sequences was similar in the epidermis, gpI and gpII were also detected in dermal FXIIIa positive dendrocytes, in Mac 387 and CD68 positive macrophages, and in perineural and endothelial cells. However, the corresponding viral nucleic acids were rarely and barely detected in these cells of the dermis. It is concluded that VZV infection of epithelial cells follows a different course than in dermal cells. (C) 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.In the course of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection, some viral capsid antigens are found in the epidermis and dermis. The aim of this study was to investigate the localisation of two major VZV glycoproteins (gpI and gpII) and of their respective genes in the skin.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Rural broadband initiatives in the Netherlands as a training ground for neo-endogenous development. Rural broadband is assumed to be a solution to a variety of rural issues, yet the delivery of broadband to rural areas remains problematic. On the basis of a database of 75 rural broadband initiatives in the Netherlands and the information gathered by studying two initiatives in-depth for a number of years, the authors discuss how citizens instigate and run initiatives to improve internet connectivity. The authors present an eight-stage model that demonstrates that citizens, governments and market players have impact on the completion of each of these stages, highlighting the neo-endogenous character of rural broadband. In this neo-endogenous context both established market players and governments find it difficult to relinquish their usual approaches. Market players attempt to frustrate initiatives with rigid policies in order to prevent their share of the market being threatened. On paper governments stress the importance of local action, but in practice they come up with wavering or generic policies, neglecting local organizational differences and frustrating the progress. The broadband initiatives are in a constant learning curve and require perseverance as well as social, intellectual and financial capital. The current conditions under which the local initiatives operate endanger the realization of broadband in rural areas in the Netherlands.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "CONTENT ANALYSIS OF MEDIAL NEWS ON THE CRISIS IN UKRAINE IN THE MAIN NEWS OF PUBLIC TELEVISION RTVS IN SLOVAKIA. In the first half of 2014, the crisis in Ukraine has become one of the most publicized issues of foreign policy. Anti-government riots lasting from autumn 2013 in the centre of the Ukrainian capital have escalated into tragic bloodshed on Kiev's Independence Square (Maidan). Prolonged mass civil protests accompanied by escalating violence even spilled over across the very borders of Europe, while several world powers joined together to try to solve the Ukrainian problem. The presented partial research of rather extensive research studies deals with media news reporting on the crisis in Ukraine in the main television news on the public television RTVS in Slovakia. Through quantitative content analysis method it charts chosen aspects of publicized content, which were communicated to the audience in the first week since the specific incident on Maidan.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Review of multi-domain approaches to indoor environmental perception and behaviour. Building occupants are continuously exposed to multiple indoor environmental stimuli, including thermal, visual, acoustic, and air quality related factors. Moreover, personal and contextual aspects can be regarded as additional domains influencing occupants' perception and behaviour. The scientific literature in this area typically deals with these multiple stimuli in isolation. In contrast to single-domain research, multi-domain research analyses at least two different domains, for example, visual and thermal. The relatively few literature reviews that have considered multi-domain approaches to indoor-environmental perception and behaviour covered only a few dozen articles each. The present contribution addresses this paucity by reviewing 219 scientific papers on interactions and cross-domain effects that influence occupants' indoor environmental perception and behaviour. The objective of the present review is to highlight motivational backgrounds, key methodologies, and major findings of multi-domain investigations of human perception and behaviour in indoor environments. The in-depth review of these papers provides not only an overview of the state of the art, but also contributes to the identification of existing knowledge gaps in this area and the corresponding need for future research. In particular, many studies use \\\\'convenience\\\\' variables and samples, there is often a lack of theoretical foundation to studies, and there is little research linking perception to action.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "Warehouse automation by logistic robotic networks: a cyber-physical control approach. In this paper we provide a tutorial on the background of warehouse automation using robotic networks and survey relevant work in the literature. We present a new cyber-physical control method that achieves safe, deadlock-free, efficient, and adaptive behavior of multiple robots serving the goods-to-man logistic operations. A central piece of this method is the incremental supervisory control design algorithm, which is computationally scalable with respect to the number of robots. Finally, we provide a case study on 30 robots with changing conditions to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
+{"token": "On the contiguity of carbide phase in WC-Co hardmetals. Here C is the contiguity, V-Co is the volume fraction of binder and V is the coefficient of variation. This relation is obtained on the basis of experimental data available in the literature. The basic meaning of this model is that with its help one more microstructural parameter V is introduced explicitly. This parameter essentially affects the mechanical behaviour of WC-Co hardmetals. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.In this paper the analysis of dependence of carbide phase contiguity in WC-Co hardmetals on the variation coefficient of WC grain size distribution is carried out. The relationship proposed isC = 1 - V-Co(0.644) exp(0.391 V)", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "The Real in the Lacanian Psychoanalysis. This paper discusses a highly debatable and problematic, yet a key psychoanalytic concept, the Real, and its relation to the Symbolic order. After examing principally two major approaches to the Real (from the perspective of subject and from the perspective of the Symbolic order), the influence of structuralism on Lacan's later work is being analysed. Lacan's later work is taken up by Zizek, who introduces an operative dimension of the Real and its political and ethical potential. The Real is finally taken as an empty void.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Habitat Features Rather Than Competition Explain the Distribution and Co-occurrence of Ardeidae in a Highly Urbanized Landscape. Habitat selection by herons, egrets and bitterns (Ardeidae) is influenced by the extent and quality of surrounding wetlands in natural landscapes. However, these relationships may be different in highly modified urban environments where inter- and intra-specific competition could be increased. To assess the relative effects of habitat and competition on habitat selection by ardeids in an urban landscape, all known colonies in the densely populated coastal region around Macao Special Administrative Region, China, were surveyed. The relationship among ardeid communities and patch-level habitat variables were investigated using multivariate and co-occurrence analyses. Ardeid species (n = 12) were recorded during 2006-2009. Habitat patches were categorized into three types based on 10 habitat factors using redundancy analysis. The area of adjacent open land (r(13) = 0.772, P = 0.002) and patch area (r(13) = 0.670, P = 0.012) were the major indicators of species richness and abundance, respectively. However, the factor that influenced habitat selection the most was perimeter-area ratio (marginal effect:.1 = 0.33). The lack of evidence for competition in the co-occurrence analysis suggested that the spatial pattern of the ardeid community in Macao Special Administrative Region, China, was primarily driven by variation in habitat features that satisfy species-specific requirements.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "On the Recursive Joint Position and Attitude Determination in Multi-Antenna GNSS Platforms. Global Navigation Satellite Systems' (GNSS) carrier phase observations are fundamental in the provision of precise navigation for modern applications in intelligent transport systems. Differential precise positioning requires the use of a base station nearby the vehicle location, while attitude determination requires the vehicle to be equipped with a setup of multiple GNSS antennas. In the GNSS context, positioning and attitude determination have been traditionally tackled in a separate manner, thus losing valuable correlated information, and for the latter only in batch form. The main goal of this contribution is to shed some light on the recursive joint estimation of position and attitude in multi-antenna GNSS platforms. We propose a new formulation for the joint positioning and attitude (JPA) determination using quaternion rotations. A Bayesian recursive formulation for JPA is proposed, for which we derive a Kalman filter-like solution. To support the discussion and assess the performance of the new JPA, the proposed methodology is compared to standard approaches with actual data collected from a dynamic scenario under the influence of severe multipath effects.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 38, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Severe influenza resembling hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome. Influenza-associated encephalopathy is a clinically diverse syndrome and severe cases are not well documented outside Japan. Clinical, pathological and molecular aspects are described of two fatal cases presenting during 2004 and 2005 winter seasons in The Netherlands. Results showed that severe influenza can resemble hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome, and proper testing for influenza virus should be considered in similar cases. The failure to detect viral replication in nen-pulmonary organs including the brain would support the pathogenesis of this syndrome is based on proinflammatory cytokine responses. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Validation of reference genes for accurate normalization of gene expression for real time-quantitative PCR in strawberry fruits using different cultivars and osmotic stresses. The increasing demand of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch) fruits is associated mainly with their sensorial characteristics and the content of antioxidant compounds. Nevertheless, the strawberry production has been hampered due to its sensitivity to abiotic stresses. Therefore, to understand the molecular mechanisms highlighting stress response is of great importance to enable genetic engineering approaches aiming to improve strawberry tolerance. However, the study of expression of genes in strawberry requires the use of suitable reference genes. In the present study, seven traditional and novel candidate reference genes were evaluated for transcript normalization in fruits of ten strawberry cultivars and two abiotic stresses, using RefFinder, which integrates the four major currently available software programs: geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and the comparative delta-Ct method. The results indicate that the expression stability is dependent on the experimental conditions. The candidate reference gene DBP (DNA binding protein) was considered the most suitable to normalize expression data in samples of strawberry cultivars and under drought stress condition, and the candidate reference gene HISTH4 (histone H4) was the most stable under osmotic stresses and salt stress. The traditional genes GAPDH (glyceral-dehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) and 185 (18S ribosomal RNA) were considered the most unstable genes in all conditions. The expression of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and 9-cis epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED1) genes were used to further confirm the validated candidate reference genes, showing that the use of an inappropriate reference gene may induce erroneous results. This study is the first survey on the stability of reference genes in strawberry cultivars and osmotic stresses and provides guidelines to obtain more accurate RT-qPCR results for future breeding efforts. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "2m-cycle systems of K2m+1/C-m. For all m greater than or equal to 3 the edges of complete graph on 2m + 1 vertices can he partitioned into m 2m-cycles and an m-cycle.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "So Easy to Forget: Augustine's Treatment of the Sexually Violated in the City of God. Sexual violence in times of war is infinitely complex, particularly when religion informs the historical narrative. A famous example of invasion and destruction that lives on in the Christian memory is the sack of Rome in 410 C.E., famously recounted in Augustine's City of God. In this article, I explore the various ways the specific experiences of sexual violence against women addressed in Book I are easily forgotten. Augustine carefully crafts a troubling argument: all claims to female chastity are suspect and thus easily dismissed. He accomplishes this through three rhetorical moves. First, Augustine sets up his discussion on sexual violation as a specifically Christian concern that calls for words of consolation rather than of defense. The virtue of those violated during times of conflict is judged not by outsiders but by God. Next, he narrows the scope of who merits such consolation by removing those who take their own lives to avoid sexual violation: women who might have been memorialized as martyrs are instead denounced as murderers. Finally, Augustine shifts the blame of human suffering, epitomized by the rapturous violation of the female body, back onto the victim by drawing on his larger theme of the human condition scarred by pride. Ultimately, by calling into question the motives of the violated-or would be violated-women, Augustine makes it easy to dismiss them from the collective Christian memory.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "HOUSING POVERTY IN POST-REFORM SHANGHAI: PROFILES IN 2010 AND DECOMPOSITIONS. Using the latest census data (2070), this paper investigates housing poverty conditions in Shanghai, the largest city in China. The data shows that a large fraction of Shanghai households are still living in excessively over-crowded housing. Meanwhile, the incidence ratio of housing poverty among migrants is more than five times than among natives. In particular, 45% of rural migrant households were living in housing poverty. Poverty decomposition analysis shows that approximately 70% of total housing poverty in Shanghai is attributable to rural migrants. Our finding is supported by estimating the multidimensional poverty index (MPI). The findings in this paper have significant implications to general housing policy making in urban China.", "label": [1, 5, 17, 52]}
+{"token": "Natural History and Local History in Late Victorian and Edwardian England: The Contribution of the Victoria County History. In 1899 the Victoria County History (VCH) was established as a 'National Survey of England which was intended to show the present clay condition of the country and trace the 'domestic history' of all English counties to the 'earliest times'. Natural history was seen as a key component to be included in the first volume for every county. In this paper we examine the reasons for the prominence given to natural history and demonstrate how the expert knowledge of natural historians was marshalled and edited. We use the contrasting counties of Herefordshire and Nottinghamshire to examine key intellectual debates about the role of the amateur and the expert and concern about nomenclature, classification and the state of knowledge about different groups of species. We emphasize the importance of the geography of the natural history and the way in which the VCH charted concerns about species loss and extinction. We examine the reasons why the VCH later abandoned natural history and finally we assess the value of its published output for modern historical geographers, historical ecologists and environmental historians.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Marital Consciousness and the Criminalization of Spousal Abuse. Criminal law's treatment of spousal violence oscillates between two different views. According to the first view, spousal violence is to be defined and prosecuted using generic titles such as assault or battery. According to the second, spousal violence constitutes a form of abuse-a terminology implying a background state of power or inequality that exists in spousal relationships, turning it into a distinct legal wrong. This Essay draws on Hendrik Hartog's account of nineteenth-century marital consciousness in Man and Wife in America-which considers people's assumptions and expectations regarding rights and duties within marriage-to illuminate this contemporary debate and situate it within a larger inquiry concerning the residues of patriarchy in contemporary law and society. This analysis calls for a fresh normative assessment of the different views for proscribing spousal violence under contemporary criminal laws.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Defining the subject of speech - Constructions of authorship in post-unification German media discourse. This paper analyses how the authority of west German media workers to produce 'truthful' representations about unification and eastern Germany after 1989 was discursively constructed. Rather than simply assuming the superiority of western knowledge, I show that the right of western media producers to speak for and about east Germany had to be constructed and defended discursively on a number of registers. Western journalists, in particular, had to demonstrate their credibility towards west and east German audiences, evidence their ability to report objectively and authoritatively, and prove themselves superior in the production of knowledge. Their truth claims had to be negotiated in the midst of a range of competing discourses. The complicated constitution of audiences meant that western journalists had to cast themselves in various different roles to justify their position as 'knowing subjects': as explorers, surveyors, observers, commentators, mediators and/or educators. The paper explores, how the divergence between these different positions was reconciled through a number of discursive strategies. I highlight the ambivalences and internal contradictions produced within journalistic discourses as well as through the existence of differentiated audiences. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "ADVANCE HEALTH DIRECTIVES: COMPETING PERCEPTIONS, INTENTIONS AND USE BY PATIENTS AND DOCTORS IN QUEENSLAND LINDY WILLMOTT, BEN WHITE, CHERYL TILSE. This paper reports on mixed method empirical research undertaken with individuals who have completed advance health directives('principals') and doctors who have either attested to the principal's capacity when the document was completed or been called upon to use these documents in clinical settings. Principals and doctors appear to have different understandings of the purpose of these documents and their role in decisionmaking about medical treatment. We recommend changes to the advance health directive form in Queensland to promote informed decision-making which will help to better align perceptions of principals and doctors about the role of these documents.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Sensitivity of Vaginal Isolates of Candida to Eight Antifungal Drugs Isolated From Ahvaz, Iran. Patients and Methods: Tested organisms were C. albicans 53 (79.1%), C. glabrata 8 (11.9%), C. tropicalis 4 (5.9%) and C. krusei 2 (2.9%) that were isolated from vaginal infected patients. Disk diffusion method was used to evaluate susceptibility patterns. Paper disks containing clotrimazole, miconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, econazole, nystatin and terbinafine were applied for susceptibility tests.Results: In the present study 2 isolates of C. krusei were sensitive to ketoconazole, clotrimazole and miconazole. In addition both isolates were resistant to fluconazole, nystatin, econazole and terfinafine. Only one isolate of C. tropicalis was sensitive to miconazole and terbinafine and two isolates to clotrimazole. Highest sensitivity of C. albicans to antifungal drugs was seen against miconazole (49 of 53 isolates) followed by, clotrimazole (41), terbinafine (28) and ketoconazole (13) whereas 43 isolates were resistant to fluconazole and econazole antifungals.Conclusions: All 8 isolates of C. glabrata were resistant to fluconazole, whereas all isolates were sensitive to miconazole. Antifungal sensitivity testing suggests that vaginal isolates of Candida were most sensitive to miconazole, clotrimazole, and terbinafine, and least sensitive to econazole and fluconazole. Published by Kowsar Corp, 2012. cc 3.0.Background: Candida vaginitis is a common fungal infection among adult women and it has been estimated that 75% of all adult women experience at least one period of vulvovaginal candidiasis in their lifetime. Several predisposing factors, such as diabetes mellitus, using contraceptive, pregnancy, and broad-spectrum antibiotics are reported as main risk factors for the infection. While, the main etiologic agent of vulvovaginal candidiasis is Candida albicans, more antifungal resistance has been reported among non-albicans species.Objectives: The aim of the present study was to determine susceptibility patterns of vaginal isolates of Candida to eight antifungal drugs including, clotrimazole, miconazole, terbinafine, nystatin, itraconazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, and econazole.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "An adaptive simultaneous iteration reconstruction technique for three-dimensional ionospheric tomography. The three-dimensional reconstruction of a tilt series for ionospheric tomography is commonly carried out using one of iterative algorithms such as the simultaneous iteration reconstruction technique (SIRT). This reconstruction algorithm cannot do the high computation efficiency and reconstruction accuracy is low. Here, we develop an adaptive simultaneous iteration reconstruction technique for ionospheric tomography, which is based on an adaptive adjustment method for the relaxation factor and weighted parameter by the reconstruction results of the previous iterative ionospheric electron density. Using a combination of simulation and real datasets for the experiment and comparing with ionosonde observations, it is shown that this new algorithm ASIRT has a better reconstruction quality than the SIRT. Moreover, it is able to accelerate the reconstruction speed.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "A constant harvest technique for chimeric anterolateral thigh flaps and patient outcomes following their use in reconstructive head and neck surgery. Conclusion: Harvesting the chimeric ALT with a portion of vastus lateralis distally negates the need for tenuous intramuscular perforator dissection. It is a reliable option for head and neck surgery, which require composite reconstruction. Using this technique produces a good functional cosmetic outcome. It also allows large defects to be reconstructed in a single sitting with free tissue transfer. (C) 2020 British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Background: Chimeric anterolateral thigh free flaps (ALT) have been commonly used for head and neck defects, which require two epithelial lined surfaces. However, because of unpredictable vascular anatomy, it is a challenge to consistently elevate large chimeric flaps with multiple perforators based on the Lateral Circumflex Femoral Artery (LCFA). Here, we present our method to reliably harvest a chimeric flap from the ALT territory and investigate its long-term outcomes when used in the reconstruction of extensive head and neck defects.Results: Flap length ranged from 17 to 30 cm (mean, 25.6 cm). The mean flap area was 261.6 cm(2) (range, from 225 to 340 cm(2)). The mean ischemia time was 162.9 min (range, from 59 to 269 min). At a mean follow-up time of 33.4 months (range, from 4 to 91 months), four patients died of cancer recurrence. For the other 23 patients, 4 required revision to achieve better cosmetic lip competence. All flaps survived with two recorded returns to theater for pedicle exploration associated with partial flap loss only.Methods: A prospective review of practice consisting of 27 patients, between January 2011 and April 2019, with extensive through-and-through head and neck defects, which require dual paddle flaps underwent reconstruction with chimeric ALT harvested with a portion of distal vastus lateralis. The age of the patients ranged from 32 to 68 years (mean 53.2 years).", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Are estimates of socioeconomic inequalities in chronic disease artefactually narrowed by self-reported measures of prevalence in low-income and middle-income countries? Findings from the WHO-SAGE survey. Results SES gradients in NCD prevalence tended to be positive for self-reported diagnoses compared with symptom-based/criterion-based measures. In China, Ghana and India, SES gradients were positive for hypertension, angina, visual impairment and depression when using self-reported diagnoses, but were attenuated or became negative when using symptom-based/criterion-based measures. In Mexico, Russia and South Africa, this distinction was not observed consistently. For example, concentration index of self-reported versus symptom-based angina were: in China: 0.07 vs -0.11, Ghana: 0.04 vs -0.21, India: 0.02 vs -0.16, Mexico: 0.19 vs -0.22, Russia: -0.01 vs -0.02 and South Africa: 0.37 vs 0.02.Conclusions Socioeconomic inequalities in NCD prevalence tend to be artefactually positive when using self-report compared with symptom-based or criterion-based diagnostic criteria, with greater bias occurring in low-income countries. Using standardised, symptom-based measures would provide more valid estimates of NCD inequalities.Methods Using population-representative data sets of the WHO Study of Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE), 2007-2010 (n=42 464), we calculated wealth-related and education-related concentration indices of self-reported diagnoses and symptom-based measures of angina, hypertension, asthma/chronic lung disease, visual impairment and depression in three 'low-income and lower middle-income countries'-China, Ghana and India-and three 'upper-middle-income countries'-Mexico, Russia and South Africa.Background The use of self-reported measures of chronic disease may substantially underestimate prevalence in low-income and middle-income country settings, especially in groups with lower socioeconomic status (SES). We sought to determine whether socioeconomic inequalities in the prevalence of non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) differ if estimated by using symptom-based or criterion-based measures compared with self-reported physician diagnoses.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Darwin and sociology - Contingency, action and structure in human social behavior. Although cultural and biological evolution show many similarities, many sociologists continue to reject evolutionary analyses of social behavior. One reason is that Darwin's original ideas were subsequently replaced by a narrow genetic model of natural selection which tied cultural traits to reproductive success and gave the individual organism an entirely passive role in the evolutionary process. This model could neither explain the many non-adaptive traits ill human social behavior, nor the intentional character of human culture. By contrast, Darwin saw organisms as active participants in natural selection. Their internally guided exploration and choice of strategies of behavior during their lifetime was just as important for evolution as the genetic inheritance of the result to future generations. Such internal selection includes both error and adaptively redundant traits. It provides a much more suitable model for the evolutionary analysis of human culture, especially innovation and creativity, values, and the organization of social systems.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Influence of catalytic nano-additive for stabilization of beta-dicalcium silicate and its hydration rate with different electrolytes. The influence of nano-additives (nano-TiO2 and nano-MgO) on stabilization of beta-dicalcium silicate (beta-C2S) was investigated and compared with corresponding micron size additives. The effectiveness of phase stabilization with different wt% of nano- and micron-additives along with the influence of sintering temperature on stabilization of beta-C2S were studied using Rietveld refinement of XRD data. In addition, hydration study of beta-C2S stabilized by nano-additive was also carried out in the presence of CaCl2, NaCl, NaOH and distilled water. The rate of hydration and influence of different electrolytes were analyzed by TG and DTG curve. The result shows that nano-TiO2 provides a catalytic effect on phase stabilization even at very low wt%. The hydration result of beta-C2S stabilized by nano-TiO2 indicates that electrolyte solution and its ion play an important role towards hydration kinetics. The morphology of the C-S-H phase strongly depends on the electrolyte solution used for the hydration.", "label": [1, 17, 11]}
+{"token": "On the large deviation principle for maximum likelihood estimator of alpha-Brownian bridge. We consider the large deviation principle for maximum likelihood estimator of alpha-Brownian bridge. The full large deviation with explicit rate function is obtained in the case of non Gaussian limit distribution by local large deviation principle and exponential tightness. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Amphiporus superbus (Stimpson, 1854) (Nemertea, Hoplonemertea), new to south Scandinavia. Amphiporus superbus is for the first time recorded from southern Scandinavia. Four specimens were found between Reiretangen and Sandvik in the Koster area, Swedish West Coast in May 1996. Two of the specimens contained eggs which indicates that this record is within the natural range of the species. The taxonomy of the group is discussed.", "label": [4, 37, 45]}
+{"token": "Pre-climax epiphyte communities of bryophytes and lichens in Mediterranean forests from the Central Plateau (Spain). The pre-climax epiphytic communities of forests from the Spanish Mediterranean region (Central Plateau) were studied by numerical and traditional floristic methods. One hundred phytosociological releves were analyzed through a classical numerical approach based on hard partitions improved by PCoA - Principal Coordinates Analysis - ordinations. Two groups easily related to two different suballiances included in Frullanion dilatatae Lecointe 1975, Ulotenion crispae (Barkman 1958) Lecointe 1975 and Fabronienion pusillae Barkman 1958 were detected. Two new syntaxa within the ass. Ortotrichetum lyellii (Allorge 1922) Lecointe 1975 are proposed. Phytogeography, syntaxonomy and ecology of these communities are discussed.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 37, 9]}
+{"token": "Toward holistic corporate sustainability-Developing employees' action competence for sustainability in small and medium-sized enterprises through training. To advance holistic corporate sustainability in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) requires employees to fully engage in sustainability efforts, which, in return, means to develop employees' action competence for sustainability. Little empirical evidence, however, exists on how to do this considering well-known constraints SMEs face (time, expertise, resources). We present a transdisciplinary project that developed, delivered, and evaluated a sustainability training for the workforce of the Bohlsener Muhle, an SME that has pioneered corporate sustainability in Germany. The training was piloted for the business' apprentices and combined different learning modes to build participants' sustainable action competence. The pre-post evaluation, supported by observations and qualitative interviews, revealed that employees' action competence for sustainability can be fostered through such trainings and is most effective if organizational factors that enable a corporate culture of sustainability are aligned. We conclude that a human-centered and action-oriented approach to training is needed to unleash the full potential of the workforce to advance corporate sustainability.", "label": [5, 48, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "Generalized form of telegrapher's equations for the electromagnetic field coupling to finite-length lines above a lossy ground. In this paper, a generalized form of the Telegrapher's equations for electromagnetic field coupling to finite-length transmission lines above a lossy ground is derived. The approach is fully based on the thin-wire antenna theory. The effect of a lossy halfspace is taken into account by means of the reflection coefficient approximation. The conductor losses can also be taken into account via surface impedance per unit length. The resulting equations are handled numerically via the Galerkin-Bubnov indirect boundary element method. Numerical results are presented for induced current along the line, and compared with transmission line (TL) approximation, for the case of lossless conductor. It is shown that the TL approximation can result in a significant underestimation of the induced currents.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Creating genetic applications for informal science learning in multi-user virtual environments. A team of developers at the Cornell Theory Center (CTC), Cornell University's high-performance computing and interdisciplinary research center, has implemented a 3D multi-user virtual science museum, SciCentr. SciCentr is a virtual world based on Active Worlds client/server technology. Related to gaming technology, and thus attractive to youth, virtual environments can be applied to formal and informal science education in areas such as genetics, as well as to language learning and social studies. In this paper, we review the current state of our understanding of the impact of this technology on informal science learning. We attempt to identify some of the advantages of using this technology, design features of our implementation, and ideas for managing the social interaction among educational,users. More specifically, we will discuss pilot user experiences focused on crop genetics in SciCentr's Plant Breeding Beds and on the related SciFair exhibits, both examples of collaborative experiences in our virtual worlds. Finally, we describe the next stage in interactive interface development for our Gene Bot feature. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of Monte Carlo tools for high energy atmospheric physics. The emerging field of high energy atmospheric physics (HEAP) includes terrestrial gamma-ray flashes, electron-positron beams and gamma-ray glows from thunderstorms. Similar emissions of high energy particles occur in pulsed high voltage discharges. Understanding these phenomena requires appropriate models for the interaction of electrons, positrons and photons of up to 40MeV energy with atmospheric air. In this paper, we benchmark the performance of the Monte Carlo codes Geant4, EGS5 and FLUKA developed in other fields of physics and of the custom-made codes GRRR and MC-PEPTITA against each other within the parameter regime relevant for high energy atmospheric physics. We focus on basic tests, namely on the evolution of monoenergetic and directed beams of electrons, positrons and photons with kinetic energies between 100 keV and 40MeV through homogeneous air in the absence of electric and magnetic fields, using a low energy cutoff of 50 keV. We discuss important differences between the results of the different codes and provide plausible explanations. We also test the computational performance of the codes. The Supplement contains all results, providing a first benchmark for present and future custom-made codes that are more flexible in including electrodynamic interactions.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Dynamic vapor microextraction of ignitable liquid from casework containers. Dynamic vapor microextraction (DVME) is a headspace concentration method that can be used to collect ignitable liquid (IL) from fire debris onto chilled adsorbent capillaries. Unlike passive headspace concentration onto activated carbon strips (ACSs) that must be eluted with a toxic solvent (carbon disulfide), DVME employs a relatively benign solvent (acetone) to recover the adsorbed IL residue, and each headspace collection is monitored for breakthrough. Here, for the first time, we extend DVME to casework containers while exploring a realistic range of oven temperatures and collection volumes. We investigated metal cans sealed with friction lids (container 1), metal cans sealed within polymer bags (container 2), and glass jars sealed with two-piece lids (container 3). Without additional containment, container 1 was found to leak so excessively that flow through the capillary was unreliable. Therefore, for containers 2 and 3 only, we determined the total number of target compounds collected from 50% weathered gasoline for oven temperatures from 54 C to 96 334670169_20220509232123819 / urn:si:7794778C and collection volumes from 47 standard cubic centimeters (scc) to 90 scc. Only high-volatility species with retention times (tR) < n-decane on a non-polar column were recovered from polymer bags, whereas headspace concentration from glass jars led to the recovery of target compounds across the entire volatility range. DVME at 90 C from 2-mL containers showed that the presence of polymer bag material leads to IL vapor losses, particularly for low-volatility species with tR > n-decane. DVME was strongly influenced by the casework container, whereas oven temperature and collection volume had a minor influence for the IL samples explored here. (C) 2022 Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Characteristics of pervious concrete using incineration bottom ash in place of sandstone graded material. The effects of replacing sandstone with incineration bottom ash and different water-to-cement ratios and aggregate sizes in pervious concrete bricks preparation were investigated. Among the various permeable brick specimens, the compressive strengths of 11 different mix proportions exceeded that of traditional red bricks (by 14 MPa), and was maximum for the specimen with bottom ash aggregate size #4 and a water-to-cement ratio 0.55. The permeability coefficients, although smaller than that of general pervious concrete, were within general permeable pavement specifications (10(-2) cm/s). Therefore, it is recommended for general bicycle ways, sidewalks, and landscaping, not roads with high traffic flow. Crown Copyright (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Dynamics of Viral Shedding and Symptoms in Patients with Asymptomatic or Mild COVID-19. We conducted a prospective cohort study at a community facility designated for the isolation of individuals with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 between 10 January and 22 February 2021 to investigate the relationship of viral shedding with symptom changes of COVID-19. In total, 89 COVID-19 adult patients (12 asymptomatic, 16 presymptomatic, 61 symptomatic) were enrolled. Symptom scores, the genomic RNA and subgenomic RNA of SARS-CoV-2 from saliva samples with a cell culture were measured. Asymptomatic COVID-19 patients had a similar viral load to symptomatic patients during the early course of the disease, but exhibited a rapid decrease in viral load with the loss of infectivity. Subgenomic RNA and viable virus by cell culture in asymptomatic patients were detected only until 3 days after diagnosis, and the positivity of the subgenomic RNA and cell culture in symptomatic patients gradually decreased in both from 40% in the early disease course to 13% at 10 days and 4% at 8 days after the symptom onset, respectively. In conclusion, symptomatic patients have a high infectivity with high symptom scores during the early disease course and gradually lose infectivity depending on the symptom. Conversely, asymptomatic patients exhibit a rapid decrease in viral load with the loss of infectivity, despite a similar viral load during the early disease course.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "A GAUSSIAN BEAM METHOD FOR HIGH FREQUENCY SOLUTION OF SYMMETRIC HYPERBOLIC SYSTEMS WITH POLARIZED WAVES. Symmetric hyperbolic systems include many physically relevant systems of PDEs such as Maxwell's equations, the elastic wave equations, and the acoustic equations [L. Ryzhik, G. Papanicolaou, and J. Keller, Wave Motion, 24 (1996), pp. 327-370]. In the current paper we extend the Gaussian beam method to efficiently compute the high frequency solutions to such systems with polarized waves, in which the dispersion matrix of the hyperbolic system has eigenvalues with constant multiplicity greater than one over the domain of computation. The new results in this paper include new Gaussian beam equations in the presence of multiple eigenvalues, error estimates for Gaussian beam summation in the symmetric hyperbolic system case, and a new multidirectional Eulerian summation formula which maintains accuracy after the formation of caustics.", "label": [4, 35, 41]}
+{"token": "ECG Encryption Enhancement Technique with Multiple Layers of AES and DNA Computing. Over the decades, protecting the privacy of a health cloud using the design of a fog computing network is a very important field and will be more important in the near future. Current Internet of Things (IoT) research includes security and privacy due to their extreme importance in any growing technology that involves the implementation of cryptographic Internet communications (ICs) for protected IC applications such as fog computing and cloud computing devices. In addition, the implementation of public-key cryptography for IoT-based DNA sequence testing devices requires considerable expertise. Any key can be broken by using a brute-force attack with ample computing power. Therefore, establishing a model of DNA cryptography is extremely necessary to improve the interaction between current and new technologies. In addition, the implementation of public-key cryptography for IoT-based DNA sequence testing devices requires considerable expertise. The proposed algorithm can create a stable hybrid encryption algorithm based on DNA layers and advanced encryption standard (AES) to shorten encryption time and increase protection capacity to suit the IoT health cloud systems. The proposed model can protect the DNA sequence over the fog computing cloud against plain text attacks by generating (I) main key, which is the key to the EAES encryption algorithm; (II) Rule 1 key, which represents the DNA base number of possible key probabilities; and (III) Rule 2 key, which represents the number of binding probabilities of the DNA helical structure. This key is built to achieve higher levels of protection. An ECG encryption enhancement technique with multilayer AES and DNA computing (MLAESDNA) is proposed in this study. Results show that MLAESDNA can secure IoT signals via cloud computing.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Experimental and modelling study of the phase behavior of (methyl propanoate plus carbon dioxide) at temperatures between (298.15 and 423.15) K and pressures up to 20 MPa. In this work, we report phase equilibrium measurements on the system (methyl propanoate + carbon dioxide) carried out with a high-pressure quasi-static-analytical apparatus. The measurements were made along six isotherms at temperatures from (298.15 to 423.15) K and at pressures up to the critical pressure at each temperature. Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data obtained for the mixture have been compared with the predictions of the Statistical Associating Fluid Theory coupled with the Mie potential and a group-contribution approach for the functional group interaction parameters (SAFT-gamma Mie). The group interaction parameters in SAFT-gamma Mie for the COO-CO2 interaction have been revised in this work by fitting to our experimental VLE data. After tuning, the SAFT model was found to be in good agreement with the measured data for both the liquid and vapor phases. Additionally, the data were compared with the predictions of the Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR-EoS) with one-fluid mixing rules and a temperature-independent binary parameter. This model fitted the VLE data well, except in the critical region. The present work is expected to contribute to optimization of biodiesel production processes. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36, 35]}
+{"token": "A Bayesian game theoretic based bidding strategy for demand response aggregators in electricity markets. In recent years, significant development in smart metering and remote sensing systems in the electricity industry, especially on the side of consumers, it has made in implementation demand response programs in peak periods possible. The present study aims to present a game theoretical approach to the optimal bidding strategies for demand response (DR) aggregators in deregulated energy market. This model is based on the customer benefit function and price elasticity so that an economic responsive load model is applied to DR implementation. In this paper, the interaction between a system operator and aggregators in a deregulated market is modeled in this paper, where DR aggregator provides DR service to the system operator. It is assumed that a system operator collects bids from DR aggregators and determines each aggregator share in the demand response programs by maximizing its revenue function, and also, offers rewards to DR aggregators to reach this goal. On the other hand, DR aggregators compete together to offer their DR services to the network operator and in this way provide compensation for customers. The competition between DR aggregator participants is modeled as a noncooperative game considering incomplete information. This game is solved using the Nash equilibrium idea. By the implementing the proposed method, the operator's profit rises up 7 percent", "label": [1, 4, 17, 15, 39]}
+{"token": "Use of citric acid for neutralizing polymerase chain reaction inhibition by chlorogenic acid in potato extracts. Polyphenolics are a widely distributed class of plant constituents implicated in the inhibition of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Since chlorogenic acid forms the bulk of phenolics in the potato tuber, a range of chlorogenic acid concentrations were tested for inhibition of reverse transcription (RT) and PCR steps. The RT step was inhibited at chlorogenic acid concentrations of 6.0 to 7.5 mu g, while the PCR step was inhibited at much lower concentrations of 1.2 to 1.8 mu g. Incorporation of 1.2% citric acid at the nucleic acid extraction step prevented darkening of the extract and neutralized the inhibitory effect of chlorogenic acid. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42, 21]}
+{"token": "Analysis of out-of-plane performance of composite slab with precast concrete ribbed panels under a hanging load. When studying the out-of-plane performance of a composite slab, distributing the load on the top slab surface may overestimate the integrity of the combined interface and result in unsafe shear capacity because the load path is from the top surface to the bottom of the slab. It is difficult to observe cracking and crack distribution on the top surface of the slab during load application. In this paper, a static hanging load test of a two-span, two-way composite slab with precast concrete ribbed panels (CSPRP) was conducted. The hanging loading conditions were achieved by constructing loading frames and connecting the frames to a series of inverted U-shaped cables, which were suspended from the ribs of the precast concrete ribbed panels.After the cast-in-place concrete topping achieved its design strength, concrete blocks were placed in the loading frame to load the CSPRP. A comparative test of a two-span, two-way cast-in-place concrete slab was conducted at the same time, under the same conditions. The results showed that CSPRPs and castin-place concrete slabs exhibited comparable performance. The stiffness and crack resistance of CSPRPs were similar to those of cast-in-place concrete slabs. The mechanical properties of the combined interface of the CSPRP was compared with a common flat-plate composite slab. The results showed that the shear behavior on the combined interface of CSPRPs meets the shear strength requirements under serviceable working conditions better than common flat-plate composite slabs. The combined interface of CSPRPs will not disengage under service loads.", "label": [1, 17]}
+{"token": "Interaction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and human herpesvirus type 8 infections on the incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma. To determine Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) risk related to timing of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) infections, stored longitudinal sera from 400 homosexual men with known dates of HIV-1 seroconversion (+/- 4.5 months) were tested for HHV-8 antibody. Times from HHV-8 seroconversion to KS were compared for the 69 men who became infected with HHV-8 after acquiring HIV-1 to the 182 men who were HHV-8 seropositive before their HIV-1 infection. None developed KS before coinfection, HHV-8 seroconversion after HIV-1 infection increased the risk of KS (risk ratio, 2.55; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-6.10) compared with those infected with HHV-8 before HIV-1. The KS hazards in HHV-8 infected men increased by 60% (P < .001) for each year of HIV-1 infection. Faster CD4 cell loss and higher HIV-1 RNA levels significantly predicted KS. The quicker development of KS in men acquiring HHV-8 after HIV-1 and its association with CD4 slope argues that KS is more likely if HHV-8 infection occurs in an immunocompromised person.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "High resolution electron microscopy studies on the interface structure of deformed stress induced martensite variants in a Ti-Ni-Nb shape memory alloy. The interfacial structure of deformed stress induced martensite variants in the Ti-44.7 at.% Ni-9 at.% Nb alloy have been investigated by high resolution electron microscopy. Bands conversions were revealed to happen inside the martensite variants to accommodate the macroscopic strain. The evolution of twinning modes from (11 (1) over bar) Type I to (001) compound Type, < 011 > Type II and (111) Type I were found. These newly formed (001) deformation twins nucleate and grow inside the substructural bands to perform the coalescence of substructural bands. It also causes the rearrangement of the unfavorably oriented bands. The appearance of the < 011 > Type II twinning plate seems to eliminate the stress concentration during the coalescence of martensite bands. The (111) Type I twinning plate is also introduced to accommodate the shape deformation in different directions. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Border Materials, Early Childhood Art Education, and the Ontological Persistence of American Flexibility. This article draws comparisons between young children's material explorations and the national and global politics surrounding the U.S.-Mexico border in order to theorize early childhood art education and art education curricular approaches, practices, and policies. Border theories of fluidity and new materialist notions of becoming are discussed in relation to children's and artists' explorations of unfamiliar and playful materials. The concepts tool analysis and apparatus are employed to discuss the onto-epistemological and political nature of border materials, processes, and art to advocate for the learners and citizens who are produced through these apparatuses.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "XPS study of the silica-water interface. XPS data show that, at low ionic strength (<20 mM), Cl- ions could not be detected at the surface even at the lowest pH. Changes of the Na/Si atomic ratio with pH are in close agreement with the adsorption curve of OH- ions. At higher ionic strength (>100 mM), the silica surface's point of zero charge can be determined from the Na/Cl atomic ratio. At pH 9 the amount of \\\\'free\\\\' Na+ at the surface is independent of NaCl concentration reflecting the formation of SiO-Na bonds, confirmed by O 1s spectra.Removing water from the sample surface allows determination of a \\\\'built-in\\\\' potential at the interface. Si 2p and O 1s spectra of the matrix shift to lower BE values whereas Na 1s and Cl 2p lines of the counter-ions shift to higher BE. At higher ionic strength and pH < 2, shifts of Si 2p and O 1s spectra change sign, reflecting the formation of positively charged silica surfaces. The absolute value of the photoelectron line shifts for the matrix elements does not exceed 0.25 eV at any pH, whereas the shifts for counter-ions can reach 0.6 eV. The shifts decrease with increasing ionic strength, implying the formation of a more compact interface. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.To prevent alteration of the interface, the wet silica pastes were precooled with liquid nitrogen. After measurements under liquid nitrogen, XPS spectra were collected the next day at room temperature to follow changes at the silica surface caused by water loss.XPS was applied to study the silica-water interface formed in NaCl solution at variable pH (2-9) and ionic strength (10-600 mM).", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "An audit of European training in obstetrics and gynaecology. During 1997, The European Network of Trainees in Obstetrics and Gynaecology (ENTOG) circulated a questionnaire to audit training in Europe. Results describe number and gender in each country, access to training, duration of training, tutor/tutee scheme, logbooks, minimum curriculum, assessment, criteria for accreditation, training abroad, final examination, hospital inspection, subspecialty, academic training, and career progression. Quality of life is tried to address with questions relating to salary, working hours, maternity leave, annual leave and study leave. EBCOG has drawn up recommendations to try and achieve a standardisation of quality of training whilst fully understanding that complete standardisation of training is not a realistic possibility due to social, cultural and ethical differences. A repeat audit is planned after 3 years to close the feedback loop. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 42]}
+{"token": "The origins and influence of victim assistance: Contributions of the Mine Ban Treaty, Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Convention on Cluster Munitions. The establishment of victim assistance as a core element of humanitarian disarmament emerged from three treaties: the 1997 Mine Ban Treaty (MBT), the 2006 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) and the 2008 Convention on Cluster Munitions (CCM). The MBT introduced the concept of victim assistance, and the CPRD created a framework of human rights that influenced its evolution. Drawing on its predecessors, the CCM made victim assistance a robust and rights-based legal obligation. This article analyses the negotiating history and content of the treaties to show how victim assistance evolved, particularly in the areas of inclusion and human rights. It examines the treaties' implementation, which reveals that while the CRPD set standards for victim assistance, the MBT and CCM's victim assistance programmes have benefitted persons with disabilities in practice. Finally, it offers lessons from the MBT, CRPD and CCM for implementation and interpretation of victim assistance obligations under the 2017 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. The article concludes that the three treaties have collectively established assisting victims as a feature of disarmament law, helped persons with disabilities realize their rights, and laid the groundwork for adapting victim assistance to new challenges.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Growth of crystalline AgIn5S8 thin films on glass substrates from aqueous solutions. Thin films of the silver indium sulfide (AgIn5S8) ternary semiconductor were prepared from acidic aqueous solutions containing silver nitrate, indium nitrate, and thioacetamide. Various preparative parameters, such as pH of the precursor solution, silver to indium concentration ratio [Ag]/[ln], and postreaction thermal treatment conditions were changed in order to grow uniform and adherent thin films on glass substrates. A series of X-ray diffraction patterns and scanning electron micrographs were used to reveal the growth process over time. It was found that granular Ag2S primary films were first attached to the glass substrate, followed by the indium sulfide deposition. A (111) preferred oriented AgIn5S8 with cubic spinel structure was obtained from the [Ag]/[In] = 4 and pH 0.6 precursor solution after 673 K thermal treatment for I h in an Ar environment. A two-step deposition mechanism was proposed and discussed in terms of stability constants of metal complexes and classical nucleation theory. In addition, our preliminary study showed that 3-mereaptopropyl-trimethoxysilane (MPS)-modified glass substrates further promoted the homogeneity and adhesion of AgIn5S8 thin films.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "NUMERALS AND PHONETIC COMPLEMENTS IN THE KOHAU RONGORONGO SCRIPT OF EASTER ISLAND. Typological considerations and combinatory properties of the \\\\'Crescent\\\\' sign suggest that \\\\'Crescent\\\\' and its multiplied combinations represent numerals in the kohau rongorongo script of Easter Island. Probable phonetic complements for the \\\\'Crescent\\\\' sign identified by means of the substitution method reinforce this interpretation. As a result, some phonetic readings and an alternative content interpretation of the so-called calendric passage on the Mamari Tablet are proposed.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "The Philosophy of the Act as the First Philosophy (An Interpretation of Bakhtin's Moral Philosophy) First Article: To Be Means To Act. The article represents the analyses of the Bakhtin's moral philosophy which he considered to be the first philosophy. Moral philosophy understood in this way can be concretized as a philosophy of the act and be the teaching of Being. Philosophy of the act differs from the psychology of the act, sociology of the act and other science-based approaches considering its separate aspects. It identifies the act with the person's subjectness, with all (pragmatic, intellectual, emotional and other) manifestations of their activity. According to Bakhtin, the act is turned to the acting subject by the fact of its existence and to the external world by its content. These two aspects, standing in opposition to each other as life and culture, and setting the opposition of I and The Other, are essentially not equivalent: there is no transition from the content of the act to its being, but the transition from the being of the act to its content is inevitable. The act attains its entirety only being seen from inside, through the optics of the acting subject. The entirety of the act is defined by the unity of the person's responsibility within which the special responsibility (responsibility for the content) is the secondary, aggregated moment of the moral responsibility (responsibility for the being of the act). Responsibility, that is the person's existence in the mode of the oughtness, is defined by the special being status of the person, which is described by the concept of non-alibi in being. It means that oughtness is immanent in the human mode of existence in the world, the person ought to be obliged and to find oneself in the act as the centre of the one-and-the only event of Being.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Mediating Role of Illness Representation Among Social Support, Therapeutic Alliance, Experience of Medication Side Effects, and Medication Adherence in Persons With Schizophrenia. The purpose of this cross-sectional research study was to examine factors affecting medication adherence in Thai individuals with schizophrenia. The Common-Sense Model of Illness Representation was used to guide the study. Two hundred twenty-five subjects met the inclusion criteria and were interviewed. Variables of interest focused on experience of medication side effects, therapeutic alliance, social support, illness representation, and behavior change with medication adherence. Results indicated that therapeutic alliance and the experience of medication side effects enhanced illness representation, which in turn led to an intention to change adherence behavior. Social support did not alter illness representation or adherence behavior. Because illness representation positively influenced patients' intention to change adherence behavior, mental health nurses should promote patients' perception about their illness to enhance medication adherence. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 26, 23]}
+{"token": "Predicting the nutrition deficiency of fresh pear leaves with a miniature near-infrared spectrometer in the laboratory. Nutrient deficiencies often occur during the growth of pear trees; therefore, rapid, cost-effective monitoring of the nutritional deficiency status of pear leaves is of great value for effective cultivation management. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of nutrient-deficient pear leaf samples were analysed with a handheld miniature near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer operating at a reflectance spectrum of 900-1700 nm. Combined with different pre-treatment and feature extraction methods, 42 recognition models were established by random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). Finally, the best accuracy and F1-score of the SVM with the testing dataset, with standard normal variate (SNV) pre-processing and genetic algorithm (GA) feature extraction, were 82.06% and 80.25%, respectively. The proposed method using a miniature NIR spectrometer can quickly predict the nutrient deficiency status of pear leaves during the cultivation period.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "The Bridgman Method Growth and Spectroscopic Characterization of Calcium Fluoride Single Crystals. It must be noted that the main objective of this study was to obtain single crystals of calcium fluoride - CaF2, and after that the crystals were characterized with various spectroscopic methods. The crystals were grown using the Bridgman technique. By optimizing growth conditions, < 111> oriented CaF2 crystals up to 20 mm in diameter were grown. Number of dislocations in CaF2 crystals was 5x10(4) - 2x10(5) per cm(2). Selected CaF2 single crystal is cut into several tiles with the diamond saw. The plates were polished, first with the silicon carbide, then the paraffin oil, and finally with a diamond paste. The obtained crystal w.s studied by Raman and infrared - IR spectroscopy. The crystal structure is confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). One Raman and two IR optical modes predicted by group theory are observed. A low photoluminescence testifies that the concentration of oxygen defects within the host CaF2 is small. All performed investigations show that the obtained CaF2 single crystal has good optical quality, which was the goal of this work.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Making the Undergraduate Classroom into a Policy Think Tank: Reflections from a Field Methods Class. This article examines the opportunities and limitations presented by organizing an undergraduate field research methods class as a policy think tank working for a government client. Organized as such, the course had both the learning objectives of a traditional undergraduate methods class and the corporate objectives of a policy think tank (i.e., to produce a high-quality presentation and report for its client). This article finds that the learning and corporate objectives were largely aligned rather than conflicting, leading to anticipated and some unanticipated pedagogical benefits for learning sociological research methods, substantive sociological and policy areas, how to work effectively in goal-directed group work, and public policy generally. Finally, this article considers the pedagogical and ethical concerns with the course-based production of \\\\'policy-relevant\\\\' knowledge in the context of stark social divisions between student and research subject.", "label": [5, 53, 57]}
+{"token": "Peaceful parties and puzzling personalists. Reiter and Stam advance the study of the conflict behavior of authoritarian regimes in two ways. First, they clearly demonstrate the importance of using directed dyad data sets for studying mixed pairs of political regimes. Second, they have refocused our attention on the question of decisional constraints and international conflict. This response examines the dispute patterns of a specific mixed pair of authoritarian regimes, single-party regimes, and personalist dictatorships. We find that single-party regimes are significantly less likely to start militarized disputes against personalist dictatorships than is trite of other types of regime dyads. In contrast, personalist regimes are somewhat more likely to initiate militarized disputes against single-party regimes than is the norm for other regime dyads. These findings indicate that the relationships among specific types of authoritarian regimes may be as consequential as the relationships between democracies and authoritarian regimes of any type. They also indicate that we need to examine further the role that institutional constraints play in shaping the conflict behavior of authoritarian regimes.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Modelling the lung function of Caucasians during adolescence as a basis for reference values. Conclusions: A simple model based on stature and an interaction between stature and age can account for the changing relationship between body habitus during the growth spurt and lung size and transfer factor in a single equation encompassing children and adolescents. Its use is recommended for deriving reference values when the explanatory variables are limited to stature and age.Aim: The study tested the hypothesis that this simple, interactive model might also be effective for total lung capacity and its subdivisions and the single breath transfer factor for carbon monoxide.Subjects and methods: Data were available for 695 asymptomatic non-smokers ( Caucasians) aged 7 - 20 years ( 440 boys, 255 girls). Each lung function index was described using the above model and the fit was compared with that from a linear, power or polynomial model based on stature alone.Background: In childhood the relationship between lung size and stature changes during the adolescent growth spurt. This is not allowed for in models of lung function based on stature alone. For spirometric indices inclusion of an age x stature interaction ( A x St) can overcome the difficulty.Results: After allowing for stature, the A x St interaction term was significant for almost all indices. The improved fit was most apparent for the lung function of older adolescent boys. Reference values using the model are reported.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 56, 42, 24]}
+{"token": "Imaging spectroscopy of foliar biochemistry in forestry environments. Remote sensing estimates of leaf biochemicals provide valuable information on ecosystem functioning, vitality and state at local to global spatial scales. This paper aims to give an overview of the state of the art of foliar biochemistry assessment in general and, where possible, attention is given to: (1) Eucalyptus forest environments, (2) use of hyperspectral remote sensing or imaging spectroscopy, and (3) the challenges towards operational application of such assessments. Estimation of foliar biochemicals has improved significantly from early broad-band sensor attempts, given the advent of hand-held, airborne and space-borne spectrometers. These instruments provide sensing in contiguous, narrow spectral bands in the visible to shortwave infrared, as compared to the small number of broad spectral bands provided by multispectral sensors. Chlorophyll, nitrogen, cellulose and lignin represent a sample of biochemicals that have been assessed successfully, particularly at leaf level and with varying success at the canopy scale. A major challenge is scaling of predictions of biochemicals from ground to airborne and ultimately space-borne levels. This entails development of algorithms that minimise the contributions of canopy structure, atmospheric conditions, sensor/illumination geometry and leaf water content variations. Some advances have been made in this direction including the derivation of new vegetation indices and the use of spectral transformations such as derivative analysis and continuum removal. Other studies have focused on developing physically based models, e. g. radiative transfer models (RTMs), which appear to be more robust when compared to statistical models. However, the application of RTMs needs to progress beyond the estimation of only chlorophyll and biochemicals in monoculture environments to other nutrients and adapted for more complex canopies. Furthermore, inversion techniques of these models need to be improved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "HOW OPEN IS OPEN? A STUDY OF TWO IRISH OPEN GOVERNMENT DATA WEBSITES. In discussions of Open Government Data (hereafter referred to as open data or OGD) in the academic literature, the question of what is meant by the word \\\\'open\\\\' has to date received only limited attention. The use of Open Government Data (OGD) has spread globally as governments make more of their data available via electronically accessible formats for individuals to use and share. OGD is seen as something that has the potential to play an important role in achieving transparency, and accountability, enabling new forms of civic participation, and stimulates economic growth and development. However, there is a need to examine OGD datasets to determine whether they are truly open. The purpose of this paper is to investigate OGD openness based on a number of existing or proposed open data definitions and principles. The principles proposed by the work of the Open Government Working Group will be analyzed. The methodology that has been used to collect the data includes OGD website content analysis, participant observation and semi-structured interviews using purposeful and snowball sampling techniques. The results in this paper are just part of the overall study. This research has not been funded. The research limitation is that it has been done only in the Irish context. It is an original study with primary data. The conclusion of this research mainly demonstrates that OGD in the Irish context is progressing but requires further work to be open based on the principles proposed by the Open Government Working Group works.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "FINGERPRINTING REVEALS GAMMA-RAY INDUCED MUTATIONS IN FUNGAL DNA - IMPLICATIONS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF PATENT STRAINS OF TRICHODERMA-HARZIANUM. We have analyzed different patent strains and gamma-ray induced mutants of Trichoderma harzianum by DNA fingerprinting and PCR fingerprinting (RAPD). Applying wild-type phage M13 DNA, with the oligonucleotides (CT)(8) and (GTG)(5) as probes for hybridization, as well as the oligonucleotides GGCATCGGCC, (GTG)(5), (CAC)(5) and the M13 sequence GAGGGTGGCGGTTCT as primers in PCR, we were able to obtain different and discriminative fingerprint patterns for all strains and mutants investigated. Irradiation of fungi led to mutations which resulted in new fingerprint patterns. Consequently, irradiation-induced mutants can be clearly distinguished from the original wild-type isolates by genomic fingerprinting which is of importance for the patent protection of fungal strains. Sequencing of the ITS-1 and ITS-2 regions of the rDNA gene complex revealed the same sequence for all mutant strains and the original wild-type strain.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Bovine trypanosomiasis risk in an endemic area on the eastern plateau of Zambia. The control of bovine trypanosomiasis could be improved by using the available control tools during periods when the incidence of the disease is highest. The present study assessed the monthly risk of bovine trypanosomiasis in 85 sentinel cattle kept on the tsetse-infested eastern plateau of Zambia during a period of 19 consecutive months. To avoid problems associated with persistence of infections because of trypanocidal drug resistance and/or the time lag between sampling and molecular analysis, a survival analysis and the subsequent calculation of risk was used as an indicator of challenge. Results showed that the average monthly risk of infection (92.3% due to Trypanosoma congolense) was 6%. It was significantly higher (7.7%) during the beginning of the rainy season (December-February). According to the outcome of the study, bovine trypanosomiasis control in the study area can be improved through increasing control efforts during this period of highest challenge. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Entorno construido y concentracion de delitos en espacios de produccion Estatal: San Pedro de la Paz, Region del 'Bio-Bio', Chile. It is argued that, in state-produced peri-urban neighbourhoods, the spatial properties of the built environment and the physical form of the built environment are not sufficient to understand the complexity of crime concentration and the formation of safe neighbourhoods. When it comes to state-produced neighbourhoods located in areas devoid of services and facilities, the scale of analysis of space and the formation of centrality becomes vitally important. In terms of safety, research on the layout of urban fabric and public spaces in residential areas is sporadic and inconclusive (Hillier & Sahbaz, 2008). In this same field, the idea of defensive appropriation of space has been prioritised over the need to build safe neighbourhoods (Greene & Mora, 2018), giving less attention to the role of public and private space in terms of safety and crime occurrence. Given this need, this research aims to identify and understand the spatial properties of the built environment that intervene in the formation of safe neighbourhoods, problematising the occurrence of crime in public and private space, thus shedding light on the potential of the built environment to favour-or not-the formation of safe neighbourhoods. The research addresses two neighbourhoods located in the peri-urban area of the commune of San Pedro de la Paz, Bio-Bio region, Chile: Boca Sur Nuevo and San Pedro de la Costa, contiguous sectors but originated by the State in different historical periods. The study uses a quantitative methodology, on the one hand, for spatial analysis, the Spatial Syntax approach developed by Hillier and Hanson (1984) is implemented. The spatial syntax is based on the graph theory of discrete mathematics for the calculation of the configurative spatial relationships between the streets of the city (Yamu, 2021). This approach is complemented by the methodology of Sola Morales (1997) based on the precepts of urbanisation, subdivision and building. Thus, space is observed as an intrinsic aspect of the activities that people carry out, referring not only to the qualities of individual spaces, but also to the interrelationships between the spaces that make up the spatial layout and the way people use and move around cities. On the other hand, a quantitative socio-spatial analysis of the concentration of crime in space is carried out, the data are extracted from the Crime Statistical System (SIED) in its version of territorial data for the year 2019. The analysis considered crimes of major social connotation (DMCS), referring to those \\\\'crimes of a violent nature that affect the property, life and property of people, thereby generating a public impact\\\\' (AMUCH, 2018). The crime data were complemented with spatial variables of the case study. The results show that the Spatial Syntax approach, together with Sola Morales' morphological approach, allows us to identify the spatial properties that are decisive in improving urban environments at the neighbourhood and community level in terms of safe neighbourhoods, deepening the urbanisation modes of the Neoliberal States that influence the perception of security.", "label": [1, 17]}
+{"token": "Water usage in steel making: Findings from a worldsteel Water Management Project. As part of a worldsteel Water Management survey, data was received from 29 steelworks, representing 8 % or about 111 million t of the global annual steel output. Results show that water consumption (consumption: in case of a complete steelwork: only intake of water, in case of a specific process: actually water needed for that process = intake + reuse water) in different steelworks varies from under 1 m(3) to near 150 m(3) of water per tonne of steel produced. The configuration of the steel plant, the geographical situation and local legislation often determines in what way, how much and what type of water is used and discharged. Nearly 82 % of the water is consumed by once-through cooling. Data about used techniques as well as discharge quality was collected and is available in a digital database that can be used for optimizing processes etc.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Sugarcane cultivar response to high summer water tables in the everglades. Sugarcane (interspecific hybrids of Saccharum spp.) in the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) in Florida is frequently subjected to periods of higher-than-desired water levels. This study was conducted to evaluate yields of nine sugarcane cultivars subjected to two higher-than-conventional water tables in the FAA during the summer rainy season from the plant cane through the second-ratoon annual crop cycles. Field experiments were planted in February 1997 and January 1998. During the summers from 1997 through 1999, we sought to maintain water <15 cm below the soil surface (BSS) in the wetter field and from 15 to 38 cm BSS in the drier field. Water tables for sugarcane in the EAA fluctuate from 40 to 95 ern BSS. Targeted water levels were achieved for 40 d in 1997, 104 d in 1998, and 96 d in 1999 in the wetter field and for 35 d in 1997, 96 d in 1998, and 82 d in 1999 in the drier field. The mean sugar per hectare in the wetter field was 91.7% that of the drier field. Yields of 'Canal Point (CP) 72-2086' and 'CP 82-1172' were not affected by water table. Cultivar CP 85-1308 had higher yields in the wetter field in two of five harvests. Sugar per hectare of 'CP 80-1743' was reduced by 25.1% in the wetter field. The variability among commercial cultivars to maintain yields at high water tables suggests that routine screening of promising sugarcane genotypes under high water tables would help identify more cultivars that maintain high yields in wetter conditions in the EAA.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "NuSTAR OBSERVATIONS OF THE STATE TRANSITION OF MILLISECOND PULSAR BINARY PSR J1023+0038. We report NuSTAR observations of the millisecond pulsar-low-mass X-ray binary (LMXB) transition system PSR J1023+0038 from 2013 June and October, before and after the formation of an accretion disk around the neutron star. Between June 10 and 12, a few days to two weeks before the radio disappearance of the pulsar, the 3-79 keV X-ray spectrum was well fit by a simple power law with a photon index of Gamma = 1.17(-0.07)(+0.08) (at 90% confidence) with a 3-79 keV luminosity of 7.4 +/- 0.4 x 10(32) erg s(-1). Significant orbital modulation was observed with a modulation fraction of 36% +/- 10%. During the October 19-21 observation, the spectrum is described by a softer power law (Gamma = 1.66(-0.05)(+0.06)) with an average luminosity of 5.8 +/- 0.2x10(33) erg s(-1) and a peak luminosity of approximate to 1.2x10(34) erg s(-1) observed during a flare. No significant orbital modulation was detected. The spectral observations are consistent with previous and current multiwavelength observations and show the hard X-ray power law extending to 79 keV without a spectral break. Sharp-edged, flat-bottomed dips are observed with widths between 30 and 1000 s and ingress and egress timescales of 30-60 s. No change in hardness ratio was observed during the dips. Consecutive dip separations are log-normal in distribution with a typical separation of approximately 400 s. These dips are distinct from dipping activity observed in LMXBs. We compare and contrast these dips to observations of dips and state changes in the similar transition systems PSR J1824-2452I and XSS J1227.0-4859 and discuss possible interpretations based on the transitions in the inner disk.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "A Novel Floating/Grounded Meminductor Emulator. Meminductor is a nonlinear two-terminal element with storage energy and memory ability. To date, meminductor element is not available commercially as memristor and memcapacitor are. Therefore, it is of great significance to implement a meminductor emulator for breadboard experiment. In this paper, a flux-controlled floating/grounded meminductor emulator without a memristor is presented. It is built with commercially available off-the-shelf electronic devices. It consists of single operational transconductance amplifier (OTA), single multiplier, two second-generation current conveyors (CCIIs), single current-feedback operational amplifier (CFOA) and single operational amplifier. Using OTA device introduces an additional control parameter besides frequency and amplitude values of applied voltage to control the area of pinched hysteresis loop of meminductor. Mathematical model of proposed emulator circuit is given to describe the behavior of meminductor circuit. The breadboard experiment is performed using CA3080, AD844, AD633J and LM741 for OTA, CCII-CFOA, multiplier and operational amplifier, respectively. Simulation and experimental test results are given to verify the theoretical analyses. Frequency-dependent pinched hysteresis loop is maintained up to 5 kHz. The presented meminductor emulator tends to work as ordinary inductor for higher frequencies.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
+{"token": "Active nonreciprocal attraction between motile particles in an elastic medium. We show from experiments and simulations on vibration-activated granular matter that self-propelled polar rods in an elastic medium on a substrate turn and move towards each other. We account for this effective attraction through a coarse-grained theory of a motile particle as a moving point-force density that creates elastic strains in the medium that reorient other particles. Our measurements confirm qualitatively the predicted features of the distortions created by the rods, including the |x|???1/2 tail of the trailing displacement field and nonreciprocal sensing and pursuit. A discrepancy between the magnitudes of displacements along and transverse to the direction of motion remains. Our theory should be of relevance to the interaction of motile cells in the extracellular matrix or in a supported layer of gel or tissue.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Orthodontic tooth movement in rats using Ni-free Ti-based shape memory alloy wire. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance and the usefulness of a newly developed Ni-free Ti-based shape memory alloy (SMA) wire in orthodontic tooth movement by comparing with a nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) alloy wire. A Titanium-niobium-aluminum (Ti-24Nb-3Al) SMA wire, which was considered to be biocompatible because it contained no nickel, was newly developed and mechanical property of this new alloy was improved by severe cold rolling reduction. Twenty-one male Wistar-strain rats (age; 6 weeks) were used in the animal experiment. A Ti-Nb-Al alloy wire and an orthodontic superelastic wire (Ni-Ti alloy wire) were set in the oral cavities of rats, and orthodontic palatal movement of maxillary first molars was performed with an initial load of 15 gf. The amount of tooth movement was measured and periodontal structures were histologically examined. The Ti-Nb-Al alloy wire was effective for palatal tooth movement without any adverse reaction in rats. There was no significant difference in the amount of tooth movement between the Ti-Nb-Al group and the Ni-Ti group. Histological observation of the periodontal tissues revealed no differences between the two groups. These results indicate that Ti-Nb-Al alloy wire has excellent mechanical properties suitable for orthodontic tooth movement, suggesting that Ti-Nb-Al wire may be used as a practical nickel-free shape memory and superelastic alloy wire for orthodontic treatment as a substitute for Ni-Ti alloy wire.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Oleuropein suppresses oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic responses following glycerol-induced acute kidney injury in rats. Aim: Here, we evaluated the possible protective effects of oleuropein, the major phenolic constituent in virgin olive oil against glycerol-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in rats.Significance: Our data suggest that oleuropein has potential as an alternative therapy to prevent or minimize RM incidence and subsequent development of AKI, possibly due to its potent anti-stress, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects.Key findings: Glycerol injection increased the kidney relative weight as well as rhabdomyolysis (RM)- and AKI-related index levels, including the levels of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine, urea, and Kim-1 expression. Additionally, alteration in oxidative conditions in renal tissue was recorded, as confirmed by the elevated malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels and the decreased glutathione content. Concomitantly, the protein and mRNA expression levels of antioxidant enzymes were suppressed. Moreover, Nfe212 and Hmox1 mRNA expression was also downregulated. Glycerol triggered inflammatory reactions in renal tissue, as evidenced by the increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and Ccl2 protein and mRNA expression, whereas myeloperoxidase activity was increased. Furthermore, glycerol injection enhanced apoptotic events in renal tissue by increasing the expression of the pro-apoptotic proteins and decreasing that of anti-apoptotic. However, oleuropein administration reversed the molecular, biochemical, and histological alterations resulting from glycerol injection.Main methods: Twenty-eight Sprague Dawley rats were allocated equally into four groups as follows: control group, oleuropein group (50 mg/kg body weight), AKI group and the oleuropein + AKI group. AKI was induced by injecting 50% glycerol (10 ml/kg body weight) intramuscularly.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "A Good Enough Reason: Addiction, Agency and Criminal Responsibility. The article begins by contrasting medical and moral views of addiction and how such views influence responsibility and policy analysis. It suggests that since addiction always involves action and action can always be morally evaluated, we must independently decide whether addicts do not meet responsibility criteria rather than begging the question and deciding by the label of disease' or moral weakness'. It then turns to the criteria for criminal responsibility and shows that the criteria for criminal responsibility, like the criteria for addiction, are all folk psychological. Therefore, any scientific information about addiction must be translated' into the law's folk psychological criteria. Distractions about responsibility are then quickly canvassed. Then it addresses the direct relation between addiction and criminal responsibility. It argues that most addicts retain sufficient rational and control capacities at the relevant times to be held responsible, especially for crimes that are not part of the definition of addiction itself. It suggests that there is good reason to excuse or mitigate addicts for the crimes of purchase and possession for personal use. It concludes by briefly considering what contemporary science can contribute to our understanding of addiction and agency.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
+{"token": "Blood-brain barrier disruption in post-traumatic epilepsy. Results: Spectral EEG analyses revealed significant slowing in patients with TBI, with no significant differences between patients with epilepsy and those without. Although bMRI revealed that patients with PTE were more likely to present with intracortical lesions (p = 0.02), no differences in the size of the lesion were found between the groups (p = 0.19). Increased BBB permeability was found in 76.9% of patients with PTE compared with 33.3% of patients without epilepsy (p = 0.047), and could be observed years following the trauma. Cerebral cortex volume with BBB disruption was larger in patients with PTE (p = 0.001). In 70% of patients, slow (delta band) activity was co-localised, by sLORETA, with regions showing BBB disruption.Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important cause of focal epilepsy. Animal experiments indicate that disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE).Objective: To investigate the frequency, extent and functional correlates of increased BBB permeability in patient with PTE.Methods: 32 head trauma patients were included in the study, with 17 suffering from PTE. Patients underwent brain MRI (bMRI) and were evaluated for BBB disruption, using a novel semi-quantitative technique. Cortical dysfunction was measured using electroencephalography (EEG), and localised using standardised low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA).Conclusions: Lasting BBB pathology is common in patients with mild TBI, with increased frequency and extent being observed in patients with PTE. A correlation between disrupted BBB and abnormal neuronal activity is suggested.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
+{"token": "RoboPol: a four-channel optical imaging polarimeter. We present the design and performance of RoboPol, a four-channel optical polarimeter operating at the Skinakas Observatory in Crete, Greece. RoboPol is capable of measuring both relative linear Stokes parameters q and u (and the total intensity I) in one sky exposure. Though primarily used to measure the polarization of point sources in the R band, the instrument features additional filters (B, V, and I), enabling multiwavelength imaging polarimetry over a large field of view (13.6' x 13.6'). We demonstrate the accuracy and stability of the instrument throughout its 5 yr of operation. Best performance is achieved within the central region of the field of view and in the R band. For such measurements the systematic uncertainty is below 0.1 per cent in fractional linear polarization, p (0.05 per cent maximum likelihood). Throughout all observing seasons the instrumental polarization varies within 0.1 per cent in p and within similar to 1 degrees in polarization angle.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Formation and hydrogen release of hydrazine bisborane: transfer vs. attachment of a borane. The reactivity of hydrazine in the presence of diborane has been investigated using ab initio quantum chemical computations (MP2 and CCSD(T) methods with the aug-cc-pVTZ basis set). Portions of the relevant potential energy surface were constructed to probe the formation mechanism of the hydrazine diborane (BH3BH3NH2NH2) and hydrazine bisborane (BH3NH2NH2BH3). The differences between both adducts are established. The release of hydrogen molecules from hydrazine bisborane adducts has also been characterized. Our results suggest that the BH3NH2NH2BH3 adduct, which has been prepared experimentally, is formed from the starting reactants hydrazine + diborane. The observed adduct is produced by a transfer of a BH3 group from BH3BH3NH2NH2 rather than by the direct attachment of a separate BH3 group, generated by predissociation of diborane, to BH3NH2NH2.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
+{"token": "Presence and genetic diversity of enteric protists in captive and semi-captive non-human primates in co<SIC>te d'Ivoire, Sierra Leone, and Peru. Little information is currently available on the occurrence and genetic diversity of pathogenic and commensal protist species in captive and semi-captive non-human primates (NHP) resident in zoological gardens or sanctuaries in low- and medium-income countries. In this molecular-based study, we prospectively collected individual faecal samples from apparently healthy NHP at the Abidjan Zoological Garden (AZG) in Co<SIC>te d'Ivoire, the Tacugama Sanctuary (TS) in Sierra Leone, and the Quistococha Zoological Garden (QZG) in Peru between November 2018 and February 2020. We evaluated for the presence of pathogenic (Cryptosporidium spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia duodenalis, Blastocystis sp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Balantioides coli) and commensal (Entamoeba dispar, Troglodytella abrassarti) protist species using PCR methods and Sanger sequencing. Giardia duodenalis was the most prevalent species found (25.9%, 30/116), followed by Blastocystis sp. (22.4%, 26/116), and E. dispar (18.1%, 21/116). We detected E. bieneusi (4.2%, 1/24) and T. abrassarti (12.5%, 3/24) only on NHP from AZG. Cryptosporidium spp., E. histolytica, and B. coli were undetected at the three sampling sites investigated here. Sequence analyses revealed the presence of zoonotic sub-assemblages BIII (n = 1) in AZG and BIV (n = 1) in TS within G. duodenalis. We identified Blastocystis subtype ST3 (100%, 6/6) in AZG, ST1 (80.0%, 12/15), ST2 (6.7%, 1/15), and ST3 (13.3%, 2/15) in TS, and ST2 (80.0%, 4/5) and ST3 (20.0%, 1/5) in QZG. The only E. bieneusi isolate detected here was identified as zoonotic genotype CAF4. Our PCR-based data indicate that potentially pathogenic protist species including G. duodenalis, Blastocystis sp., E. bieneusi, and B. coli are present at variable rates in the three NHP populations investigated here. The identification of zoonotic genotypes within these species indicates that human-NHP transmission is possible, although the extent and directionality of these events need to be elucidated in future molecular surveys.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 37]}
+{"token": "Pressure mat analysis of the longitudinal development of pig locomotion in growing pigs after weaning. Results: Intra-class correlations showed good within-session replicability. Body-weight normalized PVF (nPVF), LR (nLR), VI (nVI) and PVP (nPVP) were higher in the forelimbs than in the hind limbs. A higher velocity was associated with a higher nPVF, nLR and nPVP. All parameters varied between weeks. ASI of LR and VI were higher in the forelimbs than in the hind limbs. Velocity and time did not influence ASI of any of the variables.Conclusions: Kinetic pressure mat measurements from healthy weaned piglets are highly replicable within-session. However, these variables present a significant variability between-session, which may be due to conformational changes of the young, growing piglets. Velocity clearly influences nPVF, nLR and nPVP, and all kinetic variables have higher values in forelimbs than in hind limbs. As time and velocity do not affect ASI's, the latter are preferable tools when velocity cannot be controlled or when measurements are repeated over longer time intervals. The present study supports the use of a pressure mat as an objective way to analyze and quantify porcine gait.Ten clinically healthy weaned piglets were trained to trot over a pressure mat. Measurements were performed weekly during 10 weeks, starting at 5 weeks of age. Four kinetic parameters were recorded for all four limbs: peak vertical force (PVF), load rate (LR), vertical impulse (VI) and peak vertical pressure (PVP). Three representative runs per measuring session per pig were collected. For each of the variables, left vs. right limb asymmetry-indices (ASI's) were calculated based on the average for that parameter per week. A linear mixed model was used to determine the influence of time (week), velocity, and limb (left vs. right, and fore vs. hind). Intra-class correlations were calculated to assess within-session replicability.Background: Gait evaluation is difficult in pigs, especially when objective and quantitative data are needed, thus little research has been conducted in this species. There is considerable experience, however, with objective gait analysis in other species, such as horses and dogs. In this study, a pressure mat was used to establish baseline kinetic data for gait and its longitudinal development in growing, weaned piglets.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Bali in Brazil: perceptions of 'otherness' by the 'other'. This article explores the experiences and observations of an Italian performer/academic teaching Balinese mask dance-drama (topeng) in Brazil. Expatriate status, living between Australia, Indonesia and Italy yet teaching in Brazil, provided a means to critically reflect upon the process of representing 'otherness' (Balinese topeng) by being the 'other' (a foreigner) in another country (Brazil). A Brazilian trip (October-November 2013) resulted in a feeling of self-doubt and underlying guilt for not being the 'original other' (Balinese). This sensation would not completely disappear even when it became clear that the invitation was for 'a mission' to change the discourse on Balinese dance-drama in theatre training in Brazil. This discourse of the 'exotic other' was not new to the author, as it was the same one that had stimulated an interest in Balinese dance, drama and music. The imagined Bali of the Brazilian interlocutors had once been the author's imagined Bali, until it had changed through the experience of living and learning on the island. In the same way, some of them had already had a similar experience, albeit of much shorter duration, which had enabled them to also see beyond the exotic, decontexualised, imagined Bali. In teaching and performing practice the author aims to re-contextualise and ground the imagined other into a familiar reality. This article details the process and insights gained during the Brazilian journey and to reflect upon the multiple voices encountered along the way, which mediated the sense of 'otherness'.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Effects of bensultap on larval serpentine leafminers, Liriomyza tirfolii (Burgess) (Diptera : Agromyzidae), in tomatoes. The serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), arrived in Turkey within the past decade. Vegetable growers are recommended to treat fields with translaminar insecticides (abamectin, cyromazine and neem) after they see 4-5 mines per leaf, however, they usually use a wide range of conventional insecticides, which are ineffective. We conducted field trials for 2 years in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) greenhouses to evaluate the effects of various concentrations of bensultap (1.5, 0.2, 2.5, and 3.0 kg/ha) on L. trifolii. Cyromazine, because it is widely used, served as a positive control. Bensultap and cyromazine were applied twice, early in the growing season. Leaf samples were used to monitor the effects on larval population levels. Both insecticides significantly reduced leafminers as compared to non-treated control; however, bensultap at 3.0 kg/ha was significantly more effective than at 2.5 kg/ha, which was statistically equivalent to cyromazine at 0.4 kg/ha. Implications of these results on management practices are discussed. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Controlling Biomineralization: The Effect of Solution Composition on Coccolith Polysaccharide Functionality. The calcite shields produced by unicellular marine algae demonstrate the remarkable crystal control that organisms can achieve through biomineralization. Emiliania huxleyi produces complex polysaccharides (\\\\'coccolith associated polysaccharides\\\\', CAP) that regulate crystal morphology by preferentially attaching to calcite acute step edges, thus promoting growth of the specific crystal faces required for design of that species of coccolith. However, to control crystal growth, the alga must be able to control CAP behavior at the local scale, so its functionality can be switched on and off. Here, we show that the functionality of CAP from E. huxleyi depends directly on solution composition. We used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to investigate the behavior of calcite surfaces under varying pH, in the presence of CAP and cations chosen to test the role of ionic potential, that is, charge per unit radius (K+, Na+, Sr+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, and Eu3+ at 1 M charge concentration). Site-specific adsorption to calcite steps, essential for regulating morphology, only occurs in neutral to acidic pH (range investigated: 3.4-7.7) and in the presence of K+, Na+, Sr2+, and Ca2+. Basic pH (range investigated: 9.9-11.3), or cations of higher ionic potential than Ca (Mg2+, Zn2+, and Eu3+), caused CAP to ignore step edges, turning off its normal functionality. We propose that complexation between cations, CAP, and the calcite surface controls CAP behavior. Thus, cations provide an on/off switch for CAP function, with the power to regulate and disturb coccolith biomineralization as well as to control calcite growth at the unblocked precipitation sites.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Sketch for a Verbal Theory of the Comedia. Theater is constituted by a double and correlative tension between auditory and visual elements, on one hand, and verbal and factual components, on the other. Due to restrictions in staging or to aesthetic preference, in the Spanish Golden Age Comedia there is an initial preference for auditory constituents over visual elements. However, this partiality does not entail, as could be expected from the double binary, a supremacy of the verbal over the factual, but rather requires an equivalence between both dimensions. Given the original diminished role of visual action, in the Spanish Comedia the word becomes the action; both are one and the same. From this hypothesis, I propose an analytical model wherein the play's plot appears as set of verbal incidents that could be reduced to four: utterance of a statement, silence, correct and incorrect interpretation of an utterance. To prove or test the validity and the critical fruits of this theorization of the Comedia and the analytical method derived from it, the essay reviews (or better, rehears) a corpus of representative plays: El medico de su honra, El desden con el desden, El condenado por desconfiado, and Entre bobos anda el juego.", "label": [3, 28, 30]}
+{"token": "Typologies of Scepticism in the Philosophical Tradition of Kalam. This article examines the role of scepticism in the Islamic philosophical tradition. It begins with a treatment of the origins and purpose of these discussions in classical kalam (c. 800-1100 CE). Then it moves on to the more mature discussions treating five forms of scepticism in the post-classical period (c.1200-1800 CE), with the aim of demonstrating how they construed scepticism, the arguments for and against it, and what purposes scepticism played in their system. Three of these types of scepticism are unrestricted, meaning that their denial of knowledge is universal. The other two types are restricted to a denial of inferential knowledge, either entirely, or in certain subjects such as metaphysics and natural philosophy. The discussion will focus on two of the most widely studied works of kalam: Sa?d al-Din al-Taftazani's Sharh al-?AqaMODIFIER LETTER RIGHT HALF RINGid al-Nasafiyya and Jalal al-Din al-Dawani's Sharh al-?AqaMODIFIER LETTER RIGHT HALF RINGid al-?A?udiyya, including some of their super-commentaries.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "The 'Didascalia Apostolorum': A mishnah for the disciples of Jesus (Reexamining the cultural phenomenon of 'Jewish Christianity' in the later Roman Empire). The article reexamines the Jewish character of the Syriac translation of the Didascalia Apostolorum. Whereas this text is commonly read as a Jewish-Christian text, the authorial voice never identifies itself in these terms. The very category of Jewish Christianity can be questioned in light of the Didascalia. The Jewish character of the document is doubly reflected in the voice of the author(s) as well as among the heretics against whom it polemicizes. The Didascalia's heresiology clearly indicates a diversity of Jewish heterodox practices which are partially echoed in the rabbinic tradition. Based on the author's familiarity with some of the rabbinic traditions, the paper suggests that the Didascalia can be read as a counter-Mishnah for the disciples of Jesus. In addition, the article explores the parallelisms between the Didascalia's biblical hermeneutic and some of the rabbinic midrashic tradition. This provides grounds for reading the Didascalia's voice as a Jewish voice. Ultimately, the Didascalia provides further evidence that, even in the fourth century, rabbinic Judaism was still in the process of establishing itself as the representative form of Judaism. Simultaneously, the process of the separation between Judaism and Christianity still remained in flux.", "label": [3, 31, 33]}
+{"token": "Idiopathic vestibular syndrome in a cat. A ten-year domestic shorthair cat was referred for ataxia that occurred suddenly twelve hours earlier. The loss of equilibrium was more marked on the right and a tendency to walk in a circle to the same side was observed. Swinging head movements were also found. A spontaneous horizontal nystagmus (rapid phase towards the left) was present. No proprioceptive deficits or cranial nerve abnormalities were found. A right or bilateral (predominantly right) peripheral vestibular syndrome was suspected after examination of the nervous system. No abnormalities were found on otoscopic examination of the auditory canals, examination of auditory evoked potentials, and a tomodensitometric examination of the brain and the tympanic bulla. A diagnosis of idiopathic vestibular syndrome was favoured after study of the results of tests. The cat went into remission three weeks later, although the animal was still reluctant to jump.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Spiritual Perspective, Mindfulness, and Spiritual Care Practice of Hospice and Palliative Nurses. Spiritual care is a key tenet of palliative care. A nurse's spiritual perspective has been recognized as an influencing factor in spiritual care, and results from several studies have shown an increase in spiritual perspective as a result of participation in programs designed to develop mindfulness as well as developing skills necessary for spiritual care. A descriptive correlational design was used with a convenience sample of nurses from the Hospice and Palliative Nurses Association. Data were collected online using the Spiritual Perspective Scale, Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, and the Nurse Spiritual Care Therapeutics Scale. Spiritual perspective was positively correlated with age ( = 0.2, P = .046), years of registered nurse experience ( = 0.208, P = .039) and higher in those with a religious affiliation (U = 392.5, P < .001, r = 0.54). A positive correlation was found between mindfulness and spiritual care (r = 0.212, P = .05), with mindfulness explaining 4.5% of the variance in spiritual care. No significant relationships were found between spiritual perspective and mindfulness or spiritual care. Identifying mindfulness as a factor that may influence spiritual care has implications for education, research, and practice.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Standards of the Polish Ultrasound Society - update. Examination of extracranial carotid and vertebral arteries. The role of a standard is to describe examination techniques, recommended norms as well as principles necessary to obtain results and draw appropriate conclusions, rather than a description of pathologies. The paper presents a technique for carotid artery examination as well as currently recommended standards. According to San Francisco Consensus from 2003, a significant stenosis of 70% may be detected when systolic velocity in the internal carotid artery stenosis is > 230 cm/s, and the diastolic velocity is > 100 cm/s. The common carotid artery velocity is also taken into account. Hemodynamic evaluation is therefore the primary method for the assessment of the degree of internal carotid artery stenosis. It is important that the examination is performed at an insonation angle of 60 degrees as measurements at higher angles result in an exponential increase in measurement error. Also, an extended version of standards involving measurements performed behind stenosis, which are used in some clinics, is included in the paper. The paper further presents guidelines for the description of the identified pathologies, which ensure that the findings prove unambiguous for clinicians, especially when stenosis eligible for surgical intervention is detected. Morphological measurement of stenosis (according to NASCET criteria) is only of supplementary character (confirming morphological grounds for the increase of velocity) and has no critical importance, especially due to high measurement divergence. Description of atherosclerotic plaques, especially hypoechoic ones, which are considered potentially unstable and may lead to a raised risk of stroke, is a very important element of examination. The paper is based on Standards of the Polish Ultrasound Society and updated based on the latest literature reports.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to Brucella-induced cerebral aneurysm: a case report. BackgroundBrucellosis is a common zoonotic disease that is prevalent in many areas worldwide. This infectious disease can occasionally affect the central nervous system but intracranial arteries are rarely involved.Case presentationA 17-year-old female who had a history of recurrent fever for 1 month was admitted for subarachnoid hemorrhage due to cerebral aneurysm rupture. Surgery was performed to fix the aneurysm, but the patient had persistent fever after the surgery. Cerebrospinal fluid testing showed a high white blood cell count and elevated protein level but no pathogen was identified in the first two tests. Brucella melitensis was identified in the third cerebrospinal fluid culture, and a diagnosis of brucellosis was finally rendered. The patient was subsequently treated with anti-Brucella medications and her symptoms improved significantly at the last follow-up.ConclusionAlthough extremely rare, Brucella-induced cerebral aneurysms can occur and this should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cerebrovascular accidents, especially in Brucella epidemic areas.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "Measuring Health Literacy in Childhood and Adolescence with the Scale Health Literacy in School-Aged Children - German Version The Psychometric Properties of the German-Language Version of the WHO Health Survey Scale HLSAC. Health literacy can help explain health inequalities in childhood and adolescence. However, suitable instruments for assessing health literacy in this age group are rare, especially in the German-speaking countries. One economical measure is the 10-item Health Literacy in School-Aged Children (HLSAC) scale. developed and reviewed as part of the WHO Child and Adolescent Health Study (HBSC, Health Behavior in School-Aged Children). In the present study, we tested dimensionality, measurement invariance, and associations with health-related measures of the German version of the scale (HLSAC-German), using data from the 2018 national German HBSC study (N = 4,347 students aged 11, 13, and 15 years). We also tested HLSAC-German with 11-year-olds, representing an expansion of the original scale. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses consistently demonstrated the unidimensionality of the scale (alpha = .88). Complete scalar measurement invariance was found for sex and partial scalar measurement invariance for age groups and school type, allowing for the comparison of means. Associations with indicators of health and health behavior further demonstrate the construct validity of the scale. The analyses show that the scale is suitable for the economic measurement of a general factor of health literacy in 11- as well as in 13- and 15-year-olds.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Collective Memory as an Area of Public Consciousness. The author of this article addresses the theme of collective memory in the context of the phenomenon of public consciousness. As a methodological approach to the study of collective memory as a field of public consciousness, the article proposes the concept of the structure of public consciousness. Based on this concept, the author introduces a classification of research methods and also fixes three levels of public consciousness: the level of primary motivation, the level of deep cultural-value orientations and the level of superficial assessments and moods. The article holds the idea that each level corresponds to its own set of research methods. The author emphasizes that the study of the value level is especially informative, since it allows one to move beyond fixing the fluctuations in the mood of the population, identifying contradictions and value gaps in the public consciousness, diagnosing its critical states, determining the directions of its changes. The article also states that the use of the concept of the structure of public consciousness will help to find out: what levels of consciousness are involved in the processes of collective memory formation, which of the levels is the target for various instruments of influence, as well as to assess the state of collective ideas about the past, the presence of faults and antagonisms in collective memory.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Nondestructive assessment of damage in concrete bridge decks. Impact-echo tests were performed on a precast, reinforced concrete bridge slab that was removed from a maintenance bridge built in 1953 in South Carolina. Impact-echo tests were first performed to nondestructively assess the initial condition and the distribution of damage throughout the slab by analyzing the variation in propagation wave velocity. It was found that the velocity varied by as much as 900 m/s throughout the slab. After the in-service condition was assessed, the slab was subjected to a full-scale static load test in the laboratory and impact-echo tests were again performed, this time to evaluate the initiation and progression of damage (stiffness loss and crack development) within the slab. After structural failure of the slab, a reduction in propagation wave velocity up to 6% was observed correlating to a reduction in slab stiffness. Cracks were detected within the concrete slab that were not visible from the surface. Areas with preexisting damage experienced more crack growth when subjected to the load test than those that were initially intact. Locations exhibiting stiffness loss, crack propagation, and localized damage can be differentiated such that the method can be used to make decisions between rehabilitating and replacing concrete bridge decks depending upon the severity of damage.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "Taurine Administration Counteracts Aging-Associated Impingement of Skeletal Muscle Regeneration by Reducing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Sarcopenia, which occurs during aging, is characterized by the gradual loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, resulting in a functional decline in physical abilities. Several factors contribute to the onset of sarcopenia, including reduced regenerative capacity, chronic low-grade inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased oxidative stress, leading to the activation of catabolic pathways. Physical activity and adequate protein intake are considered effective strategies able to reduce the incidence and severity of sarcopenia by exerting beneficial effects in improving the muscular anabolic response during aging. Taurine is a non-essential amino acid that is highly expressed in mammalian tissues and, particularly, in skeletal muscle where it is involved in the regulation of biological processes and where it acts as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory factor. Here, we evaluated whether taurine administration in old mice counteracts the physiopathological effects of aging in skeletal muscle. We showed that, in injured muscle, taurine enhances the regenerative process by downregulating the inflammatory response and preserving muscle fiber integrity. Moreover, taurine attenuates ROS production in aged muscles by maintaining a proper cellular redox balance, acting as an antioxidant molecule. Although further studies are needed to better elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effect of taurine on skeletal muscle homeostasis, these data demonstrate that taurine administration ameliorates the microenvironment allowing an efficient regenerative process and attenuation of the catabolic pathways related to the onset of sarcopenia.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 18, 8, 42]}
+{"token": "The effect of joint flexibility on the free elastic vibration characteristics of steel plane frames. The present work offers a simplified approach for establishing the effect of joint flexibility on the free vibration characteristics of steel plane frames. Based on the beam-to-column model of Eurocode 3, the presented analysis shows that within the elastic range and under certain combinations of the parameters involved, a transition to a higher vibration mode may occur, a finding of great importance for structural design purposes. Numerical results of an L-shaped steel frame, considered either rigid or semi-rigid, in tabular and graphical form, reveal the pronounced effect of the joint's stiffness and its specific role especially on higher vibration modes, implying that the actual flexible joint behavior should be accounted for, even in the elastic range. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "USE OF A NOVEL HOST PLANT FAMILY, BASALLACEAE, BY DROSOPHILA SUZUKII (DIPTERA: DROSOPHILIDAE). Drosophila suzukii (Matsumara) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a highly polyphagous invasive vinegar fly and a pest of small and stone fruits in regions where it has established. Its ability to use a wide range of food sources has likely aided in its success as an invasive species. To date, over 130 species representing 60 genera and 30 different plant families have been documented as hosts for D. suzukii. Understanding the host range of this pest is important for determining how it is able to persist locally and/or regionally when a host crop is not present. Here we describe the use of a novel host plant, Basella alba (Caryophyllales: Basellaceae), which represents the first known host from the plant family Basellaceae.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Response of small sea ice floes in regular waves: A comparison of numerical and experimental results. In severe seas ice floes can gain significant kinetic energy presenting a hazard to offshore structures and shipping. A numerical investigation is presented to investigate the kinematic response of sea ice floes in waves. The results are compared against available experimental data. The surge, heave and drift velocity are analyzed for various different ice floe shapes using the potential flow model HydroSTA (R) and the viscous flow CFD model OpenFOAM (R). The results show relative wavelength (A normalized with floe length L-c) lambda/L-c strongly influences heave and surge, with a heave resonance occurring at lambda/L-c=8 for the cubic floe not being correspondingly observed for the square floe. The heave Response Amplitude Operator (RAO) is found to increase with floe thickness with a resonance occurring when relative thickness b/L-c >= 0.5. Shape is observed to be less important than thickness. At small values of lambda/L-c the floe is observed to move forward over the whole wavelength resulting in its drift displacement. Both vertical velocity relative to theoretical particle velocity V-y/V-p and ratio of forward and backward velocities show resonance at lambda/L-c=8. Comparing with experimental data, the linear analysis using HydroSTAR (R). overestimates the heave and surge RAOs. OpenFOAM (R), however, appears to provide a much better agreement with the experimental data indicating viscosity plays an important role in floe kinematics.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 39]}
+{"token": "ADDRESSING THE CONFLICT BETWEEN RELATIVITY AND QUANTUM THEORY: MODELS, MEASUREMENT AND THE MARKOV PROPERTY. Twenty-first century science faces a dilemma. Two of its well-verified foundation stones - relativity and quantum theory - have proven inconsistent. Resolution of the conflict has resisted improvements in experimental precision leaving some to believe that some fundamental understanding in our world-view may need modification or even radical reform. Employment of the wave-front model of electrodynamics, as a propagation process with a Markov property, may offer just such a clarification.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "The metal-rich halo tail extended in vertical bar z vertical bar: a characterization with Gaia DR2 and APOGEE. We report an analysis of the metal-rich tail ([Fe/H] > -0.75) of stars located at distances from the Galactic plane up to vertical bar z vertical bar similar to 10 kpc, observed by the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE). We examine the chemistry, kinematics, and dynamics of this metal-rich sample using chemical abundances and radial velocities provided by the 14th APOGEE data release (DR14) and proper motions from the second Gaia data release (DR2). The analysis reveals three chemically different stellar populations in the [Mg/Fe] versus [Fe/H] space - a high-[Mg/Fe] and low-[Mg/Fe] populations, and a third group with intermediate [Mg/Fe] similar to +0.1 - as well as for other chemical elements. We find that they are also kinematically and dynamically distinct. The high-[Mg/Fe] population exhibits a prograde rotation which decreases down to 0 as vertical bar z(max)vertical bar increases, as well as eccentric orbits that are more bound and closer to the plane. The low-[Mg/Fe] stars are likely Sagittarius members, moving in less-bound orbits reaching larger distances from the centre and the Galactic plane. The intermediate-[Mg/Fe] stars resembles the two stellar overdensities lying about vertical bar z vertical bar similar to 5 kpc recently reported in the literature, for which a disc origin has been claimed. We report the identification of new members of these two disc-heated overdensities.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Medical learning curves and the Kantian ideal. A hitherto unexamined problem for the ''Kantian ideal'' that one should always treat patients as ends in themselves, and never only as a means to other ends, is explored in this paper. The problem consists of a prima facie conflict between this Kantian ideal and the reality of medical practice. This conflict arises because, at least presently, medical practitioners can only acquire certain skills and abilities by practising on live, human patients, and given the inevitability and ubiquity of learning curves, this learning requires some patients to be treated only as a means to this end. A number of ways of attempting to establish the compatibility of the Kantian Ideal with the reality of medical practice are considered. Each attempt is found to be unsuccessful. Accordingly, until a way is found to reconcile them, we conclude that the Kantian ideal is inconsistent with the reality of medical practice.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 52, 57]}
+{"token": "iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis of mycelium in different predation periods in nematode trapping fungus Duddingtonia flagrans. Duddingtonia flagrans, as a representative species of nematode-trapping fungi, has a strong environmental tolerance and nematode-trapping ability and is thought of as the most promising candidate for use as a biological agent. To clarify the proteomic differences during different predation periods and to explore the molecular background of the nematode-trapping mechanism, we carried out an iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation)-based quantitative proteomic analysis for Duddingtonia flagrans during three predatory stages (0 h, 12 h, and 48 h). A total of 4244 proteins were detected; 474 of these showed differential protein abundance from 0 h to 12 h, while 119 showed differential protein abundance from 12 h to 48 h. The 474 proteins from 0 h to 12 h were primarily associated with catalytic activity, molecular binding function, transport activity, biological regulation, stress response, biolocation and carbon utilization, while the 119 proteins from 12 h to 48 h were involved in substance and energy metabolism. Further bioinformatics analysis showed that these proteins could be mapped to various pathways, eight of which were significantly enriched after mapping to KEGG pathways from 0 h to 12 h, and substance and energy metabolism were enriched from 12 h to 48 h. Interestingly, many of these differentially expressed proteins were involved in the significantly enriched pathways of ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, endoplasmic reticulum protein processing, sphingolipid metabolism, adhesion processes, MAPK signaling pathway, AMPK signaling pathway, energy and carbon metabolism, peroxidase, and oxidative phosphorylation, including acid phosphatase, neutral ceramidase, sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase, tyrosinase, and serine protease. These findings not only deepen our understanding of the proteome during different predation periods in Duddingtonia flagrans but also provide a basis for screening and identification of predation-related proteins to reveal the biological processes of the fungus and its action on nematodes, thereby helping to elucidate the nematode-trapping mechanism of D. flagrans.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 44]}
+{"token": "Police 'empires' and information technologies: uncovering material and organisational barriers to information sharing in Canadian police services. Information sharing and collaborative policing have become hot topics within policing circles, especially in the wake of such horrific events as school shootings and multiple murder cases. In response to growing concerns over inadequate information sharing and integrated policing, police organisations are actively centralising their services through the implementation of shared technologies (such as computer aided dispatch systems and record management systems). Drawing on interviews and participation observation within two technologically similar Canadian police services, we uncover the material, social and organisational barriers to information sharing and integrated policing. We conclude by arguing that technological anomalies arising from materiality and organisational practices uncovers a critical functional disconnect between the design and patrol officer use of information technologies.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Coil winding process modelling with deformation based wire tension analysis. For electric motors, the stator designs with tooth coils are predominant. Due to their noncircular shape, the tooth coils display a challenge for highly productive winding processes with a low coil resistance. With the use of a process model a prediction of the central process parameters, like the wire tension, can be achieved. This model consists of a wire deformation based multi-body-dynamic simulation, measurements and analytic model aspects which were validated at a test stand. It can be used to optimize controller and actuator designs for wire tension control systems and enables higher winding speeds and winding quality. (C) 2016 CIRP.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Science fiction as a value scenario for historical technology. The value scenario is a useful tool in the sheaf of methods within value sensitive design. When envisioning new technology, this tool supports the designer in speculatively considering relevant stakeholders, values expressed or rebuffed by an artifact's design, and tensions that may exist between those values. This paper explores how science fiction stories can serve as value scenarios to supplement traditional historical methods, especially when informants are no longer accessible.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 52, 32]}
+{"token": "Hydration of ion exchangers: Thermodynamics and quantum chemistry calculations. III. The state of the proton and water molecules in hydrogen form of sulfostyrene ion exchangers. Information on the state of proton and water molecules in sulfostyrene ion exchangers was obtained by joint application of thermodynamic and quantum chemistry methods to experimental water sorption isotherms from paper B.R. Sundheim, M.H. Waxman, H.P. Gregor, J. Phys. Chem., 57: 9 (1953) 974-978. The model of Predominant Hydrates in combination with non-empirical quantum chemical calculation was used for calculation of theoretical water sorption isotherms. The experimental water sorption isotherms can be accurately described by the model accounting for the presence in the resins with different cross-linkages (0.4-23% DVB) of four hydrates (H3O+; H3O+center dot H2O; H3O+center dot 2H(2)O; H3O+center dot 6H(2)O) with practically the same Gibbs energy formation (stability constants). The IR and Raman spectra of dry and hydrated resins were interpreted by comparing theoretically calculated spectra of p-ethylbenzene sulfonic acid and experimental ones. Some corrections to their interpretation were suggested. The spectra show that complete dissociation of sulfonic groups occurs after sorption by the resin three water molecules per sulfonic group. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
+{"token": "Woodchuck hepatitis virus core gene deletions and proliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated by an immunodominant epitope: a viral immune escape in the woodchuck model of chronic hepatitis B?. Marmota monax and its natural infection by woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) could be used as a predictive model for evaluating mechanisms of viral persistence during chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of viral variants in the core gene of chronically WHV-infected woodchucks that showed two different patterns of peripheral blood mononuclear cells' (PBMCs') responses after stimulation with a specific WHV core peptide. Sequences' analysis of the WHV core region from eight WHV chronically infected woodchucks have been performed after in vitro stimulation with an immunodominant epitope of the WHV core protein (amino acids [aa] 96-110). Following this stimulation, positive PBMC responses at each point of follow-up were observed for four animals (group A), and weak immune responses at one or a few points of follow-up were observed for the remaining four animals (group B). The WHV core gene sequences contained amino acid deletions (aa 84-126, aa 84-113) in three of four group A animals and in none of group B animals. In the group A animals, the same deletions were observed in liver specimens and in two of four tumor specimens. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was diagnosed in all group A animals and in one group B animal. In conclusion, internal deletions in the core region correlated with a sustained PBMC response to the immunogenic peptide (96-110) of the core protein. A possible role of this relationship in hepatocarcinogenesis could be hypothesized; however, this needs to be investigated in patients with chronic HBV infection. The evaluation of virus-specific T-cell responses and T-cell epitopes that are possibly related to the mechanisms of viral evasion should be further investigated in order to design combined antiviral and immune approaches to control chronic HBV infection.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "IN THE LABYRINTH WITH ARIADNE: EXPERT AND NOVICE TRANSLATOR REFLECTIONS ON LITERARY TRANSLATION PROCESSES. Translator reflections, whether concurrent or retrospective, and if the latter, supported by drafts and editorial feedback, and dealing with problems encountered and solutions arrived at in personal creative translation processes are one way into the \\\\'labyrinth\\\\' (Krings 2005) of translatorial decision-making, with the translators themselves as guides. This article presents and discusses retrospective reflections by two expert literary translators translating English classics into Finnish and by one novice working on his first book-length translation. The reflections consist of the M.A. theses of the three translators, done in 2002 and 2008 and available online. Each of the translators analyses stages of a past or on-going translation project that resulted in a published target text. The focus of the analyses is on solving specific problems; this is further linked to discussions of individual aims and translation philosophies. The translators were motivated to write at length on their own creative processes both to share their experiences with other translators and to stimulate exchange of views between translators and researchers.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "THE PROBABILITY ASSESSMENT OF VESSELS AND ABNORMAL WAVES INTERACTION. One of the causes of loss of the world fleet vessels is the impact of abnormal waves. A large number of papers have been devoted to the study of such waves but no mathematical model has been created to estimate the probability of a ship meeting a rogue wave. This paper proposes such a model. The basis of the model of the occurrence of anomalous waves will be the flows of random events unfolding over infinite time on an infinite plane. The events of such flows will be called anomalies. Each anomaly occurs at a random moment in time, has random coordinates, and exists only for a time interval of random duration, after which it disappears. Such streams are called by authors flickering. Assessment of the probability of. vessel and killer wave interaction showed that this probability can significantly exceed the level of security against the waves, laid in the calculation at the present time when designing ships. Thus, classification societies do not take into account all the features of real sea waves that negatively affects the safety of navigation.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "The role of Streptococcus pneumoniae sortase A in colonisation and pathogenesis. Sortase enzymes are found throughout Gram-positive bacteria and are responsible for the covalent attachment of specific proteins to the cell wall. Through the anchoring of these cell wall proteins, sortase enzymes are important in the ability of several Gram-positive pathogens to cause disease. Previously, deletion of srtA from Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) was shown to disturb the localisation of surface proteins, and decrease bacterial adherence to human pharyngeal cells in vitro. Here we present data demonstrating, for the first time, a role for srtA as a pneumococcal fitness factor in experimental models of pneumonia and bacteraemia. In addition, srtA contributed to nasopharyngeal colonisation in vivo. Furthermore, we find that the contribution of srtA varied between two pneumococcal strains. We show that the known role of srtA in adherence in vitro is dependent on capsule expression, the role of SrtA in adherence to human cells only being apparent in the absence of the pneumococcal capsule. The srtA gene was detected by PCR in all 82 clinical isolates examined and sequencing of the gene from 20 strains showed srtA to be highly conserved. The ubiquitous distribution of srtA was in contrast to the other known pneumococcal sortase genes, srtB, C and D, which were found in only 14 of the 82 tested strains (17%). (c) 2005 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "Rethinking women's learning and empowerment in Kenya: Maasai village women take initiative. This study investigates the activities of a village-based literacy centre in Kenya and explores the benefits of community development activities on women's well-being in Africa. Through the analysis of the stories of two Maasai women who had experienced adult literacy learning, the author discovered that: (1) the literacy instructor had inadequate in-service teacher training support from the government; (2) these women were using a space generated by collaborative informal learning through the literacy centre to improve their families' and community's well-being; and (3) these women gained empowerment through community development activities organised by the literacy centre. The author concludes that grassroots literacy and informal learning have been effective in improving the quality of life for the village women, and should be encouraged and supported by external agencies.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "The Managerial Ideal and Business Magazines in the Great Depression. The 1930s transformed American capitalism. This article interrogates the political economy of two business magazines created at the start of the Great Depression. I argue that Business Week's and Fortune's signature approaches to reporting articulated an ideal conception of the manager. The early century conception saw the manager as engineer of operational efficiency. The new ideal viewed the manager as a political economist coordinating firms with their external environment, notably an interventionist and scrutinizing state, volatile markets, and a critical public opinion.", "label": [5, 48, 52]}
+{"token": "Marker-assisted breeding of Pi-1 and Piz-5 genes imparting resistance to rice blast in PRR78, restorer line of Pusa RH-10 Basmati rice hybrid. Rice blast, caused by fungus Magnaporthe grisea, is a serious disease causing considerable economic damage worldwide. Best way to overcome disease is to breed for disease-resistant cultivars/parental lines of hybrids. Pusa RH10, first aromatic, fine-grain rice hybrid released and cultivated extensively in India. Hybrid and its parental lines, Pusa 6A and PRR78, are highly susceptible to blast. CO39 pyramid carrying two dominant, broad-spectrum blast-resistance genes, viz. Pi-1 and Piz-5, used as a donor parent to introgress these genes into PRR78 using marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC). Microsatellite markers RM5926 and AP5659-5 tightly linked to Pi-1 and Piz-5 genes, respectively, were used for foreground selection to derive introgression lines. Further, these lines were evaluated for agronomic performance, disease reaction and cooking quality traits along with PRR78. Most of the improved lines were on par with PRR78 for all traits evaluated except gelatinization temperature. Recurrent parent genome percentage (RPG) study also revealed similarity of these lines with PRR78. Hybrids derived using improved PRR78 lines were superior over Pusa RH10 in terms of yield.", "label": [0, 2, 7, 19, 9]}
+{"token": "From the Philosophical remarks to The Unity of Science. In the summer of 1932, Wittgenstein alleged that a recently published paper of Carnap's, \\\\'Physicalistic Language as the Universal Language of Science\\\\' made extensive and unacknowledged use of Wittgenstein's own ideas. In a letter to Schlick he complained that he would \\\\'soon be in a situation where my own work shall be considered merely as a reheated version or plagiarism of Carnap's.\\\\' In this paper, I look at the relationship between Carnap's paper, subsequently reprinted as The Unity of Science, and Wittgenstein's discussion of related topics in the first seven chapters of the Philosophical Remarks and other writing from 1929-1932.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "SOME B-DIFFERENCE SEQUENCE SPACES DERIVED BY GENERALIZED MEANS AND COMPACT OPERATORS. This paper presents new sequence spaces X (r, s, t, p; B) for X is an element of{l(infinity) (p); c (p); c(0) (p); l (p)} g defined by using generalized means and difference operator. It is shown that these spaces are complete paranormed spaces and the spaces X (r, s, t, p, B) for X is an element of{c(p), c(0) (p); l(p)} g have Schauder basis. Furthermore, the alpha-, beta-, gamma- duals of these sequence spaces are computed and also obtained necessary and sufficient conditions for some matrix transformations from X (r, s, t, p; B) to X. Finally, some classes of compact operators on the space l(p) (r, s, t; B) are characterized by using the Hausdorff measure of noncompactness.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Nutritional Evaluation of Two Sorghum Varieties in Broiler Fortified with Phytase. Poultry industry is largely based on cereals for energy component in poultry ration. However, certain anti-nutritional factors hamper the bioavailability of nutrients and need to be addressed to avoid compromised birds' performance. The present study assessed the impact of phytase on enhancing the nutrient retention and phosphorus utilization in two different sorghum cultivars fed to broiler. In an open sided house, a total of 160, 14-days-old broilers were allotted to four dietary bioassay treatments and fed mash red and white sorghum grain with or without phytase enzyme (500 FTU/kg) for 12 days (including 4 days adaptation period). Standard lab protocols were adapted to measure proximate analysis, minerals and phytate content in grain and fecal samples. Sorghum cultivars were different in nutrient profile with red higher in protein content (11.41%). It was observed that phytase inclusion in grain increased the availability of all nutrients except crude lipids. Total tract nitrogen retention was increased by 3% in red sorghum compared to white. Minerals absorption was increased but differently in different cultivars with higher degradation of phytate in both red and white sorghum. Apparent metabolizable energy was significantly enhanced both in red and white sorghum by 5.9 and 4.5%, respectively. From these findings, it can be deduced that phytase is effective in improving the utilization of nutrients of sorghum by broilers at day-21 and also reduces the losses of nutrients into the litter.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Microbial investigations of water, sediment, and algal mats in the mixed use watershed of Saginaw Bay, Michigan. Beach monitoring often includes testing for a single fecal indicator organism in the swimmable waters. Here, sediment, algae mat, shallow water, and deep water samples collected from four Saginaw Bay (Michigan, USA) beaches were tested for multiple fecal indicator organisms (Escherichia coli, enterococci, Clostridium perfringens, F + amp coliphage, and CN-13 coliphage) and molecular markers (human and bovine Bacteroides and enterococci surface protein) to determine the occurrence and sources of fecal indicator bacteria across beachscapes and characterize the environmental parameters which influence microbial water quality. Results show algae mats and sediment had higher levels of bacteria compared to surrounding water column. Higher concentrations of fecal indicators in shallow waters compared to deep water were attributed in part to sediment and algae bound bacteria and potential regrowth. Fecal indicator organisms were primarily influenced by wind, waves, and precipitation and partially identified as human specific using the enterococci surface protein gene. This project suggests the potential for sediment and algal mats to act as non-point sources of pollution in the nearshore zone. Future beach protection measures should focus on shallow water monitoring of multiple fecal indicators and beach grooming during calm morning hours. (C) 2013 International Association for Great Lakes Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Extensive multiple test centre evaluation of the VecTest(TM) malaria antigen panel assay. To determine which species and populations of Anopheles transmit malaria in any given situation, immunological assays for malaria sporozoite antigen can replace traditional microscopical examination of freshly dissected Anopheles. We developed a wicking assay for use with mosquitoes that identifies the presence or absence of specific peptide epitopes of circumsporozoite (CS) protein of Plasmodium falciparum and two strains of Plasmodium vivax (variants 210 and 247). The resulting assay (VecTest(TM) Malaria) is a rapid, one-step procedure using a 'dipstick' test strip capable of detecting and distinguishing between P. falciparum and P. vivax infections in mosquitoes. The objective of the present study was to test the efficacy, sensitivity, stability and field-user acceptability of this wicking dipstick assay. In collaboration with 16 test centres world-wide, we evaluated more than 40 000 units of this assay, comparing it to the standard CS ELISA. The 'VecTest(TM) Malaria' was found to show 92% sensitivity and 98.1% specificity, with 97.8% accuracy overall. In accelerated storage tests, the dipsticks remained stable for >15 weeks in dry conditions up to 45degreesC and in humid conditions up to 37degreesC. Evidently, this quick and easy dipstick test performs at an acceptable level of reliability and offers practical advantages for field workers needing to make rapid surveys of malaria vectors.", "label": [0, 4, 44, 10]}
+{"token": "Infant exuberant object play at home: Immense amounts of time-distributed, variable practice. Object play yields enormous benefits for infant development. However, little is known about natural play at home where most object interactions occur. We conducted frame-by-frame video analyses of spontaneous activity in two 2-h home visits with 13-month-old crawling infants and 13-, 18-, and 23-month-old walking infants (N = 40; 21 boys; 75% White). Regardless of age, for every infant and time scale, across 10,015 object bouts, object interactions were short (median = 9.8 s) and varied (transitions among dozens of toys and non-toys) but consumed most of infants' time. We suggest that infant exuberant object play-immense amounts of brief, time-distributed, variable interactions with objects-may be conducive to learning object properties and functions, motor skill acquisition, and growth in cognitive, social, and language domains.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Hydrolase (beta-glucanase, alpha-glucanase, and protease) activity in Ariolimax columbianus (banana slug) and Arion ater (garden slug). Carboxymethylcellulase (cm-cellulase), cellulase, chitinase, amylase, and protease enzymatic activity are found in the crop fluid and digestive gland of the pulmonate gastropods Ariolimax columbianus and Arion ater. The beta-glucanases (cm-cellulase, cellulase and chitinase) and alpha-glucanase (amylase) display acidic pH-activity optima (between pH 5 and 7) on their respective substrates (cm-cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, chitin and starch). Protease activity (upon casein) displays a pH optimum of approximately 8.3. Comparative studies show higher specific enzyme activity in Arion ater than in Arliolimax columbianus for all five hydrolases studied. Incubation of the beta-glucanases for variable times at 50 degrees C indicates significant differences in stability between Ariolimax columbianus and Arion ater for the beta-glucanases (cm-cellulase, cellulase, and chitinase). Chromatography upon Sephadex G-100 reveals enzyme heterogeneity for the beta-glucanases in both species, with at least three enzyme components or complexes (of differing molecular weight) for each species that can hydrolyze cm-cellulase, cellulase, and chitinase. The beta-glucanases are apparently selective and specific for their respective substrates, with some cm-cellulase isozymes unable to digest native Cellulose and vice versa. Preliminary evidence for the presence of cellulose digesting prokaryotes in the crop fluid of Arion ater is presented. (C) 1991 Elsevier Science Inc.", "label": [4, 42, 47]}
+{"token": "Constraining the dipole moments of the top quark. We investigate the direct and indirect bounds on dipole operators involving the top quark. A careful analysis shows that the experimental upper limit on the neutron electric dipole moment strongly constrains the chromo-electric dipole of the top. We improve previous bounds by 2 orders of magnitude. This has significant implications for new physics models and it also means that CP violation in top pair production mediated by dipole operators will not be accessible at the LHC. The CP conserving chromo-magnetic dipole moments are constrained by recent measurements of the t (t) over bar spectrum by the ATLAS collaboration. We also update the indirect constraints on electric and magnetic dipole moments from radiative b -> s transitions, finding that they can be considerably larger than their colored counterparts.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "Halprin in Israel. Lawrence Halprin's contributions to the Israeli landscape-though little known-were significant in the areas of planning and design. Halprin's relationship to Israel spans his lifetime. Born into a Zionist family, he spent two years on a kibbutz in the 1930s which profoundly influenced his ethics and philosophy. He returned to Israel throughout his life. His contributions were both as advisor and designer. He advised on national landscape planning, national parks, and was an influential member of Mayor Teddy Kollek's Jerusalem Committee. His design projects, all in Jerusalem, include: the Hadassah Medical Center, the Israel Museum, and the Ben Yehuda Mall. His most significant work is the Haas Promenade (with Shlomo Aronson) and the Rhoda Goldman Promenade (with Bruce Levin). His Israeli work exemplifies aspects of his most significant contributions as a designer. The work is derived from intense personal experience. It is passionate and idealistic, and it exemplifies continued attention to choreography and performance. The work draws from lessons learned from the thoughtful examination of other places, yet is based on a careful sensitivity to the cultural and physical conditions of the place. The work demonstrates his attention and consummate skill at all phases and scales of design, planning, and construction.", "label": [1, 17]}
+{"token": "SMALL-SCALE MODELS OF COMPLEX-GEOMETRY FOR BLAST OVERPRESSURE ASSESSMENT. This paper describes a series of experiments using smooth-walled tunnels of differing geometry at (approximately) 1:45 scale and small partially-vented cubicles designed to demonstrate that meaningful results can be obtained at small scale. Results are compared with data from both larger scale and full scale experiments and show reasonable correlation, particularly with regard to peak overpressure.In the field of blast loading and structural response assessment there is great attraction in using small scale models which yield data of satisfactory quality to allow reliable prediction of full size events. The reasons for this include cost considerations, experimentation time and aspects of safety.It is concluded that the use of small-scale models can provide a useful means of obtaining blast loading data for complex structures.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Echolocation behavior of Brazilian free-tailed bats during dense emergence flights. Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) emerge from cave roosts in dense columns in which adjacent bats are separated by only small distances. We describe and quantify variation in the structure of echolocation calls produced by these emerging bats and determine if call structure changes in relation to the rate of emergence measured using thermal infrared imaging. We recorded emergence calls at 2 roosts, 1 housing approximately 200,000 bats and the other approximately 17,000 bats. We found that Brazilian free-tailed bats emit distinct frequency-modulated (FMstart) and constant frequency (CFstart) calls during emergence that are significantly different from echolocation calls they emit while foraging. We propose that these calls provide different information for orientation within the emergence column. (CFstart) calls are very similar to social calls used by Brazilian free-tailed bats, suggesting 2 potential functions for this call type. The structure of both the FMstart and CFstart calls were not related to the number of bats emerging from a roost, although significant structural differences existed between sites. The differences between sites could be associated with the spacing of bats during emergence, because bats appeared to form tighter columns at the larger roost colony compared to the smaller colony. DOI: 10.1644/09-MAMM-A-302.1.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Seismic performance of underground subway station with sliding between column and longitudinal beam. Existing studies on earthquake damage have shown that the center column of a shallow-covered underground structure is more prone to be damaged by a strong earthquake than other parts, as seen by the damage induced during the Kobe earthquake in 1995. In this study, in regard to the seismic damage process of an underground structure, elastic sliding base-isolated bearings are installed on the top of its columns. It is found that the seismic damage to the center columns and the medium plate of the underground structure is effectively alleviated by the sliding bearing. Consequently, the axial stress responses of the center columns are remarkably reduced and completely in a compressive state during a strong earthquake, which can effectively improve the overall seismic performance of the underground station structure. However, the mechanical transfer properties between a column and a longitudinal beam are also significantly changed by the elastic sliding bearings. Thus, the seismic damage to the slabs near the side walls of the underground structure is slightly aggravated following the elastic sliding bearing installation on the top of the columns.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "RNAseq reveals hypervirulence-specific host responses to M-tuberculosis infection. The distinguishing factors that characterize the host response to infection with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) are largely confounding. We present an infection study with 2 genetically closely related M.tb strains that have vastly different pathogenic characteristics. The early host response to infection with these detergent-free cultured strains was analyzed through RNAseq in an attempt to provide information on the subtleties which may ultimately contribute to the virulent phenotype. Murine bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) were infected with either a hyper- (R5527) or hypovirulent (R1507) Beijing M. tuberculosis clinical isolate. RNAseq revealed 69 differentially expressed host genes in BMDMs during comparison of these 2 transcriptomes. Pathway analysis revealed activation of the stress-induced and growth inhibitory Gadd45 signaling pathway in hypervirulent infected BMDMs. Upstream regulators of interferon activation such as and IRF3 and IRF7 were predicted to be upregulated in hypovirulent-infected BMDMs. Additional analysis of the host immune response through ELISA and qPCR included the use of human THP-1 macrophages where a robust proinflammatory response was observed after infection with the hypervirulent strain. RNAseq revealed 2 early-response genes (ier3 and saa3) and 2 host-defense genes (oasl1 and slpi) that were significantly upregulated by the hypervirulent strain. The role of these genes under M.tb infection conditions are largely unknown but here we provide validation of their presence with use of qPCR and Western blot. Further analysis into their biological role during infection with virulent M.tb is required.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "Role of Non-Culture Tests for the Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Infections. Invasive fungal infection (IFI) is a condition that develops among immunosupressed patients particularly and requires the prompt diagnosis and treatment. Histopathological examination and culture are the gold standards for the diagnosis, but difficulties in sampling and shortcomings of culture mandate use of easier and faster methods. Nowadays, molecular tests such as polymerase chain reaction are used in clinical practice in addition to serological tests. Combined use of these tests increase the sensitivity and specifity of diagnosis for IFI.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Add-on treatment with N-acetylcysteine for bipolar depression: a 24-week randomized double-blind parallel group placebo-controlled multicentre trial (NACOS-study protocol). Methods and analysis: In the study, we will include adults diagnosed with bipolar disorder, in a currently depressive episode. Participants will undertake a 20-week, adjunctive, randomized, double-blinded, parallel group placebo-controlled trial comparing 3 grams of adjunctive NAC daily with placebo. The primary outcome is the mean change over time from baseline to end of study on the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Among the secondary outcomes are mean changes from baseline to end of study on the Bech-Rafaelsen Melancholia Scale (MES), the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), the WHO-Five Well-being Index (WHO-5), the Global Assessment of Functioning scale (GAF-F), the Global Assessment of Symptoms scale (GAF-S) and the Clinical Global Impression-Severity scale (CGI-S). The potential effects on oxidative stress by NAC treatment will be measured through urine and blood samples. DNA will be examined for potential polymorphisms related to oxidative defences.Background: Oxidative stress and inflammation may be involved in the development and progression of mood disorders, including bipolar disorder. Currently, there is a scarcity of useful treatment options for bipolar depressive episodes, especially compared with the efficacy of treatment for acute mania. N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) has been explored for psychiatric disorders for some time given its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The current trial aims at testing the clinical effects of adjunctive NAC treatment (compared to placebo) for bipolar depression. We will also explore the biological effects of NAC in this context. We hypothesize that adjunctive NAC treatment will reduce symptoms of depression, which will be reflected by changes in selected markers of oxidative stress.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of corrosion activity in FRP repaired RC beams. This paper presents the results of an experimental study to evaluate the corrosion activity in reinforced concrete beams repaired with fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets. Ten beam specimens (152 x 254 x 3200 mm) were constructed. One specimen was neither strengthened nor corroded to serve as a reference. Three specimens were corroded and not repaired. The remaining six beams were corroded and repaired with FRP sheets. The FRP sheets were applied after the main reinforcing bars were corroded to a 5.5% mass loss. Following the FRP repair, some specimens were subjected to further corrosion to investigate their post-repair performance. The corrosion activity was evaluated using non-destructive and destructive techniques. The non-destructive techniques included half-cell potential measurements. The destructive techniques included evaluation of the mass loss of the main reinforcing bars. The experimental results showed that the corrosion potential decreased with the progress of corrosion, and the FRP repair caused a higher rate of decrease in the corrosion potential with time than that observed when FRP was not provided. Results showed that mass loss of the main reinforcing bars due to corrosion was reduced by up to 16% because of FRP repair. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 11]}
+{"token": "Electrostatic micromanipulation of a conductive particle by a single probe with consideration of an error in the evaluated mass. Recently, micromanipulation techniques for handling a conductive microparticle have been in demand. Electrostatic micromanipulation with a single probe is a promising technique for such manipulation. While the feasibility of the technique has been proved experimentally, the success rate of manipulation was 25%, and further improvements are required. To enhance the success rate and realize highly reliable electrostatic micromanipulation, this paper proposes an improved design of a voltage sequence which is applied to deposit a microparticle onto a substrate plate. It was found through investigation that the error in the evaluated mass of a microparticle must be considered in order to improve the success rate of the manipulation. Behavior of a microparticle during the electrostatic micromanipulation is calculated by a boundary element method, and the influence of error is discussed. An improved design of the applied voltage sequence that can tolerate an error in the evaluated mass is described. Moreover, the effectiveness of the newly designed voltage sequence in the electrostatic micromanipulation is experimentally shown.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35]}
+{"token": "Why Have the 'Cantankerous Old People' Left the Neighborhood? The Representation of Old Age in Serbian Television Commercials - A Repeated Study. The paper represents an attempt to examine to what extent the way in which older members of society are represented in Serbian television commercials has changed in comparison to representations which were present in commercials during the three months in 2009 (Milosavljevic 2010a) when the first study was conducted. As was the case in the first study, the focus is on dominant societal attitudes toward old people and old age which were utilized in making the television commercials in question. This was accomplished through analyzing both the positive and the negative stereotypes used to convey meaning in the commercials which were analyzed, as well as through the analysis of the proportional representation of older characters in advertising. The commercials which were analyzed here were broadcasted during the second half of December 2012, January and the first half of February 2013.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Asphalt Mixture with Scrap Tire Rubber and Nylon Fiber from Waste Tires: Laboratory Performance and Preliminary M-E Design Analysis. Scrap tire rubber and nylon fiber are waste materials that could potentially be recycled and used to improve the mechanical properties of asphalt pavement. The objective of this research was to investigate the properties of scrap tire rubber and nylon fiber (R-F) modified warm mix asphalt mixture (WMA). The high-temperature performance was estimated by the Hamburg wheel-tracking testing (HWTT) device. The low-temperature cracking performance was evaluated by the disk-shaped compact tension (DCT) test and the indirect tensile strength (IDT) test. The stress and strain relationship was assessed by the dynamic modulus test at various temperatures and frequencies. The extracted asphalt binder was evaluated by the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). Pavement distresses were predicted by pavement mechanistic-empirical (M-E) analysis. The test results showed that: (1) The R-F modified WMA had better high-temperature rutting performance. The dynamic modulus of conventional hot mix asphalt mixture (HMA) was 21.8%~103% lower than R-F modified WMA at high temperatures. The wheel passes and stripping point of R-F modified WMA were 2.17 and 5.8 times higher than those of conventional HMA, respectively. Moreover, the R-F modified warm mix asphalt had a higher rutting index than the original asphalt. (2) R-F modified WMA had better cracking resistance at a low temperature. The failure energy of the R-F modified WMA was 24.3% higher than the conventional HMA, and the fracture energy of the R-F modified WMA was 7.7% higher than the conventional HMA. (3) The pavement distress prediction results showed the same trend compared with the laboratory testing performance in that the R-F modified WMA helped to improve the IRI, AC cracking, and rutting performance compared with the conventional HMA. In summary, R-F modified WMA can be applied in pavement construction.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "A Twin Study of Breastfeeding With a Preliminary Genome-Wide Association Scan. Breastfeeding has been an important survival trait during human history, though it has long been recognized that individuals differ in their exact breastfeeding behavior. Here our aims were, first, to explore to what extent genetic and environmental influences contributed to the individual differences in breastfeeding behavior; second, to detect possible genetic variants related to breastfeeding; and lastly, to test if the genetic variants associated with breastfeeding have been previously found to be related with breast size. Data were collected from a large community-based cohort of Australian twins, with 3,364 women participating in the twin modelling analyses and 1,521 of them included in the genome-wide association study (GWAS). Monozygotic (MZ) twin correlations (r(MZ) = 0.52, 95% CI 0.46-0.57) were larger than dizygotic (DZ) twin correlations (r(DZ) = 0.35, 95% CI 0.25-0.43) and the best-fitting model was the one composed by additive genetics and unique environmental factors, explaining 53% and 47% of the variance in breastfeeding behavior, respectively. No breastfeeding-related genetic variants reached genome-wide significance. The polygenic risk score analyses showed no significant results, suggesting breast size does not influence breastfeeding. This study confers a replication of a previous one exploring the sources of variance of breastfeeding and, to our knowledge, is the first one to conduct a GWAS on breastfeeding and look at the overlap with variants for breast size.", "label": [2, 22, 20]}
+{"token": "National solidarity and colonial captivity. After the debacle of June 1940, many French soldiers were imprisoned. While the combatants from metropolitan France left for Germany, those from the colonies were sent to frontstalags throughout occupied France. Welfare services and support organizations were solicited to assist this group materially and to give them moral support. This captivity in metropolitan regions led to an unexpected rapprochement with the French population, especially since the actions of the Resistance managed to intensify under the cover of these organizations, facilitating the escape and transfer to the Maquis of these prisoners from the colonies. This is perfectly illustrated by the commitment of the great ethnologist Germaine Tillion. Even the Vichy government recognized all the benefits they could derive from these privileged contacts and sought to use this collective solidarity to spread a colonialist propaganda about the \\\\'subjects\\\\' of the empire fallen into the hands of enemies whose nationalistic positions they especially feared.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Globalization's shifting economic and moral terrain: Contesting marketplace mores. Major shifts in economic life have always been accompanied by corresponding changes in the public's economic morality. Contemporary globalization is pulling the moral agent in opposite directions: greater moral obligations versus the competitive individualism required by an increasingly unforgiving marketplace. Moreover, the market, not governments or the grassroots, is emerging as the dominant determinant of popular economic morality and is profoundly reshaping people's self-understanding as persons and as a human community. The article argues that theological ethics plays an important role in contesting the market's moral baseline.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "GENETIC-VARIABILITY AND INTERPOPULATIONAL DIFFERENTIATION OF ARTEMIA STRAINS FROM SOUTH-AMERICA. Seven Artemia samples from three South American countries (Chile, Brazil, Peru) were studied by starch electrophoresis with the aim of comparing levels of genetic variation and genetic similarity to representative populations of A. franciscana (San Francisco Bay, California, USA) and A. persimilis (Buenos Aires, Argentina), which are species endemic to the New World. Based on the analysis of 22 loci, parameters measuring genetic variability were, for some populations, found to be among the highest reported for Artemia so far. The percentage of polymorphic loci varied from 31.8% (Piura, Peru; Buenos Aires) to 50% (Los Vilos and Salar de Atacama, Chile), while the observed heterozygosity varied from 0.025 (Piura) to 0.165 (Los Vilos, Chile). A dendrogram based on Nei's genetic distance (D) produced four major groups. The Argentinian form, A. persimilis; the San Francisco Bay strain together with samples from Brazil (Macau and Rio Grande do Norte) and Chile (Pichilemu and Salar de Atacama); two coastal populations from Chile (Los Vilos and Iquique) and the sample from Peru (Piura). These four groups have inter-group D values that are, in some cases, far above those normally associated with conspecific populations.", "label": [4, 45]}
+{"token": "Using administrative data to estimate time to breast cancer diagnosis and percent of screen-detected breast cancers - a validation study in Alberta, Canada. Appropriate use of administrative data enables the assessment of care quality at the population level. Our objective was to develop/validate methods for assessing quality of breast cancer diagnostic care using administrative data, specifically by identifying relevant medical tests to estimate the percentage screen/symptom-detected cancers and time to diagnosis. Two databases were created for all women diagnosed with a first-ever breast cancer in years 2007-2010 in Alberta, Canada, with dates of medical tests received in years 2006-2010. One purchased database had test results and was used to determine the true' first relevant test of a cancer diagnosis. The other free administrative database had test types but no test results. Receiver operating characteristic curves and concordance rates were used to assess estimates of percent screen/symptom-detected breast cancers; Log-rank test was used to assess time to diagnosis obtained from the two databases. Using a look-back period of 4-6 months from cancer diagnosis to identify relevant tests resulted in over 94% concordance, sensitivity and specificity for classifying patients into screen/symptom-detected group; good agreement between the distributions of time to diagnosis was also achieved. Our findings support the use of administrative data to accurately identify relevant tests for assessing the quality of breast cancer diagnostic care.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
+{"token": "Model of four generation fermions and cold dark matter and matter-antimatter asymmetry. I suggest a practical particle model as an extension to the standard model. The model has a TeV scale U(1)(B-L) symmetry and it contains the fourth generation fermions with the TeV scale masses, including a cold dark matter neutrino. The model can completely account for the fermion flavor puzzles, the cold dark matter, and the matter-antimatter asymmetry through the leptogenesis. In particular, it is quite feasible and promising to test the model in future experiments.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "A Feasibility and Acceptability Trial of Social Cognitive Therapy in Early Psychosis Delivered Through a Virtual World: The VEEP Study. Conclusion: This proof-of-concept pilot trial suggested that delivering SCIT-VR through a virtual world is feasible and acceptable. There were some changes in prepost outcome measures that suggest the intervention has face validity. There is sufficient evidence to support a larger powered randomized controlled trial.Background: Addressing specific social cognitive difficulties is an important target in early psychosis and may help address poor functional outcomes. However, structured interventions using standard therapy settings including groups suffer from difficulties in recruitment and retention.Results: The SCIT-VR therapy delivered was feasible (36% consent rate and 73.3% intervention completion rate), acceptable (high overall postsession satisfaction scores) and safe (no serious adverse events), and had high levels of participant satisfaction. Users found the environment immersive. Prepost changes were found in emotion recognition scores and levels of anxiety. There were no signs of clinical deterioration on any of the secondary measures.Methods: A single arm nonrandomized proof-of-concept trial of SCIT-VR was conducted. Five groups of three to five individuals per group were recruited over 6 months. Eight sessions of SCIT-VR therapy were delivered through the virtual world platform Second Life (c) over a 5-week intervention window. Feasibility was examined using recruitment rates and retention. Acceptability was examined using qualitative methods. Secondary outcomes including social cognitive indices, functioning, and anxiety were measured pre- and postintervention.Aims: To address these issues, we aimed to modify an existing group social cognitive intervention entitled 'Social Cognition and Interaction Training' (SCIT) to be delivered through a virtual world environment (Second Life (c)).", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "A novel system for correcting large-scale chromosomal aberrations: ring chromosome correction via reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC). Approximately 1 in 500 newborns are born with chromosomal abnormalities that include trisomies, translocations, large deletions, and duplications. There is currently no therapeutic approach for correcting such chromosomal aberrations in vivo or in vitro. When we attempted to produce induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models from patient-derived fibroblasts that contained ring chromosomes, we found that the ring chromosomes were eliminated and replaced by duplicated normal copies of chromosomes through a mechanism of uniparental isodisomy (Bershteyn et al. 2014, Nature 507: 99). The discovery of this previously unforeseen system for aberrant chromosome correction during reprogramming enables us for the first time to model and understand this process of cell-autonomous correction of ring chromosomes during human patient somatic cell reprograming to iPSCs. This knowledge could lead to a potential therapeutic strategy to correct common large-scale chromosomal aberrations, termed \\\\'chromosome therapy\\\\'.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "Novel method for isolation of adult porcine pancreatic islets with two-stage digestion procedure. It is particularly difficult to isolate porcine islets (PI). Experience suggests that the success rate of porcine islet isolation (PII) is probably considerably influenced by the distension and digestion of the pancreas. In this study, we divided the digestion procedure into two stages and developed a new enzyme solution to improve both the distension and digestion procedures. As a result, we established a novel and stable method of targe-scale adult porcine islet isolation (APII). The harvested pancreata of 2-year-old pigs weighing over 200 kg (n = 18) were distended by introducing our new enzyme solution gently and slowly through the pancreatic ducts. Two-stage digestion (cold, then warm) was then performed by first placing the distended pancreata on ice for 2 h to cause diffusion of the enzyme solution around the islets, and then by incubating the pancreata in a water bath at 37 degrees C for 45 min without shaking. The islets were purified by a COBE 2991 cell processor on dextran T70 discontinuous density gradients. Histological study was performed on porcine pancreata sampled after 0, 15, 30, and 45 min of the second stage, and stained with H&E stain. Next, islet equivalent was calculated. Static incubation study was performed by stimulating the islets with 3.3 and 16.7 mM glucose in Krebs' Ringer bicarbonate buffer (KRBB) solution at 37 degrees C for 1 h, and finally the insulin released was measured. The dilated acinar cells septa around the islets were observed at time 0. Destruction of the acinar cells around the islets by warm digestion was recognized at 15 and 30 min, and destroyed and separated acinar cells present around the islets at 45 min. During the entire course of the warm digestion, the islets remained intact. The number of isolated islets was 291,667 +/- 240,452 IEQ/pancreas (n = 14) and 3,294 +/- 2199 IEQ/g of pancreatic tissue. The purity of recovered porcine islets was over 90%. The concentration of the insulin secreted by 10,000 IEQ islets selected at random was 83.9 +/- 13.4 mu U/dish/h in response to 3.3 mM glucose and 104.1 +/- 12.9 mu U/dish/h in response to 16.7 mM glucose (n = 20). A success rate of approximately 80% was attained with APII. We demonstrated that this increase in the success rate was due to the improved distension and digestion provided by this method, This two-stage APII method with its new enzyme solution may facilitate the future use of porcine islets in clinical xenotransplantation trials.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 22, 42]}
+{"token": "In vitro and in vivo activity of aurintricarboxylic acid preparations against Cryptosporidium parvum. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of commercial aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) against Cryptosporidium parvum.Results: In both in vitro models, ATA at concentrations of 100 and 10 mmol/L completely inhibited sporozoites within 10 and 60 min, respectively. Viability of oocysts exposed to 100 mmol/L and assessed by flow cytometry and in cell culture was reduced by 65% and 61%, respectively. The treatment of neonatal mice with a daily ATA dose of 100 mmol/kg led to 97-99% inhibition of infection without any observable negative effects on the animals. In comparison, the mean reduction of infection for paromomycin was 79-84%.Conclusions: ATA exerted high anticryptosporidial activity and should be considered for further study.Methods: The anticryptosporidial effect of ATA was evaluated in vitro using cell culture and double fluorogenic staining, and in vivo in experimentally infected neonatal C57BL/6 mice. Mice were orally treated for 9 consecutive days starting on the day of infection with daily ATA doses of 50 and 100 mu mol/kg. Paromomycin (100 mg/kg) was used as a positive control.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "Role of tyramine in calcium dynamics of GABAergic neurons and escape behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans. Results: Using calcium imaging in freely moving C. elegans, we found that GABAergic RME motor neurons in the head had high calcium levels during forward locomotion but low calcium levels during spontaneous and evoked backward locomotion. This calcium decrease was also observed during the omega turn. Mutant analyses showed that tbh-1 mutants lacking only octopamine had normal calcium responses, whereas tdc-1 mutants lacking both tyramine and octopamine did not exhibit the calcium decrease in RME. This neuromodulation was mediated by SER-2. Moreover, tyraminergic RIM neuron activity was negatively correlated with RME activity in the directional switch from forward to backward locomotion. These results indicate that tyramine released from RIM inhibits RME via SER-2 signaling. The omega turn is initiated by a sharp head bend when the animal reinitiates forward movement. Interestingly, ser-2 mutants exhibited shallow head bends and often failed to execute deep-angle omega turns. The behavioral defect and the abnormal calcium response in ser-2 mutants could be rescued by SER-2 expression in RME. These results suggest that tyraminergic inhibition of RME is involved in the control of omega turns.Conclusion: We demonstrate that endogenous tyramine downregulates calcium levels in GABAergic RME motor neurons in the head via the tyramine receptor SER-2 during backward locomotion and omega turns. Our data suggest that this neuromodulation allows deep head bending during omega turns and plays a role in the escape behavior in C. elegans.Background: Tyramine, known as a \\\\'trace amine\\\\' in mammals, modulates a wide range of behavior in invertebrates; however, the underlying cellular and circuit mechanisms are not well understood. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), tyramine affects key behaviors, including foraging, feeding, and escape responses. The touch-evoked backward escape response is often coupled with a sharp omega turn that allows the animal to navigate away in the opposite direction. Previous studies have showed that a metabotropic tyramine receptor, SER-2, in GABAergic body motor neurons controls deep body bending in omega turns. In this study, we focused on the role of tyramine in GABAergic head motor neurons. Our goal is to understand the mechanism by which tyraminergic signaling alters neural circuit activity to control escape behavior.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "A model combining structure and properties of a 160/220 bituminous binder modified with polymer/clay nanocomposites. A rheological and morphological study. The present contribution focuses on the modification of a 160/220 bituminous binder with clay and polymer/clay nanocomposites. Bitumen/polymer/clay ternary blends were prepared using styrene-butadiene-styrene, ethylene vinyl acetate and ethylene methylacrylate copolymers mixed with an organomodified montmorillonite. Dynamic mechanical analyses were performed in the extended domain of stress, temperature and frequency to analyse the thermorheological behaviour of the blends. The time-temperature superposition principle was applied to shift the experimental data recorded at different temperatures and generate master curves of the linear viscoelastic functions. For all blends, the mechanical response of the system was found to be strongly and intimately influenced by the nanocomposite modification. In some cases, a solid-like behaviour appears and delays the Newtonian transition. Morphological analyses performed with fluorescence microscopy allowed to associate the binder properties with the presence of clay silicates, which alter the colloidal equilibrium of the bitumen and enhances the compatibility between bitumen and polymers. Based on the morphological and rheological results, a structural model of the prepared blends is proposed.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "The interaction of research and clinical application in neuropsychology. Clinical neuropsychology deals with functional disorders after damage to the central nervous system. The scientific study of the various functional deficits has recently led to a better understanding of the organisation of brain functions in humans. In contrast to the increase in our knowledge of brain organisation, the development of suitable diagnostic and therapeutic procedures has progressed only modestly. Presumably, this is due to the complexity of the problem and the comparatively high research demands, as the existing analysis of the Functional deficits is inadequate to serve as basis for comprehensive rehabilitation. The fruitful interplay between basic brain research and scientifically-based clinical application of research findings is outlined and discussed in the fields of visual disorders, disorders of hand motor functions, and psychopathology. Neuropsychological rehabilitation aims at reducing the amount of disability and restoring the patient's quality of life; this requires an integrated procedure with high face validity at the time of assessing functional deficits in brain-injured patients.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Gs alpha is involved in sugar perception in Drosophila melanogaster. In Drosophila melanogaster, gustatory receptor genes (Grs) encode G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs) and some olfactory receptor neurons. One of the Gr genes, Gr5a, encodes a sugar receptor that is expressed in a subset of GRNs and has been most extensively studied both molecularly and physiologically, but the G-protein alpha subunit (G alpha) that is coupled to this sugar receptor remains unknown. Here, we propose that Gs is the G alpha that is responsible for Gr5a-mediated sugar-taste transduction, based on the following findings: First, immunoreactivities against Gs were detected in a subset of GRNs including all Gr5a-expressing neurons. Second, trehalose-intake is reduced in flies heterozygous for null mutations inDGs alpha, a homolog of mammalian Gs, and trehalose-induced electrical activities in sugar-sensitive GRNs were depressed in those flies. Furthermore, expression of wild-type DGs alpha in sugar-sensitive GRNs in heterozygotic DGs alpha mutant flies rescued those impairments. Third, expression of double-stranded RNA for DGs alpha in sugar-sensitive GRNs depressed both behavioral and electrophysiological responses to trehalose. Together, these findings indicate that DGs alpha is involved in trehalose perception. We suggest that sugar-taste signals are processed through the Gs alpha-mediating signal transduction pathway in sugar-sensitive GRNs in Drosophila.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "The disk and extraplanar regions of NGC 55. The stellar content of the nearby SB(s)m galaxy NGC 55 is investigated using images obtained with the Gemini South and Canada-France-Hawaii telescopes. The (K, H-K) and (K, J-K) color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) of stars near the plane of the disk reveal signatures of large-scale star formation during recent and intermediate epochs in the form of red supergiants (RSGs) with M-K = -11.5, and an asymptotic giant branch (AGB) that peaks near M-K = -10. Comparisons with stellar evolution models suggest that the brightest RSGs have an age near 8 Myr. A well-defined plume, which stellar evolution models suggest contains stars with masses near the RSG-AGB transition, is detected in CMDs constructed both from infrared and visible wavelength observations. It is concluded that star formation in the thin disk of NGC 55 has occurred at a significant rate for at least the past 0.1-0.2 Gyr, and this is consistent with other indicators. The near-infrared spectral energy distribution of the integrated light near the center of the galaxy is consistent with that in other Magellanic irregular galaxies, indicating that the star-forming history of NGC 55, when averaged over timescales of 0.1-1 Gyr, has likely not been peculiar when compared with other late-type systems. Evidence is also presented that the disk contains a large population of old [log (t(yr)) similar to 10] stars, and it is argued that a stable disk has been in place in NGC 55 for a significant fraction of the age of the universe. At projected distances in excess of 2 kpc off of the disk plane, the brightest AGB stars have ages 10(-2)(+3) Gyr. Thus, despite indications that dust and gas are present in the envelope surrounding the NGC 55 disk, the AGB content suggests that recently formed stars do not occur in large numbers in the extraplanar region. The (r' - i') colors of the RGB in the extraplanar region are consistent with [Fe/H] between -2.2 and -0.7, with the majority of stars having [Fe/H] > -1.2, and the mean metallicity inferred from the RGB color does not change with distance above the disk plane. Thus, the stellar component in the extraplanar envelope is well mixed, at least in terms of metallicity. The mean metallicity of RGB stars is in excellent agreement with that measured in the extraplanar H II regions EHR 1 and 2, suggesting that the age-metallicity relation in this part of NGC 55 has been flat for at least a few Gyr. Finally, the RGB tip occurs near i' = 23.1 in the extraplanar region, and a distance modulus of 26.5 is computed from this feature.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Why does early childhood deprivation increase the risk for depression and anxiety in adulthood? A developmental cascade model. Background Using data from the English & Romanian Adoptees (ERA) study, we recently reported that early time-limited exposure to severe institutional deprivation is associated with early-onset and persistent neurodevelopmental problems and later-onset emotional problems. Here, we examine possible reasons for the late emergence of emotional problems in this cohort. Our main focus is on testing a developmental cascade mediated via the functional impact of early-appearing neurodevelopmental problems on late adolescent functioning. We also explore a second putative pathway via sensitization to stress.Conclusions Our analysis suggests that the risk for adult depression and anxiety following extreme institutional deprivation is explained through the effects of early neurodevelopmental problems on later social and vocational functioning. Future research should more fully examine the role of stress susceptibility in this model.Results The path between early institutional deprivation and adult emotional problems was mediated via the impact of early neurodevelopmental problems on unemployment and poor friendship functioning during the transition to adulthood. The findings with regard to early deprivation, later life stress reactivity, and emotional problems were inconclusive.Methods The ERA study includes 165 Romanian individuals who spent their early lives in grossly depriving institutions and were subsequently adopted into UK families, along with 52 UK adoptees with no history of deprivation. Age six years symptoms of neurodevelopmental problems and age 15 anxiety/depression symptoms were assessed via parental reports. Young adult symptoms of depression and anxiety were assessed by both parent and self-reports; young adults also completed measures of stress reactivity, exposure to adverse life events, and functioning in work and interpersonal relationships.", "label": [2, 5, 23, 55]}
+{"token": "Village-Indigenous Chicken Bacterial Carriage after the Heavy Rains of 2018, Kenya: Indicator on Environmental Contamination with Pathogenic/Zoonotic Bacteria. Food borne diseases are one of the major human disease conditions worldwide. Most of them are of bacterial origin and chickens are a major source of such bacteria; they are consumed at high rate worldwide and tend to harbor the zoonotic bacteria without showing signs of illness. Running rain water tends to increase environmental contamination, since it carries various substances from one area to another; this results in village-indigenous chickens picking more bacteria from the environment as they roam/scavenge around for food. Thus, after the rain, the chickens' intestinal contents may contain more bacteria quantity-wise and type-wise. This study was carried-out to determine whether that was the case after heavy rains of 2018.120 intestine samples were collected from indigenous chickens from three slaughterhouses in Nairobi for bacterial quantification using the Miles and Misra technique; bacterial isolation and identification were carried out using standard bacteriological procedures. Intestines from the slaughterhouses had different mean bacterial counts: Kangemi had the highest (1.3 x 10(12) colony-forming units per ml), followed by Burma (5.6 x 10(11)), then Kariokor (4.7 x 10(11)). E. coli was the most isolated at 85.8%, followed by genera Staphylococcus (55%), Streptococcus (43.3%), Bacillus (41.66%), Listeria (38.3%), Proteus (24.16%), Klebsiella (7.5%), Campylobacter (2.5%), Pseudomonas (6%), and Streptobacillus (0.83%). The study showed that the indigenous chickens carry a variety of bacteria in types and numbers, some of them being zoonotic. Apart from picking more bacteria as a result of environmental contamination during rainy season, the weather and bird-handling further stress the birds, thus contributing to higher bacterial multiplication and higher bacterial carriage. If slaughter is not done right, these intestinal bacteria can easily cause contamination of respective chicken meat; thus, if pathogenic, it can cause food poisoning to consumers of the meat. Therefore, it is recommended that precaution be taken while slaughtering chickens for consumption. In addition, where possible, free-range indigenous chickens be confined during rainy seasons to reduce their exposure to contaminated environment.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "U.S. Bail, Pretrial Justice, and Charitable Bail Organizations: Strengthening Social Equity and Advancing Politics and Public Ethics of Care. The U.S. criminal legal system contributes to the oppression and harm of marginalized groups, calling into question ethical governance. The front end of this system, specifically bail and pretrial justice, exploits opportunities for resource generation and social control as a major driver of incarceration, yet receives limited attention in public administration or ethics. Disproportionate punishment and collateral penalties associated with bail and pretrial justice are causes and consequences of structural racism and administrative dysfunction. Excessive bail as a poverty penalty incurs risks to health, safety, financial security, and constitutional presumptions and protections. In light of civil and constitutional rights concerns, bail and pretrial-associated philanthropic solutions have proliferated. This article provides background on bail and pretrial justice policies and politics; outlines evidence of related consequences; describes select reform efforts and philanthropic tools, including the charitable bail organization The Bail Project; and contextualizes bail and pretrial justice within a public values framework, which centers social equity and incorporates critical race theory alongside politics and public ethics of care. Upholding the Constitution and the law, strengthening social equity, and ensuring procedural due process are core tenets of good governance, yet anathema to the current bail and pretrial justice system, which is a critical public ethics concern.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "The transfer capability of long-lived Chernobyl radionuclides from surface soil to river water in dissolved forms. Hydrologic runoff is one of the main processes in which radionuclides deposited in the surface environment migrate widely in both particulate and dissolved forms. This paper focuses on the transfer capability of long lived Chernobyl radionuclides from surface soil to river water in dissolved forms. First, concentration and speciation of radioactive Cs, Sr and transuranic isotopes, such as Pu and Am, were examined in undisturbed surface soil along the river in the exclusion zone (30 km zone) near the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) in order to validate the radioactive contamination characteristics. Almost all radioactivities exist in the very top surface in the undisturbed soil layer. Sr-90 in the soil was estimated to be highest in the water soluble and exchangeable fractions, which were easily accessible to river water as a dissolved fraction. Pu isotopes and Am-241 are major radionuclides in free humic and free fulvic acid fractions. Secondly, surface soil near the Sahan River was extracted with distilled water, as an analogue of rain water, to estimate the dissolved fraction in runoff components from surface soil to river water. After a filtration procedure, extracted water was treated with ultra filtration techniques separating the molecular weight fractions of beyond and below 10,000 Da. Each fraction was measured for the radioactivity and the characteristics of organic materials including humic substances. Most Pu and Am exist in the molecular weight fractions beyond 10,000 Da, in spite of the fact that most of the dissolved organic fractions exist below 10,000 Da. This means that transuranic elements such as Pu and Am are associated with mobile high molecular weight materials like fulvic acids in water leachates. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Influence of the composition ratio of manganese and copper on the mechanical properties and the machining performance of ductile iron. In the present investigation, we studied the influence of the composition ratio of manganese and copper on the mechanical properties and the machining performance of a ferritic-pearlitic ductile iron. A series of Y-block specimens and stair specimens were casted using different manganese and copper levels. The experiments indicated that manganese can efficiently improve the strength of ductile iron, but the plasticity and machining performance decrease significantly when the manganese content exceeds 0.9%. To obtain high strength castings at low manganese levels, the Mn-Cu alloying treatment was also investigated here. The results indicated that with 0.6%-0.8% of Mn and 0.5%-0.8% of Cu, the tensile strength of ductile iron can be in the range of 600-725 MPa, the elongation can remain above 5.5%, and the machining performance is satisfactory. Furthermore, the distribution of manganese and copper in the ductile iron matrix was also investigated.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Multiple thermostable enzyme hydrolases on magnetic nanoparticles: An immobilized enzyme-mediated approach to saccharification through simultaneous xylanase, cellulase and amylolytic glucanotransferase action. Microbe-derived enzymes such as xylanases, cellulases and amylases, are efficient at hydrolyzing plant biomass. Efforts to harness the functionalities of these enzymes towards applications in energy and fuel biosciences, and food and nutrition, continue apace in many laboratories. Given that enzymes derived from mesophile proteomes undergo facile denaturation and/or degradation at ambient temperatures, and require frequent replenishment during bioprocessing, it is desirable that they be replaced by structurally-stable enzymes capable of functioning efficiently and resisting denaturation and degradation, immobilized on solid media to further add to stability and facilitate recovery and reuse. Towards these objectives, we used synthetic magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and immobilized upon their surfaces three different structurally-stable hydrolases: a thermostable xylanase (BSX) derived from Bacillus sp. NG-27, a cellulase (RMCel12A) derived from Rhodothermus marinus, and an amylasecum-glucanotransferase (PfuAmyGT) derived from Pyrococcus furiosus. The MNPs were activated with glutaraldehyde and BSX, RMCel2A, and PfuAmyGT, respectively, were covalently immobilized with efficiencies of similar to 92%, 45% and 93%. The enzymes and the MNPs were fully characterized before and after immobilization, and the immobilized enzymes were found to be active at 50 degrees C against synthetic substrates as well as pre-treated biomass derived from corn cob and rice husk. The enzyme-coupled MNPs displayed high stability upon storage properties, high operational stability as well as high reusability (retaining 69, 48, and 50% residual activity after 13 uses for BSX, RMCel12A and PfuAmyGT, respectively). Experiments were also conducted with MNPs loaded simultaneously with all three enzymes. Such immobilized enzyme combinations on MNPs can be used in the saccharification of plant biomass. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
+{"token": "The Statistical Analysis of Multidimensional Psychological Characteristics and User Feedback Willingness. The purpose of this paper is to study the influence of multidimensional psychological characteristics on users' feedback intention by using several statistical analysis methods based on information theory. The feedback process can be described as a communication process based on information theory. The feedback information entropy is associated with the degree of uncertainty elimination of the users who provide feedback information. Many factors are related to this uncertainty, such as information senders often stopped feedback process for some reasons and information senders may have provided fake or spam information. In order to encourage more useful feedback information, a model of a user's willingness to provide feedback was established with personality traits and cognitive styles as independent variables, feedback motivation as intermediary variables, and feedback willingness as the dependent variable. 206 online and offline questionnaires were obtained to be analyzed by correlation analysis, regression analysis, and structural equation analysis. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to test the reliability of the questionnaire, and exploratory factor analysis method was used to verify the validity of the questionnaire. First, correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation between personality traits, cognitive styles, and motivation factors. Second, we further explored the strength of the relationship of the five correlated groups of variables through linear regression analysis. At last, we conducted structure equation analyses to test the hypotheses. The results show that both personality traits and cognitive styles can have a significant impact on feedback motivation factors and also show that self-efficacy may be the only evident feedback motivation to encourage useful feedback information. The results show that the willing users with extraversion trait are more likely be motivated by self-efficacy and thus have evident feedback willingness.</p>", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "EXPLICIATION AND IMPLICITATION IN BACK-TRANSLATION. The aim of this study was to test Klaudy's (2001) asymmetry hypothesis in the context of translation competence. Our main focus was to find out whether there is a connection between the expertise of translators and their explicitating and implicitating tendencies in back-translation. On the basis of previous research (Makkos & Robin, 2011) we assumed that the disappearance of shifts in back-translation is related to the professional competence of the translator. It was also hypothesized that translators perform different types of explicitation and implicitation, according to their relative competence. The back-translation task was administered to secondary school students, translation trainees, and professional translators. The results of the study support our hypotheses. Professional translators eliminated the highest number of shifts in back-translation, while secondary school students performed the lowest number of transfer operations. The research supported Klaudy's asymmetry hypothesis and thus indirectly Blum-Kulka's (1986) explicitation hypothesis, which we propose to complement with the hypothesis of explicit saturation.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Preparing undergraduate nurses and midwives for spiritual care: Some developments in European education over the last decade. In recent years, preparing nurses and midwives to feel competent and confident in providing spiritual care has become the subject of international research. There is an emerging body of evidence affirming the importance of spirituality in promoting the health and wellbeing of individuals. Despite this growing recognition, there are still inconsistencies in the way that undergraduate students in nursing and midwifery are taught and prepared to assess and address this dimension of the person, and fundamentally how these concepts are integrated within programmes of education. This article charts the evolution of a European programme of research, spanning a decade, exploring undergraduate nurses' and midwives' perception of spirituality and perceived competence in providing spiritual care. The research culminated in an educational research study that led to the co-production and development of best practice standards for spiritual care education and the launch of a network to sustain and advance this neglected area of nursing and midwifery practice.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Does nature convert mass into energy?. First I provide some history of how the equation E = mc(2) arose, establish what \\\\'mass\\\\' means in the context of this relation, and present some aspects of how the relation can be understood. Then I address the question, Does E = mc(2) mean that one can \\\\'convert mass into energy\\\\' and vice versa? (C) 2007 American Association of Physics Teachers.", "label": [4, 5, 53, 35]}
+{"token": "Metabolomics Combined with Sensory Analysis Reveals the Impact of Different Extraction Methods on Coffee Beverages from Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora var. Robusta. An untargeted metabolomics approach combined with sensory analysis was used to depict the impact of different traditional Italian extraction methods (i.e., Espresso, Neapolitan, Moka) along with Filter, on Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora var. robusta beverages. To this aim, polyphenols, Maillard reaction products, and coffee metabolites were screened by high resolution mass spectrometry and elaborated through both unsupervised and supervised multivariate statistical approaches. Multivariate statistics showed a distinctive chemical profile for Espresso preparation, while Moka and Neapolitan were very similar. The orthogonal projection to latent structures and discriminant analysis allowed the identification of 86 compounds showing a high VIP discrimination score (i.e., > 0.8). The 2,5-dimethyl-3-(methyldithio)-furan was a marker for the Filter preparation, while 1,2-disinapoylgentiobiose characterized both Filter and Neapolitan extractions. Caffeine (known to be a bitter compound) accumulated highly in Filter vs. Espresso, although at the sensory profile, bitterness was more perceived in Espresso. Vegetal aroma carried by pyrazines, pyridines, and phenolic acids were markers of Espresso, with Robusta showing higher values than Arabica. Notwithstanding, our findings showed that the extraction process played a hierarchically higher role in driving the chemical composition of the beverages when compared to coffee species.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "The Mg-25(p, gamma)Al-26 reaction at low astrophysical energies. In the present work we report on a new measurement of resonance strengths omega gamma in the reaction Mg-25(p, gamma)Al-26 at E-cm = 92 and 189 key. This study was performed at the LUNA facility in the Gran Sasso underground laboratory using a 4 pi BGO summing crystal. For the first time the 92 keV resonance was directly observed and a resonance strength omega gamma = (2.9 +/- 0.6) x 10(-10) eV was determined. Additionally, the gamma-ray branchings and strength of the 189 key resonance were studied with a high resolution HPGe detector yielding an omega gamma value in agreement with the BGO measurement, but 20% larger compared to previous works. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "Ninety-four years of the theory of the continental drift of Alfred Lothar Wegener. The theory of continental drift was propounded by Alfred Wegener since 1912. It represents a major advance in the history of science, because it revolutionized the concepts about the terrestrial dynamics. Since it was conceived, the idea of the movement of continents was not only overwhelming but polemic. Alfred Wegener had the merits of being the first to build a congruent explanation about the horizontal movement of continents. He was a soldier of the German army, professor of meteorology, and tireless traveler. Wegener developed a brand new theory with paleontological, geological and geophysleal evidences. This work deals with a brief historical reconstruction about the rise and development of the theory of continental drift. At the beginning, it caused a strong polemic among the geologists, paleontologists and geophysicists' communities. Later on, the development of paleomagnetic studies led to the modem theory of plate tectonics. Wegener's theory was unable to give a clear explanation about the mechanism of such horizontal movements, contrary to plate tectonic theory, which later could construct a convincing explanation based upon studies of the oceanic floor and paleomagnetic data. Although Wegener could not find a satisfactory mechanism to explain the continental drift, he had the merit of gathering all the evidence available at his time to establish in a solid manner the horizontal movement of continents.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "The implications of adult morphology for clutch size in the flatback turtle (Natator depressa). When the mean adult length and mean clutch volume of marine turtles are examined, a clear pattern for larger species to lay larger Clutches is evident, in accord with predictions that female size constrains the available space for carrying eggs. However. when compared with this general trend, the volume of clutches laid by flatback turtles (Natator depressa) are smaller than expected. The implication is that the unusually flat morphology of flatback turtles, provides an additional constraint on their egg carrying capacity.", "label": [4, 45]}
+{"token": "The SEQC2 epigenomics quality control (EpiQC) study. Conclusions: The data provided herein can guide the use of these DNA reference materials in epigenomics research, as well as provide best practices for experimental design in future studies. By leveraging seven human cell lines that are designated as publicly available reference materials, these data can be used as a baseline to advance epigenomics research.Results: Each sample is processed in multiple replicates by three whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) protocols (TruSeq DNA methylation, Accel-NGS MethylSeq, and SPLAT), oxidative bisulfite sequencing (TrueMethyl), enzymatic deamination method (EMSeq), targeted methylation sequencing (Illumina Methyl Capture EPIC), single-molecule long-read nanopore sequencing from Oxford Nanopore Technologies, and 850k Illumina methylation arrays. After rigorous quality assessment and comparison to Illumina EPIC methylation microarrays and testing on a range of algorithms (Bismark, BitmapperBS, bwa-meth, and BitMapperBS), we find overall high concordance between assays, but also differences in efficiency of read mapping, CpG capture, coverage, and platform performance, and variable performance across 26 microarray normalization algorithms.Background: Cytosine modifications in DNA such as 5-methylcytosine (5mC) underlie a broad range of developmental processes, maintain cellular lineage specification, and can define or stratify types of cancer and other diseases. However, the wide variety of approaches available to interrogate these modifications has created a need for harmonized materials, methods, and rigorous benchmarking to improve genome-wide methylome sequencing applications in clinical and basic research. Here, we present a multi-platform assessment and cross-validated resource for epigenetics research from the FDA's Epigenomics Quality Control Group.", "label": [2, 19, 20]}
+{"token": "White bean sensitivity to preemergence herbicides. White bean producers have a limited number of herbicide options available for annual grass and broadleaf weed control. Tolerance of two white bean cultivars to preemergence (PRE) applications of S-metolachlor, S-metolachlor + imazethapyr, flumetsulam + S-metolachlor, cloransulam-methyl, clomazone, clomazone + imazethapyr, and clomazone + S-metolachlor at the maximum labeled rate in soybean (1X) and twice the labeled rate (2X) were studied at two Ontario locations (Exeter and Ridgetown) in 2001 and 2002. S-Metolachlor, clomazone, and clomazone + S-metolachlor generally had no negative effect on plant height, dry weight, maturity, and yield. S-Metolachlor + imazethapyr and clomazone + imazethapyr reduced plant height, dry weight, and yield as much as 21, 42, and 24%, respectively. Flumesulam + S-metolachlor and cloransulam-methyl reduced plant height, dry weight, and yield as much as 39, 58, and 43%, respectively. White beans are tolerant to PRE applications of S-metolachlor, clomazone, and clomazone + S-metolachlor. White beans are sensitive to PRE applications of S-metolachlor + imazethapyr, flumetsulam + S-metolachlor, clomazone + imazethapyr, and cloransulam-methyl.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Avicenna's Hermeneutics. Like Plato, Aristotle uses dialectic to interpret and analyze ordinary discourse as well as to ascend to the first principles of philosophy and science. At the same time he says that it is intellect (nous) that apprehends the first principle. With al-Farabi and Avicenna (Ibn Sina), dialectic becomes relegated to dealing with ordinary language. For them demonstration in an ideal language from principles apprehended by the intellect suffices for the philosopher.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
+{"token": "Molecular detection and characterization of zoonotic Anaplasma species in domestic dogs in Lusaka, Zambia. Although tick-borne pathogens, Anaplasma platys and Anaplasma phagocytophilum are recognized as zoonotic agents associated with appreciable morbidity and mortality in dogs and humans worldwide, there is limited information on these infections in many African countries, including Zambia. The purpose of this study was to detect, identify and phylogenetically characterize Anaplasma species from dogs in Chilanga District in Lusaka Province, Zambia. A total of 301 blood samples were collected from apparently healthy and semi-confined dogs. Initial screening by polymerase chain reaction with specific primers targeting the 16S rRNA gene of Anaplasma species revealed that 9% (27/301) of our samples were positive. Subsequent sequence and phylogenetic analysis of a longer fragment of the 16S rRNA and citrate synthase (gltA) genes of four positive samples showed the presence of A. platys and an Anaplasma species, which was closely related to those detected in dogs in South Africa. This is the first report on molecular identification and characterization of canine-associated zoonotic Anaplasma species in Zambia.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "The Early Synecdochical Anchors of College Football: Fields and Facilities 1869-1903. The present study examines the early wooden facilities and grounds of American college football within National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Football Bowl Subdivision and Ivy League schools from 1869 through 1903. Within, we identify what set of events and opportunities led to the development of the earliest football playing spaces. Furthermore, we recognize and explain what patterns of construction and renovation influenced the creation of permanent stadia. Critical environmental conditions that impacted the spread of knowledge about football and its playing grounds are recognized in addition to specific rules, which influenced the evolution of fields and facilities. Finally, we recognize the importance of facility enclosure and interests in producing revenues, and feature discussion on the movement of games from off- to on-campus while offering a collective picture of what these places looked like as potential synedochial social anchors for their institutions.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Numerical modeling of density currents using an Incompressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics method. This paper presents a numerical model to simulate density currents using an Incompressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics method with accurate schemes associated with the pressure calculation. The suspended sediment is treated as a concentration defined on each particle, and its transport is solved based on an advection-diffusion equation. The fluctuation of the suspended sediment concentration is reflected in the change of the mass of the particle. In the presented model, the discretization model of the advection term of the falling velocity in the advection-diffusion equation is improved by taking its fluctuation into consideration. The presented model is validated via a two-dimensional lock-exchange flow simulation. In the validation, two types of pressure gradient models are compared, and it is confirmed that the widely used model is not suitable for simulations including density differences. The necessity to improve the advection term of the falling velocity is clearly shown. The effects of the spatial resolution are checked to demonstrate the validity of the presented model. After the validation, another simulation with six different combinations of coarse and fine sediments is conducted. The time histories of the front positions of the density currents and the deposit density variations indicate that the calculated results are in good agreement with the experiment. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 40, 12]}
+{"token": "Effect of physico-chemical parameters on inorganic arsenic removal from aqueous solution using a forward osmosis membrane. The rejection of arsenic by a forward osmosis (FO) membrane, and the effects of relevant physico-chemical factors on the separation have been systematically investigated. MgSO4 and glucose solutions were used as two potential draw solutions. More than 98% rejection was observed when the initial As(V) concentration was 500 mu g L-1, yielding an As concentration in the permeate below the maximum contamination level (MCL). It was demonstrated that the rejection of As was higher when the membrane active layer faces the feed solution (AL-FS) compared to the rejection when the membrane active layer faces the draw solution (AL-DS). However, for As(III), it was observed that the rejection was low at lower pH (3-12.6% within pH 3-7) and oxidation of As(III) at neutral pH increased the rejection to 95.7%. Thus, oxidation before FO is suggested as an essential pretreatment for total As removal in the neutral pH range. Therefore, FO is thought to have potential as a barrier for As removal in an integrated treatment system. However, recovery of the draw solutions by using reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF) or membrane distillation for producing As-free water is one of the critical challenges that have to be overcome before implementation in field conditions. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Comprehensibility assessment using the Karlsruhe Comprehensibility Concept. This article makes a contribution to text and translation quality assessment in the functionalist paradigm. It presents a communication- oriented framework for the evaluation of pragmatic texts including their translations with regard to their comprehensibility as one of the central factors of their skopos adequacy. It is based on the results of comprehensibility research gained both in the field of cognitive science (schema theory and theory of mental models) and in the fields of educational psychology (the four comprehensibility dimensions presented by Langer et al. and Groeben) and linguistics. It also includes results from communication theory and semiotics. In the resulting framework a distinction is made between six comprehensibility dimensions, 'perceptibility,' 'simplicity,' 'structure,' 'correctness,' 'concision,' and 'motivation.' Requirements derived from the latter four of these dimensions do not only have to be fulfilled by the textual code itself, but also by the mental models to be conveyed by the code.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "The quest for REALITY (Kit Fine). A widespread concern within philosophy has been, and continues to be, to determine which domains of discourse address real, robust, not-merely-deflationary facts, and which do not. But a threat to the legitimacy of this concern (together with the claims provoked by it) is the extreme lack of consensus amongst philosophers on the question of how to tell whether or not a given domain is oriented towards 'robust reality'. The present paper criticizes Kit Fine's attempt to settle that question. This discussion is followed by some considerations suggesting that there is no good answer to it, that (as the 'quietists' maintain) the notion of 'robust reality' is defective and ought to be abandoned.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "The risk of lung cancer with increasing time since ceasing exposure to asbestos and quitting smoking. Methods: A cohort study of 2935 former workers of the crocidolite mine and mill at Wittenoom, who responded to a questionnaire on smoking first issued in 1979 and on whom quantitative estimates of asbestos exposure are known. Conditional logistic regression was used to relate asbestos exposure, smoking category, and risk of lung cancer.Objectives: To examine if the risk of lung cancer declines with increasing time since ceasing exposure to asbestos and quitting smoking, and to determine the relative asbestos effect between non-smokers and current smokers.Results: Eighteen per cent of the cohort reported never smoking; 66% of cases and 50% of non-cases were current smokers. Past smokers who ceased smoking within six years of the survey (OR = 22.1, 95% CI 5.6 to 87.0), those who ceased smoking 20 or more years before the survey (OR = 1.9, 95% CI 0.50 to 7.2), and current smokers (< 20 cigarettes per day (OR = 6.8, 95% CI 2.0 to 22.7) or > 20 cigarettes per day (OR = 13.2, 95% CI 4.1 to 42.5)) had higher risks of lung cancer compared to never smokers after adjusting for asbestos exposure and age. The asbestos effect between non-smokers and current smokers was 1.23 (95% CI 0.35 to 4.32).Conclusion: Persons exposed to asbestos and tobacco but who subsequently quit, remain at an increased risk for lung cancer up to 20 years after smoking cessation, compared to never smokers. Although the relative risk of lung cancer appears higher in never and ex-smokers than in current smokers, those who both smoke and have been exposed to asbestos have the highest risk; this study emphasises the importance of smoking prevention and smoking cessation programmes within this high risk cohort.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Defect Engineering of BiI3 Single Crystals: Enhanced Electrical and Radiation Performance for Room Temperature Gamma-Ray Detection. Undoped and Sb-doped BiI3 (SBI) single crystals are grown via the vertical Bridgman growth technique. Electrical properties, such as resistivity and leakage current, in addition to radiation response measurements are performed on both BiI3 and SBI single crystal detectors. The resistivity of SBI (2.6310(9) Omega.cm) increases by an order of magnitude compared to that of BiI3 (1.45 x 10(8) Omega.cm). Furthermore, leakage currents of SBI (10(-2) mu A/cm(2)) decrease by four orders magnitude relative to BiI3. The radiation response of the SBI indicates that less polarization exists under bias for prolonged periods of time, making SBI a promising material for use in gamma-ray detector applications. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations predict that Sb forms strong covalent bonds with neighboring iodine ions and that the Sb-I dimer can be formed when Sb is doped into the BiI3 lattice. In addition, defect modeling verifies that substitution of Bi ions with Sb and incorporation of Sb in iodine vacancy sites can effectively decrease the formation and migration of iodine vacancies, which significantly improves radiation detection performance of the material.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Two novel missense mutations in FGD4/FRABIN cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 4H (CMT4H). By sequencing of the FGD4 coding sequence in a cohort of 101 patients affected by autosomal recessive demyelinating Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), we have identified two novel missense mutations in FGD4 in two patients from consanguineous descent: p.Arg442His in an Algerian patient and p.Met566Ile in a Lebanese girl. The patients present early onset, slowly progressive CMT, with drastic reduction of nerve conduction velocities. These mutations are the second and third missense mutations characterized in FGD4. They are likely to lead to conformational changes in the PH1 and FYVE domains.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "Are Viruses Evil?. Are viruses part of God's good creation or are they evil in their very essence? This discussion engages the considerable perplexity on the subject of the nature of evil and the evil of nature. Particular attention is given to how the evolution of viruses relates to evil's origin. Looking at the evolutionary origin of viruses and their deep biological tendency towards extreme selfishness this article examines how viruses are intelligent, yet not life. Discussing how viruses are genetic thieves who enter our cellular gates in order to kill and destroy, this essay also explores the meaning and nature of evil, and whether, and how, evil is present in nature.", "label": [3, 30, 33]}
+{"token": "A comparison of broadband models for sand sediments. Chotiros and Isakson [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 116(4), 2011-2022 (2004)] recently proposed an extension of the Biot-Stoll model for poroelastic sediments that makes predictions for compressional wave speed and attenuation, which are in much better accord with the experimental measurements of these quantities extant in the literature than either those of the conventional Biot-Stoll model or the rival model of Buckingham [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 108(6), 2796-2815 (2000)]. Using a local minimizer, the Nelder-Mead simplex method, it is shown that there are generally at least two choices of the Chotiros-Isakson parameters which produce good agreement with experimental measurements. Since one postulate of the Chotiros-Isakson model is that, due to the presence of air bubbles in the pore space, the pore fluid compressibility is greater than that of water, an alternative model based on a conjecture by Biot [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 34(5), 1254-1264 (1962)], air bubble resonance, is considered. While this model does as well or better than the Chotiros-Isakson model in predicting measured values of wave speed and attenuation, the Rayleigh-Plesset theory of bubble oscillation casts doubt on its plausibility as a general explanation of large dispersion of velocity with respect to frequency. (c) 2006 Acoustical Society of America.", "label": [3, 4, 35, 28]}
+{"token": "A colorimetric and fluorescent lighting-up sensor based on ICT coupled with PET for rapid, specific and sensitive detection of nitrite in food. An anthracene carboxyimide derivative was synthesized as a colorimetric and fluorogenic sensor to determine NO2- with a rapid response (<4 min), excellent selectivity and a low detection limit (84 nM). Paper strips containing the sensor were applied to visually determine the NO2- content in food.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "An intramolecular antiparallel G-quadruplex formed by human telomere RNA. Until now, RNA G-quadruplexes were believed to only adopt a parallel G-quadruplex structure. In this study, we describe the first observation of an antiparallel RNA G-quadruplex formed by human telomere RNA. This newly described topology is of great interest as it shows that RNA G-quadruplexes can also be polymorphic and adopt structures that are different from the parallel configuration.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "HYPOTHALAMIC-LESIONS AND INTERMITTENT EXPLOSIVE DISORDER. The authors present two cases of patients with craniopharyngiomas who meet the DSM-III-R criteria for intermittent explosive disorder.  Episodes of rage developed before and/or after surgery for removal of the craniopharyngioma.  Magnetic resonance imaging revealed hypothalamic-hypophyseal involvement.  It is suggested that hypothalamic lesions played a major role in the development of aggressive behavior in both cases.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 23]}
+{"token": "More is less? The volunteer stewardship framework and models. Scholars have devoted substantial attention to developing conditional models of volunteer administration and management, but no consensus surrounds the criteria underlying the different models or the rationale. The literature reveals a welter of possibilities but no clear choice. This study conceives the primary managerial challenges as securing access to and guiding volunteer energy into productive volunteering, and the volunteer administrator as the central actor in this process. Based on how volunteers are accessed and guided in their roles, we develop the Volunteer Stewardship Framework, which distinguishes volunteer administration according to two key dimensions: organizational access to volunteer energy (private resource vs. common pool) and guidance of volunteers (unitary vs. shared). Results of a survey of volunteer administration practitioners in the Netherlands show that respondents working under the four models emanating from the Framework recognize different elements of volunteer administration as \\\\'Very Important.\\\\'", "label": [5, 50, 51]}
+{"token": "Crossing the streams: HRM in multinational enterprises and comparative HRM. This paper examines the differences between the stream of international HRM that focuses on comparative HRM and the one that focuses on HRM in multinational enterprises (MNEs). More specifically, we review how the aspects of time, process and context have been treated within the two streams and argue that the streams have largely developed in isolation as opposed to informing one another. Drawing on this analysis we propose a research agenda that illustrates how the crossing of these streams can advance theory and empirical research in both HRM in MNEs and comparative HRM, to the benefit of both. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Inc.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Recent Sexual Assault Predicting Changes in Coping Motives for Alcohol Use in First-Year College Women. Sexual assault and heavy alcohol consumption are common among college students. There is strong evidence that the two are associated, but more remains to be understood about the nature of the relationship. Drinking motives have been found to mediate the relationship between sexual assault and drinking problems and between depression and alcohol risk (Kenney, Anderson, & Stein, 2018; Lindgren, Neighbors, Blayney, Mullins, & Kasen, 2012), however drinking motives have not been studied as an outcome. The current study investigated the impact of a recent sexual assault on the endorsement of coping motives for drinking in first year college women using hierarchical regression analysis with Time 2 coping motives as the outcome variable. Lifetime experience of sexual assault and Time 1 coping motives were entered in the first step of the model and a dichotomous variable indicating a recent sexual assault was entered in the second step of the model. Sexual assault during the first semester of college was found to be a significant predictor of coping motives at the end of the semester after controlling for lifetime history of sexual assault and endorsement of coping motives at Time 1. These findings suggest that coping motives for drinking may change following a sexual assault and are of concern due to the negative outcomes associated with drinking to cope. Drinking motives may be an important target of interventions provided to survivors of sexual assault to reduce risk of future drinking-related problems.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "ANALYSIS OF A REPEAT-CONTAINING FAMILY OF GIARDIA-LAMBLIA VARIANT-SPECIFIC SURFACE PROTEIN GENES - DIVERSITY THROUGH GENE DUPLICATION AND DIVERGENCE. Giardia lamblia trophozoites express on their surfaces one of a set of cysteine-rich antigenically variant proteins, called variant-specific surface proteins, which comprise the majority of proteins detected by surface labeling. While these VSP proteins may be immunodominant proteins important in the host immune response to G. lamblia, the ability to switch expression from one VSP to another may provide a means for the trophozoites to avoid the host immune response. The first VSP characterized, VSPA6 (from the A6 clone of the WE isolate, originally termed CRP170), contains 18-23 copies of a 65 amino acid repeat. We have now used the repeat as a probe to isolate from a WBA6 genomic library two genes related to vspA6 (called vspA6-S1, vspA6-S2). Sequence analysis of the vspA6-S1 gene revealed nearly two complete copies of the 195 bp repeat and substantial nucleotide and translated amino acid similarity in the coding regions 5' and 3' to the repeats. The vspA6-S2 gene, while still related, showed greater divergence from vspA6 than vspA6-S1 in the nonrepeat coding region and contained nearly four copies of a 201 bp repeat that was 75% identical to the 195 bp vspA6 repeat. These results suggest that gene duplication followed by divergence has played a key role in the generation of the vsp gene repertoire.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Regimes of sediment-turbulence interaction and guidelines for simulating the multiphase bottom boundary layer. Characterizing the interaction of mobile sediments with a turbulent boundary layer driven by waves and currents represents an important scientific and engineering challenge. To approach this, Balachandar's scaling relations for particle Reynolds number and Stokes number (IJMF, vol. 35, pg 801-110; 2009) are recast in terms of Shields parameter and particle Galileo number. This allows for the modified Shields diagram to be partitioned into at least five regimes, where distinct primary mechanisms of sediment turbulence interaction are identified. Practical guidelines are provided for selecting an appropriate direct or large-eddy simulation approach in the Shields-Galileo phase space. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "A hybrid approach for processing parameters optimization of Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy during hot deformation using artificial neural network and genetic algorithm. In the present investigation, isothermal compression tests of Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy were carried out under various hot deformation conditions, including the deformation temperature range of 940-1060 degrees C and the strain rate range of 0.01-10 s(-1). The constitutive relationship of Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy was developed using artificial neural network (ANN). During training process, standard error back-propagation algorithm was employed in the network model using experimental data sets. Based on the fitness function obtained from established ANN model, the optimization model of hot processing parameters for Ti-22Al-25Nb alloy was successfully created using genetic algorithm (GA). The optimal results achieved from the integrated ANN and GA optimization model were tested by using processing map. Consequently, it can be suggested that the combined approach of ANN and GA provides a novel way with respect to the optimization of processing parameters in the field of materials science. Crown Copyright (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "ENSO Teleconnection Pattern Changes over the Southeastern United States under a Climate Change Scenario in CMIP5 Models. A strong teleconnection exists between the sea surface temperature (SST) over the tropical Pacific and the winter precipitation in the southeastern United States (SE US). This feature is adopted to validate the fidelity of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) in this study. In addition, the authors examine whether the teleconnection pattern persists in the future under a global warming scenario. Generally, most of the eight selected models show a positive correlation between November SST over Nino 3 region and December-February (DJF) mean daily precipitation anomalies over the SE US, consistent with the observation. However, the models with poor realization of skewness of Nino indices fail to simulate the realistic teleconnection pattern in the historical simulation. In the Representative Concentration Pathways 8.5 (RCP8.5) run, all of the models maintain positive and slightly increased correlation patterns. It is noteworthy that the region with strong teleconnection pattern shifts northward in the future. Increased variance of winter precipitation due to the SST teleconnection is shown over Alabama and Georgia rather than over Florida under the RCP8.5 scenario in most of the models, differing from the historical run in which the precipitation in Florida is the most attributable to the eastern Pacific SST.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Seed fractionation as a phytosanitary control measure for Pea seed-borne mosaic virus infection of field pea seed-stocks. In field pea (Pisum sativum) crops worldwide, sowing seed with minimal Pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV) infection is crucial to manage its spread and the seed yield and quality losses it causes. The possibility of using seed fractionation to help decrease PSbMV infection in infected seed-stocks used for sowing crops was investigated. When six PSbMV-infected seed-lots of Australian field pea cvs Kaspa or PBA Twilight were passed through sieves of different mesh sizes to obtain different size fractions, PSbMV seed transmission rates to seedlings were significantly higher in the < 6.5 mm than the > 6.5 mm fractions. Passing pea seed-lots through a 6.5 mm sieve can be used to: (i) provide a useful indicator warning of likely high seed infection levels, and (ii) contribute towards decreasing PSbMV infection levels below the % seed transmission risk threshold for sowing.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Role of ICT for workers' safety at the workplace during pandemics: evidence from global data. Purpose This study contributes to the extant literature on ICT firms by investigating the interrelationship between the health and safety (H&S) measures, market performance, and the coronavirus (COVID-19). Design/methodology/approach To conduct the confirmatory analysis by testing our hypotheses, data have been collected from Bloomberg of all ICT firms from five countries. The authors gathered from 2010 until 2020 as the research sample to examine the pandemic impact on market performance and H&S measures. Findings First, our results reveal a significant and positive relationship between market performance (proxied by Tobin's Q) and the H&S measures of information technology (IT) firms. Second, the authors find that the IT firms have significantly increased the H&S measures during the COVID-19 period and were dynamic in linking employees' adaptive capabilities to positive attributes. This has contributed to business success, resiliency, and sustainability. Research limitations/implications The authors used a quantitative method of testing our hypotheses. Future studies may consider checking the robustness using qualitative methods such as structural or semi-structural interviews. Practical implications The study offers valuable insights to academics, practitioners, stakeholders, policymakers, and international entities by fostering knowledge about responses to crises, integrating digital solutions, and disseminating digital information. The study also has implications on the health, social, business, and economic levels. This study is a call for international and local humanitarian organisations such as United Nations High Commission, Care international and many more to understand the gravity of safety of the workers in the workplace during the pandemic period and introduce a firm-level policy accordingly. Originality/value This paper is novel considering that the paper is unique in evaluating ICT firms' market performance and H&S from a global perspective, considering the context of this historical pandemic.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Locally favoured structures and dynamic length scales in a simple glass-former. We investigate the static and dynamic properties of a weakly polydisperse hard sphere system in the deeply supercooled state, i.e. at densities higher than that corresponding to the mode-coupling transition. The structural analysis reveals the emergence of icosahedral locally favoured structures, previously only found in trace quantities. We present a new approach to probe the shape of dynamically heterogeneous regions, which is insensitive to particle packing effects that can hamper such analysis. Our results indicate that the shape of the dynamically heterogeneous regions changes only weakly and moreover hint that the often-used four-point correlation length may exhibit a growth in excess of that which our method identifies. The growth of the size of the dynamically heterogeneous regions appears instead to be in line with the one of structural and dynamic propensity correlations.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Neutron activation analysis in the IAEA projects on air pollution. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has been promoting studies on air pollution since 1992. During the period 1992-1999 there have been six major co-ordinated research and regional technical co-operation projects in which 77 counterparts from 40 Member States actively participated. The studies supported by the IAEA have included ambient and workplace airborne particulate matter, the use of appropriate plant biomonitors and a series of laboratory intercomparison exercises in support to these projects. Recent and current IAEA projects in this field are reviewed in the light of the application of neutron activation analysis, which has been used as a major analytical technique by more than two thirds of the counterparts, and contributed also approximately two thirds of all analytical results for the intercomparison exercises.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15]}
+{"token": "An Analysis of Student Privacy Rights in the Use of Plagiarism Detection Systems. Plagiarism detection services are a powerful tool to help encourage academic integrity. Adoption of these services has proven to be controversial due to ethical concerns about students' rights. Central to these concerns is the fact that most such systems make permanent archives of student work to be re-used in plagiarism detection. This computerization and automation of plagiarism detection is changing the relationships of trust and responsibility between students, educators, educational institutions, and private corporations. Educators must respect student privacy rights when implementing such systems. Student work is personal information, not the property of the educator or institution. The student has the right to be fully informed about how plagiarism detection works, and the fact that their work will be permanently archived as a result. Furthermore, plagiarism detection should not be used if the permanent archiving of a student's work may expose him or her to future harm.", "label": [1, 3, 15, 30, 32]}
+{"token": "Iterated Local Search: Framework and Applications. The key idea underlying iterated local search is to focus the search not on the full space of all candidate solutions but on the solutions that are returned by some underlying algorithm, typically a local search heuristic. The resulting search behavior can be characterized as iteratively building a chain of solutions of this embedded algorithm. The result is also a conceptually simple metaheuristic that nevertheless has led to state-of-the-art algorithms for many computationally hard problems. In fact, very good performance is often already obtained by rather straightforward implementations of the metaheuristic. In addition, the modular architecture of iterated local search makes it very suitable for an algorithm engineering approach where, progressively, the algorithms' performance can be further optimized. Our purpose here is to give an accessible description of the underlying principles of iterated local search and a discussion of the main aspects that need to be taken into account for a successful application of it. In addition, we review the most important applications of this method and discuss its relationship to other metaheuristics.", "label": [1, 5, 48, 49, 15, 50]}
+{"token": "Changes in rotational angular momentum due to gravitational interactions between two finite bodies. Interactions between an initially uniformly rotating body with a second degree and order gravity field and a sphere are analyzed. Explicit predictions of the change in rotational angular momentum of the non-spherical body are derived over one interaction (i.e. periapsis passage) between the bodies. The estimated changes are expressed in terms of trigonometric functions and generalized Hansen coefficients.", "label": [4, 34, 41]}
+{"token": "The Greater London Authority - a case of conflict of cultures? Evidence from the planning and environmental policy domains. The creation of the new Greater London Authority (GLA), with effect from June 2000, has provoked considerable interest in policy and academic circles. It stands as an innovation in London governance, an experiment with the mayoral system in British politics and another example of the New Labour programme of modernisation. For all these reasons, the GLA provides an interesting focus of study. The particular focus of this paper concerns the internal dynamics of the GLA as it strove to establish its policy agenda and modus operandi. We were not so much concerned with policy outcomes in terms of documentation and its orientation, but rather the developing nature of the GLA as an emerging organisation. To this end we analyse the first year of the GLA ' s operation using the perspective of cultural theory, emphasising the nature of the GLA as a set of overlapping institutions. Developing Hood ' s and Coyle ' s applications of cultural theory enables us to comment on the tensions apparent within the GLA in its first year and the prospects for integration across the GLA. It also enables a reassessment of the value of such a cultural theory framework in contexts of organisational evolution.", "label": [5, 52, 51]}
+{"token": "Moving On from Indices, Refocusing on Mix: On Measuring and Understanding Ethnic Patterns of Residential Segregation. In a recent special issue of JEMS, Peach challenged the authors' work on the measurement of ethnic segregation and the use of their proposed approach in studies of British cities. Peach argued for the continued deployment of single-number indicesespecially those of unevenness (dissimilarity and segregation). This response highlights the major disadvantages of those and other indices, especially in the contemporary context where most members of ethnic minorities live in urban neighbourhoods with varying degrees of ethnic mix rather than in relatively exclusive areas where they are largely separated from the rest of the population. If mix is the dominant situation, methods are needed that identify rather than obscure it.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 57]}
+{"token": "Title II of the Older Workers Benefit Protection Act: A license for age discrimination? The problem identified and proposed solutions. In the present competitive economic environment, employers often offer severance packages to employees in exchange for a waiver of their lights to bring age discrimination claims. In response, in 1990, Congress amended the Age Discrimination in Emloyment Act of 1967, adding title II of the Older Workers Benefit Protection Act, to ensure that waivers in the individual and group termination contexts were both \\\\'knowing and voluntary\\\\' rather than attained through duress, coercion, or mistake. In this Article, the author asserts that the amendment, as structured and interpreted by the courts, provides ill-intentioned employers with a license to discriminate on the basis of-age. The author argues that because the statutue does not require that employers furnish their employees with information regarding their replacements at the time of waiver their waivers cnnot be considered knowing and voluntary. Moreover requirements imposed by courts in some jurisdictions mandating that employees tender back severance benefits prior to filing suit for age discrimination inhibit emloyees from seeking redress for suspected discrimination. The author concludes by proposing an amendment that seeks to alleviate these problems, and offers employees and employers additional protections.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Maslow's model of needs: application to Cunard and White Star marketing communications between 1900 and the 1950s. Research limitations/implicationsPurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyse Cunard's marketing communications during a period of significant social and economic change. The intention is to show, firstly, how the company sought to meet and influence potential passengers' understanding of their travel needs and, secondly, how these would be met.Design/methodology/approachThe companies' marketing communications are analysed using Maslow's hierarchy. This is a well known descriptor of human needs.FindingsBeyond a description and review of Cunard's advertising, Maslow's model of needs is shown to provide a rationale to the company's approach. In particular, it gives an understanding of the continued, though changing, use of images of the ship to meet the needs of different cohorts of passengers. It shows how carefully constructed images in both word and picture assuaged passengers' concerns over social needs and how the company promised to meet the highest needs, whether that be for the holiday maker or the emigrant.During much of the period under discussion, much of the advertising design work was done in house. Though none of these files have survived, other sources of information (for example, house magazines and internal correspondence) provide an understanding of Cunard's attitude to its customers and the business opportunities it saw in a changing market. Where specific dates for documents are not available, a chronology of ship building and use has been applied.Practical implicationsThis paper shows how a well-established model can be used in a different way, adding to the understanding of a company adapting to changing social and economic conditions.Originality/valueTo the best of author's knowledge, this is the first time that Maslow's hierarchy has been used explicitly as a tool to analyse marketing and advertising material. Though the existing literature includes some discussion of shipping line posters visual content, there is little further discussion of their content or purpose in a changing social context. This paper provides a more structured analytical view.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Contributions to Oratio de Hominis Dignitate by Pico della Mirandola. The article circumscribes, progressively, the conceptions of man and human dignity from Sophocles to the Oratio de Hominis Dignitate by Pico della Mirandola, written in 1486, which is considered \\\\'the Manifesto of the Renaissance.\\\\' Next, it analyses punctual passages of Pico della Mirandola's book regarding the constitution of humanity and of human dignity.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Measuring noise in microwave metamaterials. Electromagnetic metamaterials are artificially constructed media composed of arrays of electrical circuits that can exhibit electric and magnetic characteristics unlike those of any conventional materials. However, the materials are lossy and hence noisy, so that the signal-to-noise ratio in practical situations is greatly reduced. In particular, operating in the double negative region, where both the permittivity and the permeability are negative so that the refractive index is real but negative, incurs significant loss and noise penalties. In this work, we report noise measurements on a double negative metamaterial at microwave frequencies and compare them with the results of a simple model based on a transmission line loaded with lossy elements that mimic the split ring resonators and fine wires of the metamaterial. A noise source is associated with the resistive part of each element, and these are added incoherently to predict the total noise spectrum of the metamaterial. The theoretical results are in good agreement with the measurements. In particular, we find that the measured noise spectrum has contributions from both electric and magnetic noise, but is dominated by the magnetic noise. This limits possible applications, even with optimised materials, to functions that cannot be realised by conventional means. Published by AIP Publishing.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of fluazifop-P-butyl for para grass and torpedograss control in aquatic and wetland sites. Invasive grasses continue to be problematic for aquatic managers in a wide variety of managed systems, and a lack of selective options has hindered restoration efforts. Recent work with the graminicide sethoxydim in aquatic systems in Florida has prompted the examination of a second active ingredient, fluazifop-P-butyl, which is known to be effective on many weedy grasses. Studies were conducted in south Florida to assess fluazifop-P-butyl efficacy on para grass and torpedograss, two of the most difficult to manage species in aquatic systems. Aerial and airboat application studies were conducted from 2016 to 2018 to compare fluazifop-P-butyl with glyphosate and imazapyr tank mixes. Single fall aerial treatments of fluazifop-P-butyl at 0.42 kg ai ha(-1) reduced torpedograss and para grass cover to 19% and 6%, respectively, by early spring at 4 mo after treatment (MAT). However, both species recovered by the onset of the summer wet season the following year. Sequential applications 14 days apart reduced torpedograss and para grass cover to 6 and 4%, respectively, but did not increase the longevity of control. Airboat application studies also found good short-term control (<= 3% cover) of both species at 2 MAT with fall treatments and reduced longer-term control (>= 31% cover) with the onset of the following summer wet season at 8 MAT. Glyphosate and imazapyr provided better control of both species in all studies compared to the fluazifop-P-butyl. These studies indicate fluazifop-P-butyl may be a useful tool for torpedograss and para grass management in Florida, especially where a high degree of selectivity is needed. However, further studies are needed to establish optimal retreatment timings for longer-term control of both species.", "label": [0, 4, 45, 9]}
+{"token": "Indications, technique, and outcome of therapeutic apheresis in European pediatric nephrology units. Sixty-seven children underwent PE, ten IA, and three DFPP, for a total of 738 PE and 349 IA/DFPP sessions; 67.2 % of PE and 69.2 % of IA/DFPP patients were treated for renal diseases, in particular focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) desensitization prior to renal transplantation; 20.9 % of PE and 23.1 % of IA/DFPP patients had neurological diseases. Membrane filtration was the most common technique, albumin the most frequently used substitution fluid, and heparin the preferred anticoagulant. PE achieved full disease remission in 25 patients (37.3 %), partial remission in 22 (32.8 %), and had no effect in 20 (29.9 %). The response to IA/DFPP was complete in seven patients (53.8 %), partial in five (38.5 %), and absent in one (7.7 %). Minor adverse events occurred during 6.9 % of PE and 9.7 % of IA/DFPP sessions.PE, IA, and DFPP are safe apheresis methods in children. Efficacy is high in pediatric patients with recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), human leukocyte antigen (HLA) sensitization, and neurological autoimmune diseases.Few observations on apheresis in pediatric nephrology units have been published.This retrospective study involved children a parts per thousand currency sign18 years undergoing plasma exchange (PE), immunoadsorption (IA), or double filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP) in 12 European pediatric nephrology units during 2012.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "THE DIMENSIONS OF THE NAVAL POLICY OF THE SPANISH SECOND REPUBLIC ON ITS INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT. To achieve and guarantee the maritime interest and objectives of Spain in the complicated international context of the 30's, the Spanish governments had to implement a group of different decisions and actions that would define their Naval Policy. In this issue, two essential dimensions had to determine which the orientation of the main effort should be: The political and the geostrategic. This paper aims to contribute to the study of the Spanish Second Republic Naval Policy by approaching both in the complicated external context of the 30's. To achieve the main purpose of this job it's necessary to study those factors of both domestic and foreign policy of the Spanish Second Republic related with the state action at sea as well as the privileged geostrategic position of Spain at the maritime scenario of the 30's. This issue has been barely treated and as a consequence it will be necessary to analyze many different sources.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Relationships Between the Importation, Transmission, and Nosocomial Infections of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An Observational Study of 112 Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. Results. A total of 2.9 million surveillance tests were collected from 1.4 million patient admissions. Overall MRSA admission prevalence was 11.4%, acquisition was 5.2 per 1000 patient-days at risk, and INCC was 1.8 per 1000 patient-days at risk. A 10% increase in a hospital's average admission prevalence was associated with a 9.7% increase in its weekly acquisition rates (P < .001) and a 9.8% increase in its weekly INCC rates (P < .001). Significant decreases were observed in all 3 measures during the study period (P < .001). When INCC rates were stratified by nasal MRSA carriage at admission, a significant downward trend was observed only among those initially negative.Conclusions. Measured associations between MRSA admission prevalence, acquisition rate, and INCC rate were consistent with the hypothesis that decreased acquisition led to decreased importation, which in turn further abated acquisition. The downward trend in INCC rate specifically among individuals with negative admission surveillance tests suggests that decreasing transmission contributed to lower rates of nosocomial MRSA infection.Background. The study of hospital methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) epidemiology is complicated by its transmissibility. Our objective was to understand how MRSA importation and transmission influence MRSA nosocomial infections in Veterans Affairs Medical Centers (VAMCs).Methods. We performed hospital-level analyses of acute-care MRSA admission prevalence, acquisition rates, and incident nosocomial clinical culture (INCC) rates, each a surrogate measure of importation, transmission, and nosocomial infection, respectively. We studied 112 VAMCs from October 2007 through September 2010, after the start of a bundled intervention including active surveillance for MRSA. We analyzed data using generalized linear mixed models.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "Therapeutic environments for older adults - Constituents and meanings. This article presents the findings of a study that aimed to describe what constitutes therapeutic environments and interpret what it means to be in such environments for older adults. Interview and observational data collected in Swedish health care contexts were subjected to qualitative content analysis. The findings describe therapeutic environments as being constituted by three interacting and interwoven categories: the physical environment, people's doing and being in the environment, and an organizational philosophy of care. The findings are interpreted in light of the existential philosophy of home as a concept, a place, and an existential experience, highlighting that therapeutic environments can support existential at-homeness among patients. The findings of this study can contribute to nursing practice by providing a conceptual basis for reflecting on and evaluating how the physical environment, staffs doing and being, and the organizational philosophy of care cooperate to support well-being among older adults living in long-term care facilities.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 26, 57]}
+{"token": "R&D SPILLOVERS IN AN ENDOGENOUS GROWTH MODEL WITH PHYSICAL CAPITAL, HUMAN CAPITAL, AND VARIETIES. There is a family of models with physical and human capital and R&D for which convergence properties have been discussed [Lutz G. Arnold, European Economic Review 44, 1599-1605 (2000); Manuel Gomez, Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics and Econometrics 9(1), Article 5 (2005)]. However, spillovers in R&D have been ignored in this context. We introduce spillovers in this model and derive the steady-state and stability properties. This new feature implies that the model is characterized by a system of four differential equations. A unique balanced growth path, along with a two-dimensional stable manifold, is obtained under simple and reasonable conditions. Transition is oscillatory toward the steady state for plausible values of parameters. We discovered that these features are due to the presence of the R&D spillovers externality in the decentralized equilibrium.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Two new lichen-associated Trimmatostroma species. The new species Trimmatostroma umbilicariicola on Umbilicaria sp. known from Canada and Peru and 71 varicellariae on Varicellaria rhodocarpa known from Russia and Sweden are described, illustrated and compared with other lichenicolous species assigned to the genus Trimmatostroma. A revised key to the lichenicolous species of the genus is provided.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "CARBAMAZEPINE TREATMENT FOR COCAINE DEPENDENCE. We report on a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of carbamazepine (CBZ) treatment for cocaine dependence. A previously reported uncontrolled study found CBZ to be a beneficial pharmacotherapy for cocaine dependence. Statistical analyses were performed on data from 82 subjects who were randomized to 10 weeks' treatment with either CBZ, titrated to 4-12 mu g/ml, (n = 37) or placebo (n = 45). The two treatment groups did not differ for primary outcome measures of retention time in treatment, urine samples positive for cocaine metabolite, subject reported desire for cocaine or for subject reported side-effects. CBZ was not an effective treatment in this study.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
+{"token": "Corona discharges and their effect on lightning attachment revisited: Upward leader initiation and downward leader interception. Previous studies have suggested the possibility of using glow corona discharges to control the frequency of lightning flashes to grounded objects. In order to revisit the theoretical basis of this proposal, the self-consistent leader inception and propagation model - SLIM - is used together with a two-dimensional glow corona drift model. The analysis is performed to quantify the effect of glow corona generated at the tip of ground-based objects on the initiation and propagation of upward positive connecting leaders under the influence of downward lightning leaders. It is found that the presence of glow corona does not influence the performance of Franklin lightning rods shorter than 15 m, while it slightly reduces the lateral distance of rods up to 60 m tall by a maximum of 10%. Furthermore, the results indicate that it is not possible to suppress the initiation of upward connecting leaders by means of glow corona. It is found instead that unconventional lightning protection systems based on the generation of glow corona attract downward lightning flashes in a similar way as a standard lightning rod with the same height. (c) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Inpatient Growth and Resource Use in 28 Children's Hospitals A Longitudinal, Multi-institutional Study. Objective: To compare inpatient resource use trends for healthy children and children with chronic health conditions of varying degrees of medical complexity.Patients: A total of 1 526 051 unique patients hospitalized from January 1, 2004, through December 31, 2009, who were assigned to 1 of 5 chronic condition groups using 3M's Clinical Risk Group software.Intervention: None.Design: Retrospective cohort analysis.Conclusions: Patients with a chronic condition increasingly used more resources in a group of children's hospitals than patients without a chronic condition. The greatest growth was observed in hospitalized children with chronic conditions affecting 2 or more body systems. Children's hospitals must ensure that their inpatient care systems and payment structures are equipped to meet the protean needs of this important population of children. JAMA Pediatr. 2013; 167(2): 170-177. Published online December 24, 2012. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.432Results: Between 2004 and 2009, hospitals experienced a greater increase in the number of children hospitalized with vs without a chronic condition (19.2% vs 13.7% cumulative increase, P<.001). The greatest cumulative increase (32.5%) was attributable to children with a significant chronic condition affecting 2 or more body systems, who accounted for 19.2% (n=63 203) of patients, 27.2% (n=111 685) of hospital discharges, 48.9% (n=1.1 million) of hospital days, and 53.2% ($ 9.2 billion) of hospital charges in 2009. These children had a higher percentage of Medicaid use (56.5% vs 49.7%; P<.001) compared with children without a chronic condition. Cerebral palsy (9179 [14.6%]) and asthma (13 708 [21.8%]) were the most common primary diagnosis and comorbidity, respectively, observed among these patients.Main Outcome Measures: Trends in the number of patients, hospitalizations, hospital days, and charges analyzed with linear regression.Setting: Twenty-eight US children's hospitals.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "The Ukrainian-Russian Linguistic Dyad and its Impact on National Identity in Ukraine. This essay asks what place language holds in the composition of Ukrainian national identity and whether the use of Ukrainian and Russian across Ukraine indicates a split in identity. Despite acknowledging the potential of these two languages to generate political cleavages, the essay shows that language controversies have not necessarily impeded the population's attachment and loyalty to the Ukrainian state. Moreover, the increasingly civic nature of Ukrainian national identity-particularly since Euromaidan-appears to be an important factor that allows people to speak Russian and still identify strongly with the Ukrainian nation.", "label": [5, 49, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "FIXATION AND OPTOMOTOR RESPONSE OF WALKING COLORADO BEETLES - INTERACTION WITH SPONTANEOUS TURNING TENDENCIES. A comparison was made between these reactions to stationary patterns and to turning patterns.  No differences could be found in the behavioural reactions to the different situations.  This suggests that the insect does not use an internal representation of its spontaneous turning tendency to discriminate between the type of turning of the optical environment.  These results can be explained by a simple feedback control loop with an additive interaction between the internal turning command and feedback signals from the eyes.The paths of colorado beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) in a featureless environment are circular, like those of other species studied.  The turning velocity may reach 35% and is due to an internal asymmetry, which may change spontaneously.  Normally, all control loops of the insect, like fixation or optomotor responses, must work against this asymmetry to stabilize the insect's path.  Stationary vertical patterns damp this turning tendency, but their effect is not strong enough to induce a straight path.  Only 70% of the turning tendency can be so eliminated.  This reaction is termed optomotor response because it can be adequately described with the parameter turning velocity alone.  The insect's path was stabilized more effectively when pattern wavelengths were greater than 60-degrees.  The insects seemed to fixate these wider stripes.  This reaction is termed fixation because the correlation between pattern components and insect's course becomes prominent.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "The Eyewitnesses as Interpreters of the Past: Reflections on Richard Bauckham's, Jesus and the Eyewitnesses. Richard Bauckham's Jesus and the Eyewitnesses is a remarkable achievement which rightly places the role of eyewitnesses in early Christianity on the international scholarly agenda and points to its historical and theological significance. Just as Bauckham has previously challenged form criticism on its uncritical reference to Gospels communities, he has now decisively undermined the romantic idea of the existence of creative collectives determined by impersonal laws of how tradition originates and develops. The present essay questions his confident use of the names mentioned in the Gospels and asks for clarification as to the precise relationship between eyewitnesses and history and the nature of their recollection. It also points to and exemplifies the rhetorical character of the Gospel of Mark as an indication of how reports about the past were interpreted, rhetoricized, and narrativized and asks how precisely to account for the influence of eyewitnesses when they were not longer present in the transmitting groups and the Christian communities.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Genetic differentiation of hantaviruses using polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Thirty-two hantavirus strains and 8 samples of lung tissue from rodents collected in different regions of Russia have been examined by molecular biological methods. Two methodological approaches have been employed for the study of genetic relationships between the viruses: nested PCR assay and common RT-PCR with subsequent direct sequencing of 200 and 365 base pair of G2 protein encoding regions of M-segment, respectively, and the resultant sequences were compared with those of the prototype hantavirus. The study revealed a mosaic pattern of distribution of different hantavirus genotypes on the territory of Russia.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "An unusual salmonellosis in a herd of cattle: latent excretion of Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104 from the udder. Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104 was isolated within a routine bacteriological examination of samples of rawmilk. The following extended surrounding screening made sure that a clinical healthy cow, about 7 years old and with a milk yield of about 9 700 litres p. a., was the source of infection latently excreting the pathogen from the right hind quarter of the udder. Positive Salmonella-findings were also noted among the calves of the farm and two co-workers. The post mortem examination of this cow showed no pathological-anatomical changes. S. Typhimurium DT 104 could only be cultivated from the corresponding teat secretion and mammary lymph node. According to the bacteriological results found in this herd there could possibly be a risk of infection for man and animal in case of direct marketing of milk from farm.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Heteragrion gorbi sp. nov. (Odonata: Heteragrionidae) from southeastern Brazil. Heteragrion gorbi sp. nov. (Zygoptera: Heteragrionidae) is described and diagnosed based on six 3'3' and one ?. The specimens were collected in a stream in a Neotropical savannah fragment in S?o Carlos, S?o Paulo, Brazil. We present pictures of the holotype and the female. This is a species with blue coloration pattern, rare among its congeners.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "A New Remotely Operated Sensor Platform for Interdisciplinary Observations under Sea Ice. Observation of the climate and ecosystem of ice covered polar seas is a timely task for the scientific community. The goal is to assess the drastic and imminent changes of the polar sea ice cover induced by climate change. Retreating and thinning sea ice affects the planets energy budget, atmospheric, and oceanic circulation patterns as well as the ecosystem associated with this unique habitat. To increase the observational capabilities of sea ice scientists, we equipped a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) as sensor platform for interdisciplinary research at the ice water interface. Here, we present the technical details and operation scheme of the new vehicle and provide data examples from a first campaign in the Arctic in autumn 2016 to demonstrate the vehicle's capabilities. The vehicle is designed for efficient operations in the harsh polar conditions. Redundant modular design allows operation by three scientists simultaneously operating a wide variety of sensors. Sensors from physical, chemical, and biological oceanography are combined with optical and acoustic sea ice sensors to provide a comprehensive picture of the underside of sea ice. The sensor suite provides comprehensive capabilities and can be further extended as additional ports for power and communication are available. The vehicle provides full six degrees of freedom in navigation, enabling intervention, and manipulation skills despite its simple one function manipulator arm.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
+{"token": "Competition for cavity between Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus (Latham, 1790) (Psittacidae) and Tyto alba (Scopoli, 1769) (Tytonidae) in the Pantanal of Paiaguas region, Corumba, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Competition for cavity between Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus (Latham, 1790) (Psittacidae) and Tyto alba (Scopoli, 1769) (Tytonidae) in the Pantanal of Paiaguas region, Corumba, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus is a cavity-nester that competes with other bird species for cavities. Here, we describe the dispute fora cavity between a pair of Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus and an individual of Tyto alba, which ended with fatal consequences to the latter. We also discuss briefly factors involved in this interaction.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Contact topology and the structure of 5-manifolds with pi(1)=Z(2). We prove a structure theorem for closed, orientable S-manifolds M with fundamental group pi(1)(M) = Z(2) and second Stiefel-Whitney class equal to zero on H-2(M). This structure theorem is then used to construct contact structures on such manifolds by applying contact surgery to fake projective spaces and certain Z(2)-quotients of S-2 x S-3.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Olfactory training in 8-year-old increases odour identification ability: a preliminary study. Conclusion: Six weeks of OT enhances odour identification ability, but not odour thresholds, in 8-year-old children.Olfactory training (OT), smelling odours, twice per day for an extended period, can improve the olfactory function in adults. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether OT can improve the olfactory function of children aged 8 years old. Odour thresholds and odour identification ability were compared between two groups across three separate testing sessions (baseline, 6-week post-baseline, 12-week post-baseline). After the baseline test, the control group (n = 21) completed 6 weeks of bi-daily OT with odourless stimuli, whereas the experiment group (n = 20) completed 6 weeks of bi-daily OT, smelling four different odours (eucalyptus, lemon, clove, rose). A repeated measure analysis of variance was used to test for group differences across the three testing sessions. Six weeks after OT had been completed, participants in the experiment group demonstrated a significant increase in odour identification scores (9.95 to 11.20), compared to the control group who demonstrated no increase (10.48 to 10.48). No group differences in odour threshold ability were found.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Determinants of Turkish outward foreign direct investment. Outward investments from Turkey have been rising rapidly since 2002, rendering it one of the large emerging market outward investors. This study aims to investigate the main drivers behind Turkish outward investments. This is done so by using a specific OLS method, empirically testing the importance of factors determining the multi-national Enterprises' (MNEs) investment strategies. The tests use official data covering the period of 2002-2011. Our findings indicate that market-seeking motive is an important factor driving Turkish Outward Foreign Direct Investments (OFDI) which is conditioned by the domestic economic conjunctures. We also find that as well as economic factors such as profit seeking, cultural proximity, bilateral trade agreements and natural resource endowments play important role in the geographical preferences of the Turkish MNEs. Finally, we document that Turkish OFDI has different motivations for EU and non-EU countries.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Phylogenetic position of Synarthonia (lichenized Ascomycota, Arthoniaceae), with the description of six new species. Key results - Synarthonia is closely related to the genera Reichlingia and Coniocarpon in the Arthoniaceae. Six Synarthonia species are described as new to science and ten new combinations into this genus are made. A worldwide identification key to the genus Synarthonia is provided. Lectotypes are chosen for Arthonia elegans, .4. inconspicua, A. lopingensis, A. ochracea, A. subcaesia and A. translucens. Arthonia thamnocarpa is synonymized with Sclerophyton elegans, and Arthonia elegans with Coniocarpon fallax. Synarthonia ochracea is shown to be a misunderstood species in the past and recent literature, since it was erroneously synonymized with Coniocarpon elegans. Svnarlhonia ochracea appears to start its life cycle as a non-lichenized lichenicolous fungus on Graphis before developing a lichenized thallus or it might be a facultatively lichenicolous fungus. It belongs to a complex of closely related species whose biology and circumscription are still in need of further studies.Conclusions - Synarthonia forms a monophylctic but somewhat heterogeneous lineage closely related to Coniocarpon and Reichlingia. As delimited here, Synarthonia includes corticolous lichens with a trentepohlioid photobiont as well as non-lichenized lichenicolous fungi. The core group is characterized by white pruinose ascomata, but species producing orange pruinose or non-pruinose ascomata are also included. Ascospores are transversely septate with an enlarged apical cell or are muriform. Future molecular and morphological studies arc needed for a better circumscription and definition of the genus.Methods - Nuclear (RPB2) and mitochondrial (mtSSU) DNA sequences from freshly collected specimens were obtained and analysed with phylogenetic Bayesian and maximum likelihood (ML) methods.Background and aims - The Arthoniaceae form a species-rich family of lichenized, lichenicolous and saprophytic fungi in the order Arthoniales. As part of taxonomic revisions of the African Arthoniaceae, a number of species assignable to the genus Synarthonia were collected and sequenced. The present study aims at placing the genus in a phylogeny for the first time and at clarifying its circumscription.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Is paranoid schizophrenia the most common subtype? Comparison of subtype diagnoses by Japanese and European psychiatrists, using the summaries of the same patients. We compared the subtype diagnoses of schizophrenia (ICD-10) of 58 Japanese and 61 European psychiatrists matched for clinical experience using 10 case summaries. As a result, there are marked differences between Japanese and European psychiatrists in the mode of subtype diagnoses of schizophrenia rather than in the clinical pictures of the patients themselves; the hebephrenic type (F20.1) was more likely to be diagnosed by Japanese psychiatrists, while the paranoid type (F20.0) was more frequently diagnosed by European psychiatrists. Japanese psychiatrists take into account the patient's age at onset and the clinical course of the disease in identifying the subtype, while European psychiatrists tend to focus on the presenting symptoms, particularly paranoid symptoms.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Communication in multilateral bargaining. One of the most robust phenomena in the experimental literature on multilateral bargaining is the failure of proposers to extract equilibrium rents. However, all previous experiments have overlooked the fact that outside the lab committee members are allowed to - and do - engage in sometimes intense communication processes prior to voting on a proposal. We conduct an experimental test of the Baron-Ferejohn model in which we allow committee members to engage in unrestricted cheap-talk communication before a proposal is submitted. We find that proposers extract a significantly higher share of resources when communication is allowed. Communication increases proposer power through two channels. First, it mitigates the uncertainty surrounding the amount a coalition member is willing to accept. Second, it allows potential coalition members to compete for a place in the coalition by lowering this stated price. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Pepper necrotic spot virus, a new tospovirus infecting solanaceous crops in Peru. Two virus isolates, T1 and T2, causing necrotic spots on leaves and stems of pepper and tomato, respectively, were isolated in the La Joya valley, Arequipa, Peru, in 2010. These two isolates were inoculated to differential hosts for tospoviruses and showed differential fitness: T1 induced necrotic local lesions in Vigna unguiculata, whereas T2 produced only chlorotic spots. The complete nucleotide sequence of the small (S) RNA from T2 and 1863 bp of the S RNA from T1 were determined. The deduced N protein sequence showed high amino acid identity (97%) between the isolates, indicating that the T1 and T2 are isolates of the same virus. Sequence comparisons indicated that the amino acid sequence of the N protein shared 53.49-87.98% identity with known American tospoviruses. Phylogenetic analysis of both the NSs and N proteins revealed that this new tospovirus belongs to the American group. We conclude that this tospovirus should be considered a member of a new species. The name Pepper necrotic spot virus (PNSV) is proposed.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Lumber value differences from reduced CT spatial resolution and simulated log sawing. In the past few years, computed tomography (CT) scanning technology has been applied to the detection of internal defects in hardwood logs for the purpose of obtaining a priori information that can be used to arrive at better log sawing decisions. Because sawyers currently cannot even see the inside of a log until the log faces are revealed by sawing, there is little perceived need to obtain scan images as detailed as those obtained in medical CT imaging. Yet, CT scanner speed and the usefulness of CT data for decision-making are dependent on the spatial resolution of scans. Spatial resolution is a function of three factors: physical pixel size, scan thickness, and scan frequency (pitch). A 3 x 2(3) factorial experiment was designed with two levels for each of these three factors, to test their effect on lumber values. Three hypothetical logs corresponding to three hardwood log grades were simulation-scanned, then simulation-sawed by a human operator using a modified Malcolm opening face heuristic. Log grade affected lumber value recovery as expected, although reduced spatial resolution (by doubling the pitch, thickness, and pixel size) exhibited no discernible pattern in our statistical tests for effects. Volume recovery for below grade boards was predicted very accurately by size, thickness, and pitch-size. The greatest opportunity for lumber value recovery improvement using information-augmented sawing appears to be in grade #2 logs. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 40]}
+{"token": "Learning disability dance: an example of resilience with Speckled Egg Dance Company. This article argues that making dance performance is a resourceful means of self-production that is an aspect of resilience, through interrelationship, and that making dance is an act of resilience in the context of the social, cultural, and historical struggle that continues in the lives of people with learning disabilities. The argument is made by developing dance scholar Randy Martin's theory of mobilisation in relation to Catherine Panter-Brick's theorisation of resilience as a recruitment of resources. A short description of rehearsal work by Speckled Egg Dance Company provides evidence of how practice might be understood through the argument.", "label": [3, 5, 53, 30]}
+{"token": "Development of an Exposure Measurement Database on Five Lung Carcinogens (ExpoSYN) for Quantitative Retrospective Occupational Exposure Assessment. ExpoSYN is a unique occupational exposure database with measurements from 18 European countries and Canada covering a time period of > 50 years. This database will be used to develop a country-, job-, and time period-specific quantitative JEM. This JEM will enable data-driven quantitative exposure assessment in a multinational pooled analysis of community-based lung cancer case-control studies.SYNERGY is a large pooled analysis of case-control studies on the joint effects of occupational carcinogens and smoking in the development of lung cancer. A quantitative job-exposure matrix (JEM) will be developed to assign exposures to five major lung carcinogens [asbestos, chromium, nickel, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and respirable crystalline silica (RCS)]. We assembled an exposure database, called ExpoSYN, to enable such a quantitative exposure assessment.Existing exposure databases were identified and European and Canadian research institutes were approached to identify pertinent exposure measurement data. Results of individual air measurements were entered anonymized according to a standardized protocol.The ExpoSYN database currently includes 356 551 measurements from 19 countries. In total, 140 666 personal and 215 885 stationary data points were available. Measurements were distributed over the five agents as follows: RCS (42%), asbestos (20%), chromium (16%), nickel (15%), and PAH (7%). The measurement data cover the time period from 1951 to present. However, only a small portion of measurements (1.4%) were performed prior to 1975. The major contributing countries for personal measurements were Germany (32%), UK (22%), France (14%), and Norway and Canada (both 11%).", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "Generalist predators disrupt parasitoid aphid control by direct and coincidental intraguild predation. Generalist predators and parasitoids are considered to be important regulators of aphids. The former not only feed on these pests, but might also consume parasitoids at all stages of development. This direct or coincidental interference affects the natural control of aphids, the scale of which is largely unknown, and it has rarely been examined under natural conditions. Here, molecular diagnostics were used to track trophic interactions in an aphid-parasitoid-generalist predator community during the build-up of a cereal aphid population. We found that generalist predators, principally carabid and staphylinid beetles as well as linyphiid spiders, had strong trophic links to both parasitoids and aphids. Remarkably, more than 50% of the parasitoid DNA detected in predators stems from direct predation on adult parasitoids. The data also suggest that coincidental intraguild predation is common too. Generalist predators, hence, disrupt parasitoid aphid control, although the levels at which the predators feed on pests and parasitoids seem to vary significantly between predator taxa. Our results suggest that taxon-specific trophic interactions between natural enemies need to be considered to obtain a more complete understanding of the route to effective conservation biological control.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Multiple venous malformations in a warmblood filly. A four month old Hessian filly was submitted to the Clinic for Horses, Hannover, because of vast extensions of abnormal subcutaneous veins (abdominal, dorsal, and thoracical), The clinical examination showed pulsation in the respective veins simultaneous with the heart beat and an extreme swelling of the carpol, tarsal, and fetlock joints combined with lameness. The filly was euthanized and dissected after injection of coloured latex into the irregular subcutaneous veins, The aim of the study was to trace the unusual subcutaneous veins and to discuss the deviations with regard to the regular pattern of the fetal and postnatal venous system, The irregular superficial veins originated from veins draining the paralumbar region of the abdominal and thoracic muscles, and coursed as follows: a) On the right body side: descending ventrally from the lateral abdominal region to the umbilical region (draining into the umbilical vein) and continuing to the right axillary vein (via caudal and cranial superficial epigastric veins, and superficial thoracic vein), These vessels were highly dilated and formed a big sock-like venous plexus in the right oxillary region. b) On the left side, there was a three-directional way of subcutaneous veins: a subcutaneous course from the left lateral abdominal region to the umbilical region (connection with umbilical vein), an anastomosis with the left common iliac vein and a striking dorsal arch-like pathway which was crossing the midline over the withers and forming an anastomosis with the right superficial thoracic vein, Peculiarities of the deep venous system: a caudal epigastric vein was absent on both sides; the umbilical vein had a diameter of approx, 5 mm and reached the liver; there was a winding vein in the right lateral ligament of the bladder descending from the internal iliac vein and reaching the median ligament of the bladder; the right atrioventricular valve and its papilary muscles were hypoplastic, The congenital insufficiency of the right atrioventricular valve caused unusual venous connections in the periphery due to the irregular venous pressure conditions.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "The NADP-dependent methylene tetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase in Methylobacterium extorquens AM1. An NADP-dependent methylene tetrahydromethanopterin (H4MPT) dehydrogenase has recently been proposed to be involved in formaldehyde oxidation to CO2 in Methylobacterium extorquens AM1. We report here on the purification of this novel enzyme to apparent homogeneity. Via the N-terminal amino acid sequence, it was identified to be the mtdA gene product. The purified enzyme catalyzed the dehydrogenation of methylene H4MPT with NADP(+) rather than with NAD(+), with a specific activity of approximately 400 U/mg of protein. It also catalyzed the dehydrogenation of methylene tetrahydrofolate (methylene H4F) with NADP(+). With methylene H4F as the substrate, however, the specific activity (26 U/mg) and the catalytic efficiency (V-max/K-m) were approximately 20-fold lower than with methylene H4MPT, Whereas the dehydrogenation of methylene H4MPT (E-0 = -390 mV) with NADP(+) (E-0 = -320 mV) proceeded essentially irreversibly, the dehydrogenation of methylene H4F (E-0 = -300 mV) was fully reversible. Comparison of the primary structure of the NADP-dependent dehydrogenase from M. extorquens AM1 with those of methylene H4F dehydrogenases from other bacteria and eucarya and with those of methylene H4MPT dehydrogenases from methanogenic archaea revealed only marginally significant similarity (<15%).", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Global urbanization and food production in direct competition for land: Leverage places to mitigate impacts on SDG2 and on the Earth System. Global urbanization and food production are in direct competition for land. This paper carries out a critical review of how displacing crop production from urban and peri-urban land to other areas - because of issues related to soil quality - will demand a substantially larger proportion of the Earth's terrestrial land surface than the surface area lost to urban encroachment. Such relationships may trigger further distancing effects and unfair social-ecological teleconnections. It risks also setting in motion amplifying effects within the Earth System. In combination, such multiple stressors set the scene for food riots in cities of the Global South. Our review identifies viable leverage points on which to act in order to navigate urban expansion away from fertile croplands. We first elaborate on the political complexities in declaring urban and peri-urban lands with fertile soils as one global commons. We find that the combination of an advisory global policy aligned with regional policies enabling robust common properties rights for bottom-up actors and movements in urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) as multi-level leverage places to intervene. To substantiate the ability of aligning global advisory policy with regional planning, we review both past and contemporary examples where empowering local social-ecological UPA practices and circular economies have had a stimulating effect on urban resilience and helped preserve, restore, and maintain urban lands with healthy soils.", "label": [4, 5, 38, 52]}
+{"token": "Painlessly Killing Predators. Animals suffer harms not only in human captivity but in the wild as well. Some of these latter harms are due to humans, but many of them are not. Consider, for example, the harms of predation, i.e. of being hunted, killed, and eaten by other animals. Should we intervene in nature to prevent these harms? In this article, I consider two possible ways in which we might do so: (1) by herbivorising predators (i.e. genetically modify them so that their offspring gradually evolve into herbivores) and (2) by painlessly killing predators. I argue that, among these options, painlessly killing predators would be preferable to herbivorising them. I then argue that painlessly killing predators, despite its costs to predators, might under certain circumstances be justifiable.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
+{"token": "Reliability of an experimental method to analyse the impact point on a golf ball during putting. This study aimed to examine the reliability of an experimental method identifying the location of the impact point on a golf ball during putting. Forty trials were completed using a mechanical putting robot set to reproduce a putt of 3.2m, with four different putter-ball combinations. After locating the centre of the dimple pattern (centroid) the following variables were tested; distance of the impact point from the centroid, angle of the impact point from the centroid and distance of the impact point from the centroid derived from the X, Y coordinates. Good to excellent reliability was demonstrated in all impact variables reflected in very strong relative (ICC=0.98-1.00) and absolute reliability (SEM%=0.9-4.3%). The highest SEM% observed was 7% for the angle of the impact point from the centroid. In conclusion, the experimental method was shown to be reliable at locating the centroid location of a golf ball, therefore allowing for the identification of the point of impact with the putter head and is suitable for use in subsequent studies.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 52]}
+{"token": "Next to Babi Yar: The Syrets Concentration Camp and the Evolution of Nazi Terror in Kiev. Drawing on the concept of the concentration camp, this examination of the history of the Syrets camp near Kiev traces the principle stages of Nazi terror, exploitation, and extermination in the occupied capital of the Ukraine. The author locates Syrets in the context of the evolving camp system of the Third Reich.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "A perspective on hope as pastoral empowerment in the grief process. This article elaborates on existing research pertaining to the grief process. It focuses on the dynamics and effect of grieving. Grief is experienced differently by different individuals. The aim of the article is to search for ways in which people can exist with authenticity and hope in the presence of God in spite of the experience of loss. Three issues are addressed: the circumstances of grief; the influence of people's God-images on the grief process; as well as the traditional viewpoint on the phases and emotions connected with the grief process and an alternative perspective. The article highlights the dynamics and diversity of experiences in the grief process.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "MicroRNA Levels as Prognostic Markers for the Differentiation Potential of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Donors. The ability of human mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (hMSCs) to differentiate into various mesenchymal cell lineages makes them a promising cell source for the use in tissue repair strategies. Since the differentiation potential of hMSCs differs between donors, it is necessary to establish biomarkers for the identification of donors with high differentiation potential. In this study, we show that microRNA (miRNA) expression levels are effective for distinguishing donors with high differentiation potential from low differentiation potential. Twenty hMSC donors were initially tested for marker expression and differentiation potential. In particular, the chondrogenic differentiation potential was evaluated on the basis of histological matrix formation, mRNA expression levels of chondrogenic marker genes, and quantitative glycosaminoglycan deposition. Three donors out of twenty were identified as donors with high chondrogenic potential, whereas nine showed moderate and eight showed low chondrogenic potential. Expression profiles of miRNAs involved in chondrogenesis and cartilage homeostasis were used for the distinction between high-performance hMSCs and low-performance hMSCs. Global mRNA expression profiles of the donors before the onset of chondrogenic differentiation revealed minor differences in gene expression between low and high chondrogenic performers. However, analysis of miRNA expression during a 7-day differentiation period identified miR-210 and miR-630 as positive regulators of chondrogenesis. In contrast, miR-181 and miR-34a, which are negative regulators of chondrogenesis, were upregulated during differentiation in low-performing donors. In conclusion, profiling of hMSC donors for a specific panel of miRNAs may have a prognostic value for selecting donors with high differentiation potential to improve hMSC-based strategies for tissue regeneration.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 22, 42]}
+{"token": "Men Do Not Rule the World of Tanks: Negating the Gender-Performance Gap in a Spatial-Action Game by Controlling for Time Played. The present research addresses the stereotype that women and girls lack the ability to succeed compared to men and boys in video games. Previous lab-based research has found that playing spatial-action video games potentially reduces the gender gap in spatial-thinking skills, while previous field studies of less spatially oriented online games have found that the perceived gender-performance gap actually results from the amount of previous gameplay time, which is confounded with gender. Extending both lines of research, the present field study examines player performance in a spatial-action game, the vehicle-based shooter World of Tanks. Results from 3,280 players suggest that women appear to accrue fewer experience points per match than men, signaling lower performance ability, but that when the amount of previous gameplay time is statistically controlled, this gender difference is negated. These results lend support to the claim that playing video games-even spatial-action games-diminishes the gender-performance gap, which is potentially useful for promoting gender equity in STEM fields.", "label": [5, 52, 55]}
+{"token": "Women need not apply:' Sylvia Earle, binary oscillations, and the ecofeminist rhetoric of Mission Blue. Despite its relative compatibility with contemporary approaches to criticism and flexibility in application, few media studies scholars have \\\\'taken up\\\\' ecofeminism as an analytical framework. This study marshals insights from ecofeminist theory and critical rhetoric to analyze the Netflix documentary Mission Blue. Through its depictions of renowned oceanographer Sylvia Earle, the film points ecofeminists and media scholars toward an alternative theoretical position capable of deconstructing power binaries. More specifically, we contend Mission Blue makes use of \\\\'binary oscillations.\\\\' These oscillations invite viewers to experience shifts between the extremes of a binary when depicting Earle in the film, thereby resisting the urge to see her as fitting into one side of a dualism. Implications of this critical ecofeminist approach and the notion of a binary oscillation are discussed, in addition to the limitations of the film itself in supporting intersectional feminist commitments.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "SPATIAL HOMOGAMY: THE GEOGRAPHICAL DIMENSIONS OF PARTNER CHOICE. Individuals tend to find life partners who are similar to themselves, a phenomenon known as homogamy. This study focuses on spatial homogamy, which is the similarity regarding the geographical origin of partners. Adopting a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods, the geographical dimension of partner choice is explored for the Netherlands. Distance decay is highly pertinent for Dutch cohabitation partners: half of them meet within a 6 kilometre distance. The level of spatial homogamy not only varies by demographic and socio-economic characteristics of individuals, but also exhibits a spatial distribution. The spatial variation can be explained by a combination of cultural, geographical and socio-economic factors. In a case study in a rural area in eastern Netherlands, villagers indicated that a partner from close by is seen as convenient, familiar and trustworthy. The distance at which partners are found is influenced by the perceived mentality and culture of neighbouring places.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
+{"token": "Preparation and Study of Nano-Ag/SnO2 Electrical Contact Material Doped with Titanium Element. A kind of super-fine composite powder SnO2-TiO2 was obtained using a liquid phase in-situ chemical route. The distribution state of element titanium in copper and its effects on the microstructures and properties have been studied. The results show that SnO2-TiO2 powder is fine, uniform and has no obvious agglomeration. And a new contact material Ag/SnO2-TiO2 was produced by the powder metallurgy method and its electrical performances were done. The results of make-break capacity and temperature rise testing show that the new materials has better ability of anti-arc erosion and lower temperature rise compared to commonly used Ag/SnO2. Hence Ag/SnO2-TiO2 may become a new contact material which can replace Ag/SnO2.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Factors influencing the distribution of coastal lichens Hydropunctaria maura and Wahlenbergiella mucosa. Responses to abiotic and biotic stresses that potentially drive the vertical zonation of the intertidal lichens Hydropunctaria maura, an upper littoral lichen, and Wahlenbergiella mucosa, a lower littoral lichen, were investigated in field and laboratory experiments. When transplanted, both lichens exhibited an inability to survive outside their normal vertical distribution range. W. mucosa appeared to be unable to tolerate prolonged periods of desiccation following translocation from lower to upper littoral regions, whereas H. maura was unable to survive in lower littoral zones possibly owing to increased grazing pressure. The effect of desiccation in both lichens was compared using pulse amplitude modulated chlorophyll fluorescence and infra-red gas analysis; results indicated a more hydration-dependent nature of W. mucosa. Photosynthetic (algal) pigments and phenolic compounds were determined in both lichen thalli, and a range of additional coastal lichens occupying a natural gradient from upper to lower shore levels. Pigment composition and concentration in both lichen thalli were similar whereas levels of phenolic compounds were up to three times higher in W. mucosa than H. maura. Pigment and phenolic concentration and composition exhibited some seasonality across 13 different lichens originating from different shore levels. Phenolic concentration increased towards the lower shore, suggesting a potential anti-herbivory function. This marks the first study of pigments and phenolics in coastal lichen communities, and prompts further investigations on the particular physiological features of marine and maritime lichens that enable them to thrive in this extreme environment.", "label": [4, 45]}
+{"token": "Kinetic Control of Protonation in Electrospray Ionization. The site of protonation in a molecule can greatly affect the fragments observed in product ion MS/MS spectra. In electrospray positive ionization mass spectra, protonation usually occurs predominantly on the most basic site on the molecule to produce the thermodynamically favored protonated species. However, the literature is unclear whether liquid phase or gas phase thermodynamics has the greater influence. This paper describes the protonation and fragmentation behavior of crizotinib and two of its impurities. Crizotinib has two possible protonation sites, a pyridine nitrogen and a secondary amine, piperidine nitrogen; the former is the favored site in the gas phase and the latter the more favored site in the liquid phase. The impurities contain alkyl substitution on the piperidine nitrogen, producing tertiary amine species. Literature precedence suggests that in the liquid phase, the piperidine nitrogen is still the most basic site but, in the gas phase, the pyridine nitrogen and the piperidine nitrogen have very similar basicities. Fragmentation data for the three molecules suggest that the secondary and tertiary amines protonate preferentially and almost exclusively on different sites. We propose that the secondary amine protonates on the piperidine nitrogen (influenced by solution thermodynamics) and the two tertiary amine structures protonate on the pyridine nitrogen because of steric hindrance at the most basic site of the molecule, allowing kinetic control of the protonation process.", "label": [4, 36, 35, 42]}
+{"token": "The development of pre-contemporary conceptions of the nation: An alternative to modernist theories. In the theoretical study of the nation, the second half of the twentieth century was characterized by the disavowal of essentialist visions and the absolute predominance of modernist theories; that is, by the idea that national identity is a phenomenon exclusive to the contemporary age. In recent years, however, different studies have appeared that question this perspective and, whilst also maintaining distance from essentialism, defend the idea that the national phenomenon has an earlier historical origin. The approaches in this sense are varied; some are case studies, others present broader visions. Some authors simply intend to question the modernist perspective, whereas others provide a causal explanation with the aim of replacing it. The most relevant contributions are subjected to analysis and criticism in this study. It is argued that the pre-contemporary approach to the national phenomenon offers solid arguments to question modernist theories, and is thus achieving an increasing degree of acceptance. This suggests that the modernist perspective may lose its current status as a dominant paradigm in the future.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Heuristics for a vehicle routing problem with information collection in wireless networks. We consider a wireless network where a given set of stations is continuously generating information. A single vehicle, located at a base station, is available to collect the information via wireless transfer. The wireless transfer vehicle routing problem (WTVRP) is to decide which stations should be visited in the vehicle route, how long shall the vehicle stay in each station, and how much information shall be transferred from the nearby stations to the vehicle during each stay. The goal is to collect the maximum amount of information during a time period after which the vehicle returns to the base station. The WTVRP is NP-hard. Although it can be solved to optimality for small size instances, one needs to rely on good heuristic schemes to obtain good solutions for large size instances. In this work, we consider a mathematical formulation based on the vehicle visits. Several heuristics strategies are proposed, most of them based on the mathematical model. These strategies include constructive and improvement heuristics. Computational experiments show that a strategy that combines a combinatorial greedy heuristic to design a initial vehicle route, improved by a fix-and-optimize heuristic to provide a local optimum, followed by an exchange heuristic, affords good solutions within reasonable amount of running time.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Relating Depth and Diversity of Bivalvia and Gastropoda in Two Contrasting Sub-Arctic Marine Regions. The need to understand species distribution- and biodiversity patterns in high-latitude marine regions is immediate as these marine environments are undergoing rapid environmental changes, including ocean warming and ocean acidification. By the year 2100, the seas north of the Greenland-Iceland-Faroe (GIF) topographic ridge are predicted to become largely corrosive to aragonite, a form of calcium carbonate commonly formed by calcifying molluscs. We examine depth-diversity relationships in bivalves and gastropods north and south of the GIF ridge, between 200 and 2000 m depth. We also identify bivalve and gastropod species that could be monitored to identify early signs of changes in benthic communities north of the GIF ridge, due to ocean acidification. Patterns of alpha-diversity were estimated through rarefaction, as E(S-20). Regional and depth related beta-diversity was analyzed and the additive contribution of species replacement (turnover) and species loss/gain (nestedness) to beta-diversity calculated. Despite sharing a significant number of species, diversity patterns differed between the study regions. The diversity patterns also differed between bivalves and gastropods. North of the GIF ridge, the relationship between alpha-diversity and depth was unimodal with a predominant decrease in bivalve and gastropod alpha-diversity between 300 and 2000 m depth. Species assemblages in the deep bathyal zone were partly nested subsets of the assemblages in the shallow bathyal zone. South of the GIF ridge, patterns in alpha-diversity were more ambiguous. Alpha diversity decreased between 300 and 2000 m depth in bivalves, with no clear trend observed in gastropods. This finding contradicts the recognized increase in alpha-diversity in the bathyal zone in the North Atlantic basin, perhaps due to the oceanographic conditions directly south of the GIF ridge. In contrast to that observed north of the GIF ridge, nestedness did not contribute significantly to beta-diversity south of the GIF ridge. This comparative study sheds new light on deep-sea diversity patterns of molluscs in the high-latitude North Atlantic and provides baseline data on species occurrences. This information can inform future assessment of the impact of environmental changes in these regions and management efforts.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
+{"token": "Cognitive fMRI and neuropsychological assessment in patients with secondarily generalized seizures. Patients and methods: Sixteen patients with localization-related epilepsy of varying etiologies and SGTCS underwent extensive neuropsychological assessment. Functional MRI was performed probing the frontal and temporal lobes with two paradigms aimed at investigating speed of mental processing and working memory.Results: A high number of total lifetime SGTCS was associated with lower intelligence scores. Moreover, a trend towards cognitive decline related to the number of SGTCS was observed. A relatively increased prefrontal activation related to the number of SGTCS was demonstrated, plus a trend towards a decreased activation in the frontotemporal areas.Conclusion: High numbers of SGTCS are associated with a drop in intelligence scores and altered prefrontal brain activation. A shift from frontotemporal to prefrontal activation seems to have occurred, suggesting that a functional reorganization of working memory is induced by a high number of SGTCS. It remains uncertain if this reorganization reflects a compensation mechanism, or the underlying pathological processes of cognitive dysfunction. (c) 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V.Objectives: Cognitive dysfunction is a frequent comorbid disorder in epilepsy which has been associated with high seizure frequency. We examined the effect of secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures (SGTCS) on cognitive dysfunction using neuropsychological assessment and fMRI.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Planting techniques and abiotic variation at two salt marsh restoration sites in the Bay of Fundy. Salt marshes provide many important ecosystem services, and interest in their restoration is growing in response to climate change. In Maritime Canada, salt marsh restoration projects have focused on restoring tidal flow without planting. Over time, these sites can show persistent deficits in vegetation diversity. We evaluated six techniques for encouraging revegetation (plugs, field transplants, seed, wrack, tilling, and no planting) with eight native species (Carex paleacea, Juncus gerardii, Limonium carolinianum, Plantago maritima, Poa palustris, Solidago sempervirens, Sporobolus alterniflorus, and Sporobolus michauxianus) at two Bay of Fundy salt marsh restoration sites. Community recovery and plant performance (growth rate, summer and winter survival, and health) were monitored over 2 years. Planting plugs produced the highest abundance of perennial halophytes over both years with high survival rates (76.4% +/- 0.02 SE), whereas plants transplanted from adjacent sites had higher mortality and slightly lower cover. All planted species survived and grew. Growth rate, health, and winter survival were all more strongly related to site than planting technique, indicating that location was more important to success than technique. We found evidence that differences in elevation, inundation, soil salinity, and soil nutrients at each site may explain these differences in performance. Plugs and field transplants may both be useful for restoration in the future and mixing methods to capitalize on respective strengths may produce best results when planting. Our results also highlight the need to tailor planting plans to individual sites as plants may respond uniquely in different situations.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Description of the male, redescription of the female and 16S rDNA sequence of Ixodes aulacodi Arthur, 1956 (Ixodidae). Ixodes (Afrixodes) aulacodi Arthur, 1956 is a poorly known species that has been recorded predominantly in the wet countries of western and central Africa, mainly associated to the greater cane rat Thryonomys swinderianus (Temmink). We herein redescribe the female, describe the male (ascribed to the species from specimens found in copula) and provide the 16S rDNA sequence. We also provide complete illustrations of the adults based on specimens found on greater cane rats in Ivory Coast. Ixodes aulacodi is included in the group of species of the subgenus Afrixodes that have horseshoe shaped anal groove, and which lack auriculae and cornua. The female is easily separated when compared with other species because of a unique combination of characters: All the coxae have internal spurs, coxa II has two external spurs, syncoxae are absent, and trochanters I-III have one spur each. The male has a notched hypostome and lacks syncoxae, auriculae and cornua. (C) 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "Persistent left superior vena cava: a reason for pseudodisplacement of a port catheter. Port catheters have been increasingly used in recent years. Using one case as an example, we demonstrate how an anatomic variation can easily become a pitfall when inserting a central venous catheter, port catheter, pacemaker or Swan-Ganz catheter. We report a case of persistent left superior vena cava, the most common variation in the thoracic venous system. Since these procedures are increasingly being performed, surgeons, anesthesiologists and radiologists should be aware of the possible anatomic variations.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "Effect of prophylactic treatment on suicide risk in patients with major affective disorders - Data from a randomized prospective trial. Recent findings have indicated that lithium treatment markedly reduces suicide risk in major affective disorders, To compare the effect of lithium with carbamazepine and amitriptyline, suicidal behavior was analyzed during the randomized prospective long-term MAP study (N = 378; duration 2.5 years), Of the nine suicides and five attempted suicides, none took place during lithium treatment. The findings support the view that lithium has a specific antisuicidal effect over and above its prophylactic benefit.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
+{"token": "Market responsiveness, top management risk taking, and the role of strategic learning as determinants of market pioneering. This study investigates managerial and organizational factors associated with engaging in a market pioneering strategy. Specifically, top management risk taking and the firm-level capability of market responsiveness are hypothesized to be associated with market pioneering. Additionally, strategic learning self efficacy is hypothesized to moderate the effects of top management risk taking and market responsiveness on market pioneering. Moderated regression analysis based on data collected from Ill manufacturing firms supports the hypotheses. Top management risk taking and market responsiveness positively predict the use of a pioneering strategy. Strategic learning self efficacy makes market pioneering more palatable to risk-averse top managers who might not otherwise engage in pioneering. Finally, strategic learning self efficacy strengthens the relationship between market responsiveness and market pioneering. implications for future theory, practice, and research are discussed. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Flood, cropping pattern choice and returns in agriculture: A study of Assam plains, India. The agriculture sector of Assam, a state in the northeast part of India, supports more than 75% of its population. Agriculture in Assam is highly susceptible to flood risk, not only through reduced time availability for cropping but also through higher production risks due to varying flood timing, frequency and intensity. Farmers however have few institutional safeguards to hedge that risk. This paper explores the role of crop diversification as a means for the farmers in the flood plains of Assam to cope with flood induced production risks and limits. An application of a generalized linear model to original farm level survey data reveals that farmers in the plains of Assam who are confronted with greater flood risk tend to diversify their cropping pattern more. This diversification is also shown to be a strategy that extracts higher returns from farming. (C) 2014 Economic Society of Australia, Queensland. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Coping and Co-creation: One Attempt and One Route to Well-Being. Part 1. Conceptual Framework. Background All life strives to be well, but not all life is well. This suggests that cognition aimed at improving and protecting well-being might share a common core across all life forms: core cognition.Results. We defined a set of key terms that, together, specify core cognition. This set comprises quite naturally concepts like agency, behavior, need satisfaction, intelligence, authority, power, and wisdom, which are all derived from the defining properties of life. We derived coping and co-creation as two essentially different, but complementary, behavioral ontologies. Copingis for survival and targeted problem solving and aims to end the need for its activation. Co-creation is for thriving and problem prevention and aims to perpetuate its activation. Co-creation can explain the growth of the biosphere. While both strategies are essential, the successful interplay of their strengths leads to the dominance of one of them: co-creation. Absence of success leads to a dominance of coping: a coping-trap and a strong urge to curtail behavioral diversity. We summarize the key terms of core cognition and the ontologies in two tables with defined terms.Objective. In this first of a two-part theoretical article, we systematically specify the evolutionary core cognition of well-being from the perspective of general living agents. In Part 2 we apply this to identity development and the theoretical approaches to well-being. This first part aims to identify the strategies and conditions for the creation and protection of generalized well-being and describes associated behavioral ontologies.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Shoreline mapping with cellular automata and the shoreline progradation analysis in Shanghai, China from 1979 to 2008. This paper presents a cellular automata (CA) algorithm to extract shorelines from remote sensing images by analysing the edge directional information of the images. Using this algorithm, the tide-coordinated shorelines along the entire coast in Shanghai Municipality of China were extracted and analysed using the multi-temporal Landsat TM images from 1979 to 2008. The shorelines of four sub-regions, including the mainland and three islands (Changxing, Hengsha and Chongming) were analysed along with six areas experiencing drastic shoreline changes. The results show a total progradation of 551.7 km(2) along the coastal area of Shanghai over the past 30 years, due to both long-term sediment deposition and short-term land reclamation. Furthermore, both horizontal and vertical displacements along the shorelines were identified. Fractal analyses between the length of the shorelines and the spatial resolution of the images achieved goodness-of-fit (R-2) values above 0.6 for the shorelines of the entire Shanghai as well as for each of the four subregions, indicating that the relationship between the length of the shorelines and the spatial resolution of the images accord with the power laws. The fractal dimension values indicate that the shorelines of both Changxing and Chongming Islands were getting regular. The paper also demonstrates that the CA-based shoreline extractor can detect shoreline information of both artificial and muddy coasts from remote sensing images. The shoreline extraction and change analysis tool is valuable not only for shoreline mapping but also for comprehensive coastal management.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Molecular cloning of F4/80, a murine macrophage-restricted cell surface glycoprotein with homology to the G-protein linked transmembrane 7 hormone receptor family. F4/80 is a monoclonal antibody that recognizes a murine macrophage-restricted cell surface glycoprotein and has been extensively used to characterize macrophage populations in a wide range of immunological studies. Apart from the tightly regulated pattern of expression of the F4/80 antigen, little is known about its possible role in macrophage differentiation and function, We have sought to characterize the molecule at the molecular level, through the isolation of cDNA clones, and now describe the sequence of the F4/80 protein, The primary amino acid sequence demonstrates homology to two protein superfamilies. The NH2-terminal region consists of seven epidermal growth factor-like domains, separated by approximately 300 amino acids from a COOH-terminal region that shows homology to members of the seven transmembrane-spanning family of hormone receptors, The potential role of these distinct domains is discussed with respect to the possible function of the F4/80 molecule.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Gerrymandering Ukraine? Electoral Consequences of Occupation. The occupation of Crimea and part of the Donbas will prevent roughly 12 percent of Ukrainian voters from participating in elections. These voters voted disproportionately for candidates and parties that supported closer ties with Russia. This article quantifies the changes to the electorate and projects the likely partisan impact. The changes decisively tip the Ukrainian electorate away from the east and south. Candidates and parties can no longer expect to build a national majority primarily in eastern and southern Ukraine, as Viktor Yanukovych did in 2010 and the Party of Regions did in 2012. Anticipating these effects, Ukraine's government could seek to prolong these voters' exclusion, while Russia could actually seek to end the occupation to get them re-included. The implication is that various actors could try to \\\\'gerrymander\\\\' the entire Ukrainian state, a phenomenon that previously has only been explored at the district level, within states. This raises the broader question of how electoral effects shape the many territorial disputes around the world.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "Rett Syndrome: Basic Features of Visual Processing-A Pilot Study of Eye-Tracking. Consistently observed \\\\'strong eye gaze\\\\' has not been validated as a means of communication in girls with Rett syndrome, ubiquitously affected by apraxia, unable to reply either verbally or manually to questions during formal psychologic assessment. We examined nonverbal cognitive abilities and basic features of visual processing (visual discrimination attention/memory) by analyzing patterns of visual fixation in 44 girls with Rett syndrome, compared with typical control subjects. To determine features of visual fixation patterns, multiple pictures (with the location of the salient and presence/absence of novel stimuli as variables) were presented on the screen of a TS120 eye-tracker. Of the 44, 35 (80%) calibrated and exhibited meaningful patterns of visual fixation. They looked longer at salient stimuli (cartoon, 2.8 +/- 2 seconds S.D., vs shape, 0.9 +/- 1.2 seconds S.D.; P = 0.02), regardless of their position on the screen. They recognized novel stimuli, decreasing the fixation time on the central image when another image appeared on the periphery of the slide (2.7 +/- 1 seconds S.D. vs 1.8 +/- 1 seconds S.D., P = 0.002). Eye-tracking provides a feasible method for cognitive assessment and new insights into the \\\\'hidden\\\\' abilities of individuals with Rett syndrome. (c) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "The syntax of non-inflectional plural marking. Plural marking is not universally inflectional. This paper examines the formal properties of non-inflectional plural marking on the basis of a detailed case study of Halkomelem Salish. The plural marker in this language displays neither inflectional nor derivational properties. I argue that its distributional properties derive from its syntax: it is a modifier adjoined to category-neutral,root roots. The analysis implies that plural marking is not universally merged as a syntactic (functional) head and that it does not universally merge with nouns. This leads to the postulation of a new typology of plural marking which goes beyond the distinction between inflectional and non-inflectional plural marking. Several diagnostics to distinguish among distinct types of plural markers are established.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Umbilicobiliary fistula in a neonate. We describe a unique case of congenital umbilicobiliary fistula. A full-term neonate presented with passage of bile through the umbilicus. A contrast study demonstrated communication with the intrahepatic biliary system.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Pharmacist or physician: Age differences in satisfaction with medical advice. Two studies examined predictors of medical care satisfaction in communities in Eastern Canada. Both studies focused on how the roles of pharmacists and physicians are perceived by adults of different ages. Using a survey methodology, Study 1 demonstrated that middle-aged adults, older adults, and community pharmacists differ in the extent to which they rate pharmacists as being important members of the health care team. Specifically, community members value pharmacists as health care providers, and this is especially true for older adults. Using an experimental paradigm, Study 2 examined ratings of medical interaction scenarios, ratings that varied as a function of kind of health professional (pharmacist vs. physician) and type of advice (directive vs. non-directive). Results suggest that older adults may have a more complex set of expectations about their health care interactions than do younger adults and that, for older adults, the factors that determine satisfaction differ across the professions being evaluated.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Comparative Anatomy of the Petrosal Bone of Dichobunoids, Early Members of Artiodactylamorpha (Mammalia). Among Artiodactylamorpha, dichobunoids are some of the oldest fossil species that have been associated with Artiodactyla, the crown clade that includes hippopotamids, camelids, suoids, ruminants, and cetaceans. These important fossil species are known from early Eocene rocks of North America, Europe, and Asia, but their phylogenetic position has yet to be well resolved. Before generating such a phylogeny, it is first critical to document all of the anatomy of known dichobunoid fossils. Here we use CT scans to describe previously undescribed anatomy of the petrosal bone, a complex part of the mammalian skull that contains many variable and phylogenetically informative features. Results show that these extinct species share a number of features that are not documented in modern species including a lateral process of the epitympanic wing constituting the medial border of the piriform fenestra, and a tegmen tympani foramen that may have given passage to the ramus superior of the stapedial artery. Future comprehensive phylogenetic studies may show that many of these characters are plesiomophic for Artiodactylamopha. Some species (Diacodexis, Homacodon and ?Helohyus) exhibit a dorsolateral exposure of the mastoid region of the petrosal on the temporal part of the cranium. This uncommon feature has, to our knowledge, not been reported in another euungulate group.", "label": [4, 42, 47]}
+{"token": "Breeding Lesser Black-Backed Gulls Larus graellsii and Herring Gulls Larus argentatus: Coexistence or competition?. While Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus graellsii numbers increase substantially at the German North Sea coast since the late 1980s, Herring Gull Larus argentatus numbers have been roughly stable since the mid-1980s. In order to investigate whether a different ecology might explain the current trends, we studied diet, colony attendance, reproductive output and aggressive behaviour in a mixed-colony on Amrum, southeastern North Sea, in 1994 and 1995. During incubation Lesser Black-backed Gulls fed mainly upon crustaceans and molluscs which were taken from the intertidal zone. During chick-rearing, they took mainly crustaceans and fish which were gathered mostly as trawler discards. The main food of Herring Gulls throughout the reproductive season were molluscs and crustaceans which were obtained from the intertidal zone. Numbers of Lesser Black-backed Gulls in the colony mainly varied with season and time of day, those of Herring Gulls with tide and season. Numbers of Herring Gulls commuting to the open sea roughly equalled those commuting to the Wadden Sea. Lesser Black-backed Gulls generally flew to the open sea but hardly towards the Wadden Sea. Nest attendance was significantly higher in Lesser Black-backed Gulls than in Herring Gulls during the chick-rearing period. Hatching success and fledging success tended to be higher in Lesser Black-backed Gulls. Lesser Black-backed Gulls won interspecific aggressive interactions significantly more often than Herring Gulls in the chick-rearing period. Our study indicates that Lesser Black-backed Gulls currently enjoy a few ecological advantages compared with Herring Gulls, particularly because they feed on food of apparently higher quality. We conclude that Lesser Black-backed Gulls have filled an empty niche rather than have outcompeted Herring Gulls during the past decades.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Translation and Psychometric Testing of the Korean Versions of the Spiritual Perspective Scale and the Self-transcendence Scale in Korean Elders. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to translate the Spiritual Perspective Scale (SPS) and Self-transcendence Scale (STS) into Korean and test the psychometric properties of the instruments with Korean elders. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was used to implement the three stages of the study. Stage I consisted of translating and reviewing the scales by six experts. In Stage II, equivalence was tested by comparing the responses between the Korean and English versions among 71 bilingual adults. Stage III established the psychometric properties of the Korean versions SPS-K and STS-K among 154 Korean elders. Results: Cronbach's alpha of the SPS-K and the STS-K .97, and .85 respectively with Korean elders. Factor analysis showed that the SPS-K had one factor; the STS-K had four factors with one factor clearly representing self-transcendence as theorized. Both scales showed good reliability and validity for the translated Korean versions. However, continued study of the construct validity of the STS-K is needed. Conclusion: Study findings indicate that the SPS-K and the STS-K could be useful for nurses and geriatric researchers to assess a broadly defined spirituality, and to conduct research on spirituality and health among Korean elders. Use of these scales within a theory-based study may contribute to further knowledge about the role of spirituality in the health and well-being of Korean people facing health crises.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Literacy learning as cruelly optimistic: recovering possible lost futures through transmedial storytelling. In this article, we \\\\'think with\\\\' theories of affect and transmedial storytelling to explore the cruel optimism that standardised reading pedagogies (e.g. read alouds; leveled readers/independent reading) can produce for readers. We draw on particular moments in a first grade classroom to argue that such pedagogies transmit \\\\'normalizing\\\\' affects that promise upward mobility, college and career readiness/success, classroom community, and happiness but instead produce literate identities, which cruelly reinforce the racialised, gendered and classist myth of meritocracy. According to Blackman (2019), cruel optimism is harmful because it normalises particular fictions and fantasies that are presented as scientific truths without acknowledging that these dominant stories are but one narrative, thereby closing off other ways of knowing, being and doing. This work offers pedagogical possibilities for bodies that are often read as unsuccessful (e.g. disengaged and struggling) and/or successful (e.g. happy and engaged) and explains how the guise of optimism can fail to acknowledge the larger social, political and economic forces at play. These forces shape the unfolding of academic realities that are simultaneously connected to the past, present and future.", "label": [3, 5, 53, 28]}
+{"token": "DERRIDA, DECONSTRUCTION AND MYSTICAL 'LANGUAGES OF UNSAYING'. This paper explores the relation between two very different 'languages of unsaying': Christian apophatic theology and deconstruction. The first section of the paper draws on the work of Michael Sells to show that the linguistic and discursive strategies employed in Jacques Derrida's deconstructive writing bear a striking resemblance to those employed by writers in the Christian mystical tradition. Both discourses deny mastery, resist reification, preserve aporia, and evoke mystery. However, Christian apophatic writing is produced not only as a response to the encounter with the limits of human knowing but as a loving response to the encounter with a God who calls the believer into the darkness of faith. The place of apophatic discourse within Christian spirituality is considered in the second section of the paper. The third section offers a closer reading of some of Derrida's essays on negative theology in order to show the extent of his debt to and engagement with that tradition. Whilst deconstruction cannot simply be read as negative theology, there is an ethical impulse in Derrida's work that opens the possibility of a fruitful dialogue between these two apophatic discourses both of which seek to disrupt our attempts to know God in order to preserve an openness to the sacred.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Illness and Treatment Perceptions Are Associated With Adherence to Medications, Diet, and Exercise in Diabetic Patients. OBJECTIVE-To investigate diabetic patients' perceptions of illness and treatments, and explore relationships to adherence and blood glucose control.CONCLUSIONS-Patients hold specific mental models about diabetes treatments, which are associated with adherence.RESULTS-Patients rated medication more important than diet and exercise, and reported higher adherence to medications. Insulin was perceived as more helpful for diabetes, while antihypertensives and cholesterol medication were perceived more helpful for preventing heart problems. Perceptions were associated with adherence to insulin, cholesterol and antihypertensive medications, exercise, and diet. Blood glucose control in type 1 diabetic patients was associated with insulin adherence and perceived personal control, and in type 2 diabetic patients to being prescribed insulin or antihypertensives, and perceived personal control.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-Forty-nine type 1 and one hundred and eight type 2 diabetic patients completed questionnaires assessing illness perceptions, treatment beliefs, and adherence to medications, diet, and exercise. Blood glucose control was assessed from blood tests.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Sub-Saharan genetic contribution in Morocco: Microsatellite DNA analysis. Northwest African populations occupy a strategic geographical area that has always been a zone of influence for diverse human groups from different regions. This article focuses on the analysis of the genetic contribution of sub-Saharan African populations by means of four short tandem repeat (STR) systems (HUMTPOX, HUMVWA31/A, HUMTH01, and HUMF13B), which have proven informative in establishing genetic relationships between human populations. Genetic trees and multivariate analyses of European and Near Eastern populations show that the Moroccan population shares a common genetic substrate with all of them. However, the latter defines a specific lineage. Evolutionary factors inherent in the population's geographical isolation in early times, together with genetic flow from sub-Saharan populations (mainly as reflected by HUMF13B and HUMTPOX), appear to be particularly relevant in understanding the peculiarities of the genetic character of the present-day population.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 56, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "First report of fruit and leaf anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum karstii on avocado in Turkey. Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is one of the most popular deciduous fruit crops grown in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide. Colletotrichum spp., causal agents of anthracnose, are the species commonly associated with fruit and leaf symptoms on avocado in Turkey and all over the world. Since early 2016, necrotic symptoms were detected on avocado trees grown in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Fungal isolates obtained from the systematic tissues were examined based on mycelial growth rate, colony colour, conidial shapes and dimensions. Morphological characteristics of the representative isolates AC1 and AC2 of Colletotrichum were similar to those described for C. karstii and the isolates were tentatively identified as Colletotrichum spp. In view of its colonies and conidia features. Morphological data were verified by multilocus phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA; glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and ACTIN partial genes from two isolates. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by inoculating healthy fruit and leaves with a spore suspension of C. karstii. Unlike the species previously recorded in Turkey, this fungus was first reported as avocado anthracnose pathogen with this study.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Returning to sexual stigma: post-trafficking lives. This article is concerned with returning to sexual stigma in two key respects. First, it prompts a return to the conceptual understanding of sexual stigma and makes an important contribution to critiques of the individualized frameworks that have dominated much of the literature on stigma to date, through a critical analysis of sexual stigma as a collective process at different scales and locations. Second, using empirical data from a qualitative study of post-trafficking experiences of women in Nepal as a case study to develop theoretical understandings of the production of stigma, it explores modalities of sexualized stigma encountered on return from trafficking situations. Within the trafficking literature there has been very little attention to what happens after trafficking. This article addresses this gap in focusing on livespost-trafficking and, in addition, contributes to the limited research on trafficking in Nepal.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "A double monstrosity in the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus: description of a first teratological case identified in Benin in West Africa. A total of 5329 ticks were collected from 85 dogs in three different municipalities of Benin in West Africa. Among the species of Rhipicephalus sanguineus collected in Abomey-Calavi, the presence of a specimen with double monstrosities was revealed. The abnormal tick is a male with four pairs of legs, but the body is double lobed at the back. It has four spiracular plates, two of which are at the base at the level of the festoons and two others at the level of the fourth coxae. The specimen also has two symmetrical anal orifices, each surrounded by two adanal plates and two accessory plates, leading up to a single genital orifice. This specimen contributes to the growing database of teratological ticks.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Symptoms of prolonged grief, depression, and adult separation anxiety: Distinctiveness and correlates. Research has shown that prolonged grief disorder (PGD) is a disorder distinct from other disorders including major depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study aimed to extend this research by examining the distinctiveness of symptoms of PGD relative to symptoms of adult separation anxiety disorder, also taking into account depression. Data were available from 205 bereaved individuals who completed measures tapping these symptoms together with a complementary measure of mental and physical health. Findings showed that symptoms of PGD, depression, and adult separation anxiety disorder were better conceptualized as distinct dimensions instead of a unitary dimension of distress. Correlations between the three symptom clusters were moderate to large. Cause of loss was the single variable that was associated with all three symptom clusters with loss due to violent cause giving rise to more severe symptoms. All three symptom clusters were associated with lower concurrent mental and physical health. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Assessing the long-term fragmentation of information systems research with a longitudinal multi-network analysis. Over the decades, the evolving information systems (IS) research community and its academic output has greatly expanded. This paper offers an integrated analysis of multiple dimensions of network interconnectedness of the growing IS discipline. In line with the social and intellectual dimensions of the underlying theory of science, we synthesise multiple network views on authors, institutions, journal outlets, citations, and themes into a multi-dimensional knowledge network infrastructure analysis of collaborative networks of IS researchers and their academic output. We further introduce two fragmentation types to better address the dynamics of the IS discourse discussed in previous research. Based on a corpus of all 3587 AIS basket of 8 journal articles over 20 years, we use the analytical framework to study whether the fast growth of the IS discipline resulted in a reduced coherence of the overall academic collaboration and the research themes. The analysis reveals that the sampled IS researcher community developed a large core component with influential bridging people who mitigate fragmentation and centralisation. This IS community structure constitutes a valuable asset to cope with fragmentation tendencies in the intellectual dimension (research topics) resulting from many short-term topic bursts and from centralisation of conceptual terms.", "label": [4, 5, 40, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "New species of Kuzinellus Wainstein and redescription of Kuzinellus querellus (Ueckermann & Loots) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) with morphological and DNA barcode data. In this paper, a new species of Kuzinellus Wainstein, K. gabonensis sp. nov., is described based on specimens collected in Gabon. This new species is morphologically similar to K. querellus (Ueckermann & Loots), but it can be distinguished mainly by the knobbed tip of the dorsal setae Z4, spermatheca shape and by its possession of more than 15% divergence in the DNA barcode region of COI. Additionally, Kuzinellus querellus is reported for the first time from Kenya and accompanied by a redescription of morphological and DNA barcode data.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Spectral Presences of Si Pai: Begona Aretxaga's Cipayo and Uncanny Experiences of Si Pai in Aceh 2008. This essay explores the spectral presence of Si Pai, a colonial figure from the Ottoman Empire, during postconflict research in Aceh, Indonesia. I found the uncanny in the emergences over time of the spectral presence of Si Pai, linked to the presence of my friend Begona Aretxaga, who had written about cipayo in a book we dedicated to her memory. The meanings of Si Pai are analyzed, using Bakhtin's writing on the history of language and Aretxaga's analysis drawing on Abraham and Torok. The meanings of sipahi flow across centuries of Ottoman and Persian and colonial military histories, and through webs of emotion and experiences of violence, where soldiers employed or enslaved by Empires, including those from afar, British and Dutch, wreak havoc on civilian life, plundering and committing evil, before finding their way in Aceh. Research in postconflict Aceh provides the ethnographic core; yet, this essay weaves a tale of the uncanny through a journey of anthropological and historical inquiry and uncanny appearances.", "label": [5, 56, 55]}
+{"token": "A signaling pathway, independent of the oxidative burst, that leads to hypersensitive cell death in cultured tobacco cells includes a serine protease. To examine the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the signal transduction that leads to hypersensitive cell death, we used a previously established system in which a xylanase from Trichoderma viride (TvX) induces an oxidative burst and cell death in a culture of tobacco cells. Diphenylene iodonium and N-Acetyl-L-cysteine known as an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase and a scavenger of superoxides, respectively, and catalase inhibited the oxidative burst but did not inhibit the induction of cell death. We also found that inhibitors of serine proteases inhibited TvX-induced cell death. These results suggest that there is a signaling pathway in which a serine protease might be responsible for the signal transduction, which is independent of the oxidative burst, that leads to the hypersensitive cell death of tobacco cells.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "How many miles to beta X? partial derivative miles, or just one foot. It is known that the Stone-Cech compactification beta X of a mettizable space X is approximated by the collection of Smirnov compactifications of X for all compatible metrics on X. If we confine ourselves to locally compact separable metrizable spaces, the corresponding statement holds for Higson compactifications. We investigate the smallest cardinality of a set D of compatible metrics on X such that beta X is approximated by Smirnov or Higson compactifications for all metrics in D. We prove that it is either the dominating number or 1 for a locally compact separable metrizable space. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Overview of the ECAL off-detector electronics of the CMS experiment. Located between the on-detector front-end electronics and the global data acquisition system (DAQ), the off-detector electronics of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) is involved in both detector readout and trigger system. Working at 40 MHz, the trigger part must, within ten clock cycles, receive and deserialize the data of the front-end electronics, encode the trigger primitives using a nonlinear scale, assure time alignment between channels using a histogramming technique and send the trigger primitives to the regional trigger. In addition, it must classify trigger towers in three classes of interest and send this classification to the readout part. The readout part must select the zero suppression level to be applied depending on the regions of interest determined from the trigger tower classification, deserialize front-end data coming from high-speed (800 Mb/s) serial links, check their integrity, apply zero suppression, build the event and send it to the DAQ, monitor the buffer occupancy and send back pressure to the trigger system when required, provide data spying and monitoring facilities for the local DAQ. The system, and especially the data link speed, the latency constraints and the bit-error rate requirements have been validated on prototypes. Part of the system is about to go to production.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Comprehensive Care Model for Sex Trafficking Survivors. Design: A qualitative research study was conducted with aftercare program personnel from five U.S. residential treatment centers for DMST survivors.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify aftercare services for domestic minor of sex trafficking (DMST) survivors provided by U.S. residential treatment centers.Conclusions: This study led to the refinement of an aftercare service delivery model and laid the foundation to develop best practice guidelines for providing aftercare services to DMST survivors.Findings: Participants described the range of services offered to address survivors' posttrafficking needs. Participants' responses assisted in expanding an existing care model to include education re-entry, family reunification, family reconciliation, and emergency substance use services.Methods: Interviews were conducted with staff from five different residential treatment centers providing services exclusively to domesticminor sex trafficking survivors.Clinical Relevance: Sex trafficking is a global health problem affecting our youth today. Nurses have a vital role in combatting sex trafficking by raising awareness about the problem and restoring the lives of sex trafficking victims by implementing innovative care programs.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "PHYLOGENY OF PROTOSTOME WORMS DERIVED FROM 18S RIBOSOMAL-RNA SEQUENCES. The phylogenetic relationships of protostome worms were studied by comparing new complete 18S rRNA sequences of Vestimentifera, Pogonophora, Sipuncula, Echiura, Nemertea, and Annelida with existing 18S rRNA sequences of Mollusca, Arthropoda, Chordata, and Platyhelminthes. Phylogenetic trees were inferred via neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony analyses. These suggest that, (1) Sipuncula and Echiura are not sister groups; (2) Nemertea are protostomes; (3) Vestimentifera and Pogonophora are protostomes that have a common ancestor with Echiura; and (4) Vestimentifera and Pogonophora are a monophyletic clade.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "Critical Thinking in Political Science: Evidence from the Introductory Comparative Politics Course. Political Science programs have long seen part of their mission as the cultivation of ''critical thinking'' among their undergraduates. But what exactly does critical thinking mean in our Political Science courses? Can we foster critical thinking in our classes and, if so, how? This article, based on a yearlong systematic study of an introductory Comparative Politics course undertaken as part of a university-wide ''Critical Thinking Project,'' looks at these questions. In this article we consider how critical thinking can be defined, fostered and assessed in the introductory Comparative Politics course; the implications these may have for students' performance in other Political Science courses; and how students themselves view critical thinking. Our data suggests students define critical thinking broadly in accord with those definitions of teachers of Political Science, believe these skills were fostered in the introductory Comparative Politics course and are certain that they carry over into their academic experiences with upper-division Political Science courses and later life experiences more generally. Moreover, we argue here that the most important variable in fostering critical thinking skills in the introductory Comparative Politics course (and perhaps in all Political Science courses) is the development of students' ability to think as social scientists do and the opportunity to apply this thinking skill to concrete puzzles or problems from the real world of politics.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Geographic Variations in Intertrochanteric Femoral Fractures in China. Background. Hip fracture is one of the major risk factors of global mortality and disability. The aim of this study was to map the pattern of intertrochanteric femoral fractures in China, providing a pilot national dataset and basis for medical policy proposals. Methods. A multistage probability sampling strategy was applied in the national baseline survey. Thirty provinces in mainland China were included in this survey. A standardized questionnaire survey was conducted to collect information about basic characteristics such as age, working seniority, hospital level, and residence, with two other parts including perioperative and postoperative treatment parameters. Odds ratios and 95% confidence interval were used to determine essential statistical differences. The proportion of the options in each region was compared using the chi-square (chi(2)) test. The histogram and choropleth map of the monthly number of admissions were created using Excel 2016 to show the distribution characteristics. Results. In total, 1065 valid responses were included, representing a 96.7% survey capture rate. Perioperative treatment and postoperative care distinctly varied across regions and hospital levels. The monthly number of admissions was relatively lower in the Northern region, with higher proportion of hospitalizations to secondary hospitals compared with the Eastern region. The patients in the Eastern region or tertiary hospitals had shorter preoperative waiting time and hospitalization period. Conclusions. We found apparent geographic variations in intertrochanteric femoral fractures in this study, and the data can be used for drafting national healthcare plans and medical policies.", "label": [2, 18, 19]}
+{"token": "Ginseng and obesity. Although ginseng has been shown to have an antiobesity effect, antiobesity-related mechanisms are complex and have not been completely elucidated. In the present study, we evaluated ginseng's effects on food intake, the digestion, and absorption systems, as well as liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle in order to identify the mechanisms involved. A review of previous in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that ginseng and ginsenosides can increase energy expenditure by stimulating the adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase pathway and can reduce energy intake. Moreover, in high fat diet-induced obese and diabetic individuals, ginseng has shown a two-way adjustment effect on adipogenesis. Nevertheless, most of the previous studies into antiobesity effects of ginseng have been animal based, and there is a paucity of evidence supporting the suggestion that ginseng can exert an antiobesity effect in humans. (C) 2017 The Korean Society of Ginseng, Published by Elsevier Korea LLC.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 22, 9]}
+{"token": "Abrupt weaning reduces postweaning growth and is associated with alterations in gastrointestinal markers of development in dairy calves fed an elevated plane of nutrition during the preweaning period. The benefits of feeding elevated quantities of milk to dairy calves have been well established. However, there is a reluctance to adopt this method of feeding in commercial dairy production because of concerns around growth, health, and ruminal development during weaning. The objective of this study was to characterize the effect of an abrupt (0 d step-down) or gradual (12 d step-down) feeding scheme when calves are fed an elevated plane of nutrition (offered 1.35 kg of milk replacer/d). For this experiment, a total of 54 calves were randomly assigned to an abrupt or a gradual weaning protocol before weaning at 48 d of life. Calves were housed and sampled in individual pens for the duration of the experiment, and milk, starter, and straw intake were measured on a daily basis. Body weight was measured every 6 d, whereas blood, rumen fluid, and fecal samples were collected on d 36 (pre-step-down), 48 (preweaning), and 54 (postweaning) of the experiment. Although the growth rates of the step-down calves were lower from d 37 to weaning (0.62 +/- 0.04 vs. 1.01 +/- 0.04 kg/d), the postweaning average daily gain was greater compared with the group that was abruptly weaned (0.83 +/- 0.06 vs. 0.22 +/- 0.06 kg/d). Total ruminal volatile fatty acid was greater in the step-down group on the day of weaning (d 48; 59.80 +/- 2.25 vs. 45.01 +/- 2.25 mmol), whereas the fecal starch percentage was lower during postweaning compared with the abruptly weaned calves (d 54; 3.31 +/- 0.76 vs. 6.34 +/- 0.76%). Analysis of the digestive tract of bull calves on d 55 revealed minimal differences between gross anatomy measurements of gut compartments as well as no morphological differences in rumen papillae development, yet the total mass of rumen when full of contents was larger in the step-down calves (7.83 +/- 0.78 vs. 6.02 +/- 0.78 kg). Under the conditions of this study, the results showcase the benefits of a step-down feeding strategy from an overall energy balance standpoint, due to increased adaptation of the gastrointestinal tract preweaning.", "label": [0, 6, 8]}
+{"token": "Governance under the shadow of the law: trading high value fine art. The market for paintings by well-known artists is booming despite widespread concern about art crime and difficulties in establishing provenance. Public law enforcement is imperfect, and court cases often are deemed problematic. So how is the thriving art market governed in practice? We analyze the protocols used by the top auction houses to identify and resolve problems of illicit supply-fakes, forgeries and items with defective legal titles-through the lens of institutional analysis. We uncover a polycentric private governance system in which different actors govern distinct but overlapping issue areas, motivated by profit, prestige, or the search for truth. When the financial stakes rise, opportunistic behavior undermines the credibility of private governance. We argue that as litigious, super-rich investors entered the art market, the interaction between public law and the traditional private governance system restricted the supply of \\\\'blue chip\\\\' art, driving the escalation of prices.", "label": [5, 49, 54]}
+{"token": "The smart-seller challenge: Exploring the determinants of privatizing public nursing homes. This study investigates the determinants of local governments' decisions to privatize public nursing homes. According to the Online Survey, Certification, and Reporting (OSCAR) 2004 data, more than 100 counties in the United States have recently divested their nursing facilities through change of ownership to nonprofit or for profit or through termination. The theoretical model used in this study proposes four broad categories of antecedents of the privatization decision: market failure, government failure, and monetary and institutional factors. County governments are viewed as rational actors, affected by a range of external and internal pressures and striving to maximize the attainment of their complex missions. The data used in this study come from the OSCAR 2004 file and several other sources. Using logistic regression analysis, the baseline (1998-2000) measures of all independent variables for 622 county-owned homes were regressed on the dummy dependent variable, indicating whether the nursing home was privatized by 2003 or not. Quantitative analysis was supplemented with two exploratory case studies. Local market competition, occupancy level, condition of the physical plant, staffing, the prevalence of privatization in the neighboring counties, and the proportion of elderly in the county were found to be significantly associated with the likelihood of nursing home divestment. The analysis supports the idea of a complex framework of managerial decision making: counties appear to be smart sellers by divesting when occupancy declines, when the physical environment deteriorates, and when private markets are relatively more competitive. They are also found to be smart owners by sustaining public ownership of thriving public facilities surrounded by failing private markets.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "Cleane cutte of[f]:' Circumcision and Identity in Early Modern English Barbary Captivity Narratives. The phenomenon of Christian captivity in the Barbary states of North Africa constituted one of the most challenging instances of cultural encounter in the early modern period. As Nabil Matar has remarked, \\\\'it was the only encounter with non-European people who not only enslaved [Christians] but tempted them away from their history and religion\\\\' (Matar 1996, 194-95). \\\\'Turning Turk\\\\'-the common phrase for conversion to Islam-came about for a number of reasons, captivity being prominent among them. Critics such as Matar, Robert Davis, Daniel Vitkus, Linda Colley, among others, have told this story from a variety of historical and literary perspectives, offering insight into religious conflict, national identity, and stage representations in order to tell the story. In this essay, I consider the ways in which discussion of captivity and conversion focused on physical violation of the Christian body. Specifically, I look at the fear and suspicion aroused by the threat of Islamic circumcision of male captives.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Campylopin from Delphinium campylocentrum, the first hetidane C-20-diterpene, suggests a new alkaloid biogenetic pathway. A novel C-20-diterpene, campylopin (1), was isolated from the whole herb of Delphinium campylocentrum. The elucidation of its structure was accomplished through extensive spectroscopic methods. Compound 1 represents the first hetidane-type diterpene skeleton, which may imply a new biosynthetic pathway from the atisane or hetidane-type diterpene to the hetidine-type diterpenoid alkaloid. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "One-mode model for patterned metal layers inside integrated color pixels. Optimized design of the optical filters inside integrated color pixels (ICPs) for complementary metal-oxide semiconductor image sensors requires analytical models. ICP optical filters consist of subwavelength patterned metal layers. We show that a one-mode model, in which subwavelength gaps in the metal layer are described in terms of single-mode waveguides, suffices to predict the salient features of measured ICP wavelength selectivity. The Airy-like transmittance formula, derived for transverse-electric polarization, predicts an angle-independent cutoff wavelength, which is in good agreement with predictions made with a two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method. (C) 2004 Optical Society of America.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "High temperature nonisothermal desorption in a water-salt droplet. Experimental data on dynamics of nucleate boiling in the droplets of LiBr water solution were obtained. Time dependences for a change in bubble geometry were determined and characteristic desorption regimes were distinguished. The rate of bubble growth decreases with a rise in salt concentration and boiling stops completely at high concentration of LiBr. An increase in salt concentration in a liquid layer of the bubble bottom leads to a considerable decrease in the rate of desorption, and the rate of bubble diameter increase decreases significantly, and a dry spot is not formed. The growth features of the crystalline-hydrate film depend on the rate of crystallization. Thermal measurements were carried out by means of thermal imager lenses with ten-fold magnification. The video and thermal recording allowed us to distinguish the self-organized crystalline-hydrate structures at high crystallization rates: rod-like, dendrite, and dome-shaped ones. Complex morphology of these structures promotes an increase in the rate of water desorption from the surface of crystalline-hydrate film. (C) 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35]}
+{"token": "Production of macroporous ceramics from fibres dispersed mortars (FDM). We examined the production of macroporous monolithic ceramic from mortars prepared using aluminate cements, one or two different types of alumina powders, superfluidificant, water and polyurethane fibres. Some relevant parameters for the preparation process of the mortar are: (i) the weight ratio between cement powder and water, (ii) the weight ratio between superfluidificant and cement powder and (iii) that between superfluidificant and water. Thirty-six percent is the upper limit for the volumetric content of the fibres that can be introduced into the mortar without leading to a material that breaks up by handling after the successive thermal cycle. We also optimized the thermal cycle that may be used in order to avoid the spontaneous break-up of the material during the sintering treatment. Materials containing fine and coarse particles of alumina powders exhibit extended ruptures probably dependent on the thermal stresses that grow on cooling after the sintering process, whereas in materials containing only fine alumina powders the presence of ruptures is more limited so that the fired materials have a sufficient strength and can be handled without a particular care. The ageing time at the maximum temperature plays an important role on the microstructure of the sintered material since it has been seen that after 2 h at 1250 degrees C the residual porosity seems to be completely closed and the large grain size shows the presence of structures which can be due to the presence of aluminates. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Mineralogical changes occurring during the fluid-bed roasting of zinc sulfide concentrates. During the fluid-bed roasting of zinc sulfide concentrates, the sulfur in the sphalerite (Zn,Fe)S diffuses out of the particles, whereas the associated zinc and iron are converted to (Zn,Fe)O. The iron from the (Zn,Fe)O phase migrates outward to the peripheries of the particles, forming ZnFe2O4. The resulting porous ZnO+ZnFe2O4 particles agglomerate to from large, spherical masses. A compact shell subsequently develops on the surface of the agglomerates and continues to grow inward; eventually, the particles become compact. Rhythmic bands consisting of intergrowths of ZnO, ZnFe2O4, Zn2SiO4, and lead oxide/oxysulfate are often present in the agglomerated masses, and the Zn2SiO4 and lead oxide/oxysulfate phases seem to form by a vapor phase reaction. Occasionally, defluidization occurs during roasting. The defluidization agglomerates consist of calcine particles that are cemented by zinc oxysulfate and zinc sulfate.", "label": [1, 4, 11, 13, 39]}
+{"token": "Use of rDNA-PCR to investigate the ecological distribution of Anopheles bwambae in relation to other members of the An-gambiae complex of mosquitoes in Bwamba County, Uganda. Larval and adult collections showed that An.gambiae occurs sympatrically with An.bwambae throughout its range in the humid foothill environment of the geothermal springs, whereas the distribution of An, arabiensis overlaps only slightly with An.bwambae towards the savanna environment north of the springs.In water preference tests, free-flying females were reluctant to lay eggs on bowls of water in cages; gravid females (with one wing amputated) placed on the surface of water in a cup laid eggs on seasoned rainwater (12/51 An.bwambae; 2/3 An. gambiae) as well as springwater (39/51 An.bwambae; 1/3 An.gambiae). All three An.gambiae oviposited on the first water option, whereas 86% of An.bwambae witheld oviposition until being moved to the other type of water after 5-6 h, and 82% (36/44) of these laid eggs on geothermal water in preference to rainwater.Larvae of An.bwambae were associated with 'springwater' habitats having much higher conductivity, much greater concentrations of dissolved solids and slightly higher temperature and pH than 'normal' fresh water sites inhabited by larvae of An.gambiae. Larval habitats of both species were unshaded: An.bwambae occurred among dense sedge (Cyperus laevigatus) whereas those of An.gambiae were almost devoid of vegetation. One mixed sample showed that larvae of both species occur together in peripheral aquatic sites with intermediate physical and ecological characteristics.Environmental relationships were investigated among three species of the Anopheles gambiae complex of mosquitoes associated with the geothermal springs located in Bwamba County, Uganda. The degree of ecological isolation between An.gambiae and An.bwambae, a sibling species known only from the geothermal springs environment, was assessed on the basis of adult distribution and abundance as well as differences in larval habitats. Field data were gathered during June 1995 without knowing which of the species were being collected. Specimens identified subsequently by rDNA-PCR were used to interpret the ecological data. Ten of twenty aquatic sites sampled were found positive for immature stages of the An.gambiae complex.", "label": [0, 4, 44, 10]}
+{"token": "Potential of functionalized single walled carbon nanotubes in flexible thermoelectrics. It is well known that chemical functionalization of surfaces has demonstrated to be an important strategy to modify electron transport mechanism of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). In this work, with the aim to explore the potential of functionalized single walled carbon nanotubes (f-SWNTs) in flexible thermoelectrics for the development of thermal energy harvesting devices, we present a systematic study on the thermoelectric behavior of SWNTs and f-SWNTs based films, and demonstrate the impact that functional groups play in modifying their thermoelectric performance. The selected functional groups were carboxylic acid (COOH), octadecyl amine (ODA), poly (m-amino benzenesulfonic acid) (PABS) and amide (NH2). Experimental measurements reveal that, at room temperature the thermoelectric power factor (TPF) of the films based on SWNTs is up to two orders of magnitude higher than the f-SWNTs based films, whereas despite of slight thermoelectric differences among f-SWNTs, the SWNTs-COOH material presents the best TPF in comparison to the rest of the f-SWNTs. Likewise, by realizing proof-of-concept flexible thermoelectric devices using SWNTs and SWNTs/ABS(acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer), the SWNTs based device presents three and a half fold more maximum output power than the SWNTs/ABS based device. Thereby, as unveiled by X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy analyses, in SWNTs chemical functionalization disrupts the conducting pi-bonding, and a substantial content of organic molecules covalently attached to the SWNTs surface are detected, giving rise to the formation of localized defect sites, which act as scattering centers for electrons and phonons. Meanwhile, in SWNTs films the creation of random networks promote the formation of high contact resistances between nanotubes due to functionalizers, as a consequence, the thermal and electron transfer mechanisms are seriously altered, affecting significantly the thermoelectric performance of the devices based on f-SWNTs based films.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "PLASMA THERMAL-DISSOCIATION OF INDIAN ZIRCON. The thermal dissociation of zircon to zirconium dioxide and silica was carried out in a d.c. plasma torch-based chemical reactor. Zirconia was extracted from the dissociated product by alkali treatment followed by washing with distilled water. The dissociation reaction is strongly affected by the power input to the torch.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Limits of Universalization: The European Memory Sites of Genocide. The twentieth century became known as the era of genocides. However, historians do not yet agree on the use of the category of genocide for all mass killings in the twentieth century and still are debating their place in European civilization. My article focuses on the European lieux de memoire of the genocides within the associative framework of the fundamental question about the material evidence of crime. This framework helps highlight the limits of universalization in European memory politics. In understanding them as a dynamically developing social phenomenon, this article analyses it in two dimensions: the emergence of the memory of the Holocaust as an archetype of genocide, and the crimes of Communism as a rival memory framework in Eastern Europe. In closing, I will return to the incessant search for the material evidence of genocide. This article challenges the general concept of the European lieux de memoire of the genocide from this point of view as well.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Flow paths of water and sediment in a tidal marsh: Relations with marsh developmental stage and tidal inundation height. This study provides new insights in the relative role of tidal creeks and the marsh edge in supplying water and sediments to and from tidal marshes for a wide range of tidal inundation cycles with different high water levels and for marsh zones of different developmental stage. Net import or export of water and its constituents (sediments, nutrients, pollutants) to or from tidal marshes has been traditionally estimated based on discharge measurements through a tidal creek. Complementary to this traditional calculation of water and sediment balances based on creek fluxes, we present novel methods to calculate water balances based on digital elevation modeling and sediment balances based on spatial modeling of surface sedimentation measurements. In contrast with spatial interpolation, the presented approach of spatial modeling accounts for the spatial scales at which sedimentation rates vary within tidal marshes. This study shows that for an old, high marsh platform, dissected by a well-developed creek network with adjoining levees and basins, flow paths are different for tidal inundation cycles with different high water levels: during shallow inundation cycles (high water level < 0.2 m above the creek banks) almost all water is supplied via the creek system, while during higher inundation cycles (high water level > 0.2 m) the percentage of water directly supplied via the marsh edge increases with increasing high water level. This flow pattern is in accordance with the observed decrease in sedimentation rates with increasing distance from creeks and from the marsh edge. On a young, low marsh, characterized by a gently seaward sloping topography, material exchange does not take place predominantly via creeks but the marsh is progressively flooded starting from the marsh edge. As a consequence, the spatial sedimentation pattern is most related to elevation differences and distance from the marsh edge. Our results imply that the traditional measurement of tidal creek fluxes may lead in many cases to incorrect estimations of net sediment or nutrient budgets.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
+{"token": "Chorasmia Medical School from the beginning until the Mongol invasion. In research on the history of medicine, less attention is paid to the subject of historical geography. Considering the importance of this subject in the history of science, this paper discusses one of the most important science centers in the world. This outstanding medical research center was located in Gorganch city, Chorasmia area, in the Eastern part of the Islamic.Chorasmia medical school was one of the important Iranian medical schools before the Mongols' attack. Its history (305-1231 A.D.) can be divided into three eras; Ale Iraq, Ale Ma'mun, and era of the Khwarazmian dynasty. This geographical area in the Northeast of Iran has escaped the notice of researchers in recent studies. The presence of great Persian physicians and scientists throughout history in this area indicates its scientific importance. The present article focuses on Chorasmia Medical School since its establishment until the Mongols' attack.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Altered Protein Dynamics and Increased Aggregation of Human gamma S-Crystallin Due to Cataract-Associated Deamidations. Deamidation is a major age-related modification in the human lens that is highly prevalent in crystallins isolated from the insoluble fraction of cataractous lenses and also causes protein aggregation in vitro. However, the mechanism by which deamidation causes proteins to become insoluble is not known because only subtle structural changes were observed in vitro. We have identified Asn14 and Asn76 of gamma S-crystallin as highly deamidated in insoluble proteins isolated from aged lenses. These sites are on the surface of the N-terminal domain and were mimicked by replacing the Asn with Asp residues in order to generate recombinant human gamma S and deamidated mutants. Both N14D and N76D had increased light scattering compared to wild-type gamma S (WT) and increased aggregation during thermal-induced denaturation. Aggregation was enhanced by oxidized glutathione, suggesting deamidation changes were correlated to changes in protein dynamics determined by NMR spectroscopy. Heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy was used to measure amide hydrogen exchange and N-15 relaxation dynamics to identify regions with increased dynamics compared to gamma S WT. Residue-specific changes in solvent accessibility and dynamics were both near and distant from the sites of deamidation, suggesting that deamidation had both local and global effects on the protein structure at slow (ms to s) and fast (mu s to ps) time scales. Thus, a potential mechanism for gamma S deamidation-induced insolubilization in cataractous lenses is altered dynamics due to local regions of unfolding and increased flexibility in both the N- and C-terminal domains particularly at surface helices. This conformational flexibility increases the likelihood of aggregation, which would be enhanced in the oxidizing cytoplasm of the aged and cataractous lens. The NMR data combined with the in vivo insolubility and in vitro aggregation findings support a model that deamidation drives changes in protein dynamics that facilitate protein aggregation associated with cataracts.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Youth cultures and consumption in Eastern and Western Europe - An overview. Whereas in the past youth cultures were analyzed in terms of their relationship to divisions such as social class, the tendency now is to see youth as submerged in general consumer culture and to analyze this in terms of cultural codes and symbols. In this article, the authors argue that there are important differences in the way in which young people are situated in relation to consumer culture and that this differs according to the different state systems that have existed in different parts of Europe and the new lines of stratification that are emerging. The former Communist regimes along with their recent transformations are particularly interesting in this respect. Through an analysis of the development and significance of youth cultures and subcultures in Eastern and Western Europe, the article argues that such cultures are important in forging generational consciousness and defining generations.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
+{"token": "Peritectic Formation and Phase Stability of the Icosahedral Quasicystal i-GdCd and Its Ternary Variants with Zn, Mg, and Y. Stable binary icosahedral quasicrystals (i-QCs) based on rare earth (RE) and cadmium are typically accessed by solution growth experiments, which operate in very narrow composition and temperature windows. Here, we present a procedure which allows study of peritectic reactions between approximant crystal (AC) phase and liquid yielding i-RECd and exemplify with i-GdCd and ternary variants where Cd is partially replaced by isovalent Zn (i-Gd(Cd,Zn)) or Mg (i-Gd(Cd,Mg)), or the 4f element Gd is replaced by nonmagnetic Y (i-(Gd,Y)Cd). The solubility limits for Zn and Mg substitution are about 10% and 20%, respectively, whereas Gd and Y show a complete solid solution behavior. We find that the peritectic decomposition temperature for i-GdCd is 390 degrees C, which is decreased when Gd is replaced by Y (i-YCd: 350 degrees C) and increased when Cd is replaced by Zn (i-Gd(Cd90Zn10): 440 degrees C), and especially by Mg (i-Gd(Cd80Mg20): 520 degrees C). Whereas substitution decisively alters the decomposition temperature (and hence stability) of the considered i-QCs, the decomposition temperature of the corresponding AC phases remains at around 700 degrees C. During the investigation of the pseudobinary phase diagrams Gd-(Cd95Zn5), Gd-(Cd90Zn10), and Gd-(Cd(80M)g(20)), faceted i-QCs grains with sizes up to 4 x 4 x 4 mm(3) could be isolated.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Use of ethanol locks to prevent recurrent central line sepsis. Catheter-related sepsis (CRS) is a common complication of long-term parenteral nutrition. Conventional antibiotic therapy is often effective in the short-term but, because of poor activity against intraluminal microbial biofilms, may not prevent relapse. Ethanol is an effective antiseptic. We describe a case of a patient with recurrent CRS successfully treated with 70% ethanol locks. (C) 2003 The British Infection Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "THE U.S. REAL ESTATE MARKET ON LIFE SUPPORT: UNPLUGGING THE RESPA-RATOR. This Note first traces the growth of the title insurance industry in the United States and shows how this industry pushed lawyers out of residential real estate transactions in many states. The author then explains the original RESPA of 1974, through which Congress responded to a rising tide of anticompetitive practices in the real estate industry by requiring disclosures to borrowers and promoting competition, among other provisions. This Note then details the new RESPA rule, which requires lenders to itemize and guarantee certain real estate settlement costs. The author evaluates the new rule and predicts its consequences, concluding that it will not serve HUD's avowed goals to end price gouging and spur competition, and instead will create a facade of transparency for consumers. The author recommends instead that lawyers occupy a larger role in residential real estate transactions because they can act to inform and protect homebuyers. The Note concludes by suggesting that federal regulators encourage, or at least do not discourage, homebuyers to seek legal representation for their real estate transactions.On January 1, 2010, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) responded to the real estate lending crisis with revised regulations for the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA). The new regulations require heightened disclosures from lenders to homebuyers and encourage competition among lenders. This Note argues that HUD's attempts to solve irresponsible lending with further RESPA regulations are misguided. The author contends that the new rules will provide homebuyers with a false sense of security about their mortgages and lenders, without actually protecting them from predatory practices. Instead, this Note suggests a novel solution: lawyers should play a more prominent role in real estate transactions in order to protect consumers.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Performance and mechanism evaluation of dopamine-hexamethylene diamine-iron tetraoxide composite rubber powder incorporated styrene-butadiene-styrene modified asphalt. In order to improve the mechanical properties, high temperature rheological properties, and self-healing of modified asphalt, the microwave absorber iron tetraoxide (Fe3O4) was modified and polydopamine-hexamethylene diamine-Fe3O4 (PDA-HDA-Fe3O4) was prepared, which was compounded with rubber powder/styrene butadiene styrene modified asphalt (RP-SBS-MA). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses confirmed that chemical composition and crystal morphology of PDA-HDA-Fe3O4 remained unchanged. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy revealed that the surface morphology of the modified Fe(3)O(4 )was altered which could increase the mechanical interlocking interaction with the base asphalt. Dynamic shear rheometer test showed that at 46 ?, the storage modulus and loss modulus of 1 %PDA-HDA-Fe3O4/RP-SBS-MA were respectively 61.96 % and 69.65 % higher compared to that of RP-SBS-MA. The results of the multi-stress creep recovery test showed that at 3.2 kPa, the strain of 1 %PDA-HDA-Fe3O4/RP-SBS-MA was reduced by 54.16 % compared to that of RP-SBS-MA. Microwave heating tests analysis showed that the temperature of 1 %PDA-HDA-Fe3O4/RP-SBS-MA was 20.48 % and 2.41 % higher than those of RP-SBS-MA and 1 %Fe3O4/RP-SBS-MA, respectively. This was attributed to the improved microwave absorption capacity of the modified asphalt upon the addition of PDA-HDA-Fe3O4. These convincing results of the newly prepared PDA-HDA-Fe3O4/RP-SBS-MA could be envisioned of great promise for designing advanced functional asphalts for targeted applications.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Plasmodium vivax malaria. We report 11 cases of severe Plasmodium vivax malaria in Bikaner (western India). Patients exhibited cerebral malaria, renal failure, circulatory collapse, severe anemia, hemoglobinurea, abnormal bleeding, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and jaundice. Peripheral blood microscopy, parasite antigen-based assays, and parasite 18s rRNA gene-based polymerase chain reaction showed the presence of P. vivax and absence of P. falciparum.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
+{"token": "Death in Philadelphia, 1958 The Murder of In-Ho Oh and the Politics of Cold War America. In 1958, In-Ho Oh, a foreign student from South Korea, was beaten to death in West Philadelphia by a group of black youths. The brutal murder shocked people all over the nation who wrote hundreds of letters to the newspapers and the mayor about the incident. Some letter writers focused on the implications of the murder for Cold War diplomacy, while some believed there were moral lessons to be learned from the generous actions of Oh's family. Yet other letter writers focused on race and juvenile delinquency and constructed an idealized \\\\'model\\\\' minority in the Korean student, contrasting him to the young suspects. The death of In-Ho Oh came to have different meanings to different groups and challenged America's self-perception about racial equality and exceptionalism.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "FORMATION OF HYPERDEFORMED STATES FROM DINUCLEAR SYSTEM. The hyperdeformed nuclei treated as dinuclear or quasimolecular configurations are suggested to be directly produced in heavy-ion reactions at bombarding energies near the Coulomb barrier.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Impacts of flexible pavement design and management decisions on life cycle energy consumption and carbon footprint. Results and conclusions (1) The developed framework that integrates ME-PDG and LCA methods is useful to assess pavement-related life cycle energy consumption and GHG emissions. (2) The developed regression models can well capture the trends of life cycle energy consumption and GHG emissions at different traffic levels, using asphalt concrete (AC) layer thickness and roughness trigger value as independent variables. (3) Material production, road use, and congestion due to road closure dominate pavement-related life cycle energy use and GHG emissions. (4) Optimum pavement thickness and international roughness index (IRI) trigger values exist, and they vary with traffic levels.Methods (1) A methodological framework is developed by integrating the mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide (ME-PDG) and life cycle assessment (LCA) methods. (2) The calculation processes for the detailed components in the framework are proposed by synthesizing existing models, data, and tools. (3) In applying the framework to pavement design and management in Hong Kong, a large number of simulations are conducted to generate pavement performance data at different combinations of pavement thickness, roughness trigger value, and traffic levels. (4) GHG emissions and energy consumption are calculated for each simulation scenario, and the results are used to build statistical regression models. (5) The simulation and calculation results are also analyzed to gain additional insights on the environmental impacts of pavement design and management decisions.Purpose The study aims to develop a methodological framework to estimate life cycle energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related to pavement design and management decisions. Another objective is to apply the framework to the design and management of flexible highway pavement in Hong Kong. Traditionally, pavement design and management decisions are solely based on economic considerations. This study quantifies the relationships between such decisions and the environmental impacts, thereby helping highway agencies understand the environmental implications of their decisions and make more balanced decisions to improve highway sustainability.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 52]}
+{"token": "Correlation of an interleukin-4 gene polymorphism with susceptibility to severe enterovirus 71 infection in Chinese children. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has caused many outbreaks of diseases among children worldwide since it was first reported in 1974, but its mechanism of pathogenesis remains unclear. This study was designed to investigate the possible association of the IL-4-589C/T gene polymorphism with severity of EV71 infection in Chinese children. The IL-4 -589C/T gene polymorphism was detected in EV71-infected subjects (n = 185), including those with mild cases (n = 102) and severe cases (n = 83) as well as healthy controls (n = 234), using an improved multiplex ligation detection reaction (iMLDR) technique. The plasma levels of IL-4 and IFN-gamma were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The presence of the CC genotype (p = 0.022) and the C allele (OR, 2.1; 95 % CI, 1.3-3.6; p = 0.004) was significantly higher in severe cases. Furthermore, the CC genotype and C allele were also more frequently found in cases of EV71 encephalitis (p < 0.05). The plasma levels of IL-4 of the CC (7.9 +/- 1.3 pg/mL, p < 0.001) and CT genotype (6.8 +/- 2.1 pg/mL, p < 0.01) were significantly elevated compared to those of the TT genotype, but the plasma levels of IFN-gamma and the IFN-gamma/IL-4 ratio were significantly lower for the CC and CT genotypes than for the TT genotype (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the IL-4 -589C allele could be a susceptibility factor in the development of EV71 disease in Chinese children.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Laboratory modelling of manganese biofiltration using biofilms of Leptothrix discophora. Laboratory biofilters (pilot-scale, 201 and laboratory-scale, 5 1) were constructed in order to model the bioaccumulation of manganese (Mn) under flow conditions similar to those occurring in biofilters at groundwater treatment sites. The biofilters were operated as monocultures of Leptothrix discophora, the predominant organism in mature Mn oxidising biofilms. Biologically mediated Mn bioaccumulation was successfully modelled in both filter systems. The data obtained showed that in the small-scale biofilter, the Mn concentrations that gave the highest rate of Mn bioaccumulation, shortest maturation time, highest optical density (biomass) and growth rate were between 2000 and 3000 mugl(-1). The non-problematic scale-up of the process from the laboratory-scale to the pilot-scale biofilter model suggests that Mn biofilters may be 'seeded' with laboratory grown cultures of L. discophora. By initially operating the biofilter as a re-circulating, batch culture, with an initial Mn concentration of similar to 2500 mugl(-1), it is hoped to reduce the filter maturation time from months to days. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Rapid Estimation of Astaxanthin and the Carotenoid-to-Chlorophyll Ratio in the Green Microalga Chromochloris zofingiensis Using Flow Cytometry. The green microalga Chromochloris zofingiensis can accumulate significant amounts of valuable carotenoids, mainly natural astaxanthin, a product with applications in functional food, cosmetics, nutraceuticals, and with potential therapeutic value in cardiovascular and neurological diseases. To optimize the production of astaxanthin, it is essential to monitor the content of astaxanthin in algal cells during cultivation. The widely used HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) method for quantitative astaxanthin determination is time-consuming and laborious. In the present work, we present a method using flow cytometry (FCM) for in vivo determination of the astaxanthin content and the carotenoid-to-chlorophyll ratio (Car/Chl) in mixotrophic C. zofingiensis. The method is based on the assessment of fluorescent characteristics of cellular pigments. The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of living cells was determined by FCM to monitor pigment formation based on the correlation between MFI detected in particular channels (FL1: 533 +/- 15 nm; FL2: 585 +/- 20 nm; FL3: >670 nm) and pigment content in algal cells. Through correlation and regression analysis, a linear relationship was observed between MFI in FL2 (band-pass filter, emission at 585 nm in FCM) and astaxanthin content (in HPLC) and applied for predicting astaxanthin content. With similar procedures, the relationships between MFI in different channels and Car/Chl ratio in mixotrophic C. zofingiensis were also determined. Car/Chl ratios could be estimated by the ratios of MFI (FL1/FL3, FL2/FL3). FCM is thus a highly efficient and feasible method for rapid estimation of astaxanthin content in the green microalga C. zofingiensis. The rapid FCM method is complementary to the current HPLC method, especially for rapid evaluation and prediction of astaxanthin formation as it is required during the high-throughput culture in the laboratory and mass cultivation in industry.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "Coupled storm surge and wave simulations for the Southern Coast of Korea. An integrated model system was developed to apply surge-wave coupled simulations to the southern coast of Korea during Typhoon Sanba in 2012. Numerical experiments were carried out to examine the effects of land-dissipated wind on storm surges and the influence of wave-surge coupled simulations on storm surges and surface waves. These numerical experiments used a finite volume ocean model, FVCOM, coupled with a wave model SWAVE. Due to the complex geometry of the coastal area investigated, a high-resolution terrain-following unstructured grid was employed. Atmospheric forcing was generated by a planetary boundary layer model, which was revised by incorporating the effect of the land's roughness on the typhoon wind. A detailed comparison shows generally good agreement between the measured and simulated wind, surge, and waves. In particular, improved results have been found for the simulation of storm winds and surges when considering the effect of land-dissipated wind. In addition, clearly improved results for storm surges were obtained when adding the coupling effect between waves and surges. The results show a maximum contribution of 40% by the waveinduced surge to the peak surge height along the coasts. The mean rate of error for peak surge heights decreased from 29.6% to 21.3% after considering the effects of wind dissipation, and decreased again to 17.9% when adding the effects of the waves. These results imply that the effect of wind dissipation caused by land roughness and waves should be taken into account when determining storm surge heights. The results also show the effects of wave-current coupling influences the generation of waves. However, the magnitude of this coupling effect on wave heights was found to be relatively insignificant.", "label": [4, 45, 39]}
+{"token": "Schumpeterian dynamics versus Williamsonian considerations: A test of export intermediary performance. Using a sample of export intermediaries connecting domestic producers and foreign buyers, the study tests. competing hypotheses on firm performance derived from the Austrian and transaction cost perspectives. Specifically, the Austrian perspective suggests that the more distant the export market and the more complex tl-le product that the intermediary specializes in, the better its performance. Transaction cost theory, on the other hand, offers conflicting predictions. Our results indicate that these two theories are complementary to each other, and a contingency framework is proposed. and discussed.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
+{"token": "The influence of gold on the crystallization of iron oxi-hydroxides. An experimental approach is used to characterize the role of gold during the formation of goethite and hematite from ferrihydrite. The results show that metallic gold colloids play a role during the maturation of the gel at pH 7. In such conditions, the formation of goethite is retarded in presence of colloidal gold. Cold does not affect the formation of hematite. Dissolution/reprecipitation processes responsible for the formation of goethite are slowed down by electrostatic effects of the negative gold colloids on the concentration of Fe(OH); which could be a rate limiting factor for goethite precipitation. Also Au-O-Fe surface complexes could slow down the formation of goethite.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "A 667-Mb/s operating digital DLL architecture for 512-Mb DDR SDRAM. This paper describes an all-digital delay-locked loop (DLL) architecture for over 667 Mb/s operating double-data-rate (DDR) type SDRAMs, which suppresses skews and jitters. Two novel replica adjusting techniques are introduced, in which timing skews caused by the clock input and data output circuits Are reduced by a hierarchical phase comparing architecture and a replica check method with slow tester. Further, an improved phase interpolating method, suppresses jitters caused by a boundary of the fine and coarse delays.-A 512-Mb test device is fabricated using a 0.13-mum DRAM process technology, in which skew and jitter suppressed 667-Mb/s (333-MHz) DDR operation has been verified.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Stable Authorship Attribution in Spite of Variance in Spelling?. Me article discusses whether Burrows' Delta is applicable for authorship attribution of non-normalized Middle High German texts. A series of tests for validation shows that the recognition rate of Delta can be increased to a reasonable level if non-normalized medieval spellings are normalized by means of a normalization dictionary. Further tests for validation show that the rate of recognition falls only slightly even if 20% of the words are replaced with random words (\\\\'noise\\\\').", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Notes on the lexical history of coffee. Until the 16th century, the European words for 'coffee 'reflect exclusively the Arabic and Turkish type qahwa /kahve. The first Italian - and at the same time the earliest European - record appears in 1579 (cava) in the Viaggio da Creta in Egitto ed al Sinai of Filippo Pigafetta. From the 17th century onwards, the type It. caffe, Fr. cafe, Germ. Kaffee, Engl. coffee, which today is predominant all over Europe, begins to make its way. Phonetically, the genesis of the voiceless variants in Western Europe is possible on the basis of both the Turkish and the Arabic model.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Improved lumped models for combined convective and radiative cooling of a wall. Improved lumped parameter models are developed for the transient heat conduction of a wall subjected to combined convective and radiative cooling. The improved lumped models are obtained through two point Hermite approximations for integrals. It is shown by comparison with numerical solution of the original distributed parameter model that the higher order lumped model (H-1,H-1/H-0,H-0 approximation) yields significant improvement of average temperature prediction over the classical lumped model. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Poetic Storytelling in Contemporary Photography. Relation to Nature and the Poesis of Everyday Life in Works of Selected Artist in Iceland and Other Nordic Countries. The past 20 years have seen a shift in Icelandic photography from postmodern aesthetics towards a more phenomenological perspective that explores the relationship between subjective and affective truth on the one hand, and the outside world on the other hand. Rather than telling a story about the world as it is or as the photographer wants it to appear, the focus is on communicating with the world, and with the viewer. The photograph is seen as a creative medium that can be used to reflect how we experience and make sense of the world, or how we are and dwell in the world. In this paper, I introduce the theme of poetic storytelling in the context of contemporary photography in Iceland and other Nordic Countries. Poetic storytelling is a term I have been developing to describe a certain lyrical way to use a photograph as a narrative medium in reaction to the climate crisis and to a general lack of relation to oneself and to the world in times of increased acceleration in the society. In my article I analyze works by a few leading Icelandic photographers (Katrin Elvarsdottir, Heioa Helgadottir and Hallgerour Hallgrimsdottir) and put them in context with works by artists from Denmark (Joakim Eskildsen, Christina Capetillo and Astrid Kruse Jensen), Sweden (Helene Schmitz) and Finland (Hertta Kiiski) artists within the frame of poetic storytelling. Poetic storytelling is about a way to use a photograph as a narrative medium in an attempt to grasp a reality which is neither fully objective nor subjective, but rather a bit of both.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Work capacity and health-related quality of life among individuals with multiple sclerosis reduced by fatigue: a cross-sectional study. Results: Of those who completed the questionnaire (n = 257, 79.6%), 59.8% were working. Work capacity was found significantly more among men (p < 0.005), those with a higher level of education (p < 0.001), those reporting less fatigue (p < 0.001), and those having no heat sensitivity (p = 0.004). For work capacity, significant predictors were low physical disability (EDSS), low fatigue, higher level of education, male sex and lower age. Those with work capacity showed significantly higher HRQoL than those who had no work capacity (p < 0.001). Levels of fatigue, cognition and emotional distress were found to be major contributing factors for HRQoL.Background: Among individuals diagnosed with the chronic neurologic disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), a majority suffers from fatigue, which strongly influences their every-day-life. The aim of this study was to investigate work capacity and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in a group of MS patients and also to investigate if work capacity and HRQoL could be predicted by background factors, fatigue, heat sensitivity, cognitive dysfunction, emotional distress or degree of disability.Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, designed survey was undertaken A questionnaire was sent to 323 individuals diagnosed with MS, aged between 20 and 65 years, with physical disability on the expanded disability status score (EDSS) in the interval 0 >= EDSS <= 6.5, living in sterg\\\\'tland county in eastern Sweden. Questions on background factors, occupation and work, together with the health-related quality of life short form instrument (SF-36), the fatigue severity scale (FSS), the perceived deficit questionnaire (PDQ) and the hospital anxiety depression scale (HAD) were posed. Associations between variables were analyzed using Pearson's and Spearman's correlations. Differences between groups were tested using the Chi-square test, the Mann Whitney U-test, and the Student's t-test. Predictive factors were analyzed using multiple linear and multiple logistic regression analysis.Conclusions: Work capacity and HRQoL among individuals diagnosed with MS are highly influenced by fatigue which can be considered as a key symptom. Work capacity was influenced by heat-sensitivity, cognitive difficulties and emotional distress and significant predictive factors besides fatigue, were physical disability (EDSS), age, sex, and level of education. Remaining at work also gives a better HRQoL.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Existence of a positive solution for quasilinear elliptic equations with nonlinearity including the gradient. -div(a(x, vertical bar del u vertical bar)del u) = f(x, u, del u)in Omega under the Dirichlet boundary condition. As a special case (a(x, t) = t(p-2), our equation coincides with the usual p-Laplace equation. The solution is established as the limit of a sequence of positive solutions of approximate equations. The positivity of our solution follows from the behavior of f(x, t xi) as t is small. In this paper, we do not impose the sign condition to the nonlinear term f.We provide the existence of a positive solution for the quasilinear elliptic equation", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "From Empowerment to Advocacy: Innominate Identity Politics as Feminist Advocacy in Iran. Through in-depth interviews and ethnographic observation of a nongovernmental organization in Iran dedicated to advocacy for marginalized women, I demonstrate that in the absence of political opportunity for \\\\'rights\\\\' advocacy in Iran, unconventional modes of identity politics have emerged. My data suggest that some practices of identity politics in Iran depart in framing, strategy, and organization from conventional practices of identity politics prevalent in liberal democratic contexts where identities are invoked, deployed, and tied to a universal conception of \\\\'rights.\\\\' I introduce the term \\\\'innominate identity politics\\\\' to reveal a creative utilization of the framework of \\\\'capabilities\\\\' for identity-based advocacy where \\\\'rights\\\\' advocacy and group identity formation are not tolerated by the government. Identities, hence, are innominate (unnamed), yet fought for. This article explains the organization's departure from the common practices of identity politics by examining three factors which necessitated the adoption of new frames and strategies: (1) the repressive politics of the state which had rendered the \\\\'rights\\\\' framework costly and inaccessible, (2) the social construction of the organization's clients as \\\\'bare life\\\\' due to the intersection of multiple systems of inequality, and (3) the social actors' perception of what constitutes effective advocacy.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Single-Satellite Integrated Navigation Algorithm Based on Broadband LEO Constellation Communication Links. With the rapid development of satellite technology and the need to satisfy the increasing demand for location-based services, in challenging environments such as indoors, forests, and canyons, there is an urgent need to improve the position accuracy in these environments. However, traditional algorithms obtain the position solution through time redundancy in exchange for spatial redundancy, and they require continuous observations that cannot satisfy the real-time location services. In addition, they must also consider the clock bias between the satellite and receiver. Therefore, in this paper, we provide a single-satellite integrated navigation algorithm based on the elimination of clock bias for broadband low earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication links. First, we derive the principle of LEO satellite communication link clock bias elimination; then, we give the principle and process of the algorithm. Next, we model and analyze the error of the system. Subsequently, based on the unscented Kalman filter (UKF), we model the state vector and observation vector of our algorithm and give the state and observation equations. Finally, for different scenarios, we conduct qualitative and quantitative analysis through simulations, and the results show that, whether in an altimeter scenario or non-altimeter scenario, the performance indicators of our algorithm are significantly better than the inertial navigation system (INS), which can effectively overcome the divergence problem of INS; compared with the medium earth orbit (MEO) constellation, the navigation trajectory under the LEO constellation is closer to the real trajectory of the aircraft; and compared with the traditional algorithm, the accuracy of each item is improved by more than 95%. These results show that our algorithm not only significantly improves the position error, but also effectively suppresses the divergence of INS. The algorithm is more robust and can satisfy the requirements of cm-level real-time location services in challenging environments.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 38, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "PATIENTS AND DOCTORS IN CIUDAD ACUNA (MEXICO) - AN ANTHROPOLOGY OF MEDICINE IN A BORDER AREA. The borderline between Mexico and the south of the United States draws in the continuous continental space the limits between the industrialized world and the underdevelopped one. This article considers the dynamics of the border through an approach based upon an anthropology of health which analyses the networks composed by the doctors in the area, the circulations of the patients and the interfaces between these two clusters of phenomena. (Traduit par l'auteur.)", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "CYTOKINE PROFILES IN NASAL FLUID IN PATIENTS WITH NASAL POLYPS: A FLOW CYTOMETRIC STUDY. Biological markers in nasal fluid provide valuable information on nasal pathophysiology. The aims of this study were to compare the cytokine profiles of nasal fluid in subjects with nasal polyps (NP) and co-morbid asthma and NP patients without asthma and to determine the role-of these cytokines in the development of NP Thirty patients with IN P (15 asthmatic and 15 nonasthmatic) were included in this prospective study. Nasal secretion samples were collected from nasal cavities of all 30 subjects. The levels of eleven cytokines (TNF-alpha, TNF-beta, IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and IFN-gamma) were measured using flow cytometry. The concentrations of Th2 cytokines IL-5, IL-6 and IL-10 were significantly higher in patients with NIP and asthma compared with subjects with NP without asthma. We also found significantly higher levels of IFN-alpha, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 in allergic patients with NP and asthma compared with those without asthma. In non-allergic patients with NP and asthma, the concentrations of TNF-alpha, IL-5 and IL-6 were significantly higher than in non-allergic patients with NP without asthma. Our results show that the presence of Th2 cytokines, especially IL-5 and U 6 in patients with NP and asthma is a more prominent feature than in those without asthma that relates to the increased eosinophilic inflammation. We have also found a significant influence of allergy on the cytokine profiles both in asthmatic and nonasthmatic patients.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "PCR-based specific and sensitive detection of Pectobacterium carotovorum ssp carotovorum by primers generated from a URP-PCR fingerprinting-derived polymorphic band. A 24-mer primer pair was generated by sequencing a URP-PCR fingerprinting-derived polymorphic band that is uniquely shared in Pectobacterium carotovorum ssp. carotovorum strains (Pcc). The primer set (EXPCCF/EXPCCR) amplified a single band of expected size (0.55 kb) from genomic DNA obtained from 29 Pcc strains and three Pectobacterium carotovorum ssp. wasabiae (Pcw) strains, but not from other P. carotovorum subspecies atrosepticum , betavasculorum or odoriferum , or from other Erwinia spp. or bacterial genera. The Rsa I digestion profile of the amplified bands divided Pcc strains into five groups with a unique profile from Pcw strains. First-round PCR detected between 5 x 10(2) and 1 x 10(3) colony forming units (CFU) mL(-1) and detection sensitivity was increased to as few as 2-4 CFU mL(-1) after second-round (nested) PCR. This PCR protocol was used directly to detect Pcc strains in infected plant tissues.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Collective learning and COVID-19 mitigation in Ghana(sic)(sic)(sic)Palabras Clave. COVID-19 has created significant uncertainty and disruption among governments and people across the globe. Policy studies present various theoretical frameworks that allow scholars and practitioners to make sense of these developments in a structured and systematic fashion. In this paper, we combined the collective learning framework with documentary data and process tracing analysis to describe, first, the features of the COVID-19 collective learning setting in Ghana. Next, we explored the linkages among learning processes, learning products, and COVID-19 mitigation. We found that diverse policy actors operated at distinct levels of government and performed different functions in managing the pandemic. Furthermore, we confirmed all three phases of learning (acquisition, translation, and dissemination) in Ghana's context. Lastly, policies, such as public gathering management, mandatory mask-wearing, partial lockdown, and fiscal and tax reliefs enabled the government to mitigate the pandemic's impact on people. We conclude by highlighting the implications of these findings for policy learning scholarship.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "The Predictive Validity of the DEBQ-External Eating Scale For Eating in Response to Food Commercials While Watching Television. Method: In a seminaturalistic setting we measured participants' intake of crisps and M&Ms while they watched food commercials or neutral commercials spliced into a film. To avoid misclassification due to the use of median splits we used extreme scores on the DEBQ-ex (n = 60) in addition to the full range of scores (n = 125).Results: As was expected, high external eaters in the food commercial condition ate more crisps than did high external eaters in the neutral commercial condition, whereas low external eaters did not eat more crisps in one condition than in the other. No such moderator effect was found for emotional eating. No significant moderator effect was found for external eating in the original sample (n = 125) using the median-split procedure.Objective: To challenge the conclusion by Jansen et al., Int J Eat Disord 2011; 44:164-168, that the widely used Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) External Eating subscale (DEBQ-EX) lacks validity for external eating, because of limitations of that study.Discussion: The DEBQ scale for external eating has validity and specificity for external eating provided that the participants have sufficiently extreme external eating scores and a natural setting is used. (C) 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 23, 55]}
+{"token": "Comparison of Seismic Performance of a RC Frame Building before and after the Wenchuan Earthquake in Sichuan Province. The Wenchuan earthquake that occurred in China in 2008 caused extensive damage and loss of life and property. Comparison of the vulnerabilities between former and current reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures after the 2008Wenchuan earthquake was performed in order to minimize of future losses in the paper. A formal representative type of damaged RC frame building in Wenchuan County was studied by nonlinear finite element method (FEM). Probabilistic seismic demand models (PSDM) for RC frame structures was built to assess the safety levels of the former and the current RC frame buildings. The fragility curves for immediate occupancy (IO), significant damage (SD), and collapse prevention (CP) damage levels of the two RC frame buildings were compared and analyzed. The result indicates the safety levels of the current RC frame building are well improved compared to the former RC frame building before the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. (C) 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "Willingness to pay for expansion of the whale sanctuary in Faxafloi Bay, Iceland: A contingent valuation study. Commercial whaling is a divisive issue in Iceland, and often considered to be irreconcilable with whale watching. The coexistence of both activities in Faxafloi Bay, adjacent to the capital city of Reykjavik, has led to the designation of part of the bay as a whale sanctuary, where whaling is banned. The study utilises the contingent valuation method to elicit the preferences of Icelanders and estimate their willingness to pay (WTP) to expand the sanctuary to the full extent of Faxafloi Bay, with an aim to inform marine spatial planning in Iceland. Using the double-bounded dichotomous approach, the mean WTP for expansion of the Faxafloi Bay Whale Sanctuary was estimated to be 5082 ISK/42 USD per person (1.32 billion ISK/10.9 million USD when multiplied by the number of taxpayers), and 29.7% of the respondents with clearly defined preferences expressed positive WTP. According to the logit regression model, statistically significant socioeconomic and attitudinal variables included age, gender, level of education, number of persons in a household, and attitudes towards environmental conservation and whaling. Policy implications of non-market valuation of marine ES are discussed, pointing to a need to further assess the multiple marine ES values applying a transdisciplinary approach to inform decision-making.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Influence of the microstructure on the stability of the intrinsic two-way shape memory effect. This work presents a study of the development of the two-way shape memory effect (TWSME) and its degradation due to working cycles. An intrinsic TWSME was induced in wire specimens of two near equiatomic NiTi alloys by thermomechanical training. The development of the effect was analyzed and discussed with respect to the different microstructures obtained by preliminary heat-treatment of the samples. The investigations show that training of cold worked specimens results in a smaller extension of the TWSME, but the effect remains more stable during service cycles compared to annealed samples. Precipitates have a strong negative effect on the trainability of the alloy. They considerably impede the evolution of the recoverable strain, thus limiting the obtainable magnitude of the two-way strain. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "A Fish-Like Soft-Robotic Model Generates a Diversity of Swimming Patterns. Fish display a versatile array of swimming patterns, and frequently demonstrate the ability to switch between these patterns altering kinematics as necessary. Many hard and soft robotic systems have sought to understand a variety of aspects pertaining to undulatory swimming, but most have been built to focus solely on a subset of those swimming patterns. We have expanded upon a previous soft robotic model, the pneufish, so that it can now simulate a variety of swimming patterns, much like a real fish. We explore the performance space available for this longer soft robotic model, which we call the quad-pneufish, with particular attention to the effects on lateral forces and z-torques produced during locomotion. We show that the quad-pneufish is capable of achieving a variety of midline patterns-including more realistic, fish-like patterns-and introducing a slight amount of co-activation between the left and right sides maintains forward thrust while decreasing lateral forces, indicating an increase in swimming efficiency. Robotic systems that are capable of producing an array of swimming movement patterns hold promise as experimental platforms for studying the diversity of fish locomotor patterns.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "J. HECTOR ST. JOHN DE CREVECOEUR'S NIAGARA: REDEFINING A SUBLIME LANDMARK. Working from Crevecoeur's two accounts of visits to the Niagara peninsula, together with the two maps accompanying those narratives, this essay argues that Crevecoeur never visited the area during the years he claims, 1785 and 1789. Although the narratives thus reflect the centuries-old convention of the traveler/explorer as liar, more significantly they reveal Crevecoeur's substantial reworking of the received eighteenth-century response to the natural sublime. Both the 1785 Letter to his son and the longer retelling of his supposed 1789 visit in A Journey into Northern Pennsylvania and the State of New York - predictably record an initial, expected reaction to the Falls as involving astonishment, horror, and fear of annihilation, but each subsequently carries the experiencing subject beyond this to a rather different conclusion. Anticipating the Romantic period's transformation of the terrifying sublime into a transcendent experience of the beautiful, both the Letter and the Journey transport the subject to a higher state of perception wherein \\\\'our feelings are - harmonized into placid contemplation.\\\\'", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "The siderophore-producing bacterium, Bacillus subtilis CAS15, has a biocontrol effect on Fusarium wilt and promotes the growth of pepper. In this study, the Chrome Azurol Sulphonate (CAS) agar plate assay for siderophores was used to screen bacteria from the rhizospheric soil of pepper in Hainan, China. As a result, Bacillus subtilis CAS15, which produced a large orange halo, was obtained. A dual-culture test showed that CAS15 strongly antagonized the growth of 15 plant fungal pathogens, with rates of inhibition ranging from 19.26 to 94.07%. Analysis of the siderophore production by the ESI-MS and DHB(G) assays showed that CAS15 produced the catecholic siderophore 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate-glycine-threonine trimeric ester bacillibactin, and that siderophore productivity was inhibited by iron. A pot culture experiment was used to study the effects of B. subtilis CAS15 on pathogen development and plant growth. CAS15 reduced the incidence of Fusarium wilt in pepper significantly, by 12.5-56.9%, which indicated that B. subtilis CAS15 induced systemic resistance to Fusarium wilt in pepper. Iron supplementation reduced this biocontrol effect. There were significant differences in plant height at 14, 21, 28 and 40 days, with treated plants growing 27.24-54.53% taller than controls. B. subtilis CAS15 also enhanced the yield of pepper by shortening the time to 50 percent flowering to 17.26 days, increasing the average fruit weight 36.92%, and increasing the average yield per plant 49.68%. This research showed that B. subtilis CAS15 has great potential for plant growth promotion and biological control. (C) 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 37]}
+{"token": "Human Subjects Protection and Federal Regulations of Clinical Trials. Conclusion: Federal regulations mandate the conduct of a clinical research trial, human research participant protection, and the informed consent process.Implications for Nursing Practice: The oncology nurse supports the autonomy and safe conduct of the human research participant during a clinical research trial and provides education and support through the informed consent process. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Objectives: To explore the federal regulations governing clinical trials and human subject protection, the importance of research participant's informed consent, and the role the oncology clinical research nurse has within the clinical trial setting.Data Sources: Peer-reviewed journal articles, internet, book chapters, white papers.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
+{"token": "At what price should Bordeaux wines be released?. This paper models optimal release prices of an experience good recurrently issued on markets. Using a sample of Bordeaux wines, we find that using a minimal number of intrinsic and extrinsic attributes is sufficient to explain a large proportion of release prices. We further observe a significant relationship between primary market prices and secondary market prices and general economic conditions. Release prices can deviate from secondary market prices in the short run but remain aligned over the long run. Finally, an out-of-sample analysis indicates that short-run mispricing directly affects the purchase behavior of customers.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Ritual complexity in a past community revealed by ancient DNA analysis of pre-colonial terracotta items from Northern Ghana. The pre-colonial 6th-14th century terracotta forms of Koma Land, Northern Ghana, contain cavities which may have been intended to hold liquids. These have been linked to traditional African libation, but the specific nature of their contents is unclear. We used generic polymerase chain reactions that would amplify DNA from a range of plant and fungal species in order to identify remains of libations applied to fourteen terracotta items. We anticipated difficulties in distinguishing genuine ancient DNA sequences from those resulting from contaminating material, and therefore also carried out a series of control experiments to assess the extent to which the samples had become contaminated with exogenous DNA during burial, excavation and downstream analysis. Taking account of the results of the control experiments, as well as the difficulties in assigning matches between ancient DNA sequences and database entries, we provide evidence for the use of three different types of plant plantain/banana, pine and grasses in libations associated with the terracotta items. We also identified DNA from Coniochaeta yeast within the mouth cavity of one figurine, suggesting that this structure was burnt prior to deposition. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
+{"token": "The effect of solidification time and heat treatment on the fatigue properties of a cast 319 aluminum alloy. Solidification time and heat treatment are known to have a large effect on the microstructure of cast aluminum alloys. This study was conducted to quantify how the fatigue properties of a 319-type aluminum alloy are affected by solidification time and heat treatment. Both porosity-containing (non-hot isostatically pressed (HIP)) and porosity-free (HIP) samples in the T6 (\\\\'peak aged\\\\') or T7 (\\\\'overaged\\\\') heat-treated conditions were tested. As the solidification time increased, the average initiating pore diameter increased and stress-controlled fatigue life decreased. Heat treatment was observed to have a large effect on fatigue properties of the HIP samples. However, in the non-HIP fatigue samples, heat treatment did not significantly change the fatigue life or fatigue strength of the cast 319-type alloy. The absence of an influence of heat treatment on fatigue response is attributed to the predominance of the microporosity in fatigue crack initiation in cast aluminum.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Taxonomic Revision of the Lichen Genera Pertusaria, Varicellaria, and Variolaria (Pertusariales, Ascomycota) in South Korea. The crustose lichen genus Pertusaria comprises over ca. 800 species worldwide. In total, 20 Pertusaria species were localized to the Mt. Sorak and Jeju-do in Korea. To date, information regarding the distribution of Pertusaria species in the South Korean peninsula is scarce. In this study, we collected Pertusaria species across South Korea and identified them based on morphological, chemical, and molecular characteristics. Of the 387 samples collected, we identified 24 taxa and 1 variety, of which 17 were previously recorded, and 6 taxa were newly found in South Korea (P. leioplaca, P. leucosora var. violascens, P. texana, P. thiospoda, P. thwaitesii, and P. xanthodes), 2 known species were transferred to Varicellaria (Varicellaria lactea and V. velata), one species was transferred to Variolaria as a new record (Variolaria multipunctoides) and one was a new species (P. jogyeensis J. S. Park & J.-S. Hur, sp. nov.). Characteristics of the newly discovered species, P. jogyeensis, are as follows: smooth to bumpy thallus, scattered to crowded poriform apothecia, blackish ostioles, definitely sunken, thin yellowish green rims around ostioles, 8-spored ascus, and the presence of perlatolic acid and thiophaninic acid (chlorinated xanthone). Phylogenetic studies on P. jogyeensis based on the mitochondrial small subunit sequence revealed proximity to P. flavicans and P. texana, and supported its classification as a new species within the genus Pertusaria. Additionally, we describe the chemical composition and morphology of all listed species in detail and provide an artificial key for identification.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 42]}
+{"token": "To see and not be seen: Latin American illegal foreign workers in Jerusalem. The article describes the formation and characteristics of the new evolving community of illegal Latin American foreign workers in Jerusalem while adopting the ecological perspective,which examines human development and behaviour in various contexts of their social and cultural environments.We have looked specifically at illegal Latin American foreign workers' reasons for and process of migration, their accommodation and living conditions, allocation of employment, daily cultural and social conditions, education and health issues concerning children and families, perceptions of relations with host culture and perceptions of well-being and future expectations.Our findings are based on the investigation of perspectives offered by the foreign workers themselves, by representatives of the various sectors of the host culture who are well acquainted with these workers, and by the researchers themselves, demonstrating how by means of triangulation these perceptions achieve extra validity or differ.The article further explores the contribution of the case study in the investigation of acculturation stress and migrant's well-being,and emphasizes the need to study specific populations of immigrants under specific ecological conditions.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Locally focused and digitally oriented: examining eco-museums' digitization in a service quality management perspective. Purpose Eco-museums safeguard the cultural authenticity and the historical identity of the place in which they operate. Conventional organizational models and management practices are generally employed to achieve this institutional aim. Conversely, innovative solutions - such as digitization - are overlooked. Adopting a service quality management perspective, the article intends to examine the role of managerialization and professionalization in triggering eco-museums' digitization. Design/methodology/approach An empirical analysis involving 126 eco-museums operating in Italy as of 2018 was designed to investigate the implications of managerialization and professionalization on the eco-museums' propensity to embark on a digitization process. Two different forms of digitization were examined: (1) the presence of eco-museums in the digital environment; and (2) the exploitation of digital tools for service delivery. The mediating role of two \\\\'soft\\\\' total quality management (TQM) practices, i.e. people centredness and strategic focus on visitors' experience, was contemplated in the empirical analysis. Findings The research findings suggest that managerialization and professionalization have ambiguous effects on eco-museums' digitization. Nevertheless, they indirectly contribute to a greater digital presence of eco-museums and to a larger use of digital tools for service delivery through an increased use of soft TQM practices. Research limitations/implications Managerialization and professionalization are likely to foster the digital transition of eco-museums, which advances their ability to protect and promote the local cultural heritage. Soft TQM practices intended to achieve people-centredness and to enhance the visitors' experience should be exploited to stimulate the eco-museums' digitization. Originality/value The article examines the triggers of eco-museums' digitization, providing some food for thought to scholars and practitioners.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Dynamics near an unstable Kirchhoff ellipse. We describe the dynamics of the Kirchhoff ellipse by formulating a nonlinear equation for the boundary of a perturbed vortex patch in elliptical coordinates. We demonstrate that in the regime for which the linearized equation of motion is unstable, the nonlinear dynamics of a rather general initial perturbation of the Kirchhoff ellipse are determined by the fastest growing mode for the corresponding linearized equation, on a time scale when the nonlinear instability occurs. In particular, we resolve a question suggested by Love's results and prove that such elliptical patches are indeed unstable in the full nonlinear sense.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Determination of rate parameters based on both direct and indirect measurements. The determination of rate parameters of gas-phase elementary reactions is usually based on direct measurements. The rate parameters obtained in many independent direct measurements are then used in reaction mechanisms, which are tested against the results of indirect experiments, like time-to-ignition or laminar flame velocity measurements. We suggest a new approach that takes into account both direct and indirect measurements and optimizes all influential rate parameters. First, the domain of feasibility of the Arrhenius parameters is determined from all of the available direct measurements. Thereafter, the optimal Arrhenius parameters are sought within this domain to reproduce the selected direct and indirect measurements. Other parameters of a complex mechanism (third-body efficiencies, enthalpies of formation, parameters of pressure dependence, etc.) can also be taken into account in a similar way. A new fitting algorithm and a new method for error calculation were developed to determine the optimal mean values and the covariance matrix of all parameters. The approach is demonstrated on the calculation of Arrhenius parameters of reactions (R1): H + O2 = OH + O and (R2): H + O2 + M = HO2 + M (low-pressure limit, M = N2 or Ar). In total, 9 direct measurements for reaction (R1) (745 data points), 10 direct measurements for reaction (R2) (258 data points), and 11 ignition time measurements (79 data points) were taken into account. The application of the method resulted in the following rate parameters for the investigated reactions(R1): A = 3.003 x 1010 cm3 mol-1 s-1, n = 0.965, E/R = 6158 K (T = 9503550 K) and (R2): A = 7.856 x 1018 cm6 mol-2 s-1, n = -1.100, E/R = 0 K (low-pressure limit, M = N2, T = 3001850 K). The optimized third-body efficiency of Ar relative to N2 is m = 0.494 (standard deviation s = 0.010). The uncertainty parameter f as a function of temperature was also calculated. Average uncertainty parameter values are f = 0.025 and 0.049 for reactions (R1) and (R2) (corresponding to 6% and 12%), respectively, which are much lower than those of the previous evaluations. (C) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 284302, 2012", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Learning to cope: vocal adjustment to urban noise is correlated with prior experience in black-capped chickadees. Urban noise can interfere with avian communication through masking, but birds can reduce this interference by altering their vocalizations. Although several experimental studies indicate that birds can rapidly change their vocalizations in response to sudden increases in ambient noise, none have investigated whether this is a learned response that depends on previous exposure. Black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) change the frequency of their songs in response to both fluctuating traffic noise and experimental noise. We investigated whether these responses to fluctuating noise depend on familiarity with noise. We confirmed that males in noisy areas sang higher-frequency songs than those in quiet areas, but found that only males in already-noisy territories shifted songs upwards in immediate response to experimental noise. Unexpectedly, males in more quiet territories shifted songs downwards in response to experimental noise. These results suggest that chickadees may require prior experience with fluctuating noise to adjust vocalizations in such a way as to minimize masking. Thus, learning to cope may be an important part of adjusting to acoustic life in the city.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
+{"token": "Serological evidence of Leptospira interrogans serovar Bratislava infection and its association with abortions in cattle in northern Spain. A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Basque Country of Spain to determine the seroprevalence of 10 Leptospira serovars in a population of dairy cattle with poor fertility, and a case-control study was carried out in another northern area to investigate the role of Leptospira interrogans serovar Bratislava in abortions. L Bratislava was the most prevalent serovar in the cross-sectional study, with 25.4 per cent of the cows testing positive in the microagglutination test when a cut-off of 1: 10 or higher was applied, followed by Leptospira Hardjo (8.2 per cent), Leptospira Pomona (7.7 per cent), Leptospira Autumnalis (0.7 per cent) and Leptospira Copenhageni (0.1 per cent). in the case-control study the seroprevalence of L Bratislava was significantly higher among the cows which had aborted when a titre of 1:300 or more was used as a cut-off (9.7 per cent v 3.4 per cent, P=0.008); 69 per cent of the L Bratislava-infected cows that had aborted apparently aborted as a result of the infection.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Visualising latent DNA on swabs. Seven of the swab types used were found to be unsuitable due to the lack of any difference in the fluorescence detected when no DNA, or only the dye, or a combination of DNA and dye were added. Three swab types (black cotton swab, Ultrafine dental applicator, and Cylinder dental applicator) were found to be much more effective for collection of DNA. Further, stained cellular material retained its fluorescence for up to 4 weeks and swabs containing cellular material that had been stored for four weeks could be stained and visualised. Additionally, DD did not affect DNA profiling.This screening method has the potential to be a routine step in a forensic laboratory to save costs of processing samples where swabs are devoid of any DNA. This technique is rapid, easy, cheap, non-destructive and safe. Crown Copyright (c) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Ten different types of swabs were tested covering the major types used (foam, cotton and nylon). Each swab was treated by: no addition of dye or DNA, addition of dye only, addition of known DNA and addition of dye and DNA. The stain used was Diamond (TM) Nucleic Acid Dye (DD) and fluorescence microscopy was achieved with a digital microscope equipped with a blue LED light source (480 nm) for excitation and an emission filter of 510 nm. Two types of samples were tested, either buccal swabs or swabs collected from areas touched by volunteers and all analyses were performed in triplicate. The samples were collected and retained at room temperature with time intervals of 0 day, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, and 28 days before detection using DD staining and fluorescence microscopy.Collection for touch DNA either at scenes or on items submitted to a forensic laboratory is based on assumptions as to where a person made direct contact. In many instances a swab may be applied to an area where no contact has been made. Many swabs may therefore be submitted for DNA profiling on which no DNA is present, resulting in the loss of both time and resources by analysing such swabs. This study has developed a simple, fast, DNA-staining and fluorescence microscopy-based screening method for swabs to indicate if there is any DNA from which to generate a profile.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Understanding the needs of children following large-scale disasters and the role of government. No one who experiences a disaster is untouched by it. Children and their families are often among the most affected. This article explains how mental health and medical professionals can assist families and communities in dealing with common disaster-related stress reactions in children. An overview of disaster research and examples of special concerns about children are given. In addition, an overview of the role of local, state, and federal governments, as well as other organizations, is provided.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Heterogeneity in intracellular replication and cytopathogenicity of Legionella pneumophila and Legionella micdadei in mammalian and protozoan cells. In contrast to Legionella pneumophila, little is known about the pathogenesis of other legionellae species that are capable of causing Legionnaires' disease. In this report, we contrast L. pneumophila and L. micdadei for their cytopathogenicity and intracellular replication within mammalian and protozoan cells. We show by transmission electron microscopy that L. micdadei replicates within an endoplasmic reticulum (RER)-free phagosome within human macrophages, alveolar epithelial cells, and within the protozoan Hartmannella vermiformis. In contrast, L. pneumophila replicates within a RER-surrounded phagosome within the same host cells. In contrast to replication of L. pneumophila within Acanthamoebae polyphaga, L. micdadei does not replicate within this protozoan host. Despite the prolific intracellular replication, L. micdadei is less cytopathogenic to all host cells than L. pneumophila. Since both species replicate intracellularly to a similar level, we have examined whether the reduced cytopathogenicity of L. micdadei is due to a reduced capacity to induce apoptosis or pore formation-mediated necrosis, both of which contribute to killing of the host cell by L. pneumophila. The data show that both species induced apoptosis-mediated killing of mammalian cells to a similar level. In contrast to L. pneumophila, expression of the pore-forming toxin by L. micdadei and its necrotic effect on macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells is undetectable. This has been further confirmed showing that L. micdadei is completely defective in contact-dependent haemolysis of RBCs, an activity mediated by the pore-forming toxin. Finally, in contrast to L. pneumophila, there was no significant intrapulmonary replication of L. micdadei in the A/J mice animal model. Our data show dramatic differences between L. pneumophila and L. micdadei in intracellular replication, cytopathogenicity, and infectivity to mammalian and protozoan cells. (C) 1999 Academic Press.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 43]}
+{"token": "Ecosocial Philosophy of Education: Ecologizing the Opinionated Self. While human beings generally act prosocially towards one another - contra a Hobbesian \\\\'war of all against all\\\\' - this basic social courtesy tends not to be extended to our relations with the more-than-human world. Educational philosophy is largely grounded in a worldview that privileges human-centered conceptions of the self, valuing its own opinions with little regard for the ecological realities undergirding it. This hyper-separation from the 'society of all beings' is a foundational cause of our current ecological crises. In this paper, we develop an ecosocial philosophy of education (ESPE) based on the idea of an ecological self. We aspire to consolidate voices from deep ecology and ecofeminism for conceptualizing education in terms of being responsible to and for, a complex web of interdependent relations among human and more-than-human beings. By analyzing the notion of opinions in light of Gilles Deleuze's critique of the 'dogmatic image of thought,' we formulate three aspects of ESPE capable of supporting an ecological as opposed to an egoistic conception of the self: (i) rather than dealing with fixed concepts, ESPE supports adaptable and flexible boundaries between the self and the world; (ii) rather than fixating on correct answers, ESPE focuses on real-life problems shifting our concern from the self to the world; and (iii) rather than supporting arrogance, EPSE cultivates an epistemic humility grounded in our ecological embeddedness in the world. These approaches seek to enable an education that cultivates a sense of self that is less caught up with arbitrary, egoistic opinions of the self and more attuned to the ecological realities constituting our collective life-worlds.", "label": [3, 5, 53, 32]}
+{"token": "Learning Warps Object Representations in the Ventral Temporal Cortex. The human ventral temporal cortex (VTC) plays a critical role in object recognition. Although it is well established that visual experience shapes VTC object representations, the impact of semantic and contextual learning is unclear. In this study, we tracked changes in representations of novel visual objects that emerged after learning meaningful information about each object. Over multiple training sessions, participants learned to associate semantic features (e.g., made of wood, floats) and spatial contextual associations (e.g., found in gardens) with novel objects. fMRI was used to examine VTC activity for objects before and after learning. Multivariate pattern similarity analyses revealed that, after learning, VTC activity patterns carried information about the learned contextual associations of the objects, such that objects with contextual associations exhibited higher pattern similarity after learning. Furthermore, these learning-induced increases in pattern information about contextual associations were correlated with reductions in pattern information about the object's visual features. In a second experiment, we validated that these contextual effects translated to real-life objects. Our findings demonstrate that visual object representations in VTC are shaped by the knowledge we have about objects and show that object representations can flexibly adapt as a consequence of learning with the changes related to the specific kind of newly acquired information.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 55]}
+{"token": "EXPLANATORY PROOFS IN MATHEMATICS: NONEISM, SOMEISM, AND ALLISM. In recent times philosophers of mathematics have generated great interest in explanations in mathematics. They have focused their attention on mathematical practice and searched for special cases that seem to own some kind of explanatory power. Two main views can be identified, namely noneism and someism: the first is the view that no proof is explanatory, whereas the second is the view that some proofs are explanatory while others are not. The present paper aims to discuss the plausibility of the latter view. I first point out the main difficulties involved in this kind of research and I focus on a recent someist account, namely Frans and Weber's mechanistic model. Their approach seems promising, but further research is needed before accepting this someist model as a proper one. I then outline a general assessment on someism which doesn't turn out to be so convincing. I therefore suggest another view that I call allism, i.e. the view that all proofs are explanatory, at least in some sense, and I argue for its plausibility.", "label": [3, 4, 41, 32]}
+{"token": "Accounting as capital and doxa: exploring power and resistance in World Bank projects in Tonga. Practical implications This study provides policy makers and foreign donors of Tonga and other Pacific Islands a deeper understanding on the struggles to implement and the impacts of accounting at local level as accounting is deployed as part of struggles in various social contexts each with its own doxa and capital arrangements.Design/methodology/approach Bourdieu's concepts of doxa and capital provided the framework for problematizing the fluidity of practices of accounting as both a form of power and of resistance. The authors used a qualitative field study design based on a combination of a documentary analysis of these loan agreements and interviews with key actors and informants.Findings The role of accounting in relation to subaltern groups is mediated by the doxic rules and existing capital arrangements at the national and the local or village level. Understanding accounting as both capital and as doxa explains why it can be both a form of power and of resistance.Originality/value This study contributes to the growing accounting body of work that seeks to better understand accounting by proposing that role of accounting as a tool for domination is mediated in various social settings by the doxic value and the existing capital arrangements in those settings.Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the fluid role of accounting both as a form of power and resistance in the context of World Bank projects in the Island Kingdom of Tonga.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Direct and indirect benefits and potential disbenefits of irrigation: Evidence and lessons. On the other hand, the paper also suggests that irrigation can also lead to some negative or adverse social, health and environmental impacts. Such potential disbenefits of irrigation include displacement of people as a result of new irrigation development, public health risks from water-related diseases, irrigation-induced land and water degradation, loss of biodiversity and river health risks from increased river water withdrawals for irrigation. Often, negative social and environmental consequences adversely affect the poor more than the non-poor people. Most potential adverse impacts of irrigation are not due to irrigation water per se, but due to inadequacies and ineffectiveness of institutions and management to address them. Moreover, many of the potential adverse impacts can be avoided or minimized with effective planning, design and management of the projects.This paper is a part of the multi-country study carried out by the author at the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) in collaboration with national partners in six Asian countries (Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan and Vietnam) during 2001-2002. Based mainly on primary data collected from 5400 households in 26 irrigation systems, the study examines in detail the benefits and potential disbenefits of irrigation. The results indicate that irrigation benefits vary widely across systems, and depend on a range of factors including local conditions, system management, irrigation policy, and broader economic and political factors. The study suggests that indirect irrigation benefits could be larger than direct benefits through the multiplier effect. The distribution of irrigation benefits also varies widely by type of the benefit and the socio-economic status of the beneficiaries. The direct benefits generally accrue to landholders while a significant part of the indirect benefits accrue to the landless and small farmers, positively contributing to their livelihoods. Further, the overall benefits of irrigation are large when irrigation-improving interventions, investments in infrastructure, improvements in system management and service delivery to farmers, are implemented in an integrated manner.This paper develops and offers a generic typology of direct and indirect benefits and potential disbenefits of irrigation that can be used to identify and influence different types of irrigation benefits and disbenefits for enhancing net benefits to the poor. Copyright (c) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 39]}
+{"token": "CULTURAL HERITAGE SITE UNDER RISK: A CASE STUDY FROM PETRA, JORDAN. One of the major problems facing the World Heritage Site of Petra is of salt damage caused by weathering effect; this study examined and monitored the salt types and distribution within four different monuments at the site; these were the Treasury, Palace Tomb, Deir Tomb, and the Theatre. The study examined the interaction of both single salts and the salts in mixed solutions and their effect on each other's solubility, it also determined the 'safe' levels of relative humidity where salt damage in monuments or objects contaminated with these salts can be minimized.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Androglobin: A Chimeric Globin in Metazoans That Is Preferentially Expressed in Mammalian Testes. Comparative genomic studies have led to the recent identification of several novel globin types in the Metazoa. They have revealed a surprising evolutionary diversity of functions beyond the familiar O-2 supply roles of hemoglobin and myoglobin. Here we report the discovery of a hitherto unrecognized family of proteins with a unique modular architecture, possessing an N-terminal calpain-like domain, an internal, circular permuted globin domain, and an IQ calmodulin-binding motif. Putative orthologs are present in the genomes of many metazoan taxa, including vertebrates. The calpain-like region is homologous to the catalytic domain II of the large subunit of human calpain-7. The globin domain satisfies the criteria of a myoglobin-like fold but is rearranged and split into two parts. The recombinantly expressed human globin domain exhibits an absorption spectrum characteristic of hexacoordination of the heme iron atom. Molecular evolutionary analyses indicate that this chimeric globin family is phylogenetically ancient and originated in the common ancestor to animals and choanoflagellates. In humans and mice, the gene is predominantly expressed in testis tissue, and we propose the name \\\\'androglobin\\\\' (Adgb). Expression is associated with postmeiotic stages of spermatogenesis and is insensitive to experimental hypoxia. Evidence exists for increased gene expression in fertile compared with infertile males.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "The Prebriefing Concept: A Delphi Study of CHSE Experts. Conclusions: The panel participants agreed that the simulation educator plays a vital role in preparing simulation participants for a successful SBL experience; however, further clarification of the prebriefing terminology is necessary. Findings of this study may be used to develop guidelines for simulation educators, administrators, and SBL learners to prepare for a successful SBL experience. (C) 2016 International Nursing Association for Clinical Simulation and Learning. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Method: A three round modified electronic Delphi design was used to seek consensus from simulation experts about the prebriefing component of SBL. Initial qualitative responses of round one led to the creation of quantitative prebriefing item statements for consideration in rounds two and three. Expert panel members used a Likert scale to indicate agreement with each prebriefing statement. A 70% level of consensus was set as the benchmark.Background: Over the past 10 years, simulation-based learning (SBL) has developed as a viable strategy to prepare students for clinical reasoning; however, very little is known about the specific components of the SBL experience and how they affect student learning. Currently, there is a gap in the simulation literature regarding prebriefing and the best strategies for preparing students for SBL.Results: An expert panel of Certified Healthcare Simulation Educators reached consensus (>70%) on 83 statements about prebriefing. Findings suggest that prebriefing is an important three-phase process of SBL composed of planning, briefing, and facilitating.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "IMPROVED PERFORMANCE MRAC OF LINEAR AND NONLINEAR-SYSTEMS. The problem of improved performance adaptive control (IPAC) of a class of linear and non-linear systems is considered. A method for its solution is presented, the main feature of which lies in augmenting the 'standard' model reference adaptive controller by a signal properly designed to compensate for the effect of plant parameter uncertainty on the output error. One of the main performance improvement characteristics of the proposed IPAC is that the zero-state output error can be made arbitrarily small under standard model reference adaptive control (MRAC) assumptions in the case of linear systems, while a similar result holds true for a class of linearizable systems as well. The structure of the proposed controller is such that several existing MRAC results, such as exponential convergence of output and parameter errors in the presence of sufficiently rich reference inputs, remain valid. The proposed controller also achieves improved performance in the presence of a class of bounded disturbances and/or unmodelled dynamics as well as in the case of an adaptation switch-off.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Montmorillonite (MMT) effect on the structure of poly(oxyethylene) (PEO)-MMT nanocomposites and silica-PEO-MMT hybrid materials. In this work we report the effects of incorporation of variable amounts (0.5-25%w/w) of montmorillonite in poly(oxyethylene) based materials in order to decrease the polymer crystallinity. Two different classes of materials were studied: silica-poly(oxyethylene)-montmorillonite hybrids prepared by the sol-gel route and poly(oxyethylene)-montmorillonite nanocomposites prepared by mixing the dry clay or the clay aqueous suspension into the melt poly(oxyethylene). The effects of monternorillonite loading on the poly(oxyethylene) crystallization control and on the nanostructural features were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction, small-angle X-ray scattering and differential scanning calorimetry. Experimental results show that free montmorillonite layers coexist with open aggregates and tactoids in the poly(oxyethylene)-montmorillonite nanocomposites, with different features depending on the filler proportion and preparation route. The intercalation of polymer chains in montmorillonite galleries markedly hinders the crystallization of the poly(oxyethylene) matrix. For hybrids materials the silica phase favors the exfoliation of montmorillonite tactoids, so that samples are predominantly constituted by dispersed platelets. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Improving understanding of near-term barrier island evolution through multi-decadal assessment of morphologic change. Observed morphodynamic changes over multiple decades were coupled with storm-driven run-up characteristics at Fire Island, New York, to explore the influence of wave processes relative to the impacts of other coastal change drivers on the near-term evolution of the barrier island. Historical topography was generated from digital stereo-photogrammetry and compared with more recent lidar surveys to quantify near-term (decadal) morphodynamic changes to the beach and primary dune system between the years 1969, 1999, and 2009. Notably increased profile volumes were observed along the entirety of the island in 1999, and likely provide the eolian source for the steady dune crest progradation observed over the relatively quiescent decade that followed. Persistent patterns of erosion and accretion over 10-, 30-, and 40-year intervals are attributable to variations in island morphology, human activity, and variations in offshore bathymetry and island orientation that influence the wave energy reaching the coast. Areas of documented long-term historical inlet formation and extensive bayside marsh development show substantial landward translation of the dune beach profile over the near-term period of this study. Correlations among areas predicted to overwash, observed elevation changes of the dune crestline, and observed instances of overwash in undeveloped segments of the barrier island verify that overwash locations can be accurately predicted in undeveloped segments of coast. In fact, an assessment of 2012 aerial imagery collected after Hurricane Sandy confirms that overwash occurred at the majority of near-term locations persistently predicted to overwash. In addition to the storm wave climate, factors related to variations within the geologic framework which in turn influence island orientation, offshore slope, and sediment supply impact island behavior on near-term timescales. Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [4, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "Effect of nanosized and surface-modified precipitated calcium carbonate on properties of CaCO3/polypropylene nanocomposites. The nanosized and surface-modified precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) particles have been synthesized by carbonation reaction and used as reinforcing filler for preparing polypropylene (PP) composites. Both a crystallization inhibitor (sodium tripolyphosphate, TPP) and an organic surface modifier (stearic acid) were used to get narrow size distribution, uniform shape and nanometer size. The comprehensive results of morphological and mechanical analyses on PP composites, prepared with trivial, untreated PCC (t-PCC); nanosized and surface-unmodified PCC (n-PCC); nanosized and surface-modified PCC (ns-PCC) separately, were reported and discussed thoroughly. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "The development of indigenous knowledge - A new applied anthropology. The widespread adoption of bottom-up participation as opposed to top-down modernisation approaches has opened up challenging opportunities for anthropology in development. The new focus on indigenous knowledge augurs the next revolution in anthropological method, informants becoming collaborators and their communities participating user-groups, and touches upon such contemporary issues as the crisis of representation, ethnography's status with regard to intellectual property rights, and interdisciplinary cooperation between natural and social scientists. Indigenous-knowledge studies are challenging not only because of difficulties in cross-cultural communication and understanding but also because of their inevitable political dimensions. Contributing to development which intervenes in people's Lives, these studies engage with them in novel ways.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Competitively Selected Donor Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Butyrate Concentration and Diversity as Measures of Donor Quality. In this prospective cohort study, we examine the feasibility of a protocol to optimize microbiota for fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Donor stool metrics generally accepted as markers of gut health were used to select a stool donor based on superior microbial diversity, balanced constitution of Bacteroidetes versus Firmicutes and high concentration of fecal butyrate. Selected donor microbiota was then administered via FMT. A total of 10 patients with median age of 12 years with recurrent Clostridium difficile infection received the intervention. The rate of recurrence-free resolution with 1-2 FMTs was 100% at Week 10. With a single FMT, 80% of patients cleared Clostridium difficile infection without recurrence, whereas 20% of patients required a single re-treatment. No serious adverse events occurred. Microbiota sequencing revealed that recipients' gut microbiota phylogenic diversity increased by 72-hours post-transplantation, with sustainment over 10-week follow-up. This study highlights the feasibility of purposefully selecting the most ideal microbiota for transplantation.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "The Rationale for Comparative Effectiveness of Tourist Potential Realization (Case Study of the Volga Region). The article presents the analysis of long-term tourism development programs of the Volga Region. Great attention is given to the sector's financing measures set out in development programs. Domestic and foreign tourist potential assessment methods are analyzed. Tourist potential dynamics of the Volga Region is studied based on expert opinion. Using econometric approach the authors study the correlation between tourism investments and incomes of the Volga Region for the past six years - from 2009 to 2014. The analysis was carried out using statistics provided by the Russian Tourism Association and the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation by category of profitability from paid tourist services and from hospitality and catering services. The conducted analysis helped construct the figures showing the differentiation of the Volga regions by tourism investment efficiency and tourist potential realization. It is shown that tourist potential of the territories and its realization are highly differentiated. The sub-regions of the Volga Region are divided into groups according to the effectiveness of potential realization. The effectiveness of implementation of natural recreational and historical and cultural potential is higher in the sub-regions where places of tourist accommodation and entertainment are developed enough, effective mechanisms for programs implementation control are formed and the indicators of expected effectiveness of measures implementation are elaborated. The study has revealed the need for the development of common indicators of expected final results of tourism development programs. The use of a unified system of standardized indicators should become the principle of monitoring the implementation of regional tourism development programs. Data obtained by the research will be useful for the improvement of the existing regional tourism development programs.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Distribution of foraging by female Antarctic fur seals. The study examined the distribution of critical habitat for foraging by female Antarctic fur seals breeding at the island of South Georgia. Bathymetric features of the continental shelf around the island of South Georgia were an important indicator for the localisation of foraging. This pattern was consistent among years of different prey availability. Lactating females were constrained to forage mainly within 100 km of the location at which the offspring was being raised. When this constraint was removed at the end of lactation, females foraged to much greater ranges and dispersed to specific regions of the continental shelf east of Patagonia (>1000 km) and to the northern edge of the Antarctic pack ice (500 km). The empirical distribution of foraging during the breeding season was used to develop a function that described the foraging distribution for the whole breeding population of females. The result was consistent with past observations from ship-based surveys and it allowed estimation of the spatial impact of breeding female fur seals on krill at South Georgia. This suggested that, in extreme cases and assuming that krill influx is limited, female fur seals could eat most of the krill present in some regions where they forage intensively. However, mean consumption was about one-tenth of the mean density of krill.", "label": [4, 37, 45, 39]}
+{"token": "C. elegans Nuclear Receptor NHR-6 Functionally Interacts with the JUN-1 Transcription Factor During Spermatheca Development. The NR4A nuclear receptor NHR-6 is an essential regulator of spermatheca organogenesis in C. elegans. In this study, we perform a focused, RNAi-based screen to identify modifiers of partial nhr-6 loss of function. Ninety-eight genes that encode signaling proteins expressed in the spermatheca were screened for enhancement of the nhr-6 RNAi phenotype. We identify the C. elegans gene jun-1, which encodes the homolog of the Jun transcription factor, as a strong enhancer of nhr-6 partial loss of function. We show that nhr-6 and jun-1 function together to regulate development of the spermatheca and are necessary for generating an organ with the normal number of cells. jun-1 is expressed in all cells of the developing spermatheca. We also provide evidence that NHR-6 and JUN-1 can physically interact in a yeast two-hybrid assay. Our results provide in vivo evidence that NR4A nuclear receptor and Jun transcription factor interactions are essential in regulating developmental processes in metazoans. genesis 52:29-38, 2014. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "Nightlife in the city: drivers of the occurrence and vocal activity of a tropical owl. Background Cities differ from non-urban environments by the intensity, scale, and extent of anthropogenic pressures, which can drive the occurrence, physiology, and behavior of the organisms thriving in these settings. Traits as green cover often predict the occurrence patterns of bird species in urban areas. Yet, anthropogenic noise and artificial light at night (ALAN) could also limit the presence and disrupt the behavior of birds. However, there is still a dearth of knowledge about the influence of urbanization through noise and light pollution on nocturnal bird species ecology. In this study, we assessed the role of green cover, noise, and light pollution on the occurrence and vocal activity of the Mottled Owl (Ciccaba virgata) in the city of Xalapa (Mexico). Methods We obtained soundscape recordings in 61 independent sites scattered across the city of Xalapa using autonomous recording units. We performed a semi-automated acoustic analysis of the recordings, corroborating all Mottled Owl vocalizations. We calculated two measures of anthropogenic noise at each study site: daily noise (during 24 h) and masking noise (mean noise amplitude at night per site that could mask the owl's vocalizations). We further performed generalized linear models to relate green cover, ALAN, daily noise, and masking noise in relation to the owl's occurrence (i.e., detected, undetected). We also ran linear models to assess relationships among the beginning and ending of vocal activity with ALAN, and with the anthropogenic and masking noise levels at the moment of which vocalizations were emitted. Finally, we explored variations of the vocal activity of the Mottled Owl measured as vocalization rate across time. Results The presence of Mottled Owls increased with the size of green cover and decreased with increases in both artificial light at night and noise levels. At the temporal scale, green cover was positively related with the ending of the owl's vocal activity, while daily noise and ALAN levels were not related to the timing and vocal output (i.e., number of vocalizations). Furthermore, the Mottled Owl showed a marked peak of vocal activity before dawn than after dusk. Although anthropogenic noise levels varied significantly across the assessed time, we did not find an association between high vocal output during time periods with lower noise levels. Conclusions Spatially, green cover area was positively related with the presence of the Mottled Owl in Xalapa, while high noise and light pollution were related to its absence. At a temporal scale, daily noise and ALAN levels were not related with the timing and vocal output. This suggests that instead of environmental factors, behavioral contexts such as territoriality and mate interactions could drive the vocal activity of the Mottled Owl. Further studies need to incorporate a wider seasonal scale in order to explore the variation of different vocalizations of this species in relation to environmental and biological factors.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Conversational Turn-Taking and Topic Manipulation Skills of Children with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders. Objectives: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have difficulty with social interaction and communication. The present study investigated the characteristics of conversational turn-taking and topic manipulation skills in school-aged children with high-functioning ASD (HFA). Methods: The participants were a total of 36 children: 12 children aged 7-12 years old with HFA, 12 normal children matched for the chronological age, and 12 normal children matched for the language age with the HFA group. Conversational samples were collected individually by the examiner. The performances of turn-taking (total frequency, rates of initiation, maintenance, overlap, and breakdown) and topic manipulation (total rates of initiation, maintenance, and change of topic, and appropriate/inappropriate rates of initiation, maintenance, and change of topic) were measured. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the conversational characteristics of three groups. Results: The results of the present study were as follows: 1) in turn-taking, significant difference was observed in the rates of initiation 2) in topic manipulation, there were significant differences in the appropriate rates of initiation, total rates of maintenance, appropriate rates of maintenance, total rates of change, and appropriate/inappropriate rates of change among three groups. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that school-aged children with HFA have difficulty with turn-taking and topic manipulation in a conversation. These results help understand the characteristics of conversation with children with HFA, and suggest the importance of assessment and intervention of HFA.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Increased non-linear locomotion alters diaphyseal bone shape. Comparative studies of vertebrate morphology that link habitual locomotor activities to bone structural properties are often limited by confounding factors such as genetic variability between groups. Experimental assessment of bone's adaptive response to altered activity patterns typically involves superimposing exercise onto a normal locomotor repertoire, making a distinction between qualitative changes to locomotor repertoires and quantitative increases in activity level difficult. Here, we directly tested the hypothesis that an increase in turning activity, without the application of exercise per se, will alter femoral cross-sectional shape. Thirty day-old female BALB/cByJ mice ( n= 10 per group) were single-housed for 8 weeks in custom-designed cages that either accentuated linear or turning locomotion or allowed subjects to freely roam standard cages. Consistent with a lack of difference in physical activity levels between groups, there were no significant differences in body mass, femoral length, midshaft cortical area, and individual measures of mediolateral ( ML) and anteroposterior ( AP) bending rigidity. However, the ratio of ML to AP diaphyseal rigidity, an indicator of cross-sectional shape, was significantly greater ( P< 0.05) in turning subjects than in linear or control subjects. Considering that across all groups mice were genetically identical and had equivalent levels of bone quantity and physical activity, differences in femoral shape were attributed to qualitative differences in locomotor patterns ( i. e. specific locomotor modes). These data indicate that increased turning can alter distribution of bone mass in the femoral diaphysis, and that turning should be considered in efforts to understand form-function relationships in vertebrates.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "An ultra-orthodox woman performing difference in Israeli academia. The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of the performance of religious and gender difference in Israeli academia. As an ultra-Orthodox Jewish woman in Israel, my identity uneasily hovers at the juncture of multiple and intersecting sites of discrimination: of all religious groups, the ultra-Orthodox attract the most opprobrium from Israeli society, being viewed as anachronistic, insular, and anti-Zionist- and females in academia have well-documented challenges to face. Through the medium of autoethnography, I explore what it means to be female and ultra-Orthodox in Israeli academe: the daily journeys between diverse discourse communities, the necessary shifts in rhetorical footing, and how performing gender and religious difference in this society promotes encounters with stereotyping and bias.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy in Inflammatory Diseases: Molecular Mechanism that Triggers Anti-Inflammatory Action. Shock waves (SW), defined as a sequence of single sonic pulses characterised by high peak pressure (100 MPa), a fast rise in pressure (< 10 ns) and a short lifecycle (10 mu s), are conveyed by an appropriate generator to a specific target area at an energy density ranging from 0.03 to 0.11 mJ/mm(2). Extracorporeal SW (ESW) therapy was first used on patients in 1980 to break up kidney stones. During the last ten years, this technique has been successfully employed in orthopaedic diseases such as pseudoarthosis, tendinitis, calcarea of the shoulder, epicondylitis, plantar fasciitis and several inflammatory tendon diseases. In particular, treatment of the tendon and muscle tissues was found to induce a long-time tissue regeneration effect in addition to having a more immediate anthalgic and anti-inflammatory outcome. In keeping with this, an increase in neoangiogenesis in the tendons of dogs was observed after 4-8 weeks of ESW treatment. Furthermore, clinical observations indicate an immediate increase in blood flow around the treated area. Nevertheless, the biochemical mechanisms underlying these effects have yet to be fully elucidated.In the present review, we briefly detail the physical properties of ESW and clinical cases treated with this therapy. We then go on to describe the possible molecular mechanism that triggers the anti-inflammatory action of ESW, focusing on the possibility that ESW may modulate endogenous nitric oxide (NO) production either under normal or inflammatory conditions. Data on the rapid enhancement of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activity in ESW-treated cells suggest that increased NO levels and the subsequent suppression of NF-kappa B activation may account, at least in part, for the clinically beneficial action on tissue inflammation.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 22, 42]}
+{"token": "Supercritical fluid-assisted crystallization of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films. Crystallization of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films was performed in supercritical carbon dioxide with and without organic cosolvents. Post deposition crystallization of the films was performed in a binary, single phase supercritical fluid at constant conditions (45 degrees, 1200 psi) but with varying cosolvent volume fractions up to 2 %. Organic cosolvents with varying polarity, propensity for hydrogen bonding and strength of solvation were used and the resulting perovskite film morphology, crystal structure and optical absorption spectra were measured. It was determined that the cosolvents can provide selective interactions with one or both of the perovskite precursor compounds resulting in different film morphologies ranging from uniform films containing large grains to films exhibiting large cubic or hexagonal crystals or preferential crystallographic orientations. The use of supercritical fluids to enhance or tune crystallization in solid-state thin films could have broad applications toward the realization of high efficiency photovoltaic devices. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
+{"token": "Clinical Predictors of Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndromes in Pediatric patients with Scrub Typhus. Scrub typhus can produce multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Early recognition of the patients at risk of MODS would be helpful in providing timely management and reducing the mortality. In all, 449 children with scrub typhus were enrolled at three hospitals in Yunnan, China from January 2010 to January 2015. The patients' clinical status of organ system dysfunction was evaluated on the day of discharge from hospital by using standard criteria. The patients were classified into MODS present (64 cases, 14.3%) or MODS absent (385 cases, 85.7%). Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that the prognostic factors for MODS included skin rash (odds ratio, OR = 3.3, p = 0.037), time interval form treatment to defervescence (OR = 1.2, p = 0.035), hemoglobin (OR = 0.54, p = 0.041), platelet counts (OR = 0.06, p<0.001), aspartate-aminotransferase (OR = 4.7, p = 0.011) and total bilirubin (OR = 2.3, p = 0.013). By describing risk factors resulting in MODS in pediatric scrub typhus, our study provides clinicians with important information to improve the clinical monitoring and prognostication of MODS.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "A roadmap for the VISIR remote lab. This article proposes a roadmap for the VISIR remote laboratory based on a SWOT analysis performed by fifteen experts, with large experience on VISIR deployment, and their perceptions in three categories: Technical, Pedagogical and Educational. The resulting VISIR roadmap was obtained considering an underlying strategy based on a RAKID model. The major resulting insights address the user interface as the most evident strength in the Pedagogical category, while the major weakness is matrix limitations in the Technical category. At the same time, this weakness is somewhat related to major opportunities identified as 'new developments' also, in the Pedagogical category. The major Educational category aspects arise as threats and are related to ICT availability, an issue not directly controlled by the VISIR community, but by institutional practices and policies. The proposed roadmap and its guidelines establish a sustainable strategy and framework to support the future of VISIR and enlarging its community.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Seroprevalence of animal leptospirosis in certain parts of Tamil nadu. Leptospirosis is an important zoonotic problem to the livestock industry in India. The disease causes enormous losses due to, death of animals, decreased milk production, abortion, stillbirth and infertility. It also poses public health related problems. It has been reported to be prevalent in almost all the domestic animal species in India viz., cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, swine, horses and dogs. The present study was undertaken to detect the presence of Leptospira agglutinins in the serum of cattle, sheep, dogs and horses in certain parts of Tamil Nadu during the period, April September 2006.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Xolotl: An Intuitive and Approachable Neuron and Network Simulator for Research and Teaching. Conductance-based models of neurons are used extensively in computational neuroscience. Working with these models can be challenging due to their high dimensionality and large number of parameters. Here, we present a neuron and network simulator built on a novel automatic type system that binds object-oriented code written in C++ to objects in MATLAB. Our approach builds on the tradition of uniting the speed of languages like C++ with the ease-of-use and feature-set of scientific programming languages like MATLAB. Xolotl allows for the creation and manipulation of hierarchical models with components that are named and searchable, permitting intuitive high-level programmatic control over all parts of the model. The simulator's architecture allows for the interactive manipulation of any parameter in any model, and for visualizing the effects of changing that parameter immediately. Xolotl is fully featured with hundreds of ion channel models from the electrophysiological literature, and can be extended to include arbitrary conductances, synapses, and mechanisms. Several core features like bookmarking of parameters and automatic hashing of source code facilitate reproducible and auditable research. Its ease of use and rich visualization capabilities make it an attractive option in teaching environments. Finally, xolotl is written in a modular fashion, includes detailed tutorials and worked examples, and is freely available at https://github.com/sg-s/xolotl, enabling seamless integration into the workflows of other researchers.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42]}
+{"token": "Electrodiagnostic evaluation of peripheral nerve function in rheas and barred owls. Results-Activity was evident during insertion of the electrodes, but muscles tested were electrically quiescent after spontaneous EMG. Motor nerve conduction velocity was faster in the tibial nerve than ulnar nerve but did not differ significantly between species. Mean +/- SEM MNCV was 132.3 +/- 78 m/s for the tibial nerve and 59.7 +/- 78 m/s for the ulnar nerve. A significant difference was not observed in responses at the fourth or ninth stimulation during repetitive stimulation. Subsequent to the initial stimulation, amplitudes were +/- 22.7% of the initial motor potential amplitude. Recorded F waves were inconsistent, which may have been associated with technique.Objective-To establish reference values for electrodiagnostic evaluation of peripheral nerve function in birds.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Reference range (mean +/- 2 SEM) for MNCV was 34.1 to 75.3 m/s for the ulnar nerve and 116.7 to 147.9 m/s for the tibial nerve in barred owls and rheas. After repetitive stimulation, motor potential amplitudes may be +/- 22.7% of the initial amplitude response.Animals-6 rheas and 6 barred owls.Procedure-Birds were anesthetized with propofol or isoflurane in oxygen. Using a computer-based electromyograph system and needle electrodes for stimulation and recording, electromyography (EMG) was performed on the pectoral, biceps brachialis, and gastrocnemius muscles, and evoked EMG was performed on the tibial and ulnar nerves. Motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) was calculated. Repetitive stimulation was performed on these 2 nerves. Late F waves were recorded for each nerve, when possible.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Organic contamination of San Vicente Bay, Chile. Surface sediment samples from 16 sites in San Vicente Bay were analysed for a range of lipid biomarkers and hydrocarbons. Coprostanol and cholesterol were used to indicate regions of sewage contamination: ratios reached 1.1 adjacent to known discharge points. The fatty alcohol data were used to highlight regions of bacterial and terrestrial biomass, The bacterial fatty acid 18:1w7 co-varied with the odd/even fatty alcohol ratio and the coprostanol/ cholesterol ratio confirming the regions of aerobic bacterial activity near the sewage outlets. The fluoranthene/ pyrene ratio together with the ratio between the (three or less/four or more) ring aromatics and total concentration of aromatics demonstrate the extent of crude oil and pyrogenic contamination in the sediments. San Vicente Bay was divided into three principal regions on the basis of this analysis: (a) the highly contaminated northern end with strongly reducing sediments and high concentrations of organic matter, (b) the region adjacent to the sewage outlets, with associated bacterial biomass, and (c) the remaining central and southern areas relatively unaffected by the northern discharges. Partial Least Squares path modelling suggests the latter region received less than 50% of the material discharged at the northern end of the Bay. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
+{"token": "INDIVIDUAL ADOLESCENT GROWTH OF STATURE, BODY-WEIGHT, AND CHEST CIRCUMFERENCE OF GIRLS IN TOKYO. To make clear the diversity of adolescent growth, spline-smoothed individual velocity curves of stature, body weight and chest circumference of 44 girls in Tokyo, of which menarche was recorded correctly, were provided. Additionally, 25 variables of ages at peak velocity, intensities, sizes and weight at the peak and at menarche, and terminal height were obtained. One subject girl lacked a growth spurt of chest circumference, and 12 girls lacked one of the take-offs, of which 9 had occurred before age 7. On an average, take-off for height occurs at age 8.5, then that for weight at 8.8, for chest circumference at 9.1, height peak at 11.1, weight peak at 11.7, chest circumference peak at 11.8, menarche at 12.3, and terminal height at 14.4 years.", "label": [4, 5, 56, 42]}
+{"token": "New records of terrestrial tardigrades (Tardigrada) from Ceahlau National Park with zoogeographical and taxonomical remarks on Romanian water bears. Fourteen tardigrade species have been found in moss and lichen samples collected at 14 sampling sites in the Ceahlau National Park in Romania. The study was carried out during the summers of 2009 and 2011, and 613 tardigrade specimens and 11 eggs were found in total. Among them, both Milnesium asiaticum Tumanov, 2006 and Milnesium granulatum (Ramazzotii, 1962) are new records for Romania. M. granulatum was originally described from Chile, later reported from Italy, and this is the second report of this species from Europe. In this paper, we also provide a comprehensive list of the tardigrades known from Romania altogether with zoogeographical and taxonomical remarks on all known Romanian water bears.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Spatial prediction of Plasmodium falciparum prevalence in Somalia. Background: Maps of malaria distribution are vital for optimal allocation of resources for anti-malarial activities. There is a lack of reliable contemporary malaria maps in endemic countries in sub-Saharan Africa. This problem is particularly acute in low malaria transmission countries such as those located in the horn of Africa.Conclusion: The maps showed that malaria transmission in Somalia varied from hypo- to meso-endemic. However, even after including the selected covariates in the model, there still remained a considerable amount of unexplained spatial variation in parasite prevalence, indicating effects of other factors not captured in the study. Nonetheless the maps presented here provide the best contemporary information on malaria prevalence in Somalia.Methods: Data from a national malaria cluster sample survey in 2005 and routine cluster surveys in 2007 were assembled for Somalia. Rapid diagnostic tests were used to examine the presence of Plasmodium falciparum parasites in finger-prick blood samples obtained from individuals across all age-groups. Bayesian geostatistical models, with environmental and survey covariates, were used to predict continuous maps of malaria prevalence across Somalia and to define the uncertainty associated with the predictions.Results: For analyses the country was divided into north and south. In the north, the month of survey, distance to water, precipitation and temperature had no significant association with P. falciparum prevalence when spatial correlation was taken into account. In contrast, all the covariates, except distance to water, were significantly associated with parasite prevalence in the south. The inclusion of covariates improved model fit for the south but not for the north. Model precision was highest in the south. The majority of the country had a predicted prevalence of < 5%; areas with >= 5% prevalence were predominantly in the south.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
+{"token": "Structural Basis for Antimicrobial Activity of Lasiocepsin. Lasiocepsin is a unique 27-residue antimicrobial peptide, isolated from Lasioglossum laticeps (wild bee) venom, with substantial antibacterial and antifungal activity. It adopts a welldefined structure consisting of two -helices linked by a structured loop. Its basic residues form two distinct positively charged regions on the surface whereas aliphatic side chains contribute to solvent-accessible hydrophobic areas, thus emphasising the amphipathic character of the molecule. Lasiocepsin structurally belongs to the ShK family and shows a strong preference for anionic phospholipids; this is further augmented by increasing concentrations of cardiolipin, such as those found at the poles of bacterial cells. The membrane-permeabilising activity of the peptide is not limited to outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria. The peptide interacts with phospholipids initially through its N terminus, and its degree of penetration is strongly dependent on the presence of cardiolipin.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42]}
+{"token": "Effect of curing conditions on properties of cement asphalt emulsion mixture. The properties of cement asphalt emulsion mixture (CAEM) are influenced by curing conditions. In this paper, the strength properties of CAEM are investigated at different curing humidities and periods. Then, the moisture susceptibility test and rutting resistance test are performed to evaluate the effect of typical curing procedures on the emulsion-based mixtures. In order to understand the diversity of different curing procedures, the chemical composition and microstructure of cement asphalt mastic (CAM) are analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyzer, and environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). The results indicate that the effect of curing humidity on strength development depends on the cement content and curing period. It is recommended to cure all mixtures with lower humidity. The higher temperature accelerated curing for several days can stimulate a normal temperature curing for several months. The equivalent relationships between accelerated curing and normal temperature curing are developed based on the strength and performance analysis. By comparing FTIR results at different curing regimes, it can be found that no obvious asphalt binder aging appears in CAM with the typical accelerated curing procedure. XRD analysis founds that the accelerated curing improves the content of some hydration products content, while leads to the more cement particles encapsulated by asphalt film. Considering results of FTIR and XRD, it is testified that the microstructure characteristics of hydration products in CAM with two curing regimes are obviously different, which can explain the performance variations of CAEM with these curing procedures. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "PrP deposition, microglial activation, and neuronal apoptosis in murine scrapie. The present study investigated the relationship among PrP deposition, microglial activation, vacuolation, and neuronal death in the hippocampus of the 301V/VM murine scrapie model (mean incubation period 117 +/- 1 days). PrP deposition was first detected after 30 days and microglial activation after 60 days. Vacuolation in the CA1 and CA2 pyramidal layer was present from 90 days onward. Only occasional in situ end labeling (ISEL)-positive neurons were present in the hippocampus of scrapie-infected mice from 75 days postinoculation (d.p.i.), except at 105 d.p.i, when relatively large numbers of apoptotic, ISEL-positive neurons in the CA1 hippocampal region were observed. Terminally ill animals showed almost complete loss of CA1 pyramidal neurons. Electron microscopy of the CA1 region at 105 days confirmed that these neurons were dying by apoptosis. These data suggest that microglial activation in scrapie is a response to abnormal PrP deposition rather than a response to neuronal cell loss. (C) 1997 Academic Press.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Effects of the Prophylactic HPV Vaccines on HPV Type Prevalence and Cervical Pathology. Vaccination programs with the current prophylactic HPV vaccines started in most countries around 2008 with introduction of the bivalent Cervarix HPV16/18 vaccine, rapidly followed by Gardasil (HPV6/11/16/18) and, finally, Gardasil 9 (HPV6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58), from 2015. Many studies have now confirmed their ability to prevent infection with vaccine-covered HPV types, and the subsequent development of either genital warts and/or cervical neoplasia, although this is clearly more effective in younger women vaccinated prior to sexual debut. Most notably, reductions in the prevalence of vaccine-covered HPV types were also observed in unvaccinated women at the same geographical location, presumably by sexual dissemination of these changes, between vaccinated and unvaccinated women. Furthermore, there are several studies that have demonstrated vaccine-associated HPV type-replacement, where vaccine-covered, high-risk HPV types are replaced by high-risk HPV types not covered by the vaccines, and these changes were also observed in vaccinated and unvaccinated women in the same study population. In light of these observations, it is not entirely clear what effects vaccine-associated HPV type-replacement will have, particularly in older, unvaccinated women.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "IMMIGRATION CONTROL AND STATE FORMATION: DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGES IN MALAYA FROM MALACCA SULTANATE TO MALAYSIAN MODERN ERA. Migration is one of the key factors in the formation of a state over a long period of time. Migration control is a prerequisite to ensuring the existence of a country on its own identity. For Malaya, British was responsible for establishing the Immigration Department and gradually introducing immigration control at border checkpoints in legal aspect and procedures in order to control the entry of migrants and to assist economic development. Although the establishment of organized immigration control can be traced back to the era of British government, the fact is that its concept and practice generally existed as early as the Malacca Malay sultanate, which regulated a vast foreign trade activities and collected tax through the port. The development of immigration control after independence until today focused more on coordination of policies and legislation as well as modernization of the system and technology within the Immigration Department of Malaysia as the agency that enforces control of foreigners' entry at the border checkpoints. This article collects information and data from feedbacks gathered from senior officials in the Immigration Department of Malaysia as well as literatures in the history, legal and social sciences. The main focus of this article is the changes in the border checkpoint control system in Malaya due to the process of state formation which includes the colonization, economic, security, migration, legislation and consolidation of the Malayan territories, Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak which eventually formed Malaysia. All of these factors gradually formed a system of immigration control from one simple process during Malacca era to a complete and advance process with legislations and the role o f specific agencies.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Effect of irrigation on changes in berry composition of Tempranillo during maturation. Sugars, organic acids, and mineral elements. The impact of water availability on the yield and must composition of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Tempranillo grapes was studied over a three-year period. Grape juice composition was compared during stages II and III of the berry growth. The object of this study was to ascertain the effect of irrigation regime on berry development and ripening, and hence on grape juice quality. Changes in berry weight, degrees Brix, glucose, fructose, titratable acidity, pH, tartaric acid, malic acid, citric acid, and mineral elements were monitored. The evolution of sugars and acids during berry growth followed patterns similar to those reported by previous investigators. Hence, water availability did not affect the accumulation patterns of the different sugars and acids. Glucose was the predominant sugar in the berries at veraison, while fructose predominated at the end of ripening, irrespective of the treatment applied. Organic acid concentration was highest when berries were pea-sized, and it began to decrease at veraison. The rate of decrease was greater for malic acid than for tartaric acid. The concentration of tartaric acid was higher than that of malic acid from veraison on, and differences between them increased as ripening progressed. The differences between malic acid and tartaric acid were greatest in the non-irrigated treatment. Total soluble solids, and the concentration of glucose and fructose were significantly higher in the irrigated vines than in the non-irrigated vines, mainly towards the end of ripening, except in 1992. In that year the values for the non-irrigated vines were slightly higher, though the differences were not significant on many sampling dates. The \\\\'Brix of the irrigated grapes at harvest were 2.8% to 14.9% higher than in the non-irrigated grapes. The largest increase in \\\\'Brix (67% - 124% in non-irrigated grapes and 58% -117% in the irrigated grapes) took place after veraison. Titratable acidity (TA) was significantly higher for the irrigated vines, primarily at the end of ripening. The TA of irrigated vines at harvest was 9.8% to 28.3% higher than the TA for non-irrigated vines. By expressing the data for glucose, fructose, tartaric acid, malic acid, and citric acid in grams per berry, we observed the largest number of sampling dates with significant differences between irrigation treatments in the years 1990 and 1992. The concentrations for the mineral elements followed differing trends over the course of ripening. Potassium increased until harvest time, and calcium and magnesium decreased, but sodium did not exhibit any clear trend, rising or falling on different sampling dates. Quantitatively, the values for all the parameters studied in the non-irrigated vines tended to be equal to or greater than those in the irrigated vines, even though per-berry quantities were higher in the irrigated vines. The results show that the effect of water deficits on the composition of the grape juice was more intense in the final year of the study, when the differences in soil water availability between treatments were greatest. The results further suggest that the higher yields in irrigated vines did not have any adverse effect on grape must composition and hence on grape juice quality, because on the whole synthesis and accumulation processes were able to offset any dilution effects.", "label": [0, 2, 6, 19, 8]}
+{"token": "Analysis of exclusive B-s -> D-s0(2317)l(v)over-bar(e) decay with QCD sum rules. The transition form factors of the semileptonic decay B-s into scalar D-s0(2317) meson is calculated in the framework of 3-point QCD sum rule. The branching ratio is found to be similar to 10(-3) for the B-s -> D-s0(2317)center dot(v) over bar (center dot)(center dot=e,mu) decay, and similar to 10(-4) for the B-s -> D-s0(2317)tau(v) over bar (tau) decay, respectively.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "Comparative analysis of two rivers infected with Didymosphenia geminata in southern Chile. The Puelo and Petrohue rivers were surveyed between April 2016 and February 2017 to assess the presence and seasonal abundance of Didymosphenia geminata in the wild aquatic systems of these two important rivers in southern Chile. Didymo was reported in the Puelo River in 2012, while it was declared absent from the Petrohue River before this study commenced in the fall of 2016. Results showed that cells of D. geminata were recorded in both rivers, in the Phytobenthos as well as in the water column. However, the classical mucilage which characterizes this plague was only recorded in one of the sampled rivers (Puelo). The mucilage was not recorded in any of the sections sampled in the Petrohue River, which was attributed to the high concentration of phosphorous present in the system. The concentration of phosphorous recorded throughout the study in the Puelo River was low. However, differences in the recorded presence or absence of D. geminata between sampling sites on the Petrohue River was mainly attributable to the availability of incident sunlight. This study records for the first time the presence of D. geminata in the Petrohue River.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
+{"token": "FAD-containing polyamine oxidases: a timely challenge for researchers in biochemistry and physiology of plants. yRecent investigations on plant polyamine oxidase (PAO) are reviewed. The enzyme belongs to a new class of flavoenzymes with similar structural features including, among others, monoamine oxidase. Plant PAOs catalyse the oxidation of the polyamine substrates spermidine and spermine. The reaction products are propane-1,3-diamine and 1-pyrroline or 1-(3-aminopropyl)pyrrolinium, respectively, along with hydrogen peroxide. Plant PAOs are predominantly localised in the cell wall. Purification procedures and molecular properties of several plant PAOs are compared. A special attention is being paid to the recently solved crystal structure of the maize enzyme and its implications for the substrate binding and catalytic mechanism. Substrate specificity and inhibitors of plant PAOs are also described. The potential roles for PAO-generated H2O2 in lignin biosynthesis and cell wall cross-linking reactions, which may regulate growth and contribute to cell defence, are discussed. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
+{"token": "Current validity of the Delphi method in social sciences. The Delphi method is a popular technique for forecasting and an aid in decision-making based on the opinions of experts, which has been in existence for over half a century. This work evaluates its methodology and reviews its validity in the present day, especially in the area of Social Sciences. Three recent applications in this field are also explained, professional in nature, which have some characteristics that are not frequent with respect to other Delphi studies published. The main aim of two of these studies was to provide input for economic or statistical quantitative models, using the judgement of expert groups, while the third study aimed to analyse a complex social reality by means of a Policy Delphi in order to obtain reliable infomation before taking a policy decision. These applications highlight how this technique may be adapted to different social realities and requirements, making a positive contribution to social progress, provided it is applied with the necessary methodological rigour and with a good knowledge of the social medium in which it is being applied. Finally, there is an explanation of a number of lessons learned from the theory and aforementioned experiences, which may contribute to the successful outcome of a Delphi exercise. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48, 52]}
+{"token": "Improving performance of flat-plate photobioreactors by installation of novel internal mixers optimized with computational fluid dynamics. A novel mixer was developed to improve the performance of flat-plate photobioreactors (PBRs). The effects of mixer were theoretically evaluated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) according to radial velocity of fluid and light/dark cycles within reactors. The structure parameters, including the riser width, top clearance, clearance between the baffles and walls, and number of the chambers were further optimized. The microalgae culture test aiming at validating the simulated results was conducted indoor. The results showed the maximum biomass concentrations in the optimized and archetype reactors were 32.8% (0.89 g L-1) and 19.4% (0.80 g L-1) higher than that in the control reactor (0.67 g L-1). Therefore, the novel mixer can significantly increase the fluid velocity along the light attenuation and light/dark cycles, thus further increased the maximum biomass concentration. The PBRs with novel mixers are greatly applicable for high-efficiency cultivation of microalgae. (c) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 1, 2, 6, 19, 15]}
+{"token": "Docile, criminal, and upwardly mobile?: Visual news framing of Mexican migrants and the logics of neoliberal multiculturalism. This study examines visual and textual representations of Mexican migrants in English-language photojournalism over the course of a decade. We find three clusters of representations: (1) male laborers portrayed as outside the bounds of society but often unfairly victimized (2) migrants portrayed as criminal in encounters with law enforcement, and (3) all other migrants, often portrayed in ways that valorized those who had made good or fit in. These clusters initially appeared to employ entirely separate tropes about different demographics of migrants. However, we find that they instead often reflect the same migrant demographics in different geographies and at different moments of the migration trajectory. We argue that these tropes collectively reflect and promote the cultural and economic logic of neoliberal multiculturalism, serving the neoliberal state and legitimating the precarity of migrants in labor markets.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Comparing the effects of static and dynamic signals during multiple schedules. The extent to which multiple schedules are an effective schedule thinning method following functional communication training (FCT) relies on the control the schedule-correlated stimuli exert over behavior. Thus, the stimuli used to signal the schedule in place (e.g., reinforcement and extinction) in a multiple schedule arrangement require special attention. To date, the majority of the research on multiple schedules has evaluated the use of different arbitrary signals as schedule-correlated stimuli (e.g., poster boards). These signals are considered static as they lack movement. More recently, some studies have successfully used dynamic signals, which include movement or animation, within multiple schedule arrangements. However, the extent to which one type of signal may result in faster stimulus control over behavior has not been evaluated. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare the use of static and dynamic signals as schedule-correlated stimuli in multiple schedules used within the context of FCT. Four children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder participated in the study. The results suggest that no differences in discriminated manding were observed for three out of four participants. Only dynamic signals resulted in discriminated manding for one participant.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Implications of burial alterations on luminescence dating of archaeological ceramics. Recent mineralogical studies on archaeological pottery samples report significant variations in alkali metal concentrations due to environmental alterations during burial. Here we examine the effects of potassium (K) leaching on luminescence dating. The effect on the estimation of the dose rate is studied by considering four models of leaching (exponential, linear, early and late) and their impact on fine- and coarse-grain dating are calculated. The modeling approaches are applied to two cases of pottery in which evidence for alteration was found, Additionally, TL dating performed on pottery of one of the studied cases, indicates the importance of leaching effects on absolute dating measurements. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
+{"token": "Intra-body data transmission for the personal area network. Intra-body communication is a wireless means of exchanging information within a personal area network (PAN) between wearable electronic sensors and devices. The feasibility of intra-body communication is confirmed through several experiments on signal propagation within the human body, and a human phantom is designed and used to obtain reproducible results over repeated experiments. Based on the results of these experiments, a prototype transmission system is constructed using aluminum electrodes powered by 3 V DC and operating in the 10.7 MHz frequency modulation (FM) band. This prototype is demonstrated to be capable of transmitting analog signals through the human subjects in the presence of external noise. Digital data transmission at 9600 bps is also achieved using newly fabricated 10.7 MHz frequency shift keying (FSK) transmitter and receiver devices. The carrier frequency of 10.7 MHz is the intermediate frequency of FM radio receivers, meaning that the proposed system can make use of a wide selection of inexpensive, commercial radio frequency devices.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Anatomy on trial: Itinerant anatomy museums in mid nineteenth-century England. In the mid nineteenth century there were several travelling collections of anatomical waxworks in England. Their stated aim was to educate the public, especially women, about health, particularly reproductive health, to which end their proprietors gave demonstrations, sold pamphlets, and in some cases practised medicine. Most large population centres on the railway network played host to a museum and the total number of visitors is estimated at over a million. Despite a lack of complaints from the public, there was opposition from the magistrates which resulted in a series of prosecutions on charges of obscenity. Owing to their impermanence and their reputation as indecent exhibitions, these itinerant anatomy museums all but disappeared from cultural histories of nineteenth-century England. They were, however, sufficiently successful in engaging with audiences that they briefly challenged the monopoly that the medical profession - newly unified under the Medical Act - exercised over the study of anatomy.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Promising Hevea clones for Ribeira river valley region, Sao Paulo state, Brazil. The objective of this paper was to show first selection results of IAC 300 and Amazonian IAN and Fx series of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex Adr. de Juss) Muell.-Arg.) clones in small scale trial evaluation, for yield, growth and SALE performance. Yield and vigour of 20 clones were assessed for two and nine years, respectively, in Vale do Ribeira, SP, Brazil. In the IAC 300 serie, four clones (IAC 301, IAC 304, IAC 306 and IAC 319) were classified as satisfactory in yielding. The Amazonian clones IAN 6323, Fx 3864 and IAN 2903 produced 1,078 kg, 945 kg and 900 kg/ha/year, respectively, higher than the control IAN 873 (878 kg/ha/year). All selected clones had vigorous growing, with the girth at opening (cm) ranging From 37.40 (IAN 4493) to 53.75 (IAN 6323) and tappability ranging from 7.0% (IAN 4493) to 100%(IAC 6323 and IAC 302), except for Fx 3899 and IAN 3044. The IAC 315, with 7.37 mm, had bigger thickness virgin bark than IAN 873 (6.44 mm). Concerned to SALE performance, clones IAC 306, IAC 315, IAC 320 were the best in resistance.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Fibroadenoma in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome with paternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 11p15.5. Herein is described a case of breast fibroadenomas in a 16-year-old girl with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) and uniparental disomy (UPD) of chromosome 11p15.5. She was clinically diagnosed with BWS and direct closure was performed for an omphalocele at birth. Subtotal and 90% pancreatectomy were performed for nesidioblastosis at the ages 2 months and 8 years, respectively. Bilateral multiple breast fibroadenomas were noted at the age of 16 and 17 years. In this case, paternal UPD of chromosome 11p15.5 was identified on microsatellite marker analysis. The relevant imprinted chromosomal region in BWS is 11p15.5, and UPD of chromosome 11p15 is a risk factor for BWS-associated tumorigenicity. Chromosome 11p15.5 consists of imprinting domains of IGF2, the expression of which is associated with the tumorigenesis of various breast cancers. This case suggests that fibroadenomas occurred in association with BWS.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Near infrared spectral imaging for the analysis of dynamite residues on human handprints. This study examines the utility of near infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) combined with chemometrics for the detection of dynamite residues on human handprints. Polyvinyl sheets containing dynamite residues were then analysed with the NIR-HSI system. A spectral library was developed by using partial least squares-discriminant analysis model (PLS-DA) to detect and classify the pixels contaminated with the dynamite residues. Values of sensitivity and specificity of 100% were obtained for both calibration and cross validation of dynamite and ammonium nitrate. The results were tested in real human handprints. Seven volunteers deposited their handprints into polyvinyl transparent sheets after the manipulation of a common type of dynamite which was mainly composed by ammonium nitrate. These results highlight the extremely high potential and capability of NIR-HSI combined with chemometrics for the fast and easy identification of explosive residues and additionally, its potential competence to detect the explosive manipulation. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Responses of two invasive macrophyte species to salt. Aquatic ecosystems are particularly sensitive to the introduction of species due to human activities. Increasing salinity in freshwaters due to sea intrusion or to human activities (road salt, industry, etc.) is known to have a negative impact on aquatic organisms and could play a role in the dynamics of invaders. This study compares salt tolerance levels of two introduced aquatic plants Myriophyllum aquaticum (Velloso) Verdcourt and Ludwigia grandiflora (Michaux) Greuter and Burdet. Plants were collected in spring, summer and autumn 2010, and were exposed to a range of salt concentrations (1, 3 and 6 g/L). Plant growth was determined by measuring seven morphological traits and their photosynthetic activity. Increased salt levels induced a decline in growth and photosynthetic activity in L. grandiflora, while photosynthetic activity in M. aquaticum remained constant at all salt concentrations. The response of both species to salt varied according to the season. M. aquaticum allocated its energy to growth in autumn, whereas the growth of L. grandiflora remained constant whatever the season. Our results suggested that M. aquaticum stimulated root and leaf production at the end of summer, which conferred resistance to salt stress and allowed this species to become invasive by overcompensating for this stress. Conversely, L. grandiflora induced premature senescence and lost its leaves. In the context of worldwide salinisation of freshwaters, M. aquaticum could colonize brackish water and other water bodies, whereas L. grandiflora invasion could be limited.", "label": [4, 45]}
+{"token": "The struggle for life and adaptation by natural selection. While the struggle for life played an important role in the process of natural selection as it was conceived by Darwin, natural selection is commonly characterized today as a process which does not necessarily involve struggle. Nevertheless, there have been some attempts to show the importance of struggle to the process of natural selection. The present paper aims to continue these attempts and clarify the precise evolutionary role of struggle. The paper focuses on a recent dispute regarding the role of struggle between Peter Godfrey-Smith and Tim Lewens. Godfrey-Smith argues that struggle makes populations into \\\\'paradigm cases of Darwinian populations\\\\', meaning that struggle leads natural selection to produce adaptations. Lewens, in contrast, argues that Godfrey-Smith's argument fails to show that struggle plays such a role. I argue that Godfrey-Smith's argument that struggle leads selection to produce adaptations can be understood in two different ways. Lewens interprets Godfrey-Smith's argument in one of these ways, and rightly argues that thus understood, this argument fails to show that struggle leads selection to produce adaptations. However, I show that understood in a second way, Godfrey-Smith's argument does show that struggle plays such a role. Still, I show that there is an additional problem with Godfrey-Smith's argument that struggle makes populations into \\\\'paradigm cases of Darwinian populations\\\\'. It does not capture the precise role played by struggle in the relation between selection and adaptation. Thus, the present paper clarifies the unique role that struggle plays in the relation between selection and adaptation in evolutionary theory.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Novel sugarcane streak and sugarcane streak Reunion mastreviruses from southern Africa and La Reunion. The sugarcane infecting streak viruses (SISVs) are mastreviruses (Family Geminiviridae) belonging to a group of \\\\'African streak viruses\\\\' (AfSVs) that includes the economically devastating Maize streak virus (MSV). Although there are three currently described SISV species (Sugarcane streak virus [SSV], Sugarcane streak Egypt virus [SSEV] and Sugarcane streak Reunion virus [SSRV]), only one strain variant has been fully sequenced for each of these species and as a result very little is known about the diversity and evolutionary origins of the SCISVs. Here we present annotated full genome sequences of four new SISV isolates, including a new strain of both SSRV and SSV, and one potentially new SISV species, sampled from wild grasses in La Reunion and Zimbabwe. For the first time, we report the finding of SSRV isolates in Zimbabwe and SSV isolates on the island of La Reunion. Phylogenetic and recombination analyses indicate continent-wide SSRV strain diversity and that our isolate potentially representing a new SISV species is a recombinant.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "THE EVOLUTION OF THE CIRCASSIANS' OATHS IN THE CONTEXT OF CHANGING RELIGIOUS VIEWS IN 1800-1855. The research materials are represented with the archival documents of the State archive of the Krasnodar Krai (Krasnodar, Russian Federation) and with the sources of personal origin belonging to emissaries and agents who have investigated the situation or resided on the territory of Circassia for some time.The methodological basis of the paper includes the principles of historicism and objectivity which are traditional for research of this kind, as well as analytical, probabilistic-statistical, typological and comparative methods. Using these methods has allowed us to compare the oath texts and to identify their peculiar features. Besides, on the basis of various facts obtained in the process of documents' processing, the method of historicism has let revealing the relevant phenomena and processes associated with the change of religious rules in Circassia in 1800-1855.We conclude that during the civil war in Circassia in 1785 the system of religious rules was changed, and the Koran got the equal right along with the Bible, the Psalms of David and the Book of Evangelists. After 15 years, in 1800, the Circassians swore on these four books in their oaths. However, in 1842, there was no mention of the Christian books in the oath texts. In our opinion, this fact proves the conducted activity aimed at discrediting the Christian and pagan beliefs of the population and the victorious spread of Islam in the region. Nevertheless, the Circassian aristocracy, who left. Circassia and moved to the Russian territory, retained the references to the ancient Christian books in their oaths.The paper examines the evolution of the Circassians' oaths in the period of 1800-1855 in the context of changing religious views.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "A three-axis SOI accelerometer sensing with both in-plane and vertical comb electrodes. A three-axis capacitive accelerometer based on silicon-on-insulator is designed and fabricated. In the accelerometer, totally eight groups of capacitors are compactly arranged around an octagonal proof mass. The four groups of capacitors along orthogonal direction with in-plane comb electrodes detect XY acceleration, while the other four groups of capacitors along diagonal direction with vertical comb electrodes detect Z acceleration. Measurements of in-plane and vertical motion by the respective in-plane and vertical comb electrodes enable direct detection for all the three axes with differential capacitive sensing scheme. For the fabricated accelerometer in the size of 4 x 4 mm(2), the capacitance sensitivities of in-plane and out-of-plane accelerometers are 145.3 and 9.1 fF/g, respectively.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Investigation on rheological performance of sulphur modified bitumen (SMB) binders. In order to enhance the properties of base bitumen so as to improve the performance of bituminous mixture, it has been a common practice to modify the bitumen by adding some modifiers. Sulphur has been reported to be an effective extender for conventional bitumen. This study was attempted to develop a modified binder in the laboratory using VG-30 bitumen with sulphur (S) and study the effects of 'S' on the viscosity, rheological, penetration index and storage stability with effects of short and long term aging. The rheological study includes rutting, fatigue, master curve and Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) test using Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR). It is observed that the modification of VG-30 with 2% of 'S' by weight at 140 degrees C temperature for about 60 min, resulted in homogeneous modified bitumen binder. The Superpave rutting parameter (G*/Sin delta) and MSCR test results showed that, SMB-2S (VG-30 + 2% S) and SMB-3S (VG-30 + 3% S) binder exhibited better rut resistance performance, especially at high temperature. However, SMB-2S showed relatively lower value of Superpave fatigue factor and aging index value than SMB-3S, implying superior performance in fatigue and aging resistance behavior, respectively. Storage stability test results showed that modification with 2% S possessed better compatibility in bitumen matrix. Thus, it can be stated that the SMB-2S showed superior rheological and storage stability properties that can satisfy the requirements for resisting the rutting and fatigue cracking. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Dysspondyloenchondromatosis: Another COL2A1-Related Skeletal Dysplasia?. Dysspondyloenchondromatosis (DSC) is a rare skeletal dysplasia that has currently been classified into the group of spondylometaphyseal dysplasias. To date, only 12 affected individuals have been reported. All cases are sporadic, and the etiology remains unknown. Distinctive features of DSC are anisospondyly and enchondroma-like lesions in the metaphyseal and diaphyseal portions of the long tubular bones. Affected individuals usually develop kyphoscoliosis and asymmetric limb shortening at an early age. Interestingly, some of the skeletal changes overlap with spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia (SEMD) Strudwick type, a rare type II collagen disorder. Based on this resemblance we postulated that DSC may be allelic to SEMD Strudwick type and therefore performed a COL2A1 analysis in an affected boy who was diagnosed as having DSC at the age of 3 years. The identification of a novel heterozygous COL2A1 missense mutation (p. Gly753Asp) in the proband confirms our hypothesis and suggests that DSC may be another type II collagen disorder. Copyright (C) 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "HIV point-of-care diagnostics: meeting the special needs of sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa, accounting for 70% of the 35 million people living with HIV worldwide, obviously carries the heaviest burden of the HIV epidemic. Moreover, the region's poor health system occasioned by limited resources and inadequate skilled clinical personnel usually makes decentralization of HIV care difficult. Therefore, quality diagnostics that are easy to use, inexpensive, and amenable for use at point of care (POC) are a dire necessity. Clearly, such diagnostics will significantly lessen the pressure on the existing over-stretched centralized HIV laboratory services. Thankfully, some POC diagnostics are already being validated, while others are in the pipeline. As POC test kits emerge, implementation hurdles should be envisaged and planned for. This review examines emerging HIV diagnostic platforms, HIV POC product pipelines, gaps, perceived POC implementation challenges, and general recommendations for quality care.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "In it together: Exploring how belonging to a youth activist group enhances well-being. Despite some evidence that being an activist, particularly during adolescence, can positively affect well-being, activism has been relatively neglected in both psychology and youth civic engagement research. This study aimed to address this gap by exploring how being an activist as a teenager can positively affect personal development and well-being. Seven focus groups comprising adolescent human rights activists were conducted in classrooms throughout the United Kingdom. Inductive thematic analysis was used to identify four dominant themes-A place to go, Power in numbers, Skilling-up, and In it togetherwhich are discussed in relation to existing literature. Because findings from this study suggest that there are a number of positive psychological benefits to being a youth activist, implications for psychology and youth civic engagement are also considered.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 55, 24]}
+{"token": "RED-BLOOD-CELLS AUTO-AGGLUTINATION AS AN INDICATOR TEST IN HUMAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS. Spontaneous red blood cells' auto-agglutination was assessed as an indicator for the diagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis. This test is easily carried out by health workers with minimum qualification. It presents a high sensitivity (0.91) and a high predictive value of a negative result (0.99). Although a positive result gives a low indication of infection, the health care workers should refer the patient to a screening centre.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "Technology, children, and the power of the heart. As we introduce new technology into a district, school, or classroom, it is important to take advantage of children's natural ability, enthusiasm, and willingness to master new skills, Mr. Maurer and Mr. Davidson maintain.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Malachite green removal using ionic flocculation. The use of ionic flocculation is proposed to remove malachite green (MG), in this case, from water. A surfactant with the polluted solution and calcium is added. The surfactant-calcium reaction forms a precipitate, which aggregates into flocs on agitation. The flocs adsorb MG, which can then be removed by centrifugation. Ionic flocculation was assessed by varying parameters including: surfactant and MG concentrations, electrolyte content, pH, contact time, etc. The isotherm and adsorption kinetic models that best fit this process are the Langmuir and pseudo-second order models, respectively. MG removal efficiency of 96% was obtained at pH 9, with surfactant concentration 1,400 mg L-1, MG concentration 10 mg L-1 and contact time 10 minutes. The process has potential for pollutant removal.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "'To relate knowledge and action': The impact of the Rockefeller Foundation on foreign policy thinking during America's rise to globalism 1939-1945. The Rockefeller Foundation played a key role in the shift from `isolationism' to globalism in US foreign policy between 1939 and 1945. The Foundation utilised its considerable financial resources in a conscious and systematic attempt to assist official policymakers and academics to build a new globalist consensus within the state and public opinion. The article tests four theoretical models that have been used to describe Rockefeller initiatives. It concludes that a Gramscian analysis provides the most helpful way of understanding the Foundation's role in American foreign affairs.", "label": [3, 5, 53, 30, 52]}
+{"token": "TO LEAD OR TO FOLLOW. GENDER CONSTRUCTIONS IN ARGENTINE TANGO AND CONTACT IMPROVISATION. This essay comparatively studies the body communication dynamics of Argentine tango and Contact improvisation from a gender perspective. Being two forms of improvised dance, configured by very different aesthetic and cultural keys, both face the questions that are being posed from feminist movements and queer theory. While tango faces the academic response regarding the hierarchies between male and female that define it, Contact improvisation, considered as a paradigm of equality due to the absence of roles, has failed to dissolve the subtle mechanisms of domination that operate through contact. It highlights how practice spaces - milongas and jams, respectively - operate as laboratories for observing techniques and social protocols and also reflect how local cultural codes overlap, in a complex way, on the choreographic rules.", "label": [5, 53, 52]}
+{"token": "Architecture: Biological Form and Artificial Intelligence Part 3. A new, sustainable architecture requires us to abandon our fixation on \\\\'architecture as abstract image\\\\'. Design that adapts to the living ecosystem must naturally follow the properties of all other living systems. This article continues the list of life mechanisms, which should be implemented to design buildings in the future(1).", "label": [1, 17]}
+{"token": "Fiction for Peace? Domestic Identity, National Othering and Peace Education in Dutch Historical Novels for Children, 1914-1935. Historical fiction for children has long functioned as a continuation of history education. World War I brought about critique on history education in several Western European countries. The nationalistic and chauvinistic representation of historical events was claimed to have contributed to the outbreak of war. In the educational discourse a discussion arose about changing history education into peace education. In this article the impact of this discussion on historical novels for children is investigated. Dutch historical novels for children serve as a case study. The novels are contextualised within the educational debate from the perspective of imagology. Representations of the own identity and national others are analysed, supplemented with an analysis of references to war and peace. The article shows how historical fiction for children held on to the glorification of nationality for a long time, but joined the educational discourse by occasionally framing the represented battles in the spirit of peace education.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "The institutional determinants of peer effects on corporate cash holdings. Analysing a large firm-level dataset from 47 countries, we document robust and significant positive peer effects on cash holdings. Specifically, a firm increases cash holdings, on average, by 5%-7% in response to a one standard deviation increase in peer firms' cash holdings. However, this response is heterogeneous - being relatively higher in countries with well-developed legal systems, higher national governance quality and more developed capital markets. These findings are consistent with rivalry-based motives of mimicking, where firms mimic to stay abreast or ahead of rivals in increasingly competitive product markets. We further find that mimicking is not a sub-optimal strategy per se, as it is beneficial in good economic states but less beneficial or distracting in bad economic states. Our findings are important as peer effects not only have real implications at the firm level but could potentially attenuate or amplify firm-specific shocks within and across industries and countries, more so, with increased globalisation and economic intergration.", "label": [5, 48, 49]}
+{"token": "Mars Express 10 years at Mars: Observations by the Mars Express Radio Science Experiment (MaRS). The Mars Express spacecraft is operating in Mars orbit since early 2004. The Mars Express Radio Science Experiment (MaRS) employs the spacecraft and ground station radio systems (i) to conduct radio occultations of the atmosphere and ionosphere to obtain vertical profiles of temperature, pressure, neutral number densities and electron density, (ii) to conduct bistatic radar experiments to obtain information on the dielectric and scattering properties of the surface, (iii) to investigate the structure and variation of the crust and lithosphere in selected target areas, (iv) to determine the mass, bulk and internal structure of the moon Phobos, and (v) to track the MEX radio signals during superior solar conjunction to study the morphology of coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Here we report observations, results and discoveries made in the Mars environment between 2004 and 2014 over almost an entire solar cycle. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Drug-induced reversion of progression phenotype is accompanied by reversion of AP-1 phenotype in JB6 cells. Transformed JB6 cells can be stably reverted to nontransformed phenotype by AP-1 inhibiting glucocorticoid fluocinolone (FA) and cAMP elevator forskolin (FN), yielding stable revertants of promotion resistant (P-) and promotion sensitive (P+) phenotypes. AP-I activity of nontransformed P- and P+ revertant clones was decreased under a variety of experimental conditions compared with their transformed counterparts. Moreover, AP-1 activity in P+ cells under anchorage-independent conditions was induced by 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) while AP-1 activity in the reverted P- cells was not induced, just as observed for the original P+ and P- variants. Taken together these data suggest that changes in AP-1 activity may be one key mediator not only of forward progression but also of reversion of tumor cells to nontransformed phenotype. In addition, the higher transfection efficiency of the new reverted P- and P+ cells renders them useful for studying the role of transcription factors in tumor promotion.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Evolution and new horizons in modeling crack mechanics of 3D printing polymeric structures. (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Three-dimensionally printed parts are widely used to fabricate polymeric structures in industrial applications. The continuous use of these components in practical applications makes them prone to fracture owing to crack propagation. Extensive research articles and reviews have been published to introduce the phenomenon and significance of crack propagation behavior of polymeric structures. However, when these are reviewed with a critical eye, it has been found that a comprehensive effort is still required to compile all these previous research studies with an emphasis on thermomechanical couple loads. During the presented critical review effort, it has been found that the existing research studies and their conclusions are limited in expressing the true crack growth phenomenon for real applications. Therefore, this review concludes that the analytical and empirical study about the crack growth behavior of polymers under the time-dependent coupled loading conditions can be a novel contribution in the academic domain.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11]}
+{"token": "Rapid differential detection of genotype I and III Japanese encephalitis virus from clinical samples by a novel duplex TaqMan probe-based RT-qPCR assay. Japanese Encephalitis (JE) is an acute infectious disease that threatens both human and pig populations throughout Asia. JE is caused by the Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV), of which genotype III (GIII) had been the most prevalent strain throughout Asia, but recent studies have shown that genotype I (GI) has replaced Gill as the predominant version. Pigs and mosquitoes play a primary role in JEV transmission. However, a method for the rapid differentiation between JEV G I and G III remains unavailable. This study aimed to establish a rapid JEV genotyping method using novel duplex TaqMan RT-qPCR assay.specific primer and probes located in the PrM/M gene that were able to specifically differentiate GI and Gill JEV, was selected as the duplex TaqMan RTqPCR target.The specificity, sensitivity and reproducibility test of this assay were validated. The sensitivity of the assay was 10 genomic RNA copies for both GI and GIII JEV in field mosquito and pig samples,and more sensitive than the current methods. In addition, the novel assay can be completed in less than 1 h. Therefore, This duplex TaqMan RT-qPCR assay is a promising tool for rapid differential detection and epidemiology of GI and Gill JEV strains in China. The results showed that co-circulation of GI and Gill infections with GI infection being more prevalent in pigs or mosquitoes in eastern China.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42, 21]}
+{"token": "Intake of Caffeine and Its Association with Physical and Mental Health Status among University Students in Bahrain. In Western populations, the caffeine intake of young adults has received significant attention in the research literature; our knowledge in other societies remained limited. The objective of this research is to quantify the amount of ingested caffeine and how this is related to measures of physical and mental health in a Bahraini population. A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to estimate caffeine intake from coffee, tea, cocoa, soft drinks, energy drinks, chocolates, and over-the-counter medications. Associations between caffeine intake, demographic variables and 25 symptoms measured using the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25 were examined. A convenience sample of university students in Bahrain (n = 727) was surveyed. Caffeine, in any form, was consumed by 98% of students. Mean daily caffeine consumption was 268 mg/day, with males consuming more than females. Coffee was the main source of caffeine intake, followed by black tea and energy drinks. Participants consuming 400 mg/day or more showed a statistically and significantly twice as high risk for five symptoms, these were: headaches, spells of terror or panic, feeling trapped or caught, worrying too much about things, and having feelings of worthlessness. The prevalence of caffeine intake among university students in Bahrain is high. The overall mean intake of caffeine from all sources by university students was within levels considered to be acceptable by many dietary recommendations. High caffeine intake was associated with an anxiogenic effect in the surveyed students.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "The adoption of mark-up tools in an interactive e-textbook reader. Researchers have more often examined whether students prefer using an e-textbook over a paper textbook or whether e-textbooks provide a better resource for learning than paper textbooks, but students' adoption of mark-up tools has remained relatively unexamined. Drawing on the concept of Innovation Diffusion Theory, we used educational data mining techniques and survival analysis to examine time to adoption of highlights, notes, annotations, bookmarks, and questions in an interactive e-textbook reader. We found that the only tool that more than half of the participants used was highlighting. Students who purchased a printed copy of the textbook had longer average times to using notes and annotations. Because most of the more interactive tools were used by a relatively small number of students, regression modeling of the factors associated with tool usage was difficult. However, there was evidence that the likelihood of using the tools decreased as the semester progressed, and that students' self-reported reading behaviors and grade point average were predictive of the time to using the mark-up tools. An interaction between bookmark usage and amount of reading was positively associated with course grades, suggesting that a strategy of bookmarking with frequent reading could assist students to learn content successfully. The implications of this research are that (1) instructors may need to more directly scaffold the adoption of interactive e-textbook tools that are touted as boosts to student learning and (2) promoting adoption early, shortly after students begin reading the e-textbook, is critical for students to acclimate to using the tool.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Ideology and Religion in Students' Attitudes Toward Economically and Socially Conservative Professors. Many instructors of political science wrestle with the question of whether to reveal their political ideology to their students and recent polarization in the United States intensifies those concerns. Prior research suggests that liberal and moderate students are wary of taking a course with a conservative professor, but do students react to economically conservative professors the same as they do socially conservative professors? We conducted an online survey experiment of current students at two public universities in the southern United States to test whether a reputation for expressing conservative opinions on either economic or social issues affected a professor's appeal to students. Participants split along ideological lines on both professor profiles, but greater skepticism was directed at the socially conservative professor. Preference for a socially conservative professor was greatest among more religious students.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Dissecting tocopherols content in maize (Zea mays L.), using two segregating populations and high-density single nucleotide polymorphism markers. Background: Tocopherols, which are vitamin E compounds, play an important role in maintaining human health. Compared with other staple foods, maize grains contain high level of tocopherols.Conclusions: These results demonstrate that a few QTLs with major effects and several QTLs with medium to minor effects might contribute to the natural variation of tocopherols in maize grain. The high-density markers will help to fine map and identify the QTLs with major effects even in the preliminary segregating populations. Furthermore, this study provides a simple guide line for the breeders to improve traits that minimize the risk of malnutrition, especially in developing countries.Results: Two F-2 populations (K22/CI7 and K22/Dan340, referred to as POP-1 and POP-2, respectively), which share a common parent (K22), were developed and genotyped using a GoldenGate assay containing 1,536 single nucleotide polymorphism ( SNP) markers. An integrated genetic linkage map was constructed using 619 SNP markers, spanning a total of 1649.03 cM of the maize genome with an average interval of 2.67 cM. Seventeen quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for all the traits were detected in the first map and 13 in the second. In these two maps, QTLs for different traits were localized to the same genomic regions and some were co-located with candidate genes in the tocopherol biosynthesis pathway. Single QTL was responsible for 3.03% to 52.75% of the phenotypic variation and the QTLs in sum explained23.4% to 66.52% of the total phenotypic variation. A major QTL (qc5-1/qd5-1) affecting alpha-tocopherol (alpha T) was identified on chromosome 5 between the PZA03161.1 and PZA02068.1 in the POP-2. The QTL region was narrowed down from 18.7 Mb to 5.4 Mb by estimating the recombination using high-density markers of the QTL region. This allowed the identification of the candidate gene VTE4 which encodes gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase, an enzyme that transforms gamma-tocopherol (gamma T) to alpha T.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Tailored Parenting Plans of Young Adults With Sickle Cell Disease or Sickle Cell Trait. Our study purpose was to evaluate the variation and accuracy of tailored parenting plans individually generated as a supplement to reproductive health education on the genetic inheritance of sickle cell disease or sickle cell trait. We present a secondary data analysis of experimental group data from a randomized controlled trial. Participants completed the valid and reliable Internet-based Sickle Cell Reproductive Health Knowledge Parenting Intent Questionnaire. We created a computerized algorithm that used participants' responses to generate tailored parenting plans based on their parenting preferences and partner's sickle cell status. Thirty-one different parenting plans were generated to meet the variety in the participants' preferences. The most frequently generated plan was for participants with sickle cell disease who had a partner with hemoglobin AA, who wanted to be a parent, was not likely to be pregnant, and wanted their child to be sickle cell disease free. More than half of the participants required alteration in their reproductive behavior to achieve their parenting goals. Findings provide insight into the variety and accuracy of computer algorithm-generated parenting plans, which could further guide refinement of the algorithm to produce patient-centered, tailored parenting plans supplemental to Internet-based genetic inheritance education.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 40, 26]}
+{"token": "Modelling of temperature distribution in steel casting ladles lined with dolomite bricks or high-alumina mass. As a first step towards optimisation of secondary steel treatment, mathematical modelling of heat transfer in the ladle was undertaken. A numerical model considering heat transfer was developed which can be used for predictions of temperature fields in the ladle lining during casting sequences depending on wear rates and used lining materials. The model is based on Fourier differential equations. Results of model calculations are compared with temperature measurements from earlier publications for the cases of charged ladle, teeming, empty state and preheating period whereby a good agreement is found.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Back to the past: the historical roots of labor-saving automation. This paper, relying on a still relatively unexplored long-term dataset on U.S. patenting activity, provides empirical evidence on the history of labor-saving innovations back to early nineteenth century. The identification of mechanization/automation heuristics, retrieved via textual content analysis on current robotic technologies by Montobbio et al. (Robots and the origin of their labour-saving impact, LEM Working Paper Series 2020/03), allows to focus on a limited set of CPC codes where mechanization and automation technologies are more prevalent. We track their time evolution, clustering, eventual emergence of wavy behavior, and their comovements with long-term GDP growth. Our results challenge both the general-purpose technology approach and the strict 50-year Kondratiev cycle, while they provide evidence of the emergence of erratic constellations of heterogeneous technological artefacts, in line with the development-block approach enabled by autocatalytic systems.", "label": [5, 48, 49, 50]}
+{"token": "A Philosophical Bestiary. The paper notices that different readings have been provided as for the connections between Wittgenstein and pragmatism, such as for example H. Putnam's picture as opposed to R. Rorty's description that packages Wittgenstein and Dewey together as 'postmodern' pragmatists. Joseph Margolis tries to broaden the discussion by including an examination of Wilfrid Sellars, Gottlob Frege, Robert Brandom, and Huw Price. His aim it to review the newer challenges of naturalism and deflationism, which, by their own instruction, should bring us to the decisive contest between the 'pragmatism' of the Investigations and that of Brandom's Between Saying and Doing. The larger purpose of this exercise is to assess pragmatism's best prospects currently, in meeting the gathering challenges of the day.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "TYPICAL PRODUCTS, RURAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES AND LOCAL KNOWLEDGE. In the context of the crisis of the food models in the 21st century, agro-food productions are in the period of rediscovery. The authors analyze the principal strategies the local actors have in order to persue the valorization of local resources with territorial identity, and then get more involved in the differentiation policies of the products with collective certified trade marks. Finally, the article shows the relation between agrobiodiversity conservation and local knowledge. The debate is focuses on the valorization of typical products with the international debate on tyraditional knowledge and folklore which has been generated as a result of intesantional concerns about the erosionof biodiversity and local knowledge.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Tenets of a holistic approach to drinking water-associated pathogen research, management, and communication. In recent years, drinking water-associated pathogens that can cause infections in immunocompromised or otherwise susceptible individuals (henceforth referred to as DWPI), sometimes referred to as opportunistic pathogens or opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens, have received considerable attention. DWPI research has largely been conducted by experts focusing on specific microorganisms or within silos of expertise. The resulting mitigation approaches optimized for a single microorganism may have unintended consequences and trade-offs for other DWPI or other interests (e.g., energy costs and conservation). For example, the ecological and epidemiological issues characteristic of Legionella pneumophila diverge from those relevant for Mycobacterium avium and other nontuberculous mycobacteria. Recent advances in understanding DWPI as part of a complex microbial ecosystem inhabiting drinking water systems continues to reveal additional challenges: namely, how can all microorganisms of concern be managed simultaneously? In order to protect public health, we must take a more holistic approach in all aspects of the field, including basic research, monitoring methods, risk-based mitigation techniques, and policy. A holistic approach will (i) target multiple microorganisms simultaneously, (ii) involve experts across several disciplines, and (iii) communicate results across disciplines and more broadly, proactively addressing source water-to-customer system management.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Streaming current generation in two-phase flow conditions. Self-potential (SP) signals that are generated under two-phase flow conditions could be used to study vadose zone dynamics and to monitor petroleum production. These streaming-potentials may also act as an error source in SP monitoring of vulcanological activity and in magnetotelluric studies. We propose a two-phase flow SP theory that predicts streaming currents as a function of the pore water velocity, the excess of charge in the pore water, and the porosity. The source currents that create the SP signals are given by the divergence of the streaming currents, and contributions are likely to be located at infiltration fronts, at the water table, or at geological boundaries. Our theory was implemented in a hydrogeological modeling code to calculate the SP distribution during primary drainage. Forward and inverse modeling of a well-calibrated 1D drainage experiment suggest that our theory can predict streaming potentials in the vadose zone.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Assay Format as a Critical Success Factor for Identification of Novel Inhibitor Chemotypes of Tissue-Nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase from High-Throughput Screening. The tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) isozyme is centrally involved in the control of normal skeletal mineralization and pathophysiological abnormalities that lead to disease states such as hypophosphatasia, osteoarthritis, ankylosis and vascular calcification. TNAP acts in concert with the nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase-1 (NPP1) and the Ankylosis protein to regulate the extracellular concentrations of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), a potent inhibitor of mineralization. In this review we describe the serial development of two miniaturized high-throughput screens (HTS) for TNAP inhibitors that differ in both signal generation and detection formats, but more critically in the concentrations of a terminal alcohol acceptor used. These assay improvements allowed the rescue of the initially unsuccessful screening campaign against a large small molecule chemical library, but moreover enabled the discovery of several unique classes of molecules with distinct mechanisms of action and selectivity against the related placental (PLAP) and intestinal (IAP) alkaline phosphatase isozymes. This illustrates the underappreciated impact of the underlying fundamental assay configuration on screening success, beyond mere signal generation and detection formats.", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
+{"token": "Instruments for Assessing Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: A Review of the Literature. Background: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common and often dose-limiting side effect of chemotherapy that can result in disability and poorer quality of life. However, no standardized measurement for CIPN exists. Clinicians often base decisions for dose modification or discontinuation of a chemotherapeutic agent on patient report of subjective symptoms and physical examination.Findings: The search yielded 143 results, with 16 articles meeting criteria for inclusion in the review. Seven unique scales and their reduced and modified versions were examined. The majority of the questionnaires were evaluated in a single tumor type, primarily with taxanes and platinum compounds. No consensus exists on the most appropriate patient self-report scale for use in the general oncology population.Objectives: This review is designed to identify valid and reliable assessment tools that measure or assess CIPN in adult patients receiving chemotherapy.Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL (R), and Cochrane Library. Art icles were included if their primary purpose was to evaluate the psychometric properties of scales to measure CIPN in adult patients with cancer receiving neurotoxic chemotherapeutic agents.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
+{"token": "The Exemplary in Transnational Social Movements: The Legacies of the Alterglobalization Movement. Revolutionary theorists have pointed to the \\\\'exemplary\\\\' in revolutions as the main aspect explaining the power of these phenomena to shape the international system. As a result of their internationalist commitment and their capacity to set revolutionary models, revolutions have a long-term impact not anticipated by even the revolutionaries themselves. Even though they might be overthrown or socialized, the ideas and the internationalist practice exercised by revolutionary movements continue affecting subsequent dynamics of contestation and thus defining world politics. In this article, I argue that the impact of Transnational Social Movements (TSM) can be analyzed in this light. To the extent that they aim to transform the international order, TSMs' interaction with the international might be deeper than is normally assumed. In order to illustrate this, the article focuses on the Alterglobalization Movement (AGM) as a case study. This approach allows an assessment of the potential of the AGM to shape international politics beyond more immediate victories at the beginning of the millennium.", "label": [5, 52, 54, 57]}
+{"token": "Constructing symmetric structure-preserving strong linearizations. Polynomials eigenvalue problems with structured matrix polynomials arise in many applications. The standard way to solve polynomial eigenvalue problems is through the classical Frobenius companion linearizations, which may not retain the structure of the matrix polynomial. Particularly, the structure of the symmetric matrix polynomials can be lost, while from the computational point of view, it is advisable to construct a linearization which preserves the symmetry structure. Recently, new families of block-Kronecker pencils have been introduced in [5]. Applying block-Kronecker pencils, we present structure-preserving strong linearizations for symmetric matrix polynomials. When the matrix polynomial has an odd degree, these linearizations are strong regardless of whether the matrix polynomial is regular or singular. Additionally, we construct structure-preserving strong linearizations for regular symmetric matrix polynomials of even degree under some simple nonsingularity conditions.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Human umbilical vein endothelial cells increase ex vivo expansion of human CD34(+) PBPC through IL-6 secretion. Methods We evaluated the roles of direct HUVEC CD34(+) contact and HUVEC-produced soluble factors. We cultured CD34(+) PBPC harvested from NHL patients in four different conditions: ( 1) liquid culture without HUVEC; ( 2) co-culture in contact with HUVEC; ( 3) co-culture with HUVEC but without direct contact; ( 4) liquid culture with HUVEC-conditioned medium ( CM). Thrombopoietin ( Tpo), Flk2Flt3 ligand ( FL) and c-kit ligand ( KL) with or without rhIL-6 were added to these four culture conditions.Results and discussion Our results showed that HUVEC co-culture or addition of HUVEC-CM to Tpo, FL and KL ( TFK) improved CD34(+) PBPC expansion compared with liquid culture, as determined by total viable nucleated cells ( TNC), colony-forming cell assay ( CFC) and week-6 cobblestone area-forming cells ( Wk-6 CAFC) expansions. Non-contact culture led to similar PBPC expansion as contact co-culture; moreover, HUVEC-CM improved PBPC expansion. However, when rhIL-6 was added to HUVEC-CM with TFK, no significant difference was observed. Finally, high quantities of IL-6 were detected in HUVEC-CM and addition of anti-IL-6 Ab inhibited the positive effect of HUVEC on PBPC expansion. Our results thus suggest that HUVEC may improve PBPC expansion, at least through IL-6 secretion.Background Ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem cells ( HSC) can help reduce cytopenia following transplantation, especially in NHL patients whose BM is deficient because of extensive chemotherapy. We have previously reported that human umbilical vein endothelial cells ( HUVEC) can contribute to improved PBPC expansion when used in co-culture with CD34(+) cells.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 19, 22, 42]}
+{"token": "The mystery of the two-unit skull of the Sarcopterygii: atrap for functional morphologists. This is an analytical study which presents a rigorous biomechanical interpretation of the well known but poorly understood two-unit skull of extant Latimeria and extinct non-dipnoan sarcopterygian fishes. The two units, anterior ethmosphenoid and posterior otoccipital, are hinged, dorsally, by intracranial syndesmosis between parietal and postparietal bones of the skull roof, and interconnected, centrally, by intracranial segment of the notochord and, ventrally, by a very strong paired subcephalic muscle unique to these fishes. This muscle depresses the anterior unit with the upper jaw, and this movement is kinematically coupled, in Latimeria, with the mandible elevation and, in basal sarcopterygians, with narrowing of the jaws and the oropharyngeal cavity. However, the muscular antagonist able to raise the anterior unit was never found. Neither manipulations on thawed Latimeria nor modern techniques of CT scanning and computer modeling helped to solve the puzzle. To find the way out, researchers were forced to rely, implicitly, on various fantastic mechanisms, such as strut-like action of ligaments, positive mechanical work of elongating muscles, mechanical force action without opposite reaction and depression of the snout without elevation, etc. An accurate analysis of statics of the head of Latimeria shows that all of the most important muscles (m.subcephalicus, m.levator arcus palatini, m.coracomandibularis and m.adductor mandibulae) are synergists in respect of snout depression. I suggest a new idea that their antagonist, which is only possible, is parietal musculature acting via notochord. Indeed, the longitudinal contraction of the trunk myomeres causes some shortening of postcranial segment of the notochord, and consequently, forward protrusion of its liquid-filled intracranial segment. Thus, the last pushes, as a hydraulic drive, the anterior skull unit. The problem is posed, whether the cranial muscles depressing the snout are able to counteract the pressure force in the notochord produced by powerful parietal musculature during undulatory swimming of the fish. Otherwise, the skull mechanism could be broken. Calculation of physiological cross-sectional areas of major muscles involved allows to state that the m.subcephalicus is strong enough to counteract myomeric contraction. In basal sarcopterygians, the m.adductor mandibulae did not yet participate in this struggle because the hyomandibular suspension of the jaws was not shifted from the jaw joint onto the retroarticular process of the mandible. The biomechanic-based explanation is suggested of how this shift could occur gradually in the evolution of coelacanths. The second novelty of Latimeria and its relatives, the forward shift of the intracranial syndesmosis relative to the notochordal apex, is explained too, as a means to engage ligamentous suspension of the intracranial notochord under prootic bones in stopping the snout elevation under the pressure of the notochord. The new idea on adaptive significance of the neurocranial kinesis of sarcopterygian fishes is suggested: this mechanism allows the recruitment of powerful parietal musculature into prey suction with water by oropharyngeal expansion.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Heavy metal contamination of surface soils in southern part of Bangladesh. To assess contamination levels of the heavy metals, concentrations of Sc, Cr, Fe, Co and Zn in surface soils at various locations of southern part of Bangladesh were determined by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) technique. In this study, concentrations of the Sc, Cr, Fe, Co and Zn elements in surface soil were found in the range of 2.56-16.7 mu g/g, 12.9-112 mu g/g, 6911-48642 mu g/g, 2.59-22.7 mu g/g and 37.7-322 mu g/g, respectively. The measured concentrations were compared with average concentration of worldwide soil and observed that most of the samples contain much higher concentration of heavy metals except Cr and Fe. Analysis based on soil utilization type showed that the samples collected from roadside and residential area experienced much higher metal contamination than open area. A significant correlation was observed between Cr-Fe, Cr-Co, Cr-Sc, Fe-Co, Fe-Sc and Co-Sc.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Tungiasis: a poorly-known diagnosis in Europe. Two paradigmatic cases from Portugal. Tungiasis is a cutaneous parasitosis caused by infestation of the skin by gravid fleas of the genus Tunga, mainly Tunga penetrans. This flea is very common in tropical and subtropical regions of the globe, but not in Europe. The infestation is acquired by walking barefoot or lying in places where the flea is present, usually beaches or sandy soils. We report two unrelated cases of imported tungiasis in Portugal that presented to our clinic in the same week. We draw attention to one of the most common dermatological diseases in travelers returning from tropical countries, the diagnosis of which is primarily clinical but nonetheless is largely unfamiliar to clinicians attending those patients.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Phylogeny of Marsdenieae (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) based on chloroplast and nuclear loci, with a conspectus of the genera. A densely sampled molecular phylogeny of the pantropical, predominantly forest-dwelling tribe Marsdenieae (Apocynaceae) is presented, including almost a quarter of the ca. 740 species. Sampling focused on resolving the circumscription of Marsdenia, which ranges from Marsdenia sensu Bullock with less than 10 Asian species closely related to the type, M. tinctoria, to Marsdenia sensu Forster, with ca. 300 species distributed throughout the range of the tribe, encompassing the genera Cionura, Dregea, Gongronema, Gymnema, Leichhardtia, Stephanotis, and Wattakaka as synonyms. All analyses resolve two well-supported clades: an Asia-Pacific Clade that includes the large epiphytic Dischidia-Hoya alliance and a number of Marsdenia species, among them the type M. tinctoria, and a Cosmopolitan Clade that includes most of the rest of Marsdenieae with several moderately to well-supported subclades that span the entire geographic range of Marsdenieae. The position of two small genera, Rhyssolobium (southern Africa) and Sicyocarpus (Madagascar), is ambiguous. Given this topology, a monophyletic Marsdenia s.l. would subsume all species of Marsdenieae. Instead, we propose a classification that maintains Dischidia and Hoya as distinct genera. We revise generic circumscriptions, reducing Marsdenia s.str. to a small clade of Asian species. Two new genera, Gongreos gen. nov. and Gongronemopsis gen. nov., are described, with two and nine species, respectively. A total of twenty-six new combinations, one new name, and six new synonyms are proposed. Three neotypes and eleven lectotypes are selected, and one 2nd step lectotypification is carried out. Diagnostic morphological characters for identified clades are discussed. Biogeographic analysis retrieves tropical Asia as most likely ancestral area for Marsdenieae, with widespread tropical Asia-Africa almost equally likely. The first-branching lineages in both major clades are tropical Asian; the Asia-Pacific Clade comprises a sizeable radiation in the Pacific area, with two dispersals from Australia to New Caledonia. The Cosmopolitan Clade comprises several genera (Gongronemopsis, Gymnema, Stephanotis, Telosma) widespread in Africa and tropical Asia, and some also in Madagascar, and the New World genus Ruehssia.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
+{"token": "Fault tolerant distributed estimation in wireless sensor networks. In distributed wireless sensor networks (WSNs), each sensor node estimates the global parameter from the local data in distributed manner. An iterative distributed estimation algorithm is used where the diffusion co-operation scheme is incorporated. Presence of faulty sensor node in the network leads to inaccurate estimation in the conventional error squared based distributed algorithms. Therefore, a fault tolerant distributed estimation in WSNs is proposed here when faulty sensor nodes are present in the network and the network is not aware of them. For this, a robust diffusion estimation algorithms using robust function like Huber's cost function and error saturation non linearity are proposed here in order to make the network fault tolerant. Further, to make the robust estimation algorithm energy efficient, the block adaptive diffusion adaptive algorithm is addressed. The proposed algorithms are validated by simulation and the result shows that the fault tolerant distributed estimation method is robust to node failure. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Beyond Clergy: Congregations' Sponsorship of Social Services for People with Mental Disorders. This study examines U.S. congregations' sponsorship of social services for people with mental disorders using data from a nationally representative sample of congregations. The analysis finds that 8.0 % of congregations sponsor social services for people with mental disorders, and that congregations' religious tradition influences the likelihood that they sponsor them. Most of the services assist people with substance use disorders. Coupled with findings from previous studies, we conclude that most of the support and care people with mental disorders receive from congregations comes from clergy rather than formal social services. Organizations interested in partnering with congregations to provide social services for people with mental disorders should take note of the findings about the programs already underway and their patterning in order to accurately pinpoint nexuses of congregational receptivity.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "Arecoline augments cellular proliferation in the prostate gland of male Wistar rats. Areca nut chewing is the fourth most popular habit in the world due to its effects as a mild stimulant, causing a feeling of euphoria and slightly heightened alertness. Areca nuts contain several alkaloids and tannins, of which arecoline is the most abundant and known to have several adverse effects in humans, specially an increased risk of oral cancer. On evaluating the effects of arecoline on the male endocrine physiology in Wistar rats, it was found that arecoline treatment led to an overall enlargement and increase in the wet weight of the prostate gland, and a two-fold increase in serum gonadotropin and testosterone levels. Since the prostate is a major target for testosterone, the consequences of arecoline consumption were studied specifically in the prostate gland. Arecoline treatment led to an increase in the number of rough endoplasmic reticulum and reduction of secretory vesicles, signifying a hyperactive state of the prostate. Increased expression of androgen receptors in response to arecoline allowed for enhanced effect of testosterone in the prostate of treated animals, which augmented cell proliferation, subsequently confirmed by an increase in the expression of Ki-67 protein. Cellular proliferation was also the outcome of concomitant over expression of the G(1)-to-S cell cycle regulatory proteins, cyclin D1 and CDK4, both at the transcriptional and translational levels. Taken together, the findings provide the first evidence that regular use of arecoline may lead to prostatic hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and eventually to disorders associated with prostate enlargement. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Associations and community health workers: analysis and time trends over ten years of training-action. Objective: To analyse the profile of the persons and associations that participated in the course, quantify peer education activities and analyse their evolution. Method: A quantitative study using an analysis of the course records from 2009 to 2018 was designed for this purpose inside mihsalud program designed to promote health amongst persons in vulnerable situations in the city of Valencia (Spain). It offers a yearly training-action course of community health workers (CHW) that is attended by persons who have been proposed by associations. The associations were defined according to their population (immigrant, local or intercultural) and the CHWs according to gender, country of birth, year of course, association and continuity after training. Means and confidence intervals were calculated at 95% and a bivariate analysis was conducted in order to compare the activities that took place in 2009 to 2013 with those of 2014 to 2018. The time trends were analysed by applying linear regression models that included the different years studied as the dependent variable. Results: 201 CHW of 31 nationalities were trained, 81.6% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 75.5-86.7] were women. Eighty-two associations participated, 51.2% (95% CI: 39.9-62.4] worked with culturally diverse populations. Participation by associations (p = .017) and CHWs (p = .377) increased in a statistically significant manner over the years. After the course, 35.3% (95% CI: 28.7-42.4] of the CHWs continued to collaborate voluntarily in the associations. Conclusions: The results of the CHW training-action course improve over time given that a significant increase in participation by associations and women can be seen, along with a greater number of activities completed during the training. One effect of this is that CHWs are contracted or carry out voluntary activities in the associations. ? 2019 SESPAS. Published by Elsevier Espa?a, S.L.U. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Objetivo: Analizar el perfil de las personas y asociaciones que participaron en los cursos, cuantificar las actividades de educaci?n entre iguales y analizar su evoluci?n. M?todo: Se dise?? un estudio cuantitativo utilizando un an?lisis de los registros del curso de 2009 a 2018, dentro del programa mihsalud dise?ado para promover la salud entre las personas en situaci?n de vulnerabilidad en la ciudad de Valencia (Espa?a). Anualmente se ofrece un curso de formaci?n-acci?n para agentes de salud de base comunitaria (ASBC), al que asisten personas propuestas por asociaciones. Las asociaciones se definieron seg?n su poblaci?n (inmigrantes, locales o interculturales) y los ASBC seg?n el g?nero, el pa?s de nacimiento, el a?o de curso, la asociaci?n y la continuidad despu?s de la capacitaci?n. Las medias y los intervalos de confianza se calcularon al 95% y se realiz? un an?lisis bivariado para comparar las actividades que tuvieron lugar en 2009 a 2013 con las de 2014 a 2018. Las tendencias temporales se analizaron aplicando modelos de regresi?n lineal que incluyeron el estudio de diferentes a?os como la variable dependiente.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "Adaptive management and targeting of agri-environment schemes does benefit biodiversity: a case study of the corn bunting Emberiza calandra. 4. In arable-dominated areas, AES management that increased food availability reversed population declines. However, where a high proportion of corn buntings nested in grasslands, an additional AES option that delayed mowing was essential to achieving population increase.5. Results suggest that approximately 72% of the corn bunting population in mainland Scotland must receive targeted AES management to halt the current decline. In 2009, only 24% was targeted in this way.6. Synthesis and applications. AES measures are capable of reversing corn bunting declines in Scotland, and the same measures are likely to benefit a wide range of other taxa too, but require geographical targeting and flexibility to adapt and improve management options, backed by expert advice. Targeted AES provision to the required level for corn buntings will cost approximately 120 pound 000 per annum, with 500-600 ha under appropriate management. This is 0 center dot 02% of annual subsidies paid to Scottish farmers, and 0 center dot 5% of land in the remaining mainland range of the corn bunting. These outcomes illustrate the value of AES monitoring studies to assess scheme effectiveness, identify improvements, and determine the scale of implementation required for reversing species declines.P>1. Agri-environment schemes (AES) are the main European policy response to biodiversity loss caused by agricultural intensification. Maximizing their effectiveness is a key policy challenge. Monitoring is essential to inform adaptation and improvement of schemes over time, and to understand how measures may need to vary across a species' range.2. We measured changes in breeding abundance of a severely declining bird, the corn bunting Emberiza calandra, in response to AES in Scotland over 7 years and 71 farms. Two AES were monitored, one with general management for farmland birds, and one with targeted, adaptive management for corn buntings. We use these data to estimate the proportion of the population that AES must influence to halt the overall decline.3. Corn buntings increased by 5 center dot 6% per annum on farms in the targeted AES, showed no significant change on farms in the general AES, and declined by 14 center dot 5% per annum on farms outside AES.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
+{"token": "Why are Migrants' Not Participating in Welfare Programs? Evidence from Shanghai, China. In recent years, Chinese cities have attempted to extend urban welfare provisions to migrants, but migrants' participation in such programs is relatively low. This paper examines migrant welfare participation in Shanghai and its association with personal characteristics, institutional factors, the labor market, attitudes about welfare programs and settlement intention. Except for hukou status, knowledge about policies and settlement intention, all the other factors help explain migrant nonparticipation in welfare programs. Comparing welfare participation among three subroups of migrants - the included, partially included and the transition group - explains the selection mechanisms for integrating migrants in welfare programs. Shanghai appears to be more welcoming of migrants who are female, with higher education, have better employment and greater trust in government impartiality.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Performance analysis of textural features for characterization and classification of SAR images. A new method has been presented to compare the performance of textural features for characterization and classification of SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) images. In contrast to the conventional comparative studies based on classification accuracy, this method emphasizes the sensitivity of texture measures for grey level transformation and multiplicative noise of different speckle levels. Texture features based on grey level run length, texture spectrum, power spectrum, fractal dimension and co-occurrence have been considered. A number of image samples of built-up, barren land, orchard and sand regions were considered for the study. The interpretation of the results is expected to provide useful information for the remote sensing community, which employs textural features for segmentation and classification of satellite images.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 39]}
+{"token": "Evidence from heterologous expression of glutathione S-transferases A and A1 of the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) that their endogenous role is in detoxification of lipid peroxidation products. cDNA clones for glutathione S-transferases A (GST-A) and A1 (GST-A1) from plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) were expressed as N-terminally 6XHis tagged proteins in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity from Ni-NTA silica. GST-A was an efficient catalyst for conjugation of unsaturated alkenals derived from peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids with the highest activity observed with trans-non-2-enal (8 mumol min(-1) mg(-1)). GST-A1 was a very efficient Se-independent glutathione peroxidase with an activity towards cumene hydroperoxide of 25 mumol min(-1) mg(-1). Although the enzymes exhibited moderately high activities towards the model substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) they exhibited little or no activity towards other common prototypical xenobiotic substrates. Together with data for ontogeny, tissue distribution and inducibility of these enzymes, we contend that a primary function of these enzymes is protection from the harmful effects of lipid peroxidation products generated naturally or exacerbated by xenobiotic exposure. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 22, 45, 52]}
+{"token": "FJ CTS Group: Strategic Restructuring for Turnaround. This case describes how Fujian CTS Group, a state-owned company in Fujian Province, China, transformed from a company suffering from three consecutive years of losses to a profitable conglomerate through strategic restructuring. This case focuses on the whole process of strategic restructuring, including the background of the restructuring, the formulation and implementation of the strategic restructuring plan, as well as the results of the restructuring.FJ CTS group was founded in December 1949 as \\\\'Xiamen Overseas Chinese Service\\\\', known as the first travel agency of PR China. After 60 years of development, Fujian CTS Group has developed into a conglomerate with core businesses of travel service, hotel, and tour bus. With the rapid development of China's tourism industry and quick change of business environment, Fujian CTS Group faced fierce competition from many domestic and foreign tourism enterprises, and the company had suffered from three consecutive years of losses since 2003. At the end of 2005, in order to get the company out of financial difficulties and achieve profitability, the board of directors of the group started to work on strategic restructuring program. At the end of 2006, the restructuring plan was completed. In early 2007, the group began the implementation of restructuring plan. Since then, with two years' great efforts, the restructuring of the group had been completed successfully. The company's overall revenue rose steadily, operating performance greatly improved. Until the end of 2009, the total assets of the group reached 13.52 billion Chinese yuan and the three core businesses (travel service segment, hotel segment, and tour bus segment) of the group all achieved good financial performance. The group has achieved turnaround through effective restructuring.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Discrimination and characterization of volatile organic compound fingerprints during sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicas) fermentation by combining GC-IMS and GC-MS. Volatile organic compounds are important indicators of the characteristic flavor of traditional fermented fish products. In the present study, gas chromatography-ion mobility mass spectrometry (GC-IMS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to identify and quantify the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in fermented sea bass. Thirty-six and 104 VOCs were identified by GC-IMS and GC-MS, respectively. Aldehydes were the principal contributors to the formation of the overall flavor of fermented sea bass. The characteristic VOCs in fermented sea bass were identified based on loading plots. GC-IMS and GC-MS, along with variable influence on projection (VIP), identified six and four VOCs as biomarkers, respectively, in fermented sea bass. This investigation demonstrated that GC-IMS could rapidly detect VOCs in a simple manner in fermented sea bass. The results of the present study also provide a theoretical basis for determining flavor formation in fermented sea bass.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Gender and ethnic disparities in outcome following acute myocardial infarction among Bedouins and Jews in Southern Israel. Background: Previous studies have documented gender-ethnic disparities in outcomes following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This study evaluates such disparities in the Negev, Israel, and reviews potentially responsible mechanisms. Methods: Patients discharged with AMI were classified into young (< 70 years), elders (>= 70 years) and gender-ethnicity groups: Female Bedouins (FB), Female Jews (FJ), Male Bedouins (MB) and Male Jews (MJ). The primary outcome was 1-year all-cause mortality. Prognosis was assessed using Kaplan-Meier approach. Multivariable analyses assessing hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality were performed using the Cox proportional hazards regression models in two steps controlling for (i) the Ontario Acute Myocardial Infarction Mortality Prediction Rules (OAMIMPRs) and (ii) the OAMIMPR and additional potential confounders. Results: Of 2669 subjects, 45.8% were elders, 66.2% male and 10.9% Bedouin. The mortality rate was 12.3% (young 4.6%, elders 22%). Survival was significantly lower in FB compared with MB in the elderly stratum (P = 0.025). Multivariate analyses demonstrated similar risks for dying among the young. In the elders, the first multivariate analysis showed greater risk for mortality in FB. Using FB as the reference group, the HRs were as follows: HR(MB) = 0.36 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.14-0.9]; HR(FJ) = 0.5 (95% CI: 0.27-0.9) and HR(MJ) = 0.5 (95% CI: 0.28-0.91). In the second analysis, the HRs were as follows: HR(MB) = 0.37 (95% CI: 0.14-0.93); HR(FJ) = 0.58 (95% CI: 0.32-1.07) and HR(MJ) = 0.56 (95% CI: 0.31-1.03). Conclusions: Elderly FB have poor 1-year prognosis following AMI compared with MB, MJ and FJ when controlling for the OAMIMPR model, yet when controlling for other potential confounders the differences are of borderline significance in relation to Jewish subjects. A culturally and economically sensitive programme focusing on tertiary prevention in these patients is warranted.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Ion transport in macroscopic RF linear traps. Efficient transport of cold atoms or ions is a subject of increasing concern in many experimental applications reaching from quantum information processing to frequency metrology. A discussion on the transport of ion clouds between macroscopic radiofrequency traps is presented. Molecular dynamics simulations have been used to explore the dynamics of such processes using either analytical potentials or potentials calculated by a software from realistic experimental parameters. The fast variation of the secular frequency of the trapped ions and the spatial extension of the ion cloud during the transport process appear to be the major sources for the final energy gain. The efficiency of transport in terms of transfer probability and ion number is also discussed. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Realities of expectorated sputum collection in the pediatric cystic fibrosis clinic. Setting: The cystic fibrosis clinic at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario.Main Outcome Measures: The proportion of patients unable to produce expectorated sputum was determined. Age, sex, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, pancreatic sufficiency, body mass index, and antibiotic use were compared between patients producing sputum and those not producing sputum.Participants: One hundred eighty-three patients aged 6 to 18 years who attended the cystic fibrosis-clinic between March 1, 2004, and November 30, 2004.Design: Cross-sectional study.Results: Eighty-three patients (45%) did not expectorate sputum. Patients not producing sputum as compared with those producing sputum were younger (mean age, 10.3 years vs 13.9 years, respectively; difference, 3.6 years; 95% confidence interval, 2.6-4.5) and had higher forced expiratory volume in 1 second (mean forced expiratory volumes in 1 second, 88% of predicted vs 72% of predicted, respectively; difference, 16%; 95% confidence interval, 10.1-22.2). Eighty-eight percent of patients not producing sputum had cough and 45% reported sputum production at home.Conclusions: Almost half of pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis aged 6 years and older do not expectorate sputum in the clinic, although nearly half of these patients do report producing sputum at home. The utility of home collection on the morning of a clinic visit and/or hypertonic saline induction should be evaluated to increase the number of useful specimens for microbiological culture.Objectives: To determine the proportion of pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis who do not produce expectorated sputum during routine ambulatory clinic visits and to identify clinical predictors of these patients.Intervention: Study patients were asked to expectorate sputum for bacterial culture.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Proof, Generality and the Prescription of Mathematical Action: A Nanohistorical Approach to Communication. In this article I examine how mathematical procedures were written in ancient mathematical documents from China and elsewhere. Two key features are analyzed. Some of the texts for procedures require a 'circulation' (or movement) among the sentences that reveal competences that practitioners had to possess to use these texts in the contexts in which they worked. This feature of the text is correlated with the fact that the texts allow practitioners to derive different lists of actions for different cases. It thus discloses that generality was prized in this type of mathematical practice. The second feature noted is that some operations are prescribed using the reason why the operation should be carried out. This feature reveals how a text of procedure communicated not only actions, but also understanding of the actions. How the practitioner understood the operation to be executed requires examination. However, this feature undermines thewidespread assumption that these texts were meant for practitioners who did not understand what they did and applied prescriptions blindly.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Analyzing snapshot diversity patterns with the Neutral Theory can show functional groups' effects on community assembly. A central question of community ecology is to understand how the interplay between processes of the Neutral Theory (e.g., immigration and ecological drift) and niche-based processes (e.g., environmental filtering, intra- and interspecific density dependence) shape species diversity in competitive communities. The articulation between these two categories of mechanisms can be studied through the lens of the intermediate organizational level of \\\\'functional groups\\\\' (FGs), defined as clusters of species with similar traits. Indeed, FGs stress ecological differences among species and are thus likely to unravel non-neutral interactions within communities. Here we presented a novel approach to explore how FGs affect species coexistence by comparing species and functional diversity patterns. Our framework considers the Neutral Theory as a mechanistic null hypothesis. It assesses how much the functional diversity deviates from species diversity in communities, and compares this deviation, called the \\\\'average functional deviation,\\\\' to a neutral baseline. We showed that the average functional deviation can indicate reduced negative density dependence or environmental filtering among FGs. We validated our framework using simulations illustrating the two situations. We further analyzed tropical tree communities in Western Ghats, India. Our analysis of the average functional deviation revealed environmental filtering between deciduous and evergreen FGs along a broad rainfall gradient. By contrast, we did not find clear evidence for reduced density dependence among FGs. We predict that applying our approach to new case studies where environmental gradients are milder and FGs are more clearly associated to resource partitioning should reveal the missing pattern of reduced density dependence among FGs.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Assessment of the elderly: it's worth covering the risks. Background Comprehensive assessments provide an invaluable opportunity to identify those at risk of adverse health events, enabling timely access to appropriate health care. Aims This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a comprehensive assessment tool, the Adult Patient Assessment Tool (APAT), particularly in relation to early identification of older people at risk of falls, pressure areas, cognitive impairment or delirium, or patients with mental illness or substance abuse. Methods Concurrent mixed methods including an initial retrospective medical record audit and focus groups were used. Results With the introduction of the APAT, assessment of falls risk and mental illness increased. The number of nursing actions relating to pressure areas and falls also increased, indicating a greater awareness of patients individual needs. Non-clinical information gathered through the APAT enabled a more holistic approach to patient care. Conclusion The use of electronic medical records would alleviate pressures on nurses time, providing an opportunity to store and retrieve comprehensive nursing assessment and benefit patient health care. Implications for nursing management Early assessment results in an increased number of nursing activities related to patient care. Further education relating to mental health and substance abuse screening and cognitive assessment may enhance the completion of these tools.", "label": [2, 5, 50, 26]}
+{"token": "Research note: Exploring survey data for historical and anthropological research: Muslim-Christian relations in south-west Nigeria. This research note argues that quantitative survey data on Africa, welcomed by most researchers in public health, economics, and political science, can make an important contribution to the work of historians and anthropologists, especially if it is open to critical analysis. The research note describes the 2012-13 'Knowing Each Other' survey on religion among the Yoruba of south-west Nigeria, which provides strong evidence for a slow shift from Islam to Christianity in the area since 1963, and reflects on the methods and challenges of carrying out the survey and the resulting biases within it. In doing so, the research note draws out lessons on how to use surveys for historical and anthropological research. It also shows how using surveys contributes to understanding the complex and unexplored dynamics of Muslim-Christian relations in Nigeria from the perspectives of locality, age, and gender.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "Conservation of Moroccan manuscript papers aged 150, 200 and 800 years. Analysis by infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS). The preservation of manuscripts and archive materials is a serious problem for librarians and restorers. Paper manuscript is subjected to numerous degradation factors affecting their conservation state. This research represents an attempt to evaluate the conservation restoration process applied in Moroccan libraries, especially the alkaline treatment for strengthening weakened paper. In this study, we focused on six samples of degraded and restored paper taken from three different Moroccan manuscripts aged 150, 200 and 800 years. In addition, the Japanese paper used in restoration has been characterized. A modern paper was also analyzed as reference. A three-step analytical methodology based on infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) analysis was developed before and after restoration in order to determine the effect of the consolidation treatment on the paper structure. The results obtained by XRD and ATR-FTIR disclosed the presence of barium sulfate (BaSO4) in all restored paper manuscripts. The presence of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in all considered samples was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The application of de-acidification treatment causes significant changes connected with the increase of intensity mostly in the region 1426 cm(-1), assigned to the asymmetric and symmetric C-O stretching mode of calcite, indicating the effectiveness of de-acidification procedure proved by the rise of the alkaline reserve content allowing the long term preservation of paper. Observations performed by SEM magnify the typical paper morphology and the structure of fibbers, highlighting the effect of the restoration process, manifested by the reduction of impurities. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "A NOTE ON REMITTANCES, MONETARY REGIMES, AND NONTRADABLE INFLATION DYNAMICS. This paper examines the dynamic and desirable properties of monetary regimes in a remittances recipient economy, with emphasis on the effect on sectoral output and nontradable inflation dynamics. The findings indicate that under a fixed exchange rate regime, an increase in remittances creates increased demand for nontradable goods, and hence a rise in nontradable inflation, as well as expansion in output of nontradables. Under a nontradable inflation targeting regime, however, a decrease in nontradable inflation and an expansion in tradable goods production are observed following an increase in remittances. A near-zero nontradable inflation rate and managed variability in the nominal exchange rate typify the optimal monetary policy, suggesting that an inflation targeting regime is preferable to a fixed exchange regime under such a scenario. A VAR analysis shows that the dynamics of inflation in El Salvador and the Philippines is in consonance with those observed in the model under the fixed exchange rate and nontradable inflation targeting regimes, respectively.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Herb and Supplement Use Among the Retail Population of an Independent, Urban Herb Store. The prevalence of herbal medicine use among American adults is well documented. Because of the possible herb-drug interactions, health care providers need to be aware of herb and supplement use by their patients. This descriptive pilot study (N = 35) was designed to explore the demographics, beliefs, concurrent pharmaceutical use with herbs and supplements and their primary sources of information, and reporting of use to health care providers by customers at a retail specialty \\\\'herb\\\\' store. Results revealed that 62.5% of study participants who used herbs regularly also used pharmaceuticals. Among those who used herbs and supplements with pharmaceuticals, only 33% reported that they \\\\'always\\\\' tell their care provider about them. Forty-one percent reported that they receive most of their information about herbs and supplements from retail staff, but only 3% of participants reported that their primary source of information was a doctor, nurse, or pharmacist. Findings provide direction for future study.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "When the forest dies: the response of forest soil fungi to a bark beetle-induced tree dieback. Coniferous forests cover extensive areas of the boreal and temperate zones. Owing to their primary production and C storage, they have an important role in the global carbon balance. Forest disturbances such as forest fires, windthrows or insect pest outbreaks have a substantial effect on the functioning of these ecosystems. Recent decades have seen an increase in the areas affected by disturbances in both North America and Europe, with indications that this increase is due to both local human activity and global climate change. Here we examine the structural and functional response of the litter and soil microbial community in a Picea abies forest to tree dieback following an invasion of the bark beetle Ips typographus, with a specific focus on the fungal community. The insect-induced disturbance rapidly and profoundly changed vegetation and nutrient availability by killing spruce trees so that the readily available root exudates were replaced by more recalcitrant, polymeric plant biomass components. Owing to the dramatic decrease in photosynthesis, the rate of decomposition processes in the ecosystem decreased as soon as the one-time litter input had been processed. The fungal community showed profound changes, including a decrease in biomass (2.5-fold in the litter and 12-fold in the soil) together with the disappearance of fungi symbiotic with tree roots and a relative increase in saprotrophic taxa. Within the latter group, successive changes reflected the changing availability of needle litter and woody debris. Bacterial biomass appeared to be either unaffected or increased after the disturbance, resulting in a substantial increase in the bacterial/fungal biomass ratio.", "label": [4, 37, 43]}
+{"token": "Air-dried smears for optimal diagnostic immunocytochemistry. Postfixation with formalin and with a formalin/ethanol solution gave comparable results as far as recovery and immunocytochemical detection of most monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. The visualization of the antibody reactions was often superior to that obtained with wet-fixed slides, probably due to the interaction of slow cell dehydration with their consequent optimal flattening observed with formalin postfixation after short rehydration in physiologic saline.A series of 144 cases of diagnostic fine needle cytology samples in which air-dried, supplementary smears were available was used to exploit postfixation in the process of antigenic stabilization and rescue for immunocytochemical staining.Although wet fixation of cytopathologic slides in 95% ethanol represents a common standard for ICC, the usage of formalin-postfixed air-dried smears proved reliable and efficient for antigenic rescue and may enter routine usage in cytopathology laboratories. Moreover, in some instances, the visual evaluation of results was easier in the larger, well-flattened cells obtained in air-dried cells.ConclusionTo exploit formalin-postfixed, air-dried smears for diagnostic immunocytochemistry (ICC).ResultsObjectiveStudy Design", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "A flow-pattern map for phase separation using the Navier-Stokes-Cahn-Hilliard model. We use the Navier-Stokes-Cahn-Hilliard model equations to simulate phase separation with flow. We study coarsening the growth of extended domains wherein the binary mixture phase separates into its component parts. The coarsening is characterized by two competing effects: flow, and the Cahn-Hilliard diffusion term, which drives the phase separation. Based on extensive two-dimensional direct numerical simulations, we construct a flow-pattern map outlining the relative strength of these effects in different parts of the parameter space. The map reveals large regions of parameter space where a standard theory applies, and where the domains grow algebraically in time. However, there are significant parts of the parameter space where the standard theory does not apply. In one region, corresponding to low values of viscosity and diffusion, the coarsening is accelerated compared to the standard theory. Previous studies involving Stokes flow report on this phenomenon; we complete the picture by demonstrating that this anomalous regime occurs not only for Stokes flow, but also, for flows dominated by inertia. In a second region, corresponding to arbitrary viscosities and high Cahn-Hilliard diffusion, the diffusion overwhelms the hydrodynamics altogether, and the latter can effectively be ignored, in contrast to the prediction of the standard scaling theory. Based on further high-resolution simulations in three dimensions, we find that broadly speaking, the above description holds there also, although the formation of the anomalous domains in the low-viscosity-low-diffusion part of the parameter space is delayed in three dimensions compared to two. (C) 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of reaction kinetics models for meso-scale simulations of hotspot initiation and growth in HMX. Meso-scale modeling of heterogeneous energetic materials requires accurate description of the chemical reaction model that governs the decomposition of solid energetic crystals to gaseous products. For HMX, various 1-step and multi-step Arrhenius based chemical kinetic models are available; these chemical kinetics models for HMX have been calibrated against macro-scale experimental data under different ranges of pressure and temperature conditions, which may lie outside the ranges that arise during void collapse. Therefore, depending on the reaction model, the predicted meso-scale hotspot initiation and growth behavior can vary. Here, we examine the effects of five global HMX reaction kinetics models on predictions of void collapse induced hotspots, viz. the Henson-Smilowitz 1-step (HS1), Menikoff 1-step (M1), TarverNichols 3-step (TN3), Henson-Smilowitz 9-step (HS9) and a 7-step extended Brill-Yetter model (BYS7). Variations in the hotspot behavior predicted using the different models are observed to be significant. A detailed examination of the individual reaction mechanisms of each of these global chemistry models is undertaken to provide insights and understanding of the reaction steps that lead to the differences in the predicted hotspot behavior. For the temperature regime relevant to the void collapse generated hotspots, the differences in the hotspot behavior are attributed to the orders of magnitude variations in the reaction rates that govern the maximum energy release during HMX decomposition. The paper shows that the issue of a suitable kinetics model, even for the commonly used HMX material, remains unsettled. (C) 2020 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 15, 35]}
+{"token": "Colby Dickinson, Words Fail: Theology, poetry and the challenge of representation (perspectives in continental philosophy, Fordham UP, 2017). Words Fail offers a numbers of formulations concerning representation which are never developed into a sustained argument. The book also fails to account reliably for the thought of the three thinkers the author proposes to address. In particular, despite claiming to draw on the work of Jacques Derrida, Dickinson speaks quite remarkably of \\\\'true presence\\\\' and \\\\'pure presentation.\\\\'", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Tracking and capture of constant and varying velocity stimuli: a cross-species comparison of pigeons and humans. The mechanisms underlying tracking and capture of moving objects in non-human animals are poorly understood. This set of experiments sought to further explore aspects of anticipatory tracking in pigeons and to conduct comparisons with human participants. In Experiment la, pigeons were presented with two types of varying velocities (fast-slow-fast or slow-fast-slow) in separate phases. They were readily able to track and anticipate both of these motion types. To examine the effects of predictability on anticipatory tracking, Experiment 1b presented the pigeons with the same two varying velocities randomly intermixed within a session. This resulted in reduced capture success, later capture, and errors that no longer anticipated ahead of the motion, suggesting that the anticipatory mechanism had been disrupted. This implies that the mechanisms involved in pigeon tracking are different from the predictive extrapolation mechanism proposed in humans. Experiment 2 tested this by presenting adult humans with a tracking task that was similar to tasks previously received by the pigeons. The capture behavior of humans was similar to the pigeons, but the errors revealed different processes underlying their tracking behavior.", "label": [4, 5, 55, 47]}
+{"token": "Debunking soybean myths and legends in the historical and popular literature. The soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Merr.] is one of humanity's principle food crops. Unfortunately, the historical and popular literature concerning soybean is replete with factual errors that keep recycling from one publication or website to another without documentation. In this essay we attempt to correct the most egregious errors about soybean history. The earliest known introduction of the soybean into North America was by Samuel Bowen in 1765 and not Benjamin Franklin. A royal patent 878 was issued to Bowen for making soy sauce from Chinese vetches (soybean). The 1804 date cited as the oldest introduction of the soybean into the USA is clearly in error. George Washington Carver did not play an important role in the introduction of the soybean to the USA. The soybean is not one of the world's oldest domesticated crops, has not been cultivated in China for more than 5000 yr (50 centuries), and Emperor Shennong is a mythical figure. The current oldest record for the soybean in China dates back to the 11th century BCE or perhaps a bit earlier.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Service Use and Costs for Persons Experiencing Chronic Homelessness in Philadelphia: A Population-Based Study. Objective: This study is the first to examine the distribution of service utilization and costs with a population-based sample that experienced chronic homelessness in sheltered and unsheltered locations in a large U. S. city. Methods: This study used shelter and street outreach records from a large U. S. city to identify 2,703 persons who met federal criteria for chronic homelessness during a three-year period. Identifiers for these persons were matched to administrative records for psychiatric care, substance abuse treatment, and incarceration. Results: Twenty percent of the persons who incurred the highest costs for services accounted for 60% of the total service costs of approximately $20 million a year (or approximately $12 million). Most of the costs for this quintile were for psychiatric care and jail stays. Eighty-one percent of the persons in the highest quintile had a diagnosis of a serious mental illness, and 83% of the persons in the lowest quintile had a history of substance abuse treatment without a diagnosis of a serious mental illness. Conclusions: Supportive housing models for people with serious mental illness who experience chronic homelessness may be associated with substantial cost offsets, because the use of acute care services diminishes in an environment of housing stability and access to ongoing support services. However, because persons with substance use issues and no recent history of mental health treatment used relatively fewer and less costly services, cost neutrality for these persons may require less service-intensive programs and smaller subsidies. (Psychiatric Services 61: 1093-1098, 2010)", "label": [2, 22, 23, 24]}
+{"token": "Solution of a pollution sensitive EOQ model under fuzzy lock leadership game approach. This paper considers pollution sensitive economic order quantity (EOQ) inventory model for items under several styles of managerial leadership via lock fuzzy game theoretic approach. The decision-maker (DM) controls several cost components by playing as Player 1 in one side and the consumers who may accept/reject those items (unwilling to buy those commodities) stand as Player 2 in the other side. At first, we develop a new pollution function through modeling, then we study a real case study in a brick factory. Based on this case study, we formulate a cost minimization EOQ model where the environmental pollution is incorporated. Because of the fuzzy flexibility of the model parameters, we also develop a fuzzy mathematical model by considering the demand and all cost parameters of the inventory system as triangular lock fuzzy numbers. Then, we develop a game problem by applying 5-stage leadership style employing several key vectors into the model itself. Also, we reformulate the proposed model into bi-objective game model with different strategies and solve it by an existing methodology. The problem has been solved for crisp, general fuzzy, bi-objective strategic fuzzy, and models of several leadership styles also. Numerical results show that for cooperative game, inventory cost function reaches its minimum rather than the non-cooperative game with the use of proper keys of the fuzzy locks. A comparative study between proposed method and existing method has been done for showing the superiority of the proposed methodology. Finally, in the sensitivity analysis, graphical illustrations are made to justify the new approach and a conclusive remark has been added followed by scope of future work of the proposed study.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Cohort Profile: The Berlin Aging Study II (BASE-II). Similar to other industrialized countries, Germany's population is ageing. Whereas some people enjoy good physical and cognitive health into old age, others suffer from a multitude of age-related disorders and impairments which reduce life expectancy and affect quality of life. To identify and characterize the factors associated with 'healthy' vs. 'unhealthy' ageing, we have launched the Berlin Aging Study II (BASE-II), a multidisciplinary and multi-institutional project that ascertains a large number of ageing-related variables from a wide range of different functional domains. Phenotypic assessments include factors related to geriatrics and internal medicine, immunology, genetics, psychology, sociology and economics. Baseline recruitment of the BASE-II cohort was recently completed and has led to the sampling of 1600 older adults (age range 60-80 years), as well as 600 younger adults (20-35 years) serving as the basic population for in-depth analyses. BASE-II data are linked to the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP), a long-running panel survey representative of the German population, to estimate sample selectivity. A major goal of BASE-II is to facilitate collaboration with other research groups by freely sharing relevant phenotypic and genotypic data with qualified outside investigators.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Why do people purchase from food delivery apps? A consumer value perspective. Consumers are increasingly using food delivery apps (FDAs) to facilitate convenient and quick food delivery. Yet, the existing research offers a limited understanding of consumers' behavioral responses to the visibility and values derived from FDAs. Our study utilized the theory of consumption values (TCV) to examine associations between FDA visibility, consumption values, and purchase intentions. The mediating role of consumption values and the moderating role of attitude was also studied. A qualitative study was conducted with 15 FDA consumers to derive context-specific consumption values. Responses from 355 FDA consumers from the United States of America (USA) were obtained through Prolific and analyzed using structural equation modeling. Visibility acted as an antecedent of all consumption values and significantly influenced purchase intentions. Attitude also positively and significantly influenced purchase intentions. Consumption values partially mediated the association between visibility and purchase intention, while attitude negatively moderated the relationship that purchase intention has with visibility and preference value. These findings have important implications for theory and practice.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "STUDY INTO THE PATHOGENETIC ROLE OF THE ENDOGENOUS CONVULSANT KYNURENINE IN THE MECHANISMS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF EPILEPTIC SEIZURES IN ALCOHOLIC PATIENTS. The role of the endogenous convulsant kynurenine (K) in the mechanisms of the development of epileptic seizures in alcoholic persons was studied on a clinical material of 63 patients suffering from alcoholism with the presence on the EEG of paroxysmal alterations without epileptic fits (n = 28) and alcoholic epilepsy (n = 35), epileptic patients not abusing alcohol (n = 20), and practically healthy subjects (n = 10).  There was a significant increase of the K concentration in alcoholic patients with paroxysmal disturbances on the EEG or convulsive seizures.  That increase directly correlated with the rate of convulsive epileptic fits.  The rise of K in patients with alcoholic epilepsy was lower than in epileptic patients, being, however, significantly higher than in practically healthy subjects abusing alcohol and having but paroxysmal alterations on the EEG (without seizures).", "label": [2, 18, 22, 23]}
+{"token": "DNA barcoding of brown Parmeliae (Parmeliaceae) species: a molecular approach for accurate specimen identification, emphasizing species in Greenland. Warming of Arctic and alpine regions has a substantial impact on high-altitude/-latitude ecosystems. Shifting biomes due to climate change may lead to adjustments in species distributions and potential extinctions. Therefore, detailed monitoring is requisite to assess biologically meaningful shifts in community composition and species distributions. Some Arctic-alpine lichens have been shown to be particularly sensitive to climatic shifts associated with global change. However, accurate identification of lichenized fungal species remains challenging and may limit the effective use of lichens in climate change research. Given the inherent difficulties in accurate identification of lichenized fungi and the potential value of efficient identifications for bio-monitoring research, we investigated the utility of DNA barcode identification of the 13 brown Parmeliae (Ascomycota) species occurring in Greenland. For these species, we assessed monophyly and genetic distances using the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), the standard DNA barcode for fungi. We also compared intraspecific distance values to a proposed intra-interspecific threshold value for Parmeliaceae to identify nominal taxa potentially masking previously unrecognized diversity. Our results indicated that the 13 brown Parmeliae species occurring in Greenland can be successfully discriminated using the ITS region. All phenotypically circumscribed species were recovered as well-supported, monophyletic clades. Furthermore, our data supported a barcode gap among congeners for all brown Parmeliae species investigated here. However, high intraspecific genetic distances suggest the potential for previously unrecognized species-lineages in at least five species: Melanelia agnata, M. hepatizon, Montanelia disjuncta, M. panniformis, and M. tominii. Our research facilitates effective, long-term bio-monitoring of climate change in Greenland using lichens by providing accurate molecular identification of brown Parmeliae specimens.", "label": [4, 42, 47]}
+{"token": "Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in deep-water subarctic sediments (Faroe-Shetland Channel). Methods and ResultsOil-degrading sediment bacteria from 135, 500 and 1000m were enriched in cultures with crude oil as the sole carbon source (at 12, 5 and 0 degrees C respectively). The enriched communities were studied using culture-dependent and culture-independent (clone libraries) techniques. Isolated bacterial strains were tested for hydrocarbon degradation capability. Bacterial isolates included well-known oil-degrading taxa and several that are reported in that capacity for the first time (Sulfitobacter, Ahrensia, Belliella, Chryseobacterium). The orders Oceanospirillales and Alteromonadales dominated clone libraries in all stations but significant differences occurred at genus level particularly between the shallow and the deep, cold-water stations. Alcanivorax constituted 64% of clones at FSC135 but was absent at deeper stations. Pseudoalteromonas and Oleispira dominated the bacterial community at 500 and 1000m.Significance and Impact of the StudyOil and gas exploration in the FSC occurs at depths >1000m but baseline environmental data necessary for the assessment of ecosystem recovery to prespill conditions in the event of an oil spill are lacking. This study will contribute to our ability to assess the impact of oil release in the FSC and guide the direction of bioremediation strategies tailored to the area.AimsThe aim of this study was the baseline description of oil-degrading sediment bacteria along a depth transect in the Faroe-Shetland Channel (FSC) and the identification of biomarker taxa for the detection of oil contamination in FSC sediments.ConclusionsThe genus Oleispira emerged as a major player in the early stages of crude oil degradation in deep-sea sediments of the FSC particularly at subzero temperatures. This finding is offering a direction for future research into biomonitoring tools for the detection of low levels of crude oil contamination in the deep FSC, and possibly high latitude cold waters in general.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 43]}
+{"token": "Electronic Systems of Information Exchange as a Key Tool in EU Health Crisis and Disaster Management. Decision 1082/2013 on Serious Cross-border Health Threats (Health Threats Decision) was adopted in 2013 with the aim of preparing for and responding to serious health threats. In this legislation, the European Union adopts an \\\\'all-hazards\\\\' approach which strongly relies on the exchange of information as a driver of regulatory activities. This article first demonstrates that the electronic systems of information exchange constitute a key tool in EU Health Crisis and Disaster Management (\\\\'EHCDM\\\\'). Second, it identifies the distinctive features of these mechanisms in the EU context: the reinforcement of a statutory policy shift towards securitisation of public health, the peculiarity of the EU composite administrative procedures as well as the facilitation of the quality of the sense-making activities. Finally, the article uncovers the possible problems which may affect the adequate functioning of EHCDM and argues the routes for further research. The piece links legal analysis with the interdisciplinary conceptual lens to offer an important contribution to closer characterisation of the EHCDM as a field in its own right together with a better understanding of the EU public health law and administration in the context of transboundary crisis management and health security governance.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Fully automated exact mass measurements by high-resolution electrospray ionization on a sector instrument. A method for the automated acquisition of exact mass measurements on the molecular ions of small-to-medium molecular weight organic compounds (200-2000 Da) is described, Molecular ions were generated by electrospray ionization (ESI) in either positive-ion (ES+) or negative-ion (ES-) mode, using a sector mass spectrometer under high-resolution conditions. Exact mass measurements were obtained by bracketting the molecular ion with ions from a reference compound, which was introduced into the instrument simultaneously with the sample. Scan setup, sample injection, data acquisition and postacquisition processing, including output of final results, were fully automated and controlled by procedures supplied with the instrument. Results obtained by ES+ and ES- for a typical sample compound are presented and assessed. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Soils, Ltd.", "label": [4, 36, 35, 42]}
+{"token": "Emotion, Ritual, and the Individual: The Production of Community in Evangelicalism. This paper asks about the production of religious community in modern society: How can the success of a strict Evangelical community in a secularized environment be explained? To find an answer to this question, an approach to emotion based on Randall Collins' interaction ritual chain theory is applied to data from participant observation in an Evangelical church in Switzerland. The weekly service as a highly orchestrated event characterized by a mutual focus and rhythmic entrainment imbues the communal symbols with emotions and plausibility. Through ritual interaction, three potentially disruptive communal tensions are transformed into solidarity: (1) highly transcendent theological concepts are translated into a simplified form which can be ritualized and gain immanence in the ritual actions of the participants; (2) the Evangelical emphasis on the individual and its religious decision on the semantic side are structurally transformed into the confirmation and reproduction of the community; (3) through the collectively shared emotions the potentially disruptive individual tendency towards immediate emotional gratification becomes aligned with the norms of the community.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "A Method to Reconstruct the Solar-Induced Canopy Fluorescence Spectrum from Hyperspectral Measurements. A method for canopy Fluorescence Spectrum Reconstruction (FSR) is proposed in this study, which can be used to retrieve the solar-induced canopy fluorescence spectrum over the whole chlorophyll fluorescence emission region from 640-850 nm. Firstly, the radiance of the solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (Fs) at five absorption lines of the solar spectrum was retrieved by a Spectral Fitting Method (SFM). The Singular Vector Decomposition (SVD) technique was then used to extract three basis spectra from a training dataset simulated by the model SCOPE (Soil Canopy Observation, Photochemistry and Energy fluxes). Finally, these basis spectra were linearly combined to reconstruct the Fs spectrum, and the coefficients of them were determined by Weighted Linear Least Squares (WLLS) fitting with the five retrieved Fs values. Results for simulated datasets indicate that the FSR method could accurately reconstruct the Fs spectra from hyperspectral measurements acquired by instruments of high Spectral Resolution (SR) and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). The FSR method was also applied to an experimental dataset acquired in a diurnal experiment. The diurnal change of the reconstructed Fs spectra shows that the Fs radiance around noon was higher than that in the morning and afternoon, which is consistent with former studies. Finally, the potential and limitations of this method are discussed.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 38, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Flutter reliability analysis of suspension bridges based on multiplicative dimensional reduction method. A reliability analysis method is proposed in this paper based on the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) principle in which constraints are specified in terms of the fractional moments instead of integer moments. Then a multiplicative dimensional reduction method (MDRM) is introduced to compute the fractional moments. The method is applicable for both explicit and implicit limit state functions of complex structures. After two examples illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of this method in comparison to the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS), the method is used to analyze the flutter reliability of suspension bridge. The results show that the empirical formula method in which the limit state function is explicitly represented as a function of variables is only a too conservative estimate for flutter reliability analysis but is not accurate adequately. So it is not suitable for reliability analysis of bridge flutter. The actual flutter reliability analysis should be conducted based on a finite element method in which limit state function is implicitly represented as a function of variables. The proposed M-DRM provide an alternate and efficient way to analyze a much more complicated flutter reliability of long span suspension bridge.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Induced resistance to turcicum leaf blight in maize when doubly infected with maize streak virus disease. The effects of dual infection by maize streak virus (MSV) and turcicum leaf blight (TLB) on symptom expression and pathogen reproduction were measured in one maize variety susceptible to both diseases. Infection by MSV masked symptoms of TLB. There was markedly slower disease progress of TLB on dually infected plants compared with the singly infected plants, as reflected by longer latent period, smaller plant leaf area affected and smaller and fewer lesions in doubly infected plants.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Exploring the Determinants of CAP Reform: A Delphi Survey of Key Decision-Makers. A panel of key decision-makers, closely involved in the 1992, 1999 and 2003 CAP reforms, participated in a Delphi survey designed to ascertain what had prompted the European Commission to launch these reform initiatives and what factors were relevant in determining the reform packages subsequently decided by the Council.", "label": [5, 49, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "THE TRANSLATIONAL TERMINATION SIGNAL DATABASE. The Translational Termination Database (Trans Term) consists of the immediate context sequences around the natural termination codons from 45 organisms, and summarY tables. The influence of termination codon context on their effectiveness as stop signals has been widely documented. The SPECIES-TRI.DAT table shows trinucleotide stop codon usage in each organism and for comparison the occurrence of these sequences in the noncoding region. The SPECIES-TETRA.DAT table contains is a similar table of tetranucleotide stop signal usage. The database is available from EMBL.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Recovery of chromite fines from wastewater streams by column flotation. In the Western Chrome Mine in South Africa, the process water stream contains approximately 3% chromite fines (< 100 mum), which report to the tailings dam. This results in resource loss and water contamination. Consequently, in this paper, the effects of pH, as well as the influence of anionic and cationic collectors on the floatability of chromite fines in columns, were investigated. Electrokinetic studies were used to elucidate the mechanism of collector adsorption and the findings were correlated with the optimal flotation conditions. The presence of the aqueous metal species Al3+, Cr3+, Fe3+ and Mg2+ resulting from the dissolution of chromite appeared to have a significant influence on the flotation of chromite fines. These species were found to adsorb on chromite surfaces and shift the point of zero charge (PZC) of the chromite. The optimal recovery of chromite fines was observed at a pH of approximately 4 for anionic flotation and 11 for cationic flotation. In column flotation tests for the fresh wastewater stream containing 3% chromite fines, a recovery and grade of approximately 40% and 43.5%, respectively were obtained with sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) flotation. A recovery and grade of approximately 32% and 45%, respectively were obtained with cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTMAB) flotation. Both cationic and anionic flotation deteriorated with an increase in aging of the chromite. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "On the impacts of climate change on the functional deterioration of heritage buildings in South Chile. Currently, the scientific community has almost reached a consensus on the negative impacts of climate change. The causes of global warming are negative for sure, but are the impacts of these new climatic conditions negative and relevant? The answer is again probably yes, but not necessarily so. This study intends to evaluate the impacts of climate change on the functional deterioration of heritage buildings located in South Chile. For this purpose, an advanced artificial intelligence methodology, based on fuzzy logic, is used, and 79 heritage buildings, in five locations in South Chile, are analysed. The results obtained revealed that the predictions of climate change for this region, with an expected increase in temperature, associated with a reduction of the average annual precipitation, for the period 2045-2069, could actually benefit the functional performance of the heritage buildings analysed. Some lessons could be learned from the results, and the proposed model could be used for the prioritisation of maintenance activities, in heritage buildings, for the different locations analysed, considering the expected effect of climate changes, which in many other cases can be detrimental.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "A Simple Sequent Calculus for Angell's Logic of Analytic Containment. We give a simple sequent calculus presentation of R.B. Angell's logic of analytic containment, recently championed by Kit Fine as a plausible logic of partial content.", "label": [3, 4, 41, 32]}
+{"token": "Rain-Free and Residue Hand-in-Hand: A Progressive Coupled Network for Real-Time Image Deraining. Rainy weather is a challenge for many vision-oriented tasks (e.g., object detection and segmentation), which causes performance degradation. Image deraining is an effective solution to avoid performance drop of downstream vision tasks. However, most existing deraining methods either fail to produce satisfactory restoration results or cost too much computation. In this work, considering both effectiveness and efficiency of image deraining, we propose a progressive coupled network (PCNet) to well separate rain streaks while preserving rain-free details. To this end, we investigate the blending correlations between them and particularly devise a novel coupled representation module (CRM) to learn the joint features and the blending correlations. By cascading multiple CRMs, PCNet extracts the hierarchical features of multi-scale rain streaks, and separates the rain-free content and rain streaks progressively. To promote computation efficiency, we employ depth-wise separable convolutions and a U-shaped structure, and construct CRM in an asymmetric architecture to reduce model parameters and memory footprint. Extensive experiments are conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the proposed PCNet in two aspects: (1) image deraining on several synthetic and real-world rain datasets and (2) joint image deraining and downstream vision tasks (e.g., object detection and segmentation). Furthermore, we show that the proposed CRM can be easily adopted to similar image restoration tasks including image dehazing and low-light enhancement with competitive performance. The source code is available at https://github.com/kuijiang0802/PCNet.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
+{"token": "Abdominal Negative Pressure Wound Therapy Devices for Management of the Open Abdomen A Technologic Analysis. PURPOSE: The purpose of this technologic analysis was to analyze technologic features of abdominal negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT). APPROACH: Published literature regarding abdominal negative pressure wound therapy (aNPWT) devices was reviewed. A summary of management approaches for the open abdomen provides a foundation for understanding the benefits of aNPWT. Safety information regarding aNPWT was derived from the Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) Database. CONCLUSIONS: The open abdomen approach with temporary abdominal closure may be employed for patients with a variety of conditions. Specialized abdominal NPWT devices, either singly or in combination with other approaches, may contribute to improved outcomes in this high-risk patient population. Manufacturer recommendations and clinical guidelines should be followed to minimize patient risk.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Fatty acid profile and nutritional composition of table eggs after supplementation by pumpkin and flaxseed oils. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of pumpkin and flaxseed oils on the fatty acid profile and nutrient changes in table eggs. At 38 weeks of age, Lohmann Brown Lite hens were divided into three groups depending up the diet. The birds were housed in individual cages (6 hens per cage) with a space allowance of 943.2 cm(2) per hen, and given diet standard complete feed mixture for laying hens. Hens from experimental groups were fed with complete feed mixtures supplemented by pumpkin (group E1) or flaxseed (group E2) oils at a dosage of 3%. The experiment lasted 52 days. In the last week of the trial, the eggs were collected for chemical analysis. Twelve eggs from each dietary treatment were randomly selected and analysed. Significant differences between control and group E1 in the content of crude protein (P < 0.05), between both experimental groups (E1 and E2) in the content of ash (P < 0.01) in yolk, and between control and the experimental groups in the content of dry matter (P < 0.05) in albumen were detected. Significant (P < 0.01) differences were found in contents of myristic, palmitic, heptadecanoic, oleic, linoleic, and cis-11,14-eicosadienoic acids between control and experimental groups E1 and E2. Compared to control, higher (P < 0.01) concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids, lower concentrations of saturated fatty acids and also lower contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the experimental groups were observed. The supplementation of flaxseed oil had a positive effect on the content of n-3 alpha-linolenic acid.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "AN ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL PRICE DIFFERENTIALS ON EBAY. Online auction sites like eBay provide ways to measure what consumers buy and how much they pay. Does this imply that consumers pay similar prices, irrespective of their location? Comparing prices for homogeneous, tradable goods in the euro area and the United Kingdom, we find that prices differ significantly. The differential is not related to countries' having different currencies. However, price dispersion-the variance of prices-does seem to be smaller if two countries share a common currency. Our results confirm the importance of national borders in explaining price differences and their magnitude is related to (not) sharing a common currency. (JEL E30, E31, E50, F40).", "label": [5, 49, 51]}
+{"token": "Social Marketing and Tourism: What Is the Evidence?. Though the effectiveness of social marketing has been proven in various areas, it has captured scant research attention of tourism scholars. This article analyzes the social marketing characteristics of a number of tourism-related projects that have been funded by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in Vietnam. The importance of NGOs in Vietnam's development process is highlighted. A search strategy is described where some terms and phrases are combined to identify tourism-related development projects. Forty-five projects were found and assessed against a set of six social marketing benchmarks. Twenty-one projects match all the criteria, where different evaluation measures are noted. Significantly, no project labeled itself in terms of social marketing attributes. The social marketing label is thus not necessarily effective in identifying social marketing interventions in tourism-related projects. Despite some caveats, the article indicates that social marketing may be effective in promoting behavior change for sustainable tourism development and poverty alleviation.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Metastable phase equilibrium in the aqueous ternary system (KCl-CaCl2-H2O) at (288.15 and 308.15) K. The solubility and the physicochemical properties (density and refractive index) in the liquid-solid metastable system (KCl-CaCl2-H2O) at (288.15 and 308.15) K were determined using the isothermal evaporation method. Based on the experimental data, the metastable phase diagrams and the diagrams of physicochemical properties vs composition in the system at (288.15 and 308.15) K were plotted. In the metastable phase diagrams of the ternary system at (288.15 and 308.15) K, there are in all one invariant point, two univariant curves, and two crystallization zones, corresponding to potassium chloride, antarcticite (CaCl2 center dot 6H(2)O) at 288.15 K, and potassium chloride, and calcium chloride tetrahydrate (CaCl2 center dot 4H(2)O), at 308.15 K. This system at both temperatures belongs to a simple eutectic type, and neither double salts nor solid solution were found. Based on the extended Harvie-Weare (HW) models and temperature-dependent equations at (288.15 and 308.15) K, respectively, the values of the Pitzer parameters (beta((0))), (beta((1))),and C-phi for KCl and CaCl2, the mixed ion-interaction parameters theta(K,Ca) and Psi(K,Ca,Cl), the Debye-Hacket parameter A(phi), and the standard chemical potentials of the minerals in the ternary system were obtained by fitting. Using the temperature-dependent equations and the standard chemical potentials of the minerals respectively, the predictive solubilities for the ternary system at both temperatures are presented. A comparison between the calculated and experimental results at each temperature shows that the predicted solubilities obtained with the extended HW model agree well with experimental data.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36, 35]}
+{"token": "ARCHITECTURAL AND LANDSCAPE RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH BIRD-GLASS COLLISIONS IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT. We studied building characteristics and landscape context to predict risk of migratory birds being killed by colliding with sheet glass on Manhattan Island, New York City, New York, USA. Trained volunteers monitored 73 discrete building facades daily from the Upper East Side to the southern tip of the Island during autumn 2006 and spring 2007 bird migratory periods using a consistent and scientifically valid search protocol. We recorded 475 bird strikes in autumn 2006 and 74 in spring 2007 of which 82 and 85%, respectively, were fatal. Most building and context variables exerted moderate influence on risk of death by colliding with glass. We recommend a suite of building characteristics that building designers can use to reduce risk of collisions by minimizing the proportion of glass to other building materials in new construction. We suggest that reduction of reflective panes may offer increased protection for birds. Several context variables can reduce risk of death at glass by reducing ground cover, including changes in height of vegetation, and eliminating shrubs and trees from areas in front of buildings. We estimated 1.3 bird fatalities per ha per year; this rate extrapolates to 34 million annual glass victims in urban areas of North America north of Mexico during the fall and spring migratory periods. Clear and reflective sheet glass poses a universal hazard for birds, specifically for passage migrants in New York City, but also representative and comparable to growing urban areas worldwide. Received 21 May 2008. Accepted 14 August 2008.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Total leaf crude protein, amino acid composition and elemental content in the USDA-ARS bamboo germplasm collections. Bamboo shoots and leaves are valuable food sources for both humans and livestock. The USDA-ARS NPGS (National Plant Germplasm System) collections hold 93 bamboo species in 20 genera. Total leaf protein, amino acid composition and elemental content for these important genetic resources had never been quantified. Lack of nutrition information hinders germplasm utilization. The above-mentioned nutritional traits were evaluated from these 93 species in this study. Leaf protein content among bamboo species ranged from 8.12 to 16.33% with an average of 12.84%. This average was higher than 9.0% observed for switchgrass leaves, but considerably lower than 32.48% in cassava leaves. For 18 quantified amino acids, there was more than a twofold variation among the samples evaluated. For 12 quantified mineral elements, there was significant variability from the low end (4.2-fold, 2.27-9.52 mg/g calcium; 4.4-fold, 56.17-246.43 mu g/g sodium) to the high end (61.5-fold, 17.67-1087.0 mu g/g manganese; 40.8-fold, 42.0-1713.5 mu g/g aluminium). Due to their variability in leaf nutritive value, bamboo species should be carefully chosen when they are used as a feedstock. The results from this study will be useful for the bamboo industry, producers and consumers.", "label": [0, 2, 20, 9]}
+{"token": "Using robotic toys in early childhood education to support children's social and emotional competencies. This Australian study examines whether and how technologies such as Artificially Intelligent (AI) toys in a home-based setting might socially and emotionally support children with diverse needs through play. Building on the concept of 'emotional capital', and employing a design-based research approach, parents during the COVID-19 lockdown periods in 2020 intentionally used robotic toys to engage their children with additional diverse needs in home-based play experiences. The data from both parents' and children's (n = 5) Zoom interviews, digital observations and children's drawings demonstrated how children creatively conversed with their AI robots in innovative and empathy-based dialogues that generated happy feelings and a sense of 'imaginary' togetherness with their robot during the coding experiences. This study contributes to research by exploring the use of AI robotic toys together with physical and artificial environments and offers a case to build children's emotional capital in enabling children's social-emotional literacies.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Resistance of Echinochloa crus-galli Populations to Acetolactate Synthase-Inhibiting Herbicides. Three Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyardgrass) populations from rice fields in Arkansas (AR1 and AR2) and Mississippi (MS1), USA, were recently confirmed to be resistant to imazethapyr. Experiments were conducted to characterize cross-resistance to acetolactate synthase- (ALS-) inhibiting herbicides and determine if malathion, a known cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) inhibitor, would overcome resistance. The AR1 and MS1 populations were cross-resistant to bispyribac-sodium; however, AR2 was sensitive to bispyribac-sodium. The AR1, AR2, and MS1 populations were >94, >94, and 3.3 times, respectively, more resistant to imazamox; >94, 30, and 9.4 times, respectively, more resistant to penoxsulam; and 15, 0.9, and 7.2 times, respectively, more resistant to bispyribac-sodium compared to a susceptible population. Addition of malathion to penoxsulam reduced dry weight of all populations and increased mortality of AR2 and MS1 populations compared to penoxsulam alone. Addition of malathion to imazethapyr and bispyribac-sodium increased the mortality of MS1 population in mixture with imazethapyr and AR1 population in mixture with bispyribac-sodium compared to treatments with imazethapyr and bispyribac-sodium applied alone. Synergism of ALS-inhibiting herbicides with malathion indicates increased herbicide degradation by CYP as partial mechanism of resistance to penoxsulam in all resistant populations and probably to imazethapyr in MS1 and bispyribac-sodium in AR1 populations.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Conservation tillage and herbicide management for two peanut cultivars. To reduce production costs and soil erosion and aid in management of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV), many peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) farmers in Florida are converting to conservation tillage systems. A split-split plot experiment with six replications was conducted over 2 yr to evaluate pod yield and grass control from five tillage systems, two peanut cultivars ('Georgia Green' and 'Andru 93% and two postemergence herbicide programs (paraquat plus acifluorfen plus bentazon and imazapic). Peanut planted into rye (Secale cereale L.) with strip-till management yielded (5280 to 5480 kg ha(-1)) similar to those in conventional tillage (5140 kg ha(-1)). Georgia Green (5500 kg ha(-)1) yielded higher than Andru 93 (5100 kg ha(-1)). Yields were greater for paraquat plus acifluorfen plus bentazon than for imazapic in 1999, but gross value was equivalent. Yields and gross value were higher for imazapic in 2000. Grass weeds included fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx.), Texas panicum (Panicum texanum L.), and large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], which were controlled more effectively with imazapic both years (18% greater control in 1999 and 52% greater control in 2000). The difference in yields between herbicide treatments for the 2 yr is attributed to replanting and drastically lower levels of grass control in 2000. These results support the claim that reduced tillage systems, with proper cultivar and herbicide selection, provide advantages over conventional tillage systems.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Pleasant feeling from watching a comical video enhances free radical-scavenging capacity in human whole saliva. Objective: Free radicals have been implicated in aging, mutagenesis, inflammation and other pathological conditions. We conducted a study to clarify the relation between a pleasant feeling as a psychological eustress and free radical-scavenging capacity (FRSC) in saliva. Methods: Saliva was collected from 27 healthy volunteers. FRSC before, during and after watching a cheerful comical video for 30 min was measured by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Results: The median values of FRSC (mumol/ml) before, at 10 and 20 min during and after watching the video were 54.5, 66.8, 66.6 and 69.4, respectively. The FRSC values obtained after watching the video were significantly higher than those before watching it (P<.001). When the FRSC before watching was taken as 1, the value for the group that felt \\\\'Very good,\\\\' \\\\'Good\\\\' or \\\\'Ordinary + Dull\\\\' while watching the video for 30 min was 1.38, 1.20 or 0.98, respectively (P<.01). Conclusion: Watching a comical video enhanced the FRSC in saliva; in addition, a pleasant feeling boosted it even more. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Investigation of the population structure of Legionella pneumophila by analysis of tandem repeat copy number and internal sequence variation. The population structure of the species Legionella pneumophila was investigated by multilocus variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) and sequencing of three VNTRs (Lpms01, Lpms04 and Lpms13) in selected strains. Of 150 isolates of diverse origins, 136 (86%) were distributed into eight large MLVA clonal complexes (VACCs) and the rest were either unique or formed small clusters of up to two MLVA genotypes. In spite of the lower degree of genome-wide linkage disequilibrium of the MLVA loci compared with sequence-based typing, the clustering achieved by the two methods was highly congruent. The detailed analysis of VNTR Lpms04 alleles showed a very complex organization, with five different repeat unit lengths and a high level of internal variation. Within each MLVA-defined VACC, Lpms04 was endowed with a common recognizable pattern with some interesting exceptions. Evidence of recombination events was suggested by analysis of internal repeat variations at the two additional VNTR loci, Lpms01 and Lpms13. Sequence analysis of L. pneumophila VNTR locus Lpms04 alone provides a first-line assay for allocation of a new isolate within the L. pneumophila population structure and for epidemiological studies.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Preparation and characterization of Y3Al5O12 : Ce and Y2O3 : Eu phosphors powders by combustion process. A novel ceramic synthesis technique, combustion process was investigated for the production of phosphor powders. In this study, we have developed a new method to product phosphor powders, and applied this process into two materials fabrication. Y3Al5O12:Ce and Y2O3:Eu phosphor powders were successfully synthesized by combustion process. The process takes only 15 min to obtain Y3Al5O12:Ce and Y2O3:Eu phosphor powders. The resultant phosphor powders were investigated by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), photoluminescence excitation and emission spectra (PL), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results revealed that the formation temperature of phase is significant low, compared to solid-state reaction route of constituent oxides. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Mixing methods - assessment of potential benefits for natural resources planning. Multi-objective forest planning is a multi-methodological endeavor whose success largely depends on how well the combined use of different methods contributes to the goals of the planning. This review assessed the benefits of mixing methods in natural resources planning. A sample of 30 peer-reviewed research articles was analyzed using an evaluation framework, designed based on democracy and planning theories, and participatory planning literature, including four dimensions: transparency, flexibility, consensus building, and operability. According to analyses, mixing different types (i.e. qualitative and quantitative) of methods generally yields greater benefits than the combination of similar methods. The subsample of 12 planning cases that utilized simulation-optimization software (SOS) appeared operable and moderately transparent, whereas flexibility and consensus building were often lacking. In comparison to the wide scholarly discussion on multi-methodology and mixing methods, it was observed that successful mixing examples in natural resource planning are still scarce and there are weaknesses in bridging the methods together. There is an evident need to pursue and to better communicate the benefits of mixing. Some good mixing examples utilizing SOS provided evidence that forest planning processes would make an excellent venue for studying the benefits and caveats of using mixed methods.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "The Value of Social Capital for the Success of SPAC IPOs. This paper explores the role of social capital in contributing to the success of a new breed of organizations known as 'blank check companies' or special purpose acquisition companies (SPACs) that are set up solely to target and acquire listed companies as a fast-track route to gain listing status in the stock market. The paper is a case study of Pershing Square Holdings Ltd., St. Peter Port, UK (PSH), which launched SPAC IPOs (Initial Public Offerings), Pershing Square Tontine Holdings Ltd., New York, NY, USA (PSTH), which succeeded in raising the largest capital from influential investors in 2020. Social capital theory is employed to provide theoretical structure for the analysis. Using annual reports, publicly available information on the internet, as well as social media platforms related to the company and its strategy, the authors critically analyse and highlight how the Tontine's founder and his team utilized their structural, relational, and cognitive social capital to attract investors and gained recognition as the most successful SPAC IPO in the market in 2020. The authors found the ability to structure a SPAC IPO that departs from a typical SPAC, and the choice of timing to enter the SPAC market resulted in an over subscription and higher market valuation ratings of its IPO, as well as allowed the sponsor to be selective of its investors. This is the first study to address the significance of social capital at the individual and organizational level in creating value for SPAC IPOs. Potential investors can gain understanding and insights on the mechanics of SPAC IPOs and the importance of the founder's social capital in ensuring successful investment. Successful SPAC IPOs will create interest in the marketplace and enhance the value of investment for investors and helped private companies to get listed faster.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Critical rationalism in practice: Strategies to manage subjectivity in OR investigations. The philosophical position referred to as critical rationalism (CR) is potentially important to OR because it holds out the possibility of supporting OR's claim to offer managers a scientifically 'rational' approach. However, as developed by Karl Popper, and subsequently extended by David Miller, CR can only support practice (deciding what to do, how to act) in a very limited way; concentrating on the critical application of deductive logic, the crucial role of subjective judgements in making technical and moral choices are ignored or are at least left underdeveloped. By reflecting on the way that managers, engineers, administrators and other professionals take decisions in practice, three strategies are identified for handling the inevitable subjectivity in practical decision-making. It is argued that these three strategies can be understood as attempts to emulate the scientific process of achieving intersubjective consensus, a process inherent in CR. The perspective developed in the paper provides practitioners with a way of understanding their clients' approach to decision-making and holds out the possibility of making coherent the claim that they are offering advice on how to apply a scientific approach to decision-making; it presents academics with some philosophical challenges and some new avenues for research. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
+{"token": "Optimization of roasting conditions of Pistacia terebinthus in a fluidized bed roaster. Pistacia terebinthus fruit after roasting has a similar aroma and flavor to conventional roasted coffee beans, and it can be a promising caffeine-free alternative to coffee. P. terebinthus beans were roasted at 180 degrees C, 200 degrees C and 220 degrees C for 5, 20 and 35 min at each roasting temperature. The effects of the roasting conditions on color, moisture content, density, breaking force and sensory properties (appearance, odor, texture, flavor and overall impression) of the P. terebinthus beans were investigated using a three-level two factor (32) full factorial design. The effect of roasting temperature and roasting time on quality attributes of P. terebinthus beans roasted in a fluidized bed roaster was analyzed using response surface methodology. Quality attributes of the roasted P. terebinthus beans were significantly (p <= 0.05) affected by the roasting temperature and roasting time. Based on the superimposed contour plot, optimum region of roasting temperature and time was determined. The quadratic models developed adequately described the relationship between the factors and the responses. Dark roasted P. terebinthus beans took the highest scores in sensory tests by the panelists. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Tolerance to biodegraded crude oil in marine invertebrate embryos and larvae is associated with expression of a multixenobiotic resistance transporter. The toxicity of water-soluble fractions of biodegraded crude oil (BWSF) to embryos and larvae of two marine invertebrates, the white sea urchin (Lytechinus anamesus) and the fat innkeeper (Urechis caupo), was studied. Santa Barbara Channel crude oil was artificially weathered and subjected to biodegradation using a mixed microbe culture obtained from natural oil seep sites. The degradation culture inoculated with seep sediment microbes accumulated 43.7 mug/l water-soluble hydrocarbons. In contrast water-soluble fractions from the non-degraded cultures (NWSF) only accumulated 3.05 mug/l. BWSF proved deleterious to Lytechinus embryo development at low concentrations (EC50 = 0.33 mg/l) but was essentially non-toxic to Urechis embryos/larvae up to 3.0 mg/l. An established mechanism for handling of a wide array of xenobiotics in Urechis embryos is the multixenobiotoic resistance transporter multixenobiotic response (MXR, also known as multidrug resistance, MDR). This mechanism is primarily mediated by ATP-dependent, efflux pumps that extrude a wide array of xenobiotic compounds. In this study, we show that Lytechinus larvae do not appear to express MXR efflux. protein nor MXR mediated dye efflux capacity. In contrast, BWSF acts as a competitive inhibitor of MXR transport-mediated dye efflux in Urechis larvae. These results suggest that MXR may be an important mechanism for extrusion of the by-products of crude oil degradation by microbes, and that the level of its expression may determine the susceptibility of organisms to degraded oil hydrocarbons. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 45]}
+{"token": "Hydrogen sorption properties of nanocrystalline Mg2FeH6-based complex and catalytic effect of TiO2. The diversities of hydrogen sorption properties of Mg2FeH6-based complexes with and without TiO2 were investigated. Mg2FeH6-based complexes with and without TiO2 were synthesized respectively by reactive mechanical alloying, and hydrogen sorption properties of the complexes were examined by Sieverts-type apparatus. The results show that the sample without TiO2 releases 4.43 % (mass fraction) hydrogen in 1.5 ks at 653 K under 0.1 MPa H-2 pressure and absorbs 90% of the total 4.43 % (mass fraction) hydrogen absorbed in 85 s at 623 K under 4.0 MPa H-2 pressure. But for the sample with TiO2 addition under the same condition, it only needs 400 s to release all of the stored hydrogen and 60 s to absorb 90% of the total hydrogen absorbed. The activation energies for desorption process of the samples with and without TiO2 are determined to be 71.2 and 80.3 kJ/(mol center dot K), respectively. The improvement in hydrogen sorption rate and and reduction in activation energy can be attributed to the addition of TiO2.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of large volume yeast interfering RNA lure-and-kill ovitraps for attraction and control of Aedes mosquitoes. Aedes mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), principle vectors of several arboviruses, typically lay eggs in man-made water-filled containers located near human dwellings. Given the widespread emergence of insecticide resistance, stable and biofriendly alternatives for mosquito larviciding are needed. Laboratory studies have demonstrated that inactivated yeast interfering RNA tablets targeting key larval developmental genes can be used to facilitate effective larvicidal activity while also promoting selective gravid female oviposition behaviour. Here we examined the efficacy of transferring this technology toward development of lure-and-kill ovitraps targeting Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) female mosquitoes. Insectary, simulated field and semi-field experiments demonstrated that two mosquito-specific yeast interfering RNA pesticides induce high levels of mortality among larvae of both species in treated large volume containers. Small-scale field trials conducted in Trinidad, West Indies demonstrated that large volume ovitrap containers baited with inactivated yeast tablets lure significantly more gravid females than traps containing only water and were highly attractive to both A. aegypti and A. albopictus females. These studies indicate that development of biorational yeast interfering RNA-baited ovitraps may represent a new tool for control of Aedes mosquitoes, including deployment in existing lure-and-kill ovitrap technologies or traditional container larviciding programs.", "label": [0, 4, 44, 10]}
+{"token": "T cell-mediated pathology in murine lyme borreliosis. Even in the absence of an appropriate model or direct evidence, T cells have been hypothesized to exacerbate the manifestations of Lyme disease. To define definitely the role of T cells in Lyme disease, the course of disease in immunocompetent and B cell-deficient mice was compared. By 8 wk postinoculation, immunocompetent mice resolved both carditis and arthritis, whereas foci of myocarditis and severe destructive arthritis characterized disease of B cell-deficient mice. Cell transfer experiments using infected B6-Rag1 knock out mice demonstrated that: 1) innate immunity mediated the initial sequelae of infection, 2) transferring both naive T cells and B cells induced resolution of carditis and arthritis, 3) infected mice reconstituted with T cells developed myocarditis and severe destructive arthritis, and 4) CD4(+) T cells were responsible for the observed immune-mediated pathology. These data demonstrate directly the deleterious effect of T cells in Lyme disease.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Arrival date, age and breeding success in white stork Ciconia ciconia. Early arrival to breeding grounds is a life history trait in birds that can result in fitness benefits. We studied the relationship between arrival date and breeding success of individuals in a central Iberian population of white stork Ciconia ciconia, between 1999 and 2005, and the ways in which other potential factors, such as age or sex, affect this relationship. Our results showed that age was the factor most closely related to arrival date and breeding success. Older individuals returned earlier to the breeding grounds, achieved larger clutch sizes and produced more chicks than younger birds. After controlling statistically for age effect, breeding probability (laid eggs or not) and laying date were still significantly explained by arrival date. A higher probability of failure to reproduce (no eggs laid) was found in birds arriving later than in those arriving early. However, clutch size and nestling success (number of nestlings in the nest 40 days after hatching) were not correlated with arrival date. Food availability in the study area throughout the breeding cycle, due to a nearby rubbish dump, could be the factor mitigating differences in clutch size and nestling success related to individual arrival date.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Mental Health Issues among Caregivers of Young Children in Rural China: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Links to Child Developmental Outcomes. Previous research has found that there are high rates of mental health problems among caregivers in rural China and that caregiver mental health may be a significant predictor of developmental delays among infants and toddlers in these rural areas. In this paper, we use data from a survey of 986 caregiver-child pairs in rural China to examine the risk factors of caregiver mental health and measure the association between caregiver mental health and child development outcomes. To conduct the empirical analysis, we assess caregiver mental health using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) questionnaire and measure child developmental outcomes using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Developmental Third Edition (Bayley-III). The results show that 32% of caregivers have depressive symptoms, 42% have anxiety symptoms, and 30% have symptoms of stress. The data also demonstrate that caregiver identity and age as well as different measures of socioeconomic status (SES) (characterized by caregiver education, father's education, and household wealth) are all significantly linked to symptoms of caregiver mental health problems. The analysis shows that caregiver depression, anxiety, and/or stress are significantly associated with lower early childhood development (ECD) outcomes in all areas measured (cognition, language, social-emotion, and motor skills). The heterogeneous analysis demonstrates that there are differences in the effects of caregiver mental health problems on ECD among households are from families that are endowed with different levels of SES. On the basis of the findings the study concludes that policymakers should pay more attention to caregiver mental health problems in order to improve child developmental outcomes in rural China. The study cannot, however, draw casual conclusions and cannot rule out the possibility of recall bias when measuring caregiver mental health, which may limit the external validity of the findings.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "Powassan Virus in Mammals, Alaska and New Mexico, USA, and Russia, 2004-2007. Powassan virus is endemic to the United States, Canada, and the Russian Far East. We report serologic evidence of circulation of this virus in Alaska, New Mexico, and Siberia. These data support further studies of viral ecology in rapidly changing Arctic environments.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
+{"token": "Reassessing Spanish Chronicle Writing before 900: The Tradition of Compilation in Oviedo at the End of the Ninth Century. This paper is a contribution to the origins of Spanish medieval historiography. I analyze two collections: the collection copied in the 'Soriensis' manuscript, most probably lost in a fire in 1671, and the so-called Chronica Albeldensis. I defend that shortly before the year 900 in Oviedo, Spain, from where both these collections originate, there was an interest in an easily readable kind of 'universal history' based on compilations of previous texts. These compilations were still modelled upon Eusebius-Jerome's Chronicon, but they already supposed a great freedom in the handling of those previous texts, revealing great difficulty in understanding history as synchronic. They also formed an authentic historical canon subject to continuous additions and redesigns, becoming the backbone of Medieval Spanish compilatory historiography until at least the thirteenth century.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Effect of Diets and Low Temperature Storage on Adult Performance and Immature Development of Phyllonorycter ringoniella in Laboratory. The Asiatic apple leaf miner, Phyllonorycter ringoniella (Matsumura), is an important insect pest to apples. We developed a rearing method for P. ringoniella in the laboratory. Overwintering pupae were collected from our apple orchard, and crabapple seedlings were selected as oviposition substrate and food source for the larval development. The mean developmental period was 25.9 +/- 0.49 days from egg to adult and the survival rate was 0.387 under 25 +/- 1 degrees C, 65 +/- 5% RH and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h. Mean egg length and egg width were 0.336 +/- 0.0043 and 0.259 +/- 0.0046 mm, respectively. Mean body length and head width increased from 1.070 +/- 0.0245 and 0.180 +/- 0.0021 mm in first instar larvae to 5.027 +/- 0.0718 and 0.321 +/- 0.0021 mm in fifth instar larvae, respectively. The mean weight of the pupae was 0.946 +/- 0.0132 mg. The wingspan of male adult (6.280 +/- 0.0639 mm) was significantly larger than female (6.040 +/- 0.0753 mm). The mean fecundity (56.9 +/- 8.58 eggs per female) and longevity (8.2 +/- 0.55 days) of females was highest when they were provided with 10% honey solution, followed by 10% sugar, water, and control. The females preferred to lay eggs (56.5 +/- 3.84%) near the secondary leaf vein in a leaf. The larval mortality increased linearly (R-2 = 0.94) with the number of larvae per leaf. The mortality of pupae increased from 5.6 +/- 4.01 to 51.1 +/- 9.88% as storage periods at 4 degrees C increased from 0 to 105 days. The rearing method and its biological characteristics presented in this study will contribute to further studies on this pest insect.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "High Biomass Productivity of Short-Rotation Willow Plantation in Boreal Hokkaido Achieved by Mulching and Cutback. Weed control, which is commonly achieved by herbicides, is important in successfully establishing short-rotation coppice (SRC) of willow. In this study, we examined agricultural mulch film as a means of effective weed control and the influence of cutback practice (coppicing the first year's shoot growth in the winter following planting) on biomass production in boreal Hokkaido, Japan. One-year-old cuttings from two clones each ofSalix pet-susuandS. sachalinensiswere planted in double-rows at a density of 20,000 plants ha(-1). All plants were harvested three growing seasons after cutback. Average oven-dried biomass yield was 5.67 t ha(-1)yr(-1)with mulching, whereas it was 0.46 t ha(-1)yr(-1)in the unmulched control with a weed biomass of 4.13 t ha(-1)yr(-1), indicating that mulching was an effective weed control. However, weeds grew vigorously on the ground between mulch sheets and their dry biomass amounted to 0.87 t ha(-1)yr(-1). Further weeding between the mulch sheets enhanced the willow biomass yield to 10.70 t ha(-1)yr(-1)in the treatment with cutback. In contrast, cutback even reduced the willow yield when there were weeds between the mulch sheets. This negative effect of cutback on the willow yield resulted from nutrient competition with weeds; there was similar leaf nitrogen content and dry biomass per unit land area for the weeds and willows combined in the control and mulching treatments. These results suggest that growing SRC willow is feasible in boreal Hokkaido if combined with complete weed control and cutback, and is facilitated by using mulch film.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Computed tomographic documentation of a comminuted fourth carpal bone fracture associated with carpal instability treated by partial carpal arthrodesis in an Arabian filly. Study Design - Case Report.Animals - An 8-month-old Arabian filly.Objective - To report treatment of a unilateral comminuted fourth carpal bone (C4) fracture associated with carpal instability by partial carpal arthrodesis (PCA) of the middle carpal joint (MCJ) and carpometacarpal joint (CMCJ).Clinical Relevance - CT imaging may more adequately characterize traumatic carpal bone injury, particularly, when carpal bone fracture configuration cannot be determined on standard radiographs. Early PCA of the MCJ and CMCJ is an useful alternative to treat comminuted C4 slab fractures that cannot be reconstructed. (c) Copyright 2006 by The American College of Veterinary Surgeons.Methods - A C4 slab fracture was diagnosed radiographically; however, fracture comminution was conclusively diagnosed after computed tomographic (CT) imaging. PCA of the MCJ and CMCJ was performed with 2 narrow dynamic compression plates.Results - PCA provided appropriate carpal stability and correct limb alignment immediately after surgery. Complete bony fusion with substantial carpal flexion and no lameness at walk or light trot was observed 8 months after surgery.Conclusions - Carpal CT was successfully used to define fracture configuration after standard radiographic examination failed to delineate comminution. PCA was selected because of joint instability and lateral carpal collapse of MCJ and CMCJ and can be successfully used to treat comminuted C4 slab fractures associated with carpal instability. Moderate MCJ osteoarthritis without radiocarpal joint involvement allows pain-free, substantial carpal flexion and thus, return to low-level pleasure riding may be possible.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Effects of particle size of treated CRT funnel glass on properties of cement mortar. Over the last decade, new types of display technologies have increasingly replaced cathode ray tube (CRT) displays leading to an increase in the disposal of discarded old CRT monitors and TV sets. The present study is a further development of our previous work to explore the effects of using different size fractions of crushed CRT glass as 100 % substitution of sand in cement mortar. A range of cement mortar mixes were prepared and the tests conducted included table flow (fluidity), mechanical strength, drying shrinkage, alkali-silica reaction (ASR) expansion and toxicity characteristic leaching procedures. Generally, the results obtained for the CRT glass-based cement mortars were comparable to those of the beverage glass mortars except the hardened density due to the presence of lead in the CRT glass. Decreasing the particle size of the CRT glass led to a decrease in fluidity, compressive strength and water absorption. However, the use of finer glass particles slightly improved the flexural strength and reduced the risk of expansion due to ASR due to its pozzolanic reaction. The experimental results indicated that treated CRT glass can be utilized as 100 % replacement of sand in cement mortar regardless of its particle size.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Temporary Fits, Animal Passions: Insanity in Victorian Capital Trials, 1890-1935. The turn of the nineteenth century saw an increase in the insanity defence and a language of mental aberration in Victoria capital trials. Historians have outlined the judicial development of the insanity defence in Australia, yet little attention has been paid to how defences of insanity operated in the practice of the courtroom. A study of 126 capital cases tried in Victoria between 1890 and 1935 provides an indication of how defendants argued insanity, how this plea was received in the courtroom, and how claims to insanity could influence sentencing outcomes. This study will demonstrate the tensions between doctors and lawmakers regarding how insanity and responsibility were determined, as well as how public conceptualisations of mental illness influenced these discourses.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Surface modification strategy based on the conjugation of NaYF4:5%Eu luminescent nanoprobe with organic aromatic compounds for application in bioimaging assays. Colon cancer is one of the world's most deadly diseases. Because of its internal location, it is necessary to obtain faster and more efficient diagnostic tools for this organ site. In this context, we studied the development of new luminescent nanoprobes (LNPs) as an alternative diagnostic apparatus for detecting this disease. The nanoparticles examined herein are lanthanide-doped sodium yttrium fluoride (NaYF4:Ln) and have shown to be promising as investigative devices. However, significant problems with the use of LNPs are the lack of biocompatibility and the targeting of the system to tumor regions. One of the strategies to bypass these problems is to increase of the particle lipophilicity modifying their surfaces with organic compounds that present high similarity to the biological system. In this work, we synthesized six new materials for use in bioimaging techniques obtained from the combination of nanoparticles of NaYF4:5%Eu with organic aromatic compounds covalently bonded. The materials were characterized structurally and morphologically using XRD and TEM, techniques, which showed the identification of the crystallographic phase -NaYF4:5%Eu and its nanometric size (particles smaller than 50nm). The conjugation process was confirmed by FT-IR spectra analysis and from the TGA profile. Excitation and emission spectra allowed the evaluation of the optical properties of the synthesized compounds. The interaction and cellular uptake was confirmed when HT-29 colon cancer cells were exposed to LNPs, indicating that the developed system has promising applications in bioimaging procedures.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Non-Least Square GNSS Positioning Algorithm for Densely Urbanized Areas. The paper introduces an essentially new algorithm for calculating the GNSS position as an alternative to the least-square method. The proposed approach can be widely applied to any positioning method that uses multiple position lines for position calculation and is an example of how using a numerical solution can improve position accuracy without access to historical data. In essence, the method is based on the adaptation of the median filtering method widely used in the field of image processing, while at the same time applying a combinatorial approach and order statistics. The proposed solution makes it possible to improve on and assess the credibility of a single measurement. The article highlights the differences between the proposed and currently used approaches, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. The algorithm has been extensively tested under various environmental and weather conditions. The tests were carried out in typical and also in very demanding conditions, thus taking into account the real application context, i.e., pedestrian and car navigation in densely urbanized areas.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 38, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Entire male pig production in Europe. In Europe the proportion of male pigs that are left 'entire' has been high for many years in the British Isles and Iberian Peninsula, and has recently increased in The Netherlands and to a lesser extent in Germany and France. Various European Union partners agreed in 2010 on a road map to abandon piglet castration by 1 January 2018. Despite significant commercial in-confidence research on instrumental methods for detecting boar-tainted carcasses at slaughter plants, nothing is currently being adopted at an industrial scale. A few abattoirs sort out the most heavily tainted carcasses, using human nose methods. However, there are major concerns with their accuracy, which is currently not documented in any publicly available technical report. The importance of androstenone and skatole for boar taint is still debated but a recent study (CAMPIG; G Backus, H Snoek, MA Oliver, M Font i Furnols, M Aluwe, F Tuyttens, M Bonneau, P Chevillon, MD Aaslyng, D Moerlein, L Meier-Dinkel, J Trautmann, J-E Haugen, unpubl. data) has established preliminary equations relating consumer dissatisfaction to androstenone and skatole levels. These equations still need further consolidation to integrate the impact of very high and very low androstenone levels on consumer acceptability. Reducing the incidence of boar taint at a production level and at the same time overcoming possible greater aggressive behaviour of entire male pigs are also critical for abandoning castration. Genetic selection is the most efficient way to reduce androstenone, but the selection of boar-taint-free genetic lines without any adverse consequence on the reproductive and growth performance will take time. Skatole levels can be efficiently reduced via feeding specific feedstuffs and good control of the animals' environment. Provided that the incidence of boar taint can be reduced to an acceptable level and the residual tainted carcasses can be sorted out at a reasonable price by mutually recognised methods, the abandonment of castration will result in high benefits, up to one-billion euros for both the pork industry, via a drastic reduction of production costs, and society at large, through improved animal welfare and reduced impact on the environment.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "PULMONARY-ARTERY SLING AND HYPOPLASTIC RIGHT LUNG - DIAGNOSTIC APPEARANCES USING MRI. We present a patient with pulmonary artery sling in association with hypoplasia of the right lung and stenosis of the right pulmonary artery, in whom the diagnosis was confirmed by MRI.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Chemical Profile of White Wines Produced from 'Greco bianco' Grape Variety in Different Italian Areas by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Conventional Physicochemical Analyses. In this study the characterization of white wines produced from the monovarietal 'Greco bianco' grape variety is presented for the first time. A total of 40 commercial wines, from two different southern Italian regions, Calabria and Campania, from the same grape variety and two different vintages, were investigated. The analyses were performed by means of chromatographic methods, conventional analyses, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. No differentiation was observed according to the year of production but a significant discrimination was achieved using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). In particular, PLS-DA allowed the selection of compounds (total acidity; citric, malic, succinic, and lactic acids; total polyphenol index; glucose and proline/arginine ratio) useful for differentiating the studied wines on the basis of geographical origin.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 36, 8]}
+{"token": "Race policy and politics: two case studies from Britain. This article considers academic engagements with policy and politics and, in particular, race and racism through two case studies. Contextualising such engagements within wide ranging debates about the relationship between academics, research, and policy and politics, two dimensions are utilised to analyse the examples presented. These are, firstly, the inside/outside (the location and extent of academic engagement) and, secondly, the link between knowledge and politics. These are applied to two examples or cases from the UK, both of which concern racism and the police. The first was a public inquiry in which the idea of institutional racism was powerfully resurrected; the second was an employment tribunal alleging racial discrimination - so the same idea may have been expected to be raised but was not. In part the abstract is concerned with this striking difference between the cases. In the two cases the author has been equivalent to an 'observer' and a 'participant', and the article sets out some dilemmas for academics when acting in public roles or arenas. The main argument is that in spite of the tenuousness of the dichotomies between theory/practice and observation/participation, as well as the ones between insider/outsider roles and instrumental and critical knowledge, they can all be significant in terms of how politics plays out and policy is fashioned.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Enhancing the expression of recombinant kappa-carrageenase in Pichia pastoris using dual promoters, co-expressing chaperones and transcription factors. In this study, with the aid of a constitutive promoter, and the co-expression of chaperone and transcription factor (TF) genes, the expression and enzymatic activity of recombinant kappa-carrageenase in Pichia pastoris containing truncated kappa-carrageenase gene cgkZ Delta Pst (GS115/pPIC9K-cgkZ Delta Pst) was enhanced. The recombinant P. pastoris strain containing constitutive glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAP) promoter enabled the expression of recombinant kappa-carrageenase without methanol induction, the enzymatic activity was 2.73 U/mL after 96 h of shake flask fermentation at 22 degrees C. The enzymatic activity increased to 7.96 U/mL under methanol induction during P. pastoris growth, showing a 1.4-fold increase compared to that of the control group. With the co-expression of a series of chaperone genes and TFs that could promote protein folding, prevent protein aggregation, and counteract oxidative stress, the expression level of cgkZ Delta Pst showed a 1.29- to 1.93-fold increase from that in the control group. The enzymatic activity of the recombinant kappa-carrageenase increased to 7.07-7.70 U/mL. The use of the inducible P-AOX1 in combination with the constitutive P-GAP can further improve the productivity of recombinant kappa-carrageenase. The rational selection of molecular chaperones and TFs can also promote recombinant kappa-carrageenase secretion in P. pastoris. This work can be useful for the heterologous expression of other marine-origin glycoside hydrolases in P. pastoris.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42]}
+{"token": "Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in Tibetan sheep and yaks. Few studies have been conducted on the distribution of Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in Tibetan sheep and yaks, which live outdoors in extreme climate with high altitude. In this study, fecal specimens from 312 Tibetan sheep and 554 yaks in Qinghai, China, were collected and examined for E. bieneusi by PCR-sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer. Among them, 73 (23.4%) specimens from Tibetan sheep and 40 (7.2%) from yaks were positive for E. bieneusi. There were eight E. bieneusi genotypes in Tibetan sheep, including three known ones (BEB6, COS-I, and NESH5) and five novel ones (named as CHS13-CHS17). Similarly, seven E. bieneusi genotypes were found in yaks, including five known ones (J, BEB4, BEB6, COS-I, and NESH5) and two novel ones (named as CHN13 and CHN14). Most of the E. bieneusi genotypes and all frequent ones identified in the study belonged to group 2. One new subgroup of genotypes was identified within group 1. The distribution of E. bieneusi genotypes was different between Tibetan sheep and yaks, with BEB6 as the dominant one (42.5%) in Tibetan sheep and J as the dominant one (47.5%) in yaks. These data support the occurrence of host adaptation among E. bieneusi genotypes within group 2.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Jazz and Musical Works: Hypnotized by the Wrong Model. It is difficult to place jazz within a philosophy of music dominated by the concepts and practices of classical music. One key puzzle concerns the nature and role, if any, of musical works in jazz. I briefly describe the debate between those who deny that there are musical works in jazz (Andrew Kania) and those who affirm that there are such (Julian Dodd and others), and I distinguish between claiming that there are no musical works in the jazz tradition and the more provocative claim that they are not performed in jazz performances. I argue that each side of this debate is partially right and that the first step toward resolving the puzzle is to reject inappropriate concepts of a musical work. In particular, Kania's and Lydia Goehr's accounts, derived from classical music practice, are rejected as general accounts of musical works. I then contrast the norms governing work performance in classical music (the werktreue ideal) with the practices governing performances of works in jazz, which I call realization or staging. Finally, I propose a model of jazz appreciation that incorporates a role for jazz works and that fundamentally differs from the way that classical musical performances are appreciated.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
+{"token": "Towards a framework for flourishing through social media: a systematic review of 118 research studies. Background: Over 50% of the world uses social media. There has been significant academic and public discourse around its negative mental health impacts. There has not, however, been a broad systematic review in the field of Positive Psychology exploring the relationship between social media and wellbeing, to inform healthy social media use, and to identify if, and how, social media can support human flourishing.Objectives: To investigate the conditions and activities associated with flourishing through social media use, which might be described as 'Flourishing through Social Media'.Method and Results: A systematic search of peer reviewed studies, identifying flourishing outcomes from usage, was conducted, resulting in 118 final studies across 7 social media platforms, 50,000+ participants, and 26 countries.Conclusions: The interaction between social media usage and flourishing is bi-directional and nuanced. Analysis through our proposed conceptual framework suggests potential for a virtuous spiral between self-determination, identity, social media usage, and flourishing.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Phenotypic heterogeneity and adverse effects of serine treatment in 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase deficiency: Report on two siblings. Clinical experience with the treatment of 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase deficiency, a rare inherited disorder of serine synthesis, is scarce. We report on two sisters with phenotypic heterogeneity and a favourable response to combined serine and glycine supplementation. The elder sibling was found to be normocephalic at birth and showed moderate delay of white matter myelinisation, while her seizures arrested spontaneously even without treatment. In the younger sister with the classical phenotype, feeding difficulties with recurrent gastro-oesophageal reflux prompted us to treat her temporarily with high-dose serine (1400 mg/kg/day). An arrest of head growth then occurred but could be reversed by reducing the serine supply. In both children serine therapy was associated with decreased concentrations of methionine, isoleucine, and ornithine in the cerebrospinal fluid, attributed to competitive inhibition of neutral amino acid transport across the blood-brain barrier. In contrast to reports in the literature, these findings demonstrate that congenital microcephaly, intractable seizures, and dysmyelinisation are not invariably present in patients with 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase deficiency. An adverse effect of high-dose serine therapy on head growth and on the transport of neutral amino acids across the blood-brain barrier should be considered and requires adjustment of treatment.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Accuracy Optimization for High Resolution Object-Based Change Detection: An Example Mapping Regional Urbanization with 1-m Aerial Imagery. The utility of land-cover change data is often derived from the intersection with other information, such as riparian buffers zones or other areas of conservation concern. In order to avoid error propagation, we wanted to optimize our change maps to have very low error rates. Our accuracy optimization methods doubled the number of total change locations mapped, and also increased the area of development related mapped change by 93%. The ratio of mapped to estimated change was increased from 76.3% to 86.6%. To achieve this, we used object-based change detection to assign a probability of change for each landscape unit derived from two dates of 1 m US National Agriculture Imagery Program data. We developed a rapid assessment tool to reduce analyst review time such that thousands of locations can be reviewed per day. We reviewed all change locations with probabilities above a series of thresholds to assess commission errors and the relative cost of decreasing acceptance thresholds. The resultant change maps had only change locations verified to be changed, thus eliminating commission error. This tool facilitated efficient development of large training sets in addition to greatly reducing the effort required to manually verify all predicted change locations. The efficiency gain allowed us to review locations with less than a 50% probability of change without inflating commission errors and, thus, increased our change detection rates while eliminating both commission errors and locations that would have been omission errors among the reviewed lower probability change locations.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 38, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Analytical and experimental analysis of axial force generated by a drive shaft system. The drive shaft system with a tripod joint is known to cause lateral vibration in a vehicle due to the axial force generated by various contact pairs of the tripod joint. The magnitude of the generated axial force, however, is related to various operating factors of the drive shaft system in a complex manner. The generated axial force due to a drive shaft system with a tripod joint and a ball joint was experimentally characterized considering ranges of operational factors, namely, the input toque, the shaft rotational speed, the articulation angle, and the friction. The data were analyzed to establish an understanding of the operational factors on the generated axial force. Owing to the observed significant effects of all the factors, a multibody dynamic model of the drive shaft system was formulated for predicting generated axial force under different operating conditions. The model integrated the roller-track contact model and the velocity-based friction model. Based on a quasi-static finite element model, a new methodology was proposed for identifying the roller-track contact model parameters, namely, the contact stiffness and force index. To further enhance the calculation accuracy of the multibody dynamic model, a new methodology for identifying the friction model parameters and the force index was proposed by using the measured data. The validity of the model was demonstrated by comparing the model-predicted and measured magnitudes of generated axial force for the ranges of operating factors considered. The results showed that the generated axial force of the drive shaft system can be calculated more accurately and effectively by using the identified friction and contact parameters in the paper.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Antibacterial activity of coffee extracts and selected coffee chemical compounds against enterobacteria. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of commercial coffee extracts and chemical compounds was investigated on nine strains of enterobacteria. The antimicrobial activity investigated by the disc diffusion method was observed in both the extracts and tested chemical compounds. Even though pH, color, and the contents of trigonelline, caffeine, and chlorogenic acids differed significantly among the coffee extracts, no significant differences were observed in their antimicrobial activity. Caffeic acid and trigonelline showed similar inhibitory effect against the growth of the microorganisms. Caffeine, chlorogenic acid, and protocatechuic acid showed particularly strong effect against Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter cloacae. The IC50 and IC90 for the compounds determined by the microtiter plate method indicated that trigonelline, caffeine, and protocatechuic acids are potential natural antimicrobial agents against Salmonella enterica. The concentrations of caffeine found in coffee extracts are enough to warrant 50% of the antimicrobial effect against S. enterica, which is relevant to human safety.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 36, 8]}
+{"token": "Retrieval of Evapotranspiration from Sentinel-2: Comparison of Vegetation Indices, Semi-Empirical Models and SNAP Biophysical Processor Approach. Remote sensing evapotranspiration estimation over agricultural areas is increasingly used for irrigation management during the crop growing cycle. Different methodologies based on remote sensing have emerged for the leaf area index (LAI) and the canopy chlorophyll content (CCC) estimation, essential biophysical parameters for crop evapotranspiration monitoring. Using Sentinel-2 (S2) spectral information, this study performed a comparative analysis of empirical (vegetation indices), semi-empirical (CLAIR model with fixed and calibrated extinction coefficient) and artificial neural network S2 products derived from the Sentinel Application Platform Software (SNAP) biophysical processor (ANN S2 products) approaches for the estimation of LAI and CCC. Four independent in situ collected datasets of LAI and CCC, obtained with standard instruments (LAI-2000, SPAD) and a smartphone application (PocketLAI), were used. The ANN S2 products present good statistics for LAI (R-2 > 0.70, root mean square error (RMSE) < 0.86) and CCC (R-2 > 0.75, RMSE < 0.68 g/m(2)) retrievals. The normalized Sentinel-2 LAI index (SeLI) is the index that presents good statistics in each dataset (R-2 > 0.71, RMSE < 0.78) and for the CCC, the ratio red-edge chlorophyll index (CIred-edge) (R-2 > 0.67, RMSE < 0.62 g/m(2)). Both indices use bands located in the red-edge zone, highlighting the importance of this region. The LAI CLAIR model with a fixed extinction coefficient value produces a R-2 > 0.63 and a RMSE < 1.47 and calibrating this coefficient for each study area only improves the statistics in two areas (RMSE approximate to 0.70). Finally, this study analyzed the influence of the LAI parameter estimated with the different methodologies in the calculation of crop potential evapotranspiration (ETc) with the adapted Penman-Monteith (FAO-56 PM), using a multi-temporal dataset. The results were compared with ETc estimated as the product of the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and on the crop coefficient (K-c) derived from FAO table values. In the absence of independent reference ET data, the estimated ETc with the LAI in situ values were considered as the proxy of the ground-truth. ETc estimated with the ANN S2 LAI product is the closest to the ETc values calculated with the LAI in situ (R-2 > 0.90, RMSE < 0.41 mm/d). Our findings indicate the good validation of ANN S2 LAI and CCC products and their further suitability for the implementation in evapotranspiration retrieval of agricultural areas.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "MIDP: Liquefaction Mitigation via Microbial Denitrification as a Two-Stage Process. II: MICP. This paper focuses on the potential for microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) via dissimilatory reduction of nitrogen, or denitrification, to mitigate the potential for earthquake-induced soil liquefaction. Denitrification has the potential to provide mitigation of earthquake-induced soil liquefaction as a two-stage process referred to by the authors as microbially induced desaturation and precipitation (MIDP). In MIDP, desaturation provides mitigation in Stage 1 and MICP provides mitigation in Stage 2. Denitrifying bacteria, when stimulated, have the ability to rapidly desaturate a saturated soil via gas production, thereby significantly increasing the cyclic resistance of the soil. However, because this desaturated condition may not last indefinitely, desaturation is only relied upon to provide temporary mitigation in MIDP. In Stage 2 of MIDP, interparticle cementation, void filling, and particle roughening as a result of MICP significantly improve the strength, stiffness, dilatant behavior, and cyclic strength of the soil, thereby providing long-term liquefaction mitigation (i.e., after denitrification has ceased). This paper describes the use of MICP via denitrification for the long-term mitigation of earthquake-induced liquefaction. Desaturation via denitrification for the short-term mitigation of liquefaction potential is presented in a companion paper. (C) 2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 38]}
+{"token": "Interdisciplinary Women's Health Research and Career Development. Since the 1970s, many leaders in biomedical research have warned about a looming national shortage of new physician investigators but evidence, especially for Women's Health, has been largely indirect or anecdotal. This chapter discusses the number of junior physician investigators, in either patient-oriented or basic science research, who are present in departments and who are needed to maintain a research mission.", "label": [2, 3, 29, 30, 24]}
+{"token": "Communicating with assistive listening devices and age-related hearing loss: Perceptions of older Australians. Age-related hearing loss can impact adversely on the delivery of primary care and cannot necessarily be remedied by hearing aid technology. A study of 20 older Australians living in a Queensland retirement village and residential hostel complex was undertaken to investigate how communication might be advanced through an assistive listening device (ALD). Most participants were women aged over 85 years; almost all had hearing loss and wore hearing aids. Tests with an ALD found very high levels of satisfaction with understanding speech and sound quality amongst participants. However, few had heard previously of ALDs, all required individualised assistance to fit and use the device and rated ease of use less highly. The findings affirm those of previous studies that ALD technology has a role in communication for older hearing impaired people and for hearing rehabilitation. Its potential to enhance quality of life can be facilitated and promoted through nursing practice, but requires professional and consumer education so that it is not overlooked as a communication option.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Nietzsche's Early Ethical Idealism. Many recent scholars have interpreted Nietzsche as an ethical naturalist in the long tradition of Aristotle. This article challenges that interpretation by arguing that the early period Nietzsche is an ethical idealist in the tradition of Kant. I focus on the early period writings, since Nietzsche is clearest in them about the neo-Kantian influences on his thought, the meaninglessness of natural existence, his distinction between the ideal of humanity and the enslavement to our animality, and the ethical need for redemption to live a good life.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Prediction of heavy metal content in multivariate chaotic time series based on LSTM. Accurate mid-short term predictions of heavy metal content in the watershed is of practical significance as people pay more attention to the surrounding living environment. Traditional long-term short-term memory (LSTM) time series prediction models can only rely on existing data, but heavy metal content is affected by many factors. Therefore, the authors constructed multi-chaotic phase space by combining the heavy metal content of Daxia River Basin with temperature, daily runoff, and pH, presenting the complex realistic environment of heavy metal content in the Daxia River Basin. Subsequently, we optimized the input data of the LSTM prediction model and achieved more accurate mid-short-term prediction. The experiment results show that compared with the Volterra series one-step prediction and radial basis function neural network prediction, the LSTM model RMSE of phase space optimization is 0.0927, and MAE is 0.2102, which are superior to the other two prediction models. Therefore, this model has a better prediction effect on more complex system predictions.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 39]}
+{"token": "C. elegans Germ Cells Show Temperature and Age-Dependent Expression of Cer1, a Gypsy/Ty3-Related Retrotransposon. Virus-like particles (VLPs) have not been observed in Caenorhabditis germ cells, although nematode genomes contain low numbers of retrotransposon and retroviral sequences. We used electron microscopy to search for VLPs in various wild strains of Caenorhabditis, and observed very rare candidate VLPs in some strains, including the standard laboratory strain of C. elegans, N2. We identified the N2 VLPs as capsids produced by Cer1, a retrotransposon in the Gypsy/Ty3 family of retroviruses/retrotransposons. Cer1 expression is age and temperature dependent, with abundant expression at 15 degrees C and no detectable expression at 25 degrees C, explaining how VLPs escaped detection in previous studies. Similar age and temperature-dependent expression of Cer1 retrotransposons was observed for several other wild strains, indicating that these properties are common, if not integral, features of this retroelement. Retrotransposons, in contrast to DNA transposons, have a cytoplasmic stage in replication, and those that infect non-dividing cells must pass their genomic material through nuclear pores. In most C. elegans germ cells, nuclear pores are largely covered by germline-specific organelles called P granules. Our results suggest that Cer1 capsids target meiotic germ cells exiting pachytene, when free nuclear pores are added to the nuclear envelope and existing P granules begin to be removed. In pachytene germ cells, Cer1 capsids concentrate away from nuclei on a subset of microtubules that are exceptionally resistant to microtubule inhibitors; the capsids can aggregate these stable microtubules in older adults, which exhibit a temperature-dependent decrease in egg viability. When germ cells exit pachytene, the stable microtubules disappear and capsids redistribute close to nuclei that have P granule-free nuclear pores. This redistribution is microtubule dependent, suggesting that capsids that are released from stable microtubules transfer onto new, dynamic microtubules to track toward nuclei. These studies introduce C. elegans as a model to study the interplay between retroelements and germ cell biology.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 43, 21]}
+{"token": "A pragmatic approach to study the groundwater quality suitability for domestic and agricultural usage, Saq aquifer, northwest of Saudi Arabia. The present study deals with detailed hydrochemical assessment of groundwater within the Saq aquifer. The Saq aquifer which extends through the NW part of Saudi Arabia is one of the major sources of groundwater supply. Groundwater samples were collected from about 295 groundwater wells and analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters such as electrical conductivity (EC), pH, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, CO3 (-), HCO3 (-), Cl-, SO4 (2-), and NO3 (-). Groundwater in the area is slightly alkaline and hard in nature. Electrical conductivity (EC) varies between 284 and 9,902 mu S/cm with an average value of 1,599.4 mu S/cm. The groundwater is highly mineralized with approximately 30 % of the samples having major ion concentrations above the WHO permissible limits. The NO3 (-) concentration varies between 0.4 and 318.2 mg/l. The depth distribution of NO3 (-) concentration shows higher concentration at shallow depths with a gradual decrease at deeper depths. As far as drinking water quality criteria are concerned, study shows that about 33 % of samples are unfit for use. A detailed assessment of groundwater quality in relation to agriculture use reveals that 21 % samples are unsuitable for irrigation. Using Piper's classification, groundwater was classified into five different groups. Majority of the samples show Mix-Cl-SO4- and Na-Cl-types water. The abundances of Ca2+ and Mg2+ over alkalis infer mixed type of groundwater facies and reverse exchange reactions. The groundwater has acquired unique chemical characteristics through prolonged rock-water interactions, percolation of irrigation return water, and reactions at vadose zone.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "A review of the Australian genera of the planthopper family Issidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) with description of an unusual new species of Chlamydopteryx Kirkaldy. A new species of the planthopper family Issidae, with a feature which appears to mimic small salticid spiders, is described as Chlamydopteryx mammoides sp. nov., from Queensland, Australia. Phaeopteryx Kirkaldy, 1907 is placed in synonymy under Chlamydopteryx Kirkaldy, 1907, creating the new combination Chlamydopteryx sidnicus (Kirkaldy). Tetrica scapularis Jacobi, 1928 is transferred to the genus Orinda Kirkaldy as Orinda scapularis comb. nov. and Orinda bimaculifrons Jacobi, 1928 to the genus Chlamydopteryx as Chlamydopteryx bimaculifrons comb. nov. Some new records for Australian Issidae are given. A key to the described Australian issid genera is given, along with a checklist of described species.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Characterising vaping products in the United Kingdom: an analysis of Tobacco Products Directive notification data. Aims To analyse content and emission data submitted by manufacturers for nicotine-containing vaping products in the United Kingdom (UK) in accordance with the European Union Tobacco Products Directive.Cases A total of 40 785 e-liquid containing products.Setting United KingdomMeasurements The average number of ingredients per product, nicotine concentrations, frequency of occurrence ingredients and frequency and levels of chemical emissions.Conclusions An analysis of reports to the United Kingdom's Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency by manufacturers of vaping products shows that (i) these products have a large range of ingredients and emissions, (ii) the reporting system is unstandardized in terms of reporting requirements, and (iii) for quantified emissions, median levels are for the most part below published safe limits for ambient air.Design Analysis of ingredient and emission data reported for all e-liquid-containing e-cigarettes, cartridges or refill containers notified to the Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Agency (MHRA) from November 2016 to October 2017.Findings Reports were not standardised in relation to units of measurement or constituent nomenclature. Products listed an average of 17 ingredients and 3.3% were reported not to contain nicotine. A total of 59% of products contained <12 mg nicotine per mL, and <1% were reported to have nicotine concentrations above the legal limit of 20 mg/mL. Over 1500 ingredients were reported, and other than nicotine the most commonly reported non-flavour ingredients were propylene glycol (97% of products) and glycerol (71%). The most common flavour ingredients were ethyl butyrate (42%), vanillin (35%) and ethyl maltol (33%). The most frequently reported chemical emissions were nicotine (65%), formaldehyde (48%) and acetaldehyde (40%). The reporting of the concentration of emissions was not standardised; emissions were reported in a format allowing analysis of median estimated concentration for between 13% and 100% of products for each reported emission. Most of the frequently reported emissions, other than nicotine, were present in median estimated concentrations below 1 mu g/L of inspired air, and with the exception of nicotine, acrolein and diacetyl, at median levels below European Chemicals Agency Long Term Exposure and United States (US) Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) limits, where these were available.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
+{"token": "THE SERVANT KING OF THE NATION: THE IMAGE OF DOM PEDRO II IN THE WORK OF PEDRO CALMON. This article intends to analyze the building of the image of the Brazilian imperator D. Pedro II in the work of Pedro Calmon, using as major source the book A vida de D. Pedro II, o rei filosofo, originally published at 1938. Initially, we pursue the epistemological conceptions of Calmon, through his own works and in his commentators. Analyzing the written biography, we found the idealization of the governor, an enlightened monarch in the tropics that ruled his beloved nation by following liberal and humanist values. This image suffered slight changes and remains until today in sectors of the Brazilian historiography, mythicizing the Second Reign as a period of peace and prosperity, which D. Pedro II was the principal responsible.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Stanley Cavell and the Everyday of Thinking. In the summer of 2019, the Cavell family, acting as literary executors of Stanley Cavell's estate, designated Eric Ritter to organize and catalogue the masses of books and documents and papers with which Cavell had filled his study. In the process, Ritter found a surprising amount of unpublished work and presents some of it here for the first time. Building on the archival work as well as on recent scholarship, this article presents Cavell's conception of philosophy as the public expression of moral perfectionist practice, for which writing is catalyst, medium, and result. The article then enumerates some consequences that follow from this conception, especially a certain relation of philosophy to the arts and to a notion of philosophical pluralism. It also suggests that key themes in Cavell's work already converse implicitly with ongoing debates about \\\\'American Philosophy\\\\' and have great potential to do so more explicitly.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Incidence of, and risk factors for, nosocomial infections among hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients, with impact on procedure-related mortality. SETTING: A teaching hospital.CONCLUSIONS: The study identified several factors associated with increased risk of BSIs among HSCT patients. Because BSIs are life-threatening complications for HSCT recipients, preventive measures aimed at reducing the incidence of these infections among patients given HSCT should be adopted (Infect Control HosP Epidemiol 2001;22:510-517).DESIGN: A two-year prospective observational study in two HSCT units.PATIENTS: All patients admitted to the HSCT units between February 1997 and March 1999.OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of, and risk factors for, nosocomial infections (NIs) occurring among hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients during hospitalization and to evaluate the impact of these NIs on patient outcome.METHODS: After admission to the HSCT units, the patients were followed prospectively on a daily basis to collect all pertinent variables for the development of NIs.RESULTS: 49 NIs were identified in 34 of the 143 patients screened. The incidence of NIs and infected patients was 34.2% and 23.7%, respectively. The incidence density of NI was 8.96 per 1,000 patient-days. The most frequent NIs were bloodstream infections ([BSIs], 42.8%) and respiratory tract infections (28.6%). Other sites involved were as follows: eye (8.2%), urinary tract (6.1%), gastrointestinal tract (6.1%), skin (4.1%), ear (2%), and central venous catheter ([CVC], 2%). Because of the predominance and clinical relevance of BSIs, we examined both intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors associated with these infections. Independent risk factors for BSIs were allograft from matched unrelated or partially matched family donor, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis without methotrexate (MTX), type of CVC, and duration of total parenteral nutrition. Four variables were independently associated with mortality occurring during hospitalization: culture-proven BSIs, advanced disease phase at transplant, type of transplant, and absence of MTX for GVHD prophylaxis.", "label": [2, 25, 24]}
+{"token": "High performance sintering NiCuZn ferrites absorber sheet for HF application. By using a new and simple blade casting method, a lighter, thinner and higher absorption property sintering NiCuZn ferrite electromagnetic wave absorber sheet was first demonstrated. The electromagnetic wave absorption ability was enhanced by sintered NiCuZn ferrite absorbent. The experiment results reveal that NiCuZn ferrite with thickness 0.1 mm absorber sheet achieves its maximum reflection loss value above 0.5 dB at 13.46 MHz. Meanwhile, the absorption bandwidth is larger than 1 MHz is profitable for wideband electromagnetic wave absorbing. The absorption properties could be controlled by the variation of Nickel content in the spinel lattice and the sintering temperature of NiCuZn ferrites. More homogenous microstructure of SEM micrograph and better crystalline XRD pattern may be responsible for the best absorption ability at 1,150 A degrees C sintering temperature. The absorption properties were also successfully analyzed in this work, which took into account both the frequency at the reflection loss minimum (f (r)) shift correlated with the value of inductance (L) and impedance (Z) of sintered toroidal cores and the power reflection loss (I\\\\') depending on epsilon aEuro(3), mu aEuro(3), and , where epsilon and mu are complex relative dielectric permittivity and permeability, respectively, for the attenuation material. The sintering NiCuZn ferrites could merit to be potential candidates as electromagnetic attenuation materials to meet the demands for miniaturization, broader relative bandwidths at HF (3-30 MHz) and beneficial for fabrication of radio frequency identification metal tag.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "The Hedonic Method in Evaluating Apartment Price: A Case of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The study examines factors affecting apartment prices in the real estate market of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The study uses primary data based on surveys of customers who have traded successfully, and collects transaction data from real estate trading companies that are the top investors in Ho Chi Minh City real estate market. The collected data include 384 observations in a total of 24 districts, detailing that each district surveyed on a minimum of four projects, each project carried out a survey on a minimum of four apartments. The survey collected 339 valid questionnaires for analysis and model testing. This study employs multivariate regression with the data of 339 observations. The research results reveal that five significant factors affect positively the price of apartments in Ho Chi Minh City - apartment area, toilet and bedroom, apartment floor, reference price, and apartment interior. Besides, there are three significant factors affecting negatively the price of apartments - next price trend, distance to city center, and potential building. From the results, the research proposes solutions in the pricing of apartments in the real estate market in Ho Chi Minh City - better information system, a real estate transaction index, and stricter management of small brokerage activities.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Intergenerational warfare: The senate decentralizes appropriations. Most accounts portray the 1890-1910 period of congressional history as an exemplary instance of highly centralized party government. However, we contend that this interpretation obscures other important forces driving institutional development during this time. In 1899, the Senate approved a rule change dispersing jurisdiction over appropriations bills. This change added a significant centrifugal element to the Senate committee system. Taking advantage of new evidence, in particular a petition circulated by supporters of the reform, we assess competing explanations for the appropriations decentralization. We find that junior senators' demands for increased access to power played an important role in this change. By contrast, partisan considerations played an insignificant role. The 1899 reform indicates the relevance of a causal variable that scholars have typically ignored: \\\\'intergenerational warfare\\\\' among members of Congress who differ in seniority level. Sectional differences were another key motivation for decentralization. This change, therefore, not only forces a reevaluation of the depiction of the turn-of-the-century Senate as a highly centralized institution, but also suggests the multiple kinds of coalitions that drive congressional development.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Automatic seizure detection using three-dimensional CNN based on multi-channel EEG. BackgroundAutomated seizure detection from clinical EEG data can reduce the diagnosis time and facilitate targeting treatment for epileptic patients. However, current detection approaches mainly rely on limited features manually designed by domain experts, which are inflexible for the detection of a variety of patterns in a large amount of patients' EEG data. Moreover, conventional machine learning algorithms for seizure detection cannot accommodate multi-channel Electroencephalogram (EEG) data effectively, which contains both temporal and spatial information. Recently, deep learning technology has been widely applied to perform image processing tasks, which could learns useful features from data and process multi-channel data automatically. To provide an effective system for automatic seizure detection, we proposed a new three-dimensional (3D) convolutional neural network (CNN) structure, whose inputs are multi-channel EEG signals.MethodsEEG data of 13 patients were collected from one center hospital, which has already been inspected by experts. To represent EEG data in CNN, firstly time series of each channel of EEG data was converted into the two-dimensional image. Then all channel images were combined into 3D images according to the mutual correlation intensity between different electrodes. Finally, a CNN was constructed using 3D kernels to predict different stages of EEG data, including inter-ictal, pre-ictal, and ictal stages. The system performance was evaluated and compared with the traditional feature-based classifier and the two-dimensional (2D) deep learning method.ResultsIt demonstrated that multi-channel EEG data could provide more information for increasing the specificity and sensitivity in cpmparison result between the single and multi-channel. And the 3D CNN based on multi-channel outperformed the 2D CNN and traditional signal processing methods with an accuracy of more than 90%, an sensitivity of 88.90% and an specificity of 93.78%.ConclusionsThis is the first effort to apply 3D CNN in detecting seizures from EEG. It provides a new way of learning patterns simultaneously from multi-channel EEG signals, and demonstrates that deep neural networks in combination with 3D kernels can establish an effective system for seizure detection.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Reprint of: Electron probe microanalysis: A review of recent developments and applications in materials science and engineering*. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) is a microanalytical technique widely used for the characterization of materials. Since its development in the 1950s, different instrumental and analytical developments have been made with the aim of improving the capabilities of the technique. EPMA has utilized crystal diffractors with gas detectors (wavelength-dispersive spectrometers, WDS) and/or solid-state detectors (energy-dispersive spectrometers, EDS) to measure characteristic X-rays produced by an electron beam. In this review, we give an overview of the most significant methodological developments of EPMA that have occurred in the last three decades, including the incorporation of large area diffractors, field emission guns, high-spectral resolution X-ray grating spectrometers, silicon drift detectors, as well as more powerful Monte Carlo simulations, which have opened a wide range of new possibilities for the characterization of materials using EPMA. The capabilities of the technique are illustrated by a selection of representative applications of EPMA to materials science and engineering, chosen to show the current merits and limitations of the technique. Given the lack of coverage in previous reviews of the excellent capabilities of EPMA for measurements of thin films and coatings, that topic is covered in detail. We finally provide ideas for new research opportunities using EPMA.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "A computer aided educational tool for design, modeling, and performance analysis of Brushless DC motor in post graduate degree courses. The design of electrical machines is gaining more popularity in the last years especially in electrical engineering courses. However, commonly-used teaching techniques seem to limit students' understanding and prevent the attainment of the learning objectives. The competence of this subject can be significantly improved when a practical approach based on the use of computer-aided educational tools is followed. Thus, this paper proposes an effective and user-friendly educational tool, which has been developed and successfully implemented in post-graduate courses in order to facilitate the conception of brushless direct current (BLDC) machines design aspect. At first, a step-by-step design procedure is analytically described and then the main tool's characteristics and capabilities are also presented. Finally, its impact assessment has been conducted and the derived results revealed that its application could be extended to the design of various types of electrical motors and generators.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 53, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Heliobacterial Rieske/cytb complex. Data on structure and function of the Rieske/cytb complex from Heliobacteria are scarce. They indicate that the complex is related to the b (6) f complex in agreement with the phylogenetic position of the organism. It is composed of a diheme cytochrome c, and a Rieske iron-sulfur protein, together with transmembrane cytochrome b (6) and subunit IV. Additional small subunits may be part of the complex. The cofactor content comprises heme c (i), first discovered in the Q(i) binding pocket of b (6) f complexes. The redox midpoint potentials are more negative than in b (6) f complex in agreement with the lower redox midpoint potentials (by about 150 mV) of its reaction partners, menaquinone, and cytochrome c (553). The enzyme is implicated in cyclic electron transfer around the RCI. Functional studies are favored by the absence of antennae and the simple photosynthetic reaction chain but are hampered by the high oxygen sensitivity of the organism, its chlorophyll, and lipids.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Virions of Heliothis armigera entomopoxvirus contain a homologue of the vaccinia VP8 major core protein. An antigenic 30 K virion protein of Heliothis armigera entomopoxvirus (HaEPV) has been identified as a homologue of the chordopoxvirus (ChPV) VP8 major virion core protein. Like its homologue in vaccinia virus, the mature HaEPV 30 K protein is derived by post-translational cleavage of a precursor at a conserved AGA motif. The HaEPV 30 K protein is the first EPV structural virion protein to be described, and elucidation of its characteristics provides evidence for the assumption that morphological similarities observed between virions of the sub-families Entomopoxvirinae and Chordopoxvirinae by microscopy reflect corresponding similarities at a molecular level. Sequencing of the HaEPV genome adjacent to the 30 K locus identified an ORF encoding a homologue of the regulatory sub-unit of the ChPV poly(A) polymerase enzyme; the conceptual product of this ORF showed 25-31% aa sequence identity to those of various ChPVs. The presence of this gene in the HaEPV genome supports the hypothesis that there is a substantial correspondence in basic metabolic processes of members of the two poxvirus sub-families, despite their utilization of divergent host groups. In contrast, the relative positions of the 30 K and poly(A) polymerase loci in the HaEPV genome provide further evidence of substantial genomic re-arrangement subsequent to divergence of these viral taxa.", "label": [2, 20, 21]}
+{"token": "A pure likelihood approach to the analysis of genetic association data: an alternative to Bayesian and frequentist analysis. European Journal of Human Genetics (2010) 18, 933-941; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.47; published online 28 April 2010Investigators performing genetic association studies grapple with how to measure strength of association evidence, choose sample size, and adjust for multiple testing. We apply the evidential paradigm (EP) to genetic association studies, highlighting its strengths. The EP uses likelihood ratios (LRs), as opposed to P-values or Bayes' factors, to measure strength of association evidence. We derive EP methodology to estimate sample size, adjust for multiple testing, and provide informative graphics for drawing inferences, as illustrated with a Rolandic Epilepsy (RE) fine-mapping study. We focus on controlling the probability of observing weak evidence for or against association (W) rather than type I errors (M). For example, for LR >= 32 representing strong evidence, at one locus with n=200 cases, n=200 controls, W=0.134, whereas M=0.005. For n=300 cases and controls, W=0.039 and M=0.004. These calculations are based on detecting an OR=1.5. Despite the common misconception, one is not tied to this planning value for analysis; rather one calculates the likelihood at all possible values to assess evidence for association. We provide methodology to adjust for multiple tests across m loci, which adjusts M and W for m. We do so for (a) single-stage designs, (b) two-stage designs, and (c) simultaneously controlling family-wise error rate (FWER) and W. Method (c) chooses larger sample sizes than (a) or (b), whereas (b) has smaller bounds on the FWER than (a). The EP, using our innovative graphical display, identifies important SNPs in elongator protein complex 4 (ELP4) associated with RE that may not have been identified using standard approaches.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "Adaptive digital feedback predistortion technique for linearizing power amplifiers. We have developed a new adaptive digital predistortion (DPD) linearization technique based on analog feedback predistortion (FBPD). The lookup-table-based feedback input can remove the bandwidth limitation of the feedback circuit related to the loop delay, and suppress feedback oscillation by accurate digital control of the feedback signal. Moreover, the predistortion (PD) signal can be extracted very efficiently. By combining the feedback linearization and DPD linearization techniques, the performance of the predistorter is enhanced significantly compared to the conventional DPD. To clearly visualize the characteristics of digital FBPD (DFBPD), we have compared it to the conventional DPD based on the recursive least square algorithm using MATLAB simulation. The results clearly show that the new method is a good linearization algorithm, better than a conventional DPD. For the demonstration, a Doherty power amplifier with 180-W peak envelope power is linearized using the proposed DFBPD. For a 2.14-GHz forward-link wideband code-division multiple-access signal, the adjacent channel leakage ratio at 2.5-MHz offset is -58 dBc, which is improved by 15 dB at an average output power of 43 dBm.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Hong Kong Literature: Colonialism, Cosmopolitanism, Consumption. This essay examines selected works from Hong Kong Chinese literature that exemplify the city's complex negotiations with its historical experience as a once British colony; its fraught position within China, and its present status as a global cosmopolis. It explores how writers contemplate Hong Kong's identity at various interstices-English/Chinese; Hong Kong/China; local/global-through their literary discourse. Reading the works of Wong Bik-wan, Leung Ping-kwan, Xi Xi, Hon Lai-chu, Chan Koon-chung, and Lee Bik-wa, the essay argues that the transnational, or worldly, dimension of Hong Kong literature is performed through its continual engagement with its colonial past, its urban cosmopolitan culture, and the discourses and technologies of global literary consumption. By virtue of its interlingual formations, crosscultural influences, and transmedial circulation, Hong Kong writing has carved out its own niche in relation to both Chinese and world literatures.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Superelastic tension and bending characteristics of shape memory alloys. The objective of this study was to develop a numerical model of the superelastic behavior of shape memory alloys (SMA) on a macro-scale level. Results from a study on this behavior under tension and pure bending tests are presented and discussed. Two SMA samples were used in the experimental work and subjected to various loading paths in tension and pure bending: a single crystalline CuZnAl alloy and polycrystalline NiTi wire. Bending tests were performed under a pure bending loading condition on a new testing apparatus designed for the specific needs of this study.The experimental part of this study focused mainly on the response of the SMA to the loading paths in a quasi-plastic domain where the deformation mechanism is dominantly governed by the stress-induced martensitic transformation. Experimental results obtained from the NiTi polycrystals by tensile tests indicate that the superelastic SMA exhibits sufficient repeatability useful enough for a modeling task, while similar results obtained from the single crystalline CuZnAl indicate that the same modeling approach is not easily feasible. The facts have been qualitatively verified by the experimental data from pure bending tests, and a further area as study is suggested.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Allergic contact dermatitis due to phenylephrine hydrochloride, with an unusual patch test reaction. 2-day (2-D) closed patch tests are often used in daily clinical practice and useful for evaluating the cause of allergic contact dermatitis. However, even when 2-D closed patch tests at appropriate concentrations are performed for suspected allergic contact dermatitis based on clinical findings, positive reactions are not always obtained. Therefore, although the use of the allergen again induces similar symptoms, a definite diagnosis cannot be made in some cases. We report a case of allergic contact dermatitis due to phenylephrine hydrochloride in eyedrops, with an unusual patch test reaction. Although the results of the routine 2-D closed patch test were negative, a definite diagnosis could be made by closed scratch-patch test. In addition, long-lasting allergic patch test reactions were observed at the positive scratch-patch test site for about 3 months. We speculated that these unusual results on patch testing in our case were associated with the degree of percutaneous absorption of causative agents. Therefore, even when 2-D closed patch tests are negative, scratch-patch tests may be indicated for patients in whom clinical symptoms continue strongly to suggest contact dermatitis.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Sentinel European Node Trial (SENT): 3-year results of sentinel node biopsy in oral cancer. Purpose: Optimum management of the N0 neck is unresolved in oral cancer. Sentinel node biopsy (SNB) can reliably detect microscopic lymph node metastasis. The object of this study was to establish whether the technique was both reliable in staging the N0 neck and a safe oncological procedure in patients with early-stage oral squamous cell carcinoma.EORTC Protocol 24021: Sentinel Node Biopsy in the Management of Oral and Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd.Conclusion: These data show that SNB is a reliable and safe oncological technique for staging the clinically N0 neck in patients with T1 and T2 oral cancer.Results: An SN was found in 99.5% of cases. Positive SNs were found in 23% (94 in 415). A false-negative result occurred in 14% (15 in 109) of patients, of whom eight were subsequently rescued by salvage therapy. Recurrence after a positive SNB and subsequent neck dissection occurred in 22 patients, of which 16 (73%) were in the neck and just six patients were rescued. Only minor complications (3%) were reported following SNB. Disease-specific survival was 94%. The sensitivity of SNB was 86% and the negative predictive value 95%.Methods: An European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer-approved prospective, observational study commenced in 2005. Fourteen European centres recruited 415 patients with radiologically staged T1-T2N0 squamous cell carcinoma. SNB was undertaken with an average of 3.2 nodes removed per patient. Patients were excluded if the sentinel node (SN) could not be identified. A positive SN led to a neck dissection within 3 weeks. Analysis was performed at 3-year follow-up.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Effect of Sequential Learning Experiences on Searching Responses and Sex Ratio Allocations of the Gregarious Insect Parasitoid, Cotesia congregata (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). We investigated the effects of sequential adult learning experiences (postemergence + ovipositional) with two host foodplants (tomato and/or tobacco) on searching responses, clutch size, and sex ratio allocations of Cotesia congregata, a gregarious endoparasitoid of Manduca sexta. Sequential experiences with one host foodplant resulted in a stronger searching response to the plant experienced and a higher proportionate allocation of females to hosts offered with this plant. Sequential experiences with both plants resulted in similar searching responses to the two plants and similar proportionate allocations of females, irrespective of the order in which plants were experienced. Ovipositional experience resulted in a stronger searching response to the plant experienced but effects on sex ratio allocations were not definitive. Clutch size was not modified by experience. Results demonstrate that parasitic wasps can learn multiple host-associated plant cues and suggest that sequential learning experiences serve to define the effective host foodplant range.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Epidemiologic prediction of snake bites in tropical south Iran: Using seasonal time series methods. Methods: In the present retrospective cross-sectional study, 195 snake (Reptilia: Squamata: Viperidae; Echis carinatus sochureki) bite cases referred to 10 rural health centers, two health care stations and the Haji-Abad Central Hospital of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences (HUMS) were surveyed during 2012-2016. Seasonal time series models were applied to fit a linear model to describe and predict the monthly trend of snakebite cases.Background: Snakebite envenomation is a vital status necessitating immediate treatment following case detection. Many cases of snakebites are recorded every year due to the suitable climatic conditions for the existence and survival of snakes in south Iran.Results: Among these patients, males (70%, 136) from rural areas (79.5%, 155) were mostly recorded. The mean (+/- SD) age of victims was 33 (+/- 17.0) years old and the most common age group was 20-29 years (32%). Most snakebites took place outdoors (80%), on hands and legs (97%), and among unemployed people and farmers (61.0%). Snakebites often happened between midnight and 6 am (32%); also 51% of them occurred during summer. Most (70%) patients had pain at the bite sites. The location of being bitten (indoors or outdoors) had a significant difference with patient's sex (chi(2) = 7.764, P = 0.021).Conclusions: Time series analysis proposed a mixed seasonal autoregressive moving average, ARMA (1, 0) x (1, 1)(12) as the best process for the monthly trend of snakebite and to predict the incidence of snakebites. Local residents should be more cautious on snakebites during warm seasons.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Downlink traffic control for multiple classes of services in MC-CDMA cellular systems. We consider the problem of downlink traffic control in Multi-code Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) systems, which support multiple classes of services with diverse QoS requirements. Prior solutions proposed for this problem have largely focused on call admission control at the connection level while neglecting the stochastic behavior of mobile subscribers and channel conditions. We quantitatively demonstrate that these statistical factors, in particular log-normal shadowing in propagation and voice activity factors, have a significant impact on the connection-level performance. Furthermore, we show that conventional data services can be best handled at the packet level as background transmissions by taking advantage of these statistical variations, which leads to significantly better utilization of the scarce wireless spectrum.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Youth Unemployment After Apprenticeship Training and Individual, Occupation, and Training Employer Characteristics. This paper analyses the risk of unemployment, unemployment duration, and the risk of long-term unemployment immediately after apprenticeship graduation. Unemployed apprenticeship graduates constitute a large share of unemployed youth in Germany but unemployment incidence within this group is unequally distributed. Our paper extends previous research in three dimensions. It shows that (i) individual productivity assessment of the training firm, (ii) initial selection into high reputation training firms and occupations, and (iii) adverse selection of employer moving graduates are correlated with unemployment after apprenticeship graduation. The empirical evidence is obtained from the second longitudinal version of the linked employer-employee panel data from the JAB (LIAB). This large data set allows us to calculate the exact unemployment spell length of apprenticeship graduates. In addition, we can include individual, employer, occupation as well as industrial relation characteristics before and after apprenticeship graduation into our list of explanatory variables for unemployment risk. We show in several robustness checks that our results are remarkably stable when we vary the employees included in the sample, the definition of unemployment, and the list of explanatory variables.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
+{"token": "Epidemic Mortality of the Sponge Ircinia variabilis (Schmidt, 1862) Associated to Proliferation of a Vibrio Bacterium. In recent years, several episodes of mass mortality of sessile epibenthic invertebrates, including sponges, have been recorded worldwide. In the present study, we report a disease event on Ircinia variabilis recorded in September 2009 along the southern Adriatic and Ionian seas (Apulian coast), with the aim to quantify the mortality incidence on the sponge population, to investigate the effect of the disease on the sponge tissues and to assess whether the disease is associated with vibrios proliferation. The injured sponges showed wide necrotic areas on the surface or disruption of the body in several portions. Necrotic areas were whitish and often were covered with a thin mucous coat formed by bacteria. In the most affected specimens, sponge organisation resulted partial or complete loss, with the final exposure of the dense skeletal network of spongine fibres to the environment. The results of microbiological cultural analysis using in parallel Marine Agar 2216 and thiosulphate/citrate/bile salts/sucrose agar demonstrated that, in affected specimens, vibrios represented 15.8 % of the total I. variabilis surface culturable bacteria. Moreover, all the isolated vibrios, grown from the wide whitish areas that characterize the surface of the diseased sponges, were identified, and their assignment to the Vibrio rotiferianus was consistent with phylogenetic analysis and data of morphological, cultural and biochemical tests. Studies on V. rotiferianus have shown that its pathogenicity, with respect to various aquatic organisms, is higher than that of Vibrio harveyi. The factors triggering the disease outbreak in Ircinia variabilis populations remain unclear. At present, we can hypothesize the involvement in the disease of a synergetic mechanism that, under stressful physiological conditions (high temperature, elevated nutrients and reduced water flow), induces sponge pathogens, in our case V. rotiferanius, to become virulent, making sponges unable to control their proliferation. Additional studies are needed to understand the etiological processes as well as the factors involved in sponges recovering from this epidemic event allowing them to face mass mortality. A drastic reduction of sponge-specific representatives could have marked a negative impact on the environmental health on account of their role in the sea remediation processes as filter-feeding organisms.", "label": [4, 37, 45, 43]}
+{"token": "Prevalence, incidence and predictors of anal high-risk HPV infections and cytological abnormalities in HIV-infected individuals. Objectives: Our purpose was to investigate prevalence, incidence and risk factors of anal high risk-HPV infections and cytological abnormalities in HIV-positive individuals.Methods: A cohort of consecutively enrolled HIV-positive patients underwent, at baseline visit, a sexual behaviors questionnaire, anoscopy, HPV testing and cytological examination. Hybridization and multiplex-PCR were used for DNA detection and typing; HPV E6-E7 mRNA expression was analyzed in HR-HPV+ patients. Logistic regression was used to assess predictors of HR-HPV infection and anal dysplasia.Conclusions: The relevance of screening for anal dysplasia in HIV+ patients is emphasized, especially in those with detectable plasma HIV-RNA, anal HR-HPV infection or compromised immunological status. (C) 2014 The British Infection Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Results: 233 HIV-infected patients were enrolled (81% males, median age 44 years). HR-HPV was detected in 144 anal swabs and showed a positive association with CDC stage C and a negative association with a higher CD4 count and the use of a NNRTI-based antiretroviral regimen. HR-HPV DNA detection and anal warts at baseline were associated to cytological abnormalities; a detectable HIV-RNA independently predicted new onset anal dysplasia at follow-up (incidence 15.4 per 100 patients-year). Incidence of new HR-HPV infection was 44.2 per 100 patients-year.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "Shear-induced conformational changes and gelation of soy protein isolate suspensions. Effects of high shearing (5 x 10(4) s(-1)) on the conformational change and shear-induced gelation of soy protein isolate suspension and the physico-chemical properties of the resultant gels were studied. The turbidity, viscosity and hydrophobicity were parameters used to monitor the conformational changes of soy protein isolate. The penetration strength and matrix structure were used to characterize the gel properties. The results showed that the turbidity, viscosity and hydrophobicity of 20 g/L soy protein isolate suspension or its supernatant increased with increasing shear time. Gel formed as 170 g/L soy protein isolate suspension was sheared at 50 degrees C and then cooled, or formed directly when it was sheared at 60 degrees C without cooling. The penetration strength of sheared suspension increased with increasing shear rime. Scanning electron micrographs showed that a fibrous structure developed gradually from globular aggregates of soy protein isolate induced by shearing and elevated temperatures. (C) 1998 Academic Press Limited.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "LAND MARKET OF LAND PLOTS OF LAND SHARE OWNERS IN UKRAINE: STATE AND INSTITUTIONAL PROBLEMS. During the research, it has been highlighted that there are no two countries in the world where the legal regulation of land relations would be identical, and the following four typical models of platform interactions have been established: closed market model, open market model, with some minor restrictions for agricultural and natural real estate (lands); closed for foreigners; open with restrictions. It has been substantiated that there is a stereotype in Ukraine as regards the efficiency of large-scale agriculture, and has been highlighted that most European countries prefer family farms, by ownership, and try to maintain small/medium-sized farm size, rather than increase the influence of monopolistic companies with large-size land use. Also, the paper highlights the factor of land consumption, in the process of which it has been found that in European countries this indicator is much better as compared to that in Ukraine. The authors' correlation analysis revealed a close relationship between these factors and the average value of agricultural lands. SWOT analysis tools have been applied to study the institutionalization of the land market. In addition, the authors have analyzed the average value of land plots of the owners of land shares(units) after the lifting of the moratorium on the turnover of agricultural lands, which allowed to state a significant regional difference in the value of these lands. Where twelve regions of Ukraine have a lower market value of land plots compared to the lowest limit of normative monetary valuation of arable lands. Using the diagram, the authors have shown the lack of mutual coordination between the indicators of the normative monetary valuation of arable lands and the average value of sold land plots of the owners of land shares (units).", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Fluid flow and mass transfer modelling in lysozyme ultrafiltration. This work addresses the mass transfer modelling of ternary solutions, water/lysozyme/sodiurn chloride, in the slit feed channel of a ultrafiltration (UF) cell. Permeation experiments are performed using a laboratory-made UF cellulose acetate membrane, characterised by an hydraulic permeability of 2.05 x 10(-11) m/s/Pa and a molecular weight cut-off of 30 kDa. The simulation of the UF operating conditions with recourse to computer fluid dynamics allows the prediction of the selective permeation performance in terms of permeation fluxes and concentration polarization. The predictions of the permeation fluxes based on different mass transport assumptions are compared with experimental ones and a good agreement is obtained. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Rubber track systems for conventional tractors - Effects on soil compaction and traction. Traditionally, tractors have been built either for tracks or wheels, with tracks mainly on heavy tractors with high power. Today, it is possible to retrofit four separate track units on a conventional agricultural tractor, creating interesting possibilities for agriculture. The objective of the present study was to compare soil compaction and traction for tracks, single and dual wheels mounted on the same tractor type. Measurements were made on two clay soils (Eutric Cambisols) in Sweden in 2009, using an 85 kW tractor with a total weight of 7700 kg. The rubber track system consisted of four tracks mounted on the conventional wheel axles of the tractor. The measured stresses were similar for the tracks and dual wheels at all depths studied (15,30 and 50 cm), but were considerably higher for the single wheels at all depths. Simulations of soil stresses correlated closely to measured values for the tracks and the dual wheels, but underestimated soil stresses in the topsoil compared to measured values for the single wheel. Bulk density and penetration resistance were consistently highest and saturated hydraulic conductivity lowest after wheeling with single wheels, while there were no statistically significant differences between tracks and dual wheels. With single wheels and the tractor loaded, saturated hydraulic conductivity decreased to 0.01 m h(-1) from 0.13 m h(-1) in the control, while bulk density increased from 1.24 to 1.36 Mg m(-3). The stress distribution in the driving direction was relatively even along the front and rear tracks, which is an advantage compared with a long single track, which often has an uneven longitudinal stress distribution. Slip was significantly higher for the dual and single wheels compared with tracks. To utilise the large contact area of the tracks, the tractor should have a low weight in relation to the engine power. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Joining Forces: The Benefits and Challenges of Conducting Regulatory Research With a Policy Advocate. Community-engaged research (CEnR) is experiencing a resurgence as a way of informing community-level change and policymaking. Yet the rules and regulations that are crucial to policy implementation and success are relatively understudied through CEnR. This case study of CEnR on a Medicaid service definition for tenancy supports illustrates the benefits of engaging a policy advocate in regulatory research. These include the advocate's relationships with stakeholders; her knowledge of the regulatory domain, process, and context; and her visibility as a team member. The case also illustrates challenges to advocate-researcher collaboration, including time demands, differing goals, risks to advocate relationships, and the politicized nature of advocacy. The case depicts strategies that address these challenges, including advocate compensation time, early engagement, discussions of motivations and expectations, and proactive attention to the advocate's role.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
+{"token": "Serum progesterone concentration on day of embryo transfer in donor oocyte cycles. Serum P levels on the day of ET in fresh donor IVF/ICSI cycles were positively correlated with clinical pregnancy and live birth rates. An increase in P dose after ET was insufficient to rescue pregnancy rates. Overweight and obese recipients may require higher initial doses of P supplementation. Future research is needed to define optimal serum P at ET and the interventions to achieve this target.Mean recipient serum P at ET was 25.5 +/- 10.1 ng/mL. Recipients with P < 20 ng/mL at ET, despite P dose increases after ET, were less likely to achieve clinical pregnancy (RR = 0.75, 95 % CI = 0.60-0.94, p = 0.01) and live birth (RR = 0.77, 95 % CI = 0.60-0.98, p = 0.04), as compared to those with P a parts per thousand yenaEuro parts per thousand 20 ng/mL. P dose increases were more often required in overweight and obese recipients.Fresh donor cycles with day 3 ET from 10/2007 to 8/2012 were included (n = 229). Most cycles (93 %) were programmed with a gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist; oral, vaginal or transdermal estradiol was used for endometrial priming, and intramuscular P was used for luteal support (50-100 mg/day). Recipient P levels were measured at ET, and P dose was increased by 50-100 % if < 20 ng/mL per clinic practice. The main outcome measure was rate of live birth (> = 24 weeks gestational age). Generalized estimating equations were used to account for multiple cycles from the same recipient, adjusted a priori for recipient and donor age.To evaluate the association between serum progesterone (P) levels on the day of embryo transfer (ET) and pregnancy rates in fresh donor IVF/ICSI cycles.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "Socialising rural space in North Korea: settlement planning, housing, and service networks. During the period beginning with the Korean War ceasefire in 1953 until the end of the 1960s, the North Korean regime attempted to socialise the countryside, creating model villages to transform rural space. An analysis of the model villages and housing reveals that rural policy in North Korea passed through three major changes. First, the North Korean regime finished implementing land nationalisation and cooperativisation by 1958, which led to an enormous change in the rural landscape. Second, after a visit to Chongsan-Ri in 1960, Kim Il-Sung suggested a new model that mixed urban housing and service networks with rural living spaces. Finally, in 1964, Kim Il-Sung announced the Rural Theses, which emphasised the role of the 'county' (gun) in rural transformation, positioning the county seat as the model of urbanised countryside society. However, North Korea's continuous efforts to urbanise the countryside were frustrated by reality, except for certain model village cases. As a result, North Korea's actual rural living spaces stood in stark contrast to these ideal models.", "label": [1, 17]}
+{"token": "Team Coordination Dynamics. Team coordination consists of both the dynamics of team member interaction and the environmental dynamics to which a team is subjected. Focusing on dynamics, an approach is developed that contrasts with traditional aggregate-static concepts of team coordination as characterized by the shared mental model approach. A team coordination order parameter was developed to capture momentary fluctuations in coordination. Team coordination was observed in three-person uninhabited air vehicle teams across two experimental sessions. The dynamics of the order parameter were observed under changes of a team familiarity control parameter. Team members returned for the second session to either the same (Intact) or different (Mixed) team. \\\\'Roadblock\\\\' perturbations, or novel changes in the task environment, were introduced in order to probe the stability of team coordination. Nonlinear dynamic methods revealed differences that a traditional approach did not: Intact and Mixed team coordination dynamics looked very different; Mixed teams were more stable than Intact teams and explored the space of solutions without the need for correction. Stability was positively correlated with the number of roadblock perturbations that were overcome successfully. The novel and non-intuitive contribution of a dynamical analysis was that Mixed teams, who did not have a long history working together, were more adaptive. Team coordination dynamics carries new implications for traditional problems such as training adaptive teams.", "label": [5, 52, 55]}
+{"token": "Synthesis and structure determination of the new Sm2Ti2O5S2 compound. Sm2Ti2O5S2 was obtained in an attempt to prepare an oxysulfide of samarium and titanium in a way similar to the obtention of the quaternary Sm3NbO4Se3 compound. The structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The following crystal data were obtained: M-r = 540.6 g mol(-1), tetragonal symmetry with unit cell parameters a = 3.819(1) Angstrom, c = 22.964(5) Angstrom, space group I4/mmm (139). Refinement for 127 unique reflections with I > 3 sigma(1), and 11 variables, converged to the reliability factor R = 1.77 %. The structure can be described as a stacking, along the c-direction, of [Sm2S2] slabs of a rock-salt type (two-atom-thick-layers) separated by a 2D network of corner-sharing octahedra [= Ti2O5] of a ReO3 structure type. (C) Academie des sciences/Elsevier, Paris.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Male genitalia of neotropical Charaxinae: A comparative analysis of character variation. Charaxinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) has a worldwide distribution, although it occurs mainly between the tropics. Most species occur in the Neotropics, where three tribes, Preponini, Anaeomorphini, and Anaenini, can be found. Collectively, these three tribes encompass 109 species. Because of its relevance to systematics and taxonomy, the male genitalia of Lepidoptera have been extensively studied. The male genitalia are composed of the last two abdominal segments and their modifications for mating, known as claspers of the bodies. In order to improve upon the systematic classification of the subfamily, 31 species of 13 genera of Neotropical Charaxinae were analyzed. All characters relevant to species and generic taxonomy were analyzed. Most structures showed morphological variations among tribes, genera, and species. These variations demonstrated to be important to Preponini, because the structural patterns of the genitalia allow the separation in two groups, Prepona Boisduval and Archaeoprepona Fruhstorfer, and are in accord with the recent taxonomic classification proposed by Ortiz-Acevado and Willmott (2013), wherein Agrias Doubleday is synonymized in Prepona and Noreppa Rydon within Archaeoprepona. In the same way, Anaeomorpha splendida Rothschild showed considerable differences from Preponini's genera, the tribe in which it was included, confirming the revalidation of the tribe Anaeomorphini (Ortiz-Acevado and Willmott 2013). Substantial variation was found in the genital structures of Anaeini, making it difficult to establish structural patterns for this group. Such structural variation, however, may be very efficient to diagnose species, such as some species of Memphis Hubner and Fountainea Rydon, which can be easily identified through the presence and location of spines on the valva.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "The soluble hyaluronidase from bull testes is a fragment of the membrane-bound PH-20 enzyme. The membrane-bound PH-20 hyaluronidase is known to be essential for fertilization, Here we addressed the question whether the soluble hyaluronidase from bull teste is related to the PH-20 polypeptide, The sequence of the membrane-bound PH-20 hyaluronidase from bovine sperm was determined via cDNA cloning, In parallel, from a commercial preparation of bovine hyaluronidase the major 60-kDa form was purified to apparent homogeneity, The soluble enzyme was digested with two different proteases and with cyanogen bromide and the amino acid sequence of 44 different fragments was determined, All the peptide sequences could be aligned to the sequence deduced from the cloned cDNAs. Our results thus show that the soluble 60-kDa hyaluronidase from bovine testes is a glycoprotein derived from the sperm PH-20 enzyme, As compared to the primary translation product of the PH-20 mRNA, it lacks the signal peptide at the amino terminus and 56 amino acids at the carboxyl end, These results demonstrate that the soluble 60-kDa enzyme is a fragment of the PH-20 hyaluronidase, It is currently not known whether the soluble testes hyaluronidase has a distinct biological function, (C) 1997 Federation of European Biochemical Societies.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "The Jargon of Authenticity': Romanian Dubbing in the 1930s. It has been widely agreed that the debates around the concept of \\\\'authenticity\\\\' are among the most significant in the European cultural space(s) of the interwar period. This article aims to focus on the \\\\'Romanian case\\\\'; not necessarily on the \\\\'peaks\\\\' (i.e., the most influential texts, that have been quite often looked into by other critics), but rather on the \\\\'general picture\\\\' (i.e., the mass of discourses that overflood the interwar Romanian media). The connection to the European existentialism(s) will become self-evident, as well as the complexity of the concept, split between several levels: psychological. ethical, literary, and ontological. In the meantime, one will be able to examine the gradual semantic bleaching of the concept, to the point where it turns into an indistinguishable jibber-jabber, following the same route as described by Adorno in his seminal book The Jargon of Authenticity, dedicated to the German context.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Macavirus latency-associated protein evades immune detection through regulation of protein synthesis in cis depending upon its glycin/glutamate-rich domain. Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) is a.-herpesvirus (gamma-HV) belonging to the macavirus genus that persistently infects its natural host, the wildebeest, without inducing any clinical sign. However, cross-transmission to other ruminant species causes a deadly lymphoproli-ferative disease named malignant catarrhal fever (MCF). AlHV-1 ORF73 encodes the latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA)-homolog protein (aLANA). Recently, aLANA has been shown to be essential for viral persistence in vivo and induction of MCF, suggesting that aLANA shares key properties of other gamma-HV genome maintenance proteins. Here we have investigated the evasion of the immune response by aLANA. We found that a glycin/ glutamate (GE)-rich repeat domain was sufficient to inhibit in cis the presentation of an epitope linked to aLANA. Although antigen presentation in absence of GE was dependent upon proteasomal degradation of aLANA, a lack of GE did not affect protein turnover. However, protein self-synthesis de novo was downregulated by aLANA GE, a mechanism directly associated with reduced antigen presentation in vitro. Importantly, codon-modification of aLANA GE resulted in increased antigen presentation in vitro and enhanced induction of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell responses in vivo, indicating that mRNA constraints in GE rather than peptidic sequence are responsible for cis-limitation of antigen presentation. Nonetheless, GE-mediated limitation of antigen presentation in cis of aLANA was dispensable during MCF as rabbits developed the disease after virus infection irrespective of the expression of full-length or GE-deficient aLANA. Altogether, we provide evidence that inhibition in cis of protein synthesis through GE is likely involved in long-term immune evasion of AlHV-1 latent persistence in the wildebeest natural host, but dispensable in MCF pathogenesis.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 43, 21]}
+{"token": "Pilot Study of Robot-Assisted Teleultrasound Based on 5G Network: A New Feasible Strategy for Early Imaging Assessment During COVID-19 Pandemic. Early diagnosis is critical for the prevention and control of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We attempted to apply a protocol using teleultrasound, which is supported by the 5G network, to explore the feasibility of solving the problem of early imaging assessment of COVID-19. Four male patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 were hospitalized in isolation wards in two different cities. Ultrasound specialists, located in two other different cities, carried out the robot-assisted teleultrasound and remote consultation in order to settle the problem of early cardiopulmonary evaluation. Lung ultrasound, brief echocardiography, and blood volume assessment were performed. Whenever difficulties of remote manipulation and diagnosis occurred, the alternative examination was repeated by a specialist from another city, and in sequence, remote consultation was conducted immediately to meet the consensus. The ultrasound specialists successfully completed the telerobotic ultrasound. Lung ultrasound indicated signs of pneumonia with varying degrees in all cases and mild pleural effusion in one case. No abnormalities of cardiac structure and function and blood volume were detected. Remote consultation on the issue of manipulation practice, and the diagnosis in one case was conducted. The cardiopulmonary information was delivered to the frontline clinicians immediately for further treatment. The practice of teleultrasound protocol makes early diagnosis and repeated assessment available in the isolation ward. Ultrasound specialists can be protected from infection, and personal protective equipment can be spared. Quality control can be ensured by remote consultations among doctors. This protocol is worth consideration as a feasible strategy for early imaging assessment in the COVID-19 pandemic.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35]}
+{"token": "One hippopotamus and eight blind analysts: a multivocal analysis of the 2012 political crisis in the divided Republic of Mali. This is an exercise in contemporary history that aims to give a comprehensive background and analysis to the current (2012) political crisis in Mali, generated by the start of a new Tuareg nationalist uprising against the state, complemented by a coordinated attack on the state by both international (AQIM) and local Jihadi-Salafi movements, leading to a coup d'etat against the incumbent President Toure, and finallly a political stalemate of great concern to the international community. By pooling sources and analysis, a group of eight scholars tries to give a comprehensive overall picture.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "The evolution of an industry: US thrifts in the 1990s. This paper estimates multi-product cost functions for nearly 900 thrifts from 1990 to 1995. The results show the thrift industry benefited in the 1990s from a combination of reduced scale diseconomies, technical progress, and industry consolidation. The 1990 sample is characterized by substantial diseconomies of scale, which increased with thrift size, while the 1995 sample shows thrifts of all sizes operating with constant returns to scale. Sample selection is an important issue since there are fundamental differences between the thrifts that exited the industry during the 1990s and those that survived through the 1990s. If one examines all operating thrifts each year, for example, estimates of technical progress are biased upward, since large, inefficient thrifts regularly exited the industry in the 1990s. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48, 49]}
+{"token": "Iterated local search with partition crossover for computational protein design. Structure-based computational protein design (CPD) refers to the problem of finding a sequence of amino acids which folds into a specific desired protein structure, and possibly fulfills some targeted biochemical properties. Recent studies point out the particularly rugged CPD energy landscape, suggesting that local search optimization methods should be designed and tuned to easily escape local minima attraction basins. In this article, we analyze the performance and search dynamics of an iterated local search (ILS) algorithm enhanced with partition crossover. Our algorithm, PILS, quickly finds local minima and escapes their basins of attraction by solution perturbation. Additionally, the partition crossover operator exploits the structure of the residue interaction graph in order to efficiently mix solutions and find new unexplored basins. Our results on a benchmark of 30 proteins of various topology and size show that PILS consistently finds lower energy solutions compared to Rosetta fixbb and a classic ILS, and that the corresponding sequences are mostly closer to the native.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Milk-fat globule epidermal growth factor 8 (MFGE8) is expressed at the embryo- and fetal-maternal interface in equine pregnancy. Milk-fat globule epidermal growth factor (EGF) 8 protein (MFGE8), also known as lactadherin, promotes cell adhesion in an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-dependent modus via integrins. In the present study, the expression of MFGE8 was examined in equine endometrium during oestrus and at Days 12 and 16 after ovulation in pregnant and non-pregnant mares and in mares during the 5th month of gestation. Results demonstrated that MFGE8 is expressed at the embryo-and fetalmaternal interface in equine pregnancy. In non-pregnant endometrium its expression was upregulated by oestrogen, a finding that was confirmed using endometrial explant culture. MFGE8 was expressed at similar levels by conceptuses collected 13 and 14 days after ovulation and by allantochorion sampled during the 5th month of gestation. Pericytes of endometrial blood vessels displayed strong MFGE8 expression upon in situ hybridisation. During the 5th month of gestation, the fetal side of the allantochorionic villi in particular displayed pronounced staining upon in situ hybridisation, confirming that MFGE8 expression is not restricted to early pregnancy but persists and is present at the fetal-maternal interface. Potential roles of MFGE8 in equine pregnancy include mediating cell-cell adhesion, promotion of angiogenesis and placental transfer of fatty acids.", "label": [4, 42, 47]}
+{"token": "What About Nonprogrammatic Factors? Women's Perceptions of Staff and Resident Relationships in a Community Corrections Setting. This study examines how women perceive nonprogrammatic factors while residing at a community corrections facility. Qualitative interview data was used to understand how women perceive and experience the social environment of the facility, and how these experiences may contribute to their adjustment and motivation. Findings include various themes that emerged during data analysis, including perceptions of staff characteristics and interactions, the environmental context, and relationships with residents. Implications for evidence-based practices and gender-responsive treatment are discussed.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Implementation of the Swiss ordinance on maternity protection at work in companies in French-speaking Switzerland. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the extent of compliance with OProMa within companies in French-speaking Switzerland as well as factors which facilitate and obstruct the ordinance's implementation.BACKGROUND: Switzerland's Ordinance on Maternity Protection at Work (OProMa) requires that companies take the necessary measures to ensure that pregnant employees can continue working without danger.RESULTS: Only a minority of companies performed risk analyses or adapted employees'workstations, as per the legislation. OProMa was implemented more effectively in larger companies than smaller ones, in public rather than private ones, in the healthcare sector rather than the food industry, and when the person responsible for the wellbeing of pregnant employees within the company had undergone specific training on the subject. Data extrapolation suggested that only 2% of pregnant employees in French-speaking Switzerland's food industry and 12% in its healthcare sector are properly protected according to OProMa's provisions.METHODS: A stratified random telephone survey of 202 companies from the healthcare and food industry was conducted. Descriptive and correlational statistics were calculated. Responses to open questions were analysed thematically.CONCLUSIONS: Maternity protection in French-speaking Switzerland's companies urgently requires improvement. In addition to the apparent need for stronger incentives and for monitoring of companies, our findings indicate a need to provide them with resources to meet OProMa's provisions.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Giant Bending Strain of Reversible Motion of Uni-Morph Soft Mover Composites Driven by Hydrogen Storage Alloy Powders Dispersed in Polyurethane Sheet. In order to generate the bending motion operated by pressure change in hydrogen gas, soft uni-morph composites were prepared, in which composites dispersed with not only driving particles of LaNi5 hydrogen storage alloy with Pd-Al2O3 catalyst powders to get high responsiveness, were piled up on a simple polyurethane sheet. Since the highest values of irreversible bending strain at the first hydrogenation (epsilon(1)) under 0.3 MPa H-2 gas and the maximum irreversible bending strain during hydrogenation cycles (epsilon(m)) were remarkably obtained at the 35 vol% of LaNi5 powders dispersed in polyurethane composites, the bending strain of reversible motion was detected from the first to the 8th hydrogenation (epsilon(1)(r) and epsilon(8)(r)) under 0.2MPa H-2 gas. The bending strain of reversible motion of polyurethane composites sheet is more than 2000 ppm, which was approximately equal to that of silicone rubber composites and is extremely larger than that (300 ppm) of ABS resin composites. Responsiveness (d epsilon/dt) of cyclic motion of elastic deformed mover composites, which were constructed with 35 vol%LaNi5 dispersed powder and matrix of polyurethane or silicone rubber, were more than 10 times higher than that of ABS composite. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.M2009178]", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Lessons learned from a failed multi-institutional randomized controlled study. Conclusion: The study failed because of lack of accrual for a variety of reasons: failure to submit to the institution's IRB, lack of surgical expertise with MIS procedures, and preconceived surgeon bias toward either an endoscopic or traditional open approach.Background/Purpose: In 1996, the Surgical Sections of the Children's Cancer Group (CCG) and the Pediatric Oncology Group (POG) received National Cancer Institute funding to conduct a prospective, randomized, controlled, surgeon-directed study to evaluate the role of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in children with cancer. Because of lack of patient accrual, the study was closed in 1998. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and describe those factors that impacted on study failure to ensure future successful clinical trials.Methods: One hundred forty surgeons representing the surgical membership of CCG and POG as well as 111 institutions within CCG and POG were asked to complete a questionnaire about the failed clinical trial. The questionnaire focused on study objectives, organization, and institutional review board (IRB) submission. It also examined the surgeon's ability to perform the minimal access operation, the influence of the pediatric oncologist, and the existence of preconceived biases by surgeons, oncologists, and families. Statistical analysis was performed as appropriate.Results: Eighty-six of 140 (62%) surgeons responded to the questionnaire. Only 23% of the potential protocols were submitted for IRB approval. Of responding surgeons, 39% were not actively performing MIS when the study opened. A surgeon's support of the study was directly related to when the surgeon received the protocols (P < .001) and whether the participating surgeon was actively participating in MIS (P < .016). The oncologist's knowledge and support of the study affected IRB submission and approval (P < .02) and was influenced by whether MIS was practiced at the institution (P < .05). The majority of responding surgeons believed the experimental question was relevant (P < .05). However, responding surgeons believed that a preconceived bias existed within both their local surgical and oncology communities favoring a particular surgical approach (P < .001), but this bias did not extend to the families (P > .05).", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Compensation for the temperature dependency of fiber optic gyroscope scale factor via Er-doped superfluorescent fiber source. Scale factor, as an important indicator for evaluating the dynamic performance of high-precision fiber optic gyroscopes (FOG), shows high sensitivity to the environmental temperature. Research on the temperature dependency of scale factor is meaningful to improve the robust performance and reliability of high-precision FOG. We theoretically analyze the sensitive factors, which could cause the scale factor error, and propose an effective method to compensate the scale factor via the temperature dependency of Er-doped superfluorescent fiber source. The experimental results show that, with our method, scale factor error can be reduced from 1185 to 640 ppm over 100 degrees C temperature range (-40 degrees C to 60 degrees C). (C) 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "A modest logic of plurals. We present a plural logic that is as expressively strong as it can be without sacrificing axiomatisability, axiomatise it, and use it to chart the expressive limits set by axiomatisability. To the standard apparatus of quantification using singular variables our object-language adds plural variables, a predicate expressing inclusion (is/are/is one of/are among), and a plural definite description operator. Axiomatisability demands that plural variables only occur free, but they have a surprisingly important role. Plural description is not eliminable in favour of quantification; on the contrary, quantification is definable in terms of it. Predicates and functors (function signs) can take plural as well as singular terms as arguments, and both many-valued and single-valued functions are expressible. The system accommodates collective as well as distributive predicates, and the condition for a predicate to be distributive is definable within it; similarly for functors. An essential part of the project is to demonstrate the soundness and completeness of the calculus with respect to a semantics that does without set-theoretic domains and in which the use of set-theoretic extensions of predicates and functors is replaced by the sui generis relations and functions for which the extensions were at best artificial surrogates. Our metalanguage is designed to solve the difficulties involved in talking plurally about individuals and about the semantic values of plural items.", "label": [3, 4, 41, 32]}
+{"token": "High abundance and expression of transposases in bacteria from the Baltic Sea. Transposases are mobile genetic elements suggested to have an important role in bacterial genome plasticity and host adaptation but their transcriptional activity in natural bacterial communities is largely unexplored. Here we analyzed metagenomes and -transcriptomes of size fractionated (0.1-0.8, 0.8-3.0 and 3.0-200 mu m) bacterial communities from the brackish Baltic Sea, and adjacent marine waters. The Baltic Sea transposase levels, up to 1.7% of bacterial genes and 2% of bacterial transcripts, were considerably higher than in marine waters and similar to levels reported for extreme environments. Large variations in expression were found between transposase families and groups of bacteria, with a two-fold higher transcription in Cyanobacteria than in any other phylum. The community-level results were corroborated at the genus level by Synechococcus transposases reaching up to 5.2% of genes and 6.9% of transcripts, which is in contrast to marine Synechococcus that largely lack these genes. Levels peaked in Synechococcus from the largest size fraction, suggesting high frequencies of lateral gene transfer and high genome plasticity in colony-forming picocyanobacteria. Together, the results support an elevated rate of transposition-based genome change and adaptation in bacterial populations of the Baltic Sea, and possibly also of other highly dynamic estuarine waters.", "label": [4, 37, 43]}
+{"token": "Surface water treatment system for human consumption in the Microbasin of the Carrizal River, Ecuador.. A scale system was developed with the objective of implementing a multi-stage filtration system of water treatment for human consumption in the communities of Balsa en Medio, Julian and Severino, Ecuador at the laboratory level. Initially, it was structured by filtering in sands + gravels, followed by filtration with clinoptilolite and mordenite zeolites. Finally, the water chlorination process was carried out. The assay was developed with a completely randomized experimental design with four repetitions. The results indicate that in the filtration stage in sands + gravels, the BOD5 variables, total solids, fecal coliforms and turbidity, reached permitted levels according to the norms established for water for human consumption. The use of clinoptilolite and/ or mordenite zeolites as a method to complement the filtration process significantly reduced the copper, lead, iron, aluminum, cobalt and chromium levels. The use of the chlorine treatment after filtering reduced the presence of fecal coliforms by 87%, reducing the values within the permitted ranges. The water treatment system proposed for the communities studied is easy to operate and maintain, its costs are acceptable and the inputs required for its implementation are available in Ecuador.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Characterization of elastic and time-dependent deformations in high performance lightweight concrete by image analysis. Image analysis and strain mapping were used to examine the nature of elastic, creep and shrinkage strains in high performance lightweight concrete (HPLC). The strain maps showed non-uniform deformations related to microstructural features. Both average strain and non-uniformity increased with time under testing. Paste-rich regions exhibited higher creep plus shrinkage than the lightweight aggregate (LWA) particles examined herein; it is suggested that LWA could have a role in reducing deformations of the paste. Compared to normal weight high performance concrete (HPC), the paste and LWA in the HPLC exhibited more gradual spatial differences in elastic deformations, creep and shrinkage. It is proposed that this difference results from the lower stiffness of the LWA compared to granite used in the HPC. The results indicate that improvement in elastic property matching between the lightweight aggregate and high performance paste reduces stress concentrations at the aggregate/paste interface and contributes to reductions in deformations of HPLC compared to HPC. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 11]}
+{"token": "Fast-locking all-digital phase-locked loop with digitally controlled oscillator tuning word estimating and presetting. Design of a fast-locking phase-locked loop (PLL) is one of the major challenges in today's wireless communications. A recently reported digitally controlled oscillator (DCO)-based all-digital PLL (ADPLL) can achieve an ultrashort settling time of 10 mu s. This study describes a new DCO tuning word (OTW) presetting technique for the ADPLL to further reduce its settling time. Estimating the required OTW is the most crucial issue for presetting. Two methods are proposed here to estimate the required OTW. One method is using a foreground calibration block to eliminate the effect of DCO gain (K-DCO) estimation error (epsilon(K)) and then directly calculating the required OTW for the process/voltage/temperature calibration (PVT-calibration) mode of the ADPLL. The other method is using a new counter-based mode switching controller (CB-MSC) to estimate the required OTW for the acquisition mode and tracking mode. This method is based on the ADPLL's inherent characteristic of frequency toggling and is independent of loop parameters. Furthermore, our proposed presetting technique can be used with the dynamic loop bandwidth control technique together. The ADPLL with the proposed OTW estimating and presetting block is designed using very-high-speed integrated circuit hardware description language and simulated in ModelSim environment. Simulation results demonstrate that a minimum settling time of 2.9 mu s is achieved and the improvement is about 40-50% on average compared with the ADPLL without our techniques.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Effects of chilling rate on the freshness and microbial community composition of lamb carcasses. The freshness and microbial community composition of lamb carcasses were evaluated under three chilling rates treatments: conventional chilling (chilling rate was 1.76 degrees C/h), very fast chilling-I (VFC-I, chilling rate was 12.52 degrees C/h), and very fast chilling-II (VFC-II, chilling rate was 14.52 degrees C/h). The results showed that the freshness indicator including total viable counts (TVC), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values of VFC-II treatment were lower than conventional chilling and VFC-I treatments, and the bacterial species richness of the three treatments increased with the extension of storage time. The VFC-II treatment could inhibit the growth of Psychrotrophs and Corynebacterium. At the genus level, the Psychrotrophs became the main dominant spoilage bacterium, and the Turicibacter, Macrococcus, and Brevibacterium were positively correlated with TVB-N significantly. The chilling methods affected the initial diversity of microbiota, and the higher diversity of the microbial community was, the lower abundance of carbon metabolism and purine metabolism was. In conclusion, the VFC-II treatment is conducive to the preservation of lamb carcass.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Concerning the polarization vector of a wave reconstructed by a pseudodeep volume grating. It is shown theoretically and experimentally that for non-Bragg readout of a pseudodeep hologram recorded in a thick-layer medium the wave reconstructed by the hologram changes its state of polarization. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. [S1063-7850(97)02501-9].", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Increased Populations of Endangered Cranes After Amur River Flood. Dam construction on the Zeya River, which is an important tributary of the Amur River in Far East Russia, has caused significant declines in water levels and frequency of floods in the adjacent floodplains since 1980. However, an extreme flood event occurred in 2013. Populations of six crane species were monitored before and after these drastic water level changes at Muraviovka Park in Far East Russia, an important breeding and stop-over site. Individuals were counted by territory mapping during the breeding season (2000-2015) and by roosting site counts during autumn migration (2006-2015). The objective of this study was to evaluate whether changes in water levels had a significant impact on local and migratory crane populations. We found a positive effect of flooding on numbers of breeding Red-crowned Cranes (Grus japonensis) and White-naped Cranes (Antigone vipio), as well as on numbers of roosting Hooded Cranes (Grus monacha) in autumn. Siberian Cranes (Leucogeranus leucogeranus) were only observed after the wetlands were flooded. The results of this study highlight the importance of elevated Amur River water levels for crane populations of global importance.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "MASONRY UNIT MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY USING POLYMERIC BINDER. The paper discusses a problem of formation and search of efficient ways to recycle wastes generated by waste treatment plants, a proposed technology for their heat treatment and utilization of waste as a raw material component for the production of masonry units. High-density polyethylene is used as a binder.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Effect of deoxynivalenol on the levels of toll-like receptors 2 and 9 and their mRNA expression in enterocytes in the porcine large intestine: a preliminary study. Deoxynivalenol (DON), one of the most prevalent mycotoxins in the world, and is capable of inducing immune disorders in humans and animals. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of feed contaminated with DON on the number of TLR2- and TLR9-positive cells and their mRNA expression in the porcine large intestine. The experiment was conducted on two equal groups of pigs (n=4). The experimental group (E) was administered feed contaminated with DON (1008 mu g/kg of feed) for 6 weeks, and the control group (C) was administered non-contaminated feed over the same period of time. A decrease in the expression of TLR2 mRNA was noted in the cecum. The percentage of TLR9-positive enterocytes increased in the ascending colon and decreased in the cecum. The results of this study indicate that DON can modify the local immune response by changing the expression of TLRs.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Just call me adonai': A case study of ethnic humor and immigrant assimilation. This article describes a case study of humor created in the course of immigrant assimilation, specifically regarding the jokes (n = 150) told by Eastern European old timers at the expense of well-bred German Jews (Yekkes) who migrated to Palestine/Israel beginning in the mid-1930s. A taxonomy divides the corpus into jokes lampooning rigidity, exaggerated deference to authority, difficulty in language acquisition, and alienation from the new society. The jokes carry a dual message of welcome to our egalitarian nation, but please note that we, and our norms, were here first. The ethnic superiority implicit in the latter part of the message turns the tables on two earlier encounters-in Germany and the United States-in which Jewish immigrants from Russia and Poland were denigrated for \\\\'embarrassing\\\\' their relatively well-established German brethren. The Yekke jokes analyzed in this article arose from a third encounter in Palestine/Israel, where, this time, the Eastern Europeans arrived earlier as Zionist pioneers. The jokes, it is argued, constitute a kind of \\\\'revenge\\\\'.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Do Countries Use Foreign Aid to Buy Geopolitical Influence? Evidence from Donor Campaigns for Temporary UN Security Council Seats. In recent years, donor countries have increasingly used different aid allocation channels to boost aid effectiveness. One delivery channel that has grown tremendously is 'multi-bi aid'-contributions to multilateral organizations earmarked for specific development purposes. This article examines whether donors use multi-bi aid to further their selfish goals-specifically, to garner political support for their ambition to become a temporary member of the UN Security Council. In this context, multi-bi aid is particularly beneficial to countries with limited experience as foreign aid donors; whose governance quality is weak; and which are more internationalized. Using a sample of OECD/DAC donor countries in 1995-2016, time-series cross-section analysis corroborates these arguments. The analysis draws on a new dataset of media reports proxying for donor interest in winning a temporary seat in the UN Security Council and extended data on multi-bi aid flows. The findings demonstrate that multi-bi aid may be a tool for geopolitical influence, with yet unexplored consequences for aid effectiveness.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Public attitudes towards policy measures for reducing private car use: evidence from a study in Sweden. In an internet survey, a random sample of 291 university employees living in Gothenbutg, Sweden, reported their beliefs and evaluations of the consequences of implementing three travel demand management (TDM) measures varying from less to more coercive. The results showed that respondents differentiated amongst the TDM measures in terms of each measure's expected consequences and that., when combining these beliefs with evaluations, a statistically significant proportion of variance was accounted for in attitudes to the TDM measures. Environmental concern modified several of the effects of consequences on attitudes towards TDM measures, as well as influencing overall attitude. The general and practical implications of these findings for improving attitudes to such policies are also discussed. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Prisons are the problem: A re-examination of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal deaths in custody. The background to the establishment in 1987 of the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody was a belief that the defining risk characteristic of persons dying in custody was their Aboriginality. Australia's long history of violence and injustice towards its Indigenous population underpinned the expectation that continuing racism in custodial situations was the principal driver of high Aboriginal mortality rates. On that basis, analysis and proposed solutions would focus upon the specifics of Aboriginal custodial experience as well as broader issues of criminal justice system administration.This paper suggests that, in the context of prison custody, equal or greater emphasis should have been placed on the nature of prison regimes and prisoner management generally, as they impact upon all prisoners. Rates of prison deaths have remained unacceptably high since the RCIADIC, in contrast to police custodial death rates which have improved markedly. A great deal was generally known about the epidemiology of prison custodial deaths before the work of the RCIADIC. Across-the-board implementation of this prior and subsequently acquired knowledge would arguably have made more effective impact upon Aboriginal as well as non-Aboriginal deaths. The defining risk characteristic of prison mortality was, and still is, the nature of prison custodial regimes.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Facilitating co-production in public services: management implications from a systematic literature review. Drawing on the results of a systematic literature review of empirical studies, this paper sheds light on six broad factors that facilitate the initiation and implementation of co-production in public services. The factors are classified into two overarching categories: organizational factors, including organizational arrangements, professional roles, and managerial tools; and procedural factors, including participant recruitment, participant preparation, and process design. For each set of factors, the paper provides a series of management implications. It concludes with additional observations for practice.IMPACT Unfortunately, 'one-size-fits-all' does not apply to co-production. Policy-makers and public managers need use their knowledge, skills, and judgment to design, activate, and implement co-production activities. The paper presents three organizational factors (organizational arrangements, professional roles, and managerial tools) and three procedural factors (participant recruitment, participant preparation, and process design) that facilitate the initiation and implementation of co-production. Moreover, for each set of factors, the paper provides an important series of management implications that offer guidance to those who are using, or who wish to use, co-production in their organizations. Thus, this paper provides evidence-driven advice that can assist public managers and policy makers looking for ways to improve co-production in public services.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Invisible Collaboration: The Dawn and Evolution of elektronische Musik. This article analyzes the earliest pieces of electronic music produced at the WDR (Westdeutscher Rundfunk) studio in Cologne between 1951 and 1954. The aesthetic foundations of the studio, as articulated by Meyer-Eppler, Eimert, and Beyer, prized timbral innovation. Two analytical vignettes provide a window onto the studio's earliest artistic achievements, which required a host of collaborators to produce. These early works include several incarnations of the studio's \\\\'piece zero\\\\' Morgenrote and a set of related additive synthesis compositions by Goeyvaerts, Stockhausen, Gredinger, and Pousseur. The analyses reveal that the WDR machines, technicians, and affiliated scientists had profound and lasting effects on the sonic works, as the studio's aesthetic evolution was deeply tied to scientific and psychoacoustic solutions to technical problems. Furthermore, this article shows, through a sociological lens, that \\\\'to compose\\\\' electronic music is to engage in an inescapably collaborative process. The analysis presented here begins to make visible ( audible) a collaborative network that enabled the creative work of the studio.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Sources of Mental Workload in a Sample of Nurses and Auxiliary Nursing Technicians from Madrid (Spain). The mental workload is one of the main psychosocial risk factors at work and causes major problems in the performance and health of workers. The aim of this study is to analyze the sources of mental workload reported by a sample of nurses from Madrid (Spain). After an analysis of the tasks were derived four broad job functions: assistance, administrative, support to other personnel and tasks specifically related to medical specialty. The sample consisted of 297 workers in public hospitals in Madrid and mental workload was estimated for each general function using the NASA-TLX scale. The results show that workers report more mental workload on the assistance and administrative functions, and point out as the most important workload sources the mental demand and the temporal demand. Finally, some conclusions and recommendations for a possible intervention are mentioned.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Influence of structural and thermophysical parameters of insulating aggregates on the effective thermal conductivity of lightweight concrete. Understanding how structural features influence effective thermal conductivity is an essential step towards the optimization of heterogeneous materials. Generally, thermal conductivity models link the internal structure to the effective thermal conductivity, with the volume fraction as the only parameter that takes into account the internal structure. Yet, the real internal structures of materials are often too complex to be accurately characterized by the volume fraction only. In this study, the influence of three parameters - the particle size, volume fraction, and thermal conductivity ratio of the constituents - on the effective thermal conductivity of concrete is evaluated. Two-point correlation and lineal path functions are used to characterize the internal structure generated by the Random Sequential Addition (RSA) model. A finite element model is developed to evaluate the effective thermal conductivity of concrete. The results demonstrate that the internal structure of concrete is dependent on the volume fraction of the inclusions, and also of the particle size. However, for volume fractions less than 20%, the effective thermal conductivity is dependent only of the volume fraction and thermal conductivity ratio of the constituents.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable childhood behavioral disorder affecting 5% of children and 2.5% of adults. Common genetic variants contribute substantially to ADHD susceptibility, but no variants have been robustly associated with ADHD. We report a genome-wide association meta-analysis of 20,183 individuals diagnosed with ADHD and 35,191 controls that identifies variants surpassing genome-wide significance in 12 independent loci, finding important new information about the underlying biology of ADHD. Associations are enriched in evolutionarily constrained genomic regions and loss-of-function intolerant genes and around brain-expressed regulatory marks. Analyses of three replication studies: a cohort of individuals diagnosed with ADHD, a self-reported ADHD sample and a meta-analysis of quantitative measures of ADHD symptoms in the population, support these findings while highlighting study-specific differences on genetic overlap with educational attainment. Strong concordance with GWAS of quantitative population measures of ADHD symptoms supports that clinical diagnosis of ADHD is an extreme expression of continuous heritable traits.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Single and dual-mode plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition of fluorinated diamond-like carbon films. Fluorinated diamond-like carbon (F-DLC) films were deposited on glass and polycarbonate (PC) substrates by radio frequency (RF) and radio frequency/microwave (RF & MW) plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, which are called single and dual-mode systems, respectively. A mixture of acetylene (C2H2) and carbon tetra fluoride (CF4) was used for the deposition of the films. The effects of RF and MW powers on the fluorine concentration, micro structure, surface morphology, deposition rate, contact angle, surface energy and optical properties of the films as well as the plasma produced chemical species were investigated. The energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) revealed that the fluorine (F) concentration grew from 12.47 to 16.53 at.% with increasing RF power from 50 to 200 W. However, the atomic F content began to decrease unexpectedly as the MW plasma was added in the dual-mode system. The Raman spectra showed that by increasing RF power, the G peak position shifted toward higher frequencies and the I-D/I-G ratio increased. The same trend was almost preserved with increasing MW power. The contact angle measurements revealed that the surface of the films became more hydrophobic as the F content increased. The surface energy decreased from 47.2 to 41.8 mN/m by increasing the RF power and then started to reach 50.6 mN/m with increasing the MW power. The surface roughness of the films was found to increase with growing concentration of fluorine. Also the deposition rate increased with increasing the RF and MW power. The direct band gap of the films reduced with increasing the RF and MW power as the sp(2) cluster size increased in the film structure. In addition the optical emission spectroscopy (OES) data showed the correlation between the chemical species produced in the plasma medium and the F content of the films. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "A UFO OVER A PLANETARIUM: EPISTEMOLOGICAL PROPAGANDA AND ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE OUTER SPACE IN THE USSR, 1940s - 1960s. The article examines the origins and development of narratives about historical and present-day contacts with alien civilizations (ufology) in the USSR after World War II. The current research literature usually interprets ufology as a form of quasi-religious and mythological thinking, yet my study of the genealogy of Soviet ufology demonstrates that the development of alternative knowledge about the outer space was a by-product of the state-sponsored propaganda of scientific knowledge. This relationship suggests that the common understanding of the public communication of science as a mere tool for the transfer of knowledge from experts (scholars) to the public is simplistic and misleading. By bringing together science popularizers and broad audiences in a communication chain, the post-WWII Soviet mass scientific literacy campaign required the former to mater new narrative forms to appeal to the latter. The narrativization of science for its public communication means that popular science genres exist in a rhetorical and literary context, rather than belonging to the domain of the production and verification of scientific knowledge. This makes stories and their structural elements (plot development, internal conflict, and the hierarchy of characters) a key aspect of science communication. Consequently, a history of ufology in the post-World War II USSR serves as an illustrative case revealing how the epistemological polyphony and diversity emerged in late Soviet society.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Frankfurt cases and the (in)significance of timing: a defense of the buffering strategy. Frankfurt cases are purported counterexamples to the Principle of Alternative Possibilities, which implies that we are not morally responsible for unavoidable actions. A major permutation of the counterexample strategy features buffered alternatives; this permutation is designed to overcome an influential defense of the Principle of Alternative Possibilities. Here we defend the buffering strategy against two recent objections, both of which stress the timing of an agent's decision. We argue that attributions of moral responsibility aren't time-sensitive in the way the objectors suppose. We then turn to the crucial question of when an action is relevantly avoidable-when, in the parlance of the literature, an alternative possibility is robust. We call attention to two plausible tests for robustness that merit further consideration, showing that the agents in buffered Frankfurt cases don't pass these tests, despite being morally responsible for their actions.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Coexpression of soluble and membrane-bound avian influenza virus H5 by recombinant Newcastle disease virus leads to an increase in antigen levels. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vectors expressing avian influenza virus (AIV) haemagglutinin (HA) of subtype H5 simultaneously protect chickens from Newcastle disease (NO) as well as avian influenza (AI). The expressed, membrane-bound surface protein HA is incorporated into virions while soluble HA has been described as a potent antigen. We tested whether co-expression of both HA variants from the same NDV vector increased the overall level of HA, which could be important for optimal immunogenicity. Recombinant NOVsolH5_H5 co-expressed membrane-bound H5 of highly pathogenic (HP) AIV H5N1, detectable in infected cells, and soluble H5, which was secreted into the supernatant. This virus was compared to recombinant NDV that express either membrane-bound (rNDVH5) or soluble H5 (rNDVsolH5). Replication in embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs) and in cell culture, as well as pathogenicity in ECEs, was not influenced by the second heterologous transcriptional unit. However, the co-expression of soluble H5 with membrane-bound H5 increased total protein level about 5.25-fold as detected by MS quantification. Hence, this virus is very interesting as a vaccine virus in chickens against HPAIV infections in situations in which previous H5-expressing NDVs have reached their limit, such as in the face of pre-existing AIV maternal immunity.", "label": [2, 19, 21]}
+{"token": "Needs a little TLC: examining college students' emergency remote teaching and learning experiences during COVID-19. The recent novel coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis has affected humanity and education worldwide as continued learning amidst massive school closures required the unprecedented decision to make a rapid transition from in-person learning to remote online learning. This abrupt and temporary shift to remote online learning due to crisis circumstances was described as emergency remote teaching (ERT). Using a multi-method approach, this study aimed to explore college students' emergency remote teaching experiences during the COVID-19 crisis. Analysis of online survey data revealed the various detrimental effects of the recent outbreak of COVID-19 and emergency remote teaching on the participants' educational and personal experiences. The results revealed not only that the participants have experienced learning loss and lack of motivation, but also that the pre-existing educational and social inequities seemed exacerbated and amplified during ERT and the COVID-19 crisis. Issues in terms of accessibility, digital divide, inequity, and mental/emotional/physical health that the participants, more likely females, experienced during emergency remote learning were especially concerning. The results highlighted the importance of addressing and combating the inequities, creating and maintaining a sense of community, and most significantly providing socio-emotional support, 'TLC' (Tender Loving Care; TLC (Tender Loving Care) is an expression, describing extra attention to make someone or something look or feel better), and compassion, to college students and the instructors during the uncertain times and as we move forward.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "On super (a, d)-C-n-antimagic total labeling of disjoint union of cycles. Let H and G be finite simple graphs where every edge of G belongs to at least one subgraph that is isomorphic to H. An (a, d)-H-antimagic total labeling of a graph G is a bijection f : V(G) boolean OR E(G) -> {1, 2, . . . , vertical bar V(G)vertical bar + vertical bar E(G)vertical bar} such that for all subgraphs H' isomorphic to H, the H-weights, w(H') = Sigma(v is an element of V(H')) f(v) + Sigma(u is an element of V(H'))f (uv) form an arithmetic progression {a, a + d, . . . , a + (k - 1)d} where a > 0, d >= 0 are two fixed integers and k is the number of subgraphs of G isomorphic to H. Moreover, if the vertex set V(G) receives the minimum possible labels {1, 2, . . . , vertical bar V(G)&VERBAR} then f is called a super (a, d)-H - antimagic total labeling. In this paper we study super (a, d)-C-n-antimagic total labeling of a disconnected graph, namely mC(n). (C) 2018 Kalasalingam University. Publishing Services by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Securing data exchange in wireless multimedia sensor networks: perspectives and challenges. The emerging use of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) and communication facilities have increased the need for network security measures to protect different types of multimedia data either real time or non-real time during the transmission period. A lot of researchers are becoming more interested on secure WMSNs due to the broad application necessities which can be range over smart environment, security surveillance and smart health-care; so requirements on secure aggregation of multimedia data, Quality of Service (QoS) and privacy should be satisfied. Current technologies vs. proposed security techniques in WMSNs and its pros and cons from a security point of view are explored in details. In addition to promising future trends of this research area by giving more attention for new challenging problems including secure routing protocol, fault tolerant, robustness and recovery process. We believe that this paper will add significantly a valuable discussion among the researchers and promote them to fetch new research ideas to design approximately best model by combining the most important security issues in order to reach secure WMSNs.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
+{"token": "ALPK2 acts as tumor promotor in development of bladder cancer through targeting DEPDC1A. Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the urinary system. The development and improvement of treatment efficiency require the deepening of the understanding of its molecular mechanism. This study investigated the role of ALPK2, which is rarely studied in malignant tumors, in the development of bladder cancer. Our results showed the upregulation of ALPK2 in bladder cancer, and data mining of TCGA database showed the association between ALPK2 and pathological parameters of patients with bladder cancer. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that knockdown of ALPK2 could inhibit bladder cancer development through regulating cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, and cell migration. Additionally, DEPDC1A is identified as a potential downstream of ALPK2 with direct interaction, whose overexpression/downregulation can inhibit/promote the malignant behavioral of bladder cancer cells. Moreover, the overexpression of DEPDC1A can rescue the inhibitory effects of ALPK2 knockdown on bladder cancer. In conclusion, ALPK2 exerts a cancer-promoting role in the development of bladder cancer by regulating DEPDC1A, which may become a promising target to improve the treatment strategy of bladder cancer.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "High-producer allele of tumour necrosis factor-alpha is part of the susceptibility MHC haplotype in severe puumala virus-induced Nephropathia epidemica. The biallelic polymorphisms in the tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) gene promoter region were studied in patients with nephropathia epidemica (NE). The rarer TNF2 allele, associated with a high TNF-alpha producer phenotype, was more frequently found in hospitalized NE patients (42%,) than in healthly controls (15%; p = 0.0064). The putative role of TNF2 as an independent risk factor for NE is discussed.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "Oral Delivery of miRNA With Lipidic Aminoglycoside Derivatives in the Breastfed Rat. Results: Selected DOSP (diameter: 80-200 nm) did not alter gastric extracellular vesicle secretion a few hours after intake. The miR-320-3p was mainly found in gastric or small intestinal cells, reaching the blood and liver in low amount. We have found significant up-regulation of polr3d mRNA (ANOVA, p < 0.0001) at ZT-20H for the miR-320-3p-supplemented group and a higher expression of POLR3D for antagomiR group (ANOVA, p < 0.05). We had a low accumulation of miR-320-3p at ZT-20H in nucleoli, without stat1 evolution. Delivering a high amount of miRNA or antagomiR disrupts RNA-Induced Silencing Complexes in cytoplasm triggering some transfer of extracellular molecules into nuclei with alteration of immune complexes on the polr3d promoter (with a higher amount found in the K4 histone-3-me3 immune complexes at ZT-20H).Conclusion: Extracellular miRNAs embedded in DOSP have a rapid impact on RNAi and on nuclear chromatin complexes depending on the daily rhythm. An integrative view of the impact of extracellular miRNA on physiology will improve assaying epigenetic manipulations following nutritional stress.Context: Specific targeting of endogenous miRNAs which are involved in epigenetics, may help understanding homeostasis with therapeutic benefits. We use new biologically inspired vehicles consisting of lipoaminoglycosides to deliver in vivo mir-320-3p, a known human breast milk exosomal miRNA, or its antagomiR.Materials and Methods: Four lipoaminoglycosides were screened for cytotoxicity and their biophysical properties. 1-h breast-restricted rats received single-oral treatment of either the lipoaminoglycoside Dioleyl-Succinyl Paromomycin (DOSP) complexed with miRNA or antagomiR, or of control medium at the light on (ZeitGeber Time: ZT-OH) or off (ZT-12H). Glycemia, triglycerides, cholesterol, free-fatty acid were assayed at 0, 4, 8, and 12 h post-treatment. In the stomach, small intestine, liver, plasma, adipose tissue, plexus choroid, and cortex, relevant miRNA with precursors and mRNA (polr3d, hspb6, c-myc, stat1, clock, bmal1, per1, npas2, sirt1-6, and cyclinD1) were quantified by q-PCR. Expression of POLR3D and HSPB6 proteins were analyzed in stomach and liver by Western blot. Immunoprecipitations with anti-AGO1 and 2 were performed on nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions of gastric cells along with detection of miRNA-320-3p in nucleoli. Chromatin ImmunoPrecipitation with anti-Trimethyl-histone-3-Lys-4 and Lys-27 detecting the polr3d promoter and miR-320-3p, were performed for all groups.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Doing Fieldwork Without Knowing It. This perspective article explores the ways in which I was doing fieldwork without being aware of it from the time I began to speak and spoke English to my mother and Spanish to my father. This life experience taught me central concepts in anthropology, such as cultural relativity, and made me fascinated with the field before I was formally able to study it.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Systematic position and taxonomy of Pipistrellus deserti (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Pipistrellus deserti is a small, pale-coloured bat occurring in the most arid parts of the Sahara, in Morocco, Algeria, Libya, Egypt, and the Sudan, and marginally also in sub-Saharan Africa. Although most authors consider P. deserti as a full species, others regard it as a subspecies, or even as a junior synonym of Pipistrellus kuhlii. We analysed the topotype material of P. deserti from Libya using both morphologic and molecular characters, and compared them with samples from other Saharan countries and with P. kuhlii from around the Mediterranean. The Libyan samples of deserti are morphologically very similar to other populations from arid parts of North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, Sudan), but differ markedly in the size of most skull dimensions when compared to P. kuhlii sampled in more mesic areas. However, phylogenetic reconstructions indicate that mitochondrial haplotypes of typical P. deserti from Libya and those from Morocco do not form a monophyletic group but are fully embedded within the larger radiation of P. kuhlii from Africa and Europe, rendering this species paraphyletic. Limited nuclear information (five microsatellite loci) also failed to provide evidence of significant differences between the two morphotypes, as pipistrelles are instead grouped by geographic origin. Altogether, these genetic data suggest that the morphological uniqueness of P. deserti may result from recent adaptations to arid habitats, rather than reflect a long independent evolutionary history. In the absence of more compelling evidence of barriers to gene flow, we therefore suggest Pipistrellus deserti to be considered a junior synonym of Vespertilio kuhlii (=P. kuhlii).", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Determination of bacterial and viral transport parameters in a gravel aquifer assuming linear kinetic sorption and desorption. The bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas putida, and the bacteriophage virus H40/1 are examined both for their transport behaviour relative to inert solute tracers and for their modelability under natural flow conditions in a gravel aquifer. The microbes are attenuated in the following sequence: H40/1 P. putida >> E. coli. The latter is desorbed almost completely within a few days. Breakthrough,oh and recovery curves of the simultaneously injected non-reactive tracers are simulated with the 2D and 1D dispersion equation in order to ascertain longitudinal dispersivity (alpha(L)) and mean flow time (T-0). Mathematical modelling is difficult due to the aquifer heterogeneity, which results in preferential flow paths between injection and observation wells. Therefore, any attempt of fitting the dispersion model (DM) to the entire inert-tracer breakthrough curve (BTC) fails. Adequate fitting of the model to measured data only succeeds using a DM consisting of a superposition of several BTCs, each representing another set of flow paths. This gives rise to a multimodal, rather than a Gaussian groundwater velocity distribution. Only hydraulic parameters derived from the fastest partial curve, which is fitted to the rising part of the Uranine BTC, are suitable to model microbial breakthroughs. The hydraulic parameters found using 21) and ID models were nearly identical. Their values were put into an analytical solution of I D advective-dispersive transport combined with two-site reaction model introduced by Cameron and Klute [Cameron, D.R., Klute, A., 1977. Convective-dispersive solute transport with a combined equilibrium and kinetic adsorption model. Water Resour. Res. 13, 183-189], in order to identify reactive transport parameters (sorption/desorption) and attenuation mechanisms for the microbes migration. This shows that the microbes are almost entirely transported through preferential flow paths, which are represented by the first partial curve. Inert tracers, however, also spread along less permeable pathways. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "Baseline hippocampal theta oscillation speeds correlate with rate of operant task acquisition. Many lines of evidence indicate that theta rhythm, a prominent neural oscillatory mode found in the mammalian hippocampus, plays a key role in the acquisition, processing, and retrieval of memories. However, a predictive neurophysiological feature of the baseline theta rhythm that correlates with the learning rate across different animals has yet to be identified. Here we show that the mean theta rhythm speed observed during baseline periods of immobility has a strong positive correlation with the rate at which rats learn an operant task. This relationship is observed across rats, during both quiet waking (r=0.82; p<0.01) and paradoxical sleep (r=0.83; p<0.01), suggesting that the basal theta frequency relates to basic neurological processes that are important in the acquisition of operant behavior. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 55]}
+{"token": "Precipitation behavior during high-temperature isothermal compressive deformation of Inconel 718 alloy. The precipitation behaviors of gamma '' and 5 phases during high-temperature isothermal compressive deformation of Inconel 718 alloy are investigated under the strain rate of 2.2.10(-4) s(-1). It is found that the precipitation behaviors are tailored by deformation temperatures, and lead to the disparately abnormal deformation characteristics. Under the deformation temperature of 800 degrees C, the microstructure is composed of incoherent needle-shaped gamma '' precipitates at grain boundaries and ultrafine spherical gamma '' particles within grains, resulting in the exceptional decrease of flow stress with absence of DRX. When deformed at 900 degrees C, it becomes needle-shaped delta precipitates at grain boundaries and intragranular disc-shaped gamma '' precipitates, and the DRX softening degree is lowered consequently. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "The validation of the transition-to-work inventory: A job placement system for workers with severe disabilities. The reliability and validity of the Transition-to-Work Inventory (TWI; Friedman et al., 1996), which is designed to diagnose worker/job fit problems for individuals with severe disabilities, was assessed Worker/job analyses were conducted using the TWI for 64 workers with severe disabilities, in 35 jobs at II different organizations. These analyses were performed by supported employment staff Members and other job-content experts. Worker's capabilities (as determined by the worker analysis) and the job's requirements (as determined by the job analysis) were directly compared to each other to determine potential \\\\'target item\\\\' problems for the worker (i.e., items designating activities that the worker may have difficulties performing). Once target items had been determined, their importance to task performance was rated, and correlations between the items' importance to tasks and actual performance were computed. Results indicated that TWI ratings of both worker capabilities and job requirements were reliable. In addition, the TWI was deter-mined to have predictive validity. The more important the worker's target items were rated for task performance, the greater were the decreases in the worker's performance appraisal ratings. Results indicate that specific problems for worker performance can be assessed using this instrumentation.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 53, 55]}
+{"token": "Simulation as an Integrator in an Undergraduate Biological Engineering Curriculum. A novel multifaceted elective course in Biological Engineering is described, along with the experience in its instruction and development over 14 years. The course introduces modeling and simulation to solve biological/biomedical problems to students with a background in transport processes but with no prior experience in modeling. The critical elements needed to introduce such modeling to less experienced students are discussed, such as simplifying a problem for problem formulation, case studies that build a clear bridge to their preparation in fundamentals, and extracting important details from a simulation. The question of a black box versus a white box approach to presenting simulations is addressed. Active learning practices such as think-pair-share and distributed learning are introduced as enablers for this course. Student motivation has been increased by making the course student-centered with the students themselves selecting and executing the modeling projects. The authors describe how the same course can serve many purposes in a curriculum, including the introduction of a state-of-the-art design tool, extending fundamental knowledge to solve realistic problems, enhancing the fundamentals, introducing teamwork, written and oral communication, and design concepts. Although we have discussed the course in the context of biological/biomedical engineering, it can also be extended to other engineering curricula such as Mechanical and Chemical Engineering. (c) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 21: 717-727, 2013", "label": [1, 4, 5, 53, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Biology of Bonagota cranaodes (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) on seven natural foods. The effect of seven natural diets on the development and reproduction of Bonagota cranaodes (Meyrick) was evaluated under laboratory conditions. The experiments were carried out at the temperature of 23 +/- 1degreesC, with 70 +/- 10% of RH and a photoperiod of 16:8h (L:D). The larvae were reared on apple, grapevine and honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica). On the first two foods three types of diet were used: spring leaves, summer leaves and fruits. The number of instars varied from five to seven. The larvae reared on apple leaves had, in general, fewer instars than those reared on grapevine and honeysuckle leaves. The duration of larval development differed between diets. The larvae reared on spring apple leaves showed the shortest duration, and those on fruit the longest. The larvae survival was lower on fruit than on leaves, and on apples it was particularly low (17.8%). The female pupae reared on honeysuckle were heavier than those reared on the other diets. The cycle from the egg to the emergence of adults varied between 41 days on spring apple leaves and 60 days on apples. The females reared on honeysuckle and spring apple leaves were the most fecund, whereas the females on apples did not oviposit. Honeysuckle and spring leaves were the most suitable foods. Apples, on the other hand, were the least suitable diet, which leads one to think that larvae could hardly complete their whole cycle on this fruit.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "BERNARDIN DE SAINT-PIERRE'S FOUNDING WORK: THE VOYAGE A L'ILE DE FRANCE. Bernardin de Saint-Pierre's remarkable first publication (1773) is considered here in broad terms, but also as the 'founding' work of an oeuvre best known for the Etudes de la nature and Paul et Virginie. Compared with other contemporary voyage narratives, it is characterized by a freer structure, strong social critique, intense sensibility, and personal voice. It sympathetically depicts disadvantaged groups (from Breton fisher families to black slaves on Mauritius), and advocates a free agriculture connoting (especially at the Dutch Cape) stability and plenty. While Bernardin's early philosophy of nature is conflictual, he identifies in the world symbolic figures of utopia, balance, and refuge.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Fowler Syndrome-A Clinical, Radiological, and Pathological Study of 14 Cases. We report on 14 fetuses from 10 families with the autosomal recessive syndrome of proliferative vasculopathy and hydranencephaly-hydrocephaly (Fowler syndrome). In four families sibs were affected and in six the parents were consanguineous. Antenatal ultrasonography showed hydrocephaly in all except two fetuses, but hydranencephaly was diagnosed in only one case. Postural abnormalities were seen in 10 fetuses and structural brain abnormalities were suspected in 3. At autopsy the cerebral cortex appeared as a translucent membranous structure (hydranencephaly) in most fetuses. However, in one case, the ventricles were dilated but the cortical mantle was relatively well preserved. Histology of the brain showed the characteristic glomeruloid vascular proliferation of Fowler syndrome in all cases, but with variable extent of involvement of the central nervous system. Dystrophic calcification and necrosis were always present. Extra-cranial anomalies included micrognathia (10 fetuses), cleft palate (l fetus), cystic hygroma (2 fetuses), joint contractures (12 fetuses), and pterygia (I I fetuses). The typical proliferative vasculopathy was never observed outside the central nervous system and karyotypes were normal in the 10 fetuses studied. Fowler syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of lethal multiple pterygium syndrome, fetal akinesia, and hydrocephalus in addition to classical hydranencephaly. Autopsy and study of the brain are essential to differentiate autosomal recessive Fowler syndrome from other causes of hydrocephaly and hydranencephaly, which may have a lower recurrence risk. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Georges Sorel's Diremption: Hegel, Marxism and Anti-Dialectics. Georges Sorel's use of the term diremption to describe his method has long been found obscure. This paper shows that the term was associated with Hegel, and that interpreting it in this light can help us make sense of Sorel's method. Sorel, this is to say, in his revision of Marxism and his social theory more generally, was engaging specifically with Hegelian philosophy. In addition to clarifying Sorel's method, this perspective allows us both to place Sorel more clearly in his fin-de-siecle context and to draw connections between his work and more recent marxisant theory.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Geographic patterns of pilot fatality rates in commuter and air taxi crashes. Background: Geographic information systems are widely used in studies of diseases. However, their value for aviation safety research has not been adequately explored. Purpose: This study examined the geographic patterns of pilot fatality rates in commuter and air taxi operations. Methods: Crash data recorded by the National Transportation Safety Board under FAR Part 135 were used to create a digital map of all crash sites in the continental United States between 1983 and 1998. Fatality rates in crashes were calculated and then interpolated to create a contoured map of rates. A test of significance was performed using Monte Carlo simulations. High-, medium-, and low-rate areas were then compared for pilot characteristics, airplane characteristics, and crash circumstance. Results: Of the 1094 commuter and air taxi crashes studied, 25% resulted in a pilot fatality, A large geographic area with a pilot fatality rate of greater than or equal to36% extended through portions of Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois. A relatively low fatality rate (<15%) prevailed over an area extending from Texas to northwest Georgia. Crashes in high-rate areas were significantly more likely than crashes elsewhere to have occurred at night and during instrument meteorological conditions. Conclusion: The geographic analysis revealed a distinctive pattern of pilot fatality rates from Part 135 crashes. Factors underlying the geographic pattern should be investigated, with particular attention to the great geographic variability of terrain and weather phenomena between the north and south regions of the United States.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "Towards 100 Positive Energy Districts in Europe: Preliminary Data Analysis of 61 European Cases. Positive Energy Districts and Neighborhoods (PEDs) are seen as a promising pathway towards sustainable urban areas. Several cities have already taken up such PED-related developments. To support such approaches, European countries joined forces to achieve 100 PEDs until 2025 through a comprehensive research and innovation program. A solid understanding and consideration of cities' strategies, experiences and project features serve as the basis for developing and designing the PED program. JPI Urban Europe has been collecting information on projects towards sustainable urbanization and the energy transition across Europe. The collected cases are summarized in a PED Booklet whose update was recently published on the JPI Urban Europe website. Results presented in this paper provide insights from the analysis of 61 projects in Europe and offer recommendations for future PED developments.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Aflatoxin Exposure, Child Stunting, and Dysbiosis in the Intestinal Microbiome Among Children in Guatemala. Recent literature suggests that intestinal microbiome may play a mediating role between aflatoxin exposure and the height-for-age of children. We tested the hypothesis that among children in Guatemala, aflatoxin exposure was associated with intestinal microbiome dysbiosis and lower height-for-age. De-identified data were acquired from local health officials for 35 children who attended a health clinic in Totonicapan, Guatemala, and had potentially been exposed to aflatoxin through their maize-based food supply. Microbial differences were assessed for children grouped by height, diarrhea, age, and aflatoxin exposure. Furthermore, two subgroups were identified-one healthy (n = 12) and one unhealthy/dysbiotic (n = 9)-based upon clustering of the children's microbiomes and morbidity data. Odds ratios were computed to assess the likelihood of a child having a healthy or dysbiotic microbiome based on the classification of height, diarrhea, age, or aflatoxin exposure. The results of the study supported significant differences in beta diversity between the intestinal microbiomes of children who were shorter (less than or equal to -2.54 standard deviation; SD) versus taller (greater than -2.54 SD), those who were older (>14 months of age) versus younger (<14 months of age), and those that had reported diarrhea in the past 2 weeks versus not. Most importantly, children whose aflatoxin-contaminated diet resulted in the consumption of >10 ng of aflatoxin/kg of body weight/day had 24 times higher odds of having a dysbiotic intestinal microbiome. The results build upon available literature and support the need for more in-depth studies concerning the interactions among aflatoxin exposure, the intestinal microbiome, and child stunting.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 52]}
+{"token": "The role of isotope ratio mass spectrometry as a tool for the comparison of physical evidence. H-d two samples are from different batches.The physical and isotopic characteristics of ten rolls of duct tape were shown to be consistent throughout each roll. The width and thickness of the tapes and the density of the scrim fibres provided equivalent information and the combined physical characteristics provided a basis upon which to discriminate between many of the samples. Scatter-plots and confidence ellipses provided a convenient method to group the isotopic composition of the tape backing material and provided a basis to discriminate between samples which were physically indistinguishable. Considering both the physical and isotopic characteristics it was possible, at best, to ascertain that the evidence provided moderately strong support for the proposition that two samples of tape were derived from the same batch (LR = 400).This paper considers how likelihood ratios can be derived for a combination of physical, chemical and isotopic measurements. Likelihood ratios were formulated based on the characteristics of a small convenience sample of 20 duct tapes. The propositions considered were:H-p two samples are from the same batchKernel density estimates were used to model the distribution of isotopic compositions of the backing material. Using this technique it was possible to estimate objectively the probability that a sample with given characteristics could be drawn, at random, from the background population and to calculate a likelihood ratio based on the propositions above.The strength of evidence which could be presented by either model was ultimately limited by the size of the background sample. Crown Copyright (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. on behalf of The Chartered Society of Forensic Sciences. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 3, 18, 29]}
+{"token": "Microstructures, thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy asphalt binder modified by SBS containing various styrene-butadiene structures. As the most important thermoplastic and thermosetting modifiers, styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer (SBS) and epoxy resin have been widely applied in asphalt modifications. In this paper, epoxy SBS-modified asphalts (ESBAs) were prepared with epoxy monomer, curing agent and SBS-modified asphalts (SBAs) with various styrene-butadiene structures, which in turn were subjected to laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), viscous measurements, thermal analysis and tensile tests. The LSCM results revealed that both polymer-rich phase and fluorescent particle-rich phase were observed in the asphalt matrix. Moreover, the number of SBS particles in SBAs increased with the increase of styrene contents. The presence of SBS decreased the size of dispersed domains in the continuous epoxy phase of the neat epoxy asphalt binder (EAB). For ESBAs, a double phase separation occurred between SBA and epoxy in the continuous epoxy phase and between asphalt and SBS in the dispersed SBA phase. Both number and size of SBS domains in the dispersed SBA phase of ESBAs increased with the increase of styrene contents. The inclusion of styrenic polymers increased the viscosity of the neat EAB. The viscosity of ESBAs increased with the increase of average molecular weights of the styrenic polymers. The addition of styrenic polymers increased the glass transition temperature (T (g)) and storage modulus (E') of the neat EAB. Meanwhile, the inclusion of styrenic polymers weakened the damping properties of the neat EAB. The styrene-butadiene structures had little effect on the T (g) and damping properties of ESBAs. The E' of ESBAs decreased with the increase of styrene contents. The presence of SBS enhanced the thermal stability of the neat EAB. Tensile results showed that the addition of SBS increased the tensile strength of the neat EAB.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Who decides foreign policy? The role of national trauma in shaping the influence of public opinion in South Korea. The relative importance of public opinion in shaping foreign policy is a central area of research in international relations and public policy. This article aims to show how public opinion has influenced South Korea's foreign-policy decision-making process and explores unique aspects of the Korean foreign policy. To this end, the article argues that the THAAD deployment and the General Security of Military Information Agreement (GSOMIA) are examples of foreign policies that were influenced by the traumatic memory of historical events, focusing on four variables: stage of the policy process, strength of the opposition, an imminent sense of threat, and the impact of national trauma. The theoretical framework presented in this study will contribute to a more analytical understanding of the relationship between public opinion and foreign policy in many states.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Sustainable Entrepreneurship in SMEs: A Case Study Analysis. Sustainability is oft thought of as the privilege of the large corporate with sufficient funds to invest in anything from effective green Public Relations (PR) to improving its carbon footprint. What is perhaps less well-understood and documented is the range of activities undertaken by small and medium enterprises (SMEs), including very small entrepreneurial start-ups, some of which base their entire business rationale on sustainable principles. This paper uses a case study approach to explore the modus operandi of ecopreneurship and draws on both primary research and secondary data to develop and explore sustainable entrepreneurship in this sector. Preliminary findings suggest that ecopreneurial SMEs are looking to other goals alongside financial ones and are prepared to go to significant lengths to achieve such goals. Monetary measures are not, of course, entirely absent, but are very strongly conditioned by the ecoconscious nature of the business. In short, sustainability imperatives remain paramount. Copyright (C) 2010 john Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.", "label": [5, 48, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "Perception and musical preferences in Wishart's work. This paper has its origin from the analysis of the works of Trevor Wishart, one of the most representative composers of the English electroacoustic tradition, who has been orienting his research to study the possibilities of electroacoustics applied to human voice.Quoting Schaeffer, ill his book On Sonic Art (1996), Wishart defines electro-acoustic music as acousmatic, since sound sources are ignored. Acousmatic music could be uninteresting for a listener who is not able to recognize sounds and to give a meaning to them. Restricting his discussion to concrete sound materials, and above ail to human language differently manipulated,Wishart gives his personal interpretation of the problem. His solution and how it is coherent with the last theories and findings of cognitive sciences are here examined.", "label": [3, 4, 40, 30]}
+{"token": "Streptococcal toxins: role in pathogenesis and disease. Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes), group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) are host-adapted bacterial pathogens among the leading infectious causes of human morbidity and mortality. These microbes and related members of the genus Streptococcus produce an array of toxins that act against human cells or tissues, resulting in impaired immune responses and subversion of host physiological processes to benefit the invading microorganism. This toxin repertoire includes haemolysins, proteases, superantigens and other agents that ultimately enhance colonization and survival within the host and promote dissemination of the pathogen.", "label": [4, 43, 42]}
+{"token": "A case of dedifferentiated solitary fibrous tumor in the pelvis with TP53 mutation. Solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs), initially observed in the pleura, were later found to develop in almost any extrapleural site. Dedifferentiation within SFTs was characterized only recently. We report a case of dedifferentiated SFT arising within the pelvis of a 70-year-old Japanese woman. Macroscopically, the resected tumor measured 17 x 17 x 13 cm. Histologically, the tumor displayed distinct heterologous osteosarcomatous and chondrosarcomatous components on a background of conventional SFT. Immunohistochemistry uncovered a loss of CD34 expression in the dedifferentiated area, whereas the nuclear expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription-6 (STAT6) and NGFI-A-binding protein 2 (NAB2) was maintained in both components. The p53 mutation 158 CGC > CAC (A158H) was found only in the dedifferentiated component. Furthermore, a fusion gene of NAB2(exon6)-STAT6(exon18) was detected in both the conventional and dedifferentiated components. The patient died of the disease 4 months after surgery. This case identifies a possible role of p53 dysfunction in the dedifferentiation process of SFT as reported in other sarcomas.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "RAILWAY NATIONALISM AND << RAILWAY IMPERIALISM >> IN COLOMBIA AND THE ECONOMIC DECLINE OF SANTANDER, 1907-1918. This article explores the development of railway nationalism and << railway imperialism >> within Colombian politics during the early 20(th) century. It uses the experience of the hitherto unstudied Great Northern Central Railway of Colombia British << free-standing company >> as a lens to evaluate the way in which these political currents impacted railway development in the Colombian department of Santander. It argues that the rise of railway nationalism intertwined with regionalism and personal interests represents an important and unacknowledged factor in the collapse of the British company, as well as the overall lack of railway expansion and subsequent economic decline in the department.", "label": [3, 5, 49, 31, 52]}
+{"token": "CAESAR'S DEPICTION OF THE SENATE IN EARLY JANUARY 49 BCE (BCIV. 1.1-5). Recent scholarship on Julius Caesar's commentarii has attempted to move beyond earlier focus on their tendentiousness, in favour of viewing Caesar as a literary artist. Although recognising the value of this approach, this article argues in favour of blending it with the prior emphasis on Caesarian Tendenz. It stresses that highlighting Caesar's literary artistry as an antidote to viewing the commentarii strictly as propaganda can lead scholars to overestimate the persuasiveness of Caesar's rhetoric. To make its case, the article demonstrates that Caesar's depiction of events in early January 49 BCE (BCiv. 1.1-5), while rhetorically estimable, is nevertheless implausible and misleading. Hence, far from being a devastating portrait of his opponents that would have convinced all and sundry, Caesar's narrative of this crucial episode would likely have persuaded only his stalwart partisans.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Dependence of current bistabilities on trap density and maximum applied voltage in organic bistable devices. The current-voltage (I-V) curves and the captured electron density with various trap densities and maximum applied voltages of organic bistable devices (OBDs) were calculated by using the Shockley-Reed trapping rate model and taking into account the thermionic emission model. The current bistabilities in the I-V curves for OBDs were attributed to captured electrons in the traps near the heterointerface between the electrode and the organic layer. The on/off ratio and the width of the memory window of the I-V curves for OBDs gradually increased with increasing trap density in the organic layer and maximum applied voltage. The maximum increase of the on/off ratio and the width of the memory window of the I-V curve for OBDs became saturated to the specific values, regardless of the continuous increase of the trap density and the maximum applied voltage. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Harsh corporal punishment of Yemeni children: Occurrence, type and associations. Methods: Caregiver and teacher reports were obtained on 1,196 Yemeni 7-10-year olds obtained by systematic random sampling of children in the 1st to 4th grades of urban and rural schools. Caregivers (86% mothers) reported on disciplinary practices, socio-familial background, and child psychopathology. Teachers reported on school performance and child psychopathology.Results: More than half of the rural caregivers and about a quarter of the urban caregivers reported using harsh corporal punishment (hitting children with implements, tying them up, pinching them, or biting them). Harsh corporal punishment was significantly associated with poor school performance and both behavioral and emotional difficulties. The socio-familial factors that were independently associated with harsh corporal punishment were: rural area, male gender of the child, low maternal education, and large family size.Conclusion: Harsh corporal punishment is very common in Yemen. International findings suggest that the association with school failure and psychological maladjustment may well be causal. Promoting parental use of effective and non-violent disciplinary methods should be a public health priority.Practice implications: Yemen urgently needs to develop and evaluate programs that teach parents how to use culturally appropriate rewards and non-abusive sanctions to shape children's behavior without stunting their academic and emotional development. Persuading parents to adopt Such approaches may need programs that focus not just on techniques but also on attitudes, e.g. challenging the commonly held belief that children will not develop properly unless they are beaten when they do wrong. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Objective: To examine the occurrence, type and associations of harsh corporal punishment in Yemen.", "label": [5, 52, 55]}
+{"token": "A paradox for admission control of multiclass queueing network with differentiated service. In this paper we present counter-intuitive examples for the multiclass queueing network, where each station may serve more than one job class with differentiated service priority and each job may require service sequentially by more than one service station. In our examples, the network performance is improved even when more jobs are admitted for service.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Varieties of Expressivism. After offering a characterization of what unites versions of 'expressivism', we highlight a number of dimensions along which expressivist views should be distinguished. We then separate four theses often associated with expressivism - a positive expressivist thesis, a positive constitutivist thesis, a negative ontological thesis, and a negative semantic thesis - and describe how traditional expressivists have attempted to incorporate them. We argue that expressivism in its traditional form may be fatally flawed, but that expressivists nonetheless have the resources for preserving what is essential to their view. These resources comprise a re-configuring of expressivism, the result of which is the view we call 'neo-expressivism'. After illustrating how the neo-expressivist model works in the case of avowals and ethical claims, we explain how it avoids the problems of traditional expressivism.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Differentiating Negligent Standards of Care in Diagnosis. Diagnosis lies at the heart of the medical encounter, yet it has received much less attention than treatment. It is widely assumed that negligent diagnosis claims should be governed by the Bolam test, but we demonstrate that this is not always the case. First, we disaggregate the diagnostic process into three different acts: forming the diagnosis, communicating it to the patient, and recording it. Second, we consider alternatives to Bolam for defining negligence, including less deferential profession-led standards, patient-led standards, and even a reasonable person standard. Third, bringing together these distinctions-within the diagnostic process, and between standards of care-we reveal the unappreciated complexity of negligent diagnosis. Analysing the standard of care that might apply to the three different acts in the diagnostic process, we identify reasons to think that Montgomery should apply to the communication of a diagnosis. We also argue that even in areas where the law is well-established, such as the application of Bolam to the formation of a diagnosis, challenging questions arise that require further attention. Throughout, the framework and analysis that we develop have significant implications for a set of negligence cases, as well as for medical education, clinical guidelines, and patient care.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Novel Procedure for Lager Beer Clarification and Stabilization Using Sequential Enzymatic, Centrifugal, Regenerable PVPP and Crossflow Microfiltration Processing. In this work, the crossflow microfiltration (CFMF) performance of different lots of lager beer, produced in a pilot scale at the Italian Brewing Research Centre (CERB, Perugia, Italy), was assessed in a bench-top plant, equipped with a 0.8-mu m ceramic tubular membrane module, under constant crossflow velocity of 6 m s(-1), transmembrane pressure difference of 3.74 bar, temperature of similar to 10 degrees C, and periodic CO2 backflushing. By feeding different beer samples (i.e., as such, precentrifuged (C), or pretreated with a commercial enzyme preparation to degrade the original arabinoxylans and beta-glucans and then centrifuged (EC) to minimize the fouling contribution of yeast cells, aggregates, and polysaccharides), it was possible to increase the average permeation flux (expressed as mean value +/- standard deviation) from 112 +/- 13 to 199 +/- 17 or 330 +/- 22 L m(-2) h(-1), respectively. Only when using the EC-pretreated beer specimens, the permeate turbidity at 20 degrees C approached the limiting one (<0.6 EBC unit) recommended by the European Brewery Convention standards. As expected, the permeate chill haze at 0 degrees C was generally higher than the above haze target. By submitting EC-pretreated beer seeded with 0.5 g L-1 of regenerable polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) to CFMF, it was possible to reduce the initial total polyphenol content by 30 % and permeate chill haze to 0.60 +/- 0.01 EBC unit, but the average permeation flux fell to 84 +/- 4 L m(-2) h(-1). By performing sequentially EC pretreatments, PVPP stabilization, cartridge filtration, and CFMF, it was possible not only to re-enhance the average permeation flux at about 230 L m(-2) h(-1) near to those achievable with DE filters, but also to obtain a chill haze-free permeate ready for aseptic packaging.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "A prospective comparative study of children with gastroenteritis: emergency department compared with symptomatic care at home. Little is known about the epidemiology and severity of gastroenteritis among children treated at home. We sought to compare illness severity and etiology between children brought for emergency department (ED) care to those managed at home (i.e., community). Prospective cohort study of children enrolled between December 2014 and December 2016 in two pediatric EDs in Alberta, Canada along with children treated at home after telephone triage (i.e., community). Primary outcomes were maximal frequency of vomiting and diarrhea in the 24-h pre-enrollment period; secondary outcomes included etiologic pathogens, dehydration severity, future healthcare visits, and treatments provided. A total of 1613 patients (1317 ED, 296 community) were enrolled. Median maximal frequency of vomiting was higher in the ED cohort (5 (3, 10) vs. 5 (2, 8); P < 0.001). Proportion of children with diarrhea and its 24-h median frequency were lower in the ED cohort (61.3 vs. 82.8% and 2 (0, 6) vs. 4 (1, 7); P < 0.001, respectively). In regression analysis, the ED cohort had a higher maximum number of vomiting episodes pre-enrollment (incident rate ratio (IRR) 1.25; 95% CI 1.12, 1.40) while the community cohort had higher maximal 24-h period diarrheal episodes (IRR 1.20; 95% CI 1.01, 1.43). Norovirus was identified more frequently in the community cohort (36.8% vs. 23.6%; P < 0.001). Children treated in the ED have a greater number of vomiting episodes; those treated at home have more diarrheal episodes. Norovirus is more common among children treated symptomatically at home and thus may represent a greater burden of disease than previously thought.", "label": [2, 4, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "Structural Connections for Small-Diameter Poles. In Portugal, given the large proportions of natural regeneration pine stands, a large amount of young trees must be removed from the forest, to assure the quality of mature trees and to decrease the risk of fire. With this problem in mind, a national study was launched to investigate the use of maritime pine small-diameter poles in structural applications. The study had two different tasks. The first task comprised the determination of mechanical properties and the establishment of visual and mechanical strength grading procedures and is already completed. The second task concerns the development of connections. This paper presents results within the second task. Three types of connections, regarding failure load and stiffness, were studied: connections using central plates; glued-in rods; and dowel nuts. The glued-in rods showed the highest mean failure load and, especially, stiffness. Indeed, the glued-in rods showed a mean stiffness around six times higher than the one obtained for the other studied connections. Additionally, the applicability of European Yield Model to estimate the failure load of these connections is also discussed.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "Numerical procedure for Pre-Swirl Stator structural integrity evaluation. This paper presents the numerical procedure for Pre-Swirl Stator (PSS) structural design with emphasis on wave induced hydrodynamic loads. The procedure consists of three main steps: definition of Dominant Loading Parameter (DLP), long-term wave statistical analysis leading to Equivalent Design Waves (EDWs) and non-linear simulations of defined EDWs. DLP is defined using simplified lift force approximation for airfoil profile. Non-linearity in the DLP definition requires the time development of each contributing sea-state from the scatter diagram and analysis of the signal to obtain proper statistical parameters for further long-term estimations. In the long-term wave analysis, potential flow is used due to its efficiency compared to more complex CFD method. Non-linear EDW simulations are performed with the CFD/FEM coupling model for a more realistic estimation of the loads and stresses. Extreme response and fatigue are assessed in this work with detail verification and explanation of each step in the entire procedure. Potential flow is solved by means of HydroStar, CFD solution is obtained using open-source tool OpenFOAM and FEM solution is obtained by means of NASTRAN. Overall, the results show that the proposed method can reliably predict the maximum expected wave loads and proves the current design of analyzed PSS to satisfy the extreme response and fatigue criteria.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 39]}
+{"token": "Urban energy transitions and rural income generation: Sustainable opportunities for rural development through charcoal production. Sub-Saharan Africa's charcoal sector is rarely considered a mechanism for rural development or poverty alleviation; instead, current regulations often marginalise rural producers. The development of a sustainable sector, that does not further marginalise rural populations, is restricted by limited understanding of these stakeholders. We assess the heterogeneity of rural producers supplying two differentially sized urban charcoal markets in Mozambique. Drawing on data from 767 household surveys, our findings suggest that the size of the urban market affects the type of rural producer and their scales of production. Overall household income of producers supplying the larger urban market were proportionally more dependent on charcoal for income generation; small-scale producers in particular relied most on charcoal income, contributing >95% of household incomes. In contrast, producers supplying the smaller market had more diversified incomes, and were thus less dependent on charcoal income. Larger-scale producers were generally wealthier; their absolute incomes were higher and they were proportionally the least dependent on charcoal income. Further findings suggest that rural charcoal production was not necessarily the domain of the poorest of the poor and the existence of producers trapped in small-scale production may be a consequence of larger urban markets, rather than an intrinsic characteristic of the sector. Predicted growth of smaller urban areas and associated higher demand for charcoal will provide substantial opportunities for rural income generation, most likely leading to shifts in producers and production scales. Rather than transferring existing formal approaches, which marginalise rural stakeholders, small urban areas provide opportunities to develop equitable production systems, with potential to deliver sustainable energy and rural development. The heterogeneity of rural producers calls for better-targeted interventions that incorporate the importance of charcoal production for rural livelihoods. (C) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [5, 49, 57]}
+{"token": "The role of higher education in strengthening women's participation in the workforce: The lived experiences of females in Japan. A staggeringly low ranking (114 out of 144) on the 2017 Global Gender Gap economic participation and opportunity scale compels Japanese higher education leaders to enact effective policies and practices that support women's professional trajectories. The current study examined the lived experiences of 16 women in Japanese higher education who hoped to enter Japan's economic sector upon graduation. Employing a feminist case study methodology, an analysis of in-depth interviews revealed the following themes: (1) in college and career planning, women redefined themselves in ways that ran counter to traditional expectations; (2) female role models demystified work-life balance and imparted strategies for a gendered workforce; and (3) despite prior leadership experiences, institutional barriers and low leadership efficacy prevented women from serving as leaders in higher education. The study includes recommendations for Japan's postsecondary system, limitations to qualitative research methods, and posits that Japan can significantly strengthen its economy by developing the leadership efficacy of women in higher education. As a global community, we cannot expect women to leap confidently into leadership roles in the public and private sector without providing effective leadership development in higher education.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Influence of the air distribution elements in the pneumatic hammer with an elastic valve on the energy carrier rate. The authors describe a measurement complex and experimental measurement of air flow rates for some pneumatic hammers. Based on the experimental results, the air flow rate range has been determined.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Starmerella meliponinorum sp nov., a novel ascomycetous yeast species associated with stingless bees. Thirty-two strains of the novel species Starmerella meliponinorum sp. nov. were isolated from various substrates associated with three stingless bee species (tribe Meliponini) in Brazil and one in Costa Rica. The strains were found in garbage pellets (faecal material, discarded pollen or food, etc.), pollen provisions, adult bees, honey and propolis of Tetragonisca angustula, in honey from Melipona quadrifasciata and in adults of Melipona rutiventris and Trigona fulviventris. The sequence of the D1/D2 domains of the large-subunit rDNA showed that the novel species belongs to the Starmerella clade and is most closely related to Candida etchellsii, although the two differ in their sequences by 7% base substitutions. S. meliponinorum is homothallic and assimilates few carbon sources. Nitrate is utilized as a sole nitrogen source. The type strain of S. meliponinorum is strain UFMG-01-J26.1(T) (=CBS 9117(T)).", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Lauroyl polyoxylglycerides, functionalized coconut oil, enhancing the bioavailability of poorly soluble active substances. Gelucire (R) 44/14, a lauroyl polyoxylglycerides obtained by polyglycolysis of hydrogenated coconut oil with PEG-32, is used to increase the oral bioavailability of poorly-water soluble drugs. It is a solid dispersion composed of a PEG ester fraction under a lamellar phase of 120 angstrom with a helical conformation and an acylglycerol fraction under a hexagonal packing. This excipient spontaneously evolves to its most stable phase of 120 angstrom after storage at 25 degrees C for 21 hours leading to physically stable formulations. Gelucire (R) 44/14 is a hydrophilic system that hydrates and swells in contact with water and forms cubic mesophases before complete erosion/emulsification. It is also lipolyzed by various enzymes such as gastric lipase or carboxyl ester hydrolase. After an in vitro gastrointestinal lipolysis simulation, the main components remaining are mono and diesters of PEG-32. These amphiphilic metabolites can explain the beneficial role of Gelucire (R) 44/14 on the solubility of poorly-water soluble drugs such as cinnarizine even after partial lipolysis of the lipid-based system. Finally that excipient can also increase the bioavailability of active substances by interacting with enterocyte-based proteins like P-glycoprotein or cytochromes P450.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "The Diffusion of Nonviolent Campaigns. Existing research has uncovered strong geographical clustering in civil war and a variety of diffusion mechanisms through which violence in one country can increase the risk of outbreaks in other countries. Popular coverage of nonviolent protest often emphasizes regional waves like the 1989 revolutions in Eastern Europe and the Arab Spring. However, most research on nonviolence focuses only on features within countries affecting motivation and opportunities, and we know little about the possible role of diffusion and transnational factors. We detail how nonviolent campaigns in other states can increase nonviolent mobilization and direct action, highlighting important differences in the likely actors for violent and nonviolent direct action and the relevant diffusion mechanisms. We find strong empirical evidence for diffusion in nonviolent campaigns. The effects are largely confined to campaigns in neighboring countries, and there is little evidence of global diffusion. The potential diffusion effects are also specific to whether dissent is violent and nonviolent rather than general political instability. Moreover, we find that the effects of neighboring campaigns on nonviolent direct action apply only in cases with plausible motivation for contesting the government, and the effects are stronger when the regional environment can help expand opportunities for organizing dissent.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "Can I Live? Contemporary Black Satire and the State of Postmodern Double Consciousness. This article examines how the interrelationship between the postmodern condition and the post-racial myth has shaped the works of black satirists in the twenty-first century. The desire to erase race in American discourse-even as race remains a powerful ideological sign that operates in real, material ways to affect black life-has transformed the project of black satire in the new century. Focusing on selected sketches from Comedy Central's Key & Peele, the article unpacks the ways in which contemporary black satire has forced a reconception of what the postmodern condition is for African Americans in the post-racial age.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Simulation-Based Tracking Test and Optimization of Large-Tonnage Box Girder Transport with Trolley on an Erected Bridge. In the construction of large-tonnage box girder, the construction load of box girder transport is generally greater than the operating load in highway industry; therefore, it is a crucial task to carry out accurate simulation and optimization on bearing box girder. For this purpose, the refined modeling method of 40 m/1270t box girder is studied first in this paper, followed by detailed stress analysis by considering the impact coefficient of vehicles and the most unfavorable conditions. Tracking tests on dead load, prestressed load, and the transport load have shown that the calculated stress values obtained by the refined models are very close to the measured stress values. Based on dynamic strain test of the vehicles at the speed of 4 km/h, the impact coefficient of four vehicles is estimated to be 1.08 and its value meets the requirements of no more than 1.1 provided by the vehicle manufacturer. Aimed at no tensile stress in the midspan section, the optimized geometry of 40 m box girder is obtained with less concrete and longitudinal prestressed tendons. These results demonstrate the plausibility and validity of the proposed research methods and optimization schemes for large-tonnage box girder transport.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "KILLING, SELF-DEFENSE, AND BAD LUCK. This essay argues on behalf of a hybrid theory for an ethics of self-defense understood as the Forfeiture-Partiality Theory. The theory weds the idea that a malicious attacker forfeits the right to life to the idea that we are permitted to prefer one's life to another's in cases of involuntary harm or threat. The theory is meant to capture our intuitions both about instances in which we can draw a moral asymmetry between attacker and victim and cases in which we cannot. I develop the theory by attending to instances of intentional, villainous harm and instances of involuntary danger-the latter of which are a matter of bad luck. I call some bad luck cases \\\\'Interpersonal Lottery Conflicts.\\\\' These cases refer to potentially lethal conflicts into which parties are thrown as victims of circumstance. Although neither party has a moral advantage over another, that fact does not preclude permissible self-defense.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "A BROADSCALE ASSESSMENT OF MERCURY CONTAMINATION IN PEREGRINE FALCONS ACROSS THE NORTHERN LATITUDES OF NORTH AMERICA. We document concentrations of total mercury (THg) in feathers of Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrines, hereafter peregrines) collected during autumn migration at South Padre Island, Texas, and Assateague Island, Maryland, from 2009-2015. We detected THg in all sampled fourth primary (p4; range = 0.44-37.46 mu g/g) and axillars feathers (range = 0.09-62.68 mu g/g). We found no significant difference in THg concentrations between hatch-year (IIY) peregrines by study site. Mean THg concentrations were greater in both feather types of after-hatch-year peregrines than of HY peregrines, but concentrations in p4 feathers of second-year peregrines (mean = 14.9 mu g/g) were significantly greater than those of after-second-year individuals (mean = 8.5 mu g/g). Pooling samples from HY birds across both sites and all years, we found no significant differences between the concentrations in the axillarics of females (mean = 2.4 mu g/g) vs. males (mean = 2.2 mu g/g), nor between the two feather types. The concentration associated with toxic effects in peregrines is unknown; however, peregrines have recently experienced broad population expansion across the presumed breeding area of the birds we sampled, and the THg concentrations we measured were lower than those in an apparently healthy breeding population in the southwestern USA. We documented widespread THg exposure in peregrines migrating from the northern latitudes of North America, but additional research is needed to assess trends of mercury exposure in the face of increasing global anthropogenic release of mercury into the environment and the release of long-term sequestered mercury in melting permafrost because of climate change.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN CORINTH: A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE OPENINGS OF 1 AND 2 CORINTHIANS(1). In this article we assess the relations between the openings of 1 Corinthians and 2 Corinthians. These openings have a similar structure. This similarity is an invitation to examine the agreements and the differences between the two openings. In both introductions, a repetition of the words evokes prophetic language, and in this way important biblical concepts, such as \\\\'calling\\\\' in 1 Corinthians and \\\\'comfort\\\\' in 2 Corinthians, are employed. The differences and similarities between the openings of both letters indicate that the letters are part of one communication and that the differences are the consequence of the aim and strategy of the letter writer.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "A Framework for Web-Based Learning Object Repository in Computer Engineering Education. Innovative approaches have enhanced and increased the importance and quality of engineering education. In this context, using new techniques and software provides flexible and effective results. In this paper, a web-based educational learning object repository (LOR) software tool, namely Suleyman Demirel Universitesi Nesne Ambari (Sdunesa), was developed for computer engineering education. This software uses a developmental research method; which is also a derivative of the design-based research method. The developed web-based educational Sdunesa tool is used to store and share learning objects (LO) and their metadata. Moreover, the developed software tool is metadata independent by the help of metadata conversion engine and Extensible Markup Language (XML) web services. To achieve these features, the Sdunesa tool was developed with web 2.0 technologies. Sdunesa is dedicated to the computer engineering field. Qualitative and quantitative research analyses of the software are applied to the students and instructors for evaluation purposes and to demonstrate that the developed software is beneficial for computer engineering education.", "label": [5, 56, 52]}
+{"token": "Stripping with Direct Dumping in Kuzbass Open Pit Mines: The Current State and Prospects. The analytical results are given for application of stripping with direct dumping in open pit mines in Kuzbass. It is emphasized that this most productive and the least power-consuming technology loses its weight in the overall content of overburden stripping. The authors propose a method to determine rational boundaries for application area of stripping with direct dumping using slice re-excavation coefficient. The scope of the discussion comprises potential trends of the technology and use of draglines towards enhancement of open pit mining efficiency.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Formation, densification, and selected mechanical properties of hot pressed Al4SiC4, Al4SiC4 with 30 vol.% WC, and Al4SiC4 with 30 vol.% TiC. Powders of Al4C3 and SiC were combined by high-energy milling to produce Al4SiC4, Al4SiC4 + 30 vol.% TiC, and Al4SiC4 + 30 vol.% WC. Five different temperatures were used to hot press the constituents. XRD, SEM, relative density, and hardness measurements showed that formation of single-phase Al4SiC4 occurred at 1450 degrees C and full densification (99%) was achieved at 1500 degrees C. Both of these temperatures are lower than previously reported. Adding TiC and WC increases hardness, while WC improves densification (99.5%). Published by Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Understanding social reforms: A conceptual analysis. We attempt here to explain why reforming social systems is not an easy job and what can be done about it. Vickers' concept of 'appreciative systems' is re-examined and further developed. It is argued that appreciative systems are socially established ways of perceiving, consisting of a set of cognitive categories, values and interests which are grounded on social practices. The latter are constituted by certain historically developed self-understandings shared by individuals. Social practices are self-referential and, therefore, particularly resistant to reform. It is argued that the role of policy makers should be seen as consisting of two components. First, inventing and supplying social systems with new appreciative systems, and secondly, regularly providing social systems with information about their own functioning as well as the functioning of other systems. That information, spread throughout a system, has potentially reforming effects. These claims are illustrated with examples from UK and American public life.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
+{"token": "Critique of Political Economy, Beyond Traditional Marxism: Moishe Postone and Robert Kurz. The present paper aims to present two attempts to update Marx's critique of political economy: those of Moishe Postone and Robert Kurz. Their analysis, developed in the eighties, offer central insights to overcome the shortcomings of traditional Marxism, thus opening fruitful perspectives to update critical theory. Starting from a shared point of view, both present however different diagnoses: while Postone aims at an immanent critique of capitalism pointing out how it raises (and frustrates) the possibility of a new social order, Kurz points out that capitalism has reached its inner limit, entering a phase of decline and gradual disintegration.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Rainfall induced soil erosion assessment, prioritization and conservation treatment using RUSLE and SYI models in highland watershed of Ethiopia. Soil erosion and the subsequent sedimentation are the major problem in Ethiopia. We assessed the impact of rainfall-induced soil erosion and prioritize the sub-watersheds using RUSLE and SYI models. We procured mean annual precipitation, Abay Basin soil map, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and LANDSAT 8 OLI/TIRS, 2017 datasets. Results show that annual estimated soil loss was <= 270 and <= 120 tha(-1)yr(-1)whereas, mean rates were 37.72 and 23.92 tha(-1)yr(-1)for RUSLE and SYI models respectively. Both the models have identified similar to 25% area of sub-watersheds (SW19 to SW23) has similar average soil loss (>20 tha(-1)yr(-1)) at higher elevations. Interestingly, similar erosion severity, priority level and ranks were observed through RUSLE and SYI. Findings indicate a strong relationship between erosion rate and topography. The severe erosion prone area requires immediate action for conservation treatment proposed in study.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 38, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "The Fate of Acute Lacunar Lesions in Terms of Shape and Size. Background: The description of lacunar infarcts on imaging is widely variable. In particular, there are fewer agreements on lacunar lesion size and the presence of cavitation. In this regard, we investigated the changes in size and shape of acute ischemic lesion that is possibly considered as small vessel occlusion on long-term follow-up. Methods: Patients with acute single subcortical ischemic lesion on penetrating arterial territories and without definite cause of cardioembolism and large vessel disease were included. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed during an acute stroke period and approximately 1 year after the stroke. Maximal diameters on diffusion-weighted image and on follow-up (T2 or fluid attenuation inversion recovery) were measured. The change in lesion diameter over time was analyzed. Regarding the change in shape, lacunar lesions on follow-up were classified as either \\\\'disappeared,\\\\' \\\\'cavitated,\\\\' or \\\\' white matter lesion.\\\\' Results: A total of 64 patients were included. The mean age was 64.94 +/- 11.29 years and 32 patients were male. The mean time interval between initial and followup MR scan was 23.39 +/- 14.88 months. The mean diameter of acute lacunar lesion was 14.11 +/- 5.77 mm. On follow-up, the mean diameter reduced to 7.76 +/- 5.19 mm. The mean percentage of final diameter over initial diameter was 53.57 +/- 26.45%. All of the lesions were less than 15 mm on follow-up. Regarding the shape of the lesion on follow-up, the lesions of 33 (51.6%) patients remained cavitated, the lesions of 14 (21.9%) patients remained as white matter lesions, and the lesions of 17 (26.6%) patients disappeared. There were no differences on clinical characteristics between patients with cavitation and those without. Conclusions: The diameter of acute lacunar lesions on initial diffusion-weighted MRI was markedly reduced on follow-up. In 52% of the patients, acute lacunar lesions were cavitated.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "Malignancies among children and young people with HIV in Western and Eastern Europe and Thailand. Objectives: Investigate trends over time and predictors of malignancies among children and young people with HIV. Design: Pooled data from 17 cohorts in 15 countries across Europe and Thailand. Methods: Individuals diagnosed with HIV and presenting to paediatric care less than 18 years of age were included. Time at risk began at birth for children with documented vertically acquired HIV, and from first HIV-care visit for others. Children were followed until death, loss-to-follow-up, or last visit in paediatric or adult care (where data after transfer to adult care were available). Rates of reported malignancies were calculated overall and for AIDS-defining malignancies (ADM) and non-AIDS-defining malignancies (NADM) separately. Risk factors for any malignancy were explored using Poisson regression, and for mortality following a malignancy diagnosis using Cox regression. Results: Among 9632 individuals included, 140 (1.5%) were ever diagnosed with a malignancy, of which 112 (80%) were ADM. Overall, the rate of any malignancy was 1.18 per 1000 person-years; the rate of ADM decreased over time whereas the rate of NADM increased. Male sex, being from a European cohort, vertically acquired HIV, current severe immunosuppression, current viral load greater than 400 copies/ml, older age, and, for those not on treatment, earlier calendar year, were risk factors for a malignancy diagnosis. Fifty-eight (41%) individuals with a malignancy died, a median 2.4 months (IQR 0.6-8.8) after malignancy diagnosis. Conclusion: The rate of ADM has declined since widespread availability of combination ART, although of NADM, there was a small increase. Mortality following a malignancy was high, warranting further investigation.", "label": [2, 18, 25, 21]}
+{"token": "Returning degraded soils to productivity: Water and nitrogen cycling in degraded soils amended with coarse woody material. Losses in net primary production from soil degradation caused by agricultural land use is a serious and growing problem worldwide. Restoring degraded soils is crucial to stop the expanding footprint of land degradation and feed our growing human population. To return degraded and desertified landscapes to productivity, sandy soils must first be improved to enhance water and nutrient holding capacity. We used greenhouse experiments to examine the impact of incorporated coarse woodchips on water and nitrogen (N) cycling as well as biomass production in very sandy, degraded soils. Coarse woodchips incorporated into the soil increased soil water content by 350% and available water capacity by 185%. With woodchip amendments, soluble N losses were reduced by 90% under un-fertilized conditions but no significant differences were observed when fertilized. Biomass production was reduced by 60% when soils were amended with woodchips. More work is needed to examine the mechanisms behind the decrease in biomass production and to determine if the short-term effects of woodchip incorporation seen in this study are indicative of longer-term trends. These findings suggest that incorporating coarse wood chips into degraded soil increases soil water holding capacity and may provide a basis for enhancing some ecosystem processes.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 37, 15, 52]}
+{"token": "Fathering moderates the effects of maternal depression on the family process. Maternal depression negatively impacts children's development, yet few studies have focused on fathering and the family process in cases of maternal depression. A community cohort of married/cohabitating women was recruited on the second postbirth day (N = 1,983) and maternal depression repeatedly assessed across the first year and again at 6 years to form two cohorts: mothers chronically depressed from birth to 6 (N = 46) and nondepressed controls (N = 103). At 6 years, mother-child, father-child, and family interactions were observed. In families of depressed mothers, both mother and father exhibited lower sensitivity and higher intrusiveness, and children displayed lower social engagement during interactions with mother and father. Fathering moderated the effects of maternal depression on the family process. When fathers showed low sensitivity, high intrusiveness, and provided little opportunities for child social engagement, the family process was less cohesive, implying a decrease in the family's harmonious, warm, and collaborative style. However, in cases of high father sensitivity, low intrusiveness, and increased child engagement, the family process was unaffected by maternal depression. Findings describe both comparability and compensatory mechanisms in the effects of fathering on family life when maternal care is deficient, highlight the buffering role of fathers, and underscore the importance of father-focused interventions when mothers are depressed.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "DEVELOPMENT OF A FOURIER-TRANSFORM NMR INSTRUMENT SIMULATOR. A software simulator for a Fourier transform NMR instrument is described which provides a realistic experience and context-sensitive help for the user. Real-time programming techniques are required in order to achieve accuracy so that asynchronous activities in the instrument may be simulated. The help support allows an instructor to tailor the messages to be displayed for any desired level of rigor.", "label": [4, 36, 40]}
+{"token": "Outcomes in Burn-Injured Patients Who Develop Sepsis. This study examines health outcomes in burn patients with sepsis. We hypothesized that burn patients with sepsis would have an increased odds risk for in-hospital death and longer intensive care unit (ICU) stays. This was a retrospective cohort of consecutive patients admitted to the burn ICU with total BSA (TBSA) >= 10% and/or inhalation injury between January 2008 and March 2015. Overall 407 burn patients were included; the case-rate for sepsis was 39.1% (n = 159); 20.1% (n = 82) patients were septic and 18.9% (n = 77) patients experienced septic shock. Patients with septic shock had the highest mortality rate (13.31% no sepsis vs 3.7% sepsis vs 49.4% septic shock, P <.01). Median 28-day ICU-free days was higher in patients without sepsis (23 days [Interquartile range (IQR) 14-27] no sepsis vs 0 days [IQR 0-10] sepsis vs 0 days [IQR 0-0] septic shock, P <.01). Sepsis (with or without shock) increased odds of in-hospital death (odds ratio 7.04, 95% confidence interval 1.93-25.7) in reference to the no sepsis group. With each incremental Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score or 10% TBSA increase, the odds risk for in-hospital death increased by 56 and 75%, respectively. Our study characterized outcomes in patients with sepsis after severe burn injury. The odds risk for in-hospital death was greater in patients with sepsis, increasing burn severity according to TBSA and SOFA score.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Managing depressive symptoms in the context of abstinence: Findings from a qualitative study of women. CONCLUSION. Based on these findings, recommendations for screening, assessment, and treatment implications are forwarded.PROBLEM. In both community and clinical studies, higher rates of co-occurring depression and substance use disorder have been found in women. Within the past decade, there has been a plethora of research addressing co-occurring depression and substance abuse. However, comparatively few studies include individuals who suffer with depressive symptoms, which may not meet specific diagnostic criteria despite the significant impairment they may experience.METHOD. An ethnographic method was used to elicit the experiences of women dependent on alcohol and/or other substances and who have stopped drinking and/or using.FINDINGS. Findings corroborated those from previous studies in which depressive symptoms preceded substance abuse and continued during sustained abstinence. Separation in services between mental health and substance abuse resulted in fragmented care.", "label": [2, 26, 23]}
+{"token": "Experiential authenticity in heritage museums. Museums are important heritage attractions offering authentic cultural experiences. Nevertheless, little is known about how museums create experiential authenticity for their visitors. This study aims to address this lacuna by examining how authentic experiences are achieved through museum visits. Participant observations and semi-structured interviews were combined to generate insights into museum visitors' experiential authenticity. Based on qualitative investigations, a questionnaire-based survey was applied to confirm the structure of museum visit experience. The results demonstrate that authenticity in heritage museum visitation is characteristic of emotional, original, and interactive constructs or genres, which are positively correlated to form a hybridity. Museum visitors' experiential authenticity is evoked through material objects, demonstrations of craftsmanship, modern technology, and other forms of museum re-configuration. The paper also highlights theoretical and practical implications of this research, along with limitations for future studies.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "Factors influencing foreign direct investment of South African financial services firms in Sub-Saharan Africa. This research investigates the key elements that South African financial services firms consider before making foreign direct investments in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) markets. The results show that South African financial services firms are most strongly influenced by the political and economic stability of the country in question as well as the profitability and long-term sustainability of its specific markets. The degree of available infrastructure in terms of Information and Communication Technology as well as the existence of credible financial systems was also viewed as highly important considerations before investing in SSA. Given the uncertainty and ambiguity of most SSA markets many South African financial services firms prefer to enter existing markets via a majority stakeholder joint venture with a local partner or via a new investment if the market does not currently exist. The nature of the financial services firm also seems to influence the entry method and once in a new country most firms seem to prefer a full service presence. Additionally, the key motives cited for expansion northward were to broaden revenue bases and improve profit margins as well as to stay close to local customers. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "A Cloud of Semitic Mohammedanism The African Novel and the Muslim Question in the National Age. This essay explores anti-Islamic sentiment in black Africa, specifically in the period of decolonization and national independence. The primary rhetorical strategy of the anti-Islamism in question was to couple Islam as a religion with the 'Arab race' for the purpose of portraying the religion as a foreign and colonial one. While there was conflict and antagonism between Muslim and non-Muslim Africans prior to European colonialism, these civilizational conflicts were retooled as racial categories and conflicts, a development that reflected the impact of European colonialism and its epistemologies. In response, many African novelists have used fiction as an instrument to revisit and explore Islam's presence in black Africa, to revalidate its formative and historical importance, and to observe its autonomy from any race or ethnicity.", "label": [3, 31, 30]}
+{"token": "Non-Pharmacological Therapeutic Options for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Alzheimer's disease is a growing global crisis in need of urgent diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The current treatment strategy mostly involves immunotherapeutic medications that have had little success in halting disease progress. Hypotheses for pathogenesis and development of AD have been expanded to implicate both organ systems as well as cellular reactions. Non-pharmacologic interventions ranging from minimally to deeply invasive have attempted to address these diverse contributors to AD. In this review, we aim to delineate mechanisms underlying such interventions while attempting to provide explanatory links between the observed differences in disease states and postulated metabolic or structural mechanisms of change. The techniques discussed are not an exhaustive list of non-pharmacological interventions against AD but provide a foundation to facilitate a deeper understanding of the area of study.", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
+{"token": "Pick-up ions upstream and downstream of the termination shock. Hydrogen pick-up ions produced in the inner heliosphere are convected outwards with the solar wind and suffer energy-diffusion by quasilinear wave-particle interactions. When arriving at the solar wind termination shock, the big majority of these pick-up's passes directly from the preshock to the postshock plasma regime. While crossing the shock these ions suffer a characteristic change in their density and velocity distribution which sensitively reflects the local shock properties. We extend the earlier model calculations to derive the pre-shock and postshock pick-up proton spectrum in the ecliptic plane, taking into account the global structure of the heliosphere and the termination shock. The proton distribution is used to calculate the energetic neutral hydrogen flux and the results are compared with the CELIAS/HSTOF data. There is a satisfactory agreement as regards the flux intensity scale and the directional dependence of the flux. The calculated energy spectrum is steeper than the data.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "AIDS AND MULTIPLE-SCLEROSIS - NEURAL AND MENTAL FEATURES. The presence of mental disorder and cognitive functioning were examined in groups of 20 multiple sclerosis (MS) and homosexual acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ambulatory male outpatients matched for disability and demographic features. Patient's who were somatically ill, had past central nervous system infection or tumours or abused intravenous drugs or alcohol were excluded. The groups significantly differed in mental symptoms and mental disorders (DSM-III classification) seen currently and after the diagnosis of MS or human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. AIDS patients had pre-existing anxiety disorders that affected their current mental symptoms. MS patients showed more evidence of cognitive impairment than equally disabled AIDS patients. The differing neural and mental features are discussed in relation to the current concepts of subcortical and cortical disorders.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Identification of regional urbanization gap: evidence of China. Findings - The regional urbanization gap is 7 and 9 percent with the unconditional estimation, 13 (23) percent and 13 (23) percent with population (investment) weighted estimation between eastern and middle region, eastern and western region, respectively. The project on the interior migration of population by 30 percent and the project on the selective investment enhancement by 30 percent both reduce the regional urbanization gap by about 4 percent between middle and eastern region.Design/methodology/approach - An innovative weighted kernel density approach is applied for identifying the regional urbanization development with population migration and investment and evaluating the projects.Originality/value - The study not only measures the urbanization development with the nonparametric approach but also designs some practicable projects for reducing the regional urbanization gap, which is helpful for the Chinese Government in the policymaking process.Research limitations/implications - Focus is only on the investigation of urbanization development level with single population migration or investment enhancement; the identifications and projects with joint impact of population and investment are not considered.Purpose - The study aims to reinvestigate the regional urbanization gap in China and some projects are to be presented for reducing the gap.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Abdominal aortic injuries associated with Chance fractures in pediatric patients. Injury to the abdominal aortic artery from blunt trauma is an infrequent event with few cases reported in either the adult or the pediatric literature. Injury to the thoracic aorta after blunt abdominal trauma is more common. It has been estimated that 95% to 99% of all aortic disruptions are in the thoracic region. Injury to the abdominal aorta is rarely seen in association with fractures of the lumbar spine secondary to seat belt use in motor vehicle accidents; there are few cases in the literature of these injuries in pediatric patients. Nevertheless, the overall mortality rate of this injury has been reported to be between 18% and 37%. It is therefore important to be aware of the possible association to allow prompt diagnosis and management of multitraumatized patients because extensive injuries to the abdominal viscera may mask aortic dissection and prognosis is significantly improved with early intervention. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Modeling soil moisture and surface flux variability with an untuned land surface scheme: A case study from the Southern Great Plains 1997 Hydrology Experiment. The Parameterization for Land-Atmosphere-Cloud Exchange (PLACE), a typical surface-vegetation-atmosphere transfer (SVAT) parameterization, was used in a case study of a 2500 km(2) area in southwestern Oklahoma for 9-16 July 1997. The research objective was to assess PLACE's simulation of the spatial variability and temporal evolution of soil moisture and heat fluxes without optimization for this case study. Understanding PLACE's performance under these conditions may provide perspective on results from more complex coupled land-atmosphere simulations involving similar land surface schemes in data-poor environments. Model simulations were initialized with simple initial soil moisture and temperature profiles tied to soil type and forced by standard meteorological observations. The model equations and parameters were not adjusted or tuned to improve results.For surface soil moisture, 5- and IO-cm soil temperature, and surface fluxes, the most accurate simulation (5% error for soil moisture and 2 K for 5- and 10-cm soil temperature) occurred during the 48 h following heavy rainfall on 11 and 15 July. The spatial pattern of simulated soil moisture was controlled more strongly by soil texture than was observed soil moisture, and the error was correlated with rainfall. The simplifications of the subsurface soil moisture, soil texture, and vegetation cover initialization schemes and the uncertainty in the rainfall data (>10%) could account for differences between modeled and observed surface fluxes that are on the order of 100 W m(-2) and differences in soil moisture that are greater than 5%. It also is likely that the soil thermal conductivity scheme in PLACE damped PLACE's response to atmospheric demand after 13 July, resulting in reduced evapotranspiration and warmer but slower-drying soils. Under dry conditions, the authors expect that SVATs such as PLACE that use a similar simple initialization also would demonstrate a strong soil texture control on soil moisture and surface fluxes and limited spatial variability.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Introducing Adaptive Machine Learning Technique for Solving Short-Term Hydrothermal Scheduling with Prohibited Discharge Zones. The short-term hydrothermal scheduling (STHTS) problem has paramount importance in an interconnected power system. Owing to an operational research problem, it has been a basic concern of power companies to minimize fuel costs. To solve STHTS, a cascaded topology of four hydel generators with one equivalent thermal generator is considered. The problem is complex and non-linear and has equality and inequality constraints, including water discharge rate constraint, power generation constraint of hydel and thermal power generators, power balance constraint, reservoir storage constraint, initial and end volume constraint of water reservoirs, and hydraulic continuity constraint. The time delays in the transport of water from one reservoir to the other are also considered. A supervised machine learning (ML) model is developed that takes the solution of the STHTS problem without PDZ, by any metaheuristic technique, as input and outputs an optimized solution to STHTS with PDZ and valve point loading (VPL) effect. The results are quite promising and better compared to the literature. The versatility and effectiveness of the proposed approach are tested by applying it to the previous works and comparing the cost of power generation given by this model with those in the literature. A comparison of results and the monetary savings that could be achieved by using this approach instead of using only metaheuristic algorithms for PDZ and VPL are also given. The slipups in the VPL case in the literature are also addressed.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "PREVENTION OF EXPERIMENTAL ENDOTOXIN-SHOCK BY A MONOCYTE ACTIVATOR. In patients with polytrauma or major surgery, severe bacterial infections leading to septic shock and multiorgan failure are still a major cause of death. Prevention of septic shock in patients at risk would be an alternative to treatment of patients with overt septic shock We therefore conducted a trial with the monocyte activator muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine (MTP-PE) in an experimental pig model. Liposome encapsulated MTP-PE (50 mu g/kg of body weight) or liposomes alone were given intravenously at 72 or 24 h before endotoxemia was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), simultaneously with the induction of endotoxin shock, or 1 h thereafter. Pretreatment with MTP-PE at 72 and 24 h before endotoxemia was induced resulted in a reduction of endotoxin shock-induced mortality from 81.8% (9 of 11 animals) in the control group to 83% (1 of 12 animals) of the MTP-PE-pretreated animals (P < 0.001). The administration of MTP-PE 24 h before the induction of endotoxin shock was more effective (P < 0.01) than administration of MTP-PE 72 h before endotoxemia was induced (P = 0.05). The pretreated animals did not develop fever or cardiovascular complications, and pulmonary function was significantly improved. Furthermore, the or-form of the soluble CD14 LPS receptor in pig serum showed a marked decrease in LPS-treated animals, and this decrease was reduced by MTP-PE pretreatment at 24 h before endotoxemia was induced. When MTP-PE was given simultaneously with the induction of septic shock or 1 h thereafter, it did not influence either mortality or morbidity. In conclusion, pretreatment of pigs with MTP-PE improves several parameters of endotoxin shock and it reduces mortality. Patients with high risk of developing septic complications might benefit from a pretreatment with this monocyte-activating substance.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 43]}
+{"token": "The art, craft and science of modelling jet impact in a collapsing cavitation bubble. One of the key characteristics of the asymmetric collapse of a cavitation bubble near a rigid boundary is the development of a high speed liquid jet that penetrates the interior of the bubble, impacting on the other side to yield a toroidal bubble. After the formation of the toroidal bubble, a vigorous splash may occur that can lead to pressures on the boundary an order of magnitude greater than the impact pressures associated with the jet. Qualitative agreement with available experimental data is found although, as the bubble approaches minimum volume, shock waves are also observed which further complicate our full understanding of the mechanisms for damage.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "External Validation with Accuracy Confounders of VCO2-Derived Predicted Energy Expenditure Compared to Resting Energy Expenditure Measured by Indirect Calorimetry in Mechanically Ventilated Children. Optimal energy provision, guided by measured resting energy expenditure (REE) and determined by indirect calorimetry (IC), is fundamental in Intensive Care Units (ICU). Because IC availability is limited, methods to predict REE based on carbon dioxide production (VCO2) measurements (REEVCO2) alone have been proposed as a surrogate for REE measured by IC (REEIC). The study aimed at externally and internally validating the accuracy of the REEVCO2 as an alternative to REEIC in mechanically ventilated children. A ventilator's integrated gas exchange module (E-COVX) was used to prospectively measure REEIC and predict REEVCO2 on 107 mechanically ventilated children during the first 24 h of admission. The accuracy of the REEVCO2 compared to REEIC was assessed through the calculation of bias and precision, paired median differences, linear regression, and ROC analysis. Accuracy within +/- 10% of the REEIC was deemed acceptable for the REEVCO2 equation. The calculated REEVCO2 based on respiratory quotient (RQ) 0.89 resulted in a mean bias of -72.7 kcal/day (95% limits of agreement -321.7 to 176.3 kcal/day) and a high coefficient of variation (174.7%), while 51.4% of the calculations fell outside the +/- 10% accuracy rate. REEVCO2 derived from RQ 0.80 or 0.85 did not improve accuracy. Only measured RQ (Beta 0.73, p < 0.001) and no-recorded neuromuscular blocking agents (Beta -0.13, p = 0.044) were independently associated with the REEVCO2-REEIC difference. Among the recorded anthropometric, metabolic, nutrition, or clinical variables, only measured RQ was a strong predictor of REEVCO2 inaccuracy (p < 0.001). Cutoffs of RQ = 0.80 predicted 89% of underestimated REEIC (sensitivity 0.99; specificity 0.89) and RQ = 0.82 predicted 56% of overestimated REEIC (sensitivity of 0.99; specificity 0.56). REEVCO2 cannot be recommended as an alternative to REEIC in mechanically ventilated children, regardless of the metabolic, anthropometric, or clinical status at the time of the evaluation.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Modeling the role of negative symptoms in determining social functioning in individuals at clinical high risk of psychosis. A priority for improving outcome in individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) is enhancing our understanding of predictors of psychosis as well as psychosocial functioning. Social functioning, in particular, is a unique indicator of risk as well as an important outcome in itself. Negative symptoms are a significant determinant of social functioning in CHR individuals; yet, it is unclear which specific negative symptoms drive functional outcomeand how these symptoms function relative to other predictors, such as neurocognition and mood/anxiety symptoms. In a sample of 85 CHR individuals, we examined whether a two-factor negative symptom structure that is found in schizophrenia (experiential vs expressive symptoms) would be replicated in a CHR sample; and tested the degree to which specific negative symptoms predict social functioning, relative to neurocognition and mood/anxiety symptoms, which are known to predict functioning. The two-factor negative symptom solution was replicated in this CHR sample. Negative symptom severity was found to be uniquely predictive of social functioning, above and beyond depression/anxiety and neurocognition. Experiential symptoms were more strongly associated with social functioning, relative to expression symptoms. In addition, experiential symptoms mediated the relationship between expressive negative symptoms and social functioning. These results suggest that experiences of motivational impairment are more important in determining social functioning, relative to affective flattening and alogia, in CHR individuals, thereby informing the development of more precise therapeutic targets. Developing novel interventions that stimulate goal-directed behavior and reinforce rewarding experiences in social contexts are recommended. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Mothers' Milk: How Gender and Immigration Obscure Agricultural Expertise and Care Work in Dairyland. Gender is a key lens through which to understand industrial agricultural production in rural twenty-first century communities. Here, I examine the gendered imaginaries of dairy production that perpetuate the meaning of \\\\'farmer\\\\' as masculine and white. The expertise of Mexican immigrant workers, and particularly that of women on spousal visas, challenges such assumptions and highlights the role of unremunerated labor in sustaining the industrial food chain. Everyday experiences of gender and race are shaped not only by local-level assumptions but also by federal-level immigration policies and employer recruitment practices that result in a mostly male immigrant agricultural workforce. In this article, I draw on interviews with rural Minnesota community members, as well as local and regional news coverage, to examine how gender and race intersect to marginalize the work and expertise of Mexican immigrants in the rural Midwest. In this case, Mexican immigrant mothers frame their labor as part of a complex calculus of immigration benefits and sacrifices.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Whitemen, the Ipili, and the city of gold: A history of the politics of race and development in highlands New Guinea. Ipili speakers in the highlands of Papua New Guinea creatively use the category \\\\'whiteman\\\\' both to structure their longing for socioeconomic progress and development and to critique the very institutions associated with development that they desire. This article explores the history of Ipili-white interactions from first contact in the 1930s, through the rise of indigenous mining, and up to the present to trace how \\\\'whiteness\\\\' as a category has transformed Ipili understandings of whites and the West. Today the Ipili, as landowners associated with the Porgera gold mine, are intimately entangled with development and its benefits and ills, which have prompted debate over how to build a \\\\'modern\\\\' town in the highlands.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 31]}
+{"token": "THE PRINCIPLE OF STABILITY OF ELECTORAL LAW IN THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND. According to the Code of Good Practice in Electoral Matters, adopted by the Venice Commission, the fundamental elements of electoral law should be closed to amendment less than one year before an election or be written in the constitution or at a level higher than ordinary law. Unfortunately the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and Electoral Code do not protect the stability of the law to a sufficient extent. Lack of restrictions caused in recent years the state of the affairs, where the electoral law have been frequently modified just before the elections, mainly because of the particular interests of ruling party. However, in 2006 the Constitutional Tribunal referred positively to the suggestions of the Venice Commission and introduce to the legal system the principle of stability of electoral law, related to democratic rule of law. From this moment the essential elements of the electoral law must be adopted at least six months before the next election, understood not only as the act of voting, but as a whole the activities covered by the electoral calendar. This article tries to answer the question: how we should understood the term \\\\'fundamental elements of the electoral law\\\\' and how to calculate the six months period, during which any change of electoral law are prohibit. It will be taken into consideration also critical comments and questions that have emerged during the adjudicate the conformity of statutes by the judges of the Constitutional Tribunal.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "WHEN PATRONS ARE NOT PATRONS: A SOCIAL-SCIENTIFIC READING OF THE RICH MAN AND LAZARUS (LK 16:19-26). This article presents a social-scientific interpretation of the parable of the rich man and Lazarus. Attention is first given to the history of the interpretation of the parable and to the integrity and authenticity of this interpretation. A social-scientific reading of the parable is then presented in terms of the strategy and the situation of the parable. In terms of the latter, the parable is read against the backdrop of an advanced agrarian (aristocratic) society in which patronage and clientism played an important role. Regarding the parable's strategy, it is argued that the different oppositions in the parable serve to highlight their only similarity: those who have the ability to help do not help. The gist of the parable is that patrons who do not act like patrons create a society wherein a chasm so great between rich and poor is brought into existence that it cannot be crossed.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Nectin-1 (HveC) is expressed at high levels in neural subtypes that regulate radial migration of cortical and cerebellar neurons of the developing human and murine brain. Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) produce age-dependent encephalitis characterized by more severe involvement of the cerebral cortex in younger hosts. To elucidate the potential role of the major neural entry receptor of HSV, nectin-1, in age-dependent susceptibility of cortical neurons to viral encephalitis, the authors examined the anatomical distribution of the receptor protein in the developing human and mouse cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum by immunohistochemistry. Nectin-1 is expressed at high levels in guiding cells (radial glial cells and Cajal-Retzius cells) that regulate radial migration of neurons in cortical lamination, at lower levels in migrating neurons, and at variable levels in the transient ventricular and marginal zones of the cerebral cortical wall. These results may have implications regarding the selective spatiotemporal tropism of HSV to specific neuronal populations, and for the better understanding of neurodevelopmental defects caused by fetal HSV infections.", "label": [2, 18, 21]}
+{"token": "Telomere Truncation in Plants. Telomeres are highly repetitive sequences at the ends of chromosomes that act as protection structure for chromosome stability. The integration of telomere sequences into the gcnome by genetic transformation can create chromosome instability because the integrated telomere sequences tend to form de novo telomeres at the site of integration. Thus, telomere repeats can be used to generate minichromosomes by telomere-mediated chromosome truncation in both plants and animals for chromosome studies as well as the applications in genetic engineering as engineered minichromosomes or artificial chromosomes. This protocol describes the procedure for telomere truncation of maize chromosomes by genetic transformation of telomere-containing constructs by both Agrobacterium- and biolistic-mediated transformations.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
+{"token": "Voltage induced mechanical/spin wave propagation over long distances. We simulated the generation and propagation of spin waves (SWs) using two excitation methods, namely, magnetic field and voltage induced strain. A fully coupled non-linear magnetoelastic model, combining Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert with elastodynamic equations, is used to study the propagation characteristics of SWs in magnetoelastic materials. Simulation results show that for excitation frequencies above ferromagnetic resonance (FMR), SWs excited by voltage induced strain propagate over longer distances compared to SWs excited by magnetic field. In addition, strain mediated SWs exhibit loss characteristics, which are relatively independent of the magnetic losses (Gilbert damping). Moreover, it is also shown that strain induced SWs can also be excited at frequencies below FMR. Published by AIP Publishing.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Thiocarbamoylbenzimidophenylselenide and -telluride and their reactions with metal ions. Thiocarbamoylbenzimidophenylselenide and -telluride have been prepared from N-[N',N'-methylphenylamino(thiocarbonyl)]benzimidoyl chloride and the in situ-prepared phenylselenolate or -tellurolate, and their structures have been determined by X-ray diffraction. The air-stable compounds react with metal ions such as HgCl2, PdCl2 or Pd(acetate)2 under cleavage of their C=N or C-Se/Te bonds. The decomposition fragments react with the transition metal ions under formation of stable products such as [HgCl(SePh)](infinity), (3-methylphenylamino-5-phenyl-1,2,4-dithiazolium)(2)[HgCl4], [Pd(MePhbtu)(2)] (HMePhbtu = N-methyl-N-phenyl-N'-benzoylthiourea) or [Pd(MePhtu)(4)]Cl-2 (MePhtu = N-methyl-N-phenylthiourea). The products have been isolated in crystalline form and characterized spectroscopically and by X-ray structure analysis. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
+{"token": "DYE RESIST EFFECTS ACHIEVED ON REACTIVE RESIST TREATED WOOL. Four reactive dye resist agents containing s-triazine-based reactive groups were synthesised and the dye resist effects achieved on wool were evaluated The order of the dye resist effects achieved was found to be consistent with the IOR (Inorganicity Organicity Ratio) values of the dyes that dye wool by ionic/hydrophobic dyeing mechanisms. The dye resist effect achieved with the bifunctional reactive resist (DRB) was superior to that achieved by the monofunctional reactive resist (DRM). The explanation for this difference might be that there are crosslinks introduced by the bifunctional groups of DRB. Low temperature curing can be applied to produce tone on tone effects or dark colour resist treatments in the case of the bifunctional reactive resist (DRB). Full while resist effects seem to be difficult to achieve with reactive resists in normal dyeing. If higher levels of fixation and crosslinking could be achieved, then the perfect dye resist process may still be feasible.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36, 11]}
+{"token": "Life' in the fourth Gospel and its resonances with Genesis 1-3. The fourth Gospel is notably different from the Synoptics in its apparent lack of explicit fulfilment motif. Indeed the fourth Gospel is quite different in some ways because of its high Christology. Notable in this regard is its take on 'realised' eschatology. Scholars have found little in the Hebrew Scriptures as the Gospel's take-off point for this understanding. This article argues that the fourth Gospel's understanding of 'realised' eschatology is informed by its understanding of the concept of life as found in the early chapters of Genesis.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Increased psychiatric morbidity in women with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome or complete gonadal dysgenesis. Conclusion: The increased psychiatric morbidity in women with CAIS and GD highlights the need for clinical awareness of the psychiatric vulnerability in these patients.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, and included 33 women with different DSDs: 20 CATS, 6 46,XY GD, 7 46,XX GD, 21 women with POI and 61 population-derived controls. Psychiatric morbidity was assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview plus (MINI +). To complement the MINI +, three self-report questions were used to evaluate current and previous psychiatric history. Results are presented as p values and estimated risks (odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence intervals [CI]) of psychiatric conditions among women with CATS or GD in comparison with women with POI and age-matched population-derived controls.Objective: Knowledge concerning mental health outcomes is important to optimize the health of individuals with disorders or differences of sex development (DSD). Thus, the aim of this study was to estimate if the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in adult women diagnosed with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CATS) or complete gonadal dysgenesis (46,XY GD and 46,XX GD) differs from that in women with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) or age-matched population controls.Results: Twenty-eight of the 33 women (85%) with CATS or GD met the criteria for at least one psychiatric disorder according to the MINI +, with depression and anxiety disorders being most common. This was significantly higher compared with population controls (52%) (OR 5.1, 95% CI 1.7-14.9), but not compared to women with POI, who had a high frequency of psychiatric diagnoses (76%).", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Broadband multi-layer antenna with improved design for the applications of perfect impedance matching. In this paper, the design of a broadband multi-layer microstrip antenna is presented. The broadband characteristics are the results of coupled resonances of the patch and transmission line through the resonant aperture. For this purpose, a cross-shaped transmission line, a ring slot, and a shaped ring patch are used. The simulation and measurement results indicate that a wide impedance bandwidth of 70% for vertical bar S-11 vertical bar < -10 dB and a perfect impedance matching 35% for vertical bar S-11 vertical bar < -20 dB are achieved. The gain is stable over the impedance bandwidth. The maximum gain of the proposed antenna is 8.8 dBi at 5 GHz. The radiation pattern, radiation efficiency, and cross-polarization are also suitable throughout the impedance bandwidth.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Impact of In Utero Folate Exposure on DNA Methylation and Its Potential Relevance for Later-Life Health-Evidence from Mouse Models Translated to Human Cohorts. Scope Persistent DNA methylation changes may mediate effects of early-life exposures on later-life health. Human lifespan is challenging for prospective studies, therefore data from longitudinal studies are limited. Projecting data from mouse models of early-life exposure to human studies offers a tool to address this challenge. Methods and Results C57BL/6J mice were fed low/normal folate diets before and during pregnancy and lactation. Genome-wide promoter methylation was measured in male offspring livers at 17.5 days gestation and 28 weeks. Eight promoters were concurrently hypermethylated by folate depletion in fetuses and adults (>1.10 fold-change; p < 0.05). Processes/pathways potentially influenced by global changes, and function of these eight genes, suggest neurocognitive effects. Human observational and randomized controlled trial data were interrogated for translation. Methylation at birth was inversely associated with maternal plasma folate in six genes (-1.15% to -0.16% per nmol L-1; p < 0.05), while maternal folic acid supplementation was associated with differential methylation of four genes in adulthood. Three CpGs were persistently hypermethylated with lower maternal folate (p = 0.04). Conclusion Some persistent folate-induced methylation changes in mice are mirrored in humans. This demonstrates utility of mouse data in identifying human loci for interrogation as biomarkers of later-life health.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "TRANSITIONS TO EMPLOYMENT AND MARRIAGE AMONG YOUNG MEN IN EGYPT. We examine in this paper the transition from school to work and the transition to marriage among young men with at least a secondary education in Egypt, with particular attention to how the first transition affects the second. In examining the transition from school to work, we analyze the determinants of the duration of transition to first employment after school completion, as well as the type and quality of job obtained in such employment. We then move to an examination of the determinants of further mobility to a second job. In examining the transition to marriage, we investigate the effect of time to the first job and the time to the first good job, if any, on the timing of marriage, controlling for cohort of birth, education, family background and community-level variables. We find that the duration of transition to first employment has fallen over time, primarily because of the reduced availability of formal employment, especially public employment, making it less worthwhile for young men to remain jobless searching for such employment. Having access to work in a family enterprise reduces significantly the duration of transition from school to work as does the need to be the main breadwinner of the family. While education beyond the secondary level has no significant effect on the duration of the transition, it does significantly affect the probability of getting a good job and a formal job, as a first job. The hazard of transition to a second job is negatively associated with the time it takes to get a first job, but that is primarily because it is negatively associated with the quality of the first job and the fact that it takes longer to get good first jobs. Our findings relating to the transition to marriage confirm both the importance of early entry into the job market and of obtaining good jobs for early transition into marriage. However, if delayed entry (due to search) raises the hazard of getting a good job, it may actually be a worthwhile strategy, from the point of view of curbing the delay in marriage, for an individual to spend more time in job search.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "The Impact of Aerobic Exercise on the Muscle Stem Cell Response. Satellite cells are indispensable for skeletal muscle repair and regeneration and are associated with muscle growth in humans. Aerobic exercise training results in improved skeletal muscle health also translating to an increase in satellite cell pool activation. We postulate that aerobic exercise improves satellite cell function in skeletal muscle.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 52]}
+{"token": "Improvement of glycemic state among responders to Sofosbuvir-based treatment regimens: Single center experience. Chronic HCV infection has emerged as a complex multifaceted disease with manifestations extending beyond the liver. HCV plays a direct role in glucose metabolism leading to both insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. To evaluate the changes in the glycemic state following Sofosbuvir-based treatment regimens in diabetic HCV patients. Four hundred chronic hepatitis C patients who underwent Sofosbuvir-based treatment regimens were retrospectively screened. Sixty-five diabetic HCV patients only enrolled in our analysis. Baseline demographic and laboratory data were recorded. Pretreatment Transient elastography was performed. At 24-week post EOT (SVR24), Fasting Plasma glucose, and Hemoglobin A1c were re-evaluated and compared with baseline. All enrolled diabetic patients were responders. They showed statistically significant decline in Fasting Plasma glucose and Hemoglobin A1c values at SVR24. Whatever the degree of hepatic fibrosis, the level of Fasting Plasma glucose and Hemoglobin A1c decreased at SVR24 in comparison to baseline level. Fifty-one patients showed improvement in their Hemoglobin A1c values at SVR24 and this improvement was more likely to occur among patients with low Body mass index. The reduction in Fasting Plasma glucose >20mg/dL (>1.1mmol/L) and Hemoglobin A1c >= 0.5% was not associated with age, gender or hepatic fibrosis stage. Sofosbuvir-based regimens are a highly efficient antiviral therapy for diabetic chronic HCV patients resulted in improvement in Fasting Plasma glucose and Hemoglobin A1c.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Distribution and seasonal abundance of Cnephia pecuarum (Diptera : Simuliidae) in Arkansas. Studies were conducted during 1990-92 to determine the distribution and abundance of the southern buffalo gnat (Cnephia pecuarum) in Arkansas. Field collection of adults near streams throughout Arkansas demonstrated adult occurrence in 24 counties. Abundance studies were conducted by using tent traps baited with dry ice in 3 counties in southeastern Arkansas. In 1990, studies were conducted in Bayou Meto (Ashley County); Seven Devils Swamp (Drew County); and Crocketts Bluff, Bayou Meto, and Little LaGrue Bayou (Arkansas County). During 1991 and 1992, abundance studies were limited to Arkansas County. Results and previous field observations suggest 3 distinct populations in Arkansas (southwestern, southeastern, and central). Seasonal occurrence extended from December to April but varied by location and year. Abundance studies indicated variation in both seasonal occurrence and adult density by year and trap location. Although investigations during 1990-91 showed similar seasonal occurrence trends (peaking in early March), higher adult densities were noted during 1990. In contrast, peak adult density during 1992 occurred in late January. Greatest adult density during the course of these investigations was 7,160 gnats/24 h during 1990 at Crocketts Bluff (Arkansas County). Results suggest that additional studies are warranted to determine the impact of environmental and river factors on seasonal occurrence and abundance of this pest.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Downregulation of Umbilical Cord Blood Levels of miR-374a in Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy. Conclusions We have shown a significant step-wise downregulation of hsa-miR-374a expression in cord blood of infants with perinatal asphyxia and subsequent HIE.Results Seventy miRNAs were differentially expressed between case and control groups. Of these hsa-miR-374a was the most significantly downregulated in infants with HIE vs controls. Validation of hsa-miR-374a expression using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction confirmed a significant reduction in expression among infants with HIE compared with those with perinatal asphyxia and healthy controls (mean relative quantification [SD] = 0.52 [0.37] vs 1.10 [1.52] vs 1.76 [1.69], P < .02).Study design Full-term infants with perinatal asphyxia were identified under strict enrollment criteria. Degree of encephalopathy was defined using both continuous multichannel electroencephalogram in the first 24 hours of life and modified Sarnat score. Seventy infants (18 controls, 33 with perinatal asphyxia without HIE, and 19 infants with HIE [further graded as 13 mild, 2 moderate, and 4 severe]) were included in the study. MiRNA expression profiles were determined using a microarray assay and confirmed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.Objective To investigate the expression profile of microRNA (miRNA) in umbilical cord blood from infants with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE).", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Penetrating abdominal trauma from table saw use. Over 30,000 injuries predominantly to the fingers and hands result from table saw use each year, but penetrating abdominal trauma from table saw use has not been previously described in the English literature. We report the case of a 36-year-old man who was operating a table saw when the blade splintered the wood and propelled it into his abdomen. He removed a large splinter from his skin and presented to the emergency room with severe abdominal pain. He was hemodynamically stable with a negative FAST with two small external wounds and signs of peritonitis. Diagnostic laparoscopy was converted to laparotomy upon visualization of a significant amount of blood in the abdomen. A 22cm segment of ileum containing 11 enterotomies from wooden projectiles, including one large splinter causing through-and-through injury was resected with a primary anastomosis. He made an uneventful recovery. We discuss this unusual mechanism of penetrating trauma not previously described and the absence of protective technologies that could have prevented this injury.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Microscopic theory of solvent-mediated long-range forces: Influence of wetting. We show that a general density functional approach for calculating the force between two big particles immersed in a solvent of smaller ones can describe systems that exhibit fluid-fluid phase separation: the theory captures effects of strong adsorption (wetting) and of critical fluctuations in the solvent. We illustrate the approach for the Gaussian core model, a simple model of a polymer mixture in solution and find extremely attractive, long-ranged solvent-mediated potentials between the big particles for state points lying close to the binodal, on the side where the solvent is poor in the species which is favoured by the big particles.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "UNSELF-CONSCIOUS CONTROL: BROADENING THE NOTION OF CONTROL THROUGH EXPERIENCES OF FLOW AND WU-WEI. P>This paper both clarifies and broadens the notion of control and its relation to the self. By discussing instances of skillful absorption from different cultural backgrounds, I argue that the notion of control is not as closely related to self-consciousness as is often suggested. Experiences of flow and wu-wei exemplify a nonself-conscious though personal type of control. The intercultural occurrence of this type of behavioral control demonstrates its robustness, and questions two long-held intuitions about the relation between self-consciousness and the experience of control. The first intuition holds that the conscious self initiates and controls actions, thoughts, and feelings. The second is the view that losing this self-conscious type of control is a negative and upsetting experience. By focusing on \\\\'the paradox of control\\\\' in these experiences of skillful absorption, I argue that a feeling of control can occur without a self that narratively claims control. Furthermore, this type of control can be a very positive and pleasurable experience. Therefore, the common views of the notion of control are in need of broader conceptualization and further refinement.", "label": [3, 5, 33, 57]}
+{"token": "Determinants of digital skills in Northeast Anatolia, Turkey. Digital divide is among the most important problems required to be overcome by our contemporary information society, where skills are among the principle determinants of such inequalities. This study examines the digital divide in a non-Western population which has not been studied before, and specifically it measures the digital skill levels of the people living in the Northeastern Anatolia region of Turkey. The primary contribution of the study is confirmatory of previous research regarding digital skills, though in the context of a previously-unexamined population. By using a sample representing the region (n =400), the digital skill levels of the participants were measured. Data were collected through performance tests developed by van Deursen, A.J.A.M., and J.A.G.M. van Dijk (2010. Internet skills and the digital divide. New Media & Society 13, no. 6: 893-911. doi:10.1177/ 1461444810386774). Findings indicate that the digital skill level of the participants is generally low. The users are most successful at the formal level, followed by operational, informational and strategic skills, respectively. The level of strategic skills is quite low, which hints at the fact that the users studied are not able to translate their Internet use into real-world tangible benefits. It is also found that age, gender, education, household income significantly predict digital skill levels.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "An N-acetyllactosamine-specific lectin, PFA, isolated from a moth (Phalera flavescens), structurally resembles an invertebrate-type lysozyme. PFA (Phalera flavescens agglutinin) lectin purified from larvae of the lobster moth (P. flavescens) shows a strong binding ability specific to the N-acetyllactosamine (Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc) site. We determined the genomic and cDNA sequences of the PFA gene, which consists of five exons and spans approximately 5 kb of a genomic region. Surprisingly, the amino acid sequence (149 amino acids) was similar to invertebrate-type lysozymes and related proteins. The predicted tertiary structure of the PFA protein was similar to the lysozymes of clams such as the common orient clam (Meretrix lusoria) and Japanese littleneck (Venerupis philippinarum (Tapes japonica)). The PFA, however, lacks a catalytically essential amino acid, an Asp (D), which is one of the two important amino acids (Glu (E) and D) express the function of lysozyme. As a result, lysozyme activity assays indicated that PFA does not have lysozyme activity. Results suggest that the PFA gene evolved from a lysozyme gene through the loss of lysozyme activity sites and the acquisition of lectin activity during evolution of the genus Phalera. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 44, 42]}
+{"token": "Metastatic adenocarcinoma in the lungs of older laying hens. As part of a study on ovarian and oviductal adenocarcinomas in older laying hens, 676 commercial egg-laying chickens were necropsied at 4 yr of age. Tumors were identified in 305 (45.1%) of the hens. Grossly visible metastatic tumors in the lungs of a few birds prompted collection of lungs from 228 affected hens for histologic examination. Metastatic adenocarcinomas were identified histologically in the lungs of 42 of the 228 hens (18.4%). The number of tumors and extent of involvement of the lung parenchyma varied from minimal to extensive. Tumor emboli were occasionally seen in pulmonary vessels. Metastatic foci showing expansive or invasive growth were identified. These findings indicate that vascular spread of adenocarcinomas is more common than previously thought in chickens, and the lungs are often involved with metastatic tumors, primarily from the reproductive tract.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "The abandonment of extrinsic rule ordering in generative grammar. Extrinsic rule ordering was a device used within the Standard Theory of Generative Grammar which determined the correct order for transformations to apply. During the 1970s some linguists, led by Andreas Koutsoudas, showed how this device could be eliminated. However, the great importance of their work has never been recognised. The paper offers a recent example of such a lack of acknowledgement. Furthermore, it is argued why an accurate account of the abandonment of extrinsic rule ordering matters; it represents the first systematic achievement in constraining the strong expressive power of transformations.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Adsorption of SIP E. coli onto quartz and its applications in froth flotation. Zeta potential measurements of silica-induced protein (SIP) Escherichia coli and quartz showed that the former are positively charged under acidic condition and negatively charged under neutral and alkaline conditions, with an isoelectric point (IEP) at pH 4.5, while the quartz was always negatively charged. Adsorption experiments with bacteria cells on quartz were conducted under different conditions. The results show that at pH values lower than the IEP of the cells, more cells were adsorbed due to electrostatic forces. However, at pH > 4.5, the amount of adsorbed cells decreased as a result of electrostatic repulsion forces. Zeta potentials of quartz showed that at pH 2.5 a significant change in the surface chemistry of quartz occurred after bacterial treatment. The degree of this change was related to the initial SIP E. coli concentration; at 5 x 10(7) cells/ml the average zeta potential of biotreated quartz shifted from -30 mV to 0 mV and at higher concentrations the zeta potential shifted to the positive direction and reached a similar value to that of the bacterial cells. SIP E. coli showed hydrophobic properties at pH lower than the IEP, with approximately 60% of the cells moving to the organic phase from aqueous phase. Bioflotation of quartz using SIP E coli alone at pH 2.5 gave approximately 60% recovery because at this pH more bacteria adsorb onto the quartz surface and the bacterial surface is hydrophobic. In anionic flotation of quartz using sodium dodecyl sulfate, SIP E. coli cells act as a surface modifier, with an increase in flotation recovery from 28% to 85%. This is because the bacterial cells confer hydrophobic properties to the quartz and the biotreated quartz is positively charged, so a large amount of the collector was adsorbed and the recovery increased. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 13, 39]}
+{"token": "Development of Very High Strength and Ductile Dilute Magnesium Alloys by Dispersion of Quasicrystal Phase. Very high strengths, with tensile yield strength from 377 to 405 MPa, combined with elongation to failure of over 12 pct, have been achieved in Mg-Zn-Y dilute alloys by direct extrusion. Alloys Mg-6xZn-xY, where x = 0.2, 0.35, and 0.5 (at. pct) were chill cast in a steel mold and direct extruded at a temperature in the range 508 K to 528 K (235 A degrees C to 255 A degrees C), which produced an average grain size of about 1 mu m. Quasicrystalline i-phase particles were dispersed in the matrix with size ranging from 50 nm to 1 mu m. In addition, high density of nano-precipitates of average size 15 nm was dispersed in matrix. Thus we have developed magnesium alloys of very high strength combined with ductility by a simple process using extrusion with very little addition of yttrium. (C) The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International 2013", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Isolated from Animal-Origin Food Items in Gondar, Ethiopia. Salmonella has been found to be the major cause of foodborne diseases and a serious public health problem in the world, with an increasing concern for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant strains. A cross-sectional study was conducted between February 2014 and December 2015 on food items of animal origin to assess the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella isolates using standard bacteriological methods. The overall prevalence rate of 5.5% was recorded from the total analyzed food items of animal origin. Salmonella isolates were detected from 12% of raw meat, 8% of minced meat, 2.9% of burger samples, 18% of raw eggs, and 6% of raw milk. Furthermore, antimicrobial susceptibility test identified 47.6% resistant Salmonella isolates, 28.6% intermediately sensitive isolates, and 23.8% susceptible isolates. Among Salmonella isolates tested, 42.6%, 28.6%, and 14.3% were found to be relatively resistant to tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and ampicillin, respectively, while 9.5%-19% were intermediately resistant to tetracycline, amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, and nitrofurantoin. Therefore, our findings provide the prevalence and drug resistance of Salmonella from foods of animal origin and contribute information to scientists as well as public health researchers to minimize the prevalent and resistant foodborne Salmonella species in Ethiopia.", "label": [2, 18, 19]}
+{"token": "Correlation of polypoid colorectal adenocarcinoma with pre-existing adenomatous polyps and KRAS mutation. Cetuximab is an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor that helps effectively treat patients with advanced colorectal adenocarcinoma without KRAS activating mutations. KRAS mutations are associated with 16% to 50% of isolated villous adenomas and approximately 30% of colorectal cancer. Correlation between the gross and histological subset of colorectal adenocarcinoma with KRAS mutation is unknown. Archived surgical resection specimens of colorectal adenocarcinoma (n = 42) and villous adenoma (n = 9) were collected. The gross appearance and histopathological features of these lesions were thoroughly reviewed, including the presence of a pre-existing adenomatous polyp. DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections and then subjected to TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction to detect the seven most common KRAS mutations. KRAS mutations were found in 13 of 42 cases (31%) of colorectal adenocarcinoma and 7 of 9 cases (78%) of villous adenoma. All 13 cases of colorectal carcinoma with a KRAS mutation showed a gross polypoid configuration, compared to no KRAS mutation in the colorectal carcinomas with ulcerative configuration. In addition, 13 of 17 of these cases (76%) had histological features of adenocarcinoma with a persistent preexisting adenomatous polyp with villous architecture. In summary, grossly polypoid colorectal adenocarcinomas with a persistent pre-existing adenomatous polyp with villous architecture are strongly associated with KRAS mutations.", "label": [2, 22, 20]}
+{"token": "OPEN GOVERNMENT FROM A MULTILEVEL PERSPECTIVE: REFLECTIONS BETWEEN THEORETICAL REASON AND PRACTICAL INNOVATION. The Latin American countries which have joined the Open Government Partnership (OGP), have designed and implemented various mechanisms on the path towards open government. The analysis conducted in this paper suggests the importance of a multilevel approach to the operationalization of the open government, where the multilevel outlines the enormous challenge of linking government actions with those of civil society organizations in a common agenda which the OGP calls Action Plan. The theoretical approaches that address open government distinguish two visions, technology and politics, with focus on providing a more collaborative direction to public action. Both intertwine to give meaning and direction to practical innovation, specifically in three levels of analysis: institutional (macro), organizational (meso) and public policy (micro).", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Iceland's external affairs in the Middle Ages: The shelter of Norwegian sea power. According to the international relations literature, small countries need to form an alliance with larger neighbours in order to defend themselves and be economically sustainable. This paper applies the assumption that small states need economic and political shelter in order to prosper, economically and politically, to the case of Iceland, in an historical context. It analyses whether or not Iceland, as a small entity/country in the Middle Ages (from the Settlement in the 9th and 10th centuries until the late 14th century) enjoyed political and economic shelter provided by its neighbouring states. Admitting that societies were generally much more self-sufficient in the Middle Ages than in our times, the paper argues that Iceland enjoyed essential economic shelter from Norwegian sea power, particularly as regards its role in securing external market access. On the other hand, the transfer of formal political authority from Iceland to the Norwegian crown was the political price paid for this shelter, though the Icelandic domestic elite, at the time, may have regarded it as a political cover. The country's peripheral location shielded it both from military attacks from outsiders and the king's day-to-day interference in domestic affairs. That said, the island was not at all unexposed to political and social developments in the British Isles and on the European continent, e.g. as regards the conversion to Christianity and the formation of dynastic and larger states. This paper claims that the analysis of the need for shelter needs to take into account the political and economical costs that may be involved in a shield. Also, it needs to address how external actors may solve the problem of internal order. Moreover, an analysis from the point of view of the advantages of political or military shelter needs to address the importance of the extent of engagement of a small community, particularly a remote one, with the outside world. The level of engagement and the identity of the entity with which reciprocal transactions take place may have an important bearing on the community. This was the case in Iceland, i.e. communication with the outside world was of immense importance during the Middle Ages. Hence, the paper suggests that an analysis of the means by which shelter was secured must address the importance of communication according to the centre-periphery relations model.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Nonlinear Simulations of Coalescence Instability Using a Flux Difference Splitting Method. A flux difference splitting numerical scheme based on the finite volume method is applied to study ideal/resistive magnetohydrodynamics. The ideal/resistive MHD equations are cast as a set of hyperbolic conservation laws, and we develop a numerical capability to solve the weak solutions of these hyperbolic conservation laws by combining a multi-state Harten-Lax-Van Leer approximate Riemann solver with the hyperbolic divergence cleaning technique, high order shock-capturing reconstruction schemes, and a third order total variance diminishing Runge-Kutta time evolving scheme. The developed simulation code is applied to study the long time nonlinear evolution of the coalescence instability. It is verified that small structures in the instability oscillate with time and then merge into medium structures in a coherent manner. The medium structures then evolve and merge into large structures, and this trend continues through all scale-lengths. The physics of this interesting nonlinear dynamics is numerically analyzed.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Muscle relaxant activity of methocarbamol enantiomers in mice. The results show that (+)- R-methocarbamol has higher muscle relaxant activity compared with racemic methocarbamol or (-)- S-methocarbamol.Documented studies support the emerging idea that drug enantiomers could have different pharmacological activity. Our bibliographical data have shown that so far no report has been published on the pharmacological activity of individual enantiomers of methocarbamol.This study was conducted to characterize the muscle relaxant activity of methocarbamol enantiomers. The rotarod test was used to compare the muscle relaxant activity of racemic methocarbamol and pure enantiomers after intraperitoneal administration of the enantiomers to mice.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Association of Self-Reported Abscess With High-Risk Injection-Related Behaviors Among Young Persons Who Inject Drugs. Abscess is a common source of morbidity for people who inject drugs. We used data from the Study to Assess Hepatitis C Risk to measure prevalence of abscess and identify factors associated with the history of abscess. Of 541 participants, 388 (72%) were male and 149 (28%) were female. Almost half (n = 258, 48%) reported ever having an abscess. Persons who inject drugs with an abscess history were significantly more likely to have more injection partners (p = .01), inject heroin daily (p,.05), and share cookers (p =.001) and less likely to report using new syringes with each injection (p =.02). Most reported self-treating their last abscess and increasing drug use when having an abscess. High-risk injection-related activity was associated not only with infections such as HIV and hepatitis C virus but also with abscess. Nurses should screen patients presenting with abscess for high-risk practices and provide prevention education.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "A novel high throughput screening assay for HCVNS3 helicase activity. A novel assay for measurement of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3 helicase activity was developed using Flashplate(TM) technology. This assay involves the use of a DNA duplex substrate and recombinant HCV NS3 produced in Escherichia coli. The DNA duplex consisted of a pair of oligonucleotides, one biotinylated, the other radiolabeled at their respective 5' termini. This DNA duplex was immobilized. via the biotin molecule, on the surface of a neutravidin-coated SMP103 Flashplate(TM) (NEN Life Science Products). Helicase activity results in the release of the radiolabeled oligonucleotide, which translates in signal reduction with respect to control wells. Biochemical characterization of the HCV NS3 helicase activity was performed using this assay. We demonstrated that the NS3-mediated unwinding is proportional to both the amount of DNA substrate in the well, and to the NS3 concentration in the reaction. Most of the NS3-mediated unwinding was achieved in the initial 60 min of incubation. As expected the reactions were ATP-dependent and found to be affected by the concentration of MgCl2, MnCl2, KCl, EDTA, and by pH. We found this assay to be highly reproducible since only slight variation was observed when a total of 68 helicase reactions were performed on one plate. Therefore, this Flashplate(TM) helicase assay is fast, convenient and reproducible. These criteria make it suitable for high throughput screening of potential NS3 helicase inhibitors. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 21]}
+{"token": "Longitudinal Changes in Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children and Young Adults Compared With Healthy Controls. Objectives: HIV-infected patients are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study assessed longitudinal changes in carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) as a surrogate marker for CVD, and determined the relationship between cIMT and cardiovascular risk factors in HIV-infected children/young adults.Results: Thirty-five HIV+ subjects and 37 controls were included in the analysis. Among HIV+ subjects, the median age was 10 years, body mass index was 18.7 kg/m(2), 37% were male, CD4 count was 32%, 77% had HIV-RNA <400 copies/mL, and 86% were on antiretrovirals. At baseline, HIV+ had higher lipids and C-reactive protein. HIV-infected had higher internal carotid artery (ICA) and common carotid artery (CCA) IMT (mm) (ICA: HIV+, 0.90; controls, 0.78 [P = 0.01]; CCA: HIV+, 1.00; controls, 0.95 [P = 0.05]). At 48 weeks, CD4% increased and low-density lipoprotein decreased in HIV-infected subjects. ICA and CCA median changes for HIV-infected subjects were -0.23 and -0.15 mm, respectively (both P < 0.01). In controls, only CCA changed (P = 0.04). Between-group changes were not significant, except when only 31 perinatally infected HIV+ subjects and the controls were compared (CCA P = 0.04). In multiple regression analyses of HIV+ subjects, antiretroviral therapy duration and CD4% were associated with cIMT changes.Conclusions: Higher cIMT was found in HIV-infected subjects than in healthy controls, but at 48 weeks, cIMT was similar between groups. These data suggest that HIV-infected children/young adults are at high risk of CVD, but lipid control, immune restoration, and viral suppression with continuous antiretroviral therapy may prevent its worsening.Methods: This was a longitudinal, observational study comparing cIMT, fasting metabolic profile, and C-reactive protein in HIV-infected subjects 2 to 21 years old to matched controls at baseline and 48 weeks.", "label": [2, 18, 25, 27]}
+{"token": "A Simple System for Promoting Flowering of Upland Switchgrass in the Greenhouse. The transition from vegetative to reproductive development in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) has been described as a photoperiod-mediated process. With its extensive native range, photoperiod response varies widely within the species. To synchronize flowering among cultivars of distinct origin, disparities in light-driven developmental responses often require breeders to develop elaborate photoperiod regimens. The objective of this research was to identify a simple photoperiod treatment that could be used to evoke sexual reproductive development for three upland cultivars of switchgrass: Cave-In-Rock (origin 37 degrees N), Sunburst (origin 42 degrees N), and Dacotah (origin 46 degrees N). To evaluate photoperiod sensitivity, switchgrass clones were grown in the greenhouse under various local natural ambient photoperiods, as well as under a 24-h low-irradiance daylight extension. Despite previously being described as a short-day plant, these upland cultivars of switchgrass were induced to flower under 24-h low-irradiance daylight-extended photoperiod. This daylight extension method was valid for use in addition to any ambient photoperiod. These results identified a simple system that used inexpensive equipment (common fluorescent bulbs) and required no alternating light and dark periods to promote panicle production in switchgrass. This system will be useful for improving seed yield components, via controlled pollination in the greenhouse, most especially when the ambient photoperiods are not favorable for floral induction.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Spatiotemporal multivariate mixture models for Bayesian model selection in disease mapping. It is often the case that researchers wish to simultaneously explore the behavior of, and estimate the overall risk for, multiple related diseases with varying rarity while accounting for potential spatial and/or temporal correlation. In this paper, we propose a flexible class of multivariate spatiotemporal mixture models to fill this role. Further, these models offer flexibility with the potential for model selection as well as the ability to accommodate lifestyle, socioeconomic, and physical environmental variables with spatial, temporal, or both structures. Here, we explore the capability of this approach via a large-scale simulation study and examine a motivating data example involving three cancers in South Carolina. The results, which are focused on four model variants, suggest that all models possess the ability to recover the simulation ground truth and display an improved model fit over two baseline Knorr-Held spatiotemporal interaction model variants in a real data application.", "label": [4, 5, 41, 52]}
+{"token": "Interaction of cracks with dislocations in couple-stress elasticity. Part II: Shear modes. In the second part of this study, the interaction of a finite-length crack with a glide and a screw dislocation is examined within the framework of couple-stress elasticity. The loading from the two defects on the crack results to plane and antiplane shear modes of fracture, respectively. Both problems are attacked using the distributed dislocation technique and the cracks are modeled using distributions of discrete glide or screw dislocations. The antiplane strain case is governed by a single hyper-singular integral equation with a cubic singularity, whereas the plane strain case by a singular integral equation. In both cases, the integral equations are numerically solved using appropriate collocation techniques. The results obtained herein show that a crack under antiplane conditions closes in a smoother way as compared to the classical elasticity result. Further, the evaluation of the energy release rate in the crack-tips reveals an 'alternating' behavior between strengthening and weakening effects in the plane strain case, depending on the defect's distance from the crack-tip and the magnitude of the characteristic material length. On the other hand, the energy release rate in the antiplane mode shows a strengthening effect when couple-stresses are considered. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Silicon and boron on cauliflower induce attractiveness and mortality in Plutella xylostella. Results: Cauliflower leaves sprayed with Si and B showed a higher concentration of the beneficial element and micronutrient, respectively. When evaluating the firmness of the cauliflower leaves, it was found that the plants with leaf sprayings of Si and B did not differ statistically from each other. However, they showed an increase in firmness, in relation to the plants of the control treatment. Leaf spraying of Si and B on cauliflower did not influence the number of eggs/female. The attractiveness index showed that both Si and B applications stimulated the presence of second instar larvae, being more stimulating in relation to the control treatment. However, the use of Si and B in isolation showed a positive result, since it caused high mortality in diamondback moth larvae compared to the control treatment.Conclusion: The application of both foliar fertilizers positively affects the attractiveness index of the larvae, being attractive; however, both Si and B caused high mortality (similar to 80%). The results showed that Si and B have the potential to control P. xylostella and serve as a basis for alternative pest management in brassica crops. (C) 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.Background: Boron (B) and silicon (Si) are fundamental for brassica nutrition, and in some cases, they have potential as an insecticide. Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), one of the most economically important agricultural pests, is difficult to control due to the resistance to insecticides and the absence of alternative control methods.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 44]}
+{"token": "Punching shear resistance of post-tensioned steel fiber reinforced concrete flat plates. The paper presents results of an experimental study on punching shear behavior and resistance of post-tensioned steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) slab-column connections using unbonded tendons. Eight large-scale specimens were tested, in which fiber amount and concrete compressive strength were varying. The results show that an increasing amount of steel fibers results in an increase of punching shear resistances and energy absorption capacity and contributes to the improvement of slab-column connection integrity. The paper presents also a semi-empirical formula for estimation of punching shear resistances of post-tensioned SFRC slab-column connections with unbonded tendons. Along with taking into account effects of concrete strength, prestress, and vertical component of prestressing force on the total punching shear resistance, the proposed design formula considers also such factors as: volume of steel fibers, size effect, effect of span to effective slab depth ratio, and effective depth of tendons. The formula enables an adequate estimation of real resistances of post-tensioned slab-column connections, either with or without steel fibers. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Reconstructing temporal variation of fluoride uptake in eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) from a high-fluoride area by analysis of fluoride distribution in dentine. Trace element profiling in the incrementally formed dentine of mammalian teeth can be applied to reconstruct temporal variation of incorporation of these elements into the tissue. Using an electron microprobe, this study analysed fluoride distribution in dentine of first and third mandibular molars of free-ranging eastern grey kangaroos inhabiting a high-fluoride area, to assess temporal variation in fluoride uptake of the animals. Fluoride content in the early-formed dentine of first molars was significantly lower than in the late-formed dentine of these teeth, and was also lower than in both, the early and the late-formed dentine of third molars. As early dentine formation in M-1 takes place prior to weaning, this finding indicates a lower dentinal fluoride uptake during the pre-weaning compared to the post-weaning period. This is hypothetically attributed to the action of a partial barrier to fluoride transfer from blood to milk in lactating females and a low bioavailability of fluoride ingested together with milk. Another factor contributing to lower plasma fluoride levels in juveniles compared to adults is the rapid clearance of fluoride from blood plasma in the former due to their intense skeletal growth. The combined action of these mechanisms is considered to explain why in kangaroos from high-fluoride areas, the (early-formed) first molars are not affected by dental fluorosis while the (later-formed) third and fourth molars regularly exhibit marked to severe fluorotic lesions. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Disentangling the relationship between oil demand and tanker charter rates using frequency-decomposed components. The bulk of crude oil is transported globally via large ocean tankers. Freight rates of these tankers show high volatility, which results in significant financial risks to stakeholders. Several factors drive these freight rates. In this study, we specifically investigate their relationships with oil demand as their major determinant. As both these time series demonstrate nonlinear and non-stationary behaviors, we use an advanced decomposition technique - Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (CEEMD) - to analyze their interrelationships. In this approach, we first extract various constituent cycles from both time series. These cycles are then analyzed in a pairwise fashion to detect co-movements in short-, medium-, and long-terms. Investigating the case of the United States Gulf Coast served by three major world routes, we uncovered various economic cycles as well as time-varying relationships. In general, new short shipping-based cycles were found, in addition to the anticipated medium to long cycles. While no short-term relationship was found, weak to increasingly stronger long-term relationships were uncovered, with oil demand leading the freight rates consistently. Differences across routes were also analyzed and interpreted. Our findings have a direct bearing on vessel acquisition/layoff and chartering decisions as well as for overall oil supply planning.", "label": [5, 48, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "A highly stable microporous covalent imine network adsorbent for natural gas upgrading and flue gas CO2 capture. The feasible capture and separation of CO2 and N-2 from CH4 is an important task for natural gas upgrading and the control of greenhouse gas emissions. Here, we studied the microporous covalent imine networks (CIN) material prepared through Schiff base condensation and exhibited superior chemical robustness under both acidic and basic conditions and high thermal stability. The material possesses a relatively uniform nanoparticle size of approximately 70-100 nm. This network featured permanent porosity with a high surface area (722 m(2)/g) and micropores. A single-component gas adsorption study showed enhanced CO2 and CH4 uptakes of 3.32 mmol/g and 1.14 mmol/g, respectively, at 273 K and 1 bar, coupled with high separation selectivities for CO2/CH4, CH4/N-2, and CO2/N-2 of 23, 11.8 and 211, respectively. The enriched Lewis basicity in the porous skeletons favours the interaction of quadrupolar CO2 and polarizable CH4, resulting in enhanced CH4 and CO2 uptake and high CH4/N-2, CO2/CH4 and CO2/N-2 selectivities. Breakthrough experiments showed high CO2/CH4, CH4/N-2 and CO2/N-2 selectivities of 7.29, 40 and 125, respectively, at 298 K and 1 bar. High heats of adsorption for CH4 and CO2 (Qst(CH4); 32.61 kJ mol(-1) and Qst(CO2); 42.42 kJ mol(-1)) provide the ultimate validation for the high selectivity. To the best of our knowledge, such a versatile adsorbent material that displays both enhanced uptake and selectivity for a variety of binary gas mixtures, including CO2/CH4, CO2/N-2 and CH4/N-2, has not been extensively explored. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Synthesis of porous and homogeneous Ni/Al2O3 cryogel for CO2 reforming of CH4. Nickel-alumina cryogel was prepared from aluminium sec-butoxide and nickel acetate by one-pot sol-gel processing and subsequent freeze drying. Catalysis for CO2 reforming of CH4 and carbon formation during the reforming were examined on the cryogel by comparison to those on the corresponding xerogel catalyst prepared by employing normal drying in order to evaluate the utility of the freeze drying. While the catalytic activity was not different significantly between the two sol-gel catalysts, carbon formation was suppressed more markedly on the cryogel than on the xerogel. The surface area and pore volume of the catalyst after the calcination and after the subsequent high-temperature reduction were larger for the cryogel than for the xerogel. XRD, UV-visible, FT-IR, and Raman spectra suggested the principal formation of NiAl2O4 after the calcination for both catalysts, whereas the presence of NiO, leading finally to large nickel particle, was suggested for the xerogel although it may be a small portion. Mean diameter of nickel particles estimated from TEM and XRD showed smaller size for the cryogel than for the xerogel. These results suggested that role of the freeze drying was to improve structural and textual properties of alumina gel as well as to give finer nickel particles throughout the gel..[GRAPHICS]", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Characterization of the oils from seven Tunisian olive tree varieties. Among the varieties studied, Sayali and Chemchali cultivars are characterized by a high oil content (more than 50% with regards to the dry weight). Moreover, these two varieties contain the highest levels of oleic acid, 82 and 71% respectively, and the lowest levels of linoleic acid, 4 and 10916 respectively. They also contain, as G consequence, the lowest levels of trilinolein (LLL), i.e. 0.05 and 0.19% respectively. So, oils from these two cultivars may be used in mixing operations to improve the chemical composition of oils from other varieties.There ore a lot of varieties in Tunisian olive plantations. However, no studies on the biochemical valuation of such varieties have been carried out until now So, the aim of the present work is to proceed to the varietal characterization of oils from seven Tunisian varieties. To assess the chemical composition of these oils, we have considered the following in this first study: fatty acid composition and triacylglycerol molecular species. Such varietal characterization may contribute to improve the quality of our olive oils by identifying and choosing those varieties that yield oils whose chemical composition meets the requirements of the international market in terms of commercial standards and norms. Results confirm that the oil content of olives as well as the fatty acid composition or triacylglycerols molecular species are tightly linked to the type of cultivar", "label": [0, 2, 6, 22, 8]}
+{"token": "Enhancement of poly(ethylene glycol) mucoadsorption by biomimetic end group functionalization. Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) is widely used in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical device industries. Although PEG is a biocompatible polymer that has enjoyed widespread use in drug delivery technology, it is not considered adhesive toward mucosal tissue. Here the authors describe a simple approach to enhancing mucoadsorption of PEG polymers through end group functionalization with the amino acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine (DOPA) . Using a variety of surface analytical techniques, the authors show that a four-armed poly(ethylene glycol) polymer functionalized with a single DOPA residue at the terminus of each arm (PEG-(DOPA)(4)) adsorbed strongly to surface immobilized mucin. Successful mucoadsorption of PEG-(DOPA)(4) across several pH values ranging from 4.5 to 8.5 was demonstrated, and control experiments with unfunctionalized four-arm PEG demonstrated that mucoadsorption of PEG-(DOPA)(4) is due largely to the presence of DOPA end groups. This conclusion was confirmed with single molecule atomic force microscopy experiments that revealed a surprisingly strong interaction force of 371 +/- 93 pN between DOPA and adsorbed mucin. Direct comparisons with known mucoadhesive polymers revealed that PEG(DOPA)(4) was equal to or more adsorptive to immobilized mucin than these existing mucoadhesive polymers. In addition to demonstrating significant enhancement of mucoadhesive properties of PEG by DOPA functionalization, this study also introduced a new simple approach for rapid screening of mucoadhesive polymers. (c) 2006 American Vacuum Society.", "label": [1, 4, 11, 42]}
+{"token": "CASA 1 AND LGBTQ+ RESISTANCE IN SAO PAULO, BRAZIL. Resisting the discrimination, poverty or vulnerability associated with sexual identities is a daily practice for many people in the LGBTQ+ community. Casa 1 in Sao Paulo is an architecture that promotes these practices not only by providing a space for care and containment, but also by enabling the appearance of these identities in the public space, all thanks to community-scale performance strategies.", "label": [1, 17]}
+{"token": "Transpelvic urethrostonty (TPU) in the cat. A prospective survey (19 cases). The purpose of this prospective study was to investigate the feasibility and long-term outcome of a modified subpubic urethrostomy in the cat, called transpelvic urethrostomy (TPU). Nineteen male cats with unrelievable obstructive lower urinary, tract disease (LUTD) were selected for TPU. For each case, the pelvic urethra was sutured to the skin after an ischial ostectomy There was no operative complication or accident. Pelvic urethra and bulbourethral glands were easily recognized and a patent urethral stoma, at least 2 mm in diameter, was created in all cases. There was no evidence of symptomatic urethral stricture at follow-up examinations (mean 19 months). Only one cat had a transient postoperative urinary incontinence that resolved within 4 weeks. Three cats showed one or several episodes of LUTD after the 2-months re-examination; they were medically managed. TPU is a successful procedure of urinary diversion in the cat with few and minor complications. This technique may be considered at least as a usable salvage procedure in case of perineal urethrostomy failure (an alternative to prepubic and subpubic techniques) and possibly as a primary urinary diversion method (an alternative to perineal urethrostomy) for obstructive LUTD.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Effect of steaming, freezing, and re-steaming on the texture properties of non-glutinous rice cakes. The effects of steaming time (6, 8, and 10 min), freezing storage period, and re-steaming for thawing on the textural properties of non-glutinous rice cakes (baekseolgi) were investigated. As the steaming time increased, the rice cakes softened. In particular, the sample that was steamed for 10 min showed lower hardness than those steamed for shorter periods. A short period of steaming was insufficient for water bound to the surface of the starch granules to penetrate the granules in the dough. During the re-steaming process of the frozen non-glutinous rice cake samples, the retrogradation of starch and water syneresis contributed to the increased hardness of non-glutinous rice cakes.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Globular clusters in NGC 4365: new K-band imaging and a reassessment of the case for intermediate-age clusters. We study the globular cluster ( GC) system of the Virgo giant elliptical galaxy NGC 4365, using new wide-field K-band imaging from the ESO 3.5 m New Technology Telescope, archive V and I imaging from FORS1 on the ESO VLT and HST/WFPC2+ACS data. As in most other large ellipticals, the GC colour distribution has ( at least) two peaks, but the colours of the red GCs appear more strongly weighted towards intermediate colours compared to most other large ellipticals and the integrated galaxy light. The intermediate-color/red peak may itself be composed of two sub-populations, with clusters of intermediate colours more concentrated towards the centre of the galaxy than both the blue and red GCs. Nearly all GCs in our sample fall along a well-defined narrow sequence in the ( V-K, V-I) two-colour diagram, with an of set towards red V-K and/or blue V-I colours compared to simple stellar population models for old ages. This has in the past been interpreted as evidence for an intermediate-age population of GCs. The off set is however seen for nearly all metal-rich clusters within the 5' x 5' SOFI field, not just those of intermediate colours. We combine our VIK data with previously published spectroscopy resulting in a sample of 25 GCs with both spectroscopy and photometry. The differences between observed and model colour-metallicity relations are consistent with the off sets observed in the two-colour diagram, with the metal-rich GCs being too red ( by approximate to 0.2 mag) in V-K and too blue ( by approximate to 0.05 mag) in V-I compared to the models at a given metallicity. These off sets cannot easily be explained as an effect of younger ages. We further compare the colour-metallicity relation for GCs in NGC 4365 with previously published data for NGC 3115 and the Sombrero galaxy, both of which are believed from spectroscopic studies to host exclusively old GC populations, and find the colour-metallicity relations for all three galaxies to be very similar. We review the available evidence for intermediate-age GCs in NGC 4365 and conclude that, while this cannot be definitively ruled out, an alternative scenario is more likely whereby all the GCs are old but the relative number of intermediate- metallicity GCs is greater than typical for giant ellipticals. The main obstacle to reaching a definitive conclusion is the lack of robust calibrations of integrated spectral and photometric properties for stellar populations with near-solar metallicity. In any case, it is puzzling that the significant intermediate-colour GC population in NGC 4365 is not accompanied by a corresponding shift of the integrated galaxy light towards bluer colours.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Calculation of the heating rate of an unprotected steel member in a standard fire resistance test. ENV.1991-2-7 is the new 'European standard code of practice for actions on structures exposed to fire'. The document recommends a standardized procedure for the calculation of the fire resistance of a structural member. For each member state of the EU, a national application document (NAD) is being drafted to provide values of those parameters used in the calculations described in the code of practice. The first parr of this paper provides a justification of the values recommended for test piece surface and furnace emissivities as well as the safety factors in the UK version of the NAD.ENV.1991-2-7 is designed to have a working life of only three years, Lifter which its contents will be reviewed in the light of the experience gained during its use, before being issued as a final EN standard. The second part of this paper attempts to identify the most important developments needed during this three year period. There is an urgent need to develop a reliable means of measuring and controlling the total heat flux incident on a specimen during a standard fire resistance test. The availability of total heat flux control would allow modification of EN.1363-1 (the standard fire resistance test) to achieve harmonization of fire test results across the whole EU.A method has been developed by which existing fire resistance test data can be used to calculate the total heat flux incident on the specimen at any instant during the test. The method has been used to compare the total incident heat flux/time characteristics of beam testing furnaces at the Warrington Five Research Centre (WFRC) and TNO (Delft) as well as the column furnace at the Borehamwood laboratory of the Loss compared with those implied in the draft UK-NAD for ENV.1991-2-7. The latter has been shown to use heat flux/time characteristics very similar to those derived from standard test data. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Man-less underground mining. For mining companies facing strong international competition and unfavourable commodities' prices, automation of underground operations has the potential to increase productivity and help cut costs. However, despite considerable technological progress in this field, there still remain many problems to overcome. Furthermore, successful implementation of automation depends also on numerous operational, organizational, and even human factors. In this context, this paper briefly reviews technological progress with regard to different underground operations. Following that, several issues related to implementation of automated equipment and systems are presented and discussed. Particular emphasis is put on the factors whose importance is often underestimated. Some recommendations in this respect are also given. It is stated that the success of an automation project is a function of many \\\\'winning conditions, \\\\' which may be created through very thorough planning and preparation. It is also underlined that despite achievements made, a vision of a man-less underground mine is not yet as much a matter of near future as it may seem. competition and a lower demand for metals due to a recession in some regions of the world drive commodities' prices down. Furthermore, as richer and easily accessible deposits are getting depleted, mining companies move to develop orebodies where geological, mining, and operational conditions are less favourable and often aggravated by the remoteness of some mine sites. All these factors combined have a negative effect on profitability, forcing mine operators to dramatically cut their production cost. In countries such as Canada, the United States or Sweden, man-labor cost is a field where substantial economies must be sought. As it can be seen for example in the automotive industry, automation is one of the most promising avenues to achieve it. Its successful implementation in underground mines, however, depends not only on technology, but also on operational, organizational, and human factors. These issues will be presented and discussed in this paper.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "The Halls Creek Community Families Program: Elements of the role of the child health nurse in development of a remote Aboriginal home visiting peer support program for families in the early years. Results: Thematic analysis identified three major changes in understanding the child health nurse facilitator role: working in partnership, communication strategies and education and organisational strategies.Setting: A remote Aboriginal community in the Kimberley region of Western Australia.Conclusion: Findings suggest empowering benefits for Aboriginal peer support workers from the facilitating role of the child health nurse.Design: The Halls Creek Community Families Program uses expertise of peer support workers to support parents of young families. In stage one, participatory action research was used. The program facilitator, who was a child health nurse, undertook action learning sets where issues were explored relating to home visiting strategies to families. Additionally, the facilitator maintained a reflective practice diary. Outcomes contributed to stage two, where an independent researcher evaluated program changes.This report relates to stage one, which used descriptive qualitative data from interviews with peer support workers and community support agencies, and the facilitator's reflective diary. Data were analysed by thematic analysis, focusing on elements of the role of the facilitator in program development.Participants: Eight peer support workers and five health and welfare professionals from community support agencies.Main outcome measures: This study measures changes in participants' understanding of the role and scope of practice of the child health nurse facilitator, thereby supporting improved support for Aboriginal families with young children.Objective: To undertake an evaluation of elements of the role of the child health nurse in the development of peer support for Aboriginal families with young children in a remote setting.", "label": [2, 26, 24]}
+{"token": "Retirement needs and preparation of rural middle-aged persons. Review of preretirement and retirement literature suggests that attention is placed on similarities of rural and urban persons in their retirement needs and concerns. The existing literature shows a lack of data on perceptions of future retirement needs and retirement actions implemented by rural middle-aged persons (45-64 years old). This study, conducted in three rural counties, had as its purpose to identify the following: (a) issues important in retirement for rural middle-aged persons; (b) preparation plans being made by rural middle-aged pet-sons; (c) rural middle-aged persons' perceptions of future needs regarding certain aspects of retirement; and (d) relationship of issues, plans, and perceptions to selected demographic variables. A number of relationships were found between issues identified as \\\\'Important to Me\\\\' and items labeled \\\\'Actions I Have Taken.\\\\' Study conclusions have implications for those concerned with preretirement education.", "label": [5, 53, 57]}
+{"token": "ASSOCIATION OF X-LINKED ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY WITH HLA DRB1 ALLELES. Inflammatory demyelination in the central nervous system in the childhood cerebral phenotype of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) bears resemblance to that of multiple sclerosis. With a view to an association of HLA class II genes, specifically HLA-DRB1 subtype DRB1*15 to multiple sclerosis we investigated the HLA class II DR haplotype in 29 unrelated X-ALD patients including 17 childhood cerebral phenotype patients. Our results did not show an association of DRB1*15 and X-ALD, but disclosed a significant association of HLA DRB1*16 alleles and X-ALD in general. This finding suggests that in addition to the X-chromosomal ALD gene an autosomal gene linked to the HLA class II region is involved in the pathogenesis of X-ALD This gene should affect a pathomechanism common to all ALD variants, such as defective peroxisomal metabolism of very long chain fatty acids. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Workplace aggression experienced by frontline staff in dementia care. Aim. To describe the frequency of aggressive acts experienced by frontline staff working in two models of dementia care: Residential Alzheimers Care Centers and Secured Dementia Units and to explore the associations between aggressive acts experienced by frontline staff and factors related to the work context and care providers. Background. Aggression towards healthcare providers in residential long-term care settings is well documented. However, few studies have examined associations between aggressive behaviours towards care providers and organisational factors. Design. A cross-sectional survey. Method. The survey included demographic items and questions about aggressive acts experienced by staff and contextual factors. Analyses included: (1) descriptive statistics, (2) tests of difference (i. e. Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test, chi-squared test and ANOVA), (3) bivariate associations (i. e. Pearson and Spearman rank order correlations) and (4) multivariate linear regression. Results. Ninety-one health care aides and licensed practical nurses working in four nursing units using two models of dementia care participated (response rate 81%). The most frequently reported types of aggression were physical assault (50% of staff, n = 45) and emotional abuse (48% of staff, n = 44). Aggressive acts were significantly associated with working in Secured Dementia Units rather than Residential Alzheimer's Care Centers. Conclusions. Frontline staff working in Secured Dementia Units were exposed to higher frequencies of various types of aggressive acts mainly initiated by residents. Future research needs to explore modifiable workplace factors associated with aggressive acts in a larger sample across a variety of long-term care settings. Relevance to clinical practice. To prevent staff perceived aggressive acts, leaders and managers in dementia care need to acknowledge the complex topic of workplace aggression and encourage an open discussion among frontline staff without assigning blame. Care provider strategies for dealing with aggressive behaviour have to be implemented in policies and clinical practice.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Sleeping outside the box: electroencephalographic measures of sleep in sloths inhabiting a rainforest. The functions of sleep remain an unresolved question in biology. One approach to revealing sleep's purpose is to identify traits that explain why some species sleep more than others. Recent comparative studies of sleep have identified relationships between various physiological, neuroanatomical and ecological traits, and the time mammals spend in rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep. However, owing to technological constraints, these studies were based exclusively on animals in captivity. Consequently, it is unclear to what extent the unnatural laboratory environment affected time spent sleeping, and thereby the identification and interpretation of informative clues to the functions of sleep. We performed the first electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings of sleep on unrestricted animals in the wild using a recently developed miniaturized EEG recorder, and found that brown-throated three-toed sloths (Bradypus variegatus) inhabiting the canopy of a tropical rainforest only sleep 9.63 h d(-1), over 6 h less than previously reported in captivity. Although the influence of factors such as the age of the animals studied cannot be ruled out, our results suggest that sleep in the wild may be markedly different from that in captivity. Additional studies of various species are thus needed to determine whether the relationships between sleep duration and various traits identified in captivity are fundamentally different in the wild. Our initial study of sloths demonstrates the feasibility of this endeavour, and thereby opens the door to comparative studies of sleep occurring within the ecological context within which it evolved.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
+{"token": "Does Recognition of Meaning in Life Confer Resiliency to Suicide Ideation Among Community-Residing Older Adults? A Longitudinal Investigation. Objective: To test a theoretical model of the onset and/or exacerbation of late-life suicide ideation, incorporating consideration of risk, resiliency, and precipitating factors. Design: A longitudinal study investigating whether recognition of meaning in life (MIL) at baseline confers resiliency to the onset and/or exacerbation of suicide ideation over a 6- to 22-month period of follow-up, controlling for baseline depression, self-rated health, and physical functioning, and for frequency and intensity of intervening daily hassles. Setting: Mental health research offices in an urban academic health sciences center. Participants: 173 community-residing older adults (mean: 73.9 years, SD: 6.1 years, range: 65-93 years) recruited from health, wellness, and interest programs, and from newspaper ads and flyers posted in London, Ontario, a mid-sized Canadian city. A total of 126 (73%) completed follow-up assessments. Measurements: Participants completed a demographics form, a cognitive screen, and measures of suicide ideation and of risk (depressive symptom severity, self-rated health problems, and physical functioning) and potential resiliency (recognition of MIL) factors at baseline and follow-up assessment points, and a measure of intervening daily hassles. Results: MIL at baseline was negatively associated with the onset and/or exacerbation of suicide ideation over time, controlling for risk factors and intervening precipitating factors. The extent and relative significance of this finding differed with the manner in which MIL and suicide ideation were operationalized. Conclusions: Study findings add to a growing body of knowledge suggesting that MIL may play an important role in promoting mental health and well-being and potentially conferring resiliency to contemplations of suicide in later life.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 23, 57]}
+{"token": "Loud Ladies: Deterritorialising Femininity Through Becoming-Animal. Modern feminist movements run the risk of being appropriated by capitalist agenda and commodified for mass appeal, thus stripping them of their revolutionary potential. I would propose that in order for feminism to challenge this, movements may want to consider the subversion of subjectivity. Deleuze and Guattari's notions of becoming-animal and becoming-woman emphasise a subjectivity not confined by rigid identity, such as man/woman. However, feminists have challenged this theory, suggesting it is difficult to both fight for and dispel the very same notion, that is, woman. I argue that in first considering the feminine subject via the Lacanian understanding of 'Woman', it can be argued that feminine subjects can engage with becoming-animal to destabilise the notion of 'Woman'. Riot Grrls, FEMEN and Pussy Riot all demonstrate tactics which could be said to utilise becoming-animal and have had varying success in avoiding commodification.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Nine new species of Cnodalonini (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) from Hainan Island, with additional records of other Tenebrionidae. So far as it is known, about 1,900 species of Tenebrionidae have been known from China (Yuan et al. 2018). Hainan Island, within the typical tropical climate region, is the second largest island in China. From the island, 78 tenebrionid species were recorded by Wu & Ren (2008), Ren & Huang (2008), Huang & Ren (2009), Yang & Ren (2011), Zhou & Ren (2011), Wang et al. (2012), Zhao & Ren (2012), Nov?k (2015), Iwan et al. (2020) and Ando (2020). However, the species from this area might be much diverse than what?s hitherto known at present (Lang 2010). Recently, we have had an opportunity to examine a bulk of Tenebrionidae from Hainan Island. After close examination, 15 species of Cnodalonini and 1 species of Toxicini are recognised, of which 1 species has been known from the area, but 6 species are firstly recorded to this area, and 9 species of Cnodalonini are new to science. The species of the tribe Cnodalonini are silvicolous and distributed mainly in the tropical to temperate zones (Ando 2003), and 19 species have been recorded from Hainan Island until now (Iwan et al. 2020; Ando 2020), therefore, 33 species ofSeven known species of Tenebrionidae are recorded from Hainan Island, of which six species are recorded from this island for the first time. Also nine new species of Cnodalonini are described from Hainan Is. under the names of Androsus pullus sp. n., Euhemicera hirtipes sp. n., Gnesis amabilis sp. n., Hemicera (Hemicera) viridula sp. n., Plamius laoshei sp. n., Pseudonautes fulgidicollis sp. n., Taichius caeruleopunctatus sp. n., Tetragonomenes sylvestris sp. n. and Tetraphyllus hlaicolus sp. n.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "A new system of social control: the responsability. Social rights principle has been substituted to personal responsibility at the end of the 19(th) century (medical aids, mutual insurance acts...). They have been truly established in 1945 with the birth of the French Social security. Nowadays, the reemergence of personal responsibility scheme settle a new stage, where personal risk theme aims to substitute social rights. This change succeeds, for a major part, the achievement of micro-economical studies about Health system functioning, which obviously involves the recent reforms of social health insurance.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Horizontality - The modernist line (The Modern Movement). This paper examines a common directive in the theory of the Modern Movement concerning the vertical surfaces of buildings: the dominance of the horizontal direction over the vertical direction of traditional architecture. While assumed by the protagonists and apologists of the Modern Movement to be a concomitant of technology, this tacit directive is examined here as an aesthetic emblem rather than a rational or functional ideal and is contextualized as a badge of Modernism's identity.", "label": [1, 17]}
+{"token": "CXC chemokine ligand-13 promotes metastasis via CXCR5-dependent signaling pathway in non-small cell lung cancer. The CXC chemokine ligand-13 (CXCL13) is a chemoattractant of B cells and has been implicated in the progression of many cancers. So far, CXCL13 and its related receptor CXCR5 have been proved to regulate cancer cell migration as well as tumour metastasis. However, the role of CXCL13-CXCR5 axis in metastasis of lung cancer is still poorly understood. In this study, we found that CXCL13 and CXCR5 were commonly up-regulated in lung cancer specimens compared with normal tissues among different cohorts. Our evidence showed that CXCL13 obviously promoted migration of lung cancer cells, and this effect was mediated by vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression. We also confirmed that CXCR5, the major receptor responsible for CXCL13 function, was required for CXCL13-promoted cell migration. We also test the candidate components which are activated after CXCL13 treatment and found that phospholipase C-beta (PLC beta), protein kinase C-alpha (PKC alpha) and c-Src signalling pathways were involved in CXCL13-promoted cell migration and VCAM-1 expression in lung cancer cells. Finally, CXCL13 stimulated NF-kappa B transcription factor in lung cancer cells, contributing to VCAM-1 expression in translational level. These evidences propose a novel insight into lung cancer metastasis which is regulated by CXCL13.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42]}
+{"token": "Optimization of hollow fiber membrane module for vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) via experimental study. Membrane distillation (MD) is an attractive desalination technology for treating high salt concentration water/wastewater. Nonetheless, developing membrane modules with high flux and fouling resistance but low energy consumption for industrial application remains a critical challenge. In this work, a novel vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) module with a central perforated tube was developed. The variation of vapor pressure on the shell side was monitored to analyze the relationship between the mass transfer driving force and the permeate flux. The energy consumption of each piece of equipment in the VMD device was evaluated. The heater, chiller, and vacuum pump consumed about 1/3 of the total energy for the VMD system. The central perforated tube suction decreased the mean vapor pressure better than the shell suction. Double suction enabled more uniform pressure distribution on the shell side. The permeate flux under double suction was 50-70 % higher than that under single suction. Consequently, the optimal length, packing fraction, and suction mode were proposed based on energy saving. Our results that include the first report on the generation of superheated vapor in VMD can guide engineers in designing the relevant modules and system scale-up and process optimization for industrial applications.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 39]}
+{"token": "Numerical study of shock formation in the dispersionless Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation and dispersive regularizations. The formation of singularities in solutions to the dispersionless Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (dKP) equation is studied numerically for different classes of initial data. The asymptotic behavior of the Fourier coefficients is used to quantitatively identify the critical time and location and the type of the singularity. The approach is first tested in detail in 1 + 1 dimensions for the known case of the Hopf equation, where it is shown that the break-up of the solution can be identified with prescribed accuracy. For dissipative regularizations of this shock formation as the Burgers equation and for dispersive regularizations as the Korteweg-de Vries equation, the Fourier coefficients indicate as expected global regularity of the solutions. The Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equation can be seen as a dispersive regularization of the dKP equation. The behavior of KP solutions for small dispersion parameter epsilon << 1 near a break-up of corresponding dKP solutions is studied. It is found that the difference between KP and dKP solutions for the same initial data at the critical point scales roughly as epsilon(2/7) as for the Korteweg-de Vries equation. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35, 41]}
+{"token": "Experimental interpretation of the presence of female genitalia in Early Bronze Age 'frying pan'-type ceramics from the Cyclades*. Alpha new, testable, interpretation of the function of Aegean Early Bronze Age 'frying pan' ceramics that combines some previously suggested uses is presented experimentally. The proposed function involves a well-documented natural phenomenon responsible for the rapid change in colour of a natural salt marsh or salt pan surface due to the explosive population growth of the extremophile Archaea Halobacterium salinarium when the salt concentration approaches saturation. The cyclical nature of the appearance of red pigmentation on the salt marsh surface every late summer or every few weeks in a domestic 'frying pan' presents an obvious analogy with the female menstruation cycle and provides an explanation for the fact that several ceramic vessels used for this purpose bear the characteristics of the female body. Furthermore, the resulting red pigment lends itself for use as a cosmetic colorant.", "label": [3, 4, 36, 38, 30]}
+{"token": "Royal wisdom and the Alfredian context of Cynewulf and Cyneheard. The often-anthologized story of Cynewulf and Cyneheard is typically regarded as the earliest example of heroic English prose, perhaps a summary of an earlier oral tale. Until recently, relatively little attention has been paid to its context within the A MS of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Given this text's association with King Alfred, this article locates the tale within the broader context of Alfredian writing on the morality of rule and, in particular, royal wisdom. Rather than simply endorsing the loyalty of fighting men to their lord, the tale also warns of the dangers of royal folly and the consequences of unrighteous rule.", "label": [3, 31, 28, 30]}
+{"token": "Fermi-liquid-based theory for the in-plane magnetic anisotropy in untwinned high-T-c superconductors. Using a generalized RPA-type theory we calculate the in-plane anisotropy of the magnetic excitations in hole-doped high-T-c superconductors. Extending our earlier Fermi-liquid-based studies on the resonance peak by inclusion of orthorhombicity we still find two-dimensional spin excitations, however, being strongly anisotropic. This reflects the underlying anisotropy of the hopping matrix elements and of the resultant superconducting gap function. We compare our calculations with new experimental data on fully untwinned YBa2Cu3O6.85 and find good agreement. Our results are in contrast to earlier interpretations on the in-plane anisotropy in terms of stripes [H. Mook et al., Nature (London) 404, 729 (2000)], but reveal a conventional solution to this important problem.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Synthetic or reformulated fuels; A challenge for catalysis. Despite comparative figures for wordwide crude oil and natural gas proven reserves, present time contribution of syngas chemistry to motorfuels remains marginal when the refining industry is faced to main constraints: market demand evolution, stringent specifications and environmental issues. Actually natural gas upgrading via syngas chemistry yields key products (e.g. methanol) among which clean motorfuels (ethers, F.T. products) should develop despite the huge investments required, mostly for syngas production. Main challenges and corresponding issues for catalysts and related technologies are identified for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and motorfuels long-term reformulation. Among other, mastering the chain-growth (F.T. synthesis) improving the FCC products: gasoline, and LCO for diesel pool. All these issues need significant progresses in catalyst and technology to be solved. Lastly, our economical study, focused on diesel-fuel production, shows up that clean diesel (from S.R.-LCO mixtures) and F.T. diesel reach similar production costs when cheap N.G. is available.In the future F.T. middle distillates should amount to a few percent (5-100 MMT) of the 2000-2300 MMT of transport fuels expected from oil refining. However they should more and more be a compulsory part of diesel pool if the level of investment for an F.T. process continues to decrease significantly.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
+{"token": "Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of cathepsin C gene involved in the antibacterial response in Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. Cathepsins, a superfamily of hydrolytic enzymes produced and enclosed within lysosomes, function in immune response in vertebrates; however, their function within the innate immune system of invertebrates remains largely unknown. Therefore, we investigated the immune functionality of cathepsin C (catC) in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis), a commercially important and disease vulnerable aquaculture species. The full-length catC cDNA (1481 bp) was cloned via PCR based upon an initial expressed sequence tag (EST) isolated from a hepatopancreatic cDNA library. The catC cDNA contained a 1284 bp open reading frame (ORF) that encoded a putative 427 amino acid (aa) protein. Comparisons with other reported invertebrate and vertebrate cathepsins sequences revealed high percent identity. CatC mRNA expression in E. sinensis was responsive in hemocytes to a Vibrio anguillarum challenge, with peak exposure observed 6h post-injection. Collectively, data demonstrate the successful isolation of catC from the Chinese mitten crab, and its involvement in the innate immune system of an invertebrate. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 6, 18, 10, 47]}
+{"token": "Macrophage and Galleria mellonella infection models reflect the virulence of naturally occurring isolates of B. pseudomallei, B. thailandensis and B. oklahomensis. Background: Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a tropical disease of humans with a variable and often fatal outcome. In murine models of infection, different strains exhibit varying degrees of virulence. In contrast, two related species, B. thailandensis and B. oklahomensis, are highly attenuated in mice. Our aim was to determine whether virulence in mice is reflected in macrophage or wax moth larvae (Galleria mellonella) infection models.Conclusions: We have shown that the alternative infection models tested here, namely macrophages and Galleria mellonella, are able to distinguish between strains of B. pseudomallei, B. thailandensis and B. oklahomensis and that these differences reflect the observed virulence in murine infection models. Our results indicate that B. oklahomensis is the least pathogenic of the species investigated. They also show a correlation between isolates of B. thailandensis associated with human infection and virulence in macrophage and Galleria infection models.Results: B. pseudomallei strains 576 and K96243, which have low median lethal dose (MLD) values in mice, were able to replicate and induce cellular damage in macrophages and caused rapid death of G. mellonella. In contrast, B. pseudomallei strain 708a, which is attenuated in mice, showed reduced replication in macrophages, negligible cellular damage and was avirulent in G. mellonella larvae. B. thailandensis isolates were less virulent than B. pseudomallei in all of the models tested. However, we did record strain dependent differences. B. oklahomensis isolates were the least virulent isolates. They showed minimal ability to replicate in macrophages, were unable to evoke actin-based motility or to form multinucleated giant cells and were markedly attenuated in G. mellonella compared to B. thailandensis.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Parkinson's Disease-Near-Infrared Photobiomodulation as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy. As the main driver of energy production in eukaryotes, mitochondria are invariably implicated in disorders of cellular bioenergetics. Given that dopaminergic neurons affected in Parkinson's disease (PD) are particularly susceptible to energy fluctuations by their high basal energy demand, it is not surprising to note that mitochondrial dysfunction has emerged as a compelling candidate underlying PD. A recent approach towards forestalling dopaminergic neurodegeneration in PD involves near-infrared (NIR) photobiomodulation (PBM), which is thought to enhance mitochondrial function of stimulated cells through augmenting the activity of cytochrome C oxidase. Notwithstanding this, our understanding of the neuroprotective mechanism of PBM remains far from complete. For example, studies focusing on the effects of PBM on gene transcription are limited, and the mechanism through which PBM exerts its effects on distant sites (i.e., its \\\\'abscopal effect\\\\') remains unclear. Also, the clinical application of NIR in PD proves to be challenging. Efficacious delivery of NIR light to the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), the primary site of disease pathology in PD, is fraught with technical challenges. Concerted efforts focused on understanding the biological effects of PBM and improving the efficiency of intracranial NIR delivery are therefore essential for its successful clinical translation. Nonetheless, PBM represents a potential novel therapy for PD. In this review, we provide an update on the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in PD and how PBM may help mitigate the neurodegenerative process. We also discussed clinical translation aspects of this treatment modality using intracranially implanted NIR delivery devices.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "INVENTING THE BOSWORTH TRADITION: RICHARD AP HYWEL, THE 'KING'S HOLE' AND THE MOSTYN FAMILY IMAGE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. In 1885-6 the Mostyn family commissioned a painting from the artist Herbert Sydney which depicted them in the guise of their late fifteenth-century ancestors. Loaded with references to the family's heritage and their embeddedness in Welsh history, the artwork was designed to recreate a prominent family tradition centred on Henry Tudor's victory at Bosworth in 1485. This article traces the invention and development of the tradition in the nineteenth century and assesses how and why the family fashioned the legend into a central part of their public image. The case study opens up wider questions about the Welsh gentry's engagement with the history and culture of Wales, suggesting a level of ancestral patriotism which complicates the prevalent narrative of 'anglicization'.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Don't Call People 'Rapists': on the Social Contribution Injustice of Punishment. We wrong a person as a social being when we deny him minimally adequate opportunities to contribute socially to other people's survival and wellbeing. We can call this kind of wrong social contribution injustice. In the morally fraught domain of criminal justice, we perpetrate this injustice in many ways, including in our tendency to see people who have committed offences as social threats. One way that we exhibit this tendency in our use of classificatory terms such as 'murderer' and 'rapist' that essentialize people's wrongdoing. We also engage in more concrete, material forms of social contribution injustice when we give people criminal records they can never spend, impose punishments that sever their social bonds, and deny them support when they are trying to reintegrate after punishment. We also do social contribution injustice to the family and friends of many of the people we punish. Much of this injustice is contingent on our practices, policies, and general attitudes towards offending.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Principles-of-action used by an eductrainer to create social bonds through sport in a psychosocial intervention program. This article utilizes the theories of social bond and carnal sociology to analyze the role of the eductrainer in the sport-based intervention program DesEquilibres. Methodologically, an action research study was carried out with three cohorts of adolescents. Our qualitative data collection was based on (a) interviews with 27 adolescents aged 14 to 17 years (cohorts 1 and 3), (b) a focus group of five eductrainers (paired with cohort 1), and (c) observant participation of cohorts 2 and 3. A thematic analysis revealed four principles-of-action constituting the social bond where risk-taking and its staging play an essential role: (a) a risky proposition to create the social bond, (b) recognition of the adult-in-the-making to anchor the social bond, (c) organization of the risky proposition to scaffold the social bond, and (d) physical commitment of the eductrainer to embody the social bond. Research has shown the potential of risk-taking to create and strengthen social bonds in the context of sports-based interventions.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
+{"token": "Modern pollen and its ecological relationships with the tropical deciduous forests of central Uttar Pradesh, India. The paucity of modern pollen-rain data from the central part of Uttar Pradesh is a significant barrier to understanding the Late Quaternary vegetation history from the northern region of India. The interplay between extant vegetation and the modern pollen assemblage from both natural and human-induced vegetation types is examined from Lucknow, as an aid for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. A dataset of 25 surface pollen samples has been documented from the conservation forests of Kukrail, Lucknow (part of Central Ganga Plain). The palynodata reflect the mixed deciduous forest comprising Acacia, Butea, Salmalia, and Syzygium under a warm and humid climate in response to rainfall variations in the region. High monsoonal activity in and around the region is inferred from the presence of the Euphorbiaceae-Moraceae-Syzygium assemblage in the sediments. The marshy and aquatic taxa such as Cyperaceae, Nymphoides and Polygonaceae are strongly suggestive of the perennial waterlogged condition in the area. A striking signal of winter dryness is easily visible in the palynoassemblage, especially observed through Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae. The regular presence of pollen grains of conifers and other broad-leafed taxa including Alnus, Betula, Pinus and Quercus are suggestive of high wind activity from the higher altitudes. Anthropogenic activity is in continuous pace as reflected by the higher frequencies of cereal pollen (14-29%) and Brassicaceae (2-5%). The contrasting frequencies of extant floral taxa recovered in the form of pollen in varied surface samples are indicative of differential pollen production, dispersal and deposition patterns. Therefore, an attempt has been made to precisely observe the behavioural pattern of modern pollen deposition which could in turn help in assessing the expanse of pastoral practices and the depth of deterioration of pristine forests as well as in the reconstruction of past climate and vegetation shifts in Central Ganga Plain, India. A correlation of regional palynodata with other tropical regions of the Indian subcontinent as well as in a global context is required for better interpretation.", "label": [0, 4, 39, 9]}
+{"token": "cDNA cloning of an aryl hydrocarbon receptor from Baikal seals (Phoca sibirica). Species differences in sensitivity to related planar halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAH) add significant uncertainty in assessing the ecological risk to aquatic mammals. To investigate mechanisms of PHAH sensitivity in aquatic mammals, we cloned and sequenced the cDNA of Baikal seal aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), an intracellular protein that initiates PHAH-mediated effects. The Baikal seal AHR cDNA has an open reading frame of 843 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of 94.6 kDa. Comparison of AHR amino acid sequences indicated a high degree of sequence conservation (98%) between Baikal and harbor seals. The high conservation of AHRs between Baikal and harbor seals indicates that these seals express AHR proteins closely related structurally. In our previous report (Kim & Hahn, 2002), the dioxin-binding affinity of the harbor seal AHR was at least as high as that of the AHR from a dioxin-sensitive strain of mice, suggesting that this seal species may be sensitive to PHAH effects. This implies that Baikal seal may also be sensitive to dioxin effects. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 22, 45, 52]}
+{"token": "Hydrate Inhibition in laboratory flowloop using polyvinylpyrrolidone, N-Vinylcaprolactam and 2-(Dimethylamino)ethylmethacrylate. Hydrate formation is a major flow assurance challenge plaguing the oil and gas industry. Hydrates are non-stoichiometric crystalline compounds formed at elevated pressure and low temperature in the presence of water and gas. Hydrates are capable of depositing along the line causing flow restriction. This study investigates the effect of three kinetic hydrate inhibitors; N-Vinylcaprolactam, Polyvinylpyrrolidone and 2-(Dimethylamino)ethylmethacrylate, in a constant volume experiment conducted using compressed natural gas and water in a laboratory flow loop at 150psi for a duration of 2 h. The laboratory flow loop is a 12 m flow loop made with 316 stainless steel of 0.5inch internal diameter. The steel pipe is enclosed in a 4inch PolyvinylChloride (PVC) pipe containing cooling water. The loop is specially designed for studying hydrate formation and inhibition. Hydrate formation is indicated in the loop by an increased loop temperature, an increased differential pressure and a decreased loop pressure. It was observed that 0.05 wt% N-Vinylcaprolactam and 0.05 wt% Polyvinylpyrrolidone were effective at inhibiting hydrate formation in the loop. However, 0.05 wt% 2-(Dimethylamino)ethylmethacrylate performed poorly at inhibiting hydrate formation in the laboratory flow loop. Mathematical models describing the performance of these inhibitors in the laboratory flow loop were obtained. The experiment described in this work can be used in screening hydrate inhibitors prior to field application. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Acute lung injury therapeutic mechanism exploration for Chinese classic prescription Qingzao Jiufei Decoction by UFLC-MS/MS quantification of bile acids, fatty acids and eicosanoids in rats. Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common and complex inflammatory disease, which has been reasonably associated with carboxyl-containing metabolites in our preliminary non-targeted metabolomic strategy. Qingzao Jiufei Decoction (QZJFD), a classic prescription, is widely used in the treatment of pulmonary inflammatory injuries. Successively, in this targeted project, to fill in the research gap and exposit the therapeutic mechanism of QZJFD on ALI, considering the structure similarity and bioactivity correlation, 21 bile acids, 11 fatty acids and 19 eicosanoids were profiled simultaneously in plasma, lung, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, spleen and feces from rats utilizing a novel ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry approach. As a result, potential biomarkers and ALI characteristic metabolomic spectrums were obtained to distinguish different physical states using discriminative similarity threshold as 0.65 for clinical application. After treatment with QZJFD, obvious reversing ability for various biomarker levels was observed in different bio-samples, providing insights into the systemic intervention of QZJFD on ALI by regulating bile acid synthesis, fatty acid synthesis and eicosanoid metabolism. Conclusively, this investigation represented more information on the comprehensive therapeutic action of QZJFD on ALI involving with multi-targets and multi-pathways for clinical application and traditional Chinese medicine modernization. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 36, 22]}
+{"token": "Multiple Decision Procedures for Inference in Regression Models. We consider testing of the significance of the coefficients in the linear model. Unlike in the classical approach, there is no alternative hypothesis to accept when the null hypothesis is rejected. When there is a substantial deviation from the null hypothesis, we reject the null hypothesis and identify based on data alternative hypotheses associated with the independent variables or the levels that contributed most towards the deviation from the null hypothesis.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "FUNDING IRRATIONALITY. Applying findings from cognitive psychology, I argue that people will make the same kinds of irrational decisions about their settlement options in a large settlement fund. As a result, cognitive biases threaten to undermine many of the stated purposes of large settlement funds-to provide claimants with access, efficiency, and equity superior to what they could obtain in traditional litigation.Accordingly, \\\\'fund designers\\\\'-judges, lawmakers, and special masters-should adjust settlement procedures to account for cognitive bias. I call this process \\\\'funding irrationality\\\\'-identifying and, in some cases, capitalizing on people's cognitive biases in large settlement funds by altering the context, timing, and sequence of their settlement options. Fund designers, however, should avoid reforms that unduly eliminate settlement options, or that impose excessive administrative costs. Rather, the benefits of any reform-preventing avoidable harm to irrational claimants-must outweigh the potential costs, including the value of client autonomy, the chance of error, and the burden on the courts and public administrators.This Article challenges the conventional wisdom that claimants in class action settlement funds and other settlement funds make independent and rational settlement decisions. Cognitive psychologists and behavioral economists have long examined the way people make judgments and choices. Such studies show that decisionmakers routinely change their minds based on their view of the status quo, the timing of the decision, and the presence of seemingly irrelevant choices. Because of these cognitive biases, people will buy things they do not want, save too little for retirement, and make risky choices about their health and well-being based on the timing, context, and framing of the decision.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Complementary and alternative medicine in epilepsy: A global survey of physicians' opinions. Methods: Online survey addressed to neurologists and psychiatrists from different countries.Results: Totally, 1112 physicians from 25 countries (different world region: Europe, North America, South America, Middle-East, Africa, Former Soviet Union Republics) participated; 804 (72.3%) believed that CAM might be helpful in PWE. The most commonly endorsed CAM included meditation (41%) and yoga (39%). Female sex, psychiatry specialization, and working in North and South America were associated with the belief that CAM is helpful in PWE. Two-hundred and forty five out of 1098 participants (22.3%) used/prescribed CAM to PWE; among them, 174 (71%) people perceived CAM to be less effective and 114 (46.5%) people found CAM to be safer than conventional antiseizure medications (ASMs). The most common reasons to prescribe CAM for PWE were: to satisfy the patient (49.9%), dissatisfaction with the efficacy (35.6%), and dissatisfaction with the adverse effects (31.2%) of conventional therapies.Conclusion: Although the evidence supporting the use of CAM for the treatment of epilepsy is extremely sparse, most physicians worldwide believe that it could be integrated with the use of conventional ASMs, at least in some patients. High-quality controlled trials are warranted to provide robust evidence on the usefulness of CAM options in PWE. (C) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Purpose: To investigate the opinions of physicians on the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in patients with epilepsy (PWE) worldwide.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 23, 55]}
+{"token": "Combined search for anomalous pseudoscalar HW couplings in VH(H -> b(b)over-bar) production and H -> VV decay. A search for anomalous pseudoscalar couplings of the Higgs boson H to electroweak vector bosons V (= W or Z) in a sample of proton-proton collision events corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 18.9 fb(-1) at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV is presented. Events consistent with the topology of associated VH production, where the Higgs boson decays to a pair of bottom quarks and the vector boson decays leptonically, are analyzed. The consistency of data with a potential pseudoscalar contribution to the HVV interaction, expressed by the effective pseudoscalar cross section fractions f(a3), is assessed by means of profile likelihood scans. Results are given for the VH channels alone and for a combined analysis of the VH and previously published H -> VV channels. Under certain assumptions, f(a3)(ZZ) > 0.0034 is excluded at 95% confidence level in the combination. Scenarios in which these assumptions are relaxed are also considered. (C) 2016 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "Thermo-Mechanical Response of an Additively Manufactured Energetic Material Simulant to Dynamic Loading. The mesoscale thermo-mechanical behavior of an additively manufactured energetic material (AMEM) simulant under dynamic loading is studied. The material is unidirectionally printed using direct ink writing (DIW) of a high solid-loaded photopolymer and cured under ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. Experiments and multi-physics computations are performed to relate localized deformation, dissipation mechanisms, and temperature rises to the print structure. Simultaneous high-speed visible light and infrared imaging is used to obtain deformation and temperature fields over the same area of samples with micrometer spatial and microsecond temporal resolutions. Loading along different directions relative to the print structure of the material is achieved using a split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) or Kolsky bar at the average strain rate of similar to 310 s(-1). Shear banding and shear failure are observed. Simulations accounting for the geometry and print structure of the samples are performed. The microstructural heterogeneities are found to significantly affect the orientation-dependent deformation, damage, and heating, with the damage and heating most pronounced when the loading direction and print orientation are non-collinear. The heating is attributed to both constituent inelastic dissipation and internal friction. Depending upon the strain rate level and the loading orientation, the contribution of frictional dissipation to the overall heating is 0.9-4.5%. Despite this relatively low fraction in the overall heating, friction is localized at fracture sites and plays an important role in the development of local temperature spikes called hotspots which are of great interest for energetic materials.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "An ultrasonic method to measure stress without calibration: The angled shear wave method. Measuring stress levels in loaded structures is crucial to assess and monitor structure health and to predict the length of remaining structural life. Many ultrasonic methods are able to accurately predict in-plane stresses inside a controlled laboratory environment but struggle to be robust outside, in a real-world setting. That is because these methods rely either on knowing beforehand the material constants (which are difficult to acquire) or require significant calibration for each specimen. This paper presents an ultrasonic method to evaluate the in-plane stress in situ directly, without knowing any material constants. The method is simple in principle, as it only requires measuring the speed of two angled shear waves. It is based on a formula that is exact for incompressible solids, such as soft gels or tissues, and is approximately true for compressible \\\\'hard\\\\' solids, such as steel and other metals. The formula is validated by finite element simulations, showing that it displays excellent accuracy, with a small error on the order of 1%.", "label": [3, 4, 35, 28]}
+{"token": "Wood vinegar and chitosan compound preservative affects on fish balls stability. The application of compound preservative of biological source of the two materials wood vinegar and chitosan increased the stability of food products. The application of chitosan in the food industry is limited by its insolubility. Like chitosan degradation products, the chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) in no high pH has high solubility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined effect of wood vinegar (WV) and COS on the quality of rainbow trout fish balls under vacuum storage. The fish balls with different amounts of WV and COS were vacuum packed. In the control group, no preservative was added and distilled water was used instead. The control group had higher aerobic plate count compared to treatment groups during 15 days storage (p < 0.05). All the treatment groups were kept at a lower level of total volatile basic nitrogen compared with the control group (p >= 0.05). The lightness of each treatment group was non-significantly lower than that of the control group, but the decreasing range was not obvious (p >=>0.05), and difficult to distinguish visually. The percentage of free water in all treatment groups (0-6 days) was significantly lower than that in the control group (p < 0.05). The pH value of the treatment group was lower than that of the control group (p < 0.05) from 9 to 15 days. The hardness, chewability and resilience of the treatment groups showed a downward trend with increasing storage time. The elasticity was unchanged. After 15 days storage, the gel strengths of all treatment groups were higher than that of the control group (p < 0.05).", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Identification of organic materials in icons of the Cretan School of iconography. The HPLC-DAD results provide support to a recently published report which showed that kermes used in \\\\'Cretan\\\\' icons of 15th century and early 16th century was replaced by cochineal which was used in icons dated after early 16th century. This trend is known for western art and it is now proved for Cretan icons, showing thus the influence of the Cretan painters by other European painting schools. Other dyes detected in the historical samples, extracted from Cretan icons are madder (possibly Rubia tinctorum L, according to HPLC profiles) and indigoid dyes. Oils, such as linseed and walnut oil, are identified in samples extracted from the seven icons tested by GC-MS. Egg yolk is identified in the extract of only one icon and animal glue, originated most likely from the gesso ground, is found in six samples. Other organic materials detected by GC-MS were wax, as well as synthetic resins, applied during conservation treatments. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.The Cretan School of iconography is the last great flowering of the traditional Byzantine painting manner, which is however influenced by different schools and western art. Despite their historical significance, icons of the Cretan School have been rarely studied through modern chemical techniques and therefore very few information is available on the materials used by the Cretan painters. In the present investigation, the organic materials contained in several icons of the Cretan School of Iconography from the collection of the Benaki Museum, Athens, Greece, are analyzed and identified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to a Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD) and Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS).", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
+{"token": "The electronic assessment of the longitudinal course of bipolar disorder: The ChronoRecord software. Longitudinal studies are the optimal approach when investigating the highly variable course of bipolar disorder, but such studies are expensive, prone to reporting errors and to missing data. Automation of data collection may reduce such errors and improve data quality. The ChronoRecord, validated software that patients can install on a home computer to report mood, medications, sleep, life events, weight and menstrual data, has been designed to achieve such automation. In the trial of the ChronoRecord reported here, 80 of 96 (83%) patients with bipolar disorder showed high acceptance of this computer-based system for self-report, entering daily recordings for a period of 3-months. This new technology, in addition to providing an accurate longitudinal record for research purposes, also facilitates on-going patient feedback and accurate study monitoring.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
+{"token": "Pharmacokinetics and antiviral activity of PHX1766, a novel HCV protease inhibitor, using an accelerated Phase I study design. Conclusions: An overlapping, dose-adaptive single-dose and multiple-dose escalating design in HV and HCV-infected patients proved to be highly efficient in identifying a therapeutic dose. Although in vitro replicon studies indicated a robust HCV RNA viral decline of PHX1766, the study in HCV patients demonstrated only modest viral load reduction.Methods: Two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials were conducted. Single doses of PHX1766 or placebo were administered to 25 HV and six HCV genotype 1-infected patients (50 mg once daily -1,000 mg once daily, 250 mg twice daily and 100 mg of a new formulation of PHX1766 once daily). Multiple doses of PHX1766 or placebo were administered to 32 HV and seven HCV genotype 1-infected patients (50 mg once daily -800 mg twice daily).Results: Oral administration of PHX1766 was safe and well tolerated at all dose levels with rapid absorption (time at which concentration maximum is reached of 1-4 h) and with mean terminal half-lives of 4-23 h. Multiple doses of PHX1766 800 mg twice daily in HCV patients produced an area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time of drug administration to the last time point with a measurable concentration after dosing accumulation ratio of 2.3. The mean maximal observed HCV RNA decline was 0.6 log(10) IU/ml in the first 24 h in the single-dose protocol and 1.5 log(10) IU/ml after 6 days of PHX1766 dosing.Background: PHX1766 is a novel HCV NS3/4 protease inhibitor with robust potency and high selectivity in replicon studies (50% maximal effective concentration 8 nM). Two clinical trials investigated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and antiviral activity of PHX1766 in healthy volunteers (HV) and chronic hepatitis C patients, by use of a dose-adaptive overlapping clinical trial design.", "label": [2, 22, 25, 21]}
+{"token": "RELATION OF ENDOMETRIAL CANCER RISK TO PAST AND CONTEMPORARY BODY-SIZE AND BODY-FAT DISTRIBUTION. In a multicenter case-control study that included 403 cases and 297 controls, we examined the relation of past and contemporary body size, including body fat distribution, to the risk of endometrial cancer. The relative contributions of past and contemporary body size were assessed by examining weight and height histories provided by the subjects. Anthropometric indicators thought to reflect early environmental influences (e.g., height and sitting height), current weight, and fat distribution patterns were measured directly. Height was not a risk factor for endometrial cancer, but inexplicably, sitting height was inversely associated with risk. Weight during early adulthood appeared to be directly related to disease risk, but the association was explained by contemporary weight and thus weight gain during adulthood. While contemporary weight was associated with risk of endometrial cancer, the effect was restricted to those in the top quartile. Women whose measured weight at interview exceeded 78 kg had 2.3 times the risk of those weighing less than 58 kg (95% confidence interval, 1.4 to 3.7). Upper-body obesity (waist-to-thigh circumference ratio) was a risk factor independent of body weight. After adjustment for weight, the relative risks of endometrial cancer across increasing quartiles of upper-body obesity were 1.0, 1.5, 1.8, and 2.6 (P for trend < 0.001). These data indicate that both obesity and the distribution of adipose tissue accumulated during adult life increase endometrial cancer risk substantially.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "Observation of the Optical & Chemical Properties of Starch Granules. Starch granules in fresh and processed foods are routinely identified by a variety of chemical and microscopic methods. In the teaching laboratory, the use of cross-polarized light in a microscope (monocular or binocular) quickly demonstrates the presence of starch granules by their characteristic birefringence, often called a Maltese cross. In the present study, we first identified raw potato starch granules by their birefringence, followed by three overlapping chemical methods to confirm the presence (or absence) of starch. First, Lugol's iodine solution, a starch indicator, immediately stained the granules black. Second, amylase digested the small starch granules within 30-60 minutes. Third, glucose test strips demonstrated the presence of glucose that resulted from the enzymatic breakdown of starch granules by amylase. Fourth, we also confirmed that the starch granules were broken down by the enzyme amylase by observing the \\\\'digested\\\\' product under crossed polarization and noting the disappearance of the birefringent effect. Although the demonstration of starch has long been a staple in teaching laboratories, we have combined the optical and chemical demonstrations of starch for the same lab, with each serving as a confirmation for the other.", "label": [4, 5, 53, 42]}
+{"token": "EFFECTS OF SPACE SPRAY APPLICATION METHODS ON FENITROTHION EFFICACY AND DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE IN CULEX PIPIENS. Efficacy of fenitrothion as thermal fogging (TF) or ultra-low volume (ULV) applications against 6 successive generations of caged adult Culex pipiens and subsequent development of resistance in both adults and larvae were investigated in this study. In addition, larval acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured in each generation. Results indicated that the ULV application method was significantly more effective (P < 0.05) than TF against the adults in all treated generations. Selection pressure of TF and ULV applications on the adults after 5 generations resulted in larval resistance by ratios of 30.92- and 28.18-fold, respectively. A gradual decrease in the larval AChE activity was observed with increasing resistance as generations progressed. The AChE activity of susceptible larvae was higher than that of the F-5 resistant generation in TF and ULV treatments by 6- and 8-fold, respectively. The results indicated that both the biological efficacy of fenitrothion and the rapidity of resistance development were affected by the application methods.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "An ingenious method for the determination of the relative and absolute configurations of compounds containing aryl-glycerol fragments by H-1 NMR spectroscopy. A concise method was established to determine the relative and absolute configurations of aryl-glycerols that depend on the chemical shift differences (Delta delta) of the diastereotopic methylene protons (H-3) by H-1 NMR spectroscopy. When using DMSO-d(6) as the preferred solvent, the threo configuration corresponded to a larger Delta delta(H3a-H3b) value (>0.15 ppm), whereas the erythro configuration (<0.07 ppm) corresponded to a smaller value. Furthermore, the absolute configurations were determined with the aid of a simple acylation reaction through camphanoyl chloride. In the threo enantiomers, the Delta delta value of the 1R,2R configuration was <0.15 ppm, and that of the 1S,2S configuration was >0.20 ppm. In the erythro enantiomers, the Delta delta value of 1R,2S was >0.09 ppm, and that of 1S,2R was <0.05 ppm. Remarkably, this empirical rule is invalid in CDCl3. In addition, this method was also verified by a quantum H-1 NMR calculation.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Did granny know best? Evaluating the antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral efficacy of acetic acid for home care procedures. Background Acetic acid has been used to clean and disinfect surfaces in the household for many decades. The antimicrobial efficacy of cleaning procedures can be considered particularly important for young, old, pregnant, immunocompromised people, but may also concern other groups, particularly with regards to the COVID-19 pandemics. This study aimed to show that acetic acid exhibit an antibacterial and antifungal activity when used for cleaning purposes and is able to destroy certain viruses. Furthermore, a disinfecting effect of laundry in a simulated washing cycle has been investigated. Results At a concentration of 10% and in presence of 1.5% citric acid, acetic acid showed a reduction of > 5-log steps according to the specifications of DIN EN 1040 and DIN EN 1275 for the following microorganisms:P. aeruginosa,E. coli,S. aureus,L. monocytogenes,K. pneumoniae,E. hirae and A. brasiliensis. For MRSA a logarithmic reduction of 3.19 was obtained. Tests on surfaces according to DIN EN 13697 showed a complete reduction (> 5-log steps) forP. aeruginosa,E. coli,S. aureus,E. hirae,A. brasiliensisandC. albicansat an acetic acid concentration of already 5%. Virucidal efficacy tests according to DIN EN 14476 and DIN EN 16777 showed a reduction of >= 4-log-steps against the Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) for acetic acid concentrations of 5% or higher. The results suggest that acetic acid does not have a disinfecting effect on microorganisms in a dosage that is commonly used for cleaning. However, this can be achieved by increasing the concentration of acetic acid used, especially when combined with citric acid. Conclusions Our results show a disinfecting effect of acetic acid in a concentration of 10% and in presence of 1.5% citric acid against a variety of microorganisms. A virucidal effect against enveloped viruses could also be proven. Furthermore, the results showed a considerable antimicrobial effect of acetic acid when used in domestic laundry procedures.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Olfactory Functions and Empathy Affect Social Functionality through Self-care in Patients with Schizophrenia with Long Disease Duration. Methods: Fifty-one healthy controls and 48 patients with schizophrenia were included in the study. Sniffin' Sticks Test and Questionaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy Scale (QCEA) were given to all participants. In addition, the Personal and Social Performance (PSP) Scale was given to the patients.Background: Studies have shown that impaired social functioning can be much more severe and destructive than psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia. In this context, it may be important to identify areas that are effective for social functionality, and where intervention is necessary to promote and develop competencies. In the current study, the aim was to investigate the relationship between olfactory functions and empathic abilities and their impact on impaired social functionality in individuals with schizophrenia.Conclusion: Olfactory functions and empathic abilities were decreased in patients with schizophrenia. The findings of current study support that the effect of the deterioration of these abilities on the decrease in social functionality becomes evident as they became firmly established.Results: There was a significant difference in terms of the mean scores of total odor (p<0.001), odor discrimination/identification (p<0.001), and also there was a significant difference in terms of the mean score of total empathy (p=0.05) and some sub-dimensions (p=0.05 for perspective taking and p=0.01 for cognitive empathy). In post-hoc analysis performed based on the duration of the illness; it was found that duration of illness had a moderating effect in the relationship of both odor and empathy scores with social functionality (p <= 0.001 for interaction effect). In addition, odor and QCEA scores had a significant effect on PSP self-care subscale scores in patients with an illness duration over 10 years.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Evolution and Wear of Fluoropolymer Transfer Films. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a solid lubricant known for its low friction coefficient and high wear rate. When filled with a low volume percent of alumina particles (5 wt%), its wear rate is decreased over four orders of magnitude. The development of a thin, uniform and well adhered transfer film during sliding is partially responsible for this decrease in wear rate by creating a low shear interface and forming a protective layer between the PTFE/alumina sample and metal countersample. In this work, a \\\\'striped'' transfer film was generated by sliding up to one million reversals over a gradually decreasing stroke length. Wear and friction experiments were performed on a microtribometer to determine the robustness of the transfer film. Interferometry and profilometry were used to measure the height and wear of the film. Microscopy was used to investigate the morphology of the transfer film over sliding distance.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Stadium experience and word-of-mouth: a panel data analysis of national A-team men's football matches in Denmark, 2013-17. Rationale/Purpose:In this paper we utilize unique spectator level data from fifteen Danish national men's A-team football matches in the period 2013-17. Design/methodology/approach:We test several regression models with our dependent variable being a scale measuring each individual respondent's inclination to recommend national matches to friends and colleagues through word-of-mouth. Findings:The model output identify the players' contribution, atmosphere, and spectators' impression of the match stewards as the most important factors driving our word-of-mouth measure in a positive direction. Other factors such as food, drinks, and toilet facilities are positive but of less importance. Practical implications:The results indicate that among strong predictors are variables which are within the reach of management. Research Contribution:The paper adds to existing research on spectator demand by focussing on national A-team matches.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "SPECTROSCOPY FROM THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE COSMIC ORIGINS SPECTROGRAPH OF THE SOUTHERN NOVA-LIKE BB DORADUS IN AN INTERMEDIATE STATE. We present a spectral analysis of the spectrum from the Hubble Space Telescope Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (HST/COS) of the southern VY Scl nova-like variable BB Doradus, obtained as part of a Cycle 20 HST/COS survey of accreting white dwarfs (WDs) in cataclysmic variables. BB Dor was observed with COS during an intermediate state with a low mass accretion rate, thereby allowing an estimate of the WD temperature. The results of our spectral analysis show that the WD is a significant far-ultraviolet (FUV) component of the spectrum with a temperature of about 35,000-50,000 K, assuming a WD mass of 0.80 M-circle dot (log(g) = 8.4). The disk, with a mass accretion rate of approximate to 10(-10) M-circle dot yr(-1), contributes about 1/5 to 1/2 of the FUV flux.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "In Vitro Gluten Challenge Test for Celiac Disease Diagnosis. Objectives:The in vitro gluten challenge test is an important diagnostic modality in celiac disease (CD), especially in patients who begin treatment with a gluten-free diet before adequate diagnostic workup or in cases with atypical CD. Available literature was reviewed regarding the accuracy of the in vitro gluten challenge test for CD diagnosis.Methods:MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched, and studies that used serology and bowel biopsy as the criterion standard for diagnosis were included in our study. Data on authors, publication year, characteristics of the patient and control groups, patients' diet, duration of the gluten challenge test, histology findings, endomysial antibody (EMA) and anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG) levels, CD markers, and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1, and human leukocyte antigens before and after the gluten challenge test were extracted.Results:Overall, 15 studies were included in this meta-analysis. Pooled sensitivity %/specificity % was 84/99 for EMA after the challenge, 52/96 for EMA without the challenge, 95.5/98.3 for anti-tTG after the challenge, and 95.1/98.3 for anti-tTG without the challenge test. Sensitivity/specificity for immunological markers were 89/97 for the percentage of CD25(+)-lamina propria lymphocytes, 96/91 for the percentage of CD3(+)-lamina propria lymphocytes, and 96.1/85.7 for the percentage of intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1-lamina propria lymphocytes. The factors that increased the sensitivity of EMA were longer test duration, and the evaluation of patients on a gluten-containing diet or short-term gluten-free diet.Conclusions:The in vitro gluten challenge test can be a useful part of the diagnostic workup of CD, rather than only a model to evaluate its mechanisms.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "RF small signal avalanche for bipolar transistor circuit design: Characterization, modeling and repercussions. In the face of increasing demands for high frequency and high output power of modern bipolar transistor circuits, electronic circuit designers are exploring regimes of transistor operation that meet both requirements and enter RF regimes, where impact ionization is significant. The present paper addresses AC/RF avalanche characterization techniques. Repercussions of avalanche breakdown on some important transistor properties like unilateral power gain and the stability factor are introduced and demonstrated by measurements on modern industrial devices. On the basis of theoretical considerations and compact model simulations it is shown when avalanche can be expected to have significant impact on AC performance of bipolar transistors. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35]}
+{"token": "Computational Sequence Design with R2oDNA Designer. Recently developed DNA assembly methods have enabled the rapid and simultaneous assembly of multiple parts to create complex synthetic gene circuits. A number of groups have proposed the use of computationally designed orthogonal spacer sequences to guide the ordered assembly of parts using overlap-directed or homologous recombination-based methods. This approach is particularly useful for assembling multiple parts with repetitive elements. Orthogonal spacer sequences (sometimes called UNSs-unique nucleotide sequences) also have a number of other potential uses including in the design of synthetic promoters regulated by novel regulatory elements.", "label": [4, 43, 42]}
+{"token": "Ethics and the auditing culture: Rethinking the foundation of accounting and auditing. Although the foundation of financial accounting and auditing has traditionally been based upon a rule-based framework, the concept of a principle-based approach has been periodically advocated since being incorporated into the AICPA Code of Conduct in 1989. Recent high profile events indicate that the accountants and auditors involved have followed rule-based ethical perspectives and have failed to protect investors and stakeholders - resulting in a wave of scandals and charges of unethical conduct. In this paper we describe how the rule-based traditions of auditing became a convenient vehicle that perpetuated the unethical conduct of firms such as Enron and Arthur Andersen. We present a model of ten ethical perspectives and briefly describe how these ten ethical perspectives impact rule-based and principle-based ethical conduct for accountants and auditors. We conclude by identifying six specific suggestions that the accounting and auditing profession should consider to restore public trust and to improve the ethical conduct of accountants and auditors.", "label": [3, 5, 48, 30]}
+{"token": "Actinomycetes in the rhizosphere of red clover on a soddy-podzolic soil. Actinomycetal complexes developing in the rhizosphere of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) growing on a soddy-podzolic soil have been studied in conditions of pot and field experiments. The indices of abundance, diversity, and functional structure of actinomycetes in the rhizosphere of clover are shown to depend on the soil acidity and the strain of clover plants. Clover strains differ from one another by the occurrence frequency of actinomycetes utilizing the particular components of root exudates of clover, as well as by the occurrence frequency of species-antagonists of micromycetes and species stimulating the growth of nodule bacteria. The decree of similarity between the actinomycetal complexes developing in the rhizosphere of tetraploid clover strains (Kudesnik and Vityaz') is greater than the degree of similarity between these complexes and the actinomycetal complex developing in the rhizosphere of the diploid clover strain Trio.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Morphos Configuration Engine: the Core of a Commercial Configuration System in CLP(FD). Product configuration systems are an emerging software technology that supports companies in deploying mass customization strategies. In this paper, we describe a CLP-based reasoning engine that we developed for a commercial configuration system. We first illustrate the advantages of the CLP approach to product configuration over other ones. Then, we describe the actual encoding of the considered product configuration problem as a constraint satisfaction problem. We devote a special attention to the key issues of constraint propagation and optimization as well as to the relevant process of assignment revision. A comparison with existing systems for product configuration concludes the paper.", "label": [4, 40, 41]}
+{"token": "Variations in seasonal solar insolation are associated with a history of suicide attempts in bipolar I disorder. Background Bipolar disorder is associated with circadian disruption and a high risk of suicidal behavior. In a previous exploratory study of patients with bipolar I disorder, we found that a history of suicide attempts was associated with differences between winter and summer levels of solar insolation. The purpose of this study was to confirm this finding using international data from 42% more collection sites and 25% more countries. Methods Data analyzed were from 71 prior and new collection sites in 40 countries at a wide range of latitudes. The analysis included 4876 patients with bipolar I disorder, 45% more data than previously analyzed. Of the patients, 1496 (30.7%) had a history of suicide attempt. Solar insolation data, the amount of the sun's electromagnetic energy striking the surface of the earth, was obtained for each onset location (479 locations in 64 countries). Results This analysis confirmed the results of the exploratory study with the same best model and slightly better statistical significance. There was a significant inverse association between a history of suicide attempts and the ratio of mean winter insolation to mean summer insolation (mean winter insolation/mean summer insolation). This ratio is largest near the equator which has little change in solar insolation over the year, and smallest near the poles where the winter insolation is very small compared to the summer insolation. Other variables in the model associated with an increased risk of suicide attempts were a history of alcohol or substance abuse, female gender, and younger birth cohort. The winter/summer insolation ratio was also replaced with the ratio of minimum mean monthly insolation to the maximum mean monthly insolation to accommodate insolation patterns in the tropics, and nearly identical results were found. All estimated coefficients were significant at p < 0.01. Conclusion A large change in solar insolation, both between winter and summer and between the minimum and maximum monthly values, may increase the risk of suicide attempts in bipolar I disorder. With frequent circadian rhythm dysfunction and suicidal behavior in bipolar disorder, greater understanding of the optimal roles of daylight and electric lighting in circadian entrainment is needed.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "A cross-sectional study of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection burden and risk factors in general population children in 12 villages in northern Uganda. Conclusions: The results show high but heterogeneous pfPR in villages in northern Uganda, confirm significantly decreased pfPR associated with IRS implementation, and suggest significant associations with some household characteristics. Further research is needed to elucidate the factors influencing malaria heterogeneity in villages in Uganda.Results: Among 942 (93.5%) children successfully tested, pfPR was 52.4% by RDT and 32.7% by TFM. Overall pfPR was lower in villages where indoor residual insecticide spray (IRS) was, versus not, implemented (18.4% versus 75.2%, P < 0.0001). However, pfPR was heterogeneous both within IRS (10.6-34.8%) and non-IRS villages (63.6-86.2%). Elevated pfPR was associated with having a sibling who was RDT positive (OR 5.39, 95% CI 2.94-9.90, P = 0.0006) and reporting a fever at enrollment (aOR 4.80, 95% CI 1.94-11.9, P = 0.0094). Decreased pfPR was associated with living in an IRS village (adjusted OR 0.06, 95% CI 0.04-0.07, P < 0.0001), in a household with one (aOR 0.48, 95% CI 0.30-0.76) or more than one child below 5 years (aOR 0.23, 95% CI 0.12-0.44, P-trend = 0.014), and reporting keeping a goat inside or near the house (aOR 0.42, 95% CI 0.29-0.62, P = 0.0021).Background: Plasmodium falciparum malaria is an important cause of morbidity in northern Uganda. This study was undertaken to assess village-, household-, and individual-level risk factors of asymptomatic falciparum malaria in children in 12 villages in northern Uganda.Methods: Between 10/2011 and 02/2014, 1006 apparently healthy children under 16 years old were enrolled in 12 villages using a stratified, multi-stage, cluster survey design and assessed for P. falciparum malaria infection using the rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and thick film microscopy (TFM), and structured interviewer-administered questionnaires. Associations between weighted P. falciparum malaria prevalence (pfPR), based on RDT, and covariates were estimated", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
+{"token": "Development of Streamwise Vortices in Unsteady Circular Couette Flow. The results of numerical simulation of the development of streamwise Gortler vortices formed in unsteady circular Couette flow are represented. The vortices are initialized by injection of artificial vortical disturbances at given place of flow and at given instant of time. The problem of receptivity of the boundary layer in respect to the external disturbances is considered. The influence of the initial energy of disturbances, their wavelength, the location of input point and time of injection on the vortex characteristics are analyzed. A \\\\'cascade\\\\' mechanism of transport of disturbances from stability zone to the boundary layer has been identified. The features of formation and development of mushroom-shaped structures, in particular their uneven growth in transversal direction and subsequent increase of wavelength (Eckhaus instability) are explored.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Applications of mathematical software packages in structural engineering education and practice. The use of mathematical software packages provides a number of benefits to an engineering user. In general, the packages provide a platform that supports iterative design and parametric analysis through a flexible, transparent interface combined with extensive computing power. This enables an engineering user to develop design equations that are based on fundamental mechanics theories, rather than relying on the \\\\'black-box\\\\' approach of most commercial design packages. As an example, a closed-form solution for obtaining effective length factors for the design of stepped columns is presented. In the example a series of formula is used to demonstrate the transparency of Mathcad, including the ability of using real engineering units in the calculations, formulas as they may appear in textbooks or in codes, and ability to hide and password protect some areas. This facilitates easier automation of the design and design checking processes. Most commercial structural design packages can be classified as black-box packages. The analyst inputs data at one end only to receive results at the other without fully appreciating the process the input data have gone through. This phenomenon has the tendency of reducing the engineer to a technician, blindly implementing the ideas of the software designer. The Mathcad package discussed in this paper and similar mathematical packages returns the engineer to being in control of the design process.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Febrile young infants with abnormal urine dipstick at low risk of invasive bacterial infection. Main outcome Prevalence of IBI in low-risk infants according to the RISeuP score.Setting The derivation set in a single paediatric emergency department (ED) between 2003 and 2017. The validation set in 21 European EDs between December 2017 and November 2019.Patients Two sets of well-appearing febrile infants aged <= 90 days with an abnormal urine dipstick (either leucocyte esterase and/or nitrite positive test).Results We included 662 infants in the derivation set (IBI rate:5.2%). After logistic regression, we developed a score (RISeuP score) including age (<= 15 days old), serum procalcitonin (>= 0.6 ng/mL) and C reactive protein (>= 20 mg/L) as risk factors. The absence of any risk factor had a sensitivity of 96.0% (95% CI 80.5% to 99.3%), a negative predictive value of 99.4% (95% CI 96.4% to 99.9%) and a specificity of 32.9% (95% CI 28.8% to 37.3%) for ruling out an IBI. Applying it in the 449 infants of the validation set (IBI rate 4.9%), sensitivity, negative predictive value and specificity were 100% (95% CI 87.1% to 100%), 100% (95% CI 97.3% to 100%) and 29.7% (95% CI 25.8% to 33.8%), respectively.Objectives To develop and validate a prediction rule to identify well-appearing febrile infants aged <= 90 days with an abnormal urine dipstick at low risk of invasive bacterial infections (IBIs, bacteraemia or bacterial meningitis).Design Ambispective, multicentre study.Conclusion This prediction rule accurately identified well-appearing febrile infants aged <= 90 days with an abnormal urine dipstick at low risk of IBI. This score can be used to guide initial clinical decision-making in these patients, selecting infants suitable for an outpatient management.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "A molecular reappraisal of Abrothallus species growing on lichens of the order Peltigerales. Species of the genus Abrothallus (Abrothallales, Dothideomycetes) are obligately lichenicolous (lichen-inhabiting) and grow on a wide variety of foliose and fruticose lichens. Bayesian Interference (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) analyses of two gene loci-rDNA ITS and TEF-alpha-were used in order to infer the phylogenetic relationships among lineages of Abrothallus associated with hosts from the order Peltigerales (Lecanoromycetes). We found that the clade is subdivided into 13 lineages each of which can be delimited also by phenotypic criteria. Seven new species (Abrothallus boomii, A. canariensis, A. doliiformis, A. eriodermae, A. ertzii, A. etayoi and A. nephromatis) are described, two of which are known only by their asexual stage. Abrothallus welwitschii is lectotypified, and the original description is complemented. Vouauxiomyces brattii and Epinephroma kamchatica are combined within Abrothallus.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Bones, sex, and dolls: Solving a mystery in Central Africa and beyond. Ethnographic parallels are used to explain the presence and significance of caprine or antelope metapodial bones principally in children's graves in Iron Age contexts in the Congo. Beyond Africa, in the Neolithic in France and Italy, but also during the Bronze Age in the Levant, the same mysterious bones have often been collected in similar contexts. It is likely that the natural shape of these bones led them to be seen as human figures and to be used as dolls. This is an example of how natural objects may be construed in a similar way in various societies and which raises many issues regarding what a doll actually is, its various functions and how it blurs boundaries between play and ritual.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Log (Lactobacillus crispatus/ Gardnerella vaginalis): a new indicator of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis. To explore a new marker which can detect bacterial vaginosis (BV) with high sensitivity and specificity quantitatively. According to the Nugent Score, vaginal secretions from study participants were divided into BV, healthy, and BV-intermediate groups. First, we compared the obvious differences and high abundance of bacteria in the three groups using 16S rRNA-sequencing, and screened out candidate markers. Then, quantitative detection of these candidate markers from the three groups was done using real-time reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), followed by evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity. Finally, we verified the new markers using clinical cases. Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae, Lactobacillus, Megasphaera were screened out by 16S rRNA-sequencing. RT-qPCR data were transformed and analyzed through ROC curves. PCR results for these bacteria were log-transformed using Lactobacillus crispatus as the numerator and other BV-related bacteria as the denominator. Four new indicators were found. Of these, log L. crispatus/G. vaginalis (L/G) <0 was the best indicator. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of our system were 93.5%, 97.2%, 96.6 and 94.6%, respectively. Combination of data for 16S rRNA-sequencing and RT-qPCR revealed four indicators for BV detection. Of these, log L/G < 0 was the best indicator. Creating a molecular-diagnostic system independent of the Nugent Score for BV could have an important impact on the clinical management of BV.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Further Delineation of the Clinical and Pathologic Features of HIKESHI- Related Hypomyelinating Leukodystrophy. Background: A recurrent homozygous missense variant, c.160G>C;p.(Val54Leu) in HIKESHI, was found to cause a hypomyelinating leukodystrophy with high frequency in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. We provide extended phenotypic classification of this disorder based on clinical history of a further seven affected individuals, assess carrier frequency in the Ashkenazi Jewish population, and provide a neuropathological study. Methods: Clinical information, neuroimaging, and biosamples were collected. Brain autopsy was performed for one case. Results: Individuals with HIKESHI-related disease share common clinical features: early axial hypotonia evolving to dystonia or with progressive spasticity, hyperreflexia and clonus, feeding difficulties with poor growth, and nystagmus. Severe morbidity or death during febrile illness occurred in five of the nine affected individuals. Magnetic resonance images of seven patients were analyzed and demonstrated diffuse hypomyelination and thin corpus callosum. Genotyping data of more than 125,000 Ashkenazi Jewish individuals revealed a carrier frequency of 1 in 216. Gross pathology examination in one case revealed abnormal white matter. Microscopically, there was a near-total absence of myelin with a relative preservation of axons. The cerebral white matter showed several reactive astrocytes and microglia. Conclusions: We provide pathologic evidence for a primary disorder of the myelin in HIKESHI-related leukodystrophy. These findings are consistent with the hypomyelination seen in brain magnetic resonance imaging and with the clinical features of early-onset spastic/dystonic quadriplegia and nystagmus. The high carrier rate of the recurrent variant seen in the Ashkenazi Jewish population requires increased attention to screening and diagnosis of this condition, particularly in this population. (c) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "The need for sexual health clinics, their future role, and contribution to public health. Specialised sexual health clinics (SHCs) play an important role in addressing the staggering rates of STIs seen in many high-income nations. Despite increasing healthcare coverage in the US and nationalised health care in some countries, there is a continued need for SHCs to meet the needs of patients and the community, especially for high-priority populations: those at high risk of STI acquisition and/or groups historically marginalised and underserved in the traditional healthcare system. We need to mobilise resources to support a stronger clinical infrastructure in specialised SHCs. This review describes the importance of SHCs, their future role, and some of the innovative programs housed within SHCs in the US, Australia, and the Netherlands to address both STI and HIV prevention for the populations they serve.", "label": [2, 25, 24]}
+{"token": "Impact of integrated pest management on food and horticultural crops in Africa. In sustainable agricultural development, integrated pest management (IPM) can play a key role in the reduction of crop losses, thereby increasing productivity while minimizing environmental contamination and health hazards. In recent years, agricultural research and development partners have pioneered outstanding contributions in IPM, notably in varietal resistance against pests, biological control of alien invasive species, substitution of inorganic pesticides with biopesticides, new export market opportunities, and new tools in biotechnology. Success stories are not limited to these areas, but are also found in the areas of human capital development, information management, and participatory approaches. The potential of IPM to contribute to poverty alleviation and food security is, however, poorly realized in Africa due to a myriad of factors, including inadequate deployment of high-yielding crop varieties, harmful pesticide regimes, political instability, conflicts in social values and civil wars, inappropriate agricultural policies, biased global trade policies, lack of market information, and poor rural infrastructures. Few African countries have adopted IPM as the official national crop protection policy and there is no framework for resource allocation to support widespread promotion of research and training in IPM. This calls for reshaping and revisiting a number of policies related to food production and agricultural development, in order to encourage partnership and participation in the identification, analysis, advocacy, and follow-up of agricultural policy issues as well as public awareness of the effect of pests and diseases on food security and the environment.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Resistive switching properties of HfxZr1-xO2 thin films for flexible memory applications. The flexible unipolar resistive switching characteristics of Au/Ni/HZO/Au devices on Polyethylene terephthalate substrates have been investigated for the RRAM applications. The devices demonstrated a bistable and reproducible unipolar RS behavior with a high OFF/ON ratio about 10(3), and the memory widow could be maintained in repetitive programming/erase at least 1000 cycles. The retention property has no degradation at 6.3 x 10(4) seconds. The current-voltage characteristics of the HZO samples show that the Ohmic contact and space charge limited current are suggested to response for the low resistance state and high resistance state, respectively. Combined with the conductance mechanism, the resistive switching behaviors can be explained by the conductive filaments model. The RS mechanism is attributed to restore and rupture caused by the joule heating and the redox reaction induced by the external electron injection. The memory devices also show good mechanical flexibility. It is believed that the HZO-based memory device has great potential to be used in high performance, flexible memory applications.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Overcoming managers' myopic decisions in a waste collection company Lessons from a system dynamics-based research. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to show how the changing interrelationships between fleet management, human resources and outsourcer capacity areas are likely to counterbalance managerial policies, thereby generating a performance decay. The use of system dynamics modelling in a waste collection company offered an effective contribution to support decision makers to overcoming myopic decisions. Design/methodology/approach Literature review and a case study analysis (including interviews with company actors and data gathering) offered the basis to build a system dynamics model. The model built was then used to run simulations sessions to assess alternative investments decisions. Findings Simulation results show that understanding cause-and-effect relationships between company sub-systems can help managers to shift the focus of their decision process from a single department to the whole business system. Further, the paper offers three alternative scenarios (myopic, reactive and proactive) from which to learn how to design effective long-term sustainable policies. Research limitations/implications - The simulation model was developed based on a literature review and a single-case study. Although it offers a useful contribution in the investigated case, to generalise its results, additional application to waste collection companies would be desirable. Practical implications - The findings of the study have implications for public decision makers and those scholars investigating how to discourage the adoption of myopic decisions in complex environments. Originality/value To the best of our knowledge, only few studies investigated how the fleet management is likely to impact on the performance of waste collection companies. This study offers a contribution in this direction.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Dietary intake of trace elements by the population of Catalonia (Spain): results from a total diet study. This study aimed to analyse the concentrations of Al, Ba, Bi, Cu, Cr, Ge, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sb, Se, Sr and Zn in food samples collected in 2008 in Catalonia (Spain). The dietary intake of these 13 trace elements was subsequently estimated by different age-gender groups of the population: children, adolescents, adults and seniors. In general terms, fish and shellfish, cereals, and pulses were the food groups showing the highest levels for most elements. Higher dietary intakes were associated with male groups (adolescents, adults and seniors). However, none exceeded the tolerable levels. When exposure was estimated based on body weight, children were the group with the highest dietary intake. Notwithstanding, only the weekly intake of Al by children exceeded the recommendations of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). It is a consequence of the higher intake of cereals in relation to their respective body weights. In addition to the periodical food surveillance of toxic metals (As, Cd, Hg and Pb), it is also important to determine the levels of other trace elements in order to ensure that the dietary exposure by the Catalan population is under control.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 36, 22, 8]}
+{"token": "CIVIC PARTICIPATION: FEATURES OF DISCOURSE AND ACTUAL TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT. The article presents the conceptualization of new trends in the processes of civic participation both in Russia and abroad, which can be considered as sign of a crisis. It is shown that the processes of participation in the public sphere are characterized by a blurring of the boundaries between social, civic and political participation, the growth of the network and individualized forms of participation, primarily promotional design and type. In these conditions, relevant is the refinement of the essential characteristics of civic participation. According to the authors, it can be comprehended as the process through which citizens directly or indirectly affect the adoption of socially significant decisions affecting the public interest. On the basis of analysis of empirical studies, the authors conclude that the development of Russian civic practices lies, in general, within the international trends. These practices have their own specifics. For instance, they are characterized by a redistribution of the centre of gravity from the political to the social space, due to the decrease in the efficiency of functioning of state and municipal authorities, the persistence of a paternalistic strategies, in collaboration with civil society, as well as asymmetrical model of dialogue between the state and civil society based on the tradition of the monologue, propaganda, manipulation of public opinion that sets the civil initiatives clearly specified \\\\'track\\\\'.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Nematicidal activity of bikaverin and fusaric acid isolated from Fusarium oxysporum against pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, causes pine wilt disease in a number of Pinus species, which is one of the most serious plant diseases in forest, Korea. In the course of a search for nematicidal substances from endophytic fungi, Fusarium oxysporum EF119 out of the 23 fungal strains tested showed the strongest activity to B. xylophilus. Two nematicidal substances were isolated and identified as bikaverin and fusaric acid. Fusaric acid showed somewhat higher nematicidal activity against B. xylophilus than bikaverin; fusaric acid and bikaverin, at 100 mu g/ml, killed B. xylophilus with mortality values of 50% and 43%, respectively. In addition, both compounds acted synergistically. This is the first report on the nematicidal activity of bikaverin and fusaric acid.", "label": [0, 6, 9]}
+{"token": "Comparison of Turkey and Countries with High TIMSS Success in terms of the Preparedness of Schools, Teachers and Students for the Covid 19 Period*. The purpose of this research is to compare Turkey and the countries of Japan, South Korea and Russia with high success in the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study -TIMSS-2019 exam, in terms of the preparedness of schools, teachers and students for the Covid 19 period and to make suggestions for Turkey. In the research, document analysis method, a qualitative research method, was used. The research population consists of 38 countries that are members of -OECD- the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. As a sample, Turkey and the OECD countries Japan, South Korea and Russia, which were successful in the 2019 TIMSS research, were selected. The countries of Japan, South Korea and Russia achieved success by scoring above the OECD average in science and mathematics at 4th and 8th grades in the TIMSS 2019 survey. Therefore, the type of sampling is criterion sampling. Research data were obtained from international reports and statistics. Thus, it is seen that there is no problem of validity and reliability of the data. As a result of the research, when evaluated in terms of the preparedness of schools for the Covid 19 period; School principals in Turkey think that insufficient internet in schools does not hinder education to a large extent. However, it is understood that school principals in Japan think that insufficient internet affects education negatively, higher than the OECD average. When examined in terms of teachers, it is seen that teachers in Turkey and Russia think that they are good in -ICT- information and communication technologies skills. In terms of teachers' openness to change, Japan and South Korea were below the OECD average, while Russia and Turkey were found to be above the OECD average. When evaluated in terms of students, it is seen that while the rate of students' computer ownership in Turkey and Japan is below the OECD average, it is above the OECD average in South Korea and Russia.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "A Brief Survey of the Russian Historiography of Russian America of Recent Years. This article was translated from Russian. Since a great deal of Russian literature is cited, it is important to understand the form of transliteration used with these titles. For a detailed description of the transliteration, please see the Translator's Note in the appendix.Many people have written about the history of the Russian-American Company (RAC), some for scholars, others for a lay audience. Numerous writers have been Americans and Europeans who have had access to the records of the RAC that are held in the U. S. National Archives. But more records-preserved in Russia-were rarely accessible to Western scholars until the end of the Cold War. Dr. Andrei V. Grinev is one of the leading authorities on the history of Russian America. In the past two decades he has published two monographs, ten chapters in the three-volume Istoriya Russkoi Ameriki [The History of Russian America], and seventy-five articles in Russian, English, and Japanese. He writes not just about the Europeans who settled in Russia's transoceanic territories but also about Native Americans. Many of his works are unique in that he draws on both the ethnography and history of Native Americans. With regard to Russian America, he deals not only with the policies of governments and companies but with individuals as well. In pursuit of this task, Grinev has now written a book about everyone who had connections with Russian America. It contains more than 5,800 biographical sketches and was published in 2009. In the work below, he analyzes the writings of scholars who have tried to unravel historical details about individuals, companies, and governments that related to the Russian-American Company.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Being in a critical illness-recovery process: a phenomenological hermeneutical study. Conclusions. Patients who survive a life-threatening condition have an immense need for care and support during the entire critical illness-recovery process, and also after the initial acute phase. They need a coherent understanding of what happened, and support to be able to perform their changed life projects.Aims and objective. The aim of this study was to describe and interpret the essential meaning of the lived experiences of being in a critical illness-recovery process after a life-threatening condition.Results. The comprehensive understanding of the results shows that the critical illness-recovery process after a life-threatening condition means an existential struggle to reconcile with an unfamiliar body and with ordinary life. This can be understood as an 'unhomelikeness' implying a struggle to create meaning and coherence from scary and fragmented memories. The previous life projects, such as work and social life become unfamiliar when the patient's fragile and weak body is disobedient and brings on altered sensations.Design and method. In this qualitative study, a phenomenological hermeneutical approach was used. Interviews were conducted with seven patients, two to four years after they had received care in an intensive care unit in Sweden.Relevance to clinical practice. Supporting and caring for patients' recovery from a life-threatening condition involves recognising the patients' struggle and responding to their existential concerns.Background. The critical illness-recovery process after a life-threatening condition takes several years and does not only include patients' experiences during intensive care. Previous research has mainly focused on what critically ill patients recall. However, from a phenomenological point of view, experiences are more than memories alone. To plan and perform relevant health care and social support for patients who have survived a life-threatening condition, a more profound understanding about their lived experiences is needed.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Comic Strip Humour and Empathy as Methodological instruments in Teaching. Laughter is an instinctive activity that facilitates social communication and can be used to enrich the education system. Taking into consideration that children are, by their nature, visually oriented, the humour and empathy of the comic strip make it an appropriate methodological instrument for the acquisition of new learning materials. The popular comic strip Alan Ford consolidates realist elements with social satire and black humour, owing its popularity and longevity to the creativity of its authors who accept self-irony as a powerful tool in their artistic expression. The author of this paper examines the possibility of applying the Alan Ford comic strip in primary and secondary school teaching as well as the influence of humorous discourse on the efficiency of the educational process. The importance of humour, as one of the most desired teacher's characteristics, is examined in the research. A total of 14 schools of the Primorsko-Goranska County participated in the research; the sample consisted of 315 primary school pupils and senior secondary school students. Data distribution analysis points at the conclusion that humour has a significant influence on the efficiency of teaching and the quality of relationships between teachers and pupils, while the methodology of comic strips provides everyday discourse in teaching.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Fracture of Nitinol under quasistatic and dynamic loading. Owing to the potential application of Nitinol as an advanced structural material, it is essential to thoroughly understand the deformation and fracture behavior of Nitinol under various loading conditions. The present study explores the fracture behavior of Nitinol under quasistatic and dynamic loading, with emphasis on the fracture toughness and fracture mechanism of Nitinol. To this end, the precracked bend sample was employed to perform dynamic fracture testing using a modified (pulse-shaped) Hopkinson-pressure-bar-loaded fracture-testing system. The dynamic fracture initiation toughness was measured under stress-state equilibrium conditions at a loading rate of similar to 10(6) MPa root m/s. To further investigate the fracture mechanism, additional dynamic fracture tests were performed using double-crack, four-point bend samples. The experimental results indicate that the dynamic fracture toughness of Nitinol is higher than it is under quasistatic loading, and that the loading rate influences the fracture mechanisms of Nitinol. The interplay between the dynamic strength of Nitinol and the activation stress for stress-induced martensite (SIM) transformation plays an important role in the fracture behavior of Nitinol.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Symposium introduction: usable knowledge in practice. What action research has to offer to critical policy studies. Critical policy analysts aim to serve policy actors in dealing with the intricate problems they face by facilitating productive communication, critical learning and sustainable change. Action research is a valuable approach for living up to this ambition. As it is rarely used in the field of critical policy analysis, this symposium further explores what action research has to offer. In this introduction, we draw out the main principles, practices and dilemmas of action research, provide an overview of the four contributions to the symposium and set out an agenda for future action research. We argue that action research is a useful approach for generating reflexivity, learning and change among the actors implicated in the problem at hand and its wider context, as well as for grasping the meaning of 'knowledge' and 'research' within current science-practice relations. At the same time, it is challenging because, in practice, it means facing the diverse, contested meanings of usable knowledge in both of these settings. Hence, we encourage future action research to further come to terms with the actual possibilities and constraints of the transformative ambitions of CPS.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "Results on Uniqueness of Entire Functions Related to Difference Polynomial. In this paper, we deal with and improve one of the uniqueness results on two difference products of entire functions sharing one value by considering that the functions share the value zero, counting multiplicities. The research findings also include some IM-analogues of the theorems that we obtain, i.e. the nonzero value is allowed to be shared ignoring multiplicities. Meanwhile, we investigate the situation where the difference products share a nonzero polynomial instead, by confining its degree and generalize the previous concerning results. Moreover, we show by illustrating examples and a number of remarks that our results are best possible in certain senses.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Identity Bracelets' for Deep Neural Networks. The power of deep learning and the enormous effort and money required to build a deep learning model makes stealing them a hugely worthwhile and highly lucrative endeavor. Worse still, model theft requires little more than a high-school understanding of computer functions, which ensures a healthy and vibrant black market full of choice for any would-be pirate. As such, estimating how many neural network models are likely to be illegally reproduced and distributed in future is almost impossible. Therefore, we propose an embedded `identity bracelet' for deep neural networks that acts as proof of a model's owner. Our solution is an extension to the existing trigger-set watermarking techniques that embeds a post-cryptographic-style serial number into the base deep neural network (DNN). Called a DNN-SN, this identifier works like an identity bracelet that proves a network's rightful owner. Further, a novel training method based on non-related multitask learning ensures that embedding the DNN-SN does not compromise model performance. Experimental evaluations of the framework confirm that a DNN-SN can be embedded into a model when training from scratch or in the student network component of Net2Net.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Air quality modeling in East Asia: present issues and future directions. The rapid economic growth has increased trace gas emissions in East Asia, resulting in various environmental issues, including acid deposition, regional haze, air quality degradation, and climate change, which are critical to the human existence. In particular, air quality degradation became an object of rising concern in East Asian countries. In order to understand sources, transport, and chemical transformation of air pollutants, scientists have widely used atmospheric chemical transport models (CTMs) in East Asia. Here we review our knowledge related to the present air quality issues and their modeling, focusing on O3 and particulate matter in East Asia. We finally suggest a few recommendations for the next generation of air quality models to improve their capability and use in this region.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "WORLD EXPERIENCE IN THE APPLICATION OF ANTITRUST REGULATION AND COMPLIANCE SYSTEM. The article discusses the world experience in the application of the antitrust regulation system and antitrust compliance. The concept of antitrust compliance and antitrust regulation, the history of the emergence of antitrust regulation and compliance, the foreign practice of application, the features of the use of antitrust compliance in the Russian Federation are analyzed. The system of antitrust regulation is designed to ensure the effective functioning of economic relations of economic entities and reduce the risks of offenses. Antitrust compliance is a combination of legal and organizational measures aimed at compliance with the requirements of antitrust laws and prevention of its violation.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "A polynomial-time approximation scheme for an arbitrary number of parallel two-stage flow-shops. We investigate the approximability of the m parallel two-stage flow-shop (mP2FS) problem, where a set of jobs is scheduled on the multiple identical two-stage flow-shops to minimize the makespan, i.e., the finishing time of the last job. Each job needs to be processed non-preemptively on one flow-shop without switching to the other flow-shops. This problem is a hybrid of the classic parallel machine scheduling and two-stage flow-shop scheduling problems. Its strong NP-hardness follows from the parallel machine scheduling problem when the number of machines is part of the input. Our main contribution is a polynomial-time approximation scheme (PTAS) for the mP2FS problem when the number of shops is part of the input, which improves the previous best approximation algorithm of a ratio (2 + epsilon). Owing to the strong NP-hardness, our PTAS achieves the best possible approximation ratio. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
+{"token": "Ambiguity and Accident Law. Environmental accidents often involve ambiguous risks, i.e., the relevant probabilities are unknown. This paper studies how liability rules are affected by ambiguity. The injurer and the victim choose a level of care, which is observable, and an unobservable action. Both actions may affect the size and/or likelihood of loss. We analyze the welfare implications of tort rules. First, we show that with ambiguity, negligence is likely to perform better than strict liability. Second, we propose a tort rule of negligence and punitive damages, which gives the efficient levels of both care and unobserved actions.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Investigation of antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence factor genes in Trueperella pyogenes isolated from clinical mastitis cases of dairy cows. Trueperella pyogenes is an opportunistic pathogen causing important diseases including mastitis and metritis in domestic animals such as dairy cows leading to prominent economic losses in food production industry. The aim of this study was to investigate bacterial species, antimicrobial susceptibility, and presence of virulence factor genes and genotyping of T. pyogenes isolates associated with summer mastitis cases from 22 different farms around Tehran, Iran. Fifty-five percent of dairy cows with clinical mastitis symptoms was infected by T. pyogenesis indicated that this pathogen is the most important contributor to clinical mastitis in dairy cows in the present study. A significant correlation was illustrated between presence of virulence factor genes of isolated pathogen, biochemical patterns, and the utter infected types. Multidrug resistance susceptibility observed between isolates indicated the important need for prudent use of antimicrobials in treatment of mastitis caused by T. pyogenes and increased concerning of consumer health associated with recent problems of antimicrobial resistance. The categorization of isolates was implemented into seven different clonal related types by COX-PCR at 80% of similarity cutoff with significance relationship to clonal types, CAMP test result and sampling time and biochemical profile. Regarding to the results obtained at the present study, T. pyogenes can be considered as an important typically cause of purulent and acute form of clinical bovine mastitis and loss of dairy productivity. Further studies with more sample size and high-throughput omic methods in various sampling time and areas are suggested for study of this pathogen precisely.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "ZnSe-and GaN-based Schottky Barrier Photodetectors for Blue and Ultraviolet Detection. GaN and ZnSe are the most promising materials for blue and ultraviolet detectors. GaN deposited on sapphire substrate with large mismatch of lattice parameter and thermal expansion coefficient are supplanted by ZnSe because of his a good crystalline structure. In this study we compare the spectral response of GaN and ZnSe. For energies higher than energy gap, the ZnSe detector response remains flat, which corresponds to minimum of loss. In GaN detector, we can see a decrease in spectral response for wavelength lower than 340 nm. The responsivity is flat above the band gap until 340 nm. The ZnSe-based detector exhibits a low leakage current compared to GaN-based detector.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Inhibition of the sodium-dependent HCO3- transporter SLC4A4, produces a cystic fibrosis-like airway disease phenotype. Bicarbonate secretion is a fundamental process involved in maintaining acid-base homeostasis. Disruption of bicarbonate entry into airway lumen, as has been observed in cystic fibrosis, produces several defects in lung function due to thick mucus accumulation. Bicarbonate is critical for correct mucin deployment and there is increasing interest in understanding its role in airway physiology, particularly in the initiation of lung disease in children affected by cystic fibrosis, in the absence of detectable bacterial infection. The current model of anion secretion in mammalian airways consists of CFTR and TMEM16A as apical anion exit channels, with limited capacity for bicarbonate transport compared to chloride. However, both channels can couple to SLC26A4 anion exchanger to maximise bicarbonate secretion. Nevertheless, current models lack any details about the identity of the basolateral protein(s) responsible for bicarbonate uptake into airway epithelial cells. We report herein that the electrogenic, sodium-dependent, bicarbonate cotransporter, SLC4A4, is expressed in the basolateral membrane of human and mouse airways, and that it's pharmacological inhibition or genetic silencing reduces bicarbonate secretion. In fully differentiated primary human airway cells cultures, SLC4A4 inhibition induced an acidification of the airways surface liquid and markedly reduced the capacity of cells to recover from an acid load. Studies in the Slc4a4-null mice revealed a previously unreported lung phenotype, characterized by mucus accumulation and reduced mucociliary clearance. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the reduction of SLC4A4 function induced a CF-like phenotype, even when chloride secretion remained intact, highlighting the important role SLC4A4 plays in bicarbonate secretion and mammalian airway function.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Effect of Transport Coefficients on Excitation of Flare-induced Standing Slow-mode Waves in Coronal Loops. Standing slow-mode waves have been recently observed in flaring loops by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly of the Solar Dynamics Observatory. By means of the coronal seismology technique, transport coefficients in hot (similar to 10 MK) plasma were determined by Wang et al., revealing that thermal conductivity is nearly suppressed and compressive viscosity is enhanced by more than an order of magnitude. In this study, we use 1D nonlinear MHD simulations to validate the predicted results from the linear theory and investigate the standing slow-mode wave excitation mechanism. We first explore the wave trigger based on the magnetic field extrapolation and flare emission features. Using a flow pulse driven at one footpoint, we simulate the wave excitation in two types of loop models: Model 1 with the classical transport coefficients and Model 2 with the seismology-determined transport coefficients. We find that Model 2 can form the standing wave pattern (within about one period) from initial propagating disturbances much faster than Model 1, in better agreement with the observations. Simulations of the harmonic waves and the Fourier decomposition analysis show that the scaling law between damping time (tau) and wave period (P) follows tau proportional to P-2 in Model 2, while tau proportional to P in Model 1. This indicates that the largely enhanced viscosity efficiently increases the dissipation of higher harmonic components, favoring the quick formation of the fundamental standing mode. Our study suggests that observational constraints on the transport coefficients are important in understanding both the wave excitation and damping mechanisms.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "On L(2,1)-labelings of Cartesian products of paths and cycles. A k-L(2, 1)-labeling of a graph G is a function f from the vertex set V(G) to {0, 1,...,k} such that \\\\\\\\f(u) - f(upsilon)\\\\\\\\ greater than or equal to 1 if d(u, v) = 2 and \\\\\\\\f (u) - f (v)\\\\\\\\ greater than or equal to 2 if d(u, v) = 1. The L(2, 1)-labefing problem is to find the L(2, 1)-labeling number lambda(G) of a graph G which is the minimum cardinality k such that G has a k-L(2, 1)-labeling. In this paper, we study L(2, 1)-labeling numbers of Cartesian products of paths and cycles. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All fights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS AND INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF Salvia sclarea L.. Extensive use of synthetic pesticides has negative effects on the environment and on human and animal health. Knowledge of allelopathic interactions could provide powerful tools for a better exploitation of natural resources in the management of weeds and insects without using herbicides and insecticides. Therefore effect of two concentrations (0.1% and 0.2%) of Salvia sclarea L. aqueous extract on lipid peroxidation process, as well as the activity of the antioxidant enzymes (superoxid dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase, pyrogallol peroxidase and catalase) in leaves and roots of pepper (Capsicum annum L.) and black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) seedlings were examined. Our results showed that lower concentration of S. sclarea aqueous extract induced lipid peroxidation in black nightshade roots. The second aim was to evaluate effectiveness of aqueous extract as contact toxicant against whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum). It was observed that aqueous extract with concentration of 0.1% showed toxic effect with 56.66% mortality.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "The Caenorhabditis elegans FancD2 ortholog is required for survival following DNA damage. Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by bone-marrow failure, congenital abnormalities, and cancer susceptibility. There are I I FA complementation groups in human where 8 genes have been identified, We found that FancD2 is conserved in evolution and present in the genome of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The gene Y41E3.9 (CeFancD2) encodes a structural ortholog of human FANCD2 and is composed of 10 predicted exons. Our analysis showed that exons 6 and 7 were absent from a CeFancD2 EST suggesting the presence of a splice variant. In an attempt to characterize its role in DNA damage, we depleted worms of CeFANCD2 using RNAi. When the CeFANCD2(RNAi) worms were treated with a crosslinking agent, a significant drop in the progeny survival was noted. These worms were also sensitive, although to a lesser extent, to ionizing radiation (IR). Therefore, these data support an important role for CeFANCD2 in DNA damage response as for its human counterpart. The data also support the usefulness of C. elegans to study the Fanconi anemia pathway, and emphasize the biological importance of FANCD2 in DNA damage response throughout evolution. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 42, 47]}
+{"token": "Identifying Domestic and International Sex-Trafficking Victims During Human Service Provision. Children, youth, and adults of both genders are sex trafficked into and throughout the United States every day. Regrettably, little attention has been given to how human service providers might identify the sex-trafficking victims they are likely to encounter. To address this knowledge gap, the authors review 20 documents with the aim of detecting and synthesizing service identification recommendations in the scientific literature, government reports, and documents produced by organizations working with sex-trafficking victims. The review shows consensus regarding identification recommendations, including (a) trafficking indicators, (b) victim interaction strategies, (c) immediate response strategies, and (d) child-specific information. The review also shows consensus regarding screening questions that are important for service providers to use in identifying sex-trafficking victims. These questions relate to the victims' safety, employment, living environment, and travel and immigration status in addition to specific questions used with children and youth. The review results offer human service providers a preliminary set of screening strategies and questions that can be used to identify sex-trafficking victims in the context of human services. Building on the review findings, the authors offer policy and research recommendations.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
+{"token": "Martensite and reverse transformation temperatures of TiAu-based and TiIr-based intermetallics. Dependence of transformation temperatures of TiAu- and TiIr-based Intermetallics on Valence Electron Ratio (VER), number of valence electrons (e(v)) and average atomic number of the alloys (Z) were investigated. The alloys mostly have medium numbers of valence electrons (6.5 <= e(v) <= 7.3) near 7 with a limited number of TiAu-based alloys belonging to high valence electron group with e(v) more than 7.50 and relatively narrow range of average atomic numbers (Z = 41-53). The forward and reverse phase transformation temperatures, M-s and A(s) of AuTi-based alloys sharply increase with the average atomic number of the alloys. The investigated TiIr alloy compositions have almost similar average atomic numbers (49.5-50.2). Clear correlations between transformation temperatures and VER were found. M-s and A(s) both decrease from around 1550 degrees C to as low as 17 degrees C respectively, with increasing VER from 0.131 to 0. 174. The dependence of transformation temperatures on valence electron ratio is discussed based on the variations of elastic properties and atomic bonding due to composition change in these alloys. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Synergic Effects of Surfactant and Chelating Agent on Stubborn Keratin Grime for Easy Cleaning. We report on the synergic effect of surfactants and chelating agents on the mechanism to remove stubborn keratin grime (keratin-Ca), which is bound with calcium ions and one of the most difficult grimes to remove, in order to make it easier to clean bathtubs in less time and with less scrubbing. Our approach was to focus on keratin swelling, which we achieved by applying aqueous solutions with chelating agents and anionic surfactants, the combination of which greatly improved the swelling ratio, resulting in quick, easy removal of keratin-Ca with water rinsing and little scrubbing. For the swelling process, we added chelating agents and anionic surfactants to swell the keratin-Ca by both capturing calcium ions and improving solution permeation. Furthermore, we measured the structural change of the keratin-Ca during swelling by TD-NMR and confirmed that a certain combination of chelating agent and anionic surfactant improved swelling by affecting not only the amorphous part such as the keratin matrix, but also the crystalline part such as the intermediate filaments (IFs).", "label": [0, 4, 36, 8]}
+{"token": "Non-state global standard setting and the WTO: Legitimacy and the need for regulatory space. The proliferation of transnational social and environmental standards developed by non-state governance systems potentially poses a challenge to international trade law and the legitimacy of the World Trade Organization (WTO). These systems-in areas including forestry, apparel, tourism, labour practices, agriculture, fisheries, and food-operate largely independently of states as well as of traditional standard setting bodies such as the International Organization for Standardization. In lieu of definitive legal rules on recognition of legitimate international standards under relevant trade agreements [e.g, Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), Government Procurement Agreement (GPA), and Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS)], we identify the legal and political dynamics of standards recognition and find good prospects for these new non-state governance systems to successfully navigate them. Since these systems' standards ultimately aim to socially embed global markets, the WTO's legitimacy is at risk if its rules open the door to legal challenges of states that implicitly or explicitly adopt them. To avoid such legitimacy problems, we propose that a norm of leaving 'transnational regulatory space' for social and environmental standard setting should guide the WTO and its members.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "The problem of creation and abstract artifacts. artifacts such as musical works and fictional entities are human creations; they are intentional products of our actions and activities. One line of argument against abstract artifacts is that abstract objects are not the kind of objects that can be created. This is so, it is argued, because abstract objects are causally inert. Since creation requires being caused to exist, abstract objects cannot be created. One common way to refute this argument is to reject the causal inefficacy of abstracta. I argue that creationists should rather reject the principle that creation requires causation. Creation, in my view, is a non-causal relation that can be explained using an appropriate notion of ontological dependence. The existence and the creation of abstract artifacts depend on certain individuals with appropriate intentions, along with events of a certain kind that include but are not limited to creations of certain concrete objects.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
+{"token": "Inclusion removal by bubble flotation in a continuous casting mold. Fundamentally based computational models are developed and applied to quantify the removal of inclusions by bubbles during the continuous casting of steel. First. the attachment probability of inclusions on a bubble surface is investigated based on fundamental fluid flow simulations, incorporating the turbulent inclusion trajectory and sliding time of each individual inclusion along the bubble surface as a function of particle and bubble size. Then, the turbulent fluid flow in a typical continuous casting mold, trajectories of bubbles, and their path length in the mold are calculated. The change in inclusion distribution due to removal by bubble transport in the mold is calculated based on the computed attachment probability of inclusions on each bubble and the computed path length of the bubbles. In addition to quantifying inclusion removal for many different cases, the results are important to evaluate the significance of different inclusion-removal mechanisms. The modeling approach presented here is a powerful tool for investigating multiscale phenomena in steelmaking and casting operations to learn how to optimize conditions to lower defects.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Passive warming reduces stress and shifts reproductive effort in the Antarctic moss, Polytrichastrum alpinum. Background and Aims The Western Antarctic Peninsula is one of the most rapidly warming regions on Earth, and many biotic communities inhabiting this dynamic region are responding to these well-documented climatic shifts. Yet some of the most prevalent organisms of terrestrial Antarctica, the mosses, and their responses to warming have been relatively overlooked and understudied. In this research, the impacts of 6 years of passive warming were investigated using open top chambers (OTCs), on moss communities of Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica.Conclusions Taken together, results from this study of mosses under passive warming imply that in ice-free moss-dominated regions, continued climate warming will probably have profound impacts on moss biology and colonization along the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Such findings highlight the fundamental role that mosses will play in influencing the terrestrialization of a warming Antarctica.Key Results Our results show a generally greater percentage moss cover under warming conditions as well as increased gametangia production in P. alpinum. Distinct morphological and physiological shifts in P. alpinum were found under passive warming compared with those without warming: warmed mosses reduced investment in cellular stress defences, but invested more towards primary productivity and gametangia development.Methods The effects of experimental passive warming on the morphology, sexual reproductive effort and stress physiology of a common dioicous Antarctic moss, Polytrichastrum alpinum, were tested, gaining the first speciesspecific mechanistic insight into moss responses to warming in the Antarctic. Additionally community analyses were conducted examining the impact of warming on overall moss percentage cover and sporophyte production in intact Antarctic moss communities.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Google Search Filter Using Cosine Similarity Measure to Find All Relevant Documents of a Specific Research Topic. A large number of scientific papers are retrieved using Search Engines from the electronic databases. Some of these Engines are limited and others have designed for a general purpose. A number of researchers wish to prepare a survey of a particular topic. They are facing a problem to find the most related topics to a particular research title. The other problem is rising as a result of a search in an electronic database, where some Search Engines displays Dozens of pages and hundreds of results, it needs also more effort to be scanned manually and decide which results are relevant and which should be excluded. During the search process and matching the contents, the Search Engine maybe ignore some important documents. Some of these documents are excluded although, it is relevant to the subject and some results are included but not important. This research concentrates on a development of a Multi Scanning Filter (MSF) algorithm, that works on research documents found in various scientific databases, such as ISI, SCOPUS or EBSCO, etc. The idea of this research depends on the Google Search Engine, where the proposed algorithm consists of three parts. It maximizes the search space and works as a filter to Google results based on the similarity measure. This algorithm reduces the final search result list, make it more accurate, eliminate the problem of results' dispersion in traditional Search Engines, and helps developers improve current Search Engines, such as Google, this in turn will assist researchers everywhere gather the most related topics to a particular research title in a short time.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Functions that model foreign trade during the East-European transition from communism to capitalism. Analytical methods generally use a wide range of statistical mathematical functions, such as the linear function, the hyperbolic function, the higher-order parabolic function and the exponential function to better approximate economic trends. The testing of a wide range of functions is mandatory, in order to choose the ones that offer the possibility of predicting trends more accurately. In the current report, we introduce several functions and compare them on datasets concerning foreign trade of Romania over the 1996 to 2000 period. We conclude that some of the complexities of transitioning from a communist to a capitalist economy, as reflected in the foreign trade, are best captured by complex and logistic functions defined below. Furthermore, we describe a seasonal variation in the volume of trade, which may be characteristic for all transition economies in East-European countries.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "International entrepreneurship and the internationalization phenomenon: taking stock, looking ahead. This contribution discusses the state of the art of research in International Entrepreneurship. In taking stock of three decades of scientific inquiry in the field, this article also looks ahead, pointing at some future research directions. The latter particularly focus on two aspects: the levels of analysis, individual, organizational and inter-organizational, and the founding constructs of the field, distance and opportunities.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Abscesses in Captive Elk Associated with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Utah, USA. We isolated Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis from an abscess of the head of a captive elk submitted for necropsy and from a similar abscess of a living herd mate. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case in elk and should be considered a potential cause of subcutaneous abscesses in wild elk.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Establishing a cohort in a developing country: Experiences of the diabetes-tuberculosis treatment outcome cohort study. Background: Prospective cohort studies are instrumental in generating valid scientific evidence based on identifying temporal associations between cause and effect. Researchers in a developing country like Pakistan seldom undertake cohort studies hence little is known about the challenges encountered while conducting them. We describe the retention rates among tuberculosis patients with and without diabetes, look at factors associated with loss to follow up among the cohort and assess operational factors that contributed to retention of cohort.Results: The overall retention rate was 81.9% (n = 503), with 82.3% (93/113) among patients with diabetes and 81.8% (410/501) among patients without diabetes (p = 0.91). Age (p = 0.001), area of residence (p = 0.029), marital status (p = 0.001), educational qualification (p = < 0.001) and smoking (p = 0.026) were significantly associated with loss to follow up. Respondents were lost to follow up due to inability of research team to contact them as either contact numbers provided were incorrect or switched off (44/111, 39.6%).Conclusion: We were able to retain 81.9% of PTB patients in the diabetes tuberculosis treatment outcome (DITTO) study for 12 months. Retention rates among people with and without diabetes were similar. Older age, rural residence, illiteracy and smoking were associated with loss to follow up. The study employed gender matched data collectors, had a 24-h helpline for patients and sent follow up reminders through telephone calls rather than short messaging service, which might have contributed to retention of cohort. (C) 2017 Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia. Published by Elsevier Ltd.Methods: A prospective cohort study was initiated in October 2013 at the Gulab Devi Chest Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. We recruited 614 new adult cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, whose diabetic status was ascertained by conducting random and fasting blood glucose tests. The cohort was followed up at the 2nd, 5th and 6th month while on anti-tuberculosis therapy (ATT) and 6 months after ATT completion to determine treatment outcomes among the two groups i.e. patients with diabetes and patients without diabetes.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "The effect of red blood cell motion and deformation on nanoparticle delivery to tumor. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of movement and deformation of red blood cells on therapeutic nanoparticle delivery to tumor tissue through the pores on its vasculature wall. For this purpose, nanoparticle-blood flow through a segment of tumor microvascular is numerically studied. Blood is modeled as a mixture of plasma as a continuous fluid and red blood cell as an elastic solid by using coupled fluid structure interaction method. Lagrangian approach is used for tracking nanoparticles in the tumor microvessel, and effective forces from the fluid are applied to the particles. The effect of pore size and tumor interstitial fluid pressure on the deformation of red blood cell in the vicinity of the pore and on the particle delivery is studied. It is shown that by increasing the pore size and decreasing the interstitial fluid pressure, the amount of deformation of the cell and nanoparticle delivery are increased. The effect of transient motion and deformation of red blood cells on the amount of particles delivered to the tumor is investigated and it is shown that by approaching the cell to the pore, the particle delivery initially increases and then decreases. (C) 2016 The Society of Powder Technology Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. and The Society of Powder Technology Japan. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Erm(X)-mediated resistance to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins in Actinobaculum schaalii. A total of 32 A. schaalii clinical isolates from France and Switzerland were studied. MICs of erythromycin, spiramycin, lincomycin, clindamycin and quinupristin/dalfopristin were determined by the agar dilution method. Resistance genes erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), erm(F), erm(G), erm(X), msr(A) and mef(A) were screened by PCR. The genetic environment was determined by random cloning and PCR mapping.This study is the first molecular characterization of MLS resistance in A. schaalii. In all cases, it was due to the presence of erm(X), a methylase gene previously identified in other clinically relevant Gram-positive bacilli.Out of 32 isolates tested, 21 were highly resistant to erythromycin, spiramycin, lincomycin and clindamycin (MICs > 256 mg/L), whereas 11 exhibited low MICs (MICsaEuroS < aEuroS0.12 mg/L). On the other hand, quinupristin/dalfopristin remained active against all the isolates. An inducible MLSB resistance phenotype was noted in all cases. The erm(X) gene was detected among all resistant strains, whereas none was detected in susceptible strains. Analysis of genetic support and environment revealed that erm(X) was probably part of the chromosome of A. schaalii.Actinobaculum schaalii is a Gram-positive bacillus increasingly reported as a causative agent of urinary tract infections as well as invasive infections, mainly in the elderly and patients with underlying urological conditions. Since little is known about the molecular basis of antimicrobial resistance in A. schaalii, the aim of this study was to investigate resistance to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins (MLS) in this emerging pathogen.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "Observations on parent/family factors that may influence the duration of untreated psychosis among African American first-episode schizophrenia-spectrum patients. The duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) is a concept of importance in schizophrenia research from the perspective of secondary prevention. Although findings to date are mixed, several studies have demonstrated an inverse association between the duration of treatment delay and a variety of clinical and psychosocial outcomes. Research is needed to better understand the multifactorial determinants of the DUP and family-level influences on the DUP may prove to be important predictors. The authors present basic descriptive statistics and case histories of 10 parents/siblings of 6 African American first-episode patients. The mean DUP reported by the family members (five mothers, two fathers, one stepfather and two siblings) was 59.5 weeks (range 2-234). Family members' levels of knowledge of schizophrenia may not necessarily have a major impact upon the length of treatment delays. Among this small sample of relatives, early psychotic symptoms were often attributed to depression, lack of motivation or relational stressors. Family members' decisions to seek help often were solidified only after the emergence of unbearable psychotic symptoms or socially disruptive behaviors. Low concordance among family members' reports of the DUP and perceived barriers to accessing psychiatric services were unexpected findings. These preliminary observations may serve to generate hypotheses for further research that aims to elucidate the determinants of treatment delays in the early course of schizophrenia, especially among African American populations. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Cellular factors influencing Semliki Forest Virus vector biology. Viral vectors are currently the best tools for gene delivery in a therapeutic setting, especially for in vivo use. Alphaviruses, a family of positive singlestranded RNA viruses, have been engineered to allow the formation of a highly efficient replicon. Using these replicons, it is possible to generate recombinant particles. Parental viruses and recombinant vectors share certain pathways while interacting with their target cells. In this review, we describe the consecutive events leading to transduction, and transgene expression, in view of the cellular factors that affect each individual step. Classical virology will benefit from the knowledge accumulated studying vectors, and such work will shed light on crosstalk between intruding viruses and their hosts. Ultimately, these data should help the design of vectors adapted to specific target cells.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 19, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "Proof verification and proof discovery for relativity. The vision of machines autonomously carrying out substantive conjecture generation, theorem discovery, proof discovery, and proof verification in mathematics and the natural sciences has a long history that reaches back before the development of automatic systems designed for such processes. While there has been considerable progress in proof verification in the formal sciences, for instance the Mizar project' and the four-color theorem, now machine verified, there has been scant such work carried out in the realm of the natural sciences-until recently. The delay in the case of the natural sciences can be attributed to both a lack of formal analysis of the so-called \\\\'theories\\\\' in such sciences, and the lack of sufficient progress in automated theorem proving. While the lack of analysis is probably due to an inclination toward informality and empiricism on the part of nearly all of the relevant scientists, the lack of progress is to be expected, given the computational hardness of automated theorem proving; after all, theoremhood in even first-order logic is Turing-undecidable. We give in the present short paper a compressed report on our building upon these formal theories using logic-based AI in order to achieve, in relativity, both machine proof discovery and proof verification, for theorems previously established by humans. Our report is intended to serve as a springboard to machine-produced results in the future that have not been obtained by humans.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
+{"token": "The importance of competition, food, habitat, weather and phenotype for the reproduction of Buzzard Buteo buteo. Conclusion The potential importance of competition, plumage morph and precipitation for reproduction in this Buzzard population is emphasized.Methods Annual breeding data were collected from 1989 to 1996 in a 300-km(2) study area and related to 35 independent variables through multivariate regression models.Results Significant predictors of variation in reproduction between territories (78% variance explained) were variables describing intra- and interspecific competition, plumage morph, laying date, precipitation levels and anthropogenic disturbances in the breeding territory. Competition and plumage morph seem to be particularly important, as these variables explained a high level of variation (81%) in the 1996 reproduction of this population.Aims To assess the relative importance of competition, food, habitat quality, weather and phenotype as predictors of variation in reproduction in Buzzard.Capsule Variation in reproduction between territories was strongly influenced by intra- and interspecific competition, phenotype, levels of rainfall and human disturbance.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Structural and electronic properties of PbTe (rocksalt)/CdTe (zinc-blende) interfaces. We study interfaces between highly ionic crystals with different crystal structure by first-principles total-energy calculations in the repeated-slab approximation and compare the results with experimental data extracted from high-resolution transmission electron micrographs. The nonpolar (1 1 0) interface between PbTe (rocksalt) and Me (zinc-blende) crystals gives rise to a lateral spatial offset between the two crystal halves. At the polar (1 0 0) interfaces a strong variation of the interface extent with respect to the cation or anion termination is observed. Furthermore, we calculate band offsets and projected interface band-structures for PbTe/CdTe interfaces. The results are discussed versus the interface orientation. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Dynamic misspecification in nonparametric cointegrating regression. Linear cointegration is known to have the important property of invariance under temporal translation. The same property is shown not to apply for nonlinear cointegration. The limit properties of the Nadaraya-Watson (NW) estimator for cointegrating regression under misspecified lag structure are derived, showing the NW estimator to be inconsistent, in general, with a \\\\'pseudo-true function\\\\' limit that is a local average of the true regression function. In this respect nonlinear cointegrating regression differs importantly from conventional linear cointegration which is invariant to time translation. When centred on the pseudo-true function and appropriately scaled, the NW estimator still has a mixed Gaussian limit distribution. The convergence rates are the same as those obtained under correct specification (root h root n, h is a bandwidth term) but the variance of the limit distribution is larger. The practical import of the results for index models, functional regression models, temporal aggregation and specification testing are discussed. Two nonparametric linearity tests are considered. The proposed tests are robust to dynamic misspecification. Under the null hypothesis (linearity), the first test has a chi(2) limit distribution while the second test has limit distribution determined by the maximum of independently distributed chi(2) variates. Under the alternative hypothesis, the test statistics attain a h root n divergence rate. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 49, 41, 52]}
+{"token": "Detection of speaker liveness with CNN isolated word ASR for verification systems. The article proposes a new speaker liveness test for speech verification systems. Biometric authentication systems based on speaker verification are often subject to presentation attacks which use the target speaker's recorded speech. We propose a liveness test which uses CNN isolated word ASR as a countermeasure to repel attacks during the verification process. The liveness test incorporates the extraction of MFCC coefficients and the CNN classifier. Reliability of the recognition of isolated words is verified against a validation dataset of various sizes. The achieved results verified the system's reliability, which decreased slightly as the size of the keyword dataset increased. The proposed method represents a simple and effective security component against presentation attacks for existing SV systems.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
+{"token": "Structural challenges in English > Arabic simultaneous interpreting. This article reports on an empirical investigation into language-specific factors and strategies pertaining to syntactic asymmetry in English>Arabic simultaneous interpreting. It discusses the disparity between subject-verb-object (S-initial) and verb-subject-object (V-initial) structures when complicated by long and/or complex initial subjects in the source language (SL). These types of complex initial structures in the subject position significantly delay the verb that is normally needed to start sentences in Arabic. I hypothesise that professionals are more likely to follow SL structures to cope with complex initial subjects and avoid memory overload, information loss or failure. I propose that they do so using what I refer to as the strategy of not waiting for the verb, utilising Arabic word-order flexibility which offers nominal clause structures similar to the English S-initial structure. Three English speeches from real-life conference settings were analysed. The analysis focused on English sentences with complex initial subjects and their different renditions in multiple authentic Arabic simultaneous interpretations. The results of the analysis and fidelity assessment supported my hypothesis in relation to strategy and \\\\'language-pair specificity\\\\', indicating a preference for \\\\'form-based processing\\\\'. The analysis also supported the difficulty of interpreting complex initial subjects. The strategy of not waiting for the verb was found to contribute to greater completeness and accuracy, albeit the latter to a lesser extent. It can be proposed as a complementary strategy to 'waiting', 'lagging', 'restructuring', 'anticipation', and so on. This approach could enhance (would-be) interpreters' repertoire of potentially useful options, particularly when other approaches may lead to memory overload, omission or information failure.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Results from the Wide-Angle Search for Planets prototype (WASP0) - I. Analysis of the Pegasus field. WASP0 is a prototype for what is intended to become a collection of wide-angle survey instruments whose primary aim is to detect extrasolar planets transiting across the face of their parent star. The WASP0 instrument is a wide-field (9degrees), 6.3-cm aperture, f/2.8 Apogee 10 CCD camera (2K x 2K chip, 16-arcsec pixels) mounted piggy-back on a commercial telescope. We present results from analysis of a field in Pegasus using the WASP0 camera, including observations of the known transiting planet around HD 209458. We also present details on solving problems which restrict the ability to achieve photon-limited precision with a wide-field commercial CCD. The results presented herein demonstrate that millimagnitude photometry can be obtained with this instrument and that it is sensitive enough to detect transits due to extrasolar planets.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Benign parasomnias and nocturnal frontal epilepsy: Differential diagnosis in a case report. We report the case of a 13-year-old boy who complained of complex motor episodes during sleep characterized by sudden arousal followed by deambulation associated with automatic movements and vocalization. His family history included both epileptic and psychiatric disorders. The patient himself presented psychopathologic traits and adaptive difficulties. In support of an epileptic origin of these phenomena were the stereotyped fashion in which they appeared and their responsiveness to carbamazepine. We classified the present case as a nocturnal frontal epilepsy with variable manifestations that can be classified as paroxysmal arousals, paroxysmal dystonia, and epileptic nocturnal wanderings. It was possible to differentiate such events front the most common parasomnias on the basis of videopolysomnographic studies.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Screening Depressive Disorders With Tree-Drawing Test. Objective:Diagnosis of psychiatric disease is still a major issue. Two key reasons are- there are variations in the opinions of the medical doctors and the presentation of a disease among the patients. Here we introduce a kind of mental projective test, tree-drawing test, trying to extract and analyze objective indexes in tree-drawing test in patients with depression. Methods:The tree-drawing test was administered to 43 patients with major depressive disorders, 48 sub-threshold subjects, and 59 healthy subjects. Features of the drawing trees were analyzed using a kind of computer image recognition and data acquisition software. Quantitative indexes collected from pictures drawn by patients with major depression, patients with sub-threshold depression, and control subjects were compared using the ANOVA test. Results:Five quantitative features (canopy area, canopy height, canopy width, trunk width, and total area of trees) were found to be statistically significant among the groups, while seven other features (trunk area, trunk height, root width, root height, root area, ratio of crown to trunk height, and ratio of crown to trunk area) showed no statistical significance. Further analysis with LSD-t test revealed that six quantitative indexes were significantly related to the depression symptoms, and six others were not statistically significant. Eleven quantitative indexes were not statistically significant when the depressive symptoms were compared with the subthreshold depression group, and the only index with statistical significance was canopy width. Conclusion:Five quantitative indexes in the drawing tree are statistically significant in the depression patients were compared with those of the control subjects. Quantitative indexes of the tree-drawing test are of great value in assisting with the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Tracking fitness in marine vertebrates: current knowledge and opportunities for future research. For more than 60 yr, electronic tags (including acoustic transmitters, archival loggers, and satellite tags) have been applied to free-ranging marine vertebrates to track their behaviour and characterize their spatial ecology. However, only recently have researchers begun using electronic tags to elucidate the processes that relate directly to fitness, i.e. the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce. We briefly review the history of tracking studies focused on marine vertebrates and then provide a general overview of studies that have used tracking to address fitness-related questions. Although many studies have used at-sea movement and activity data to better understand feeding ecology, physiology, and energetics, there is growing interest in the coupling of electronic tracking techniques with other disciplines to resolve the mechanisms underlying individual fitness, or more precisely the proxies thereof (survival, timing of reproduction, foraging success, etc.). We categorized studies into 4 general fitness-related areas: (1) foraging dynamics, energetics, and growth; (2) migration and other non-breeding season activities; (3) survival; and (4) reproduction. Despite recent advances in tracking technologies, which include multi-sensor loggers, tri-axial accelerometers, and miniaturized geopositioning systems, etc., very few studies on wild marine vertebrates truly measure individual fitness or proxies thereof. There is thus a need to design experimental, multi-disciplinary, and longitudinal studies that use genetics, individual-based modeling, and other techniques in an effort to resolve the mechanisms responsible for individual variation in fitness in marine vertebrates.", "label": [4, 37, 45, 39]}
+{"token": "Heart-Focused Anxiety An Evolutionary Concept Analysis. Although heart-focused anxiety is a common experience of patients following a myocardial infarction, it is one rarely addressed in nursing research. I used Rodger's evolutionary method of concept analysis to review uses of heart-focused anxiety in literature from several disciplines including nursing and synthesized a definition to guide future research. Heart-focused anxiety is an experience of avoidance, fear, and heart-focused attention that follows from cardiac diagnoses, somatic symptoms, and familial factors and results in adverse health outcomes, reassurance seeking, disruption of life, and recurrent chest pain. Although heart-focused anxiety is an evolving concept, the updated definition should help provide a foundation for future research.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Performance evaluation of modified asphalt based trackless tack coat materials. In this study, a modified asphalt based trackless tack coat material (TTCM) was prepared by adding styr ene-butadiene-styrene, uintaite mastic asphalt, anti-rut asphalt master batch and Sasobit wax to 50# base asphalt (penetration grade). Mehcnaimcal properties like track resistance, shear strength, pull-off strength, and rheological as well as temperature performance of TTCM were studied. Results showed that the adhesive bond strength of TTCM was greater than cohesive forces within hot mix asphalt layer, track-free time was less than 1 min and it did not deteriorate upon contact with tyres at 60 degrees C. Furthermore, bonding mechanism of TTCM was proposed. Surface morphology and functional group characterization were achieved using SEM and FTIR, respectively. The present approach utilizing routine raw materials and ease of operation for the synthesis of novel modified asphalt based TTCM with enhanced performance can be effectively applied on industrial level production for practical applications. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Canine epitheliotropic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: an investigation of T-cell receptor immunophenotype, lesion topography and molecular clonality. Canine epitheliotropic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a spontaneous neoplasm of the skin and mucous membranes of aged dogs. The WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues in human beings recognizes three forms of cutaneous epitheliotropic CTCL: mycosis fungoides (MF), Sezary syndrome and pagetoid reticulosis. In this series of dogs (n = 56), there were 39 cases of MF, 16 cases of pagetoid reticulosis and a single case of Sezary syndrome. Epitheliotropic T cells in CTCL lesions expressed CD8 in 44 of 55 dogs (80%) assessed; neither CD4 nor CD8 was expressed in the remainder. This contrasts with human MF in which alpha beta T-cell receptors (TCR) and CD4 are dominantly expressed. Molecular clonality assessment of canine epitheliotropic CTCL utilizing PCR primers specific for canine TCR gamma (TCRG) was performed. Of the 45 canine cases assessed, TCRG monoclonality was detected in 36 cases (80%). TCR typing of canine epitheliotropic CTCL revealed that TCR gamma delta was expressed in 60% of cases, including all cases of canine pagetoid reticulosis assessed. Either mucocutaneous junctions or tissues of the oral cavity were the sites of lesions in 32 dogs (57%) with epitheliotropic CTCL. Analysis of the topography of lesions revealed an association with TCR type. If epitheliotropic CTCL lesions occurred in both locations, T cells were more likely to express TCR gamma delta (gamma delta : alpha beta = 2.0). These data establish that canine skin trafficking T cells have a far wider range than previously thought; this includes tongue, gingival, buccal and palatine mucosae.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 10]}
+{"token": "The effect of an electric field on the phase separation of Ag-doped glass. By means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the phase separation progress of boracic silicate glass doped with silver upon application of an electric field heat treatment is investigated. The experiment results show that externally applied electric field promotes the phase separation of the glass and influences the size of the droplet phase. We propose a new model based on the static electromagnetics theory and the thermodynamic theory to explain these phenomena. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "The Nordic Model of Father Quotas in Leave Policies: A Case of Policy Transfer?. This contribution asks whether the most recent innovation of Nordic family policies, the so-called father quota, has been an object of policy learning in countries that followed the Nordic example of leave policies earlier, such as Germany, Slovenia, and Japan. Our case studies show that analyses of policy learning, especially in the social field, need to take into account the specific contexts and actor constellations in \\\\'export\\\\' and \\\\'import\\\\' countries. Rather than representing a blueprint, the Nordic father quotas have served as an inspiration within messy and fragmented processes of policy learning leading to hybrid arrangements in import countries.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
+{"token": "Duplex PCR Assay Simultaneously Detecting and Differentiating Bartonella quintana, B. henselae, and Coxiella burnetii in Surgical Heart Valve Specimens. A duplex PCR (dPCR) assay was developed to simultaneously detect and differentiate Bartonella quintana, Bartonella henselae, and Coxiella burnetii from surgical heart valve tissue specimens with an analytic sensitivity of 10 copies/reaction. Among 17 specimens collected from patients with a clinical diagnosis of culture-negative endocarditis, 2, 4, and 2 were positive for B. quintana, B. henselae, and C. burnetii, respectively, by the dPCR assay, which matched the results obtained by universal bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "A systematized spatial review of global protected area soundscape research. Protected areas (PA) represent the primary mechanism to protect global ecosystems; yet current capacities often lead to geographic imbalances for PA management around the world. PA soundscapes have proved a valuable element to inform effective management, as natural sounds are important for healthy natural systems and rewarding visitor experiences. This article employed a systematized literature review of PA soundscape research, matching the areas of study described for the 218 articles, with PA from the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA). The studies took place in 372 PA, which were cataloged by geographic location and size where possible, country, and continent. Data charting included extracted keywords, research objectives, methods, outcomes and future research needs. Numeric and geographic analysis focused on understanding the nature, extent, and distribution of the studies, while thematic analysis was applied to identify trends with respect to methods, outcomes, and future research. Study results identified content and geographic imbalances between studies in tropical and temperate zones, terrestrial and marine environments, and the Global South and North. Discussion considers how global initiatives may support information and resource sharing that facilitates knowledge and capacity transfer between the two regions.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "The production of contraceptive cyborgs in Swedish upper secondary sexuality education. In this study we examine upper secondary students' notions of contraceptive methods, as human reproduction and contraception are common content in sexuality education in Sweden and worldwide. Our data were constructed during an extensive educational sequence in natural science sexuality education and include audio recordings of 17-18-year-old students' stories. Since the main body of the stories was about hormonal and digital contraception and contraceptive responsibility, these stories are the focal point of our analysis. Our study further aims to problematize, challenge, and develop education on contraceptive methods, and Donna Haraway's theoretical perspectives have been particularly useful. We have in the analytical process linked Haraway's cyborg image with her later work on tentacular thinking. Our result shows that scientific facts about human reproduction are important for the students' ability to navigate between the advantages and disadvantages of various contraceptive methods. However, sexuality education turns out to not only be a matter of scientific facts. This study accentuates how natural science, historical, political, cultural, and market-oriented intertwinings affect students' notions of contraception-and thereby also the construction of natural science sexuality education.", "label": [3, 5, 53, 30]}
+{"token": "The world's southernmost tree and the climate and windscapes of the southernmost forests. The world's southernmost tree has been documented along with the condition and growth pattern of the world's southernmost forest on Isla Hornos, Chile. The distribution of trees at broad scales is strongly influenced by the abiotic environment and determining the position and condition of tree limits around the world is an important way to monitor global change. This offers an ideal way to test the relationship between the biogeography of individual species and the effects of climate/climate change. The limits of trees, as all ecotones, are also useful communication points - easily understood signposts of ecosystems and their change through time. The southernmost trees in the world exist at soil temperatures that correspond to the low range of global treeline temperatures, with a climate analogous to equatorial treeline despite the high latitude (56 degrees S). However, their fine-scale distribution is strongly influenced by wind exposure rather than simply aspect and/or elevation, as one would expect if temperature were limiting the range. Recent establishment further south was found from core forest areas, however significant dieback along wind-exposed edges of the contiguous forest was also noted. In contrast to the wide extension of land where boreal or subarctic forests grow in the Northern Hemisphere, in the Southern Hemisphere Isla Hornos represents a single point embedded in the ocean under much milder climatic conditions. Documented shifts in wind intensity and direction as result of larger-scale climate change will likely continue to strongly shape the condition of these unique forests.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
+{"token": "Serological Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, in 2010. Epidemiological studies from different countries have shown a steady decline of the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection. In order to investigate the current seroprevalence of H. pylori infection in the area of Magdeburg, a city of the former East Germany, H. pylori antibodies of patients presenting in our emergency wards were analyzed. In total, 2,318 patients (1,181 males and 1,137 females) enrolled between September 2009 and August 2010 were tested for immunoglobulin G (IgG) against H. pylori and anti-CagA antibodies by specific enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Patients with either anti-H. pylori IgG or anti-CagA antibodies were classified as H. pylori positive, whereas the lack of both antibodies led to the assignment of an H. pylori-negative status. The overall seroprevalence of H. pylori infection was 44.4% (n = 1,029 out of 2,318) and did not differ in relation to sex. The proportion of CagA-positive samples was 43.3% of all H. pylori-positive individuals (446 out of 1,029). The seroprevalence showed a birth cohort effect (0 to 20 years of age, 14.6%; 21 to 30 years, 22.4%; 31 to 40 years, 40.6%; 41 to 50 years, 45.5%; 51 to 60 years, 50.8%) up to the age of 60, while it remained between 40.7% and 50.5% for the following decades. Patients younger than 30 years were significantly less H. pylori positive (21.1%) than those older than 30 years of age (47.7%; P < 0.01), whereas CagA status was similar (44.3 versus 43.3%). Notably, young women (<30 years old) had significantly higher CagA positivity (59.3%) than corresponding men (32.5%; P = 0.016). Taken together, seroprevalence of H. pylori infection shows a significant drop in subjects born after 1980 in Saxony-Anhalt but still remains in the range of 40 to 50% in subjects born earlier.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "A comparative life cycle assessment of flood and drip irrigation for guayule rubber production using experimental field data. Guayule (Parthenium argentatum) is a woody, perennial desert shrub, native to the arid American Southwest. It produces natural rubber that can be used to replace Hevea natural rubber for U.S. domestic rubber demands. Irrigation water application and practices form an important component of its agricultural cultivation process. A comparative gate-to-gate lifecycle assessment (LCA) was conducted to examine two different irrigation practices in guayule rubber production-blocked furrow irrigation (denoted as flood) and sub-surface drip irrigation (SDI, denoted as drip). In flood irrigation, furrows are used to convey water flooded from one end of the field. In drip irrigation, the plant is irrigated more frequently with lighter amounts Using drip tapes buried beneath crop rows. All relevant field data to conduct the LCA were obtained from experimental plots in Maricopa,AZ. This study, the first of its kind for guayule, compares the metrics of energy consumption, lifecycle environmental impacts and irrigation water productivity. Drip irrigation showed a more efficient use of the applied water by generating higher rubber (46%) and bagasse (dry matter) yields (49%) compared to flood irrigation. Percent change calculations (with drip irrigation as the reference), showed that as a result of greater efficiency of water application in the drip irrigation system, it has between close -to equal to 51% lower environmental impacts in various categories (with 23% lower impacts averaged over all impact categories). On the other hand, drip irrigation showed 13% higher energy consumption than flood because of the additional burdens of water pumping. Whereas water application was the foremost contributor to impact burdens in both flood and drip irrigations, the additional burdens of water pumping and sulfuric acid use for maintaining blockage-free drip tape were also noteworthy in the drip system. Experimental field operations were the central contributor to energy consumption in both irrigation methods. By separating a crucial stage of guayule production, namely irrigation, connections emerge between various key parameters in the two irrigation methods; accordingly, the outcomes from the evaluation of these two irrigation systems can assist with decision-making in the lifecycle framework of guayule rubber production. (C) 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
+{"token": "An investigation of the dynamic characteristics of super high-rise buildings using real-time kinematic-global navigation satellite system technology. This article aims to investigate the dynamic characteristics (e.g. natural frequency and damping ratio) for two super high-rise completed and uncompleted buildings. Real-time kinematic-global navigation satellite system technology is applied to observe the dynamic responses. To improve the positioning accuracy and avoid distortion of the results, a Type 1 Chebyshev high-pass digital filter is used. The natural frequencies and damping ratios of the buildings are determined using the fast Fourier transform analysis and random decrement technique combined with a logarithmic decrement method, respectively. The structural parameters are obtained. The results show that real-time kinematic-global navigation satellite system technology can provide the dynamic responses of super high-rise buildings in an efficient manner and that the dynamic characteristics from field measurements agree well with the results of the numerical simulation.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "A Colonial-Scientific Interface: The Construction, Viewing, and Circulation of Faces via a 1906 German Racial Atlas. Atlases of anthropometric portraits-a scientific genre that emerged during the last quarter of the nineteenth century in the context of classical physical anthropology-invite readers to compare different races from all over the world. Concentrating on Bernard Hagen's Atlas of Heads and Faces of Asian and Melanesian People (1906), this article describes the apparatus that enabled such a way of viewing. A microanalysis of Hagen's facial atlas reveals the circumstances under which the portraits were produced, the reading strategies the atlas stimulates, as well as the reification of data through their circulation. It shows how precisely a facial atlas could function as an imperceptible interface between harsh colonial practices and German public support for colonizing \\\\'missions,\\\\' between individual subjectivity and racialized category, and between everyday colonial recognition and scientific analysis of \\\\'races.\\\\' Obscuring the apparatus facilitating such a vision naturalizes the position of a viewer surveying, analyzing, and comparing people of different geographic backgrounds as races. [colonial history, photography, face, racial science, Dutch East Indies]", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "The Campylobacter jejuni Type VI Secretion System Enhances the Oxidative Stress Response and Host Colonization. The role of the Type VI secretion system (T6SS) in Campylobacter jejuni is poorly understood despite an increasing prevalence of the T6SS in recent C. jejuni isolates in humans and chickens. The T6SS is a contractile secretion machinery capable of delivering effectors that can play a role in host colonization and niche establishment. During host colonization, C. jejuni is exposed to oxidative stress in the host gastrointestinal tract, and in other bacteria the T6SS has been linked with the oxidative stress response. In this study, comparisons of whole genome sequences of a novel human isolate 488 with previously sequenced strains revealed a single highly conserved T6SS cluster shared between strains isolated from humans and chickens. The presence of a functional T6SS in the 488 wild-type strain is indicated by expression of T6SS genes and secretion of the effector TssD. Increased expression of oxidative stress response genes katA, sodB, and ahpC, and increased oxidative stress resistance in 488 wild-type strain suggest T6SS is associated with oxidative stress response. The role of the T6SS in interactions with host cells is explored using in vitro and in vivo models, and the presence of the T6SS is shown to increase C. jejuni cytotoxicity in the Galleria mellonella infection model. In biologically relevant models, the T6SS enhances C. jejuni interactions with and invasion of chicken primary intestinal cells and enhances the ability of C. jejuni to colonize chickens. This study demonstrates that the C. jejuni T6SS provides defense against oxidative stress and enhances host colonization, and highlights the importance of the T6SS during in vivo survival of T6SS-positive C. jejuni strains.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "It Is Not Just Stress: Parent Personality in Raising a Deaf Child. This study examined the impact and predictive ability of parental personality and perceived stress on behavior problems of their deaf child. One hundred and fourteen parents with a deaf child completed measures of personality, parenting stress, and child behavioral functioning. Higher parental neuroticism, which reflects a susceptibility to emotional and psychological distress, significantly predicted greater internalizing behaviors in younger deaf children, whereas higher levels of parenting stress and lower levels of parental conscientiousness were strongest predictors for externalizing behaviors. For older deaf children, higher levels of parental openness to experience predicted higher levels of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Results suggest a complicated interaction between parent personality and stress related to child adjustment, with implications for professionals working with parents of deaf children.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 53]}
+{"token": "Weak brothers Poland and Hungary in the inter-war years. Hungary was a loser in the First World War, while Poland was a winner. Yet the devastation left behind by the war meant that both countries faced similar challenges. Violence was endemic, and poverty was widespread. Most people were indifferent to democracy, which made it impossible for it to take root. Anti-Semitism forged a path through to the centre of society, while the governments curtailed civil liberties to an increasing extent in the name of a 'national rebirth' and 'purity of the nation'. The development of both countries took an authoritarian turn.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Perpetual Institutionalisation? Processes of (De-)Institutionalisation of Transitions from Youth to Adulthood. The transition from adolescence to adulthood is considered to be of high biographical relevance. Pedagogical accompaniment of transitions in the life course is seen as a process of ongoing institutionalization, whereas processes of deinstitutionalization and the entanglement of different forms of institutionalization are hardly examined. Using the neo-institutionalist distinction of regulatory, normative and cultural-cognitive institutionalizations, the paper examines the dynamics of (de-)institutionalization in the pedagogical accompaniment of transitions from school to work. Results indicate partly opposing processes characterized by a continued institutionalization or re-institutionalization of legal structures of transition, a partly de-institutionalization of normative institutions such as life course and profession, and a continuing relevance of the cultural-cognitive institution of vocation. The dynamics outlined unfold differently with regard to opportunities for participation and social inequality.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Sarcina ventriculi in an Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration of a Perigastric Lymph Node with Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: A Carry-Through Contaminant Bacterial Microorganism from the Stomach. Sarcina ventriculi is a rare gram-positive coccus increasingly reported in patients with a history of delayed gastric emptying or gastric outlet obstruction and is sometimes seen in association with emphysematous gastritis and perforation. We report a case of a 67-year-old male who presented with epigastric pain. CT imaging and cholangiopancreatography were concerning for pancreatic neoplasia. Upper endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology of a perigastric lymph node confirmed metastatic adenocarcinoma of pancreatic origin, and cocci arranged in a tetrad fashions characteristic of Sarcina ventriculi were noted. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of Sarcina ventriculi in an FNA of metastatic pancreatic carcinoma in a perigastric lymph node. These organisms likely represent carry-through contaminants from the transgastric approach of the endoscopic FNA.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Investment Protection in Exceptional Situations: Compensation-for-Losses Clauses in IIAs. Most international investment agreements (IIAs) contain a clause commonly referred to as a 'compensation-for-losses' clause. This provision regulates the treatment to be granted to foreign investors in case their investments suffer losses owing to war or other armed conflict, revolution, civil disturbance, state of national emergency, or other similar events. Normally, these provisions oblige the host State to grant national and most-favoured-nation treatment in regard to the measures adopted in relation to such losses. Despite having a very similar wording, these provisions-as it happens with many other provisions included in IIAs-have been applied in an inconsistent manner by investment tribunals. They have been applied as a clause providing for due diligence or objective liability, as a clause establishing a further guarantee in times of emergency and as a clause that establishes a special regime in such times. The purpose of this article is to analyse the origins of these provisions and the ways in which they have been interpreted by scholars and tribunals and to contribute in finding the appropriate interpretative approach to deal with them.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "State and Federal Models of the Interaction between Statutes and Unwritten Law. As an illustration of this difference, the Article studies how courts decide whether forum law governs cross-border events. When state courts need to determine whether one of their own state's statutes supplies rules of decision for a case involving cross-border events, they commonly apply an overarching set of choice-of-law doctrines that they think of as operating outside the statute. By contrast, when a federal statute does not specifically address its applicability to cross-border events, courts use a canon of construction-the presumption against extraterritoriality-to import the necessary distinctions into the statute.The consequences of shoehorning general legal questions into the domains of individual federal statutes depend on the interpretive techniques that courts use. To the extent that the rubric of statutory interpretation leads courts to give statute-specific answers to such questions, the federal model can produce dramatically different results than the state model would. Those differences will be muted if courts instead read each individual federal statute as implicitly incorporating generic principles of unwritten law. Even then, though, the mechanism through which those principles operate can have subtle effects.Similar examples abound. In a range of different contexts, general legal questions that would be thought to fall outside the domain of the typical state statute (and that courts might therefore handle as a matter of unwritten law) are presumed to lie inside the domain of the typical federal statute (with the result that courts handle them under the rubric of statutory interpretation). To explain this pattern, the Article points to practical concerns that came into focus after Erie Railroad Co v Tompkins: under modern doctrine, one way for federal judges to avoid having to accept whatever state courts say about questions that arise in connection with the implementation of a federal statute is to read the statute itself to encompass those questions.This Article argues that modern courts read individual federal statutes to encompass more issues than identically worded state statutes would be understood to cover. There are many questions that regularly arise in the implementation of statutes but that the typical statute does not say anything about. When a state statute is silent on such questions, state courts often conclude that the questions lie beyond the statute's domain and that the answers therefore come from the state's version of the common law. But when a federal statute is silent on the same sorts of questions, courts often act as if answers should be imputed to the statute itself.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Formalin-Inactivated Coxiella burnetii Phase I Vaccine-Induced Protection Depends on B Cells To Produce Protective IgM and IgG. To further understand the mechanisms of formalin-inactivated Coxiella burnetii phase I (PI) vaccine (PIV)-induced protection, we examined if B cell, T cell, CD4(+) T cell, or CD8(+) T cell deficiency in mice significantly affects the ability of PIV to confer protection against a C. burnetii infection. Interestingly, compared to wild-type (WT) mice, PIV conferred comparable levels of protection in CD4(+) T cell-or CD8(+) T cell-deficient mice and partial protection in T cell-deficient mice but did not provide measurable protection in B cell-deficient mice. These results suggest that PIV-induced protection depends on B cells. In addition, anti-PI-specific IgM was the major detectable antibody (Ab) in immune sera from PIV-vaccinated CD4(+) T cell-deficient mice, and passive transfer of immune sera from PIV-vaccinated CD4(+) T cell-deficient mice conferred significant protection. These results suggest that T cell-independent anti-PI-specific IgM may contribute to PIV-induced protection. Our results also suggested that PIV-induced protection may not depend on complement activation and Fc receptor-mediated effector functions. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that both IgM and IgG from PIV-vaccinated WT mouse sera were able to inhibit C. burnetii infection in vivo, but only IgM from PIV-vaccinated CD4(+) T cell-deficient mouse sera inhibited C. burnetii infection. Collectively, these findings suggest that PIV-induced protection depends on B cells to produce protective IgM and IgG and that T cell-independent anti-PI-specific IgM may play a critical role in PIV-induced protection against C. burnetii infection.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
+{"token": "Patterns and potentials of plant species richness in high- and low-maintenance urban grasslands. Results: High-maintenance urban grasslands harboured significantly lower plant species richness compared to low-maintenance grasslands. However, plant species richness of both grassland types turned out to be lower than that of comparable semi-natural agricultural grasslands. Floristic composition was primarily conditioned by maintenance intensity, but for plant species richness environmental factors such as soil pH, phosphorus availability and city were additionally important. Just eight of the 100 studied urban grasslands were found to be already valuable and species-rich, whereas the vast majority showed relatively low species richness but a high potential for species introduction.Aims: We investigated urban grasslands to: (1) explore current patterns of plant species richness in high-maintenance vs low-maintenance grasslands, (2) investigate environmental drivers of plant species richness and composition, and (3) derive management recommendations and assess the potential for plant species introduction.Location: Cities of Cologne (50 degrees 56' N, 6 degrees 57' E) and Munster (51 degrees 57' N, 7 degrees 37'E), North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.Methods: We performed plant inventories and measured soil and above-ground biomass characteristics in 100 urban grasslands in two cities differing in population size and environmental setting. The data set covered 35 high-maintenance grasslands, which are cut ormulched up to 14 times a year, and 65 low-maintenance grasslands with one to two cuts per year or sheep grazing. We used ANCOVA and DCA to assess drivers of vegetation composition and species richness. The floristic potential and options to restore biodiversity were assessed taking into account maintenance intensity and key abiotic variables of the grasslands using thresholds derived from published literature and our own data.Conclusions: Apparently, most urban grasslands exhibited quite constrained plant species richness, suffering from high-maintenance intensity but probably also from dispersal and seed limitations. Nevertheless, as the majority of the studied grasslands showed favourable abiotic preconditions for higher plant species richness, restoration techniques using species introduction could be an easy and promising method to support grassland biodiversity in urban areas.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 37, 9]}
+{"token": "Tribo-Electrochemical Characterization of Ru, Ta and Cu CMP Systems Using Percarbonate Based Solutions. Defect-control is a critical requirement for chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) of the ultrathin diffusion barriers considered for the new Cu-interconnects. The challenging task of developing advanced CMP slurries for such systems can be aided by electrochemical evaluations of model CMP schemes under tribological conditions. The present work uses this strategy to characterize an alkaline slurry formulation aimed at minimizing galvanic corrosion in the CMP systems involving Ru, Ta (barrier metals) and Cu (wiring metal). This slurry is based on percarbonate and guanidine additives, and the test metals are polycrystalline disc samples. A particular goal of this study is to explore the essential analytical aspects of evaluating CMP systems in the tribo-electrochemical approach. The CMP specific surface reactions are characterized by potentiodynamic polarization and open circuit voltage measurements, performed both in the presence and in the absence of polishing, and by employing abrasive free as well as abrasive (colloidal SiO2) added solutions. The findings of these experiments are further checked by using impedance spectroscopy. The electrochemical mixed potential steps of the CMP promoting reactions are analyzed, and the removable surface species formed by these reactions are discussed. (C) The Author(s) 2015. Published by ECS. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Synergies and trade-offs across sustainable development goals: A novel method incorporating indirect interactions analysis. The sustainable development goals (SDGs) are presented as significantly interacted. Yet most studies only investigated the direct interactions of SDG targets, and indirect interactions, that is, the interlinkages transmitted through one or more mediums, should also be considered to obtain more accurate interaction estimation and more scientific policy decisions. We first made a methodological contribution by proposing a plus-minus decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory model, which can consider not only the direct synergies and trade-offs but the indirect ones. Then, based on this proposed method, we navigated the complicated network across the SDGs considering both direct and indirect interactions, find out the key interactive ones with a visually directed graph, obtain the weights of each SDG, and define the best governance structures to capitalize on synergies and minimize trade-offs. Results show that, when incorporating indirect interactions, the share of synergy effect of SDGs dominates the total influence, taking up to 98.33%, suggesting that the achievement of the 2030 Agenda can be facilitated through interactions. Although all SDGs should be equally addressed by 2030 suggested by the United Nations, equal importance across 17 SDGs does not mean we have to make the same efforts in achieving each SDG, and SDG 4 and SDG 13 are the top priority to tap into these interaction potentials. Our interdisciplinary analysis across economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection provides a science-driven reference for all UN member states to facilitate achieving the SDGs by maximizing the synergies and minimizing the trade-offs.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52, 57]}
+{"token": "Transporting offshore wind power in the Western Gulf of Mexico: retrofitting existing assets for power transmission via green hydrogen-a review. The USA recently announced it is planning on deploying 30 GW of offshore wind by 2030 (national goal for offshore wind). Part of this development will be in the Gulf of Mexico, which has both wind potential and pre-existing oil and gas pipelines, only a portion of which is currently being used. Examining whether these assets can be used to economically transport power back from future Gulf wind farms should be a first step for developers. The question of whether laying new high-voltage direct current submarine cable versus repurposing pipeline to transport wind power will be examined. This paper looks at the hydrogen market and its use to transport wind power, what it would take to retrofit pipeline to carry hydrogen, a cost analysis given available data, and a look at potential policy support. There is a need to assess pipelines individually; however, retrofitting existing infrastructure should be considered an alternative to laying new submarine transmission cables. Additionally, alleviating the issue of oil and gas stranded assets through pipeline reuse may provide political support in hastening the energy transition.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Emotional Labor and Job Stress in Caring Professions: Exploring Universalism and Particularism in Construct and Culture. Passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in the US increases demand for nurses and brings health care into the public sphere with all that entails, including public accountability and performance measurement. In the UK's long-standing national healthcare system, revelations of several years of neglect and poor oversight at one hospital might have contributed to nearly 1,200 deaths. The resulting Francis Report cited, among many factors, undue emphasis on reaching national access targets and balancing budgets for substandard care. Scholars of emotional labor note these trends with interest, because emotional labor is essential to nursing practice. But is emotional labor a universal construct, or is it particular to cultural context? How much can be imported from one study to the next? We compare nurse job stress in individualist and collectivist countries and reveal a statistically significant relationship: The higher a country's individualism index, the greater the frequency of emotional-labor-demanding job stress.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Making social rights conditional: Lessons from India. Recent years have witnessed important advancements in the discussion on social rights. The South African experience with social rights has revealed how such rights can be protected without providing for an individualized remedy. Comparative constitutional lawyers now debate the promise of the South African approach, and the possibility of weak-form judicial review in social rights cases. This article considers the Indian experience with social rights, and explains how it exhibits a new form of social rights adjudication. This is the adjudication of a conditional social right; an approach that displays a rare private law model of public law adjudication. This article studies the nature and significance of this heretofore ignored adjudicatory approach, and contrasts it with, what is termed as, the systemic social rights approach. The conditional social rights thesis has important implications for the present debate on social rights adjudication, and presents an account of the Indian Supreme Court that is truer than those we presently encounter.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "A Summary of Research and Enforcement Release Evidence on Confirmation Use and Effectiveness. Confirmations are extensively used and are often perceived by practitioners to be one of the most persuasive forms of audit evidence. Yet academic research has found limitations that restrict confirmation effectiveness for many management assertions. In addition, a number of problems with false and forged confirmations are identified in Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Releases (AAERs). The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) and the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) have put confirmation evidence on their respective agendas. Academic research indicates that receivable confirmations can be effective evidence for the existence assertion. Low response rates, as well as respondent errors and directional bias in detecting errors, are key barriers to confirmation effectiveness. Our review of AAERs identified failure to authenticate responses, collusion between auditee management and customers, and concealed side agreements and special terms as specific problem areas. We also identify a number of research questions for future research.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Effects of aerobic and anaerobic germination on the debranching enzyme, limit dextrinase, in barley malt. Limit dextrinase exists in an active free form and in a soluble inhibited (latent) form. The total activity of limit dextrinase is measured after extracting the enzyme in the presence of dithiothreitol, and the free enzyme is measured following extraction without dithiothreitol. Limit dextrinase is normally in the inhibited form following malting. The activity of limit dextrinase in grains of barley, Hordeum vulgare L, variety Golden Promise, germinated using combinations of aerobic and anaerobic conditions, was studied. The total limit dextrinase measurable with dithiothreitol in the extraction increased with increasing days of aerobic germination until it came close to a plateau after six days. The transformation of this inhibited enzyme to the free and uninhibited enzyme required three to four days of anaerobic germination. The effect of an extract from an aerobically germinated malt on the uninhibited enzyme of an anaerobically germinated malt was studied. Mixing increasing amounts of aerobic malt (free limit dextrinase activity of 60 mU/g) with anaerobic malt led to the inhibition of the free enzyme in the anaerobic malt. The inhibition increased rapidly as the proportion of aerobic to anaerobic malt approached a ratio of 1:1. Thereafter, increasing amounts of aerobic malt only slightly decreased the small amount of residual free limit dextrinase activity remaining. Thus, in a mash, excess inhibitor from a normal malt would almost certainly inhibit free enzyme from an anaerobic malt.", "label": [0, 2, 19, 8]}
+{"token": "Ferrimagnetic 120 degrees magnetic structure in Cu2OSO4. We report magnetic properties of a 3d(9) (Cu2+) magnetic insulator Cu2OSO4 measured on both powder and single crystal. The magnetic atoms of this compound form layers whose geometry can be described either as a system of chains coupled through dimers or as a kagome lattice where every third spin is replaced by a dimer. Specific heat and DC susceptibility show a magnetic transition at 20 K, which is also confirmed by neutron scattering. Magnetic entropy extracted from the specific heat data is consistent with an S = 1/2 degree of freedom per Cu2+, and so is the effective moment extracted from DC susceptibility. The ground state has been identified by means of neutron diffraction on both powder and single crystal and corresponds to an similar to 120 degrees spin structure in which ferromagnetic intradimer alignment results in a net ferrimagnetic moment. No evidence is found for a change in lattice symmetry down to 2 K. Our results suggest that Cu2OSO4 represents a type of model lattice with frustrated interactions where interplay between magnetic order, thermal and quantum fluctuations can be explored.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Perceived Benefits of Using Complementary and Alternative Medicine by Race/Ethnicity Among Midlife and Older Adults in the United States. Objective: To describe, for a national sample of midlife and older adults, the types of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) used for health and wellness and the perceived benefits of CAM use by race/ethnicity. Method: Using data from the 2012 National Health Interview Survey, we ran multiple logistic regression models to estimate the odds of each perceived benefit among adults ages 50 and older. Results: More than 38% of midlife and older adults used CAM in the past year. For six of seven perceived benefits examined, we found significant differences by race/ethnicity, with each group having higher odds of two or more perceived benefits compared with non-Hispanic Whites. Discussion: Although racial/ethnic minority groups are less likely to use CAM compared with non-Hispanic Whites, those who use CAM perceive great benefit. Future research should examine the potential contribution of evidence-based CAM to promoting health and well-being in a diverse aging population.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 57]}
+{"token": "Antagonistic Effect and In Vitro Activity of Dauricine on Glucagon Receptor. Abnormal increases in glucagon (GCG) are the primary cause of type II diabetes mellitus. When GCG interacts with a glucagon receptor (GCGR), GCG can increase the blood glucose level. In this paper, a compound that could interfere with the binding of GCG and GCGR to inhibit the increase of blood glucose was investigated. First, molecular docking was used to conduct preliminary screening of compounds whose active components could combine with GCGR by AutoDock Vina. The binding of the receptor-ligand complex was analyzed by PyMOL. Results showed that dauricine could tightly bind to the receptor pocket. Second, the plasmid pcDNA3.1(+)-GCGR containing the target gene was transfected into HEK293 cells for expression, which was the cell model established to screen GCGR antagonist. Dauricine, the lead compound of glucagon receptor antagonist (GRA), was screened using the GRA screening model in vitro. Finally, using [Des-His1, Glu9]-Glucagon amide as the positive control, flow cytometry was used to express the antagonistic effect of the compound. Consequently, dauricine can antagonize the GCGR.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 22, 9]}
+{"token": "Blood constituents of free-ranging eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus). Baseline haematology, blood chemistry and acute phase protein parameters have not previously been published for free-ranging eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus). Eight eastern grey kangaroos, including three adult males, three adult females and two subadult males from two different populations, were examined. Assays assessed the antibacterial activity of kangaroo serum against one Gram-positive and three Gram-negative bacteria. The kangaroo serum had a strong antibacterial response to Klebsiella pneumoniae, and moderate responses to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The presence and level of acute phase proteins, haptoglobin and serum amyloid A in kangaroos was investigated. Haptoglobin and serum amyloid A were present in kangaroo serum, but only haptoglobin was elevated in a kangaroo with capture myopathy and necrotic wounds. The findings of this study provide preliminary data on health parameters of free-ranging eastern grey kangaroos. These parameters can be used to assist in assessing health in free-ranging populations.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Survey of lead and copper in Turkish raisins. Lead and copper levels in various types of Turkish raisins, collected from the most important production centers, were determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Samples were principally the products of 2005; however, two different and important raisin types produced between 2003 and 2006 were also analyzed. To investigate the source of pollution, the lead and copper content of all samples were separately determined after successive treatment with water, then with acetone and, finally, complete decomposition in a HNO3/ H2SO4/ H2O2 mixture. Metal levels in raisin seeds were also determined. The results were statistically evaluated, indicating that the raisins taken from different regions and years contained a mean ( range) of 0.056 ( 0.012 - 0.359) mg kg(-1) lead and 2.542 ( 0.770 - 4.706) mg kg(-1) copper. Lead concentrations in Turkish raisins were significantly lower than those found in a previous study.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 36, 22, 8]}
+{"token": "Design and Analysis of Low-Power Adiabatic Logic Circuits by Using CNTFET Technology. Miniaturization of semiconductor industries paved the way for rapid development in the field of digital electronics. In DSM range, power dissipation has become a major concern due to leakage currents; hence, researchers are continuously trying to evolve ways to mitigate this. Out of many such ways the use of carbon nanotube technology is a promising way to design low-power circuits, as carbon has a property of providing variable threshold voltage (V-TH) in N-type transistors. Here simulation results confirm that CNTFET has better performance than MOS and FinFET technologies in low-power world. In this paper existing and proposed adiabatic logic is implemented by CNTFET technology at 32nm in HSPICE by using Predictive Technology Model (PTM). Comparison of simulation results shows that proposed CNTFET-based ON-OFF-DCDB-PFAL adiabatic logic saves average power 94.33% in Buffer/NOT, 93.13% in NAND/AND, 93.14% in NOR/OR, 91.76% in XOR/XNOR when compared with 2N2N2P circuit at 10MHz frequency.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "A new approach to improve acoustic trapping effectiveness for Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Monitoring mosquito populations is essential to designing and implementing control strategies. Recent strategies based on releasing biologically modified mosquitoes have increased the need to effectively monitor mosquito abundance. Unfortunately, existing surveillance traps are of limited value due to their high cost and low capture rates. Here, we report the results of experiments designed to evaluate the effectiveness of an acoustic trap prototype. Stimuli synthesized from recordings of Ae. aegypti wingbeat signals and pure tones were evaluated as attractants to males in indoor and semi-field conditions. Overall, the acoustic trap's efficacy differed significantly between indoor and semi-field conditions. After two hours of indoor recapture, similar to 69% of males were collected from acoustic traps broadcasting pure tones while similar to 78% of males were collected using synthesized wingbeat signals. Under semi-field conditions, however, acoustic traps collected less than similar to 1.7% of the males released. Increasing the intensity of the signals up to 90 dB (SPL re. 20 uPa at 1 m from the trap) did not improve the capture rate under semi-field conditions. Overall, our results indicate that acoustic signals synthesized from recordings of wingbeats can be used to enhance capture of male Ae. aegypti.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "URBANIZATION AND DEMOCRACY IN THE FRAMEWORK OF MODERNIZATION THEORY: RECENT EMPIRICAL EVIDENCES. URBANIZATION AND DEMOCRACY IN THE FRAMEWORK OF MODERNIZATION THEORY: RECENT EMPIRICAL EVIDENCESThe goal of this study is to provide empirical evidence for existence of positive relationship between urbanization and democracy. We involve a dataset of 56 developing countries covering a time span between 1982 and 2007. The research hypothesis is that developing countries tend to be more democratic at higher levels of urbanization. We test this hypothesis within GMM methodological framework and find some evidences.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Past-dependency, pragmatism, and critique of history in adjudication and legal scholarship. Using Nietzsche's great essay on the uses and disadvantages of history for life as his jumping-off point, Judge Posner examines the utility of the study of history for adjudication and legal scholarship Ne argues, following Nietzsche, that the wrong kind of historical study can be very bad for \\\\'life,\\\\' including law while the right kind - the kind deployed by a pragmatic judge or a policy-oriented legal scholar - may deviate from literal accuracy in the direction of a rhetorical and imaginative narrative of historical events that can be constructively employed in a forward-looking approach to legal problems.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Nucleophilic F-18-fluorination of phosphorofluoridates and phosphonofluoridic acids via imidazole-activated precursors. F-18-Labeled organofluorophosphates are important radiosynthons that have only been previously accessible via F-18/19-isotope-exchange with limited molar activities. Herein, a novel F-18-fluorination methodology has been developed to prepare F-18-labeled phosphorofluoridates and phosphonofluoridic acids via the [F-18]F nucleophilic substitution of imidazole-activated precursors. The efficient one-step F-18-fluorination affords stable products in the presence of Zn(II) with high radiochemical yields and high molar activities. This F-18-fluorination method could be used to prepare various phosphorofluoridate and phosphonofluoridic acid analogs for use as F-18-radiosynthons and potential positron emission tomography tracers. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of an Epidermoid Cyst in a Foot of a Horse. An 18-year-old Quarter Horse mare was evaluated because of moderate left forelimb lameness of 4 weeks' duration. The clinical evaluation and diagnostic perineural analgesia localized the lameness to the distal portion of the left forelimb. There was swelling on the dorsal and lateral aspect of the coronary band. Radiography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography of the foot revealed circumscribed well-capsulated soft tissue mass causing a focal deformation of the dorsolateral border of the middle phalanx. The treatment aimed to remove the mass surgically and stabilized the interphalangeal joint, but the owner elected human euthanasia before treatment attempt. Histopathology diagnosis was an epidermoid cyst, which was characterized by multilayers of keratin surrounded by stratified squamous epithelium. Although rare, an epidermoid cyst should be considered as a differential diagnosis for space-occupying mass in horses' foot that develops chronic lameness after trauma. This report describes the multimodality appearance of the epidermoid cyst. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Stem biomass and volume models of selected tropical tree species in West Africa. Estimating tree volume and biomass constitutes an essential part of the forest resources assessment and the evaluation of the climate change mitigation potential of forests through biomass accumulation and carbon sequestration. This research article provides stem volume and biomass equations applicable to five tree species, namely Afzelia africana Sm. (Caesalpiniaceae), Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC.) Guill. and Perr. (Combretaceae), Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. (Bombacaceae), Dialium guineense Willd. (Caesalpiniaceae), Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A. DC. (Ebenaceae) in natural protected tropical forests and, in addition, Tectona grandis L.f. (Verbenaceae) in plantations. In addition to the tree species specific equations, basic wood density, as well as carbon, nitrogen, organic matter and ash content were determined for these tree species in tropical conditions in West Africa. One hundred and sixty-two sample trees were measured through non-destructive sampling and analysed for volume and biomass. Stem biomass and stem volume were modelled as a function of diameter (at breast height; Dbh) and stem height (height to the crown base). Logarithmic models are presented that utilise Dbh and height data to predict tree component biomass and stem volumes. Alternative models are given that afford prediction based on Dbh data alone, assuming height data to be unavailable. Models that include height are preferred, having better predictive capabilities. Ranges in carbon, nitrogen and ash contents are given as well. The successful development of predictive models through the use of non-destructive methods in this study provide valuable data and tools for use in determining the contribution of these major African rainforest tree species to global carbon stocks, while ensuring the preservation of this valued African resource. This study needs to be expanded to further regions and tree species to complete a full inventory of all tree species, emphasising the relevance of African trees to carbon stocks at a global scale.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Logical anti-exceptionalism meets the 'logic-as-models' approach. Logical anti-exceptionalism is the view that logic is not special, it is continuous with science. This continuity is typically understood in terms of the use of the abductive method in logical theory choice, with logical knowledge resulting from our choice of the theory best accounting for the data. In this paper, we argue for two related claims: (i) that this understanding of the continuity between logic and science faces considerable challenges; and (ii) that such challenges may be avoided by elaborating the continuity of logic with science in terms of the \\\\'logic-as-models\\\\' approach. More specifically, we defend that logical theories should be seen in the lights of the \\\\'models-as-epistemic-tools\\\\' approach, an approach to the nature of models in empirical science more closely connected with current scientific practice. The result is a version of logical anti-exceptionalism opening new perspectives for the philosophical understanding of logic.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "A computational flow-induced noise and time-reversal technique for analysing aeroacoustic sources. A simulation technique to analyse flow-induced noise problems that combines computational fluid dynamics (CFD), the boundary element method (BEM) and an aeroacoustic time-reversal (TR) source localisation method is presented. Hydrodynamic data are obtained from a high-fidelity CFD simulation of flow past a body and aeroacoustic sources are extracted based on Lighthill's acoustic analogy. The incident pressure field on the body due to the aeroacoustic sources is combined with a BEM representation of the body to obtain the spectrum of the direct, scattered and total acoustic pressure fields at far-field microphone locations. The microphone data are then used as input for the time-reversal simulations which are implemented by numerically solving two-dimensional linearized Euler equations. Decomposing the far-field pressure enables the TR simulation of the direct, scattered and total acoustic fields to be performed separately which yields the location and nature of the corresponding aeroacoustic sources. To demonstrate the hybrid CFD-BEM-TR technique, the sound generated by a cylinder in low Mach number cross-flow is considered. The nature of the aeroacoustic sources at the vortex shedding frequency and its second harmonic for the direct, scattered and total fields are identified. (C) 2018 Acoustical Society of America.", "label": [3, 4, 35, 28]}
+{"token": "Fatal encephalitis associated with Zika virus infection in an adult. Results: CSF analysis supported the diagnosis of viral encephalitis, revealing lymphocytic pleocytosis, a high protein concentration, and the presence of IgM zika antibodies. RT-PCR analysis for ZIKV was positive in the urine. A brain computed tomography showed massive brain swelling. Our case differs from previous reports, because her neurological picture developed rapidly and in a very aggressive manner leading to brain death after eleven days of admission.Study design: The diagnosis of encephalitis was determined by the presence of a disturbed level of consciousness and focal neurological signs during an exanthemous viral infection.Background: Zika virus (ZIKV) was first identified in the Americas in 2015, when an outbreak of an exanthematous illness occurred in Brazil. Subsequentely, there was an increase of microcephaly cases, suggesting an association between ZIKV and this neurological complication. Currently, ZIKV has been recognised as causing a wide range of neurological complications including Guillain Barre syndrome, and myelitis.Conclusion: In endemic areas, ZIKV should be considered as an aetiological agent in cases of encephalitis, and clinicians should be aware of its potential severity. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Objectives: In this report, we describe the first fatal case of encephalitis in a 47 years old non pregnant woman, infected during the Brazilian zika epidemic of 2016.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Dynamics of intestinal metabolites and morphology in response to necrotic enteritis challenge in broiler chickens. Despite the relatively small contribution to metabolizable energy that volatile fatty acids (VFAs) provide in chickens, these organic acids have been reported to play beneficial roles in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of birds, for example, inhibition of the growth of some pathogenic bacteria. However, information regarding the dynamics of these metabolites in the GIT of chickens is still scarce, especially under disease conditions such as necrotic enteritis (NE). Here, we investigated the dynamics of VFAs and lactic acid, and intestinal morphology in response to NE predisposing factors, that is, excessive dietary fishmeal and Eimeria inoculation, and causative agent Clostridium perfringens producing NetB toxin. The experiment was designed in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with or without: fishmeal feeding, Eimeria inoculation and C. perfringens challenge. The results showed that these factors significantly influenced composition and concentration of VFAs and lactic acids, pH and histomorphometry in one way or another. These changes may be important for the onset of NE or only the synergetic responses to micro environmental stress. Eimeria appeared to be more important than fishmeal in predisposing birds to NE, thus the application of Eimeria in NE challenge provides more consistent success in inducing the disease. The metabolic responses to various adverse factors such as excessive dietary fishmeal and Eimeria infection are complex. Thus, intensive efforts are required to better understand NE so as to achieve the control of the disease in the absence of antibiotics.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Trends and Problems of Updated Approaches to Learner Autonomy. Learner autonomy in Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) has been a pivotal issue for a long time. Since the beginning of the millennium era, there have been numerous studies to promote learner autonomy in different levels of foreign language teaching. In this paper, reasons for developing learner autonomy are explained, and then new approaches in experimental teaching for pre-service EFL education students are highlighted. In addition, language learning strategies are explored, sample classroom activities are investigated, and useful resources on learner autonomy are suggested.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Switching between raltegravir resistance pathways analyzed by deep sequencing. Conclusion: The main DRMs are present at very low levels if at all prior to initiating therapy. We also outline general methods for deep sequence analysis of DRMs in longitudinal HIV samples. (C) 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & WilkinsResults: All three patients showed transitions from the N155H pathway to the Q148H/G140S pathway. Analysis with vSPA revealed complex pathways to the final genotype, probably involving both de-novo mutation and recombination. No reads contained both the N155H and Q148H drug resistance mutations (DRMs), indicating that the double mutant is not a prominent intermediate, consistent with low fitness. To characterize possible drug-resistant variants circulating prior to therapy, we sequenced approximately 70 000 reads from samples collected prior to initiating treatment. Although some preexisting drug-resistant variants were detected, N155H, the first major DRM present after initiating RAL therapy, was not detected.Design: Three HIV-infected individuals exhibiting RAL resistance pathway switching were characterized using longitudinal analysis of viral samples from plasma.Objective: Our objective was to analyze the pathways leading to resistance of HIV to the integrase (IN) inhibitor raltegravir (RAL).Methods: 454/Roche pyrosequencing was used to generate approximately 74 000 sequence reads from the integrase coding region. Effects of error were controlled by denoising with Pyronoise, and by comparison to approximately 142 000 control reads from HIVNL4-3. Viral lineages were modeled quantitatively using viral serial pathway analysis (vSPA).", "label": [2, 18, 25, 21]}
+{"token": "Masking Effects for Mo, Re, Pd and Ru by S and N-Donor Reagents through MIDOA and Ntaamide Extraction. In this study, we examined the masking effects of 16 water-miscible reagents, on the extraction of Mo, Re, Ru, and Pd. These reagents included soft N- and/or S- donor atoms in their structures and they function as multidentate ligands. The extractants, methylimino-N,N-dioctylacetamide (MIDOA) and N,N,N;N',N\\\\',N\\\\'-hexaoctyl-nitrilotriacetamide (NTAamide(C8)), show significantly high distribution ratios for these metals(D(M)), were employed in this study. Masking effects were observed as a decrease in D(M) with an increase of masking agent concentration in these extraction systems. The results showed that D(Pd) can be considerably decreased by the addition of thiourea, cysteine, cysteamine, trisaminoethylamine, and diethylenetriamine, and D(Ru) is decreased by the addition of thiourea, trisaminoethylamine, and diethylenetriamine. Pd and Ru can be masked by similar reagents including N- or S- donor atoms, which suppressed the extraction into the organic phase. In contrast, D(Mo) was only slightly masked by the above-mentioned reagents. The masking of Mo was achieved using methylimino-N,N'-diethylacetamide, hexaethyl-nitrilotriacetamide, iminodiacetic acid, and iminoclimethylphosphonic acid, which have a central N(CH2C(P)=O)(2) framework that is important for this purpose. A masking agent for Re was not found in this study.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
+{"token": "Native English speakers learning German as a second language: Devoicing of final voiced stop targets. In contrast to German and other languages that devoice underlying word-final, voiced obstruent targets, English maintains a surface contrast between voiced and voiceless obstruents. The present study investigated the issue of what occurs when native speakers of American English, in an early stage of learning German as a second language (L2), produce word-final voiced and voiceless stop consonant targets in German versus English. The fact that the underlying voicing contrast in German is reflected orthographically (e.g., \\\\'Tod\\\\' versus \\\\'tot\\\\') might make it more difficult for native speakers of English to learn to devoice German word-final, voiced targets. The findings of this investigation indicate that many of the 12 native English learners of L2 German who were studied showed at least a tendency toward devoicing voiced targets in German relative to their productions of orthographically similar words in English (e.g., \\\\'toad\\\\' and \\\\'tote\\\\'). Considerable inter-subject variability was observed, but in general, their partial devoicing in German (relative to their English productions) occurred as a result of producing somewhat shorter vowels before voiced consonant targets and/or less contrast between voiceless versus voiced consonant closure duration. Subjects who produced more characteristically \\\\'voiced\\\\' consonants when speaking English (i.e., with longer preceding vowel duration, etc.) also tended to devoice German final stops to a lesser extent. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Steel-free hybrid reinforcing bars for concrete structures. Extensive research has been conducted on the replacement of steel rebars with fibre-reinforced polymer rebars to eliminate the steel corrosion problem in conventional steel bar-reinforced concrete structures. However, as the performance of fibre-reinforced polymer rebars is substantially inferior in compression (due to issues such as fibre micro-buckling) than in tension, their use in concrete columns is generally not recommended; this poses a significant challenge when a steel-free structure is needed. This article presents a novel steel-free hybrid rebar developed at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University that overcomes the above-mentioned problem. Such a hybrid rebar typically consists of a central fibre-reinforced polymer rebar, an external fibre-reinforced polymer confining tube and an annular layer of high-strength cementitious material such as ultrahigh-performance concrete. To demonstrate the performance of these hybrid rebars, results from a series of preliminary tests and associated modelling work are presented in the article. These results indicate that (1) the fibre-reinforced polymer rebar at the centre is well supported against bar buckling and fibre micro-buckling, (2) the compressive strength of the fibre-reinforced polymer material can be fully mobilized and (3) the stress-strain response of hybrid rebars can be designed to resemble an elastic-plastic response with some post-yielding hardening.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "Long-term midlatitude mesopause region temperature trend deduced from quarter century (1990-2014) Na lidar observations. The long-term midlatitude temperature trend between 85 and 105 km is deduced from 25 years (March 1990-December 2014) of Na Lidar observations. With a strong warming episode in the 1990s, the time series was least-square fitted to an 11-parameter nonlinear function. This yields a cooling trend starting from an insignificant value of 0.64 +/- 0.99 K decade(-1) at 85 km, increasing to a maximum of 2.8 +/- 0.58 K decade(-1) between 91 and 93 km, and then decreasing to a warming trend above 103 km. The geographic altitude dependence of the trend is in general agreement with model predictions. To shed light on the nature of the warming episode, we show that the recently reported prolonged global surface temperature cooling after the Mt Pinatubo eruption can also be very well represented by the same response function.", "label": [4, 34, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "Ideafix: a decision tree-based method for the refinement of variants in FFPE DNA sequencing data. Increasingly, treatment decisions for cancer patients are being made from next-generation sequencing results generated from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) biopsies. However, this material is prone to sequence artefacts that cannot be easily identified. In order to address this issue, we designed a machine learning-based algorithm to identify these artefacts using data from >1 600 000 variants from 27 paired FFPE and fresh-frozen breast cancer samples. Using these data, we assembled a series of variant features and evaluated the classification performance of five machine learning algorithms. Using leave-one-sample-out cross-validation, we found that XGBoost (extreme gradient boosting) and random forest obtained AUC (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve) values >0.86. Performance was further tested using two independent datasets that resulted in AUC values of 0.96, whereas a comparison with previously published tools resulted in a maximum AUC value of 0.92. The most discriminating features were read pair orientation bias, genomic context and variant allele frequency. In summary, our results show a promising future for the use of these samples in molecular testing. We built the algorithm into an R package called Ideafix (DEAmination FIXing) that is freely available at https://github.com/mmaitenat/ideafix.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "Dzierzanowskite, CaCu2S2 - a new natural thiocuprate from Jabel Harmun, Judean Desert, Palestine Autonomy, Israel. Dzierzanowskite, CaCu(2)S2 (P (3) over bar m1, a = 3.9400(4), c = 6.523(1) angstrom, V = 87.69(2) angstrom(3), Z = 1), a thiocuprate, was found in larnite pseudoconglomerate rocks of the Hatrurim Complex at Jabel Harmun, Palestinian Autonomy, Israel. Dzierzanowskite occurs in larnite pebbles, which are embedded in a low-temperature mineral matrix. Associated minerals are larnite, brownmillerite, fluorellestadite, ye'elimite, gehlenite, periclase, ternesite, nabimusaite, vorlanite, vapnikite, fluormayenite, fluorkyuygenite, oldhamite, jasmundite, covellite, chalcocite and pyrrhotite. Electron microprobe analyses yield an average composition of Cu 55.25, Fe 0.13, S 27.46 and Ca 16.99, total 99.83 wt.%. The empirical formula of dzierzanowskite, based on 5 atoms, is Ca0.98Cu2.02Fe0.01S1.99. Dzierzanowskite forms grains up to 15 mu m in size or rims on oldhamite and laminar intergrowths with chalcocite and covellite. Dzierzanowskite is dark orange, has a cream streak and a submetallic lustre. In reflected light it is grey, with a cream tint and characteristic yellow-orange internal reflections. The calculated density of dzierzanowskite is 4.391 g cm(3). Three bands at 300, 103 and 86 cm(1) are observed in the Raman spectrum. The strongest lines of the calculated powder diffraction pattern are [d, angstrom (I) hkl]: 2.358(100) 102, 1.970(93)110, 3.023(78) 011, 6.523(36) 001, 3.412(28) 100, 1.834(28) 103. Dzierzanowskite was also found in unusual jasmundite rocks, forming small paleofumaroles within areas of low-temperature hydrothermal rocks bearing larnite pseudoconglomerates at Jabel Harmun. Dzierzanowskite is a superimposed phase of the high-temperature alteration of pyrometamorphic rocks subjected to by-products (melts/fluids and gases) of pyrometamorphism originating in the deeper levels of combustion.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "On 4-regular 4-connected bipancyclic subgraphs of hypercubes. We consider the problem of determining the possible orders for k-regular, k-connected and bipancyclic subgraphs of the hypercube Qn. For k = 2 and k = 3, the solution to the problem is known. In this paper, we solve the problem for k = 4 by proving that Qn has a 4-regular, 4-connected and bipancyclic subgraph on l vertices if and only if l= 16 or l is an even integer such that 24 <= l <= 2(n). Further, by improving a result of Ramras, we prove that a k-regular subgraph of Q(n) is either isomorphic to Q(k) or has at least 2(k) + 2(k-1) vertices. We also improve a result of Mane and Waphare regarding the existence of a k-regular, k-connected and bipancyclic subgraph of Q(n). Some applications of our results are given.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Parameters affecting the low-force frictional characteristics of fabrics in automated handling systems. Much research has been carried out on the automation of garment assembly but, in practice, many of the techniques suffer from unreliability. In order to investigate why this is so, it is necessary to determine the critical mechanical properties on the fabrics under the conditions that will be found in the handling equipment. This paper concentrates on the frictional properties of fabrics against engineering materials with particular emphasis on these properties under zero applied normal loads, i.e., self-weight. Several tests are described and the main results given. These highlight the importance of humidity and the strong influence of the fabric structure and the supporting surface on the frictional characteristics. It is concluded that either the assembly must be carried out using well defined fabrics and a degree of climate control or that these effects must be carefully considered in the design of handling systems.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Abnormal Behavior Episodes Associated With Zonisamide in Three Dogs: A Case Report. Psychiatric adverse effect associated with anti-seizure drugs has been well-recognized in human medicine. This case report describes three dogs with presumptive idiopathic epilepsy presented for abnormal behavior episodes. Abnormal behavior episodes included sudden rage and aggression to the family members, insomnia, restlessness, and/or constant attention-seeking behavior. MRI study and cerebrospinal fluid analysis in two dogs were unremarkable. The abnormal behavior episodes deteriorated along with gradual dose increment of zonisamide and these episodes almost completely disappeared within 5 days after discontinuation of zonisamide. The exact same episodes relapsed within days after re-administration of zonisamide and disappeared again shortly after discontinuation of zonisamide. Dose adjustments of other anti-seizure medications in case 2 did not result in significant changes in these behavior episodes. Although psychiatric adverse effects including aggressive behavior associated with zonisamide are widely recognized in humans, this is the first report in dogs in the clinical setting.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "The household knights of Edward I in Ireland. This article examines how the employment of household knights strengthened the communication network between Dublin and Westminster, and suggests that the deployment of household knights who were intimates of the king in Ireland shows that Edward I was more interested in his lordship than is usually acknowledged. Detailed analysis also reveals that the knights retained of 'the king's household' in Ireland in the mid twelve-seventies were not justiciar's knights, as is usually assumed, but members of an Irish-based royal household. This discovery challenges assumptions about the personal nature of the bond between a king and the knights of his household.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Moral economy: What's in a name. The idea of moral economy has been increasingly popular in the social sciences over the past decade, given a confusing variety of meanings and sometimes invoked as an empty symbol. This paper begins by describing this state of affairs and some of its undesirable corollaries, which include unthinking invocations of the moral and simplistic views of some sorts of economic activity. Then, referring especially to the work of EP Thompson and James C Scott, this paper proposes a more precise definition of moral economy that roots moral economic activity in the mutual obligations that arise when people transact with each other over the course of time. It thus distinguishes between the moral values that are the context of economic activity and those that arise from the activity itself. The solution that the paper proposes to the confused state of moral economy' can, therefore, be seen as terminological, as the sub-title suggests, but it is intended to have the substantive benefits of a better approach to economic activity and circulation and a more explicit and thoughtful attention to moral value.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Roller compacted concrete with contaminated recycled aggregates. Recycling waste building materials from construction and demolition (C&D) sites is increasingly investigated for economical and environmental reasons. Roller compacted concrete (RCC) is a special dry concrete mix; laid down and compacted like a soil, it is especially used for the construction of massive structures like dams or large horizontal surfaces like road foundation. In this paper, natural concrete slabs were cured in water, sea water. chloride solutions or sulphate solutions and then crushed to obtain virgin and contaminated (polluted) recycled aggregates. The aim of this research is the total replacement (100% coarse and fine) of natural aggregates (NA) by recycled concrete aggregates (RA) in the composition of a roller compacted concrete. The natural and recycled aggregates are characterised and compared. The mechanical properties and durability performances of concrete with contaminated RA are analysed. The experimental results showed that the polluted RA are much richer in chlorides than in sulphates and are leached if they are soaked in water. Significant differences were observed between the properties of original and new concrete and the results demonstrated the need of taking these contaminations into account. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Logic and Formal Tools in the Philosophy of Logic. The article develops some reflections on the relationship between logic and philosophy. We argue that, although logic and the philosophy of logic are distinct fields of research, with their own respective methods and tools, the purported distinction between mathematical and philosophical logic is conceptually ill-founded. On the other hand, we introduce and defend a dichotomy between << hard >> and << soft >> philosophy of logic. Finally, we single out the abstract study of consequence relations recently pursued by Wim Blok et al. as a domain where concepts of algebraic logic can be fruitfully applied to foundational issues in the philosophy of logic.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Dynamics of a vapor bubble inside a vertical rigid cylinder with and without a deposit rib. In this paper, the dynamics of a vapour bubble generated due to local energy input inside a vertical rigid cylinder and in the absence of buoyancy forces was investigated. Different ratios of the diameter of the rigid cylinder up to the maximum radius of the bubble were considered. The boundary integral equation method was employed for numerical simulation of the problem. The results show that during the collapse phase of the bubble inside a vertical rigid cylinder, two liquid micro jets are developed on the top and bottom sides of the vapor bubble and are directed inward. It is found that by increasing the ratio of the cylinder diameter to the maximum radius of the bubble, the rate of the growth and collapse phases of the bubble increases and the lifetime of the bubble decreases. The results also show that an increase in the thickness of the deposit rib inside a vertical rigid cylinder slightly decreases the lifetime of the bubble.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Infrastructural Inversion as a Generative Resource in Digital Scholarship. Digital humanities scholarship has regularly challenged characteristic organizational features of academic life in the humanities. For example, it is typically practiced in larger collaborative projects that produce output very different from the traditional scholarly monograph. Digital humanists often present their work in strikingly reflexive accounts that are reminiscent of what science and technology studies scholars have called infrastructural inversion, a method that defamiliarizes the socio-material infrastructure of research to expose the inner workings of knowledge production. At first sight, infrastructural inversion might seem to constitute the opposite of the older concept of articulation work, which designates the situated activity of coordinating and managing cooperative work processes. It is more useful, however, to think about infrastructural inversion as a specific form of articulation work. The inversions performed by digital scholars serve to highlight and problematize established ways of streamlining articulation work, for example, through the established model of peer review, or by using conventional forms of scholarly output. In turn, such systematic defamiliarization opens up new and potentially competing ways of imagining the organization of articulation work.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Virus particles monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy: A potential detection assay for macromolecular assembly. Native fluorescence spectroscopy was used for in situ investigations of two lipid-containing bacteriophages from the cystovirus family as well as their Pseudomonad host cells. Both the viruses phi6 and phi12 and their bacterial host proteins contain the amino acid tryptophan (trp), which is the predominant fluorophore in UV. Within proteins, trp's structural environment differs, and the differences are reflected in their spectroscopic signatures. It was observed that the peak of the trp emission from both viruses was at 330 nm, a significantly shorter wavelength than trp in either the Pseudomonad host cells or the amino acid's chemical form. This allowed us to monitor the viral attachment process and subsequent lytic release of progeny virus particles by measurement of the trp emission spectra during the infection process. This work demonstrates that fluorescence may offer a novel tool to detect viruses and monitor viral infection of cells and may be part of a biodefense application.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Combined conductivity and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study of Na2FeP2O7 cathode material for sodium ion batteries. Na2FeP2O7 is a cathode material for sodium-ion batteries, distinguished from many other types of cathodes by its superb cycling stability. However, its electrical conductivity has not been characterized. Moreover, the electrode kinetics in sodium-ion batteries in general are poorly understood. Both are crucial for further optimization of battery materials and electrodes. In this work, we firstly analyze the electrical conductivity of Na2FeP2O7 along with its activation energy, which is approximately 0.48 eV - comparable to that of Na2MnP2O7 and its lithium analogue Li2FeP2O7. Next, we systematically analyze electrochemical impedance spectra of Na2FeP2O7 electrodes as a function of temperature, electrode thickness, presence of conductive carbon additive and cycling history. We find that a simplified equivalent circuit is sufficient to describe the obtained impedance spectra and analyze the two fitted resistances to attribute the correct interpretation. The results give insight into conductivity of Na2FeP2O7 and help interpret the EIS data obtained for sodium-ion battery electrodes, paving a further way towards electrode optimization.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
+{"token": "Protected habitats of Natura 2000 do not coincide with important diversity hotspots of arthropods in mountain grasslands. 2. We here assess the diversity of vascular plants, carabid beetles and spiders in mountain grasslands of the European Alps. We address the questions whether there are distinct species assemblages in different habitats and whether these assemblages show sufficient cross-taxon congruence. Furthermore, we test whether habitats that are protected based on vegetation characteristics also inhabit an arthropod fauna with highest conservation value.4. Our results show that prioritisation of sites for conservation based solely on vegetational aspects does not necessarily coincide with important sites for arthropods. This calls for a multi-taxon approach in conservation planning to cover more of the endangered and range-restricted species. Species- and surrogate-based conservation efforts, like the Natura 2000 directive, should therefore be extended to embrace the diversity of arthropods.1. Biodiversity assessments for conservation planning are often restricted to a limited set of species. This is also the case in the context of Natura 2000, where surveys focus strongly on vegetation and selected vertebrate species. Without cross-taxon congruence, however, this approach does not guarantee that the relevant aspects of biodiversity are appropriately represented.3. We found only weak agreement in assemblage composition and no positive correlation in species richness across the three focal taxa. Furthermore, we found a negative correlation between species richness of plants and carabids, indicating opposing taxon-specific responses to habitat differences and land use intensity. Species richness was higher at protected sites for plants, but not for carabids and spiders. This applied also to the subset of species with highest conservation value.", "label": [4, 44, 39]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of the attitudes of the nurses related to rational drug use in Gaziantep University Sahinbey Research and Practice Hospital in Turkey. Results: The most common type of medication error was giving the medicine at the wrong time. Medication errors were least common among the 36-50-year age group and with a professional experience of 11 years or longer. Nurses had the highest level of knowledge in the areas of drug administration routes and the intended use. The number of nurses reported having good/very good knowledge was higher with 4 to 10 years of professional experience and with a university degree. The nurses aged between 26 and 35 years and those with professional experience of 4 to 10 years provided drug information to patients more often than others. Forty two percent of the nurses were found to actively report any adverse events. Reporting of adverse events and reporting more than 6 adverse events were most common among university degree holders.Conclusions: Nurses required a more comprehensive education on pharmacology both during their training years and working life since the requests for medicinal products are received by the nurses and preparation and administration of drugs are under the control of nurses. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Design and setting: A questionnaire generated by the Rational Drug Use Unit of Turkish Ministry of Health General Directorate of Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacy was carried out to nurses.Background and objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the attitude of nurses about rational drug use in Gaziantep University Sahinbey Research and Practice Hospital. There are a limited number of studies available on this issue and no studies of this scale were conducted among the nurses in our region.Participants: The study was carried out to 162 nurses.Methods: The data obtained from nurses by questionnaire were determined as count, percentage and Chi-square test by SPSS statistical package program.", "label": [2, 5, 53, 26]}
+{"token": "Delayed hypersensitivity to antiepileptic drugs in children. Background Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are widely used for the treatment of epilepsy, but they can be associated with the development of mainly delayed/non-immediate hypersensitivity reactions (HRs). Although these reactions are usually cutaneous, self-limited, and spontaneously resolve within days after drug discontinuation, sometime HR reactions to AEDs can be severe and life-threatening.Aim This paper seeks to show examples on practical management of AED HRs in children starting from a review of what it is already known in literature.Conclusion Dealing with AED HRs is challenging. The primary goal in the diagnosis and management of HRs to AEDs should be trying to accurately identify the causal trigger and simultaneously identify a safe and effective alternative anticonvulsant. There is therefore an ongoing need to improve our knowledge of HS reactions due to AED medications and in particular to improve our diagnostic capabilities.Results Risk factors include age, history of previous AEDs reactions, viral infections, concomitant medications, and genetic factors. The diagnostic workup consists of in vivo (intradermal testing and patch testing) and in vitro tests [serological investigation to exclude the role of viral infection, lymphocyte transformation test (LTT), cytokine detection in ELISpot assays, and granulysin (Grl) in flow cytometry. Treatment is based on a prompt drug discontinuation and mainly on the use of glucocorticoids.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Genetic interrogation of replicative senescence uncovers a dual role for USP28 in coordinating the p53 and GATA4 branches of the senescence program. Senescence is a terminal differentiation program that halts the growth of damaged cells and must be circumvented for cancer to arise. Here we describe a panel of genetic screens to identify genes required for replicative senescence. We uncover a role in senescence for the potent tumor suppressor and ATM substrate USP28. USP28 controls activation of both the TP53 branch and the GATA4/NFkB branch that controls the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). These results suggest a role for ubiquitination in senescence and imply a common node downstream from ATM that links the TP53 and GATA4 branches of the senescence response.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "Possible causes of nicarbazin residues in chicken tissues. Two experiments were carried out to investigate possible causes of nicarbazin residues in broiler chicken tissues. The first experiment was designed to establish whether feeding nicarbazin as stipulated in the product licence can result in 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide (DNC) tissue residues exceeding the JECFA MRL (200 mug/kg). It was shown that the MRL was exceeded in the livers of broilers housed on deep litter, but not in those of broilers housed on wire flooring. Muscle DNC concentrations were well below the MRL. The higher residual tissue concentrations in birds housed on deep litter were attributed to faecal recycling. The second experiment was to establish the relationship between nicarbazin-contaminated withdrawal ration up to the point of slaughter and DNC residues in the tissues of broilers that had not been previously exposed to nicarbazin. Tissue DNC concentrations were found to be proportional to feed concentrations. The housing method caused no significant difference in tissue residues. Meal containing nicarbazin at a concentration of 2.4 mg/ kg or greater caused liver DNC residues above the JECFA MRL. Violative residues may, therefore, occur in chickens not exposed to nicarbazin during rearing, but fed withdrawal ration contaminated at 2.4 mg/ kg or greater, or in chickens housed on deep litter and fed nicarbazin-medicated meal according to the product licence even when the withdrawal ration is nicarbazin-free.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 36, 22, 8]}
+{"token": "Vacuum decay in the Lorentzian path integral. We apply the Lorentzian path integral to the decay of a false vacuum and estimate the false-vacuum decay rate. To make the Lorentzian path integral convergent, the deformation of an integration contour is performed by following the Picard-Lefschetz theory. We show that the nucleation rate of a critical bubble, for which the corresponding bounce action is extremized, has the same exponent as the Euclidean approach. We also extend our computation to the nucleation of a bubble larger or smaller than the critical one to which the Euclidean formalism is not applicable.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "Is commercial Protea farming causing a change in the seasonal range of Gurney's Sugarbird Promerops gurneyi in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands, South Africa?. Species worldwide are threatened due to various factors including habitat transformation and degradation. The Gurney's Sugarbird Promerops gurneyi is a bird species endemic to southern Africa. It is a nectarivorous species that is highly dependent on Protea woodland areas in the eastern parts of southern Africa and makes seasonal migrations between these localities. Although many of these habitats have been destroyed by human development activities, the start of commercial Protea farms in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands may provide alternative habitat and year-round food resources for sugarbirds. Presence/absence of Gurney's Sugarbird on seven KwaZulu-Natal Protea farms were recorded monthly for one year (2006-2007) and compared to past distributions from 1980 and 1992. Sugarbirds were found to be resident for the entire year on some farms and breeding. The total distribution of Gurney's Sugarbird has extended with the development of Protea farms, as has its seasonal distribution and its breeding range. Our results also highlight the reliance that sugarbirds have on Protea whether indigenous or exotic species. More research on the interactions between Gurney's Sugarbirds and the commercial Protea farms is needed.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Propagation Direction Analyses of Medium-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Observed Over North America With GPS-TEC Perturbation Maps by Three-Dimensional Spectral Analysis Method. We applied a novel three-dimensional spectral analysis method to GPS-TEC perturbation (GPS-TECP) maps to study the propagation direction of daytime and nighttime medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) over North America. By this method, we can automatically calculate the phase velocity spectrum and directionality of MSTIDs. We focused on the periods of high MSTIDs occurrence, namely, June-July 2006 and November-December 2006, to study nighttime and daytime MSTIDs. We divided North America into the west (100 degrees-130 degrees W, 25 degrees-55 degrees N) and east (70 degrees-100 degrees W, 25 degrees-55 degrees N) parts. Our results show that both daytime and nighttime MSTID propagations exhibit strong longitudinal variations as a function of local time and day-to-day variations. The power peaks of daytime MSTIDs are from 10:00-16:00 LT in the west part and 10:00-14:00 LT in the east part. The predominant propagation directions of daytime MSTIDs are southward (southeastward) in the west (east). The daytime local time variations demonstrate that the MSTIDs display directional change in the west part; however, a similar directional change is not very pronounced in the east part. The local time variations of nighttime MSTIDs shows the power peaks from 22:00-02:00 LT in the west and 20:00-00:00 LT in the east. We found that the predominant propagation direction in the west part is westward with a wider azimuthal band (similar to 210 degrees-300 degrees) than the east part (similar to 210 degrees-240 degrees). By comparing nighttime propagation directions between the western and eastern parts, we reached the conclusion that the magnetic declination angle affects the propagation direction.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Experiences of LGBTQIA+ migrants with nurses and other healthcare professionals in Canada. Background: LGBTQIA+ migrants may have experienced discrimination and victimization related to ethnicity, culture, and race over the course of their migration journey, as well as in relation to their sexual orientation, gender identity and expression. Despite the work of some nurses in education, practice, policy, and research, there is a scarcity of literature investigating the experiences of LGBTQIA+ migrants with nurses and healthcare professionals in Canada.Methods: By utilizing Gadamerian hermeneutics research methodology with intersectional analysis, this study draws on 16 semi-structured individual interviews with LGBTQIA+ migrants who received care from nurses and other healthcare professionals (NHCPs) in Canada.Conclusions: Nursing interactions should not be traumatic for LGBTQIA+ migrants, but rather should be encounters where care providers ask relevant nonhetero-cisnormative questions, offer inclusive safe sex education for people's diverse identities, avoid dead naming and misgendering, and provide supportive and affirming care. To support the provision of safe care and mitigate trauma, systemic changes in nursing practice must include the experiences of LGBTQIA+ migrants.Results: Two overarching areas of intersecting experiences were identified: (a) challenges and (b) supports. Four interwoven interpretations emerged from experiences of challenges: (a) unwanted visibility, (b) hearing a dead name and being misgendered, (c) cultural stigma, and (d) being asked intrusive hetero-cis-normative questions. Supportive experiences were evident when NHCPs accepted the unique needs of LGBTQIA+ migrants and acted as advocates.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "The vitamin A analogues: 13-cis retinoic acid, 9-cis retinoic acid, and Ro 13-6307 inhibit neuroblastoma tumour growth in vivo. Background. Neuroblastoma, a childhood tumour of the sympathetic nervous system, may undergo spontaneous differentiation or regression due to apoptosis after no or minimal therapy. However, the majority of neuroblastomas are diagnosed as metastatic tumours with a poor prognosis in spite of intensive multimodal therapy. Vitamin A and its analogues (retinoic acid, RA) play an important role in normal cellular differentiation and programmed cell death. RA regulates neuroblastoma growth and differentiation in vitro, and has shown activity against human neuroblastoma in vivo. Procedure, Recently, 9-cis RA was shown to induce apoptosis in vitro in neuroblastoma using a 5 days short-term treatment and subsequent washout. In the present study, nude rats with human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y xenografts were treated with 13-cis RA (4 mg po daily), 9-cis RA (5 mg po daily) or the novel analogue Ro 13-6307 (0.3 mg po daily) using either a continuous or short-term schedule. Results. All three different retinoids decreased neuroblastoma growth significantly in terms of tumour weight after 8-12 days when compared to untreated controls (P < 0.05). Minor signs of toxicity in 13-cis RA treated rats were observed. However, severe toxicity with significant weight loss was seen in all rats treated with 9-cis RA and Ro 13-6307. Toxicity was more pronounced with the continuous regimen. Conclusions, We conclude that different retinoids reduce neuroblastoma tumour growth in vivo. Drug scheduling and dosage may affect both therapeutic efficacy and toxic side effects. Further in vivo studies are warranted, including pharmacokinetic and molecular analyses, before clinical trials with promising retinoids like 9-cis RA and Ro 13-6307 can be started in children with neuroblastoma. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 36:127-131, 2001. (C) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "No effect of focused attention and open monitoring meditation on EEG auditory mismatch negativity in expert and novice practitioners. The auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) is a well characterized event-related potential component which has gained recent attention in theoretical models describing the impact of various styles of mindfulness meditation on attentional processes and perceptual inference. Previous findings highlighted a distinct modulation of the MMN amplitude by different meditation practices and degrees of expertise. In the present study, we attempted to replicate results from the recent literature with a data sample that allowed for increased statistical power compared to previous experiments. Relying on traditional frequentist analysis, we found no effect of focused attention and open monitoring meditation on the auditory MMN amplitude compared to a control condition (silent movie) in expert or novice practitioners (all p > 0.17), providing a non-replication of our previous work (Fucci et al. 2018). Using a Bayesian approach, we found strong evidence against an interaction effect on the MMN amplitude between expertise groups and meditation practices (BF01 = 11.0), strong evidence against effects of either meditation practices compared to the control condition (BF01 between 11.9 and 16.1) and moderate evidence against an effect of expertise during meditation (BF01 between 5.3 and 7.9). On the other hand, we replicated previous evidence of increased alpha oscillatory power during meditation practices compared to a control state (p < 0.001). We discuss our null findings in relation to factors that could undermine the replicability of previous research on this subject, namely low statistical power, use of flexible analysis methods and a possible publication bias leading to a misrepresentation of the available evidence.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 55]}
+{"token": "CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF SOCIAL SUPPORT IN THE WORK PLACE - 24-HOUR ECG MONITORING OF MEN AND WOMEN. Psychosocial work characteristics, such as work demand, work control, and social support at work, have been shown to be related to the development of coronary heart disease in epidemiological studies.  However, the mechanisms which mediate social and psychological effects on the cardiovascular system are not known.  We have studied the direct cardiovascular effects of psychosocial work environment characteristics in 148 working men and women, representing seven different occupational groups (physicians, teachers, musicians, policemen, train engineers, prison personnel, and saw mill workers).  Besides standardized measures of work demand, work control, and social support, ambulatory 24-hour monitoring of electrocardiograms in the customary work and home environment was performed.  Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured as well as other standard physiologic risk factors for coronary heart disease.Mean heart rates were found to be significantly higher in persons reporting low social support at work.  This effect was maintained during working hours as well as during leisure time and rest.  Of the other related physiologic risk factors, systolic, but not diastolic blood pressure was found to be higher in persons reporting low social support.  Smoking, alcohol consumption and relative body mass index were not related to social support at work.  Controlling for age, sex and physical strain at work, strengthened the association of low social support with elevated heart rates.", "label": [2, 5, 23, 55]}
+{"token": "China's Politics: New Leadership Emerges from a Tumultuous Environment. Hu's handover of both party and military rein to Xi at the same time surprised many as a new norm for future power transition. Xi's power is still constrained by his two predecessors, as well as his six peers in the Politburo Standing Committee. Bo Xilai's downfall not only disgraced the left-leaning \\\\'Chongqing model\\\\', but unveiled the tip of an iceberg of how unbridled political power could impact the judiciary system.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Considerations for Faculty and Presenters in Interprofessional Continuing Education. Interprofessional (IP) continu-ing education (IPCE) has evolved to focus on team performance and a commitment to education delivery that enables team members to learn from, with, and about each other. Evidence shows substantial ben-efits from IPCE that improve team-work, care delivery, and patient outcomes. Continuing professional development and IPCE faculty and presenters play a key role in IPCE and must understand the tenets of IPCE and how to facilitate the learn-ing of an IP team. This column will focus on the role of faculty and pre-senters in IPCE activities to enhance effective collaboration and improve health outcomes.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Multiple-Component Measurement Instruments in Heterogeneous Populations: Is There a Single Coefficient Alpha?. This note confronts the common use of a single coefficient alpha as an index informing about reliability of a multicomponent measurement instrument in a heterogeneous population. Two or more alpha coefficients could instead be meaningfully associated with a given instrument in finite mixture settings, and this may be increasingly more likely the case in empirical educational and psychological research. It is argued that in such situations explicit examination of class-invariance in the alpha coefficient must precede any statements about its possible value in the studied population. The approach permits also the evaluation of between-class alpha differences as well as point and interval estimation of the within-class alpha coefficients. The method can similarly be used in situations with (a) known class membership when distinct (sub)populations are investigated while their number is known beforehand and membership in them is observed for studied persons, as well as (b) in settings where only the number of latent classes is known for a population under investigation. The outlined procedure is illustrated with numerical data.", "label": [4, 5, 41, 55]}
+{"token": "Impact of an Electronic Cigarette on Smoking Reduction and Cessation in Schizophrenic Smokers: A Prospective 12-Month Pilot Study. Background: Cigarette smoking is a tough addiction to break. This dependence is the most common dual diagnosis for individuals with schizophrenia. Currently three effective drugs are approved for smoking cessation: nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), varenicline and bupropion. However, some serious side effects of varenicline have been reported, including depression, suicidal thoughts, and suicide. The use of bupropion also has side effects. It should not be used by people who have epilepsy or any condition that lowers the seizure threshold, nor by people who take a specific class of drugs called monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Hence, there are pharmacodynamic reason to believe they could precipitate or exacerbate psychosis. For its capacity to deliver nicotine and provide a coping mechanism for conditioned smoking cues by replacing some of the rituals associated with smoking gestures, electronic-cigarettes may reduce nicotine withdrawal symptoms without serious side effects. Our recent work with ECs in healthy smokers not intending to quit consistently show surprisingly high success rates. We hypothesised that these positive findings could be replicated in difficult patients with schizophrenia This tool may help smokers with schizophrenia remain abstinent during their quitting attempts or to reduce cigarette consumption. Efficacy and safety of these devices in long-term smoking cessation and/or smoking reduction studies have never been investigated for this special population. Methods: In this study we monitored possible modifications in smoking habits of 14 smokers (not intending to quit) with schizophrenia experimenting with the \\\\'Categoria\\\\' e-Cigarette with a focus on smoking reduction and smoking abstinence. Study participants were invited to attend six study visits: at baseline, week-4, week-8, week-12 week-24 and week 52. Product use, number of cigarettes smoked, carbon monoxide in exhaled breath (eCO) and positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia levels were measured at each visit. Smoking reduction and abstinence rates were calculated. Adverse events were also reviewed. Results: Sustained 50% reduction in the number of cig/day at week-52 was shown in 7/14 (50%) participants; their median of 30 cig/day decreasing significantly to 15 cig/day (p = 0.018). Sustained smoking abstinence at week-52 was observed in 2/14 (14.3%) participants. Combined sustained 50% reduction and smoking abstinence was shown in 9/14 (64.3%) participants. Nausea was observed in 2/14 (14.4%) of participants, throat irritation in 2/14 (14.4%) of participants, headache in 2/14 (14.4%) of participants, and dry cough in 4/14 (28.6%) of participants. However, these adverse events diminished substantially by week-24. Overall, one to two cartridges/day were used throughout the study. Positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia are not increased after smoking reduction/cessation in patients using e-cigarettes. Conclusions: We have shown for the first time that the use of e-cigarette substantially decreased cigarette consumption without causing significant side effects in chronic schizophrenic patients who smoke not intending to quit. This was achieved without negative impacts on the symptoms of schizophrenia as assessed by SAPS and SANS symptoms scales.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "A NOR-associated repetitive element present in the genome of two Salmo species (Salmo salar and Salmo trutta). A repetitive element was isolated from the genome of Atlantic salmon. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed the existence of variant monomers that range in length from approximately 200 to 230 bp. Repeat monomers contain regions of cryptic simplicity, internal repetition, and long direct repeats with deletions and insertions between individual units. The repetitive element was shown to have a tandem unit arrangement and was estimated to occupy between two and three percent of the Atlantic salmon genome. Southern blot analysis revealed the repetitive element to be unique to Atlantic salmon and brown trout species. In situ hybridization analysis showed this element to be localized at the main nucleolar organizer region bearing chromosomes of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), AS cell line (derived from S. salar), and brown trout (Salmo trutta).", "label": [2, 19, 20]}
+{"token": "A longer isoform of Stim1 is a negative SOCE regulator but increases cAMP-modulated NFAT signaling. Alternative splicing is a potent modifier of protein function. Stromal interaction molecule 1 (Stim1) is the essential activator of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) triggering activation of transcription factors. Here, we characterize Stim1A, a splice variant with an additional 31 amino acid domain inserted in frame within its cytosolic domain. Prominent expression of exon A is found in astrocytes, heart, kidney, and testes. Full-length Stim1A functions as a dominant-negative regulator of SOCE and I-CRAC,I- facilitating sequence-specific fast calcium-dependent inactivation and destabilizing gating of Orai channels. Downregulation or absence of native Stim1A results in increased SOCE. Despite reducing SOCE, Stim1A leads to increased NFAT translocation. Differential proteomics revealed an interference of Stim1A with the cAMP-SOCE crosstalk by altered modulation of phosphodiesterase 8 (PDE8), resulting in reduced cAMP degradation and increased PIP5K activity, facilitating NFAT activation. Our study uncovers a hitherto unknown mechanism regulating NFAT activation and indicates that cell-type-specific splicing of Stim1 is a potent means to regulate the NFAT signalosome and cAMP-SOCE crosstalk.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "The gastropod Arion fuscus prefers cyanobacterial to green algal parts of the tripartite lichen Nephroma arcticum due to low chemical defence. Although the tripartite terricolous lichen Nephroma arcticum is easily accessible to lichen-feeding gastropods, grazing marks are mainly restricted to localized cephalodia with N-fixing Nostoc. We tested if this gastropod preference for cephalodia can be explained by differences in carbon based secondary compounds (CBSCs) in cyanobacterial versus green-algal tissues. CBSCs were non-destructively removed from air-dry thalli by 100% acetone. Compound deficient and control thallus parts were offered to the slug Arion fuscus and grazing preferences were quantified by area measurements in ArcGIS (TM). The concentrations of CBSCs (phenarctin, usnic acid, nephroarctin and methyl gyrophorate) in thallus parts with and without cephalodia were quantified with HPLC. Compared to purely green-algal parts, cephalodial parts with adjoining fungal tissues contained less defensive compounds, and were prefer-red by A. fuscus. The cephalodia themselves do not contain any CBSCs. After acetone rinsing, A. fuscus did not discriminate between green-algal and cyanobacterial parts. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that CBSCs in green-algal parts of M arcticum play a herbivore-defensive role. It is further hypothesized that grazing of cephalodia may lead to N-starvation and reduced growth of N. arcticum thalli in southern portions of its range where lichenivorous gastropods are more abundant. This may play a role in shaping the southern distribution limit of this arctic-boreal lichen species.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
+{"token": "Sulfate transport mechanisms in epithelial systems. A novel invertebrate gastrointestinal transport mechanism has been shown to couple chloride-sulfate exchange in an electrogenic fashion. In the lobster, Homarus americanus, the hepatopancreas, or digestive gland, exists as an outpocketing of the digestive tract, representing a single cell layer separating the gut lumen and an open circulatory system composed of hemolymph. Investigations utilizing independently prepared brush border and basolateral membrane vesicles revealed discrete antiport systems which possess the capacity to bring about a transcellular secretion of sulfate. The luminal antiport system functions as a high-affinity, one-to-one chloride-sulfate exchanger that is stimulated by an increase in luminal hydrogen ion concentration. Such a system would take advantage of the high chloride concentration of ingested seawater as well as the high proton concentrations generated during digestion, which further suggests a potential regulation by resident sodium-proton exchangers. Exchange of one chloride for one divalent sulfate ion provides the driving force for electrogenic vectorial translocation. The basolateral antiport system was found to be electroneutral in nature, responsive to gradients of the dicarboxylic anion oxalate while lacking in proton stimulation. No evidence of sodium-sulfate co-transport, commonly reported for the brush border of vertebrate renal and intestinal epithelia, was observed in either membrane preparation. The two antiporters together can account for the low hemolymph to seawater sulfate levels previously described in decapod crustacean. A secretory pathway for sulfate based upon electrogenic chloride-antiport may appear among invertebrates partly in response to digestion taking place in a seawater environment. (C) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Brazing copper and alumina metallized with Ti-containing Sn0.3Ag0.7Cu metal powder. A Sn-based metallization layer was successfully prepared on the surface of alumina at 900 degrees C by using Ti-containing Sn03Ag0.7Cu (SAC, wt.%) metal powder. Reliable alumina/copper joints were obtained by brazing pre-metallized alumina and copper using SAC filler at 580-660 degrees C for 5 min. The typical interfacial microstructure of brazed joint was copper/Cu3Sn layer/Cu6Sn3 layer/beta-Sn layer containing Ti6Sn3 phase and Al2O3 particles/alumina. As brazing temperature increased, the Cu-Sn intermetallic layers thickened rapidly and the amount of beta-Sn phase reduced. When brazing temperature exceeded 640 degrees C, Kirkendall voids and microcracks formed at copper/Cu3Sn interface. The joints brazed at 580-620 degrees C possessed high shear strength and the highest average shear strength of 32 MPa was achieved when brazed at 620 degrees C. Fracture analyses indicated that the joints mainly fractured inside of the Cu6Sn5 layer and beta-Sn layer. The joints brazed above 620 degrees C demonstrated low shear strength due to the formation of Kirkendall voids which caused the joints fractured along the Cu/Cu3Sn interface. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Temporal and age-related changes in survival rates of Southern Buller's Albatrosses (Thalassarche bulleri bulleri) at the snares, New Zealand, 1948 to 1997. We estimated survival rates of adult Southern Buller's Albatrosses (Thalassarche bulleri bulleri) from 1948 to 1997 based on a long term banding and recapture program at The Snares, New Zealand. Annual survival exceeded 0.95 from 1961 to 1968 and from 1992 to 1997 but declined to between 0.913 and 0.928 from 1969 to 1991. Reduced survival may have resulted from incidental mortality associated with longline and trawl fisheries in the foraging areas of these birds, but it must have been counterbalanced by changes in other population parameters because the population increased greatly in number from 1969 to 1997. Increased trawling activity in areas where albatrosses forage may have benefited the population by providing additional food, which may have enhanced the survival rate of recently fledged birds. We found no indication that survival rates differed between males and females, but an age effect occurred in which survival of birds with at least 25 years of breeding experience was lower than that of less-experienced and presumably younger birds.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION BETWEEN THE TWO WARS - LENIN VS WILSON. The end of the two great world wars and the disappearance of the current political regimes have resulted in the creation of new states in the international order. With the collapse of multinational states and awakening of national consciousness, the aspirations of peoples for their own national states started to appear. Requirements for self-determination resulted primarily from the decolonization process, but also as a reflection of political relations in the post-war Europe. At the end of the First World War, there were events and people contributing to the development of rights of the people to self-determination and helping the oppressed nations in achieving their aspirations to decide their own destiny within their own national states. On the one hand, there were the workers' self-determination and revolution in Russia as essential elements in the development of the right to self-determination in the political principle and Lenin's attitudes on self-determination. On the other hand, there were fourteen points and US President Woodrow Wilson with his views on the right to self-determination.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Genomic characterization of grapevine virus J, a novel virus identified in grapevine. This paper describes the nucleotide sequence and genome organization of a novel RNA virus detected in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) cultivar 'Kizil Sapak' by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and tentatively named \\\\'grapevine virus J\\\\' (GVJ). The full genome of GVJ is 7,390 nucleotides in length, which comprises five open reading frames (ORFs), including a 20K ORF (ORF 2) between the replicase (ORF 1) and the movement protein (ORF 3) genes. According to the level of sequence homology and phylogenetics, GVJ is proposed as a new member of the genus Vitivirus (subfamily Trivirinae; family Betaflexiviridae), with the closest characterized virus being grapevine virus D (GVD).", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Component analyses of mixed spices. A qualitative and quantitative technique for recognizing spices as well as the mixing ratios in an unknown spice blend is established via numerical analysis based on a database consisting of 355 different spices. Formulating the spice recognition problem as a constrained optimization problem is a key step. A similarity index measuring the degree of similarity between two spices is proposed, which is very useful in the process of spice recognition. For purposes of testing, an existing mixture (basil, 47.9%; clove, 12.8%; mint, 9.4%; sage, 23.8%; wintergreen, 6.1%) and a trial spice blend with known composition were analyzed by the technique. The results are surprisingly accurate.", "label": [0, 4, 36, 8, 42, 9]}
+{"token": "Percutaneous treatment for trigeminal neuralgia - Experience with 241 patients for 16 years. Despite various theories the etiology of the trigeminal neuralgia still remains unknown. A segmental demyelination of trigeminal fibers by trauma, mechanical distorsion or other demyelinating diseases is postulated as one etiological factor for this disease. A subsequent ephaptic conduction may cause a crosstalk between tactile and nociceptive neurons. Unfortunately none of the theories can explain why the first branch is involved only in 1-2 % alone, why patients with mechanical compression proved by autopsy were not interferred during lifetime and why there exist long painfree periods in symptomatic patients. Despite all these lacks of clarity a lot of patients profit from the main 4 to date used neurosurgical procedures for this disease: Microvascular decompression or percutaneous rhizolysis by intragasserian thermocoagulation, microcompression or retrogasserian glycerol injection. From august 1979 to august 1995 241 patients with facial pain on 247 sides were treated with totally 326 percutaneous operations in our department. We performed 221 thermocoagulations, 88 retrogasserian glycerol injections und 17 microcompressions of the Gasserian ganglion. 181 patients suffered from trigeminal neuralgia, 31 from multiple sclerosis with associated trigeminal neuralgia, 25 from atypical facial pain (permanent pain without typical trigger mechanisms) and 4 from anaesthesia dolorosa. Follow-up is available for 239 patients. The average follow-up period is 43 months, ranging from 3 to 180 months. The women to men ratio in patients with trigeminal neuralgia was 2,2 : 1, we found no difference in patients with multiple sclerosis (16 men, 15 women). In patients with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia, all three percutaneous procedures had comparable initial effects on pain. Microcompressions had the lowest rate of recurrency, but the highest incidence of postoperative hypaesthesia, whereas glycerol rhizolysis and thermocoagulations showed no difference in half-life. Patients with glycerol had the lowest rate of hypaestheia, only thermocoagulation was associated with anaesthesia dolorosa (totally 3 cases). Therefore, glycerol is our treatment of first choice, if microvascular decompression is not suitable (general condition of the patient, multiple sclerosis). In recurring cases, microcompression is indicated if pain is refractory to reinjections of glycerol. Thermocoagulations are only done, if the other options have failed. Contrarily all treatments with glycerol and balloon-compressions failed in our patients with atypical facial pain, only thermocoagulation showed encouraging effects. Of our patients with anaesthesia dolorosa none profited from the percutaneous procedures nor from DREZ-coagulation of the spinal trigeminal nucleus Therefore, no standard treatment is available for this group of patients.", "label": [2, 18, 23]}
+{"token": "Narrative Review of Infection Control Knowledge and Attitude among Healthcare Workers. Background: Infection is one of the major threats to Healthcare Workers (HCW) worldwide. It exposes HCW to more than 20 kinds of blood-borne pathogen infections, especially the most severe cases, namely Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The impact of infection about HCWs' health, clinical burden, national economic burden, and humanistic burden suggests the importance of further investigation and discussion on this topic.Results: Results from the reviewed studies showed that there was a high-level knowledge in terms of precautionary measures and compliance with needle safety precautions while staff attitude achieved above average. Weak positive correlation was found between staff attitude and precautionary measures, while moderate positive correlation was found between precautionary measures and compliance with needle safety precautions. Only precautionary measures were found to significantly influence compliance with needle safety precautions, in which higher precautionary measures, resulted in higher compliance with needle safety precautions. (C) 2020 Atlantis Press International B.V.Method: For this narrative review Proquest, Medline, and Up To Date have been utilized to search articles about infection control knowledge and attitudes among healthcare workers and potential factors contributing to infection control. The search was narrowed to article between 2000 and 2018. A total of 400 materials were initially identified to be potentially relevant for the review. A total of 28 articles were included, and they were found to match the inclusion criteria.Aims: This paper aimed to discuss literature on infection control knowledge and attitudes among HCWs and potential factors contributing to infection control.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Cigarette Smoking, Alcohol and Cannabis Use in Patients With Pervasive Developmental Disorders. Background and objectives: This study aimed to examine the rates of cigarette smoking, alcohol and cannabis use among patients with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), in order to determine whether they are relatively protected from developing substance-related addictive behaviors. Methods: This case-control study included 85 patients diagnosed with PDD and 85 age- and gender-matched nonpsychotic psychiatric patients without PDD. Data were collected from the patients' electronic medical records and included demographic and psychiatric parameters, as well as data on smoking, alcohol, and cannabis use. Results: A lower rate of cigarette smoking was found among patients diagnosed with PDD in comparison to those without PDD [20.0% vs. 52.9% respectively, p < .001). The likelihood of smoking in PDD was found to be 3.57-fold lower than in psychiatric controls [OR = 3.57 (95% CI 1.69-7.14), p = .001]. A multivariate analysis showed that after adjusting for age, comorbid diagnoses and use of an antipsychotic medications, this effect was even more robust with the likelihood of smoking in PDD decreasing even more substantially compared to controls [OR = 8.33 (95% CI 2.86-25), p < .001]. A similar finding was noted when comparing the prevalence of alcohol and cannabis use between the two groups [OR 6.67 (95%CI 1.30-33.33), p = .02 and 5.55 (95%CI 1.30-25), p = .01, respectively]. Conclusions: PDD is associated with 5-8-fold lower adjusted risk of smoking, alcohol and cannabis use compared to other non-psychotic psychiatric patients. Further research should elucidate the neurobiological and psychosocial mechanisms underlying the apparent addiction protective properties of PDD.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 23, 55]}
+{"token": "The X-ray, optical and infrared counterpart to GRB 980703. We report on X-ray, optical and infrared followup observations of GRB 980703. We detect a previously unknown X-ray source in the GRB error box assuming a power law decline we find for its decay index alpha < -0.91(3 sigma). We invoke host galaxy extinction to match the observed spectral slope with the slope expected from \\\\'fire-ball\\\\' models. We find no evidence for a spectral break in the infrared to X-ray spectral range on 1998 July 4.4, and determine a lower limit of the cooling break frequency: nu(c) > 1.3 10(17) Hz. For this epoch we obtain an extinction of A(v) = 1.50 +/- 0.11. From the X-ray data ave estimate the optical extinction to be Av = 20.2(-7.3)(+12.3), inconsistent with the former value. Following Wijers & Galama (1998), we determine intrinsic fireball properties for this burst.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "The US Press and Imperialism: the Transfer of Ideas and Practices in 1945-1948. No research in the colonial system issues during the Cold War would be complete without studying the press of the participating parties. In order to give a detailed analysis of the international relationships in terms of the global transformations from the American point of view, the author draws relevant newspaper articles published after the World War II. The results have shown changes to priority schemes as viewed in American social discourse during 1945-1948. Roosevelt's plan for the dismantling of the colonial empires was gradually replaced with less radical plans, which presupposed using the colonial experience for foreign policy of the USA.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "The Central Sudetic Ophiolite (European Variscan Belt): precise U-Pb zircon dating and geotectonic implications. Precise U-Pb zircon dating using the chemical abrasion - isotope dilution - thermal ionization mass spectrometry (CA-ID-TIMS) method constrains the age of the Central Sudetic Ophiolite (CSO) in the Variscan Belt of Europe. A felsic gabbro from the sle(z) over dota Massif contains zircon xenocrysts dated at 404.8 +/- 0.3 Ma and younger crystals dated at 402.6 +/- 0.2 Ma that determine the final crystallization age of the gabbro. An identical age of 402.7 +/- 0.3 Ma was determined for plagiogranite from the Nowa Ruda-Slupiec Massif, and plagiogranite from the Braszowice-Brzeznica Massif yields a similar, but less reliable, age of > 401.2 Ma. The different massifs in the CSO are therefore considered as tectonically dismembered fragments of a single oceanic domain formed at c. 402.6-402.7 Ma (Early Devonian - Emsian). The magmatic activity recorded in the CSO was contemporaneous with the high-temperature/high-pressure metamorphism of granulites and peridotites in the Gory Sowie Massif, separating dismembered parts of the CSO. This suggests geodynamic coupling between the continental subduction recorded in the Gory Sowie and the oceanic spreading recorded in the CSO. Regional geological data indicate that the CSO was obducted before c. 383 Ma, less than 20 Ma after its formation at an oceanic spreading centre. The CSO is shown to be one of the oldest and first obducted among the Devonian ophiolites of the Variscan Belt. The CSO probably originated in an evolved back-arc basin in which the influence of subduction-related fluids and melts increased with time, from negligible during the formation of predominant mid-ocean-ridge-type magmatic rocks to strong at later stages, when rodingites, epidosites and other minor lithologies formed.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "The Unfinished Democracy: Fundamental Rights, Political Institutions, and Government Performance in Ecuador (1979-2008). After three decades of governments elected by universal vote, Ecuador shows serious deficiencies in constitutional and social dimensions of democracy. Although Ecuador holds free and transparent elections, the disrespect to democratic institutions, the weak rule of law, and strong social asymmetries, characterize the low performance of its democratic regime. Though President Correa has had all conditions to change the dynamics of political system, the caudillismo, the disrespect for the law, and patronage are essential features of political life in Ecuador yet.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Restructuring and privatizing electricity industries in the commonwealth of independent states. This paper discusses the problems of restructuring electric power sectors in the countries of the commonwealth of independent states (CIS), and examines in detail electric utility privatization in Armenia. Privatization of electric power is expected to provide needed foreign investment, increase efficiency, and rationalize resource allocation. Progress in utility commercialization, and industry and market restructuring in the CIS is compared with that in Central and Eastern Europe. This paper presents the argument that throughout the CIS, little progress has been made because the investment needs of the electricity industry are not great compared with the strategic and political benefits that can be had by not privatizing, and because the political and strategic dimensions of electrical power in the region create large risks for potential investors. Risk of investment is amplified by the large amount of spare generating capacity and continuing operation of significant government-operated capacity. Armenia is found to provide a striking example of conditions and trends in the CIS countries. Prospects for the future of restructuring are considered and specific measures that could be taken to improve those prospects are suggested. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 5, 49, 15, 52]}
+{"token": "How reproductive and regenerative medicine meet in a Chinese fertility clinic. Interviews with women about the donation of embryos to stem cell research. The social interface between reproductive medicine and embryonic stem cell research has been investigated in a pilot study at a large IVF clinic in central China. Methods included observation, interviews with hospital personnel, and five in-depth qualitative interviews with women who underwent IVF and who were asked for their consent to the donation of embryos for use in medical (in fact human embryonic stem cell) research. This paper reports, and discusses from an ethical perspective, the results of an analysis of these interviews. The participants talked of extreme social pressure to become pregnant. Once they had a baby, 'spare' embryos lost practical significance due to the Chinese one-child policy. In the context of decision making about donating embryos to research, the women used the clinical distinctions between 'good and bad quality' embryos and also between frozen and transferred embryos, as guiding moral distinctions. In the absence of concrete information about what sort of research their embryos should be used for, the women interviewed either refused consent (for fear that the embryo would be given to another couple) or accepted, expressing motives of solidarity with other women in a similar situation. This reveals that they filled the knowledge gap with an image of research improving fertility treatment.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 52, 57]}
+{"token": "Saving Private One. Based upon analysis of some fragments of Plato and Thomas Aquinas, the paper critically and provocatively questions the role that Badiou ascribes to the notion of One in philosophy after Plato, that is, the role of the secret God of metaphysics that has supposedly never really released its iron grip on non-mathematical ontology. Further on the paper polemically questions the mere perception of Greek philosophy as being based on a finite ontology. In the last part, the author briefly presents a hypothesis on the role of One in Parmenides, and tries to show that there is in fact no necessary continuity between One in Parmenides' philosophy and the mystical One of Akhenaton pantheistic monotheism.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Bivariate linkage analysis of cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the Framingham Heart Study. We performed a bivariate analysis on cholesterol and triglyceride levels on data from the Framingham Heart Study using a new score statistic developed for the detection of potential pleiotropic, or cluster, genes. Univariate score statistics were also computed for each trait. At a significance level 0.001, linkage signals were found at markers GATA48B01 on chromosome 1, GATA21C12 on chromosome 8, and ATA55A11 on chromosome 16 using the bivariate analysis. At the same significance level, linkage signals were found at markers 036yb8 on chromosome 3 and GATA3F02 on chromosome 12 using the univariate analysis. A strong linkage signal was also found at marker GATA112F07 by both the bivariate analysis and the univariate analysis, a marker for which evidence for linkage had been reported previously in a related study.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Intraspecific variation in male mating strategies in an African ground squirrel (Xerus inauris). Male mating strategies respond to female availability such that variation in resources that affect spatial distribution can also alter cost-benefit tradeoffs within a population. In arid-adapted species, rainfall alters reproduction, behavior, morphology, and population density such that populations differing in resource availability may also differ in successful reproductive strategies. Here, we compare two populations of Cape ground squirrels (Xerus inauris), a sub-Saharan species with year-round breeding and intense mating competition. Unlike most mammals where males resort to aggressive interactions over females, male X. inauris are tolerant of one another, relying instead on other nonaggressive pre- and postcopulatory strategies to determine reproductive success. Our findings suggest that differences in resource availability affect female distribution, which ultimately leads to intraspecific variation in male reproductive tactics and sexual morphology. Sperm competition, assessed by reproductive morphometrics, was more pronounced in our high resource site where females were distributed evenly across the landscape, whereas dominance seemed to be an important determinant of success in our low resource site where females were more aggregated. Both sites had similar mating intensities, and most males did not sire any offspring. However, our low resource site had a higher variance in fertilization success with fewer males siring multiple offspring compared with our high resource site where more individuals were successful. Our results lend support to resource models where variations in female spatial distribution attributed to environmental resources ultimately impact male reproductive behaviors and morphology.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
+{"token": "Do Cognition and Other Person-Level Characteristics Determine Housing Outcomes Among Homeless-Experienced Adults With Serious Mental Illness?. Objective: Many persons with serious mental illness (SMI) who have experienced homelessness struggle to sustain stable and independent housing. We know little about determinants of this population's housing status. This study aimed to identify person-level determinants of housing status among homeless-experienced veterans with SMI, focused primarily on cognition. Method: We administered cross-sectional surveys and detailed cognitive assessments on a convenience sample of homeless-experienced veterans with SMI (n = 90); we also reviewed these participants' medical records. We captured person-level potential predictors of housing status (demographics, cognition, diagnoses, symptoms, and service utilization) and 2 years of retrospective housing history. Participants' housing status was conceptualized as the setting (stable housing, other sheltered settings, and streets) they lived in for >50% of the past 2 years. We used the chi-square test and analysis of variance to determine how potential predictors differed by housing status. We used recursive partitioning to identify the combination of potential predictors and corresponding scores that best-differentiated participants by housing status. Results: No between-groups differences (p < .05) in cognition, symptoms, or other person-level factors were found among participants grouped by housing status. Recursive partitioning did not yield a stable model to predict housing status from the potential predictor variables. Conclusions and Implications for Practice: These data suggest that clinical interventions addressing studied person-level factors (e.g., cognitive rehabilitation) may not affect housing status for homeless-experienced veterans. As housing is highly influenced by social determinants of health, policies, and practices that affect contextual factors (e.g., affordable housing supply) may be more likely to improve housing status.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
+{"token": "Age of puberty in a representative sample of Iranian girls. Background. To obtain normal references for growth and pubertal development in a given population, assessment of pubertal stages is of great importance. This study aimed to determine the age of appearance of secondary sexual characteristics in a representative sample of Iranian girls.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted during 2005-2006 in 3192 girl students, aged 6-17 years, in Isfahan, Iran. Participants were selected by multistage random cluster sampling from school students. Secondary sexual characteristics were evaluated by inspection and palpation, and were recorded according to Tanner staging. The self-reported date of menarche (if any) was recorded as well. Data were analyzed with Probit analysis based on the status quo method.Conclusions: The median age of puberty onset is 10.14 years, and the onset of puberty before 7.5 years is considered as precocious puberty in a representative sample of Iranian girls. The values obtained from the present study can provide baseline data for analysis of time trends, as well as for international comparisons. World J Pediatr 2009;5(2):132-135Results: The median ages (10th-90th percentile) of Tanner stage 2 breast development (B2) and Tanner stage 2 pubic hair growth (PH2) were 10.14 years (8.33-11.95 years) and 10.78 years (9.09-12.48 years), respectively. The ages of the 3rd percentile for B2 and PH2 were 7.48 and 8.29 years, respectively. The median age of menarche among the 3192 girls who had experienced menarche was 12.65 years (11.18-14.11 years).", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Understanding of Technical Terms and Contents of Informed Consent Forms for Sedative Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Procedures. Conclusion: The understanding of the terms and knowledge about the procedures were disappointing. Therefore, sufficient explanations should be provided to the patients. While the informed consent was taken by doctors, the level of understanding should be monitored by nurses. In particular, subjects who did not have any previous experience with endoscopy procedures showed relatively lower level of understanding. We recommend that medical terms should be replaced with more common and nontechnical words in consent forms. Copyright (C) 2013, Korean Society of Nursing Science. Published by Elsevier. All rights reserved.Methods: A group of conveniently selected 180 patients, who were undergoing sedative endoscopy were recruited in the endoscopy procedure room in a tertiary hospital from June to July 2011. Data were collected with a structured questionnaire.Results: The average number of terms exposed was 8.12 out of 10 items, the average number of terms understood well by the patients was 5.53 out of 10 items, and the average number of right answers was 3.30 out of 5 items, and the percent of correct answers ranged from 26.1% to 90.0%. The exposure to terms differed by gender, education, and previous exposure to sedative endoscopy procedures. The number of \\\\'understanding of the terms well\\\\' responses differed according to age and previous exposure to sedative endoscopy procedures, and the correct answer rate was differed by education.Purpose: This was a cross-sectional study designed to evaluate the subjective understanding of technical terms and contents of the informed consent forms given to patients about to undergo conscious sedative upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Thy Will Be Done?: Religious Nationalism and Its Effects in East Central Europe. Levels of both religiosity and of religious influence on public policy vary enormously across the countries of post-communist East Central Europe. This variation poses a challenge to existing explanations, which have focused on religious competition and alliances with political parties to explain religious participation and policy influence, respectively. The legacy of religious nationalism instead helps to explain both the vibrancy of religious participation and the influence of churches on democratic public policy. This variation also calls for greater scrutiny of historical legacies: while some patterns are durable and reach back centuries, others are recent innovations.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "Risk factors associated with the occurrence of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. A study was conducted in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania to determine the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and the risk factors associated with the occurrence of the disease in cattle of different categories and in different climatic zones. The overall prevalence of the disease was 13.2%, and 51% of the herds tested contained reactor cattle. Assessment of risk factors was based on comparisons of the reactivity of the cattle in the single comparative intradermal tuberculin test (SCITT). Older cattle were more affected by the disease than yearlings and calves (p <0.0001). There were significant differences between male and female cattle (p <0.05) and between cattle with exotic blood compared to indigenous Short Horn Zebu (SHZ) cattle (p <0.05). The castrated bulls, often used for draught power, were more frequently (p <0.01) affected than the entire bulls, mainly used for breeding. Reactivity to tuberculin did not appear to be influenced by the reproductive status of the animal. The reactivity to tuberculin of pregnant cattle was not significantly different from that of the rest of the cows (p >0.05). However, significantly more (14.6%) lactating cattle reacted in the SCITT than did non-lactating cows (12.0%) (p <0.05). There was a highly significant difference (p <0.001) between reactivity in the SCITT among cattle grazing in the hot and dry lower lands (14.0%) and that in those grazing in the cool and wet highlands (8.7%).", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Compressed Domain Texture Based Visual Information Retrieval Method for I-Frame Coded Pictures. In this paper we introduce a new compressed domain texture based visual information retrieval method. The proposed method is for the spatially predicted I-frames in the H.264 video coding standard. In I-Frame coding various prediction modes can be used for spatially predicting pixels of a block from upper or left side adjacent pixels. The selected prediction mode for a block indicates the way in which pixels of that block are related to their neighboring parts. Hence, we propose to use the histogram of the prediction modes as a texture descriptor of compressed I-frames. Since the method is based on independent I-Frame coded pictures, it can be used either for video analysis of H.264 coded videos or image retrieval of the I-frame based coded images such as advanced image coding. The simulation results indicate that this method has superior performance and lower computational load compared to an efficient realization of pixel domain texture retrieval method based on Gabor filter. Moreover, it is also robust to variations in image and coding parameters. Hence, this method is a powerful tool for visual information analysis in a wide range of applications(1).", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Using Poiseuille flow: a refined solution of the riverboat problem. We present the solutions of the well-known riverboat problem in Poiseuille flow approximation. We find that the boat trajectory should be a cubic parabola for crossing the river in the shortest time (the first variant of the riverboat problem). We also derive and analyze the expressions for the heading angle, the total drift distance and the time to cross the river in both cases for crossing the river in the shortest time and by the shortest path (the second variant of the riverboat problem). We conclude that for the first variant it is possible to introduce an effective constant flow velocity which describes a boat crossing a river with a variable flow velocity and depends only on the flow velocity at the centre of the river. For the second variant this value additionally depends on the relative velocity of the boat.", "label": [4, 5, 53, 35]}
+{"token": "Monitoring Tangier (Morocco) coastal waters for As, Fe and P concentrations using ESA Sentinels-2 and 3 data: An exploratory study. An exploratory study is presented to investigate human activities pollution in the coastal waters of a popular tourist destination in the west coast of Tangier, Morocco. A series of bathing water samples were examined for arsenic (As), iron (Fe) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in the western coastal waters of Tangier. Additionally, quasi-simultaneous satellite images from Sentinels-2 and 3 were processed to retrieve water leaving reflectances in the same locations. The bathing water samples showed high concentrations of As, P and Fe in the Boukhalef River mouth and in two nearby beaches; Jbila and Sidikacem, which appeared closely correlated with Sentinel-3 reflectances at bands 6 (560 nm) and 7 (620 nm). Since algorithms for Chlorophyll-a and Total Suspended Matter Concentrations rely on these wavelengths, they too were found to be closely related to high As, Fe and P concentrations. Therefore, caution must be taken when analysing these level-2 products in close proximity to the Boukhalef River mouth, since results may be biased due to the presence of significant As, Fe and P concentrations. In this case, Sentinel data proved to be a potentially useful tool with prospects to be used for monitoring environmental hazardous substances such as metals (e.g. As and Fe) spatial distributions in the west coast of Tangier, Morocco. (c) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 37, 45]}
+{"token": "Citrus Stubborn Disease: Current Insights on an Enigmatic Problem Prevailing in Citrus Orchards. Citrus stubborn was initially observed in California in 1915 and was later proven as a graft-transmissible disease in 1942. In the field, diseased citrus trees have compressed and stunted appearances, and yield poor-quality fruits with little market value. The disease is caused by Spiroplasma citri, a phloem-restricted pathogenic mollicute, which belongs to the Spiroplasmataceae family (Mollicutes). S. citri has the largest genome of any Mollicutes investigated, with a genome size of roughly 1780 Kbp. It is a helical, motile mollicute that lacks a cell wall and peptidoglycan. Several quick and sensitive molecular-based and immuno-enzymatic pathogen detection technologies are available. Infected weeds are the primary source of transmission to citrus, with only a minor percentage of transmission from infected citrus to citrus. Several phloem-feeding leafhopper species (Cicadellidae, Hemiptera) support the natural spread of S. citri in a persistent, propagative manner. S. citri-free buds are used in new orchard plantings and bud certification, and indexing initiatives have been launched. Further, a quarantine system for newly introduced types has been implemented to limit citrus stubborn disease (CSD). The present state of knowledge about CSD around the world is summarized in this overview, where recent advances in S. citri detection, characterization, control and eradication were highlighted to prevent or limit disease spread through the adoption of best practices.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Closed embeddings into complements of Sigma-products. In some sense, a dual property to that of Valdivia compact is considered, namely the property to be embedded as a closed subspace into a complement of a Sigma-subproduct of a Tikhonov cube. All locally compact spaces are co-Valdivia spaces (and only those among metrizable spaces or spaces having countable type). There are paracompact non-locally compact co-Valdivia spaces. A possibly new type of ultrafilters lying in between P-ultrafilters and weak P-ultrafilters is introduced. Under Martin axiom and negation of CH, no countable nowhere dense space is a co-Valdivia space.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Non-coding and coding genomic variants distinguish prostate cancer, castration-resistant prostate cancer, familial prostate cancer, and metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer from each other. A considerable number of deposited variants has provided new possibilities for knowledge discovery in different types of prostate cancer. Here, we analyzed variants located on 3UTR, 5UTR, CDs, Intergenic, and Intronic regions in castration-resistant prostate cancer (8496 variants), familial prostate cancer (3241 variants), metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (3693 variants), and prostate cancer (16599 variants). Chromosome regions 10p15-p14 and 2p13 were highly enriched (P<0.00001) for variants located in 3UTR, 5UTR, CDs, intergenic, and intronic regions in castration-resistant prostate cancer. In contrast, 10p15-p14, 10q23.3, 12q13.11, 13q12.3, 1q25, and 8p22 regions were enriched (P<0.001) in familial prostate cancer. In metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, 10p15-p14, 10q23.3, 11q22-q23, 14q21.1, and 14q32.13 were highly variant regions (P<0.001). Chromosome 2 and chromosome 1 hosted many enriched variant regions. AKR1C3, BRCA1, BRCA2, CHGA, CYP19A1, HOXB13, KLK3, and PTEN contained the highest number of 3UTR, 5UTR, CDs, Intergenic, and Intronic variants. Network analysis showed that these genes are upstream of important functions including prostate gland development, tumor recurrence, prostate cancer-specific survival, tumor progression, cancer mortality, long-term survival, cancer recurrence, angiogenesis, and AR. Interestingly, all of EGFR, JAK2, NR3C1, PDZD2, and SEMA3C genes had single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in castration-resistant prostate cancer, consistent with high selection pressure on these genes during drug treatment and consequent resistance. High occurrence of variants in 3UTRs suggests the importance of regulatory variants in different types of prostate cancer; an area that has been neglected compared with coding variants. This study provides a comprehensive overview of genomic regions contributing to different types of prostate cancer.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 42]}
+{"token": "COVID-19 severity and mortality in patients with CLL: an update of the international ERIC and Campus CLL study. Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) may be more susceptible to Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to age, disease, and treatment-related immunosuppression. We aimed to assess risk factors of outcome and elucidate the impact of CLL-directed treatments on the course of COVID-19. We conducted a retrospective, international study, collectively including 941 patients with CLL and confirmed COVID-19. Data from the beginning of the pandemic until March 16, 2021, were collected from 91 centers. The risk factors of case fatality rate (CFR), disease severity, and overall survival (OS) were investigated. OS analysis was restricted to patients with severe COVID-19 (definition: hospitalization with need of oxygen or admission into an intensive care unit). CFR in patients with severe COVID-19 was 38.4%. OS was inferior for patients in all treatment categories compared to untreated (p < 0.001). Untreated patients had a lower risk of death (HR = 0.54, 95% CI:0.41-0.72). The risk of death was higher for older patients and those suffering from cardiac failure (HR = 1.03, 95% CI:1.02-1.04; HR = 1.79, 95% CI:1.04-3.07, respectively). Age, CLL-directed treatment, and cardiac failure were significant risk factors of OS. Untreated patients had a better chance of survival than those on treatment or recently treated.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "A Conceptual Analysis of Early Arabic Algebra. Arabic algebra derives its epistemic value not from proofs but from correctly performing calculations using coequal polynomials. This idea of 'mathematics as calculation' had an important influence on the epistemological status of European mathematics until the seventeenth century. We analyze the basic concepts of early Arabic algebra such as the unknown and the equation and their subsequent changes within the Italian abacus tradition. We demonstrate that the use of these concepts has been problematic in several aspects. Early Arabic algebra reveals anomalies which can be attributed to the diversity of influences in which the al-jabr practice flourished. We argue that the concept of a symbolic equation as it emerges in algebra textbooks around 1550 is fundamentally different from the 'equation' as known in Arabic algebra.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
+{"token": "Mechanism of Reconnection on Kinetic Scales Based on Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission Observations. We examine the role that ions and electrons play in reconnection using observations from the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission on kinetic ion and electron scales, which are much shorter than magnetohydrodynamic scales. This study reports observations with unprecedented high resolution that MMS provides for magnetic field (7.8 ms) and plasma (30 ms for electrons and 150 ms for ions). We analyze and compare approaches to the magnetopause in 2016 November, to the electron diffusion region in the magnetotail in 2017 July followed by a current sheet crossing in 2018 July. Besides magnetic field reversals, changes in the direction of the flow velocity, and ion and electron heating, MMS observed large fluctuations in the electron flow speeds in the magnetotail. As expected from numerical simulations, we have verified that when the field lines and plasma become decoupled a large reconnecting electric field related to the Hall current (1?10 mV m(?1)) is responsible for fast reconnection in the ion diffusion region. Although inertial accelerating forces remain moderate (1?2 mV m(?1)), the electric fields resulting from the divergence of the full electron pressure tensor provide the main contribution to the generalized Ohm?s law at the neutral sheet (as large as 200 mV m(?1)). In our view, this illustrates that when ions decouple electron physics dominates. The results obtained on kinetic scales may be useful for better understanding the physical mechanisms governing reconnection processes in various magnetized laboratory and space plasmas.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Governance reforms and public acceptance of regulatory decisions: Cross-national evidence from linked survey experiments on pesticides authorization in the European Union. Do governance reforms affect public acceptance of regulatory decisions, and if so, how? We tackled this critical but under-studied question through a pair of linked survey experiments on public attitudes toward the reform of European Union (EU) pesticides regulation among a representative sample of the adult population in six EU member states. We tested the expectation that citizens are more likely to accept a regulatory decision that runs counter to their prior policy preferences if it is taken under a procedure they support. We first conducted a conjoint experiment to study whether the specific design of decision-making procedures impacts public support for EU pesticide regulation. In a second linked experiment, we asked respondents whether farmers should be allowed to use glyphosate, the best known and most controversial pesticide. We then asked respondents if they would accept an authorization decision on glyphosate contrary to their prior expressed preference if it were taken under a decision-making procedure they supported. The results demonstrate that a regulatory decision-making procedure respondents support increases their willingness to accept a hypothetical authorization decision contrary to their prior expressed preference. Contrary to the findings of previous research, our study thus provides strong evidence that governance reforms supported by citizens can enhance acceptance of controversial regulatory decisions, even on politicized issues such as pesticides authorization.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "Evaluating simulation-derived scenarios for effective decision support. Scenario planning traditionally relies on qualitative methods to choose its scenarios. Recently, quantitative decision support tools have also begun to facilitate such choices. This study uses behavioral experiments and structured decision-maker interviews to evaluate the results of \\\\'scenario discovery,\\\\' a quantitative method that defines scenarios as sets of future states of the world in which proposed policies fail to meet their goals. Statistical cluster-finding and principal component algorithms applied to large databases of computer simulation model results then help users to identify such scenarios. The two experiments examine the results of this process and demonstrate a user preference for increased accuracy and simplicity achieved through rotating the space of uncertain model input parameters, but primarily when the rotated parameters are conceptually similar. Interviews with experts suggest utility for both qualitatively- and quantitatively-derived scenarios. The former were easier to understand and had the most utility for scoping. The latter were perceived as containing more relevant information and having more utility for understanding tradeoffs and making choices among them. Overall, this study suggests the value of quantitative tools for facilitating scenario choice, while also highlighting the importance of formal evaluation in judging the utility of new methods for decision support. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48, 52]}
+{"token": "The Hot and the Colorful: Understanding the Metabolism, Genetics and Evolution of Consumer Preferred Metabolic Traits in Pepper and Related Species. Recent advances in genomics and metabolomics have made the study of specialized metabolism far more tractable than it was previously. Here we evaluate specialized metabolite pathways of Capsicum spp. (peppers), focusing mainly on carotenoids, flavonoids, and capsaicinoids as examples of classes of secondary metabolites. To place these data in the context of the evolution of metabolic pathways, we compare the extent of genomic and chemical diversity in several species of the nightshades (Solanaceae), the family to which pepper belongs. We further discuss the genetic mechanisms known to underly metabolic diversity prior to carrying out a detailed genomic study of the enzymes active in the pathways influencing fruit color and pungency. Using large-scale comparative analyses across 25 sequenced plant genomes, we identify orthologs of structural metabolic genes and discuss the data in terms of variation of gene family size and its impact on the diversity of secondary metabolites.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Late time approach to Hawking radiation: Terms beyond leading order. Black hole evaporation is studied using wave packets for the modes. These allow for approximate frequency and time resolution. The leading order late time behavior gives the well-known Hawking radiation that is independent of how the black hole formed. The focus here is on the higher order terms and the rate at which they damp at late times. Some of these terms carry information about how the black hole formed. A general argument is given which shows that the damping is significantly slower (power law) than what might be naively expected from a stationary phase approximation (exponential). This result is verified by numerical calculations in the cases of 2D and 4D black holes that form from the collapse of a null shell.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "Threonine requirements of piglets from 7 to 12 and from 12 to 23 kg. Two experiments (E) were conducted, using 204 Large White piglets (E-1: from 7.23 to 12.32 kg; and E-2: from 12.64 to 23.81 kg). A randomized block design was used, with four levels of threonine in the ration (E-1: 0.80; 087; 0.93 e 0.99%; e E2: 0.69; 0.74; 0.80e0.85 %); eight (E-1) and nine (E-2) replicates fordaily intake (DI), daily weight gain (DWG), adjusted daily weight gain (ADWG) and feed conversion (FC) and five replicates for plasma urea (U). No treatment differences (P>0.10) were observed for either DI or DWG. Quadratic effects of threonine were observed on ADWG in E-1 (P=0.086)and E-2 (P=0.052),on FC in E-2 (P=0.035)and on U in E-1 (P=0.002); as well as a linear effect on FC in E-1 (P=0.030) and on U in E-2 (P=0.044). U was minimized at 0.89% threonine in E-1. whereas ADWG was highest at 0.94%, in E-2, 0.76% threonine maximized ADWG and minimized FC.", "label": [0, 6, 10]}
+{"token": "MAVEN IUVS observations of the aftermath of the Comet Siding Spring meteor shower on Mars. We report the detection of intense emission from magnesium and iron in Mars' atmosphere caused by a meteor shower following Comet Siding Spring's close encounter with Mars. The observations were made with the Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph, a remote sensing instrument on the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN spacecraft orbiting Mars. Ionized magnesium caused the brightest emission from the planet's atmosphere for many hours, resulting from resonant scattering of solar ultraviolet light. Modeling suggests a substantial fluence of low-density dust particles 1-100 mu m in size, with the large amount and small size contrary to predictions. The event created a temporary planet-wide ionospheric layer below Mars' main dayside ionosphere. The dramatic meteor shower response at Mars is starkly different from the case at Earth, where a steady state metal layer is always observable but perturbations caused by even the strongest meteor showers are challenging to detect.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Recovering Early Modern Women Writers Some Tensions. Feminist work in the history of philosophy has been going on for several decades. Some scholars have focused on the ways philosophical concepts are themselves gendered. Others have recovered women writers who were well known in their own time but forgotten in ours, while still others have firmly placed into a philosophical context the works of women writers long celebrated within other disciplines in the humanities. The recovery of women writers has challenged the myth that there are no women in the history of philosophy, but it has not eradicated it. What, we may ask, is impeding our progress? This paper argues that so often we treat early modern women philosophers' texts in ways that are different from, or inconsistent with, the explicit commitments of the analytic tradition, and in so doing, we may be triggering our audiences to reject these women as philosophers, and their texts as philosophical. Moreover, this is the case despite our intention to achieve precisely the opposite effect.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Complete Genome Sequence of Streptomyces Siphophage Sycamore. Streptomyces sp. strain Mg1 is a competitive soil-dwelling bacterium that secretes antibiotics that inhibit growth of Bacillus subtilis. Here, we present the genome sequence of Sycamore, a 44,694-bp Streptomyces sp. Mg1 siphophage with 66 predicted protein-coding genes, that is similar to phage genome sequences in the Lomovskayavirus genus.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Unit-level time trends and seasonality in the rate of hospital-acquired pressure ulcers in US acute care hospitals. This is a longitudinal study of the trend and seasonality in unit-level hospital-acquired pressure ulcer (HAPU) rates from 2004 to 2011, for 5447 acute care nursing units in 733 US hospitals. Unit-level HAPU rates decreased significantly during 20042007 (OR=0.91, 95% CI [0.90, 0.91]) and the decreasing trend was much stronger during 20082011 (OR=0.84 [0.83, 0.85]). Seasonal variations in HAPU rates were strong and consistent during 20042008, with the highest HAPU rate in Quarter 1 (JanMar) and the lowest rate in Quarter 3 (JulSep). During 20092011, the magnitude of this seasonality was greatly reduced, and only HAPU rate in Quarter 1 remained significantly higher than HAPU rates in other quarters. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 36:171180, 2013", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Fast and scalable evaluation of pairwise potentials. Pair potentials or kernels, psi(vertical bar r vertical bar), play a critical role in a number of areas; these include biophysics, electrical engineering, fluid dynamics, diffusion physics, solid state physics, and many more. The need to evaluate these potentials rapidly for N particles gives rise to the classical N-body problem. In this paper, we present scalable parallel algorithms for evaluation of these potentials for highly non-uniform distributions. The underlying methodology for evaluating these potentials relies on the accelerated Cartesian expansion (ACE) framework that is quasi-kernel-independent with the requirement that the kernel be differentiable with known derivatives. The results presented demonstrate the accuracy control, low cost, and parallel scalability offered by this method for several example kernels and distributions of up to 5 billion particles on 16384 CPU cores. Potential applications of the algorithm include various disciplines of computational physics, engineering, machine learning, among others. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35, 40]}
+{"token": "The Rise and Fall of the Liberal Hezbe Watan or Homeland Party in Afghanistan, 1949-52. Afghanistan is largely known as a tribal peasant society, where the dominant organised socio-political forces are the tribes and the religious establishment, and where democratic and secular movements have been generally absent from the political scene. It is the tribal chiefs and the religious establishment that represent and mobilise people. However, liberal and constitutionalist movements in the country have had a relatively rich background since the early twentieth century. While the first constitutionalist political party emerged in the early 1900s, the first liberal party, Watan (or Homeland), emerged in the late 1940s in the aftermath of World War II, when the government allowed some changes in the method of ruling. The party became the most vocal and influential in political circles at the time. This article examines how a liberal-nationalist political party emerged and operated even though the ruling class had little desire for fundamental changes such as the separation of powers, freedom of expression or rule of law. It explores the features of the party, including its platform, goals, social and ethno-religious make-up and the method of struggle chosen to achieve its objectives, which also enabled it to take a leading role in the political process in the early 1950s.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 52]}
+{"token": "FREGE ON CONCEPTUAL AND PROPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS. In his Foundations of Arithmetic, Frege aims to extend our a priori arithmetical knowledge by answering the question what a natural number is. He rejects conceptual analysis as a method to acquire a priori knowledge (see section 1). Later he unsuccessfully tried to solve the problems that beset conceptual analysis (see section 2). If these problems remain unsolved, which rational method can he use to extend our a priori knowledge about numbers? I will argue that his fundamental arithmetical insight that numbers belong to concepts is based on the recognition that different sentences express the same thought. In Frege's philosophy of arithmetic, propositional analysis does the main work. How it can do this work will be discussed in sections 3, 4 and 5. Sections 6 and 7 explore this approach further.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Places of living and places of dying: the case for preventing suicide in residential long-term care. This commentary addresses the increasing public health problem of suicide in later life and presents the case for preventing suicide in residential long-term care settings. We do so by examining this issue from the perspective of three levels of stakeholders - societal, organisational and individual - considering the relevant context, barriers and implications of each. We begin by discussing contemporary societal perspectives of ageing; the potential impact of ageism on prevention of late-life suicide; and the roles of gender and masculinity. This is followed by a historical analysis of the origin of residential long-term care; current organisational challenges; and person-centred care as a suicide prevention strategy. Finally, we consider suicide in long-term care from the perspective of individuals, including the experience of older adults living in residential care settings; the impact of suicide on residential care health professionals and other staff; and the impact of suicide bereavement on family, friends and other residents. We conclude with recommendations for policy reform and future research. This commentary aims to confront the often unspoken bias associated with preventing suicide among older adults, particularly those living with complex medical conditions, and invoke an open dialogue about suicide prevention in this population and setting.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Methods for obtaining two way memory effect and stressed two way memory effect of CuAlNi single crystals. Various training methods for two way memory effect (TWME) and stressed two way memory effect (STWME) were tried on Cu-13.4Al-4.0Ni (mass fraction, %) single crystals by applying tensile stress along (001) direction of beta phase. The training method of cooling with load can induce a lot of martensite prone to stabilize, thus cause large residual deformation, wide hysteresis and small TWME. Training with constant load can produce STWME larger than 8% with the least residual deformation. By training procedure of martensite reorientation below Mf followed by thermal cycling, the TWME is relatively large with very small residual deformation and with comparatively narrow hysteresis of two-way memory. The obtained two-way memory curve after such training is not a closed loop, and the obtained TWME is not stable. However, these can be improved by thermal cycling. Training with martensite reorientation below Mr and thermal cycling under relatively low constant stress throughout the whole training procedure is the optimum way of obtaining TWME, and more than 1.7% TWME can be obtained. The thermomechanical history of the sample has a pronounced effect on the training result. Thermomechanical cycling has a softening effect on martensite.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Carmen Barrenechea, the feminist consciousness of a midwife of the 19th century in 'The city of death. Many scholarly articles have been devoted to the study of the professional exclusion of European midwives at a time when male interest in obstetrics started to grow. There are, however, few references to the strategies adopted by midwives to defend the practice of their profession. In 1899, a midwife named Carmen Barrenechea published a request-like pamphlet, addressed to the major of the capital of Spain, in which she denounced the professional exclusion Spanish midwives were going through and vindicated the advantages of employing such professionals rather than surgeons.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Differential effects of plant species on a mite pest (Tetranychus urticae) and its predator (Phytoseiulus persimilis): implications for biological control. The influence of plant species on the population dynamics of the spider mite pest, Tetranychus urticae, and its predator, Phytoseiulus persimilis, was examined as a prerequisite to effective biological control on ornamental nursery stock. Experiments have been done to investigate how the development, fecundity and movement of T. urticae, and the movement of P. persimilis were affected by plant species. A novel experimental method, which incorporates plant structure, was used to investigate the functional response of P. persimilis. Development times for T. urticae were consistent with published data and did not differ with plant species in a biologically meaningful way. Plant species was shown to have a major influence on fecundity (P < 0.001) and movement of the pest mite (P < 0.01), but no influence on the movement of the predator. The movement of both pest and predator was shown to be related to the density of the adult pest mites on the plant (P < 0.001). Plant structure affected the functional response, particularly in relation to the ability of the predator to locate prey at low densities. The impact of these findings on the effective use of biological control on ornamental nursery stock is discussed.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "MILTON HERSHEY'S WORLD ARCHITECTURE AND IDENTITY IN A MODEL COMMUNITY AND A MODERN CULTURAL LANDSCAPE. The physical and cultural landscape created by well-known confectioner and philanthropist Milton Hershey in the model community of Hershey provides a case study for the interrelationship between architecture and identity over time. Borrowing heavily from his own Pennsylvania German background, Hershey created a vernacular landscape that also reflected the cultural identity of a majority of those already living in the area. Since Milton Hershey's death in 1945, community stakeholders have struggled to strike a balance between preserving this legacy and encouraging responsible growth. This article explores how contemporary stakeholders might best create a modern cultural landscape that is both sustainable and welcoming and the role vernacular architecture has played-and might continue to play-in the ongoing negotiation between tradition and modernity.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Current state of cannabis use, policies, and research across sixteen countries: cross-country comparisons and international perspectives. Introduction: Varying public views on cannabis use across countries may explain the variation in the prevalence of use, policies, and research in individual countries, and global regulation of cannabis. This paper aims to describe the current state of cannabis use, policies, and research across sixteen countries.Methods: PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for studies published from 2010 to 2020. Searches were conducted using the relevant country of interest as a search term (e.g., \\\\'Iran\\\\'), as well as relevant predefined keywords such as \\\\'cannabis,\\\\' \\\\'marijuana,\\\\' \\\\'hashish,\\\\' \\\\'bhang \\\\'dual diagnosis,\\\\' \\\\'use,\\\\' \\\\'addiction,\\\\' \\\\'prevalence,\\\\' \\\\'co-morbidity,\\\\' \\\\'substance use disorder,\\\\' \\\\'legalization\\\\' or \\\\'policy\\\\' (in English and non-English languages). These keywords were used in multiple combinations to create the search string for studies' titles and abstracts. Official websites of respective governments and international organizations were also searched in English and non-English languages (using countries national languages) to identify the current state of cannabis use, policies, and research in each of those countries.Results: The main findings were inconsistent and heterogeneous reporting of cannabis use, variation in policies (e.g., legalization), and variation in intervention strategies across the countries reviewed. European countries dominate the cannabis research output indexed on PubMed, in contrast to Asian countries (Thailand, Malaysia, India, Iran, and Nepal).Conclusions: Although global cannabis regulation is ongoing, the existing heterogeneities across countries in terms of policies and epidemiology can increase the burden of cannabis use disorders disproportionately and unpredictably. There is an urgent need to develop global strategies to address these cross-country barriers to improve early detection, prevention, and interventions for cannabis use and related disorders.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Choosing the best for preventing the worst: A structured analysis of the selection of risk management options in REACH restriction dossiers. Under the European chemicals legislation REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and restriction of CHemicals), the use of chemicals posing an unacceptable risk for humans and the environment can be restricted. This requires that regulatory authorities of EU member states, or the European Chemicals Agency on request of the Commission, submit a restriction proposal in which they suggest one or multiple risk management options (RMOs). The options are recommended to be evaluated in a socio-economic analysis (SEA) using defined criteria. This paper explores the drivers of the selection of the preferred RMO in 32 restriction dossiers. Applying principal component analysis reveals that the selection of the preferred RMO, and the evaluation of possible trade-offs between alternative RMOs, is determined by criteria characterizing a measure's effectiveness and practicality, in particular its risk reduction capacity (R) and proportionality. A logistic regression using quantitative estimates provided in SEA suggests that the probability for an RMO to be selected is the higher the higher its R and the lower the costs of the restriction. Based on our analysis we conclude that the selection process of RMOs in REACH restriction dossiers could be strengthened by defining a limited but unambiguous set of criteria, conducting a score-based evaluation as a default, and by defining transparent decision rules.", "label": [2, 3, 22, 29]}
+{"token": "External impetus, co-production and grassroots innovations: The case of an innovation involving a language. In the field of innovation, three constructs co-exist in different research streams that are exploring disadvantaged communities - grassroots innovations, inclusive innovations and social innovations. In this paper we examine an innovation that involves language: the revival of a language among an Aboriginal tribal community in Australia. In our qualitative-conceptual analysis of the case, we uncover that a) the innovation appears at various stages of the language revival project to cut across the typologies of grassroots, inclusive and social innovations; b) complementarities in the three types of innovation contribute to project initiation, planning, and execution. Based on these findings, we extend the conceptualization of what has been typically accepted as grassroots innovation. Specifically, our analysis of the case calls for a conceptualization of grassroots innovation to include initiation of innovations by external parties and co-production on the part of local communities. We conclude with a proposition that the dynamics of grassroots innovation, originated, observed and conceptualized in the context of disadvantaged communities, could be incorporated in organizational contexts through policies and structure that empower the members of such organizations.", "label": [5, 48, 52]}
+{"token": "Pre- versus post-mass extinction divergence of Mesozoic marine reptiles dictated by time-scale dependence of evolutionary rates. The fossil record of a major Glade often starts after a mass extinction even though evolutionary rates, molecular or morphological, suggest its pre-extinction emergence (e.g. squamates, placentals and teleosts). The discrepancy is larger for older clades, and the presence of a time-scale-dependent methodological bias has been suggested, yet it has been difficult to avoid the bias using Bayesian phylogenetic methods. This paradox raises the question of whether ecological vacancies, such as those after mass extinctions, prompt the radiations. We addressed this problem by using a unique temporal characteristic of the morphological data and a high-resolution stratigraphic record, for the oldest Glade of Mesozoic marine reptiles, Ichthyosauromorpha. The evolutionary rate was fastest during the first few million years of ichthyosauromorph evolution and became progressively slower over time, eventually becoming six times slower. Using the later slower rates, estimates of divergence time become excessively older. The fast, initial rate suggests the emergence of ichthyosauromorphs after the end-Permian mass extinction, matching an independent result from high-resolution stratigraphic confidence intervals. These reptiles probably invaded the sea as a new ecosystem was formed after the end-Permian mass extinction. Lack of information on early evolution biased Bayesian clock rates.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
+{"token": "Are salinas a suitable alternative breeding habitat for Little Terns Sterna albifrons?. This paper describes the breeding population, breeding habitats and reproductive variables of Little Terns Sterna albifrons in natural (sandy beaches) and alternative (salinas) habitats. Studies of nesting success conducted between 1998 and 2002 in these two types of habitat were combined with a literature review of census work from the past 30 years in order to assess whether salinas are suitable alternative breeding habitat for Little Terns. Most of the Portuguese Little Tern population now breeds in salinas. Census data from the last 30 years show that this is a recent breeding behaviour, because until the 1990s most colonies were located on sandy beaches. Destruction and disturbance of the natural habitat has caused this habitat shift. Despite this shift, the Portuguese Little Tern breeding population did not decline during this period and no significant differences were found in nesting success between natural and alternative habitats. This might indicate that salinas are a suitable alternative breeding habitat for Little Terns, but differences in laying period, clutch size and egg size were recorded between birds nesting on sandy beaches and in salinas in the same area. Birds nested earlier on sandy beaches and laid larger clutches and eggs than in salinas. These data suggest that, when both habitats are available, older and/or higher quality birds prefer sandy beaches for breeding, presumably trying to re-nest in salinas when first breeding attempts failed. We discuss conservation priorities and management actions for both habitats.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Nonassociative learning in the leech Hirudo medicinalis. In the present study we examined nonassociative learning of the induction of swimming which was evoked by weak electrical stimulation in the leech Hirudo medicinalis. The behavioural response to stimuli applied repeatedly to the body wall at an inter-trial interval (ITI) of 1 min decreased, eventually ceased, and then recovered spontaneously. More rapid reduction of the behavioural response occurred in repeated training sessions. This decrement of response conformed to the operational definition of habituation. Moreover, a noxious stimulus (i.e. brushing on the skin) facilitated the decremented response (dishabituation). In addition, we compared response decrement in naive animals with decrement in dishabituated and in sensitized animals. The analysis of the best fitting functions of the habituation, the habituation of dishabituation and the habituation of sensitization revealed interesting differences in these processes. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science BV. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 55]}
+{"token": "Disease burden and conditioning regimens in ASCT1221, a randomized phase II trial in children with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia: A Children's Oncology Group study. ResultsFifteen patients were randomized (six to Bu-Cy-Mel and nine to Bu-Flu) after meeting diagnostic criteria for JMML. Pre-HCT low-dose chemotherapy did not appear to reduce pre-HCT disease burden. Two patients, however, received aggressive chemotherapy pre-HCT and achieved low disease-burden state; both are long-term survivors. All four patients with detectable mutant allele burden at Day +30 post-HCT eventually progressed compared to two of nine patients with unmeasurable allele burden (P=0.04). The 18-month event-free survival of the entire cohort was 47% (95% CI, 21-69%), and was 83% (95% CI, 27-97%) and 22% (95% CI, 03-51%) for Bu-Cy-Mel and Bu-Flu, respectively (P=0.04). ASCT1221 was terminated early due to concerns that the Bu-Flu arm had inferior outcomes.ConclusionsThe regimen of Bu-Flu is inadequate to provide disease control in patients with JMML who present to HCT with large burdens of disease. Advances in molecular testing may allow better characterization of biologic risk, pre-HCT responses to chemotherapy, and post-HCT management.ProcedureTwenty-seven patients were enrolled on ASCT1221 from 2013 to 2015. Pre- and post-HCT (starting Day +30) mutant allele burden was measured in all and pre-HCT therapy was administered according to physician discretion.BackgroundMost patients with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) are curable only with allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). However, the current standard conditioning regimen, busulfan-cyclophosphamide-melphalan (Bu-Cy-Mel), may be associated with higher risks of morbidity and mortality. ASCT1221 was designed to test whether the potentially less-toxic myeloablative conditioning regimen containing busulfan-fludarabine (Bu-Flu) would be associated with equivalent outcomes.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "On the Viability of Fixing Leaky Supply Chains for the Poor Through Benefit Transfers: A Call for Joint Distribution. Supply chain managers have yet to solve the conundrum of profitably distributing and selling to the poorest consumers. Most prevailing methods of addressing this problem take one of two contrasting approaches-that is, (1) price subsidization or (2) benefits/cash transfers. The former has been heavily studied in the literature with the consensus being that it is highly inefficient and prone to leaks. We investigate the viability of the latter by focusing on how branching out to reach the poorest customers impacts the performance of banks. Results indicate that the impacts of this approach are deleterious, thereby questioning its commercial scalability. Therefore, we argue that this approach may also have only limited potential in terms of being an effective, large-scale solution to the problem of access for the poor. Instead, a third approach to achieve scalable Bottom of the Pyramid growth and development needs to be considered-cultivating partnerships through joint distribution.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "On the distinctness of decimations of generalized l-sequences. For an odd prime number p and positive integer e, let a be an l-sequence With connection integer p(e). Goresky and Klapper conjectured that when p(e) is not an element of {5, 9, 11, 13}, all decimations of a are cyclically distinct. For any primitive sequence u of order n over Z/(p(e)), call u(mod 2) a generalized l-sequence. In this article, we show that almost all decimations of any generalized l-sequence are also cyclically distinct.", "label": [4, 40, 41]}
+{"token": "Rayleigh Surface wave based non linear ultrasound to assess effect of precipitation hardening during tempering in P92 steel. This study presents the generation and variation of second harmonic of Rayleigh surface wave due to the change in precipitation morphology during tempering of P92 steel. The specimens from P92 steel were normalized at 1075 degrees C and then tempered in the temperature range of 745-835 degrees C at a step of 30 degrees C for 3hrs followed by air cooling. Non linear ultrasonic (NLU) parameter which is defined as the ratio of the amplitude of second harmonic to the square of the amplitude of the transmitted signal frequency was measured at each temperature and was correlated with the changes in precipitates number density, volume fraction and dislocation density. It was observed that the measured non linearity parameter is sensitive to the precipitate coherency strain. Similar trend in the variation of mechanical properties and NLU parameter with the tempering temperature suggests that this technique can be useful in monitoring material strengthening due to the precipitation hardening and precipitation-dislocations interactions.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Processing of the capsid proteins of the Betachrysovirus Fusarium graminearum virus-China 9 (FgV-ch9). While the capsid of viruses in the Alphachrysovirus genus is built of subunits of a single coat protein, the capsid of viruses grouped in the Betachrysovirus genus may consist of subunits of two different proteins. For four of these betachrysoviruses, the detected molecular weights of the putative coat proteins differ from the sizes deduced from the nucleic acid sequence. The origin of these modifications remained unclear and it was hypothesized that the coat proteins undergo unspecific degradation. In our study, we show that these modifications are based on processing steps performed by unknown factors present in extracts of several eukaryotic organisms. Furthermore, we show that the C-terminal domain of P3 is fully degraded after capsid processing and particle assembly.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Comparative study for determining diuron and chlorpyrifos at PPB levels by first derivative spectra and multivariate calibration methods. The quantitative predictive abilities of derivative spectral analysis by using the zero-crossing point method were compared with the results obtained by the use of multivariate calibration methods. Mixtures of two pesticides, diuron and chlorpyrifos, were resolved by application of derivative spectrophotometry. Partial least squares (PLS-1 and PLS-2) and principal component regression (PCR), full spectrum calibration methods, were also applied, with previous optimization of the calibration matrix, using the absorption spectra and the first-derivative spectra. Both approaches were satisfactorily applied to the simultaneous determination of diuron and chlorpyrifos in synthetic mixtures. However, significant advantages were found in the determination of these pesticides in groundwater samples, previous solid-phase extraction with C-18 cartridges, by application of different chemometric approaches when the calibration matrix was performed using the first derivative of the absorption spectra.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Next generation genome sequencing reveals phylogenetic clades with different level of virulence among Salmonella Typhimurium clinical human isolates in Hong Kong. Background: Salmonella Typhimurium is frequently isolated from foodborne infection cases in Hong Kong, but the lack of genome sequences has hindered in-depth epidemiological and phylogenetic studies. In this study, we sought to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationship and investigate the distribution and mutation patterns of virulence determinants among local S. Typhimurium clinical isolates using their genome sequences.Conclusions: Our study demonstrated the utility of next-generation sequencing coupled to traditional microbiological testing method in a retrospective epidemiological study involving multiple clinical isolates. The evolution of multidrug-and ciprofloxacin-resistant strains among the more virulent clade is also an increasing concern.Results: We obtained genome sequences of 20 S. Typhimurium clinical isolates from a local hospital cluster using a 454 GS FLX Titanium sequencing platform. Phylogenetic analysis was performed based on single nucleotide polymorphism positions of the core genome against the reference strain LT2. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using minimal inhibitory concentration for five antimicrobial agents and analyses of virulence determinants were performed through referencing to various databases. Through phylogenetic analysis, we revealed two distinct clades of S. Typhimurium isolates and three outliers in Hong Kong, which differ remarkably in antimicrobial susceptibility and presentation and mutations of virulence determinants. The local isolates were not closely related to many of the previously sequenced S. Typhimurium isolates, except LT2. As the isolates in the two clades spanned over 10 years of isolation, they probably represent endemic strains. The outliers are possibly introduced from outside of Hong Kong. The close relatedness of members in one of the clades to LT2 and the Japanese stool isolate T000240 suggests the potential reemergence of LT2 progeny in regions nearby.", "label": [2, 19, 20]}
+{"token": "Derrida and the Danger of Religion. This paper argues that Jacques Derrida provides a compelling rebuttal to a secularism that seeks to exclude religion from the public sphere. Political theorists such as Mark Lilla claim that religion is a source of violence, and so they conclude that religion and politics should be strictly separated. In my reading, Derrida's work entails that a secularism of this kind is both impossible (because religion remains influential in the wake of secularization) and unnecessary (because religious traditions are diverse and multivalent). Some attempt to contain the disruptive force of religion by excluding it from the public sphere, but Derrida argues that one may endure instability for the sake of something more important than safety. Although Derrida admits that religion is dangerous, he demonstrates that it is nevertheless an indispensable resource for political reflection.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Urban compaction or dispersion? An air quality modelling study. Urban sprawl is altering the landscape, with current trends pointing to further changes in land use that will, in turn, lead to changes in population, energy consumption, atmospheric emissions and air quality. Urban planners have debated on the most sustainable urban structure, with arguments in favour and against urban compaction and dispersion. However, it is clear that other areas of expertise have to be involved. Urban air quality and human exposure to atmospheric pollutants as indicators of urban sustainability can contribute to the discussion, namely through the study of the relation between urban structure and air quality. This paper addresses the issue by analysing the impacts of alternative urban growth patterns on the air quality of Porto urban region in Portugal, through a 1-year simulation with the MM5-CAMx modelling system. This region has been experiencing one of the highest European rates of urban sprawl, and at the same time presents a poor air quality. As part of the modelling system setup, a sensitivity study was conducted regarding different land use datasets and spatial distribution of emissions. Two urban development scenarios were defined, SPRAWL and COMPACT, together with their new land use and emission datasets; then meteorological and air quality simulations were performed. Results reveal that SPRAWL land use changes resulted in an average temperature increase of 0.4 degrees C, with local increases reaching as high as 1.5 degrees C. SPRAWL results also show an aggravation of PM10 annual average values and an increase in the exceedances to the daily limit value. For ozone, differences between scenarios were smaller, with SPRAWL presenting larger concentration differences than COMPACT. Finally, despite the higher concentrations found in SPRAWL, population exposure to the pollutants is higher for COMPACT because more inhabitants are found in areas of highest concentration levels. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "A comparison of empirical models used to infer the willingness to pay in contingent valuation. This paper outlines the relevance of the distributional assumptions when estimating mean WTP. Several parametric and non-parametric methods are discussed and applied to calculate the existence value of a natural space. Results show that WTP is extremely sensitive to the empirical model used.The essence of the contingent valuation method consists of creating a hypothetical market where respondents are asked about their willingness to pay (WTP) for a non-market good. Different empirical models can be formulated to estimate the expected WTP of a sample of respondents and, then, through aggregation, the social valuation of the good is inferred.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
+{"token": "Atlantic-Pacific Asymmetry in Deep Water Formation. While the Atlantic Ocean is ventilated by high-latitude deep water formation and exhibits a pole-to-pole overturning circulation, the Pacific Ocean does not. This asymmetric global overturning pattern has persisted for the past 2-3 million years, with evidence for different ventilation modes in the deeper past. In the current climate, the Atlantic-Pacific asymmetry occurs because the Atlantic is more saline, enabling deep convection. To what extent the salinity contrast between the two basins is dominated by atmospheric processes (larger net evaporation over the Atlantic) or oceanic processes (salinity transport into the Atlantic) remains an outstanding question. Numerical simulations have provided support for both mechanisms; observations of the present climate support a strong role for atmospheric processes as well as some modulation by oceanic processes. A major avenue for future work is the quantification of the various processes at play to identify which mechanisms are primary in different climate states.", "label": [4, 34, 38]}
+{"token": "Sociology departments graduates in the labor market. Professional competence is an integral indicator that includes social, personal, professional and other special skills needed to achieve the goal in professional activity. This article compares opinions of employers and graduate sociologists about necessary professional competences for successful employment. Research results demonstrate that graduates highly appreciate their theoretical base and have some difficulties with applicating knowledge in practice. At the same time employers do not expect fully prepared professionals and focus on social and personal qualities. However these differences do not prevent graduates to feel confident in the labor market. The reasons are the quality of university education and universality of sociology, ability to apply knowledge in related professional fields.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Serum vitamin D level in mice with allergic rhinitis is correlated with inflammatory factors. Objective: This study aimed to explore the correlation between serum vitamin D and inflammatory factors in mice with allergic rhinitis. Methods: Female BALB/c mice in SPF grade were used to construct allergic rhinitis model by systemic injection and repeated nasal antigens. 12 allergic rhinitis mice without other treatment were treated as group A, another 12 allergic rhinitis mice treated with vitamin D-3 were selected as group B, and group C included 12 mice that received PBS injection. Nasal symptoms, behavioral scores, serum vitamin D levels, nasal mucosal pathology HE staining, serum inflammatory factors IL-4 and IFN-gamma levels were compared between the groups. The relationship between serum vitamin D level and serum inflammatory factor levels were analyzed. Results: The nasal itching, sneezing, nasal secretions, behavioral scores, and total scores of group A and group B were significantly different from those of group C (P < 0.05). It showed obvious nasal mucosal edema, interrupted and lodging cilia, increased goblet cells carrying secretory bodies, and the inflammatory cells infiltrated under the mucosa in group A. They were significantly reduced in group B compared with group A. Total vitamin D levels and vitamin D-3 levels exhibited obviously difference among the groups (F = 53.19, P < 0.05). IL-4 and INF-gamma levels in group A and group B were markedly higher than those in group C (P < 0.05). IL-4 decreased following serum vitamin D level elevation (Y = -3.3515X+122.04, R-2 = 0.9984). Conclusion: Vitamin D in young mouse is implicated with allergic rhinitis and attenuated inflammation. Vitamin D level was significantly negatively correlated with IL-4, suggesting that vitamin D was closely related to inflammation.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "Fields of action: Australian women's agricultural activism in the 1990s. In recent years, women's contribution to farming has been increasingly recognized by academics, decision makers, and some sectors of the farming community. In contrast, women's activism in agricultural politics is less well accepted or understood. This paper investigates data from a number of farm activist groups operating on a variety of scales in Australia. The paper examines the ways in which farm women develop political agency and then mobilize across a number of \\\\'fields of action\\\\' to effect both personal and industry-wide change.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "A novel nuclear radiation cumulant sensor based on spintronic memristor. A designed scheme combining nuclear radiation cumulant sensor with spintronic memristor is proposed. The sensor circuit mainly consists of nuclear radiation converter, spintronic memristor array, current limiting resistor, amplifier. In the presence of nuclear radiation, the nuclear radiation converter will generate photo -current and cause changes in current and charge in the circuit, which will cause changes in the resistance of the spintronic memristor array in the circuit. Therefore, according to the memory and resistance feature of the spintronic memristor, the nuclear radiation cumulant of the object irradiated for a period of time can be expressed by the spintronic memristor array resistance value. At the same time, we use the threshold of feature to eliminate the influence of dark current in the measurement and achieve the measurement of nuclear radiation cumulant. In order to verify the designed sensor, experiments were carried out under no nuclear radiation, constant and randomly varying radiation intensities, and the effects of memory resistor array intersection and amplifier gain on the sensor were analyzed. The experimental results show that the designed nuclear radiation cumulant sensor based on the spintronic memristor array can complete the measurement of nuclear radiation cumulant. When the nuclear radiation intensity is 1 mGy/h, the nuclear radiation measurement range of the sensor is 0-3.2 mGy, and the sensitivity is 1251.47 omega/mGy. The change of nuclear radiation intensity will affect the change speed of the resistance value of the spintronic memristor, but it does not affect the measuring range and sensitivity of the sensor.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "The good, the bad or the queer: Articulations of queer resistance in The Wire. Although the representation of queer characters has grown significantly in contemporary western television, most of the popular fiction series are still dominated by hegemonic heteronormative discourses. However, this article demonstrates how the critically acclaimed series The Wire, through its subversive articulations of queer characters, resists heteronormativity. This implies that the series can be read as a defiance of an essentialist, hierarchical and oppositional way of thinking. Our textual thematic analysis reveals how the series uses both deconstructive practices that expose the way heteronormative practices function, and reconstructive practices offering counter-discourses that transgress societal assumptions about gender, sexuality and identity.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Modifications of the chromophore of Spinach aptamer based on QM: MM calculations. Spinach aptamer was developed as an RNA analog of the green fluorescent protein. The aptamer interacts with its ligand and modifies its electronic spectrum so that it fluoresces brightly at the wavelength of 501 nm. Song et al. investigated modifications of the ligand in their experimental study and found a molecule emitting at 523 nm upon creating a complex with the Spinach aptamer. The crystal structure of the aptamer in complex with its original ligand has been published, which enabled us to study the system computationally. In this article, we suggest several new modifications of the ligand that shift the emission maximum of the complex to even longer wavelengths. Our results are based on combined quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical calculations with DFT method used for geometry optimization and TD-DFT for calculations of absorption and emission energies.", "label": [4, 36, 40, 42]}
+{"token": "Splitter imperfections in annular split-flow thin separation channels: Experimental study of nonspecific crossover. The separation performance of a split-flow thin (SPLITT) separation device depends on uniformity of channel thickness and the precise placement of the flow splitters at fixed distances between the channel walls. The observation of nonspecific crossover, that is, the transport of sample materials across the channel thickness without the influence of an applied field, has routinely been taken to indicate the presence of irregularities in splitter shape or placement. Computational fluid dynamics software may be used to predict the influence of splitter imperfections on nonspecific crossover, where it is assumed that sample transport is by convection alone. A previous study has shown how small inlet splitter imperfections can account for the relatively low levels of nonspecific crossover observed with typical annular SPLITT devices. This study, however, could not distinguish between the possible sources of nonspecific crossover; hydrodynamic lift or shear-induced diffusion could have contributed. To confirm the validity of the computational approach, a series of experiments has been carried out on a channel having a deliberately and severely bent splitter. Nonspecific crossover was measured for a range of inlet and outlet flow rate ratios, with the bent splitter placed at both the channel inlet and outlet. The, severity of the splitter distortion was sufficient to produce significant nonspecific crossover over a wide range of flow conditions. Good agreement was found between experiment and prediction based on computational fluid dynamics, with experiment generally showing only slightly higher crossover than prediction. The quantitative agreement for this extreme case suggests that the contribution to nonspecific crossover due to geometrical imperfections can be well described using computational fluid dynamics.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Effect of organizational culture on delay in construction. Delay is one of the most common problems in the construction industry. This study aims to explore the relationship between a construction company's organizational culture and delay. A questionnaire survey was administered to construction companies located in the U.S. and India in order to collect data on their organizational culture and the amount of delay that they experienced in their projects. The results of this study show that construction organizations in the U.S. are dominated by \\\\'clan\\\\' culture whereas those in India are dominated by \\\\'market\\\\' culture. The study also shows that the percentage of delay relative to project duration is lower in the U.S. compared to India. Despite the fact that delays are caused by a multitude of reasons often mentioned in the literature, statistical analysis indicates that there is also a significant relationship between organizational culture and the magnitude of delays. This relationship could be useful for a construction company in cultivating an organizational culture that is expected to reduce project delay. It could also be of benefit to international contractors relative to their expectations vis-a-vis time performance in projects undertaken in different countries. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. APM and IPMA. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "THE NEW BIRTH FROM ABOVE (JN 3:1-12) IN THE CONTEXT OF JESUS'S OPEN ANTHROPOLOGY. The term \\\\'new birth\\\\' in In 3:5 is often used in the Biblical theology and is an object of exegetical-hermeneutical research. In the context of Jesus's open anthropology, the \\\\'new birth from above\\\\' becomes an even more obvious sign of supernatural Divine intervention in the life of not only Nicodemus, but of every human being. In the encounter of Jesus and Nicodemus Jesus explains to Nicodemus - a human being and a pharisee - the way of salvation that demands his faith. Many interpreters of that passage see the sacrament of baptism in the workings of the Holy Spirit and in \\\\'being born from water\\\\'. Although the Gospel writer makes use of the technic of misunderstanding and interruption of dialogical communication within the composition, Jesus approaches the representative of his religious opponents with love and proclaims to him the way to the Kingdom of God in which one enters in a new way - by grace from above.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "MIDLOC: Introducing the Militarized Interstate Dispute Location dataset. The Militarized Interstate Dispute Location (MIDLOC) dataset addresses a significant lacuna in the empirical literature on the geography of interstate conflict: the dearth of location-level data. This dataset provides details of the geographic location of Militarized Interstate Dispute (MID) onsets between 1816 and 2001. These data on locations are available at both the dispute-level (for 1816-2001) and the incident-level (for 1993-2001). This article briefly identifies the motivation behind this data-collection project, details some of the coding procedures followed in assembling the MIDLOC dataset, and then offers some mapped visualizations of the variance in this dataset across time. These maps are designed, in part, to stimulate additional hypothesis derivation in work on the geography of conflict. The data are then employed to offer a geographic assessment of the proposition that democracies tend to conduct the majority of their conflicts on their opponents' territories. The article then concludes with a discussion of some additional potential applications of the MIDLOC dataset.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "Classical Horsemanship and the Dangers of the Emergent Intangible Cultural. Heritage Authorised Discourse. Tensions remain as to the place that heritage elements with elite European origins should have in intangible cultural heritage. Intangible cultural heritage (ICH) makes a definitive break from understandings about heritage as material, monumental and European. The creation of an ICH regime was meant to counteract bias against non-European elements then occurring in recognition of tangible heritage elements. But whether heritage elements with elite European origins should be accepted as intangible heritage, and on what terms, remains unsettled. Additionally, whether a discourse has emerged that is separate from that of tangible heritage has been the source of a great deal of debate and examination. This article considers the nominations of France and Austria to inscribe their respective heritage elements of classical horsemanship. Classical horsemanship has elite European origins. Through this discussion, there is an examination of the extent to which ICH has established its own counter-narrative, and what the implications of such a narrative will be for heritage generally. This article argues that exclusion of elements from ICH inscription on the basis of elite European origins should not be regarded as a positive development. Instead, this would simply repeat the mistakes of bias, rather than allowing for an evaluation of the heritage element in its own right.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Empowering refugee families in transit: the development of a culturally competent and compassionate training and support package. Conclusions: Unsettled refugee parents fleeing conflicts face psycho-social and practical difficulties negatively affecting their parenting skills. The care workforce should be trained in order to provide culturally competent and compassionate support to help these families. Open access digital platforms are promising as autodidactic and self-help tools among hard-to-reach populations.Aims: To describe the development of a culturally competent and compassionate training and support package (TSP) for nurses, social and health care workers and volunteers, with a focus on parenting needs among unsettled refugees fleeing conflict.Background: Refugee parents who fled conflicts suffered violence and traumas and face huge challenges in supporting the health and welfare of their children while in transit.Results: High levels of family distress and deterioration of parental identity were identified. Informed by these results, the curriculum is articulated along 20 bite-sized learning units, covering four age stages of childhood as well as targeting adults' well-being. Pilot training was evaluated positively, confirming feasibility and usefulness of the TSP.Methods: The multi-method approach included: a scoping review covering parenting needs of refugees fleeing conflict zones; collection of stories from refugee parents, healthcare workers and volunteers via a mobile application; discussions between team members; a piloted and evaluated curriculum.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Next Labour? Changes in British Union-Labour Party Relations since the Election of Tony Blair. The British Labour Party's embrace of neoliberal policies through the government of Tony Blair was principally the result of a shift to a more passive approach to union-party relations on the part of organized labour. The labor movement's defensiveness created the opening through which Blair and his colleagues moved to establish a close relationship with business, bringing the Party into a \\\\'neoliberal power network,\\\\' actively contributing to the reproduction of neoliberal hegemony. This passivity continued under Gordon Brown and Ed Miliband, exemplified by the unions' endorsement of the Collins Review, thus effectively block-voting for the Labour Party to \\\\'distance itself\\\\' from them. Yet Jeremy Corbyn, who defied expectations and led Labour to sweeping victories in the recent British general election, has a quite different relationship with the unions. This paper will provide details and determine if the unions' political and industrial strategies have substantially changed now that a clearly pro-labor MP leads the Labour Party.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Dual interaction of a geminivirus replication accessory factor with a viral replication protein and a plant cell cycle regulator. Geminiviruses replicate their small, single-stranded DNA genomes through double-stranded DNA intermediates in plant nuclei using host replication machinery. Like most dicot-infecting geminiviruses, tomato golden mosaic virus encodes a protein, AL3 or C3, that greatly enhances Viral DNA accumulation through an unknown mechanism. Earlier studies showed that AL3 forms oligomers and interacts with the viral replication initiator ALI. Experiments reported here established that AL3 also interacts with a plant homolog of the mammalian tumor suppressor protein, retinoblastoma (pRb). Analysis of truncated AL3 proteins indicated that pRb and AL1 bind to similar regions of AL3, whereas AL3 oligomerization is dependent on a different region of the protein. Analysis of truncated AL1 proteins located the AL3-binding domain between AL1 amino acids 101 and 180 to a region that also includes the ALI. oligomerization domain and the catalytic site for initiation of viral DNA replication. interestingly, the AL3-binding domain was fully contiguous with the domain that mediates AL1/pRb interactions. The potential significance of AL3/pRb binding and the coincidence of the domains responsible for AL3, AL1, and pRb interactions are discussed. (C) 2001 Academic Press.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Dipyrrolidinomethylaminophosphoric acid triamide (DPMPA) as an activator for the samarium diiodide-mediated reduction of alkyl and aryl halides. The use of the conjugate base of dipyrrolidinomethylaminophosphoric triamide (DPMPA(-)) as an activator of samarium diiodide is reported. This phosphoramidate has been shown to be a very potent ligand, allowing for the efficient, low-temperature reduction of alkyl and aryl chlorides. Reductive cyclizations of haloalkenylnaphthalenes are also reported. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Experience and the results of emergency management of the 1957 accident at the Mayak Production Association. The experience accumulated while dealing with the aftermath of a major nuclear accident (the 'Kyshtym Accident') in 1957 at the Mayak complex in the Southern Urals of Russia is summarised. Information is presented on the causes of the accident, on the radiation environment and radioactive contamination of the affected territory in the critical period, and on the system of emergency management and decision-making adopted when dealing with the accident and its aftermath. The technical and organisational approaches applied and methods used are described, as well as remediation results and the current situation 60 years after the accident. It is demonstrated that the implementation of fairly simple and self-evident organisational and technical solutions gave good results, and that appropriate timely and task-oriented measures were applied. Safety relevant conclusions and recommendations are presented.", "label": [1, 2, 5, 22, 15, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "Transport and dispersion of tritium from the radioactive water of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant. Japan recently announced plans to discharge over 1.2 million tons of radioactive water from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) into the Pacific Ocean. The contaminated water can poses a threat to marine ecosystems and human health. To estimate the impact of the plan, here, we developed a threedimensional global model to track the transport and dispersion of tritium released from the radioactive water of the FDNPP. The pollution scenarios for four release durations (1 month, 1 year, 5 years, and 10 years) were simulated. The simulation results showed that for the release in short-duration scenarios (1 month and 1 year), the peak plume with high tritium concentration shifted with the currents and finally reached the northeastern Pacific. For the long-duration scenarios (5 years and 10 years), the peak plume of the contaminated water was confined to coastal regions east of Japan.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
+{"token": "Is Clarity Essential to Good Teaching?. It is common to think that clarity is an essential ingredient of good teaching, meaning, in part, that good teachers always make it as easy as possible to follow what they say. We disagree. What we argue is that there are cases in which a philosophy teacher needs to forego clarity, making strategic use of obscurity in the undergraduate classroom.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Decolorization of Acid Orange 7 with peroxymonosulfate oxidation catalyzed by granular activated carbon. In this study, granular activated carbon (GAC) was used as a catalyst to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to degrade azo dye Acid Orange 7 (AO7) in aqueous solution. A remarkable synergistic effect was found in the GAC/PMS combined system. The dye decolorization was much faster in the combined system than that in only GAC adsorption or PMS oxidation system. For the GAC/PMS system, the decolorization efficiency increased as the PMS concentration, the GAC dosage and the reaction temperature increased. The reaction followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic and a much lower activation energy was determined to be 25.13 kJ mol(-1). The recovery performance of GAC was also studied through the GAC-reuse experiment. It was found that GAC had no obvious deactivation after four times reusing, which implied that the catalysis ability of GAC can be regenerated by the GAC/PMS combined system. Although GAC has almost lost its adsorption capacity, the GAC/PMS combined system could still significantly degrade AO7 as before. The initial reaction mechanisms were also discussed in detail. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Prolonged intraocular residence and retinal tissue distribution of a fourth-generation compstatin-based C3 inhibitor in non-human primates. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss among the elderly population. Genetic studies in susceptible individuals have linked this ocular disease to deregulated complement activity that culminates in increased C3 turnover, retinal inflammation and photoreceptor loss. Therapeutic targeting of C3 has therefore emerged as a promising strategy for broadly intercepting the detrimental proinflammatory consequences of complement activation in the retinal tissue. In this regard, a PEGylated second-generation derivative of the compstatin family of C3-targeted inhibitors is currently in late-stage clinical development as a treatment option for geographic atrophy, an advanced form of AMD which lacks approved therapy. While efficacy has been strongly suggested in phase 2 clinical trials, crucial aspects still remain to be defined with regard to the ocular bioavailability, tissue distribution and residence, and dosing frequency of such inhibitors in AMD patients. Here we report the intraocular distribution and pharmacokinetic profile of the fourth-generation compstatin analog, Cp40-KKK in cynomolgus monkeys following a single intravitreal injection. Using a sensitive surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based competition assay and ELISA, we have quantified both the amount of inhibitor and the concentration of C3 retained in the vitreous of Cp40-KKK-injected animals. Cp40-KKK displays prolonged intraocular residence, being detected at C3-saturating levels for over 3 months after a single intravitreal injection. Moreover, we have probed the distribution of Cp40-KKK within the ocular tissue by means of immunohistochemistry and highly specific anti-Cp40-KKK antibodies. Both C3 and Cp40-KKK were detected in the retinal tissue of inhibitor-injected animals, with prominent co-localization in the choroid one-month post intravitreal injection. These results attest to the high retinal tissue penetrance and target-driven distribution of Cp40-KKK. Given its subnanomolar binding affinity and prolonged ocular residence, Cp40-KKK constitutes a promising drug candidate for ocular pathologies underpinned by deregulated C3 activation.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Banks' capital buffer, risk and performance in the Canadian banking system: Impact of business cycles and regulatory changes. Using quarterly financial statements and stock market data from 1982 to 2010 for the six largest Canadian chartered banks, this paper documents positive co-movement between Canadian banks' capital buffer and business cycles. The adoption of Basel Accords and the balance sheet leverage cap imposed by Canadian banking regulations did not change this cyclical behavior of Canadian bank capital. We find Canadian banks to be well-capitalized and that they hold a larger capital buffer in expansion than in recession, which may explain how they weathered the recent subprime financial crisis so well. This evidence that Canadian banks ride the business and regulatory periods underscores the appropriateness of a both micro- and a macro-prudential \\\\'through-the-cycle\\\\' approach to capital adequacy as advocated in the proposed Basel III framework to strengthen the resilience of the banking sector. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48, 49]}
+{"token": "Possibility of excitation of low-e p-modes by energetic solar transients. We examine the temporal variation of power in low-tau modes using GONG data for the period of May 1995-October 2005 and compare this with disk-integrated flare and CME indices. A poor correlation between the running means of Flare Index and mode power is found. A similar result is found for CME Index also. Variations in the running mean mode power corresponding to iota = 0 modes with different radial orders are generally stochastic in nature. This behaviour is also reflected in the distribution of mode power.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Frame self-orthogonal Mendelsohn triple systems. A Mendelsohn triple system of order v, MTS(v) for short, is a pair (X, B) where X is a v-set (of points) and B is a collection of cyclic triples on X such that every ordered pair of distinct points from X appears in exactly one cyclic triple of B. The cyclic triple (a, b, c) contains the ordered pairs (a, b), (b, c) and (c, a). An MTS(v) corresponds to an idempotent semisymmetric Latin square (quasigroup) of order v. An MTS(v) is called frame self-orthogonal, FSOMTS for short, if its associated semisymmetric Latin square is frame self-orthogonal. It is known that an FSOMTS(1(n)) exists for all n = 1 (mod 3) except n = 10 and for all n greater than or equal to 15, n = 0 (mod 3) with possible exception that n = 18. In this paper, it is shown that (i) an FSOMTS(2(n)) exists if and only if n = 0, 1 (mod 3) and n > 5 with possible exceptions n is an element of {9, 27, 33, 39}; (ii) an FSOMTS(3(n)) exists if and only if n greater than or equal to 4, with possible exceptions that n is an element of {6, 14, 18, 19}.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "On the origins of magnetic flux ropes in near-Mars magnetotail current sheets. We analyze Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) observations of magnetic flux ropes embedded in Martian magnetotail current sheets, in order to evaluate the role of magnetotail reconnection in their generations. We conduct a minimum variance analysis to infer the generation processes of magnetotail flux ropes from the geometrical configuration of the individual flux rope axial orientation with respect to the overall current sheet. Of 23 flux ropes detected in current sheets in the near-Mars (similar to 1-3 Martian radii downstream) magnetotail, only 3 (possibly 4) can be explained by the magnetotail reconnection scenario, while the vast majority of the events (19 events) are more consistent with flux ropes that are originally generated in the dayside ionosphere and subsequently transported into the nightside magnetotail. The mixed origins of the detected flux ropes imply complex nature of generation and transport of Martian magnetotail flux ropes.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Evolutionary trend in dental size in Gigantopithecus blacki revisited. Previous analyses of dental size in Gigantopithecus blacki indicated marked sexual dimorphism and a trend towards increasing size through time. These studies were based on a sample of over 700 teeth from five localities excavated prior to 1990. Since then, 12 additional cave sites have been discovered in southern China, yielding hundreds of isolated teeth of G. blacki. Most of these sites are well dated by a combination of biochronology and absolute dating methods, so we now have a much better understanding of the chronology of G. blacki. Here, we reexamine the degree of sexual dimorphism and the question of dental size increase through time in G. blacki based on the expanded collections now available. Our results show that sexual dimorphism is not as marked as indicated in previous studies and confirm earlier analyses suggesting that the postcanine teeth of G. blacki tend to become larger through time from the beginning of the Early Pleistocene to the Middle Pleistocene. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 56, 42]}
+{"token": "Habitat hotspots of common and rare tropical species along climatic and edaphic gradients. Understanding coexistence in high biodiversity ecosystems requires knowledge of how rare and common species share the multidimensional environmental space. Climatic and edaphic conditions can provide a plethora of habitats, supporting different compositional and structural communities where species can adapt and differentiate. We used a large data set consisting of 580 tropical tree species sampled in 163 25x25m quadrats along an altitudinal gradient covering an area of 160km(2) of tropical rain forest in Jianfengling reserve (Hainan Island, China). For each plot, the data include tree species and abundance, altitude and six soil properties from which a two dimensional environmental space was constructed. With this extensive data set, we tested the hypothesis that different combination of environmental factors can generate multiple hotspots on three axes of diversity: species richness, Shannon-equivalent species richness and habitat preference, a measure of evenness in the distribution of individuals across an environmental gradient. We found that humid and cool areas with more nitrogen availability were occupied by richer and more diverse communities of wide range species. Rare (in terms of number of individuals) and range-restricted species instead, tended to prefer minor habitats, generally warmer with high potassium, calcium, magnesium and, in particular, phosphorous. As a result, wide and range-restricted species were segregated across the environmental space.Synthesis. Our findings indicate rare species tend to occur more frequently where common species are less abundant. A clear pattern of species richness and diversity was driven by a combination of several environmental factors (soil properties and climate). The complexity of the environment not only explains the different species distribution along each habitat, but also determines the relative abundance of each species in the entire community. Although some habitats have low species richness and diversity, they are highly preferred by rare species; therefore, biodiversity conservation efforts should consider protecting these fragile ecosystems.", "label": [0, 4, 37, 9]}
+{"token": "Africanisation as an agent of theological education in Africa. This article focuses on the response of Africanisation to Western theological education in Africa, which has for centuries become a theological problem for the African context. In this 21st century, Africanisation is at the centre of the African discourse and focuses on the realities of our African context. Therefore, theological education in Africa should be Africanised in order to seriously engage the aspects of Africanisation. The struggle against colonial education was to ensure that Africa is liberated from unjust educational oppression, socio-economic oppression, poverty, racism, political oppression and gender injustice. In this regard, Africanisation is an agent to address the introduced Western theological education in Africa. Yet the two concepts, namely commercialisation and commodification, have an influence on theological education in Africa.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Diterpenoids from Isodon gesneroides. Three new diterpenoids, gesneroidins D-F, together with the known diterpenoids, rabyuennane A and 3-acetylcalcicolin A, were isolated from Isodon gesneroides. Their structures were determined using a combination of one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques as 3 beta, 7 beta, 11 beta, 15 beta-tetraacetoxyl-ent-kaur-16-en-6-one; 15 beta-hydroxy-1 alpha, 3 beta, 6 alpha, 7 beta, 11 beta-pentaacetoxyl-ent-kaur-16-ene; and 6 alpha, 11 beta-dihydroxyl-3 beta, 7 beta-diacetoxyl-ent-kaur-16-en-15-one. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
+{"token": "LandScan: A global population database for estimating populations at risk. The LandScan Global Population Project produced a world-wide 1998 population database at a 30- by 30-second resolution for estimating ambient populations at risk. Best available census counts were distributed to cells based on probability coefficients which, in turn, were based on road proximity, slope, land cover, and nighttime lights. LandScan 1998 has been completed for the entire world. Verification and validation (V&V) studies were conducted routinely for all regions and more extensively for Israel, Germany, and the southwestern United States. Geographic information systems (GIS) were essential for conflation of diverse input variables, computation of probability coefficients, allocation of population to cells, and reconciliation of cell totals with aggregate (usually province) control totals. Remote sensing was an essential source of two input variables-land cover and nightime lights-and one ancillary database-high -resolution panchromatic imagery-used in V&V of the population model and resulting LandScan database.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "Complex songs and cryptic ethospecies: the case of the Ducetia japonica group (Orthoptera: Tettigonioidea: Phaneropteridae: Phaneropterinae). In many groups of animals, especially insects, genital morphology is species distinctive. This is true of bush-crickets or katydids (Tettigonioidea). The calling songs produced by males are species distinctive and do not change significantly during the early stages of speciation. Their patterns are usually relatively simple. We present an example where none of these assumptions is true. Since the last revision of the genus Ducetia in 1961, one widespread species, Ducetia japonica (Thunberg, 1815) has been thought to be morphologically uniform. It is represented by tens of specimens from south and eastern Asia and Australasia on both sides of Wallace's Line. The male genitalic appendages vary little over the extent of its range. In contrast, the calling songs differ considerably from place to place. Examination of the stridulatory organs of both sexes (located on the first set of wings) reflects the differences in song. The teeth, which produce the sound, differ in shape, number, and size. We present details of the song patterns and the stridulatory organs that produce them. As a result, some synonyms are re-established, and new species are described. Chromosomal information is presented for two species. The origins and the distribution and expansion of the group are detailed. Duets between courting pairs have played an important role in the evolution of this song structure where efforts to trick eavesdropping rivals are common.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Anthropology in France. In France as elsewhere, anthropology developed as an autonomous discipline concerned with the study of faraway primitive or \\\\'exotic\\\\' societies. but it has shifted its purview, especially over the past several decades, to also include societies closer to home in both time and space. Consideration of the substantial literature produced over the past 30 years by French anthropologists conducting research in France illustrates the specificities of national disciplinary traditions in perceiving and meeting this challenge. Anthropology's position within the institutional framework of contemporary French academic and scholarly life, as well as the intellectual traditions that have been brought to bear on the ethnological study of France (especially the legacies of Durkheimian social thought and folklore studies) are shown to have helped shape both the production of anthropological knowledge of and in France and debates about its pertinence to the discipline's future.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Living Status and Perspective of the Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) in the Lower Reach of the Yangtze River: Insights from Population Distribution, Age Structure, and Habitat Preference Analyses. Using systemic, periodic surveys from 2015 to 2019, population distribution, speculated age and habitat preference were analyzed to assess the living status for the Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) in the lower Yangtze River. Small Silver Carps became more temporarily abundant in spring and autumn, and the catch per unit effort (CPUE) fluctuated yearly. Spatially, going from Anqing (AQ) to Changshu (CS), Silver Carps in the 200 mm standard length(SL) group became less abundant, whereas those in the 400-600 mm and >600 mm SL groups steadily increased. According to the Von Bertalanffy growth equation, the Silver Carp exhibits isometric growth, and the inflection point of SL and body weight (BW) were 564.01mm and 2948.31g, respectively, with a growth characteristic index (phi) of 5.0655. The fish dominant age range was 0+ to 5 years, reflecting the young age composition of the fish. Furthermore, the habitat survey findings revealed that the Silver Carp has the different preference on habitat selection in different life history. Juvenile Silver Carps were comparatively staying in the lower Yangtze River, where there exists a relatively stable bifurcated river. Adult fishes were mostly found in the CS and Nantong(NT) section where the river is wide and the food is rich. When compared with the historical survey data, it was found that the Silver Carp live in the AQ through NT section. The living status and perspective of the Silver Carp in the lower reach of the Yangtze River were clarified, and future work should be more concerned with the strengthening of conservation and the restoration of adequate habitat.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
+{"token": "Potent In Vitro Phosphodiesterase 1 Inhibition of Flavone Isolated from Pistacia integerrima Galls. To prospect an isozyme-specific, effective inhibitor against the physiologically-crucial enzyme phosphodiesterase 1 (PDE1), phytochemicals from Pistacia integerrima galls were screened. The chloroform fraction of gall extract was subjected to column chromatographic which led to the isolation of compound 1, elucidated to be 5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one (a flavone). In vitro and in silico PDE1 inhibitory activity of the compound 1 was investigated. EDTA, a known PDE1 inhibitor, was used as the reference. The flavone exhibited in vitro attenuation towards snake venom PDE1. IC50 response was superior to the standard chelator. An in silico molecular docking study was carried out using 3D structure of PDE1 to study the binding interactions of compound 1. The docking study predicted that flavone had a lower binding affinity (-7.6 kcal/mol) and total energy (-95 kcal/mol) score compared to EDTA. The minimal energy associated with the ligand-protein complex implied that isolated compound 1 can serve as a therapeutic agent against PDE1 enzyme-provoked ailments like asthma, hypertension, schizophrenia, and erectile dysfunction.", "label": [2, 18, 19]}
+{"token": "Development of a new method for simultaneous extraction of chlorophylls and carotenoids from microalgal biomass. There are still limitations in the pigment extraction methods used in microalgae biomass, especially for laboratory scale. This work aimed to develop a simple method for simultaneous extraction of chlorophylls and carotenoids from the microalgae Spirulina sp. and Scenedesmus obliquus. The extraction was performed using a methanol/chloroform (2:1 v/v) mixture with different homogenization times (30, 60 and 120 min); after exhaustive extraction with chloroform, acetone, ethyl acetate, and ethanol were tested and compared with the reference maceration method (MM). Satisfactory recovery values, mostly between 101.1 and 124.2%, were obtained with 30 min of homogenization and extraction with ethanol after chloroform (PM30E). In general, the chlorophyll and carotenoid profiles obtained by the PM30E presented fewer isomers and possible degradation compounds. PM30E showed a reduction of about five times the volume of organic solvents and was four times faster than the MM. In addition, this method provided greater analytical frequency and security for the analyst, since PM30E is performed in a closed system of mechanical homogenization.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 45]}
+{"token": "Horizon Line Stability Observations over the Sea. Increasing the stability and reliability of navigation for mobile objects of different classes is becoming increasingly significant. Satellite navigation systems have a fundamental defect: a vulnerability to hacking and spoofing. Observation of the horizon line is significant for two applications. The first is stellar inertial navigation systems. In this case, the horizon line can be used for local vertical estimation. Errors in local vertical estimation directly affect coordinate errors. The second is correlation-extremal navigation based on the observed horizon line shape (when islands or continents are observed from aerial vehicles). In both cases, instability of the horizon line produces navigation errors. A measurement procedure for horizon line position estimation was proposed and realised. Around-the-clock horizon line shooting was undertaken in 2013. Processing of the results shows a horizon line direction instability of about 5-7 angular minutes during the day time.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 39]}
+{"token": "Recurrent oropharyngeal cancer after organ preserving treatment: pattern of failure and survival. The objectives is to thoroughly analyze the pattern of failure and oncologic outcome in recurrent oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) after (chemo)radiotherapy and correlate the site of failure to the planned radiation dose. Between January 2010 and April 2014, 57 patients with recurrent OPC after (chemo)radiotherapy were analyzed. Endpoints were pattern of failure and overall survival (OS). Local (LF) and regional failure (RF) were classified as in-field [> 50% within gross tumor volume (GTV)], marginal [< 50% within GTV but > 50% within clinical target volume (CTV)], or out-of-field (> 50% outside CTV) recurrences. In the whole group, 70 recurrences were reported. Of the 31 LF, 29 (93.5%) were in-field and 2 (6.5%) were marginal. No out-field LF was reported. Of the 21 RF, 13 RF (62%) were in-field, 6 (28.5%) marginal, and 2 (9.5%) out-of-field recurrences. Forty-three percent of RF was developed in an electively treated neck level, and 2 of them were contralateral. OS at 2 years in recurrent HPV positive, compared to HPV-negative OPC, were 66 and 18%, respectively (p = 0.011). OS was also significantly better in patients that were salvage treatment which was possible (70 vs. 6%, p < 0.001). Median survival after distant failure was 3.6 months. The great majority of LFs were located within the GTV and 43% of RFs developed in an electively treated neck level. The currently used margins and dose recipe and the indication for bilateral nodal irradiation need to be reevaluated. OS was significantly better in recurrent HPV-positive OPC and in patients, where salvage treatment was possible.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "OpenMPC: extended OpenMP for efficient programming and tuning on GPUs. General-purpose graphics processing units (GPGPUs) provide inexpensive, high performance platforms for compute-intensive applications. However, their programming complexity poses a significant challenge to developers. Even though the compute unified device architecture (CUDA) programming model offers better abstraction, developing efficient GPGPU code is still complex and error-prone. This paper proposes a directive-based, high-level programming model, called OpenMPC, which addresses both programmability and tunability issues on GPGPUs. We have developed a fully automatic compilation and user-assisted tuning system supporting OpenMPC. In addition to a range of compiler transformations and optimisations, the system includes tuning capabilities for generating, pruning, and navigating the search space of compilation variants. Evaluation using 14 applications shows that our system achieves 75% of the performance of the hand-coded CUDA programmes (92% if excluding one exceptional case).", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Oppositional defiant disorder: Evidence-based review of behavioral treatment programs. METHODS: We searched PubMed, PsycInfo, and Scopus from 2000 to 2020 using the terms \\\\'oppositional defiant disorder\\\\' and \\\\'treatment.\\\\' We found 1,665 articles, including clinical trials, review articles, and case control studies of evidence-based ODD treatments in patients age <18. Articles were screened to identify literature focusing on evidence-based behavioral treatment programs for ODD.CONCLUSIONS: ODD can cause significant distress to patients and their caregivers. Familiarity with behavioral treatment programs provides clinicians with tools for managing this condition in clinical settings.RESULTS: The literature search revealed abundant evidence supporting the role of behavioral treatment programs for managing ODD and other disruptive behavior disorders. In this review, we discuss the most recent findings on established and effective strategies, including Parent Management Training, Parent-Child Interaction Therapy, Collaborative Problem Solving, Incredible Years program, Triple-P Positive Parenting Program, Start Now and Plan program, and Coping Power Program.BACKGROUND: Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a common clinical condition seen among children and adolescents in behavioral health settings. In this article, we review behavioral treatment programs and their clinical use in managing ODD.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Effectiveness of various disinfectants in the elimination of Yersinia enterocolitica on fresh lettuce. The effectiveness of various disinfectants against two potentially pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica strains (Y. enterocolitica W1024 O:9 [strain A] and Y. enterocolitica B1 O:5 Lis Xz [strain B]) on shredded lettuce was examined. Dip-wash treatments using 25, 100, and 300 ppm of chlorine at 4 and 22 degrees C, 0.2% Orenco Peel 40, 0.1% Tergitol, 0.5% acetic acid, and 0.5% lactic acid at 22 degrees C were performed. Surfactants and organic acids were also tested in combination with 100 ppm of chlorine. Reductions of Y. enterocolitica counts with 100 ppm (2.68 log(10) for strain A and 2.36 log(10) for strain B at 22 degrees C) and 300 ppm of chlorine (3.15 log(10) for strain A and 2.55 log(10) for strain B at 4 degrees C) were observed after 10 min. Inhibitory effect of different chlorine solutions was not significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by temperature. Surfactants in combination with chlorine were more effective than surfactants alone. Treatment with 0.2% Orenco Peel 40 plus 100 ppm of chlorine resulted in reductions of 2.69 log(10) CFU/ g for strain A and 3.18 log(10) CFU/g for strain B at 10 min. Dip solutions containing 0.1% Tergitol plus 100 ppm of chlorine produced a significant reduction of 2.73 log(10) CFU/g in strain A (P < 0.05). With the 0.5% lactic acid plus 100 ppm of chlorine combination, inactivation of Y. enterocolitica was >6 log(10). The bactericidal effect of disinfectants was related to the concentration, exposure time, combination with chlorine (surfactants and organic acids), and susceptibility of each strain. Since the presence of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica an ready-to-use vegetables represents a health hazard, treatments as effective as 0.5% lactic acid plus 100 ppm of chlorine are recommended for washing of fresh lettuce.", "label": [0, 2, 19, 8]}
+{"token": "Puberty Timing and Sex-Specific Trajectories of Systolic Blood Pressure: a Prospective Cohort Study. Background: Sex differences in systolic blood pressure (SBP) emerge during adolescence but the role of puberty is not well understood. We examined sex-specific changes in SBP preceding and following puberty and examined the impact of puberty timing on SBP trajectories in females and males. Methods: Trajectories of SBP before and after puberty and by timing of puberty in females and males in a contemporary birth cohort study were analyzed. Repeated measures of height from age 5 to 20 years were used to identify puberty timing (age at peak height velocity). SBP was measured on ten occasions from 3 to 24 years (N participants, 4062; repeated SBP measures, 29 172). Analyses were performed using linear spline multilevel models based on time before and after puberty and were adjusted for parental factors and early childhood factors. Results: Mean age at peak height velocity was 11.7 years (SD, 0.8) for females and 13.6 years (SD, 0.9) for males. Males had faster rates of increase in SBP before puberty leading to 10.19 mm Hg (95% CI, 6.80-13.57) higher mean SBP at puberty which remained similar at 24 years (mean difference, 11.43 mm Hg [95% CI, 7.22-15.63]). Puberty timing was associated with small transient differences in SBP trajectories postpuberty in both sexes and small differences at 24 years in females only. Conclusions: A large proportion of the higher SBP observed in males compared with females in early adulthood is accrued before puberty. Interventions targeting puberty timing are unlikely to influence SBP in early adulthood.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "THE MOVING GROUP TARGETS OF THE SEEDS HIGH-CONTRAST IMAGING SURVEY OF EXOPLANETS AND DISKS: RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS FROM THE FIRST THREE YEARS. We present results from the first three years of observations of moving group (MG) targets in the Strategic Exploration of Exoplanets and Disks with Subaru (SEEDS) high-contrast imaging survey of exoplanets and disks using the Subaru telescope. We achieve typical contrasts of similar to 10(5) at 1 '' and similar to 10(6) beyond 2 '' around 63 proposed members of nearby kinematic MGs. We review each of the kinematic associations to which our targets belong, concluding that five, beta Pictoris (similar to 20 Myr), AB Doradus (similar to 100 Myr), Columba (similar to 30 Myr), Tucana-Horogium (similar to 30 Myr), and TW Hydrae (similar to 10 Myr), are sufficiently well-defined to constrain the ages of individual targets. Somewhat less than half of our targets are high-probability members of one of these MGs. For all of our targets, we combine proposed MG membership with other age indicators where available, including Ca II HK emission, X-ray activity, and rotation period, to produce a posterior probability distribution of age. SEEDS observations discovered a substellar companion to one of our targets,. And, a late B star. We do not detect any other substellar companions, but do find seven new close binary systems, of which one still needs to be confirmed. A detailed analysis of the statistics of this sample, and of the companion mass constraints given our age probability distributions and exoplanet cooling models, will be presented in a forthcoming paper.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Cave canem: HBO2 therapy efficacy on Capnocytophaga canimorsus infections: a case series. Aim: We present a case series of C. canimorsus infections treated with HBO2 in adjunction to antibiotic therapy. Furthermore, we tested the in vitro activity of ceftaroline against C. canimorsus, alone and in association with hyperbaric oxygen therapy.Background: Dog bites are a frequent injury, but the incidence and type of lesions vary across countries. Although only few patients develop complications, the treatment of advanced injuries has a considerable medical, social and economic impact. A frequently isolated pathogen in dog bite wounds is Capnocytophaga canimorsus, a bacterium that can cause sepsis or meningitis. Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) therapy has been shown to be useful in treating anaerobic infections, most likely because it creates an inhospitable environment for the bacterium and enhances the patient's immune response.Methods: We included nine (9) patients admitted to surgery department of \\\\'A. Cardarelli\\\\' Hospital (Naples) after dog bite, from 2010 to 2016. All were initially treated with antibiotics and required transfer to the intensive care unit due to worsening conditions. C. canimorsus was isolated from wounds, and HBO2 therapy was administered in adjunction to antibiotics, until clinical improvement and microbiological test negativity. We tested the activity of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in adjunction to ceftaroline on cultured plates with C. canimorsus versus ceftaroline alone. Minimal inhibitory concentration was evaluated.Conclusions: Our findings confirm the utility of HBO2 therapy after biting injuries. Indeed, increased oxygen supply to the wound (as well as in vitro) may be toxic for bacteria, can improve healing and may improve the effectiveness of antibiotics.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 45]}
+{"token": "HLA-DR53 molecules are associated with susceptibility to celiac disease and selectively bind gliadin-derived peptides. Celiac disease (CD) patients usually express a DQ2 heterodimer, whose chains DQ alpha 1*0501/ DQ beta 1*0201, are encoded by the genes HLA-DQA1*0501 and DQB1*0201, respectively. Among the DQ2 carriers, the risk of developing disease was shown to correlate with the number of DQ beta 1*0201 chains encoded. Studying two separate cohorts of Italian and Tunisian patients, we now show a significant association of celiac disease with expression of either the DQ2 or DR53 heterodimers. The risk is maximal for individuals that carry both DQ2 and DR53 heterodimers. When twenty synthetic peptides overlapping most of A-gliadin sequence were tested for the binding to various purified DR molecules, it was found that DR53 molecules bind selectively and with high affinity (IC50<1 mu M) to A-gliadin-derived peptides. These data suggest that both HLA DQ2 and DR53 molecules are associated with increased genetic risk for CD, and provide a possible biochemical basis for this complex association.", "label": [2, 18, 20]}
+{"token": "Response of potato (Solanum tuberosum) to planting dates and nitrogen. The experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) season of 1993-94 and 1994-95 with planting dates (25 September, 5, 15, and 25 October) and 4 levels of nitrogen (60, 120, 100 and 240 kg/ha) to find out optimum planting date and N need for newly introduced variety 'Kufri Jawahar' ('JH 222') df potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in north-western plains. Planting on 15 and 25 October recorded significantly higher total tuber yield. However, 25 October planting was economically superior to 15 October planting. Medium-size (25-75 g) tuber yield was highest when potato was planted on 25 October. Nitrogen significantly increased tuber number and weight/plant. Total and large-size (> 75 g) tuber yield increased up to 240 kg N/ha but medium-size tuber responded up to 120 kg N/ha. Interaction effects of planting dates and N were not significant. The N uptake increased significantly in later planting dates and with higher N levels.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "After Empire: Karl Renner's Danubian model of pluralism. This article argues that Karl Renner's multinational model for the Austrian-Hungarian Empire is an alternative model for contemporary a-territorial, multinational and federal arrangements. Nations, in his view, should act as intermediary bodies between the relevant communities and the state. His concept of 'subjective public law' combines principles that most authors find mutually exclusive: individual rights, choice over one's national cultural membership, non-territorial administration of national communities and overseeing of equal collective rights by the state. Neither Staatsnation nor Kulturnation, the model is a combination of the two under the auspices of a federal state combined with a strong theory of individual and collective rights. I provide the reader with a comprehensive intellectual biography of Karl Renner, as I argue that an understanding of the man himself, his political pragmatism and his statism are crucial to comprehending this theoretical position. Throughout his life, Renner was a German nationalist, held a strong nostalgia for the Habsburg Empire and voted in favour of the Anschlu ss. His concurrent careers as a scholar and as a politician account for a series of contradictions. I argue however that these can be reconciled and explained by a careful comparative reading of his scholarly work and his political statements.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 30, 54, 57]}
+{"token": "Forcing axioms and the complexity of non-stationary ideals. We study the influence of strong forcing axioms on the complexity of the non-stationary ideal on omega(2) and its restrictions to certain cofinalities. Our main result shows that the strengthening MM++ of Martin's Maximum does not decide whether the restriction of the non-stationary ideal on omega(2) to sets of ordinals of countable cofinality is Delta(1)-definable by formulas with parameters in H(omega(3)). The techniques developed in the proof of this result also allow us to prove analogous results for the full non-stationary ideal on omega(2) and strong forcing axioms that are compatible with CH. Finally, we answer a question of S. Friedman, Wu and Zdomskyy by showing that the Delta(1)-definability of the non-stationary ideal on omega(2) is compatible with arbitrary large values of the continuum function at omega(2).", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "STRIKES AND THRESHOLD OF COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOUR IN AUTHORITARIAN SYSTEMS. THE CASE OF GALICIA (1966-1975). This article examines the implementation of strikes in Galicia from 1966 to 1975. From the empirical evidence provided by interviews with leaders of the trade union movement, written documentation from the galician CCOO, the OSE (Labour Union), the Ministry of Labour and the Interior Ministry, and statistical analysis, we explain the activation of the strike movement through the threshold mechanism of collective behaviour.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 54]}
+{"token": "Gradual Solar Coronal Dimming and Evolution of Coronal Mass Ejection in the Early Phase. We report observations of a two-stage coronal dimming in an eruptive event of a two-ribbon flare and a fast coronal mass ejection (CME). Weak gradual dimming persists for more than half an hour before the onset of the two-ribbon flare and the fast rise of the CME. It is followed by abrupt rapid dimming. The two-stage dimming occurs in a pair of conjugate dimming regions adjacent to the two flare ribbons, and the flare onset marks the transition between the two stages of dimming. At the onset of the two-ribbon flare, transient brightenings are also observed inside the dimming regions, before rapid dimming occurs at the same places. These observations suggest that the CME structure, most probably anchored at the twin dimming regions, undergoes a slow rise before the flare onset, and its kinematic evolution has significantly changed at the onset of flare reconnection. We explore diagnostics of the CME evolution in the early phase with analysis of the gradual dimming signatures prior to the CME eruption.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Decision support criteria and the development of a decision support tool for the selection of conservation materials for the built cultural heritage. Significant criteria for choosing materials (consolidants and protective coatings) for the conservation of the built cultural heritage were gathered from the literature and by consultation with experts working on the preservation of cultural heritage. Ten criteria were chosen from these, and a questionnaire was prepared and sent to stakeholders in the cultural heritage conservation domain in order to evaluate, score and rank the importance of the proposed criteria. Based on the results obtained a decision support toolwas developed, aimed at conservators and other stakeholders, to helpthemtomakesustainable decisions with regard to the selection of conservation materials for treatment of the built cultural heritage. Performance characteristics and health and safety were identified to be the most important criteria. A preliminary decision can be made based on these two criteria, however, reversibility, minimum intervention and re-treatability are also of very high importance and additional information about these characteristics of the material are required to support decisions. Information about environmental performance, peer recommendation, the application techniques, the price and availability of the materials, which are also integrated in decision support tools, can help conservators and stakeholders to reach a final decision on interventions. The study also provides feedback for the manufacturers of conservation materials. For the users of material, it is very important that the manufacturers clearly identify key characteristics (i.e. criteria) on the product, including those related with environmental performance of the materials. (c) 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 3, 4, 36, 35, 38, 11, 30]}
+{"token": "Teaching Economic Principles Interactively: A Cannibal's Dinner Party. The author describes techniques that he uses to interactively teach economics principles. He describes an experiment on market entry and gives examples of applications of classroom clickers. Clicker applications include (a) collecting data about student preferences that can be used to construct demand curves and supply curves, (b) checking students' knowledge of central concepts, and (c) playing interactive games that illustrate economic concepts.", "label": [5, 49, 53]}
+{"token": "Development and evaluation on a wireless multi-sensors system for fresh-cut branches of the North American holly cold chain. North American holly (Ilex Verticillata), deciduous shrub of the Aquifoliaceae genus, is commonly known as winterberry, having a high ornamental and medicinal value. The fresh-cut branches of North American holly are prone to rapid deterioration during the cold chain. The paper presents a wireless multi-sensors system to improve postharvest quality of the fresh-cut branches of North American holly in the cold chain. The system was evaluated and validated at a sampled chain from Weihai city to Beijing. The critical ambient parameters including temperature, relative humidity, CO2 and ethylene are real-time monitored and analyzed in fresh-cut branches of the North American holly cold chain. Results show that the system can monitor accurately and transfer steadily data on critical ambient parameters through the logistics process. The traceability system can improve the quality control by tracing the critical ambient parameters and provides an early warning. The quality loss of fresh-cut branches of North American holly decreased from 25% similar to 30% to below 15%, and the market price increased from below 20yuan/bundle to above 50yuan/bundle, which heighten benefit of cold chain.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 40]}
+{"token": "Ebolavirus glycoprotein structure and mechanism of entry. Ebolavirus (EBOV) is a highly virulent pathogen capable of causing a severe hemorrhagic fever with 50-90% lethality. The EBOV glycoprotein (GP) is the only virally expressed protein on the virion surface and is critical for attachment to host cells and catalysis of membrane fusion. Hence, the EBOV GP is a critical component of vaccines as well as a target of neutralizing antibodies and inhibitors of attachment and fusion. The crystal structure of the Zaire ebolavirus GP in its trimeric, prefusion conformation (3 GP(1) plus 3 GP(2)) in complex with a neutralizing antibody fragment, derived from a human survivor of the 1995 Kikwit outbreak, was recently determined. This is the first near-complete structure of any filovirus glycoprotein. The overall molecular architecture of the Zaire ebolavirus GP and its role in viral entry and membrane fusion are discussed in this article.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Post-shipment financial flows in supply chains: A study of small-to medium-sized enterprise importers. Conclusion: This study highlights the lead time and disruption risks and costs of global sourcing and identifies FSCM tools that can be used to alleviate the financial burden associated with long lead times.Method: Data were collected from 12 semi-structured interviews with senior managers across six small- to medium-sized enterprise (SME) importing firms in various industries.Objectives: The aim of this generic qualitative study was to explore how firms manage their financial supply chain alongside their physical supply chain.Background: Global sourcing has impacted inventory levels, lead times and the availability of working capital, affecting the standard financial flow of a supply chain. Poorly managing the link between the financial and physical supply chains could therefore lead to unnecessarily high inventory investments or to a short supply of inventory, affecting cash flow, working capital, sales and, subsequently, a firm's profitability.Results: The research finds that the buyer is the driver of both upstream and downstream financial supply chain management (FSCM) as SME importers in Gauteng are proactively managing their financial alongside their physical supply chains. Through the continuous evaluation of sourcing strategies, exchange rate risk management strategies and inventory investment management strategies, firms can align their physical and financial supply chains.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Review of Aboriginal astronomy and navigation: A Western Australian focus. This review of Aboriginal astronomy and navigation brings together accounts from widely dispersed places in Western Australia, from Noongar Country in the south-west, through to the Eastern Goldfields, the Pilbara, the Kimberley and the Central Deserts. Information for this review has been taken from the literature and non-conventional sources, including artist statements of paintings. The intention for the review is that the scope is traditional, pre-European settlement understandings, but post-settlement records of oral accounts, and later articulation by Aboriginal peoples, are necessarily relied upon. In large part, the Western Australian accounts reflect understandings reported for other states. For example, star maps were used for teaching routes on the ground, but available accounts do not evidence that star maps were used in real-time navigation. The narratives or dreamings that differ most from those of other states explain creation of night-sky objects and landforms on Earth, events including thunder, or they address social behaviour.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Abnormalities of the tracheal cartilage in the rat fetus with tracheo-oesophageal fistula or tracheal agenesis. Many infants with oesophageal atresia and tracheo-oesophageal fistula (OA/TOF) have associated tracheomalacia (TM), which is one of the reasons for respiratory complications after surgical correction of the atresia. OA/TOF was induced in the offspring of pregnant rats by intraperitoneal injection of adriamycin. Fetuses were harvested by caesarean section. The trachea, oesophagus, lungs, and stomach were removed en bloc and stained for cartilage using Alcian blue. The tracheas were examined, photographed, and relevant parameters pertaining to the tracheal cartilage were measured. Exposure to adriamycin resulted in a range of anatomical defects including OA/TOF (47%) and tracheal agenesis (TA) (41%). Adriamycin-treated fetuses were smaller (P < 0.01), yet had longer tracheas (P < 0.001) than control fetuses. The OA/TOF fetuses had more tracheal cartilage rings than controls (P < 0.01), whereas TA fetuses had fewer(P : 0.001). Both OA/TOF and TA fetuses had more malformed tracheal cartilage rings than controls (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively). Cartilage in the proximal part of the trachea was most frequently and severely affected (P < 0.05). These observations clarify the structural abnormalities of tracheal cartilage that occur in rat fetuses with OA/TOF or TA induced by adriamycin, and may explain the functional disturbances of TM seen in OA/TOF.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "RNAi-based Therapeutics Targeting Survivin and PLK1 for Treatment of Bladder Cancer. Harnessing RNA interference (RNAi) to silence aberrant gene expression is an emerging approach in cancer therapy. Selective inhibition of an overexpressed gene via RNAi requires a highly efficacious, target-specific short interfering RNA (siRNA) and a safe and efficient delivery system. We have developed siRNA constructs (UsiRNA) that contain unlocked nucleobase analogs (UNA) targeting survivin and polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1) genes. UsiRNAs were encapsulated into dialkylated amino acid-based liposomes (DiLA(2)) containing a nor-arginine head group, cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHEMS), cholesterol and 1, 2-dimyristoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-polyethyleneglycol 2000 (DMPE-PEG2000). In an orthotopic bladder cancer mouse model, intravesical treatment with survivin or PLK1 UsiRNA in DiLA(2) liposomes at 1.0 and 0.5 mg/kg resulted in 90% and 70% inhibition of survivin or PLK1 mRNA, respectively. This correlated with a dose-dependent decrease in tumor volumes which was sustained over a 3-week period. Silencing of survivin and PLK1 mRNA was confirmed to be RNA-induced silencing complex mediated as specific cleavage products were detected in bladder tumors over the duration of the study. This report suggests that intravesical instillation of survivin or PLK1 UsiRNA can serve as a potential therapeutic modality for treatment of bladder cancer.", "label": [2, 18, 19, 20]}
+{"token": "Comparative Complete Genome Analysis of Chicken and Turkey Megriviruses (Family Picornaviridae): Long 3 ' Untranslated Regions with a Potential Second Open Reading Frame and Evidence for Possible Recombination. Members of the family Picornaviridae consist of small positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ ssRNA) viruses capable of infecting various vertebrate species, including birds. One of the recently identified avian picornaviruses, with a remarkably long (> 9,040-nucleotide) but still incompletely sequenced genome, is turkey hepatitis virus 1 (THV-1; species Melegrivirus A, genus Megrivirus), a virus associated with liver necrosis and enteritis in commercial turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). This report presents the results of the genetic analysis of three complete genomes of megriviruses from fecal samples of chickens (chicken/B21-CHV/ 2012/HUN, GenBank accession no. KF961186, and chicken/CHK-IV-CHV/2013/HUN, GenBank accession no. KF961187) (Gallus gallus domesticus) and turkey (turkey/B407-THV/2011/HUN, GenBank accession no. KF961188) (Meleagris gallopavo) with the largest picornavirus genome (up to 9,739 nucleotides) so far described. The close phylogenetic relationship to THV-1 in the nonstructural protein-coding genome region and possession of the same internal ribosomal entry site type (IVB-like) suggest that the study strains belong to the genus Megrivirus. However, the genome comparisons revealed numerous unique variations (e. g., different numbers of potential 2A peptides, unusually long 3 ' genome parts with various lengths of a potential second open reading frame, and multiple repeating sequence motifs in the 3 ' untranslated region) and heterogeneous sequence relationships between the structural and nonstructural genome regions. These differences suggest the classification of chicken megrivirus-like viruses into a candidate novel species in the genus Megrivirus. Based on the different phylogenetic positions of chicken megrivirus-like viruses at the structural and nonstructural genome regions, the recombinant nature of these viruses is plausible.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "A study on the amenability of digital pen technology in a hybrid mode of interpreting: Consec-simul with notes. This paper focuses on the use of digital pen technology in interpreting practice and research. It seeks to advance the field of interpreter training through the trial of contemporary technology and the possible development of a hybrid mode of interpreting that has attributes of both conventional modes of interpreting - consecutive and simultaneous (hereafter labelled Consec-simul with notes) - due to the immediate recording and play-back functions that new digital pen technology offers. This latter development could have applications not only in interpreting performance but also in interpreting training. The article sums up and contextualizes data and analysis from a pilot study on the use of digital pen technology in the hybrid mode of interpreting Consec-simul with notes. The study, which measured the quality of performances of four French-English interpreters in two different modes (consecutive and Consec-simul with notes) with various indicators, reports a higher level of performance in this mode and invites further research and implementation in training institutions.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Scaling up Fair Trade: an empirical reality. Local analysis of the evolution of two associations in Burgundy. Since early 2000, French F-lit-Trade (FT) has been experiencing spectacular growth and is coming Out of its confidential status. In local branches of national organizations promoting FT - e.g. Artisans du Monde and Max Havelaar - Such growth manifests itself through a Variety Of forms (multiplication, diversification and specialization of work, sales, etc.) and involves a kind of professionalization that ultimately contributes to reshaping these organizations. Through Carrying Out a case study of two local groups Artisans du Monde and Equi'Max - in Dijon (Burgundy), the paper sheds light on the multiple organizational adaptations that these groups are experiencing in this new phase of growth. Examining the formalization of the internal organization (new boards) to the experimentation of new recruitment procedures and the training Of Volunteers for activities requiring more professional skills, this paper shows the scope and the repercussions of the new visibility of FT.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
+{"token": "SOME ASPECTS OF THE ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL-PROPERTIES OF AMMONIUM HYDROGEN TARTRATE. The data are correlated to the reorientational motion of the NH4+ ion, combined with the arrangement of the molecules in their crystals and in particular the hydrogen bonding system.A differential thermal analysis (DTA) thermogram and a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) plot were also performed from room temperature (similar to 300 K) up to the melting point. The DTA results strongly support the existence of the above-mentioned solid-state phase transitions, whereas the TGA plot indicates the absence of any actual loss in weight in the transition temperature regions.The relative permittivity (epsilon) and the electrical resistivity (rho) were measured at varying temperature from 310 up to 490 K for polycrystalline samples of ammonium hydrogen tartrate (AHT), NH4HC4H4O6. The measured parameters revealed that the compound undergoes successive solid-state structural phase transitions at similar to 368 K, 428 K and similar to 473 K, in addition to a probable change in the conduction mechanism at similar to 333 K.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Laboratory study of the long-term durability of buried concrete exposed to Lower Lias Clay. This paper describes a long-term investigation into chemical degradation vulnerability of four different types of concrete that were exposed to pyrite rich clay. In this, four 100 mm square by 1.2 m long concrete columns made from Portland cement (PC). Portland limestone cement (PLC), sulfate resisting Portland cement (SRPC) and Portland cement blended with 25% pulverised fuel ash (PC-PFA) were buried for 9 years in slightly weathered Lower Lias Clay of water soluble sulfate class DS-2. One face of each concrete column was coated with bitumen to test the performance of this method of protection. The temperature was controlled at 4.5 +/- 0.5 degrees C using a cold water circulation system. The performance of the different concretes was assessed by means of visual observation supported by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Infra-red Scanning (IR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX) to identify the deterioration products.It was found that deterioration due to the thaumasite form of sulfate attack occurred in all four concretes with PLC concrete being the worst affected. The thickness of thaumasite deterioration into the concretes over the 9-year exposure was as follows: PLC = 47; PC = 33; SRPC = 22 and PC-PFA = 10 mm. The study affirmed the susceptibility to Thaumasite Sulfate Attack (TSA) of both PC-25% PFA replacement and SRPC concretes. It was also found that, the amount of concrete deterioration decreased with increasing burial depth, which was probably due to reduced access to air. The bitumen coating, even if damaged, was an effective barrier at preventing deterioration in all concretes. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Electrochemical properties of carbon nanoparticles entrapped in a silica matrix. Carbon-based electrode materials have been widely used for many years for electrochemical charge storage, energy generation, and catalysis. We have developed an electrode material with high specific capacitance by entrapping graphite nanoparticles in a sol-gel network. Films from the resulting colloidal suspensions were porous due to the removal of the entrapped organic solvents from the sol-gel matrix giving rise to high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface areas (364 m(2)/g) and a high capacitance density (similar to 37 F/g). An exponential decrease of capacitance was observed with increasing scan rates in cyclic voltammetry studies on these films, suggesting the presence of pores ranging from micro- (< 2 nm) to mesopores. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis and scanning electron microscope images of these films also confirmed the presence of the micropores as well as mesopores. A steep drop in the double-layer capacitance with polar electrolytes was observed when the films were rendered hydrophilic upon exposure to mild oxygen plasma. We propose a model whereby the microporous hydrophobic sol-gel matrix perturbs the hydration of ions which moves ions closer to the graphite nanoparticles, consequently increasing the capacitance of the film. (C) 2008 The Electrochemical Society.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11]}
+{"token": "Shape matters: the relationship between cell geometry and diversity in phytoplankton. Size and shape profoundly influence an organism's ecophysiological performance and evolutionary fitness, suggesting a link between morphology and diversity. However, not much is known about how body shape is related to taxonomic richness, especially in microbes. Here we analyse global datasets of unicellular marine phytoplankton, a major group of primary producers with an exceptional diversity of cell sizes and shapes and, additionally, heterotrophic protists. Using two measures of cell shape elongation, we quantify taxonomic diversity as a function of cell size and shape. We find that cells of intermediate volume have the greatest shape variation, from oblate to extremely elongated forms, while small and large cells are mostly compact (e.g. spherical or cubic). Taxonomic diversity is strongly related to cell elongation and cell volume, together explaining up to 92% of total variance. Taxonomic diversity decays exponentially with cell elongation and displays a log-normal dependence on cell volume, peaking for intermediate-volume cells with compact shapes. These previously unreported broad patterns in phytoplankton diversity reveal selective pressures and ecophysiological constraints on the geometry of phytoplankton cells which may improve our understanding of marine ecology and the evolutionary rules of life.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Survival and immune response of drones of a Nosemosis tolerant honey bee strain towards N. ceranae infections. Honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera) have been selected for low level of Nosema in Denmark over decades and Nosema is now rarely found in bee colonies from these breeding lines. We compared the immune response of a selected and an unselected honey bee lineage, taking advantage of the haploid males to study its potential impact on the tolerance toward Nosema ceranae, a novel introduced microsporidian pathogen. After artificial infections of the N. ceranae spores, the lineage selected for Nosema tolerance showed a higher N. ceranae spore load, a lower mortality and an up-regulated immune response. The differences in the response of the innate immune system between the selected and unselected lineage were strongest at day six post infection. In particular genes of the Toll pathway were up-regulated in the selected strain, probably is the main immune pathway involved in N. ceranae infection response. After decades of selective breeding for Nosema tolerance in the Danish strain, it appears these bees are tolerant to N. ceranae infections. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Urban renewal as policy innovation in China: From growth stimulation to sustainable development. A major policy innovation in China, urban renewal creates an opportunity to promote sustainable inner-city development and to foster economic growth in an environmentally and culturally sound way, which demands a close investigation of its context, internal and external dynamics, and policy features. Property-led redevelopment dominated China's urban renewal since the early 1990s, as a result of the market reform and political decentralization. Recently, it has become important to meet the interests of local communities and the diverse stakeholders in the effort to preserve the urban history and cultural fabric of cities. Contextual factors in urban renewal policy and its innovation are investigated by analyzing a pioneering case in Guangzhou from a longitudinal study approach. The impact of the structural-instrumental, cultural-institutional, and environmental perspective on policy innovation with the change of contextual factors that transformed the development ideology and the managerial practice are identified to provide a new angle of studying policy innovation in the urban field.", "label": [5, 51, 57]}
+{"token": "Compensation of differential dispersion: application to multiband stellar interferometry. With the aim of pushing the limiting magnitude of interferometric instruments, the need for wide-band detection channels and for a coordinated operation of different instruments has considerably grown in the field of long-baseline interferometry. For this reason, the Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy (CHARA), an array of six telescopes, requires a new configuration of longitudinal dispersion compensators to keep the fringe contrast above 95 per cent simultaneously in all spectral bands, while preserving the transmission above 85 per cent. In this paper, we propose a new method for defining the longitudinal dispersion compensators (LDC) suited for multiband observations. A literal approximation of the contrast loss resulting from the dispersion residues enables us to define a general criterion for fringe contrast maximization on several bands simultaneously. The optimization of this criterion leads to a simple solution with only two LDC stages per arm and existing differential delay lines, to the glass choice and a simple linear formula for thickness control of all these media. A refined criterion can also take into account glass transmission. After presenting this criterion, we give the optimal solution (medium, configuration) and its expected performance for the planned observing modes on CHARA.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "The Heliciculture in Colombia: Regulatory Reform and Productive Delay. Based on a historic-comparative approach it is analyzed the Colombian regulation of heliciculture in contrast to the official data on the exportable volume of Molluscs and the considerations of specialists in Colombia. The study takes into account the academic debate on the complementarity between the institutional and associative fields for the strengthening of agro-industrial sectors. A document review was conducted, which included the application of a structured questionnaire from the variables: legislation, productive structure and associativity. It is inferred that legal reforms did not significantly affect production and associativity. From this perspective the premise of effectiveness of the legal field in the creation of favorable conditions for strengthening rural activities with export potential is questioned.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Thermally conductive EMC (epoxy molding compound) for microelectronic encapsulation. Owing to the trend of faster and denser circuit design, the dielectric properties of packaging materials for semi-conductors will have greater influence on performance and reliability. Also, as chips become more densely packaged, thermal dissipation becomes a critical reliability issue. Consequently, four important properties for manufacturing semi-conductor packaging are: low values of dielectric constants, high values of thermal conductivity, relatively low values of thermal expansion coefficients, and low cost. Thus, in this study, AW (Aluminum Nitride) was selected as the filler for an epoxy matrix to achieve increased performance of an EMC. As a result, the thermal conductivity of an EMC filled with 70 vol% of AlN increased as much as 7-8 times compared with the EMC filled with a crystalline silica (vol. 70 %). When more than 60 vol% of AlN was added to the EMC, the dielectric constants and thermal expansion coefficient decreased rapidly.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
+{"token": "Unintentional dispersal of aquatic invertebrates via footwear and motor vehicles in a Mediterranean wetland area. 2. Mud samples collected from boots and from the tyres and wheel cases of cars used for field work by biologists (Camargue, Southern France) were hatched under laboratory conditions and also checked for the presence of unhatched propagules. A large number of organisms hatched and invertebrate propagules from a wide range of taxa were encountered (including Artemia, freshwater large branchiopods, Cladocera, Ostracoda, Rotifera, Turbellaria, Nematoda, etc.). The results also demonstrated that different research groups tend to transport the aquatic invertebrates typical for their respective study systems.1. Several human activities, such as actions for nature conservation, research and recreational activities, are closely associated with inland aquatic habitats that are usually considered as isolated island habitats. In this study, the possibility of unintentional dispersal of aquatic invertebrates among water bodies via footwear and motor vehicles was investigated.3. Human dispersal of aquatic invertebrates has been studied mainly on large continental scales, such as in the case of transoceanic transport via ballast water in ships. This study provides evidence that dispersal via footwear and motor vehicles may result in frequent dispersal of aquatic invertebrates on a local scale, and we presume also occasionally over longer distances. Given the rapid spread of invasive zooplankton species (e. g. Artemia franciscana encountered in this study), we promote caution and recommend cleaning before transport of any equipment which comes in contact with water or aquatic sediment. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Magnetic field control of a supersonic nitrogen flow. Magnetohydrodynamic impact on a cold supersonic nitrogen flow with external magnetic field was realized in an experimental complex based on the Big Shock Tube at the Ioffe Physicotechnical Institute. A pulsed supersonic flow with a Mach number of M = 4 and steady phase duration of about 1.5 ms was created by expansion of the shock-heated nitrogen flow from a supersonic nozzle. The gas was ionized by pulsed discharge between two electrodes mounted on the nozzle wall so that an electric current of up to similar to500 A passed in the direction perpendicular to the gas flow at the dielectric wall. External magnetic field similar to0.3 T was perpendicular to the gas flow and the current direction. It is established that the magnetic field significantly modifies the shock wave structure in the flow. (C) 2004 MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica\\\\'.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Atomic dynamics of i-ScZnMg and its 1/1 approximant phase: Experiment and simulation. Quasicrystals are long-range ordered materials that lack translational invariance so that the study of their physical properties remains a challenging problem. In order to study the respective influence of the local order and of the long-range order (periodic or quasiperiodic) on lattice dynamics, we have carried out inelastic X-ray and neutron scattering experiments on single grain samples of the Zn-Mg-Sc icosahedral quasicrystal and of the Zn-Sc periodic cubic 1/1 approximant. Besides the overall similarities and the existence of a pseudo-gap in the transverse dispersion relation, marked differences are observed, the pseudo-gap being larger and better defined in the approximant than in the quasicrystal. This can be qualitatively explained using the concept of pseudo-Brillouin zone in the quasicrystal. These results are compared to simulations on atomic models and using oscillating pair potentials, which have been fitted against ab-initio data. The simulated response function reproduces both the dispersion relation but also the observed intensity distribution in the measured spectra. The partial vibrational density of states, projected on the cluster shells, is computed from this model.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Role of GSS on collaborative problem-based learning: A study on knowledge externalisation. Based on the success of using Group Support Systems (GSS) to support collaborative work, a growing community of GSS researchers investigates the potential of GSS in business education with special attention to collaborative learning. This paper extends their works and proposes a model of collaborative problem-based learning (CPBL). Based on the proposed model, we explain the effects of GSS on CPBL in general, and externalisation of learners' contributions (initiated ideas, questions and feedback) in particular. A controlled experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of GSS on externalization of the learners' contributions in a CPBL environment. The results indicate that learners in an anonymous GSS-supported CPBL environment externalise more initiated ideas, fewer questions, and fewer but better feedback than those in a non-GSS supported one.", "label": [4, 5, 40, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "Polyclonal antibody preparations from avian origin as a feed additive to beef cattle: ruminal fermentation during the step-up transition diets. LAY SUMMARYFeedlot cattle are fed high-grain diets that require a transition period with gradual increasing amounts of grain. Those diets are associated with changes in microbial populations of the gastrointestinal tract in favor of bacteria that can contribute to cause metabolic disorders by reducing ruminal pH. Feed additives are compounds added to the diet of feedlot cattle to improve animal health and performance by minimizing the effects of microbial changes. An alternative product, polyclonal antibody preparations (PAP), have emerged as a possible tool to ameliorate the effects of high-grain diets on cattle health and performance. Therefore, this research investigated the effects of PAP during diet transition to a high-grain in beef cattle. It was concluded that feeding PAP contributed to increase ruminal pH, which could result in reduced risks of metabolic diseases.This study investigated the effects of feeding an avian-derived polyclonal antibody preparation (PAP; CAMAS, Inc.) against Streptococcus bovis, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and lipopolysaccharides (40%, 35%, and 25% of the preparation, respectively) on ruminal fermentation [pH, ammonia-N (NH3-N), lactate, and volatile fatty acids (VFA)] of beef steers during a 21-d step-up diet adaptation. Eight ruminally cannulated Angus crossbred beef steers (658 +/- 79 kg of body weight) were assigned in a crossover design to be transitioned from a diet containing ad libitum bermudagrass hay [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] plus 0.45 kg/d (as fed) of molasses with 0 (CON) or 3 g of PAP (PAP) to a high-grain diet. Transition consisted of three 7-d steps of increased inclusion of cracked corn (35%, 60%, and 82% of the diet DM for STEP1, STEP2, and STEP3, respectively). On each transition day and 7 d after STEP3 (STEP3-7d), ruminal fluid samples were obtained every 3 h for 24 h. Feeding 3 g of PAP daily increased (P < 0.01) average ruminal pH during STEP3 compared with CON steers (5.6 vs. 5.4 +/- 0.05, respectively). During STEP1, NH3-N concentration was greater (P < 0.01; 9.4 vs. 6.8 +/- 0.74 mM, respectively), and time (min/d) and area (time x pH) of ruminal pH below or equal to 5.2 was lesser (P <= 0.03) for steers consuming PAP compared with steers assigned to CON treatment (33.4 vs. 73.3 +/- 21.7 min/d and 187.4 vs. 406.3 +/- 119.7 min x pH/d, respectively). Steers consuming PAP had greater acetate:propionate ratio at 0, 3, and 6 h relative to diet change compared with CON (2.42, 2.35, 2.29 vs. 1.66, 1.79, and 1.72 +/- 0.17, respectively), whereas butyrate molar proportions increased (P = 0.02; 17.1 vs. 11 +/- 1.58 mol/100 mol for CON and PAP, respectively) when PAP was not fed at STEP2. Total ruminal lactate concentrations were not affected by PAP feeding (P > 0.11). In conclusion, feeding 3 g/d of polyclonal antibody preparation against S. bovis, F. necrophorum, and lipopolysaccharides was effective in increasing ruminal pH, A:P ratio, and NH3-N concentrations, possibly attenuating the risks of ruminal acidosis in steers during the step-up transition from forage to high-grain diets.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Cation exchange synthesis and cations doped effects of red-emitting phosphors K2TiF6:Mn4+, M2+ (M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Zn). A series of K2TiF6:Mn4+, M2+ samples were prepared by the cation exchange method. Experimental results indicate that Mn4+ and Ti4+ can be quantitatively exchanged. Doped effects of M2+ (M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Zn) on the fluorescent properties of the samples were discussed. The results indicated that the most intensities of the PLE and PL peaks come from a blank sample (K2TiF6:0.0253Mn(4+)). The sample of K2TiF6:0.0253Mn(4+) contains perfect hexagonal phase micro-sticks with sizes about 0.5 x 0.5 x 3.0 mu m, which its decay lifetime and the photoluminescence quantum yields are 5.2 ms and 94.04%, respectively. The chromaticity coordinates of K2TiF6:0.0253Mn(4+) indicated that this phosphor was a potential candidate as a red-emitting component for blue light excited white LED devices. The method described here is a potential candidate for large-scale synthesis of K2TiF6:Mn4+ micro-sticks.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Integrated guidance and control design for the hypersonic interceptor based on adaptive incremental backstepping technique. This paper deals with the development of Integrated Guidance and Control (IGC) law for a class of hypersonic interceptors which are equipped with the infrared seeker. Since in practice the line-of-sight (LOS) angular rates are difficult to measure for this class of hypersonic interceptor, an unknown state observer based on high order sliding mode technique is firstly proposed to estimate the unknown state and disturbance precisely with the partial measurable state. Then, an adaptive Incremental Backstepping (IBS) scheme that relies on estimates of the LOS angular rates, angular acceleration measurements of the current control deflections is proposed to achieve robust tracking of a maneuvering target. The stability analysis of the closed-loop system is also conducted. At last, a series of simulation results are presented to show the great potential of the proposed IGC method in interception accuracy, even if the LOS angle rates are unmeasurable. It is shown that the proposed scheme is not only more robust to uncertainties in the hypersonic interceptor dynamics compared to conventional IGC, but also has better trajectory characteristic with less control effort. The hit-to-kill interception is achieved in the simulation results. (C) 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "THE FORGOTTEN PLACES OF THE PROMOTIONS AT THE END OF THE REPUBLIC IN HISPANIA CITERIOR: THE CITIES WITH PEREGRINVS RIGHT (STATE OF THE ART). Two centuries after the beginning of the Roman presence in the Iberian Peninsula, most of the cities of the Hispania citerior had peregrinus right. This article presents the constraints connected with their participation in the pax Romana, the common features of their institutional characteristics, and also prepares the ground for a representative cartography of the situation at the end of the Republican period. However, between the map of the coin production from of the beginning of the 1st century BC and the data of Augustean period, the most radical fates emerge: disappearance and promotion. Indeed, the sources have highlighted the cities of Roman or Latin rights. An analysis of the means by which these rights were acquired in the time of the civil wars allows us to shed a little more light on the fate of the forgotten places of the promotions, i.e. the civitates peregrinae.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "IRS-4 mediated mitogenic signalling by insulin and growth hormone in LB cells, a murine T-cell lymphoma devoid of IGF-I receptors. Insulin and growth hormone (GH) induce mitogenic and metabolic signals in cells, GH either directly or indirectly via IGF-I production. We have studied a spontaneous murine T-cell lymphoma (LB cells) devoid of IGF-I receptors in which proliferation is maintained by insulin [Int. J. Cancer 50 (1992) 80], and show that GH is more potent than insulin, with both GH and insulin dose-response curves for thymidine incorporation being bell-shaped. Binding showed somatogenic rather than lactogenic GH receptors. Insulin stimulated phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and of a 160-kDa protein, identified as the IRS-4 protein. This phosphorylated IRS-4 associated with PI3-kinase, which was activated along with the downstream p70(S6) kinase, whereas the Ras-MAPK pathway was not. Using selective inhibitors, the PI3-kinase, but not p70(S6) kinase or MEK, was found to be involved in insulin-stimulated DNA synthesis. GH induced tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-4 and nuclear translocation of STAT5. The LB cells constitute a new model for studying GH and insulin signalling without interference of IGF-I receptors. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Fabrication of BaTiO3-PTFE composite film for embedded capacitor employing aerosol deposition. The potential for using aerosol deposition (AD) as an alternative fabrication method to the conventional polymer composite process for embedded capacitors was examined. In order to achieve a high relative dielectric permittivity, BaTiO3-polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composite thick films were attempted by AD at room temperature. For the high dielectric constant, the BaTiO3-PTFE composite films grown by AD should satisfied the following two critical conditions: a reduced decrement in ceramic particle size and a relieved distortion of the crystal structure. However, the relative permitivity of the composite films was too low compared with that of the BaTiO3 films grown by AD. By predicting the dielectric constant in several composite models using the Hashin-Shtrikman bounds theory and 3-dimenstional (3-D) electrostatic simulation, we confirmed that the connectivity between ceramic particles is a highly critical factor for achieving a high dielectric constant in composite films. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Sublethal Effects of Thiamethoxam on Biological Traits and Detoxification Enzyme Activities in the Small Brown Planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus (Fallen). The small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus (Fallen), Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is an important agricultural pest of rice, and neonicotinoid insecticides are commonly used for controlling L. striatellus. However, the sublethal effects of thiamethoxam on L. striatellus remain relatively unknown. In this study, an age-stage life table procedure was used to evaluate the sublethal effects of thiamethoxam on the biological parameters of L. striatellus. Additionally, activities of carboxylesterase, glutathione S-transferase, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase in the third instar nymphs were analyzed. The results indicated that the survival time of F-0 adults and the fecundity of female adults decreased significantly after the third instar nymphs were treated with sublethal concentrations of thiamethoxam (LC15 0.428 mg/liter and LC30 0.820 mg/liter). The developmental duration, adult preoviposition period, total preoviposition period, and mean generation time of the F-1 generation increased significantly, whereas the fecundity of the female adults, intrinsic rate of increase (r(i)), and finite rate of increase (lambda) decreased significantly. The oviposition period was significantly shorter for the insects treated with LC30 than for the control insects. Neither sublethal concentrations had significant effects on the adult longevity, net reproduction rate (R-0), or gross reproduction rate (GRR) of the F-1 generation. The activities of carboxylesterase, glutathione-S-transferase, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase increased significantly after the thiamethoxam treatments. These results indicate that sublethal concentrations of thiamethoxam can inhibit L. striatellus population growth and enhance detoxification enzyme activities.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Cardiac tamponade and bilateral pleural effusion in a very low birth weight infant. A very low birth weight premature newborn developed a sudden cardiac tamponade due to parenteral fluid extravasation 1 month after central line insertion. Besides tensive pericardial effusion a bilateral pleural effusion also developed. An emergency pericardiocentesis was really life-saving and after pleural fluid removal a complete cardiorespiratory recovery was obtained. Pericardial and bilateral pleural effusions very rarely coexist as a complication of central line extravasation.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Museums as educational social spaces. In our knowledge society, life-long learning is seen as one of the conditions for development. In this context museums stand out as social environments for learning and knowledge (Luka, 1973; Marcus et al., 2012). Museums have gained considerable cultural value since the final quarter of the 20th century (Maure, 1996; Yanes, 2011), the starting-point for new museum studies. This is when the role of museums which are open to society becomes noticeable by combining learning and entertainment. This work considers the contribution of museums to the promotion of the social dimension of education, taking museums as an element for cohesion and social participation.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Retention of Electronic Conductivity in LaAlO3/SrTiO3 Nanostructures Using a SrCuO2 Capping Layer. The interface between two wide band-gap insulators, LaAlO3 and SrTiO3 (LAO/STO) offers a unique playground to study the interplay and competitions between different ordering phenomena in a strongly correlated two- dimensional electron gas. Recent studies of the LAO/STO interface reveal the inhomogeneous nature of the 2DEG that strongly influences electrical-transport properties. Nanowires needed in future applications may be adversely affected, and our aim is, thus, to produce a more homogeneous electron gas. In this work, we demonstrate that nanostructures fabricated in the quasi-2DEG at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface, capped with a SrCuO2 layer, retain their electrical resistivity and mobility independent of the structure size, ranging from 100 nm to 30 mu m. This is in contrast to noncapped LAO/STO structures, where the room-temperature electrical resistivity significantly increases when the structure size becomes smaller than 1 mu m. High-resolution intermodulation electrostatic force microscopy reveals an inhomogeneous surface potential with \\\\'puddles\\\\' of a characteristic size of 130 nm in the noncapped samples and a more uniform surface potential with a larger characteristic size of the puddles in the capped samples. In addition, capped structures show superconductivity below 200 mK and nonlinear currentvoltage characteristics with a clear critical current observed up to 700 mK. Our findings shed light on the complicated nature of the 2DEG at the LAO/STO interface and may also be used for the design of electronic devices.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Potential of Chloroform Extract of Holothuria tubulosa Gmelin, 1791. Natural products are promising anticancer agents and antioxidants. The present study was aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic and antioxidant potential and the contents of phenolic compounds of a chloroform extract from Holothuria tubulosa collected from the Gokova Gulf (Mugla, Turkey) for the first time. Cell viability was assessed by the MTT assay. Apoptotic cell death was analyzed by flow cytometry. The antioxidant activity of the extract was determined by the DPPH radical scavenging activity assay, the ABTS radical cation scavenging activity assay, the beta-carotene-linoleic acid and FRAP assays and by the phosphomolybdenum method. Total flavonoid and tannin contents in the extract were investigated. Also, the phenolic compounds of the extract were detected by HPLC. The extract showed the potential cytotoxic effect against cancer cells and was capable of inducing apoptosis in A549 and HeLa cells. Overall, the antioxidant capacity of the extract may be evaluated as low. The phenolic compound content of the extract was also found to be low. The most abundant component in the extract was ellagic acid (482.293 mu g/g extract) according to the HPLC analysis. Our results may contribute to further studies on the use of H. tubulosa for obtaining new anticancer and other therapeutic agents.", "label": [4, 45]}
+{"token": "Plato's Myth of Er and the Reconfiguration of Nature. Why did Plato conclude the Republic, arguably his most celebrated work of political theory, with the Myth of Er, an obscure story of indeterminate political-theoretical significance? This paper advances a novel reading of the Myth of Er that attends to the common plot that it shares with two earlier narrative interludes in the Republic. It suggests that Plato constructed the myth as an account of a search, akin to the sorting of potential philosopher-kings that underwrites the kallipolis' educational curriculum, for natures that have successfully absorbed the cumulative effects of their philosophical upbringing. The model of nature presented in the myth, in turn, helps us approach the category of nature as a working concept: we can recognize contexts in which it is useful to assume in otherwise complex and fluid individuals a fixed, indelible nature, while granting that our sense of what that consists in is subject to revision.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Foraging behaviour, host plant and host location in the aphid hyperparasitoid Euneura augarus. Euneura augarus is a specialized ectohyperparasitoid of conifer lachnids, which causes considerable mortality in mummies of conifer lachnid parasitoids. For the search on a large scale, E. augarus females rely mainly on volatile secondary plant compounds of conifers to locate potential host plants. In the medium-range (i.e., on a given host plant), females detect the presence of hosts either during spiral search flights or during search by walking. Search flights were more effective when mummies were dispersed, while clumped mummies were mainly found by walking. On ant-attended trees, E. augarus was not able to forage successfully. Choice experiments with Aphidius ervi-mummies showed that E. augarus is able to develop in species that are not attacked in the field. We hypothesize that the proximate mechanism of host plant specificity, and as a consequence, host aphid specificity seems to be the use of typical conifer volatiles for host finding which provide the 'search image' for the species.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Functional chicken-liver hydrolysates ameliorate insulin resistance and cognitive decline in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. As part of the slaughtering processing in Taiwan, approximately 10,000 metric tons of broiler livers are produced yearly. However, these livers are regarded as waste. Our team has successfully developed a functional chicken-liver hydrolysate (CLH) with several useful activities. It has been reported that there is a positive relationship between diabetes mellitus (DM) patients and cognitive decline. To maximize broiler-livers' utilization and add value, we investigated the modulative effects of the CLHs on glucose homeostasis and cognitive decline in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic mice. After a 9-wk experiment, CLH supplementation lowered blood glucose by increasing GLUT4 protein expressions in the brains, livers, and muscles of STZ-induced mice (P < 0.05). CLHs also enhanced antioxidant capacities in the livers and brains of STZ-induced mice. Amended memory and alternation behavior were tested by using water and Y-maze assays (P < 0.05). Besides, STZ-induced mice with CLH supplementation had less contracted neuron bodies in the hippocampus and lower (P < 0.05) Ab depositions in the dentate gyrus area. Less AGE accumulation and apoptosis-related proteins (RAGE, JNK, and activated Caspase 3) in the brains of STZ-induced mice were also detected by supplementing CLHs (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the results from this study offer not only scientific evidence on the amelioration of insulin resistance and cognitive decline in hyperglycemia but also add value to this byproduct.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Causes of bird losses recorded in a captive-bred wild bird flock between 2011 and 2015. This study discusses the causes of bird deaths recorded in a small aviary dedicated to the breeding of a few exotic, wild bird species. Findings from 28 birds were examined over a period of five years. About 40% of the deaths occurred in the first two weeks after hatching in the two most numerous species in the flock and such losses were mainly a result of starvation caused by inadequate nutritional management. Additionally, 28% of the cases affected recently introduced birds. Despite frequent treatment with anthelmintics; a total of 21% of the deaths in the flock could be attributed to parasitic diseases, most of them in recently acquired birds. Only three of the deaths could be associated with advanced age, all of the further cases were also attributable to management fails. Our results indicated that propagation of these and other species requires an improvement of the management of the newly hatched and newcomer birds to considerably enhance the flock's performance. Such information may be useful in conservation initiatives and may justify, at least in part, captivity of these animals.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "A robust peroxymonosulfate activator for tetracycline degradation: Mitigating deactivation via stitching N-doped carbon nanotubes with encapsulated Co nanoparticles in bubble-like architectures. Peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-based advanced oxidation techniques provide feasible solutions to mitigate antibiotic contaminants, whereas conventional Co-based materials suffer from deactivation because of structural insta-bility, serious metal leaching and inorganic/organic species poisoning. Herein, we propose a concept by con-structing bubble-like architectures stitched by N-doped carbon nanotubes with encapsulated small Co nanoparticles (Co@NCNTs) to boost the deactivation resistance for tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) degrada-tion via PMS activation. This concept is performed through a NCNTs encapsulating and self-assembly strategy via a simple one-step pyrolysis using cobalt nitrate as metal source and imidazole as carbon/nitrogen sources and foaming agent. The optimal Co@NCNTs-600 exhibits a good catalytic activity with a removal efficiency of 93.1 % and a rate constant of 0.123 min-1 at 25 C for TCH degradation via PMS activation. The catalyst can be easily isolated by an external magnet and reused for five times without obvious activity loss, indicating its excellent recycling stability. Radical quenching and electron paramagnetic resonance tests unveil the dominant non -radical pathway for TCH degradation with the Co@NCNTs-600/PMS system. The possible degradation path-ways for TCH with the system are proposed. This study offers a feasible way to fabricate PMS activator for TCH removal with exceptional stability.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Effect of Chitosan Molecules on Paraquat Herbicidal Efficacy under Simulated Rainfall Conditions. Unexpected rainfall before herbicide absorption by plants can wash away herbicides from plant tissue surfaces, which may reduce the herbicidal efficacy and increase the adverse effects on nontarget organisms and the environment, including water networks. The objective of this study was the evaluation of the effect of chitosan on paraquat efficacy under simulated rainfall conditions. Simulated rainfall within 3 h after paraquat application decreased its herbicidal efficacy. A mixture of paraquat (280 g a.i./ha) and chitosan (0.05% w/v) significantly increased the herbicidal efficacy against Ageratum conyzoides L. (21% increase), Borreria alata Aubl. (15%) and Paspalum conjugatum Bergius (8%) under the rainfall conditions. The chemical structure of chitosan may contribute to the penetration of paraquat into plant tissues. However, a mixture of paraquat and chitosan did not affect the herbicidal efficacy against Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. The morphological characteristics of I. cylindrica may interfere with the enhancement effect of chitosan. Chitosan is a degradable, nontoxic and easily available and low-cost material made from crustacean shells. These results suggest that chitosan may increase paraquat efficacy against some noxious weed species under rainfall conditions, which may reduce the risk of paraquat contamination into the environment. Therefore, the application of herbicides with chitosan may provide the economic and environmental benefits. Chitosan may enhance the efficacy of other herbicides under unexpected rainfall conditions; however, this possibility requires further investigation.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "New complex intermetallic in the Al-Rh-Ru alloy system. A ternary orthorhombic phase (Pbma, a = 2.34, b = 1.62 and c = 2.00 nm) was revealed around the Al(77)Rh(15)Ru(8) composition. It is structurally related to the Al-Rh and Al-Pd epsilon-phases. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Sergiy (Smirnov): The Bishop's mission and relations with the clergy of the post-war Russian Orthodox Church. In article on materials of office of the Council for Russian Orthodox Church, regional archives, and materials from the unique archive of the Smolensk diocesan administration 1940-1950s investigated a complex of questions of diocesan control and internal development of the postwar era. The materials of the research show that many stereotypes about the total dictate of the Soviet state over the Church and the exclusively repressive mission of the commissioners of the Council for ROC Affairs on the ground do not correspond to reality. In the same tine deep-deformations of traditional practices of religious life are the essence of the painful changes that occurred in the Orthodox Church in the postwar period.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Detection of taeniid (Taenia spp., Echinococcus spp.) eggs contaminating vegetables and fruits sold in European markets and the risk for metacestode infections in captive primates. Due to frequent cases of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) in captive primates in Europe, 141 samples of food, which consisting of vegetables and fruits, were investigated for contamination with egg-DNA of taeniids. Each sample consisted of at least 40 heads of lettuce as well as various vegetables and fruits. The samples were purchased at different times of the year: either from September to November (autumn), originating from greenhouses or fields in the Basel region in the North of Switzerland, or in April and May (spring) when fruit and vegetables are sourced from throughout Europe from various wholesalers. Each sample was washed, and the washing water sieved through mesh apertures of 50 mm and 21 mm, respectively. The debris, including taeniid eggs, collected on the 21 mm sieve were investigated by a multiplex PCR-analysis followed by direct sequencing. In 17 (18%) of the 95 samples collected in autumn, taeniid-DNA was detected (Taenia hydatigena in four, Taenia ovis in three, Taenia polyacantha in two and Hydatigera (Taenia) taeniaeformis in five cases). Similarly, in 13 (28%) of the 46 samples collected during spring taeniid-DNA was detected (Echinococcus granulosus s.l. in two, Taenia crassiceps in one, T.hydatigena in two, Taenia multiceps/Taenia serialis in two, Taenia saginata in one and H. taeniaeformis in five cases). Although DNA of Echinococcus multilocularis was not found specifically in this study, the detection of other fox taeniids reveals that vegetables and fruit fed to the primates at the Zoo Basel at different times of the year and from different origin are contaminated with carnivore's faeces and therefore act as a potential source of AE infections. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Australian Society for Parasitology.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 37]}
+{"token": "The Balance Between Equity and Efficiency in Urban Planning. Equity is a basic need of human society and efficiency is the objective need of social development. Urban planning is one of the important functions of the government, while distribution equity and economic efficiency are the two important problems that the government must consider. In this chapter, we discuss, along with the speeding up of urbanization, how to balance the relationship between equity and efficiency in urban planning to achieve the sustainable development of cities. First, this chapter elaborates on the relationship between equity and efficiency in economics and their relationship of the unity of opposites. From the theoretical analysis, we point out that urban planning should give balanced consideration to equity and efficiency, while China currently still follows the principle of \\\\'prioritizing efficiency by considering equity,\\\\' which conforms to its basic national conditions. In the new situations, however, this principle cannot meet the needs of development, in that it ignores the values and the humanistic care. In order to keep pace with the new situations and to achieve sustainable development, it is worth to give more in-depth consideration on the balance of equity and efficiency in the future of urban planning.", "label": [4, 5, 50, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Weather Normalization of Reliability Indices IEEE Task Force on Weather Normalization of Reliability Indices IEEE Task Force on Weather Normalization of Reliability Indices. Weather significantly influences distribution reliability indices, especially duration benchmarks like SAIDI. We explore correlations with various weather parameters including lightning-detection network data, and wind from weather stations. This paper explores a number of ways to account for the variability caused by weather. Approaches include regression models to normalize with weather data as inputs, using outage database indicators of weather, and modifications to the 2.5 beta method of IEEE Std. 1366.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Occurrence and characterization of a new red-pigmented variant of Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens, the causal agent of bacterial wilt of edible dry beans in Iran. A number of crop diseases are emerging at an alarming rate worldwide. Bacterial wilt of dry beans, caused by Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Cff), is one of them. In Iran, this disease was first reported in 2012, which, since then, has rapidly spread across the major dry bean growing areas of the country causing severe yield losses. Previously, only two colony variants (yellow and orange) of the pathogen had been described from Iran in association with bacterial wilt of dry beans. In this study, we describe a new red-pigmented variant of Cff, isolated from dry bean seeds stored in seed banks of Khomein Bean Research Station, the major seed supplier in the region. Because Cff is a quarantine pathogen in Iran and elsewhere, with a potential threat for dry bean productions, more knowledge about the biology of this pathogen and epidemiology of the disease it causes are a prerequisite for the development of effective disease management strategies. Within this framework, we performed phenotypic and genetic characterization of the red-pigmented variant of the pathogen, in comparison with previously isolated yellow and orange variants, including pathogenicity, host range, bacteriocin production and genetic diversity. Our results showed a similar host range of different Cff variants although they differed in their aggressiveness. Yellow and orange variants of the pathogen were more aggressive on cowpea and common bean, respectively while the red variant showed the same level of aggressiveness on both hosts. Orange- and red-pigmented strains were separated from yellow-pigmented strains in the phylogeny of gyrB sequences. All orange- or red-pigmented strains were clustered in a separate branch from yellow-pigmented strains, except strain CffK31, in phylogeny based on rpoB sequences. In BOX-PCR analysis, Cff strains used in this study were clustered in two distinct genetic groups, with yellow variants of the pathogen separated from the orange and red variants. Overall, our results provide evidence of a remarkable diversity of Cff in Iran, which needs further in-depth investigation.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Rituals of Victory: The Role of Liturgy in the Consecration of Mosques in the Castilian Expansion over Islam from Eleventh to Thirteenth Centuries. Scholarly work on the conquest of Muslim cities in the so-called Castilian Reconquista has focused largely on political consequences rather than conquest rituals. Against the previous background, this article turns attention toward civil and religious rituals associated with the Christian conquest of Muslim cities as an expression of triumph. Among these rituals, the conversion of the congregational mosques has been discussed in chronicles and liturgical books that reveals the role of liturgy to understand both appropriation and sacralization of the mosque to remove these places from Muslim control, restoring the Christian faith in the new churches. These rituals are an evident legacy of Roman law modified in late antiquity, and this paper's main aim is to highlight the re-use of preexisting Church consecration ceremonies gathered in the Roman Pontifical in order to clean up the \\\\'Mohammedan filth\\\\' applied to post-Reconquista churches.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Mapping of viral genomic regions important in cross-protection between strains of a potyvirus. Cross-protection was tested between potato and tobacco strains of Potato virus A, a member of the genus Potyvirus (PVA), in tobacco plants. Cross-protection was effective only at the initiation of infection. The potato strains provided only weak cross-protection against the tobacco strain, whereas the tobacco strain provided strong cross-protection against potato strains. The tamarillo strain (TamMV) showed cross-protection phenotypes mostly resembling those of the potato strains. Chimera of the PVA strains were utilized to map viral genomic regions important for cross-protection. The coat protein (CP) encoding region and the helper component proteinase (HCpro) affected cross-protection and virus accumulation. An amino acid substitution at the CP N-terminus reduced virus accumulation and the ability to overcome cross-protection, whereas amino acid substitutions introduced to the HCpro increased virus accumulation and the ability to overcome cross-protection. Closer sequence relatedness between the protector and challenger isolate, as determined by the CP-encoding sequence, was correlated with an increased cross-protection ability. Cross-protection was not overcome by inoculation with nonencapsidated viral RNA. Thus, the differences in cross-protection abilities between PVA strains and chimera were not explained with the \\\\'re-encapsidation model\\\\' described for strains of Tobacco mosaic tobamovirus but may be associated with a virus infection-induced RNA silencing mechanism.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 19, 42, 9]}
+{"token": "Transverse heat transfer coefficient in the dual channel ITER TF CICCs Part I: Analysis of steady state temperature profiles resulting from annular heating. Two ITER IF dual channel Cable-in-Conduit Conductors (CICCs) have been tested in the SULTAN test facility. The samples were heated either by foil heaters mounted on the outside of the conductor jacket or by induced AC losses. The steady-state temperature response of several thermometers installed on the jacket surface as well as inside the cable were analyzed using the two-channel analytical model proposed by Renard et al. to obtain the equivalent transverse heat transfer coefficient between the bundle and central channel as a function of the mass flow rate. In addition, on the basis of the measured pressure drop and helium flow velocities, the friction factors for helium flow in the bundle and in the central channel were determined. The obtained results may serve as a reference for these cables. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Forest Coverage and Socioeconomic Factors Associated with Dengue in El Salvador, 2011-2013. Dengue virus serotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4 are transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes, which cause illness in an estimated 100 million annually. Although dengue viruses are endemic throughout El Salvador, very little is known about their ecology and epidemiology. The principal methods to prevent and reduce dengue cases are through vector control and by adoption of a vaccine. In addition, understanding the environmental and socioeconomic factors associated with dengue could contribute to case reduction by targeting prevention efforts in dengue hotspots. This study investigated environmental and socioeconomic factors associated with dengue cases in El Salvador. Dengue cases were obtained from 2011 to 2013 for 262 municipalities. The mean incidence was determined for each municipality for the 3 year period. Negative binomial regression models evaluated the relationship between dengue cases and the environmental factors elevation, forest coverage, mean annual temperature, and cumulative precipitation. Twelve socioeconomic and infrastructure variables and their relationship with dengue were also investigated by using negative binomial regression. A total of 29,764 confirmed dengue cases were reported. The mean dengue incidence for 2011-2013 was 135/100,000. The highest number of dengue cases occurred in San Salvador and surrounding municipalities, as well as in two additional cities, Santa Ana and San Miguel; the highest incidence of dengue cases (per 100,000) occurred in cities in the west and at the center of the country. Significant environmental variables associated with dengue included temperature, precipitation, and non-forested area. The socioeconomic variables poverty rate, illiteracy rate, and school attendance, and the infrastructure variables percent of homes with sanitary service, municipal trash service, electricity, and cement brick flooring, as well as population density, were also significant predictors of dengue. Understanding these environmental and socioeconomic factors and their relationship with dengue will help design and implement timely prevention strategies and vector control to reduce dengue in El Salvador.", "label": [2, 25, 24]}
+{"token": "Understanding, Trusting, and Applying Scientific Insights to Improve Your Health: A Latent Profile Analysis Approach. Various leading causes of death can be prevented or delayed through informed decision-making and lifestyle changes. Previous work has, to some extent, linked such health-promoting behavior (HPB) with variables capturing individuals' understanding of science, trust in science, and capacity to apply evidence-based information in the health context. However, empirical research on the relationship between scientific knowledge, trust in science, health literacy, and HPB is scarce. Additionally, no study has investigated whether these characteristics interact to form homogeneous, high-risk subgroups of the population. The present online study (N = 705) revealed that trust in science and health literacy were positively related to a wide array of HPBs (e.g., healthy nutrition, physical activity, stress management), while scientific knowledge was only positively associated with COVID-19 vaccination intention. Furthermore, the results of latent profile analyses yielded four subgroups (i.e., low, moderate, and high levels of all three variables and a varied profile exhibiting very low trust in science, low health literacy, and moderate scientific knowledge). The identified subgroups differ significantly in HPB and variables determining profile membership (e.g., political conservatism). Hence, the present study offers some guidance on which groups may be targeted with public health campaigns and how they may be designed.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "Serial deformation. The concept of serial folding was convincingly applied by Douglas Shearman to the coastal Zagros of Iran. By association, the progressive rotation of imbricate faults in sedimentary prisms at subduction zones off the Makran and Sumatra and in Taiwan has been termed serial faulting. A large-scale version of serial folding is proposed for the buckling that characterizes Chile landwards of the Peru-Chile trench; the deformation can be traced by reference to Holocene palaeoshorelines and geodetic measurements. A similar effect has been proposed for peninsular India.", "label": [4, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "A virtual electrical drive control laboratory: Neuro-Fuzzy control of induction motors. Neural and fuzzy courses are widely offered at graduate and undergraduate level due to the successful applications of neural and fuzzy control to nonlinear and unmodeled dynamic systems, including electrical drives, However, teaching students a neurofuzzy controlled electrical drive in a laboratory environment is often difficult for schools with limited access to expensive equipment facilities. Therefore, computer simulations and dedicated software are needed to assist the students in visualizing the concepts and to provide graphical feedback during the learning process. In this article, an educational software is proposed for the neuro-fuzzy control of induction machine drives. The tool helps students learn the application of neuro-fuzzy control of electrical drives. The software has a flexible structure and graphical user interface. The neuro-fuzzy architecture, the motor and load parameters can be easily changed in the developed software. Neuro-fuzzy control performance of induction motors can be monitored graphically for various control structures and current controllers. (C) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 53, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Cruise trouble. A practice-based approach to studying Arctic cruise tourism. Cruise arrivals in the Arctic often take place in small coastal communities. Although there may be economic benefits for these communities, these are often counterbalanced by social and environmental stresses. In this article, we ask how we can tend to Arctic cruise tourism development using Haraway's concept of staying with the trouble. As a way to bridge often polarized views on cruise tourism as either an economic tool or a destructive force, we propose a practice-based research approach to engage with the complexities of cruise tourism. The aim is to foster response-abililty for Arctic cruise communities to live (better) with cruise tourism. We argue that practice-based approaches help researchers 'stay with the trouble' as it is rooted in everyday experiences and the materiality of cruise destinations. Also, its flat ontology supports a 'tinkering' approach to cruise practices.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "Chemical Profiling of Two Italian Olea europaea (L.) Varieties Subjected to UV-B Stress. The depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer due to natural and/or anthropogenic causes decreases the amount of UV-B radiation filtered, and consequently increases the risk of potential damage to organisms. In the Mediterranean region, high UV-B indices are frequent. Even for species typical of this region, such as the olive tree, the progressive increase in UV-B radiation represents a threat. This work aimed to understand how high UV-B radiation modulates the phenolic and lipophilic profile of olive varieties, and identify metabolites that enhance olive stress tolerance. Two Italian olive varieties were subjected to chronic UV-B stress, and leaves were analyzed by gas and liquid chromatography. The results indicated that the most representative phenolic and lipophilic compounds of Giarraffa and Olivastra Seggianese were readjusted in response to UV-B stress. The Giarraffa variety seemed better suited to prolonged UV-B stress, possibly due to the higher availability of flavonoids that could help control oxidative damage, and the accumulation of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives that could provide strong UV-B shield protection. In addition, this variety contained higher levels of fatty acids (e.g., palmitic, alpha-linolenic, and stearic acids), which can help to maintain membrane integrity and accumulate more sorbitol (which may serve as an osmoprotectant or act a free-radical scavenger), terpenes, and long-chain alkanes, providing higher protection against UV-B stress.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Identification and characterization of a new potyvirus infecting Muscari in Hungary. Grape hyacinths (Muscari spp.) are popular spring flowering bulbs in Europe and also in Hungary. In the spring of 2017, we came across grape hyacinth plants showing mosaic symptoms, which indicated viral infection. Currently Hyacinth mosaic virus (genus Potyvirus), a proposed member of the genus named Muscari mosaic virus, Arabis mosaic virus (genus Nepovirus), Cucumber mosaic virus (genus Cucumovirus) and Tobacco rattle virus (genus Tobravirus) are known to infect grape hyacinth. Leaf samples of symptomatic grape hyacinths were observed, collected and the presence of potyviruses was proved with potyvirus specific monoclonal antibody by ELISA and by potyvirus specific RT-PCR. Laboratory host plants and seed grown Muscari plants were inoculated with leaf sap and symptoms were recorded. Nucleotide sequences of the cloned fragments were compared to GenBank data. In the case of Muscari 'Helena' the highest nucleotide identity in the coat protein coding region was found with two Muscari mosaic virus isolates (95.51% and 95.79%). In the case of the clones derived from Muscari 'Pink Sunrise' plant, the highest identity was recorded with Muscari mosaic virus isolates (57.65% and 57.80%) and with a Tulip breaking virus strain (55.13%) indicating the existence of a novel potyvirus species, tentatively named Muscari chlorotic mottle virus. The coat protein sequences were aligned and Maximum Likelihood trees were built to analyze phylogenetic relationships.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Back to replacement migration: A new European perspective applying the prospective-age concept. In this paper the UN exercise is revisited and updated by deploying the concept of prospective age to overcome a strict chronological definition of the working-age population. The replacement migration approach is developed from a new European perspective, the temporal series is extended for an additional decade, and alternative operative age-group definitions are compared by projecting replacement migration estimations according to both classic (conventional) and dynamic (prospective) age limits.The UN Replacement Migration report (2000) had a significant impact in academic and civil society. Its approach consisted of estimating the migration volumes required to mitigate the effects of population decline and ageing. The volume of migrants required to prevent population decline and sustain the working-age population was not particularly high, but the vast number of migrants needed to maintain the potential support ratio was highlighted as an unrealistic goal.We propose the deployment of the prospective-age concept to define dynamic age limits in the definition of working-age population. Because the prospective-age concept is flexible it will be possible to explore other dimensions from this perspective in the future, increasing the analytical potential of replacement migration estimations as a valuable contribution to the demographic ageing debate.OBJECTIVESThe key conclusions of the original UN publication are reasserted. In many countries the replacement migration volumes needed to sustain the decline in total population and working-age population are of an order of magnitude similar to recent observed migration. However, even under the prospective-age approach the halt of the ageing process - expressed as the maintenance of the current potential support ratio - remains an unrealistic target.BACKGROUNDCONCLUSIONSCONTRIBUTION", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Psalm 136: A liturgy as remembrance and re-enactment of God's power in creation and history. Psalm 136: A liturgy as remembrance and re-enactment of God's power in creation and history Psalm 136 is a litany in which elements of the Israelite thanksgiving hymn give expression to the celebration of the character and deeds of Yahweh. In the cult of ancient Israel this poem has probably functioned as liturgy to express God's power over and against all other powers in creation and in history. In a polemic manner it serves as a remembrance and re-enactment of the incomparable God's power as the \\\\'God of gods\\\\' and the \\\\'Lord of lords\\\\'. The psalm has a unique composition and structure in the Psalter. It also reflects a variety of poetic features that serve as literary vehicles to enhance the psalm's theological content. For the cultic Sitz im Leben a variety of possibilities exists where Psalm 136 could have functioned. Although it is difficult to exactly date the text, there are indications in the psalm that it could be dated back to the end of the fifth or to the beginning of the fourth century BCE.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "SEX IMBALANCE AT BIRTH IN VIETNAM: RAPID INCREASE FOLLOWED BY STABILIZATION. Vietnam is one of several countries in the world where sex-selective abortion has increased the proportion of male births in recent years. In the absence of exhaustive vital statistics data, we use two indirect methods based on the 2014 intercensal survey to identify trends in the sex ratio at birth (SRB) and to estimate preferences for children of a given sex. These methods provide similar results and confirm the steady increase in the SRB in Vietnam first observed in 2003. However, annual data from the General Statistics Office indicate that the SRB levelled off at between 112 and 113 male births per 100 female births in 2014, and the latest provisional data (2017) suggest that it has since remained relatively stable. Our analysis reveals the disparities in the SRB, which is more skewed in the northern regions and among the most affluent couples, as well as the diffusion of prenatal sex-selection across these regions and across socioeconomic groups over a five-year period. Parity progression ratios also point up differences in reproductive behaviour by showing that Vietnamese couples tend to have more children if they do not already have a son.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Local governments and local elites. Local government reform 2001 is an important part of the Government of Pakistan's programme for democratic renewal. The main feature of introducing the Local Government System was to empower the people at the grassroots level and to transfer power from the elite to the masses. This paper uses councillors' data from north-western Pakistan to examine the economic and social status of village representatives. Land ownership, high income, education and political connections increase the chances of election to public office at the district and sub-district level, but do not have much impact at the village level. There is evidence of genuine change at union (village) level as the majority of councillors (65 per cent) at this level belong to low-income group and small landowners. So the system has changed the identity of the locally politically dominant group. But, at the same time, results suggest that while local governments units are helpful in creating spaces for a broader range of non-elite community leaders to emerge, elite control of decision making is pervasive. However, it is expected that the presence of non-elite members in the councils may change the allocation of resources in favour of the disadvantaged group with the passage of time, provided elections to councils are held regularly.", "label": [5, 52, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "Single Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting the VP1 GH Loop of Enterovirus 71 Inhibit both Virus Attachment and Internalization during Viral Entry. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), which has caused significant morbidities and mortalities in young children. Neither a vaccine nor an antiviral drug is available. Neutralizing antibodies are major protective components in EV71 immunity. Here, we unraveled an unusual mechanism of EV71 neutralization by a group of three neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). All of these MAbs bound the same conserved epitope located at the VP1 GH loop of EV71. Interestingly, mechanistic studies showed that single antibodies in this MAb group could block EV71 attachment and internalization during the viral entry process and interfere with EV71 binding to heparan sulfate, SCARB2, and PSGL-1 molecules, which are key receptors involved in different steps of EV71 entry. Our findings greatly enhance the understanding of the interplays among EV71, neutralizing antibodies, and host receptors, which in turn should facilitate the development of an MAb-based anti-EV71 therapy.IMPORTANCEAntibodies play a critical role in immunity against enterovirus 71 (EV71). However, how EV71-specific antibodies neutralize infections remains poorly understood. Here we report the working mechanism for a group of three monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that potently neutralize EV71. We found that these three MAbs (termed D5, H7, and C4, respectively) recognize the same conserved neutralizing epitope within the VP1 GH loop of EV71. Single MAbs in this group, exemplified by D5, could inhibit EV71 infection in cell cultures at both the pre- and postattachment stages in a cell type-independent manner. Specifically, MAb treatment resulted in the blockade of multiple steps of EV71 entry, including virus attachment, internalization, and subsequent uncoating and RNA release. Furthermore, we show that the D5 and C4 antibodies can interfere with EV71 binding to its key receptors, including heparan sulfate, SCARB2, and PSGL-1, thus providing a possible explanation for the observed multi-inhibitory function of the MAbs. Collectively, our study unravels the mechanism of neutralization by a unique group of anti-EV71 MAbs targeting the conserved VP1 GH loop. The findings should enhance our understanding of MAb-mediated immunity against enterovirus infections and accelerate the development of MAb-based anti-EV71 therapeutic drugs.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Variance in Global Response to HIV/AIDS between the United States and Japan: Perception, Media, and Civil Society. The US and Japan, despite their shared reputation as leading donors for international development, remarkably varied in their foreign aid policy for HIV/AIDS in the 1980s and 1990s. Unlike the US, who initiated and increased global AIDS funding dramatically, Japan was lukewarm in its contributions. I claim that the distinctive pattern depends on how the pandemic was domestically framed and understood. The policy commitment was more likely when the internationally shared idea (international norms) of threats requiring immediate international cooperation was congruent with the domestic perception of the epidemic. The research undertakes a comparative examination of the determinants of the distinctive domestic perceptions of the two cases, including the number of individuals infected with HIV, the attitude and role of the media, and the civil society organizations dealing with HIV/AIDS. They played significant roles as intervening variables that conditioned domestic diffusion or internalization of the international norms for foreign aid policy development. The US had a favorable domestic condition based upon the relatively large number of those infected with HIV, a media that adopted a constructive approach, and active civil society organizations associated with the disease. In contrast, in Japan the number of HIV cases was lower, the media had a distorted view of the epidemic, and civil society organizations were not strong enough to offer much support until the early 1990s.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Effect of Water on Interfacial Chemical Properties of Nonionic Surfactants in Hydrophobic Ionic Liquid bmimPF(6). We studied the effect of water addition on interfacial properties and aggregate behavior of nonionic surfactants (polyoxyethylene alkyl ether; CnEm) in an ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate; bmimPF(6)). When a small amount of water was added to mixtures of CnEm and bmimPF(6), two breaking points (cad, cac2) were observed in the surface tension/CnEm concentration plots, suggesting the formation of two kinds of aggregates. This two-step aggregate formation was also confirmed by the fluorescence probe method using pyrene. The particle size of the aggregates measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) was around 200 nm at cad, and decreased to 4 nm above cac2. These results, together with freeze-fracture TEM observations, showed that the aggregate formed at cad was water in bmimPF(6) emulsions, which then transformed to micelles solubilizing water in the palisade layer above cac2. This concentration-dependent aggregate formation was supported thermodynamically by studying the dependence of cacs on temperature and alkyl and POE chain lengths of the surfactant.", "label": [0, 4, 36, 8]}
+{"token": "Exact Controllability for Wave Equations with Switching Controls. In this paper, we analyze the exact controllability problem for wave equations endowed with switching controls. The goal is to control the dynamics of the system by switching among different actuators such that, in each instant of time, there are as few active actuators as possible. We prove that the system is exactly controllable under suitable geometric control conditions.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Effects of alginate oligosaccharides with different molecular weights and guluronic to mannuronic acid ratios on glyceollin induction and accumulation in soybeans. Alginate oligosaccharides (AOs) are linear oligosaccharides with alternating sequences of mannuronic acid (M) and guluronic acid (G) residues. AOs can be used as a safe elicitor to induce glyceollins, which have many human health benefits, in soybean seeds. In this research, four AO fractions with different chemical structures and molecular weights were separated, purified, and then characterized by NMR spectroscopy and ESI-MS. With a 4,5-unsaturated hexuronic acid residue (a-(3)) at the non-reducing terminus, the structures of these four AO fractions were a-(3)G, a-(3)MG, a-(3)GMG and a-(3)MGGG, which exhibited glyceollin-inducing activities of 1.2339, 0.3472, 0.6494 and 1.0611 (mg/g dry weight) in soybean seeds, respectively. The results demonstrated that a larger molecular weight or a higher G/M ratio might correlate with a higher glyceollin-inducing activity. Moreover, the alginate disaccharide a-(3)G could be introduced as relatively safe and efficient elicitor of high glyceollin content in soybeans.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Drop Size, Volume of Application and Use of Adjuvant in Deposition and Control of Yellow Spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) in Wheat. We evaluated the effect of droplet size, volume of application and use of adjuvant in the efficiency of a triazole fungicide strobilurin mixture, to control yellow spot on wheat, caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. The experiment was conducted in a commercial farm hinterland Experimental Station Mario A. Cassinoni (School of Agriculture, University of the Republic), in Paysandu, Uruguay. The design was a randomized block with 2x2x2 factorial arrangement of treatments, with the factors of variation droplet size, spray volume, and adjuvant use, plus a control without fungicide. The distribution in different plant strata was evaluated by fluorometry techniques using fluorescent tracer Blankophor (R) 267 % BA. The variables evaluated were the deposition on wheat leaves through the estimation of tracer deposition, impacts density, efficiency of disease control, and grain yield. The results indicated that the use of 1581.ha-1 and the presence of adjuvant, determined higher deposition of the tracer with extremely large drops, followed by the use of midsize drops. However these differences had no effect on the variables that estimated the effects on disease control and grain yield. Only a tendency was determined to a better control of the disease with the use of midsize drops, perhaps in response to the increased coverage.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Discovery of Diagnostic Biomarkers for Legionnaires' Disease: Virulence Gene Expression Profiling of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 in A/J Mouse Model. Conclusions: Through gene expression analysis of L. pneumophila in a mouse model, several candidate biomarkers for diagnosing Legionnaires' disease could be identified.Materials and Methods: A/J mice were intranasally inoculated with L. pneumophila serogroup 1, and lungs were harvested 4, 8, 24, and 48 h postinfection. The strain grown in buffered yeast extract broth was used as reference samples. Cy-dye labeled cDNA samples were prepared with total RNA from lungs or broth culture, and hybridized on the oligo-microarray slide containing 2,895 genes of L. pneumophila serogroup 1. Virulence gene expression patterns were analyzed using a MIDAS software from TIGR (www.tigr.org).Background: Legionella pneumophila is the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, a severe form of pneumonia. After L. pneumophila is inhaled through contaminated aerosols, it is phagocytized by alveolar macrophages, multiplies in a specialized phagosome approximately 10 h postinfection, and eventually leads to the death of host cells. Currently available diagnostic tests for Legionella pneumonia have some limitations. This study was conducted to find diagnostic biomarkers for Legionella pneumonia using virulence gene expression profiling in a murine experimental model.Results: Among a total of 332 virulence genes examined, 17 genes including sidA, lepB, the genes related to flagella assembly (fliR and fliP), LPS lipid A biosynthesis, and the enhanced entry protein EnhA were up-regulated at all four time points. We further confirmed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR that the expression of fliP gene was highly expressed in lung tissue as well as in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from the mouse infected with L. pneumophila serogroup 1.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "The measurement of body composition in children with spina bifida: Feasibility and preliminary findings. RESULTS: Procedures were successfully completed in 14 of 15 children. Skinfolds and segmental length had a midlevel ranking of comfort. While no measures substituted for the DEXA scan, preliminary findings suggest that an algorithm may estimate BC in this high-risk population. Currently, arm span used within BodPod (R) measurements provided the closest agreement with the DEXA scan.METHODS: Fifteen children (7M/8F) with SB (4-18 years old) underwent weight, four height measurements (arm span, wall-mounted stadiometer, segmental and recumbent length) and five BC measurements: (BMI; BodPod (R); DEXA; Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis; and skinfold). Data collectors, parents, and study participants evaluated procedures. The four heights as paired with the BC measurements were compared to the gold standard DEXA measurements.CONCLUSION: Study protocol was feasible and provided necessary information, including recommended modifications, for successful implementation of the planned subsequent study.PURPOSE: To assess the feasibility of obtaining and comparing various methods of height and body composition (BC) measurements in children with spina bifida (SB).", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "An environment-people interactions framework for analysing children's extra-curricular activities and active transport. In this paper, the focus is on examining children's extra-curricular activities in a high density urban East Asian environment, specifically Hong Kong. The paper offers a framework to understand children's extra-curricular activities time allocation and active travel participation. Three variables of interest are considered: residential location choice (based on residential density), weekly time spent in four different types of out-of-home after school activities (academic, sports, arts, and other), and level of active travel. The proposed model takes into account common observed and unobserved effects that can be affecting the three outcomes simultaneously. Overall, the findings, based on survey data collected at four primary schools between November 2015 and June 2016 in Hong Kong, show that children's activity and travel behaviour within the same city can differ quite substantially based on neighbourhood environment (notably residential density) and family socio-demographic background. The empirical findings and analysis provide insights for policy development, including those related to (a) targeting children's extra-curricular activity participation for underprivileged groups, (b) promoting work friendly policies that enable parents to spend more time and participate in more activities together with their children, as well as (c) promoting mixed use and compact development to encourage a more active lifestyle for children and parents alike.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
+{"token": "Design and implementation of reconfigurable FIFOs for Voltage/Frequency Island-based Networks-on-Chip. One of the major design bottlenecks in today's high-performance VLSI systems is the distribution of a single global clock across a chip due to process variability, power dissipation, and multi-cycle cross-chip signaling. A Network-on-Chip architecture partitioned into several Voltage/Frequency Islands (VFIs) is considered as a promising approach for achieving fine-grain system-level power management. In a VFI-based architecture, a clock is utilized for local data synchronization, while inter-island communication is handled asynchronously. To interface the islands on a chip, operating at different frequencies, a complex bi-synchronous FIFO design is inevitable. However, these FIFOs are not needed if adjacent switches belong to the same clock domain. In this paper, a Reconfigurable Synchronous/Bi-Synchronous (RSBS) FIFO is proposed which can adapt its operation to either synchronous or bi-synchronous mode. Four different scalable and synthesizable designs are presented. In addition, a technique is suggested to show how the FIFO could be utilized in a VFI-based NoC. Moreover, we present a mesochronous adaptation method and propose Reconfigurable Mesochronous/Bi-Synchronous (RMBS) FIFOs. Our extensive experiments reveal that compared to a non-reconfigurable system architecture, the proposed reconfigurable FIFOs can help to achieve up to 17% savings in the average power consumption of NoC switches and 29% improvement in the total average packet latency in the case of an MPEG-4 encoder application. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
+{"token": "Improving Teacher Education Programs. In this paper, the authors review current practices in pre-service teacher education. They suggest that radical improvements are possible and that, if practiced, would help mediate many of the pressures young teachers face. To do so, the authors: 1) outline the experiences of young teachers to consider how teachers might thrive in a difficult vocation; 2) share recent research in the area of in-service teacher professional learning (including their own) as a way to inform teacher education programs; and 3) to use these research findings to suggest possible changes and improvements to pre-service teacher education programs. Synthesizing the research, the authors generate a \\\\'To Do List\\\\' of activities they believe should become part of pre-service education programs. They believe such instruction can become essential career foundations for teachers that would help build Master Teachers, would help stem the exodus from teaching, and would help our teacher education programs begin to educate teachers for the wellness of long and healthy careers.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Interspecific interactions and competitive ability of the polymorphic reef-building coral Montastrea annularis. Naturally occurring interactions in three Montastrea annularis morphotypes, viz. Bumpy, Massive and Columnar (Van Veghel and Bak, 1993), were surveyed at six different depths on three localities along the leeward reefs of Curacao, Netherlands Antilles. In addition we did experiments to study the competitive abilities of the three morphotypes using four scleractinian opponents. Intraspecific interaction in M. annularis played a minor role in competition on the reef, compared to interspecific interactions (5 versus 95%). In naturally occurring interactions with other scleractinians two out of 18 encountered species deviated from Lang's (1973) hierarchy, in interactions with the Bumpy and Massive morphotype, and four species showed deviations in interactions with the Columnar morphotype. Bumpy and Massive morphotypes were more frequently involved in interactions on the reef than the Columnar morphotype. The Bumpy morphotype was the most dominant competitor of the three morphotypes. The hierarchical ranking observed in natural encounters can be expressed as the ratio dominance:subordinance of M. annularis morphotypes; Bumpy (3:1) > Massive (2:1) > Columnar (1:2). This resembles the intraspecific interaction pattern (Van Veghel and Bak, 1993). Our experiments, designed to measure competitive ability as size of lesions resulting from mesenterial combat, produced a similar hierarchical pattern. Quantity and/or length of mesenterial filaments are suggested to be responsible for differences in competitive ability between the M. annularis morphotypes.", "label": [4, 45, 39]}
+{"token": "Alpha-chloralose poisoning in dogs and cats: A retrospective study of 33 canine and 13 feline confirmed cases. Alpha-chloralose (AC) is an anaesthetic compound also used as a rodenticide, and has dose-dependent central nervous system mixed effects of excitation and depression. The objectives of this study were to detail the clinical and clinicopathological characteristics, as well as the treatment and prognosis, of AC toxicosis in dogs and cats. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for AC poisoning between the years 1989 and 2004, and 33 dogs and 13 cats were included in the study. The most common clinical signs were seizures, muscle tremor, hyperaesthesia, hypothermia, salivation, myosis, stupor, coma and ataxia. Coma was more common, while salivation and ataxia were less common in cats compared to dogs. Although hypothermia was very common, especially in cats (90.9%), hyperthermia, was frequently observed in dogs (21%). Treatment in all patients was supportive and symptomatic, and the most commonly used anticonvulsants were diazepam and barbiturates; however, severe unresponsive seizures in three dogs had to be controlled with inhalant gas anaesthesia. The hospitalisation period was 1-3 days, and the overall mortality rate was 6.5%. Alpha-chloralose poisoning seems to have a favourable prognosis in dogs and cats. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Working towards compliance with international standards. Developing countries are increasingly coming under pressure to improve their delivery of veterinary services as a prerequisite for entering the competitive arena of international trade in animals and animal products. The demands placed on developing countries by predominantly developed countries to comply with international disease prevention standards have also resulted in increasing demands on the financial, human and technological resources of these developing countries. The minimum requirements of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and the standards, guidelines and recommendations of international standard-setting organisations, such as the DIE (World organisation for animal health), are evaluated in terms of the opportunities embedded within these guidelines for developing countries. Such an evaluation indicates that the rights and obligations contained in these standards, guidelines and recommendations do not necessarily protect only the interests of developed countries but also encourage developing countries to work towards the levels of compliance and disease prevention required by their potential trade partners. The costs of this compliance can be reduced by exploiting more cost-effective alternatives for delivering services, when dictated by budgetary constraints. International organisations have illustrated on many occasions, and through a variety of development programmes, that they do indeed realise their responsibility towards developing countries in the areas of increased capacity building and technical assistance. If international organisations can refocus their interventions on the actual and specific needs of developing countries, then they can help to expedite the process of compliance with international standards.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "The Activities and Significance of Temple Fraternities in Late Choson Buddhism. The Choson dynasty is said to have been a period of venerating Confucianism and persecuting Buddhism. So long has the period been so considered that when Choson Buddhism is talked about, it never fails to include mention of its waning and ailing situation throughout the period. However, if we consider the Korean temples of our day, which display classic Choson style, not only in terms of tangible cultural properties such as paintings and statues, but also intangible ones such as music, chanting, and ritual, I claim that Buddhism, though stressed, continued to develop steadily during the Choson dynasty, at least to such an extent that it could influence contemporary Korean Buddhism. This study focuses on of the engines of this development within the sach'algye ( , temple fraternity). These arose in response to the persecution that lasted throughout the Choson dynasty and caused the demise of many Buddhist temples due to economic hardship. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a variety of temple fraternities came into existence and prospered throughout the country. In turn, these groups enabled temples to revive their religious and economic influence in society. Temple fraternities were organized in order to promote a pious faith in Buddhism, infuse the disciplinary mind of Buddhism into their members, and further aid temples by augmenting temple properties, restoring buildings, and providing necessities for religious ceremonies. Historical documents can verify 268 recorded temple fraternities. Each was aimed at providing a particular form of Buddhist service work ( ,pulsa) and they fit into seven different groups.", "label": [3, 5, 52, 33]}
+{"token": "Trends in the Relative Influence of Education and Income on Highbrow Taste, 1982-2012. Although numerous studies have confirmed the separate effects of economic and cultural capital on arts participation, research focusing on the cumulative and interactive effects of economic and cultural capital through the creation of taste publics is limited. Using data from the United States (Survey of Public Participation in the Arts [1982-2012]), this research integrates economic and cultural capital-measured as income and education-into the analysis of taste, creates taste publics, and examines their association with highbrow arts participation over time. We find that the effects of economic and cultural capital on highbrow arts participation decreased between 1982 and 2012, and American publics seem to have converged across both types of capital. Implications of the findings are discussed.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Haematological and Biochemical Reference Values for Healthy Population of Maferinyah Rural Community in Guinea. Guinea's reference ranges for biological parameters rely on those of Caucasian values. Variability in reference ranges according to the context is well-documented. We conducted this study for the purpose of future malaria clinical trials that assess the efficacy and safety of malaria drugs. A repeated cross-sectional study was carried out, in an apparently healthy cohort population. Surveys took place in Maferinyah rural community, which is located at 75 km from the capital. The 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles were determined nonparametrically and stood for reference intervals. Reference values were determined separately for males and females according to ranges of age (6-10 years of age; 11-15 years of age; 16-45 years of age). Differences between genders were tested using the Mann-Whitney test, while the Friedman test was performed to test differences within each gender group according to the seasons. A total of 450 volunteers were enrolled. The median age was 13. Males 16-45 years of age had significantly higher hematologic and biochemical values compared to a female of the same age (for hematological parameters Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration MCHC p <= 0001, Platelets p <= 0001, monocytes p <= 00305, eosinophils p <= 00225; for biochemical parameters Aspartate aminotransferase AST p <= 0001, Alanine Aminotransferase ALT p <= 0001, creatinine p <= 0001). We noticed significant seasonal variations for all the biochemical parameters and some hematologic parameters (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin MCH, MCHC, Mean Cell volume). This is the first study establishing hematologic and biochemical parameters in Guinea. These findings provide a useful guide for the clinical researchers and care providers. Studies on large scale and in different settings would be also desirable.", "label": [2, 18, 19]}
+{"token": "Supporting visual and verbal learning preferences in a second-language multimedia learning environment. English-speaking college students who were enrolled in a German course read a 762-word German language story presented by a computer program. For key words in the story, students could choose to see a translation on the screen in English (i.e., verbal annotation) or view a picture or video clip representing the word (i.e., visual annotation), or both. Students remembered word translations better when they had selected both visual and verbal annotations during learning than only 1 or no annotation; students comprehended the story better when they had the opportunity to receive their preferred mode of annotation. Results are consistent with a generative theory of multimedia learning that assumes that learners actively select relevant verbal and visual information, organize the information into coherent mental representations, and integrate these newly constructed visual and verbal representations with one another.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Invariant boundary value problems for a fourth-order dynamic Euler-Bernoulli beam equation. We obtain the complete Lie symmetry group classification of the dynamic fourth-order Euler-Bernoulli partial differential equation, where the elastic modulus, the area moment of inertia are constants and the applied load is a nonlinear function. In the Lie analysis, the principal Lie algebra which is two-dimensional extends in three cases, viz., the linear, the exponential, and the general power law. For each of the nontrivial cases, we determine symmetry reductions to ordinary differential equations which are of order four. In only one case related to the power law we are able to have a compatible initial-boundary value problem for a clamped end and a free beam. For these cases we deduce the corresponding fourth-order ordinary differential equations with appropriate boundary conditions. We provide an asymptotic solution for the reduced fourth-order ordinary differential equation corresponding to a clamped or free beam. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4711131]", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Teaching Theological Empathy to Distance Learners of Intercultural Spiritual Care. What is empathy, and why is it essential to intercultural spiritual care? I posit that intercultural spiritual care requires theological empathy-the reflexive capacity to imagine how another's emotions generate a lived theology or orienting system that 'makes sense' given their family and cultural contexts. Can theological empathy be taught in distance learning? If so, how? What kind of outcome measures do we need to assess clinical and theological empathy in religious leaders and chaplains? I explore these questions by first drawing upon psychological research on empathy. I describe the shifting role of empathy within the goals of pastoral and spiritual care. I elaborate a definition of intercultural, spiritually oriented theological empathy that includes theological literacy and reflexivity and the use of spiritual practices in emotional regulation. I describe and illustrate how distance learning offers unique opportunities for modeling and assessing intercultural empathic skills in spiritual care.", "label": [3, 5, 55, 33]}
+{"token": "Learning engineering as art: An invention center. This article describes a class where engineering students develop potentially patentable commercial products in a studio setting. Students work on two individual projects, with prototypes, patent description, and a small business plan within one semester. The first long-term survey of participating students indicated that the greatest impact of this class was on their understanding of real-world situations, and their ability to come up with creative ideas. Some positive commercialization results have occurred with nearly one fourth of the students participating. The emphasis of the article is on the pedagogical methods involved in this kind of course, although some assessment results are also included.", "label": [1, 5, 53, 15]}
+{"token": "Establishment of a two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry system for detection of four tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines. In this work, we developed a system for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of four tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs). This system was based on strong cation exchange/reversed phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SCX/RPLC-MS/MS). Benefiting from an efficient two-dimensional separation, the system could well circumvent tremendous matrix effects and provide excellent detection of ultra-low concentrations of TSNAs (ng mL(-1) level, after pretreatments) in Chinese Virginia cigarette mainstream smoke samples. Based on the features of TSNAs, one heart-cutting was used to transfer fractions from the first dimension to the second. A side flow was added between the two dimensions to gain retention in RPLC of TSNAs from SCX fractions. The system was evaluated using standard TSNA samples and mainstream cigarette smoke samples. The total separation time was within 20 minutes. The limits of quantitation (LOQs) for N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4-(methylnitrosoamino)1-( 3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), (R,S)-N-nitrosoanatabine (NAT) and (R, S)-N-nitrosoanabasine (NAB) were 39, 47, 58 and 9 pg mL(-1), respectively, which could well meet the requirements of all kinds of commercial cigarette samples. With Kentucky reference cigarettes as a standard sample, the relative deviations (r) of the measured values of TSNAs from the standard values were between -1.6% and 4.6%. And the relative standard deviations (RSD) of intra-and inter-day analysis were below 4.9% and 5.9%, respectively. These results revealed that the SCX/RPLC-MS/MS system we built could efficiently achieve minimal sample matrix effects and make highly sensitive analysis of pg mL(-1) level TSNAs in extremely complicated samples easy, fast and accurate. Finally, we successfully applied the system to the evaluation of TSNA yields in Chinese Virginia cigarettes.", "label": [0, 4, 36, 8, 35]}
+{"token": "Comprehensive chemical analyses of a cordierite from Kiranur, South India, and of an ilvaite from Serifos, Greece: Two new microprobe reference samples. A cordierite sample (42/IA) from Kiranur, South India, and an ilvaite sample (ISX1) from Serifos, Greece, have been characterized and prepared for use as potential electron microprobe reference samples. By combining different high-precision analytical methods, we determined the major-, minor-, and trace-element composition of these samples and demonstrated their near-stoichiometric composition and high homogeneity at the micrometer level. The chemical composition (working values) of ilvaite ISX1 is (in wt%): SiO2 = 29.68%; Al2O3 = 0.67%; Fe2O3 = 34.72%; FeO = 18.67%; FeOT = 51.52%; MnO = 0.31%; MgO = 0.22%; CaO = 13.76%; H2O = 2.21%; and of cordierite 42/IA is (in wt%): SiO2 = 49.65; Al2O3 = 33.17%; FeOT = 2.34%; MnO = 0.03%; MgO = 12.44%; Na2O = 0.33%; H2O = 1.21%; CO2 = 0.59%. Aliquots of these samples for use as primary or secondary electron microprobe reference sample can be obtained on request.", "label": [4, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "Analytical electron microscopy of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Microtome sections of proton exchange membrane cells produce a wide range of information ranging from macroscopic distribution of components through specimens in which the detailed distribution of catalyst particles can be observed. Using modem data management practices it is possible to combine information at different scales and correlate processing and performance data. Analytical electron microscopy reveals the compositional variations across used cells at the electrolyte/electrode interface. In particular analytical techniques indicate that sulphur concentrations are likely to diminish at the interface Nafion/anode interface. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
+{"token": "Polarization characteristics of patch antenna using in-plane and weakly biased ferrite substrate. A square patch antenna using an in-plane biased yttrium iron garnet (YIG) polycrystalline substrate is presented. The patch antenna is fed through a cross-slot with slots of equal or unequal length to control the polarization. The experimental results reveal that the rotation direction of the elliptical polarization was switched between right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) and left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) controlling the axial ratio continuoulsly without switching devices. The antenna gain was also investigated with respect to this polarization switching and the magnetic bias.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus infections among children and adults in Mexico. Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading etiological agent of acute respiratory tract infections and hospitalizations in children. However, little information is available regarding RSV infections in Latin American countries, particularly among adult patients.Objective: To describe the epidemiology of RSV infection and to analyze the factors associated with severe infections in children and adults in Mexico.Conclusions: This study confirms that RSV is an important respiratory pathogen in children in Mexico. In addition, a substantial number of cases in adults were also detected highlighting the relevance of this virus in all ages. It is important to identify subjects at high risk of complications who may benefit from current or future preventive interventions.Results: Respiratory syncytial virus was detected in 399 children and 171 adults. RSV A was detected in 413 cases and RSV B in 163, including six patients who had coinfection with both subtypes; 414 (72.6%) patients required hospital admission, including 96 (16.8%) patients that required admission to the intensive care unit. Coinfection with one or more respiratory pathogens other than RSV was detected in 159 cases. Young age (in children) and older age (in adults) as well as the presence of some underlying conditions were associated with more severe disease.Methods: Patients >= 1 month old, who presented with an influenza-like illness (ILI) to six hospitals in Mexico, were eligible for participation in the study. Multiplex reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction identified viral pathogens in nasal swabs from 5629 episodes of ILI. Patients in whom RSV was detected were included in this report.", "label": [2, 25, 21]}
+{"token": "Product-market planning capability and profitability. We test the profit implication of product-market planning as a dynamic capability, from a contingency theory perspective. Among a sample of high-technology industrial organizations, we find that product-market planning capability is significantly and positively related to profits under marketing differentiation, but negative implications ensue for those adopting cost efficiency strategies. Pursuing hybrid strategies has no significant effect, while technological turbulence also has no moderating effect. Additional analysis establishes the temporal effects of product-market planning capability on 3-year lagged profits. These differential results are considered within a contingency framework. Implications are identified and discussed for industrial marketing management theory and practice.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
+{"token": "On the evaluation of commonality strategy in product line design: The effect of valuation change and distribution channel structure. This paper investigates a manufacturer's optimal decisions in relation to the adoption of the commonality strategy in a decentralized channel as opposed to a centralized channel. Our model, through valuation premium and discount, captures the possible changes in the perceived quality made by customers as a result of the use of common design in the high-quality and low-quality products. We show that commonality always help reduce the extent of quality distortion encountered by the low-valuation segment, regardless of the channel structure. We also show that the adoption of commonality strategy in a decentralized channel is able to reduce channel efficiency loss, which may lead to improvements in the channel profits even when there is no cost saving associated with the use of common components. The valuation premium and discount are influential on several important measure including optimal quality levels, channel profits, and consumer surplus. Furthermore, we point out an important issue on the coordination between the manufacturer and the retailer that must be addressed if the commonality strategy is to be implemented in a decentralized channel. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
+{"token": "Superior Pebax-1657/amine-modified halloysite nanotubes mixed-matrix membranes to improve the CO2/CH4 separation efficiency. In the present study, halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) were firstly functionalized using N-beta-(aminoethyl)-gamma-aminopropyltrimethoxy silane and then employed as nanofillers to fabricate mixed-matrix membranes including poly (ether-block-amide) polymer as the primary material. To characterize the HNTs, as well as the obtained membranes, thermal gravimetric analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and Field emission scanning electron microscopy analyses were employed. Effects of the modified and pure HNTs loadings, as well as feed pressure on CH4 and CO2 permeabilities and ideal CO2/CH4 selectivity of the prepared membranes, were surveyed. The experimental permeation results indicated that incorporation of 1.5 wt% of amine-functionalized HNTs into the polymer matrix improves CO2 permeability and the ideal selectivity by nearly 37 and 24%, respectively, due to the higher CO2 adsorption capacity of the amine-functionalized HNTs.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Farm Work-Related Injuries and Risk Factors in South Korean Agriculture. Agriculture is known to be a risk-filled industry in South Korea, as it is worldwide. The aims of this study were to identify the magnitude of farm work-related injuries and evaluate the association between injury and possible risk factors. Farmers, including farm members (N = 16,160), were surveyed. After excluding 7 subjects with missing data in questions about injury, 16,153 farmer responses were used for the analysis. Of the 16,153 farmers, 3.6% answered having at least one farm work-related injury requiring outpatient treatment or hospitalization during 2012. The proportion of injured men (4.3%) was 1.5 times higher than women (2.9%). From an age perspective, the proportion was 1.3% of those aged 49 or below, 2.7% of those aged 50-59, 4.2% of those aged 60-69, 4.2% of those aged 70-79, and 3.1% of those aged 80 or above. We used a multivariate logistic regression analysis with a stepwise model (forward) for risk factors (gender, age, farm ownership, farm type, work years in agriculture, work months during 2012, night work experience, and work experience under the influence of alcohol). The increased risk of farm work-related injuries significantly remained associated with age, farm ownership, and experience of night work. Further studies should be conducted to consistently identify injury characteristics, especially for old farmers, considering the crop cultivation in Asian countries.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "The 'Arabian Nights', visual culture, and early German cinema. This paper focuses on two cultural focuses on two cultural developments in Germany and their intersection in the period from 1880 from 1935. One of these developments is the robust reception of the Arabian Nights in print. The other is the emergence of visual culture in the form of motion pictures. The paper shows how the literary reception of the Arabian Nights as a visual experience can help explain why filmmakers like Ernst Lubitsch (Sumuran, 1920) Fritz Lang (Der Mude Tod, 1921) and Paul Leni (Das Wachsfigurenkabinett, 1924) adapted the content and narrative structure of the Arabian Nights in their cinematic work.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "ELECTROPHORETIC IDENTIFICATION AND GENETIC-ANALYSIS OF BIVALVE LARVAE. Taxonomic identification and genetic analysis of larval marine invertebrates have been vexing problems. We describe a polyacrylamide mini-gel electrophoresis technique for resolving proteins from individual larval bivalves (shell length 250 to 350-mu-m) and apply this technique to three species of laboratory-cultured larval oysters [Ostrea edulis L., 1758, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793) and C. virginica (Gmelin, 1791)] reared during summer 1989. Electrophoretic patterns of proteins clearly discriminate among the three species and allow genetic analysis of a polymorphic allozyme locus (Pgi) in field-collected larvae and juveniles of C. virginica. This technique provides an economical tool for large-scale taxonomic, ecologic, and genetic studies of meroplanktonic stages of various species.", "label": [4, 45]}
+{"token": "Analysis of the Pressure Distribution Qualities of a Silicone Border Foam Dressing. CONCLUSIONS: Application of a silicone border foam dressing is associated with significant reduction in interface pressure and may be considered as part of a pressure ulcer prevention program.RESULTS: Application of the dressing was associated with a significant decrease in average pressure measurements as compared to the heel with no dressing applied (P < .001). Application of the dressing did not impact pressure readings for the heel to which no dressing was applied (P = .53), and application of the dressing to either the left or right heel did not impact pressure readings (ie, the random effect was insignificant; P = .9).METHODS: Application of the silicone border foam dressing was randomized between the left and right heels. Participants were asked to lie down in the supine position on a viscoelastic foam mattress. Interface pressure measurements were captured using a pressure mapping system; measurements were taken once with the dressing applied to the heel (intervention map) and once without (control map). Data were captured after a 4-minute time period allowing stabilization. Analysis was based on mean interface pressure; data points were collected for both heels in each of the 2 frames, yielding 4 observations per subject.DESIGN: Prospective, within-subjects design.PURPOSE: To determine whether application of a silicone foam dressing is associated with decreased interface pressures when applied to the heel.SUBJECTS AND SETTING: The study was conducted in a community-based hospital using a convenience sample of 50 healthy volunteers with a mean age of 39.6 years and mean body mass index of 26.6; 70% were female.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Downward host rock transport and the formation of rim monoclines during the emplacement of Cordilleran batholiths. The mechanisms by which Cordilleran plutons are emplaced vary widely. However, the present authors have examined a series of plutons ranging from 2-35 km emplacement depth that have many common features, which Suggest that downward transport of host rock is the most important mechanism during magma ascent and pluton emplacement. Many of these Cordilleran plutons preserve gently dipping, unfaulted roofs attached to steep walls bordered by narrow ductile aureoles. Fiat lying roof strata commonly roll over into steeply dipping rim monoclines and anticlines that young towards and follow the pluton margin. Field observations suggest that Such rim monoclines and anticlines formed due to gravitationally driven roof collapse and channel flow along margins. In the examples in this paper, pluton walls are often comprised of narrow steeply dipping ductile aureoles in which the intensity of strain increases downward. Aureole ductile strains are insufficient to account for the volume of magma emplaced, and are typically <40% of pluton volume. However, when aureole strain is combined With minimum estimates of stoping and host rock rotation during rim monoclines formation, sufficient space call be created. The examples suggest that gravitationally driven downward host rock transport by stoping and rigid rotations along roofs and walls and by focused channel flow by ductile strain along walls are common processes during the rise of Cordilleran plutons. and is one process that contributes to crustal thickening and the growth of crustal roots.", "label": [4, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "Randomization of Sharkovsky-type results on the circle. Two deterministic Sharkovsky-type theorems on the circle due to L. Block [Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 82 (1981) 481-486] and X. Zhao [Fixed Point Theory Appl., Article ID 194875 (2008)] are randomized. The randomization of Block's theorem brings an additional information about the forcing alternatives. Some further possibilities of the randomized Zhao's theorem are discussed for multivalued maps.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Pearling and helical nanostructures of model protocell membranes. The diversity of protocell membrane structures is crucial for the regulation of cell activities and indispensable to the origin of life. Prior to the evolution of complex cellular machinery, spontaneous protocell membrane evolution results from the intrinsic physicochemical properties of simple molecules under specific environmental conditions. Here, we report the evolution of the morphology of cell-sized model protocell membranes from giant vesicles to pearling and helical nanostructures, resembling morphologies of eukaryocytes, nostoc, and spirilla. This evolution occurs in a single binary aqueous system composed of an achiral single-chain amphiphile and a biogenic polyamine (spermidine or spermine) upon evaporating water, feeding amphiphiles, or increasing pH in response to various primitive fluctuating conditions. In contrast, nonbiogenic polyamines (triamine, triethylenetetramine, and hexamethyltriethylenetetramine) with slight differences in the number of methylene groups or protonated amine groups do not induce such a kind of evolution. The evolution of the shape transformation strongly relies on the balance between electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding, attributed to the odd/even effect of polyamines in the assembly. Strikingly, both pearling and helical structures emerge from multilamellar vesicles undergoing different processes, where the helix shows stronger permeability and encapsulation capability due to its multicompartmentalized structure. Thus, subtle adjustment of weak intramolecular interactions not only yields significant changes in the morphological evolution of protocell membranes but also brings new insights into the natural inevitability of biogenic small molecules.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "China's ancient past in its contemporary art: On the politics of time and nation branding at the Venice Biennale. This article examines the China Pavilion at the 2017 Venice Biennale through an exploration of temporality. It argues that the pavilion's deployment of a politics of time - by mobilizing China's dynastic past and its traditional arts to enhance the present - constructs a mode of cultural timelessness that sustains a stultifying visual and discursive regime. Touting the theme of 'Continuum - Generation by Generation', the pavilion paid a lofty tribute to folk-art practices such as embroidery and shadow play, elevating two paintings from the Song Dynasty as the fount of contemporary artistic imagination. This recourse to the past mirrors a predictable and safe representational strategy often mobilized by the country to shape its own public and media image on the global stage. In view of this, the pavilion can be more constructively investigated as an exercise in image and perception management, or nation branding, which reveals the self-narratives that the country embraces. Nation branding serves as a complementary analytical lens that probes the instrumentalization of Chinese traditions, history and past, while crystallizing some parallel visual logics and aims of contemporary art. Aesthetics and nation branding are, therefore, conjoined to question the shared visuality that perpetuates, to borrow a term from Rey Chow, the 'affect of pastness' that obscures a more timely and inventive imaginary of the country.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Experimental investigation of combustion, emissions and thermal balance of secondary butyl alcohol-gasoline blends in a spark ignition engine. An experimental investigation of butanol as an alternative fuel was conducted. A four-cylinder, four-stroke gasoline engine was used to investigate the engine combustion emissions and thermal balance characteristics using 2-butanol-gasoline blended fuels at 50% throttle wide open. In this experimental study, the gasoline engine was tested at 2-butanol-gasoline percentage volume ratios of 5:95 (GBu5), 10:90 (GBu10) and 15:85 (GBu15) of gasoline to butanol, respectively. Combustion analysis results showed that 2-butanol-gasoline blends have a lower in-cylinder pressure, rate of pressure rise and rate of heat release. However, as the 2-butanol addition increases in the blended fuels, increasing trends of in cylinder pressure, rate of pressure rise and rate of heat release are observed, but it is still lower than G100 fuels. Moreover, even 5%, 10% and 15% additions of 2-butanol in the gasoline fuels improve the COV of IMEP by 3.7, 3.46 and 3.26, respectively, which indicates that the presence of 2-butanol stabilises the combustion process. Comparative analysis of the experimental results by exhaust emissions produced an average of 7.1%, 13.7%, and 19.8% lower NO, for GBu5, GBu10 and GBu15, respectively, over the speed range of 1000-4000 RPM. Other emission contents indicate lower CO and HC but higher CO2 from 2500 to 4000 RPM for the blended fuels with regard to G100. The thermal balance analysis mainly exhibits an improvement in effective power, cooling energy and exhaust energy by average differences of 3.3%, 0.8% and 2.3% for GBu15 compared with G100. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "TALC - OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERIZATION, AND CONSUMER APPLICATIONS. Talc is a mineral compound with unique attributes and significant commercial importance. As used in consumer products, talc has a long and proven history of safe use. Direct consumer applications include body powders, other cosmetic formulations, pharmaceutical tableting, and some confectionery food products. Production, characterization, and consumer applications of FDA-regulated talc products, particularly cosmetics, are described. The implementation of stringent safety and quality control measures designed to ensure the absence of asbestos fibers from consumer talc products is discussed. Consumer exposure to talc-containing products is at least 350 times lower than permissible industrial exposure. (C) 1995 Academic Press,Inc.", "label": [2, 3, 22, 29]}
+{"token": "A novel I117T substitution in neuraminidase of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus conferring reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir and zanamivir. Occurrence of avian influenza (AI) with Neuraminidase (NA) mutations which confer reduced neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) susceptibility has remained a cause of concern. The susceptibility to NAIs of 67 highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses isolated during 2006-2012 in India was tested in phenotypic fluorescence-based NA inhibition assay, sequence analysis and in ovo. One isolate showed a novel NA I117T amino acid substitution (N2 numbering) and eight isolates showed previously known NAI-resistance marker mutations (I117V, E119D, N294S, total 9/67). The overall incidence of resistant variants was 13.4%. The novel I117T substitution reduced oseltamivir susceptibility by 18.6-fold and zanamivir susceptibility by 11.8-fold, compared to the wild type Al H5N1virus, thus showed cross-resistance to both oseltamivir and zanamivir in NA inhibition assays. However, the other two isolates with I117V substitution were sensitive to both the NAIs. In addition, the comparison of growth of the I117T and I117V variants in presence of NAI's in the in ovo assays exhibited difference in growth levels. The present study reports the natural occurrence of a novel I117T mutation in AI H5N1 virus conferring cross-resistance to oseltamivir and zanamivir highlighting the urgent need of antiviral surveillance of AI viruses.", "label": [0, 4, 43, 10]}
+{"token": "A simple inorganic-solvent-thermal route to nanocrystalline niobium diboride. Nanocrystalline NbB2 has been prepared via a simple inorganic-solvent-thermal route by the reaction of metallic magnesium powders with niobium pentoxide and boric acid in an autoclave at 650 C X-ray powder diffraction pattern indicated that the product was hexagonal niobium diboride (NbB2), and the cell constant was a=3.115 angstrom and c=3.266 angstrom. Scanning electron microscopy image showed that it consisted of particles with an average size of about 30 nm. the product was also studied by BET and TGA. It had good thermal stability and oxidation resistance below an important role in the formation of nanocrystalline niobium diboride with a narrow particle size distribution. (C) 2008 B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Intravenous injection of India ink with suicidal intent. We describe the case of a 33-year-old man who injected 4 ml of India ink into one of the median cubital veins with suicidal intent. He was hospitalized in good general condition 10 h after the injection. Abnormal laboratory test results were a leukocytosis, an oximetrically determined methemoglobin level of 36.9% (normal range: 1.5%) and a free hemoglobin level of 74 mu mol/L (normal range: < 25 mu mol/L). Toxicological examination showed the presence of nitrobenzene in blood and urine. Intravenous administration of vitamin C and tolonium chloride plus forced diuresis led to an improvement in cyanosis and a fall in the methemoglobin concentration. Repeated increase in the concentration of aminobenzene were successfully treated by hemodialysis with a high-flux dialyzer.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Injuries caused by pellets, medical and medico-legal issues. A case presentation. Fire weapons cause various types of injuries, depending on their type and projectile. The observance of the methodological guidelines of medico-legal expertise, combined with investigation data, provides elements that may support accidental injury or not. This study presents a case that is problematic from a both surgical and medico-legal point of view. On a surgical level, difficulties were encountered in extracting the foreign body, while on a medico-legal level, issues referred to the accurate classification of the criminal act depending on the location and seriousness of the injury, the traumatic agent and the actual, immediate or late damage caused to the injured party. The complexity of the case reveals the drawbacks of the system for the assessment of injury gravity in medico-legal practice, as the indicative guidelines used in Romanian legal medicine for the award of medical care days is not enough to estimate the gravity of the injury caused to the victim, due to the particularities of the case. Corroborating medical data and medico-legal criteria, trauma-related expertise was drawn up so that the criminal act might be classified as accurately as possible.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Masculine Redemption in Carl Orff's Catulli Carmina (1943). This article argues that Carl Orff's Catulli Carmina - a five-movement cantata comprising a selection of Catullus' Latin poems framed by neo-Latin text written by Orff himself - occupies an ambiguous space within the cultural environment of National Socialism, especially in portraying ideals of contemporary masculinity. In its overt theatrical displays of male and female sexuality, Catulli Carmina invites association with the perceived 'decadence' of pre-war cabaret in France and Germany's Weimar Republic. Yet, through tendentious selection and ordering of the poems, Orff's cantata also 'corrects' Catullus' emblematic triviality and erotic abjection in an era which prized productive masculinity as a symbol of the good health of the nation. Orff's motivations in engaging with Roman culture were very different from Nazism's own fetishising of Greco-Roman antiquity, yet in this chapter Catullus provides a surprising case study for demonstrating how Orff's artistic values were often 'compatible' with those of the Nazi regime.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "UKCCSG's germ cell tumour (GCT) studies: Improving outcome for children with malignant extracranial non-gonadal tumours - Carboplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin are effective and less toxic than previous regimens. Conclusions, We found JEB to be more effective and less toxic than our previous regimens. Some survivors of sacrococcygeal tumours have neurological late effects. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Methods and Results. Median follow-up for 52 patients in the GCI study and 46 in GCII was 105 and 48 months, respectively. For GCI, 5- and 10-year actuarial survival was 63% (95% Confidence interval 50 to 75%) or 72% (57 to 83%) if 6 cases given row-dose VAC were excluded. For GCII, 5-year survival was significantly greater at 95% (83 to 99%), P = 0.01. Event-Tree survival was 46% at 5 years for GCI (33 to 59%) or 52% excluding the low-dose VAC cases (38 to 66%), while for GCII it was 87% (74 to 94%), P = 0.002. Five-year event-free survival of 21 children given cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin (BEP) in GCI was 57% (37 to 76%) compared with 87% (74 to 94%) for 46 given JEB in GCII, P = 0.02. Late effects in 30 evaluable survivors of GCI and 43 GCII included renal impairment in 6 in GCI and 0 in GCII and deafness in 11 and 4, respectively. Among 17 survivors of sacrococcygeal rumours treated in GCI, 4 have neuropathic bladder/bowel and another shortening of a leg. In GCII, 4 of 26 have neuropathic bladder/bowel with lower limb weak ness in one.Background. We report the efficacy and late effects of carboplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin (JEB) for extracranial non-gonadal tumours (GCII, 1989-95) compared with the 5 previous regimens (GCI, 1979-1988) consisting of 3 vincristine, actinomycin, and cyclophosphamide (VAC) and 2 platinum-based protocols.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "The use of a computerized brain atlas to support knowledge-based training in radiology. Trainers of radiologists face the particular challenges of teaching normal and abnormal appearance for a variety of imaging modalities, providing access to a large appropriately-indexed case library, and teaching a consistent approach to the reporting of cases. The computer has the potential to address these issues, to supplement conventional teaching of radiology by providing case-based tutoring and diagnostic support based on a large library of images of normal and abnormal anatomy, described in a consistent terminology. The paper presents a new approach to computer-based training in radiology that combines a knowledge-based tutor with an on-line medical atlas. It describes two existing computer systems, the MR Tutor and ATLAS, and discusses the medical, computational, epistemic, and pedagogic issues involved in developing a combined Atlas-Tutor. Integrating an atlas with a training system could significantly improve the teaching and support offered, but practical difficulties include the need to merge knowledge representations and to incorporate techniques for registering atlas plates on images that exhibit abnormalities. The paper addresses these problems, and concludes by indicating how the Atlas-Tutor might be employed in practical radiology training. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 2, 4, 22, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Multi-agent simulations for the evaluation of Looting Systems design in MMOG and MOBA games. Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOGs) are persistent worlds where a huge number of players interact with each other in order to improve their avatar's characteristics. Multiplayer Online Battle Arenas (MOBAs) - also known as Action Real-Time Strategy (ARTS) games - are video games in which each player controls a single character in one of two competing teams; goal of the game is to destroy the antagonist team. In both genres, players' characters typically exploit their special abilities, which contribute to the overall strategy of their faction or team. Social interactions among players are at the core of both these game types, and a careful design of the game social architecture is a key factor in determining the success of a specific product.The attention of researchers and practitioners has, till now, focused mainly on several game features, while others have been considered secondary, possibly underestimating their importance in terms of the game overall quality. For instance, in MMOGs, loot items (a type of in-game reward) are not distributed evenly, and the competition for getting the best prize, often, is left in the hands of the players. To handle this issue, players have created resource allocation algorithms called Looting Systems (LS). Generally, the adoption of a specific LS is based on a gentlemen's agreement among the players, and the respect of its outcomes largely depends on mutual trust. Quite recently, ad hoc forms of LS have been introduced also into MOBAs.This topic has received moderate attention by the scientific community, anyway, we sustain that a LS could influence the players' behaviour and, if mismanaged, possibly the survival of the whole community of players in a game. Hence, detecting and tracking the hidden social effects of apparently minor features could become a critical factor in the development of games genres which heavily depend on the quality of social interactions among players. To tackle this issue, we present a simulative study - based on Agent-Based Model (ABM) techniques - of the effects of the adoption of different LSs on heterogeneous player bases. The final goal of our study is to provide several guidelines and hints about the design of LSs to game designers working on MMOs or MOBAs. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "The Effect of the EU-Brand on Citizens' Trust in Policies: Replicating an Experiment. Karens et al. (2016) conducted an experiment to measure the effect of the European Union (EU) brand on citizens' trust in policies. Experiments conducted with economics students in Belgium, Poland, and The Netherlands showed a consistently positive and significant effect of applying the EU brand, on trust in the policies. This study presents seven replications conducted several years after Karens et al.'s experiments. The replications show no significant effects of the EU brand on trust in policies. These findings demonstrate that brand effects may vary over time. To identify a population effect size across all experiments, a meta-analysis was conducted. The meta-analysis shows that-overall-the EU-brand has a small but significant positive effect on citizens' trust in policies. The article tests earlier findings, and discusses intricacies of conducting replications. It elaborates explanations for the results in the replications, and the replication problems with experiments based on evaluative conditioning.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "The Effect of Diet Intervention in Breast Cancer: A Meta-analysis. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of diet intervention in breast cancer patients through meta-analysis. Methods: For the study purpose, 18 studies were selected using PubMed, ScienceDirect, ProQuest and CINAHL. Meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model, and the effect size on outcome variables in breast cancer were calculated. Results: The effect size for body mass index, body weight, energy intake from fat (%), and energy intake of diet intervention was -0.75 (95% CI:- 1.22 similar to-0.27), -0.93 (95% CI:- 1.58 similar to-0.28), -0.82 (95% CI:- 1.11 similar to-0.52), and -1.10 (95% CI:- 1.85 similar to-0.34). For heterogeneity, moderator analysis was performed using intervention type and intervention duration. As a result of the moderator analysis, BMI, body weight, energy intake from fat (%), and energy intake were not statistically significant on intervention type and intervention duration. But, only BMI had a significant difference on intervention duration (p=.013). Conclusion: Further research is needed to determine whether exercise intervention will be included in nutritional intervention for breast cancer patients. Also, even if the duration of the intervention is less than six months, a strategy for sustaining long-term intervention effects will be needed.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Once you join the streets you will have to do it': sexual practices of street children and youth in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. Methods: We sought to describe the sexual behaviours of street-connected children and youth in order to comprehend their sexual practices and elucidate circumstances that put them at increased risk of contracting HIV utilizing qualitative methods from a sample of street-connected children and youth in Eldoret, Kenya. We recruited participants aged 11-24 years who had lived on the street for >= 3 months to participate in 25 in-depth interviews and 5 focus group discussions stratified by age and sex.Background: Adolescents living in HIV endemic settings face unique sexual health risks, and in the context of abject poverty, orphanhood, social marginalization, and discrimination, adolescents may be particularly at-risk of horizontal HIV transmission. Street-connected children and youth are a particularly vulnerable and marginalized population and therefore may be a key population at-risk.Conclusion: These findings have important policy and programming implications, specifically for the government of Kenya's adolescent reproductive health policy, and highlight the need to target out-of-school youth. There is an urgent need for social protection to reduce transactional sex and interventions addressing the epidemic of sexual and gender-based violence.Results: In total we interviewed 65 street-connected children and youth; 69 % were male with a median age of 18 years (IQR: 14-20.5 years). Participants identified both acceptable and unacceptable sexual acts that occur on the streets between males and females, between males, and between females. We grouped reasons for having sex into four categories based on common themes: pleasure, procreation, transactional, and forced. Transactional sex and multiple concurrent partnerships were frequently described by participants. Rape was endemic to street life for girls.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "'A small, fierce being': Jon Silkin, Isaac Rosenberg, and the definition of the Anglo-Jewish poet. Despite being 'one of the most distinctive and distinguished of those British poets who began to publish in the 1950s', (1) the writer, editor, critic, and translator Jon Silkin remains a largely forgotten figure in contemporary poetry. However, with the publication his Complete Poems in 2015 and the availability of his archive, there has been a renewed critical interest in the charismatic, prolific, and contentious poet. (2) Drawing heavily from Silkin's unpublished correspondence, this article contributes to this revival by exploring his place within the post-1945 Anglo-Jewish community and his relationship to his Jewish identity and cultural heritage. In particular, it investigates how the First World War poet (and fellow Anglo-Jew) Isaac Rosenberg became a vital means through which Silkin articulated his poetic identity as one caught between two hyphenated cultures and histories and defined his relationship with his Anglo-Jewish contemporaries.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Multiomics analyses and machine learning of nuclear receptor coactivator 6 reveal its essential role in hepatocellular carcinoma. Nuclear receptor coactivator 6 (NCOA6), a coactivator of numerous nuclear receptors and transcription factors, regulates multiple critical cellular functions. Nuclear receptor coactivator 6 is dysregulated in various cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, its role remains largely unknown. Here we reported that NCOA6 was highly expressed in HCC compared to the adjacent liver tissue, and NCOA6 overexpression was significantly correlated with poor HCC prognosis. Experiments revealed that the knockdown of NCOA6 damaged the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCC cells. Multiomics and immune infiltration analyses showed a close relationship between NCOA6 expression, multiple cancer-related malignant pathways, and the immunosuppressive microenvironment. Finally, we established an effective NCOA6-related microRNA (miRNA) signature to distinguish HCC from hepatitis\\\\\\\\liver cirrhosis patients. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to provide a comprehensive analysis of NCOA6 expression in HCC. We found that NCOA6 plays an important role in HCC development and has a potential mechanism of action. Establishing an NCOA6-related miRNA signature will help develop novel diagnostic strategies for HCC patients.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Kinetics of the oxidation of diethyl sulfide in aqueous H2O2-Na2SiO3 solutions. A study of the effect of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) on the kinetics of the oxidation of diethyl sulfide (Et2S) by hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution in a broad pH range has shown that the active species in the pathway catalyzed by this silicate are peroxopolysilicate anions. We determined the peroxopolysilicate stability constant (1.4 L/mol) and rate constant of the reaction of this species with Et2S (0.15-0.3 L/mol center dot s).", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "IQ predictors in pediatric opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome: a large international cohort study. Aim To determine predictors of full-scale IQ (FSIQ) in an international pediatric opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (OMS) cohort. Method In this retrospective and prospective cohort study at three academic medical centers (2006-2013), the primary outcome measure, FSIQ, was categorized based on z-score: above average (>=+1), average (+1 to -1), mildly impaired (-1 to -2), and impaired (<-2). Univariate analysis and multivariable linear regression modeling using stepwise selection with Akaike's information criterion was performed to understand the relationship between exposures and FSIQ. Results Of 81 participants, 37 with sufficient data had mean FSIQ 84.38 (SD 20.55) and median 90 (40-114) at latest available evaluation (mean age 8y 5mo). Twenty (54%), nine (24.3%), and eight (21.6%) had normal, mildly impaired, and impaired FSIQ respectively. The final multivariable linear regression model included 34 participants with evaluable data: number of relapses occurring before neuropsychological testing (p<0.001) and OMS severity score at last follow-up (p<0.001) predicted FSIQ (adjustedR(2)=0.64). There was a mean decrease of 2.4 FSIQ points per OMS relapse. Interpretation Number of relapses negatively correlates with FSIQ in pediatric OMS. Demographic and clinical measures available at OMS onset did not predict FSIQ. Strategies to reduce OMS relapses may improve intellectual outcomes.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Soybean Seedlings Tolerate Abrasion from Air-Propelled Grit. New tools for controlling weeds would be useful for soybean production in organic systems. Air-propelled abrasive grit is one such tool that performs well for in-row weed control in corn, but crop safety in soybean is unknown. Responses to abrasion by corn-cob grit of soybean seedlings were examined at VE, VC, VU, V1, V2 (emergence, cotyledon, unifoliate, first trifoliate, and second trifoliate, respectively) and combinations of these growth stages, in both greenhouse and field settings. Seedling leaf areas and dry weights in greenhouse experiments were reduced by treatments that included abrasion at VC, with the primary effect expressed through reductions in the size of the unifoliate leaf. In the field, soybean stand also was reduced by grit applications at VC, especially if followed by a second application at VU or Vi. However, soybean yield was not reduced by grit applied at any soybean stage of growth. End-of-season weed dry weights did not differ from hand-weeded checks, and weeds did not impact soybean yields. Thus, abrasive grit for in-row weed control can be applied at least twice at VE through V2 growth stages without lowering soybean yield, but applications at VC probably should be avoided.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Has Eastern Europe Always Lagged Behind the West? Historical Evidence from Pre-1870. The collapse of communism in Central, East and South-East Europe led to great hopes in the early 1990s. Three decades on, the initial optimism has given way to a mixed assessment: while the political transformation appears irreversible in some countries, a relapse to more authoritarian forms of government has occurred elsewhere. Similarly, the economic catch-up process takes much longer than originally anticipated. Many of the challenges might not be a legacy of state socialism but could be more deeply rooted. We provide an overview of where quantitative economic history research stands on the origins and persistence of this fundamental West-East-divide, focusing on the period before 1870 (by which time income differences were well established). Serfdom was proposed as an early answer. Non-agricultural explanations fall into three strands: demography, institutional weaknesses, and market access. We briefly discuss to what extent the factors identified here might have generated long-run stagnation in region.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Meta-Analytic Use of Balanced Identity Theory to Validate the Implicit Association Test. This meta-analysis evaluated theoretical predictions from balanced identity theory (BIT) and evaluated the validity of zero points of Implicit Association Test (IAT) and self-report measures used to test these predictions. Twenty-one researchers contributed individual subject data from 36 experiments (total N = 12,773) that used both explicit and implicit measures of the social-cognitive constructs. The meta-analysis confirmed predictions of BIT's balance-congruity principle and simultaneously validated interpretation of the IAT's zero point as indicating absence of preference between two attitude objects. Statistical power afforded by the sample size enabled the first confirmations of balance-congruity predictions with self-report measures. Beyond these empirical results, the meta-analysis introduced a within-study statistical test of the balance-congruity principle, finding that it had greater efficiency than the previous best method. The meta-analysis's full data set has been publicly archived to enable further studies of interrelations among attitudes, stereotypes, and identities.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Improved collection of mobilized CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells by a novel automated leukapheresis system. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:The automated default software (AutoPBSC-Default) and three software modifications of the harvest frequency during leukapheresis, referred to as AutoPBSC-1.25, AutoPBSC-1.75, and AutoPBSC-2.75, were evaluated in comparison with the semiautomated Version 4.7 (V4.7) apheresis system in 119 leukapheresis procedures performed in 90 cancer patients treated with chemotherapy plus granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor. CD34+ cell and platelet collection efficiency (CE); volume and cell composition of the leukapheresis components; and patient platelet and red cell (RBC) loss during leukapheresis were measured.RESULTS:The majority of collection measures evaluated with the AutoPBSC compared favorably to those obtained with the V4.7. CD34+ cell CE increased from 55 percent with V4.7 to 68 percent with the AutoPBSC-Default (p = 0.05). The AutoPBSC provided lower platelet contamination in the collected component (1.18 x 10(11) vs. 2.26 x 10(11) with the V4.7; p<0.001). The volume of the AutoPBSG-Default component was significantly lower (67 vs. 180 mL with the V4.7; p<0.001).The MNC purity of the AutoPBSC component was greater (52 vs. 28% with the V4.7; p<0.001), and the RBC contamination lower (AutoPBSC, 0.53 x 10(11) vs. 1.04 x 10(11) with the V4.7; p<0.001). Modifications of the AutoPBSC to increase the harvest frequency by 1.25-, 1.75-, and 2.75-fold resulted in increased CD34+ cell CE (77%, 75%, and 83%, respectively; p<0.001 in all cases), but also in reduced numbers of circulating platelets, higher platelet contamination of the component, and lower MNC purity than were seen with the AutoPBSC-Default.BACKGROUND: For simplification of blood cell transplantation, an automated apheresis system that exploits a dual-stage channel device for mononuclear cell (MNC) collection (AutoPBSC, designed for the COBE Spectral was studied.CONCLUSION:The AutoPBSC offers the following advantages over the V4.7 system: a) better CE of CD34+ cells; b) reduced collection of platelets; c) reduced contamination of the leukapheresis component with granulocytes, platelets, and RBCs; d) reduced component volume; and e) automation.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "System-optimal dynamic traffic assignment with and without queue spillback: Its path-based formulation and solution via approximate path marginal cost. The knowledge of path marginal cost (PMC) is central to system-optimal dynamic traffic assignment (SO-DTA) problems. In this paper, we propose a method to approximate PMC in general networks when traffic dynamics are modeled by either the point-queue or the kinematic wave traffic flow model. This study examines in detail the flow interactions between downstream and upstream bottleneck links, and shows that the changes in cumulative flows on all the network links caused by an arbitrary flow perturbation can be computed. This offers a way to approximate PMC, which is incorporated in the solution of the least marginal cost problem, a central component of the path-based SO-DTA problem. The approximation scheme allows us to solve path-based SO-DTA problems for general networks with and without queue spillback and/or departure time choices. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, and the results show that the SO state produces considerably lower total network cost, shorter congestion duration, and smaller travel delay on bottleneck links than those of produced by the user-optimal state, particularly when the departure time choice is considered. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 5, 49, 15, 52]}
+{"token": "Milling properties of peas in relation to texture analysis. Part 1. Effect of moisture content. A new efficient method to evaluate the milling behaviour of peas in a classifier hit mill has been developed. The energy uptake to split a pea in a texture analyser with a Stanley knife set-up was compared with energy uptake of pea in a classifier hit mill as function of moisture content. Drier peas showed a less elastic and ductile behaviour in the texture analyser and were found to be harder than wet peas. However, the increase of brittleness at lower moisture contents decreases the total energy uptake to create a fracture. The same energy decrease was found for the milling experiments and peas with lower moisture contents needed less energy to create new surfaces in a hit mill. The total energy uptake in the mill was higher than in the texture analyser, but of the same order of magnitude and with the same relation with the moisture content. Small deviations from the linear correlation between energy uptake of the texture analyser and the classifier hit mill could be explained by the difference in the deformation rate during breaking. Consequently, a lower milling speed showed a better correlation than a higher milling speed. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 1, 16, 8]}
+{"token": "CVAE-GAN Emotional AI Music System for Car Driving Safety. Musical emotion is important for the listener's cognition. A smooth emotional expression generated through listening to music makes driving a car safer. Music has become more diverse and prolific with rapid technological developments. However, the cost of music production remains very high. At present, because the cost of music creation and the playing copyright are still very expensive, the music that needs to be listened to while driving can be executed by the way of automated composition of AI to achieve the purpose of driving safety and convenience. To address this problem, automated AI music composition has gradually gained attention in recent years. This study aims to establish an automated composition system that integrates music, emotion, and machine learning. The proposed system takes a music database with emotional tags as input, and deep learning trains the conditional variational autoencode generative adversarial network model as a framework to produce musical segments corresponding to the specified emotions. The system takes the music database with emotional tags as input, and deep learning trains the CVAE-GAN model as the framework to produce the music segments corresponding to the specified emotions. Participants listen to the results of the system and judge whether the music corresponds to their original emotion.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Drivers for Companies' Entry Into Standard-Setting Organizations. Globalization has been a main driver for firms' entry into standard-setting organizations (SSOs). These global multifirm settings have caught attention due to tensions arising from simultaneous collaboration and competition among firms as well as due to the increasing geographical complexity of the standardization process. SSOs present one form of a multifirm environment, where companies proactively and voluntarily collaborate to develop a new standard. Although a growing body of literature has tried to understand firms' underlying rationales for engaging in SSOs, we know little about firm-level characteristics influencing the propensity to enter a standard-setting organization. For this purpose, data of the Community Innovation Survey 2011 for Germany are merged with data of companies' participation at technical committees of the German Institute for Standardization (DIN) between 2010 and 2013. Using these unique data, we can observe the moment when firms enter a technical committee of a formal SSO and, hence, tackle the problem of simultaneity. Our results show that the likelihood to enter a technical committee of an SSO increases for firms that introduce new products or services into the market, while absorptive capacity does not have a significant positive influence. Finally, the protection of innovations by patents further enhances the likelihood to enter a technical committee of an SSO.", "label": [1, 5, 48, 15, 50]}
+{"token": "Restorative effects of zinc and selenium on cadmium-induced kidney oxidative damage in rats. Objective To investigate whether cadmium-induced oxidative stress in the kidney is influenced by zinc and selenium. Methods Five groups of rats were maintained: (A) Cd (CdCl2, 400 mug kg(-1) day(-1) intraperitoneal injection); (B) Cd+Zn (ZnCl2, 20mg kg(-1) day(-1) hypodermic injection); (C) Cd+Se (Na2SeO3, 350 mug.kg(-1) day(-1) via a stomach tube); (D) Cd+Zn+Se; (E) treated with physiological saline as a shamhandled control. The rats were given treatment for a period of 4 weeks. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GH-Px), catalase (CAT), and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the kidney tissue were measured to assess the oxidative stress. Urinary lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was used as an indicator of tubular cell damage caused by lipid peroxidation. Results In group C and D, activities of SOD (110.5 +/- 5.2, 126.8 +/- 7.0; P < 0.05) and GSH-Px (85.7 +/- 4.9, 94.6 +/- 7.3; P < 0. 05) were higher than those in group A(84.7 +/- 3.3; 56.9 +/- 3.8); and in group B, only the activity of GSH-Px (80.0 +/- 4.3, P < 0.01) increased in comparison with that in Map A (56.9 +/- 3.8). Significant increase of MDA (P < 0.05) was seen in group B (31.1 +/- 4.7) and C (35.0 +/- 4. 1) when compared with control values (17.2 +/- 1.8). No difference was found in the level of MDA between group D (18.9 +/- 2.6) and control. The activity of LDH in urine of control group (0.06 +/- 0.02) was lower than that of group A (0.46 +/- 0.19, P < 0.05), B (0. 10 +/- 0.05, P < 0.05) and C (0.14 +/- 0.07, P < 0.05), and there was no significant change between control (0.06 +/- 0.02) and group D (0.08 +/- 0.02). Conclusion Zinc or selenium could partially alleviate the oxidative stress induced by cadmium in kidney, but administration cadmium in combination with zinc and selenium efficiently protects kidney from cadmiuminduced oxidative damage.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "Reconstructing unlawful and dangerous act manslaughter. In the last three decades, unlawful and dangerous act manslaughter has been subject to contradictory recommendations for reform. The debate has been dominated in that time by disagreement over the change of normative position, considered when attempting to justify liability for causing death in the commission of a crime with the objective risk of injury in the circumstances. The article suggests that this current definition of unlawful and dangerous act manslaughter is defensible if appropriately interpreted by the Supreme Court. The interpretation requires an intended unlawful act and the foreseeable risk of injury from a specific circumstance known to the defendant before the unlawful act.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 57]}
+{"token": "Aerosol Jet Printed WSe2 Crossbar Architecture Device on Kapton With Dual Functionality as Resistive Memory and Photosensor for Flexible System Integration. We report on a room temperature Aerosol Jet printed two-terminal WSe2 crossbar architecture device on flexible substrate that achieves dual functionality of both a resistive random access memory (ReRAM), as well as a photosensor. As a ReRAM, the silver contacted WSe2 device exhibits forming free, sub 1-V switching voltage, and an on-off ratio of 2 orders. Furthermore, the WSe2 ReRAM exhibits both volatile and non-volatile switching behavior with a transition set current of 2 mu A, translating to a low operating power of 16 mu W. As a photosensor with the same architecture, the transparent CNT electrodes contacted device allows incident light to pass through for photocurrent generation. The two terminals device allows photo sensitivity to be tuned by bias application. In such mode, a maximum photo responsivity of 1 A/W at a visible light wavelength of 660 nm is exhibited by the device at a bias of 1 V, allowing weak light signals to be amplified. In both cases, the WSe2 device retains its functionality even after bending down to a radius of 5 cm. The fabrication process can be up-scaled and has great potential to be used for conformal electronics system integration.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35]}
+{"token": "Influence of Substrate Color on Oviposition Behavior, Egg Hatchability, and Substance of Egg Origin in the Mosquito Anopheles sinensis (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Culicidae). Understanding the factors that influence the choice of substrate for oviposition by the malaria mosquito is critical to efforts directed to the management of the disease and vector control measures aimed at modifications of larval habitat. The influence of black and white substrates on Anopheles sinensis (Wiedemann) (Culicidae: Anophelinae) female oviposition behavior and egg-hatching rate and the presence of substances associated with egg laying were studied. Results from the no-choice tests showed that the number of eggs laid on black substrate was significantly greater than that laid on white substrate. Results from the dual-choice tests revealed that gravid females showed stronger preference for the black substrate than that for the white substrate. Furthermore, the egg-hatching rate on white substrate was significantly lower than that observed on black substrate. Results from the three-choice tests showed that substance of egg origin was associated with the black substrates (UBS) that were attractive for and stimulated oviposition. The results of this study suggest that there might be some compounds in the black substrates which play a positive role in the oviposition behavior of female mosquitoes and in the development of eggs and that eggs might produce and release active substances that attract females and stimulate oviposition. These results could be important as regards to the optimization of mosquitoes raised for experimental purposes and the control of malaria mosquitoes by altering the oviposition behavior of gravid females.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "In what sense can a Christological image of the Divine provide cultural orientations?. A few years ago, some colleagues from the universities of Heidelberg, Chicago, Harvard and Yale tried to launch a research project which was meant to explore fruitful commonalities and differences amongst the Jewish, Christian and Islamic faith traditions. Over against conventional doctrinal and comparative religious explorations, it intended to explore the impacts which basic contents and forms of faith have on societies and cultures. This approach was also chosen to relate different traditions of research to each other - one more dominant in the European and the other in the Anglo-American world, namely that of the history of ideas (Geistesgeschichte) and the other based on cultural and social studies. As a title of these investigations, the majority of the group voted for Images of the Divine and cultural orientations. At that time, however, we did not discuss the standards and qualities we wanted to connect with the vision of cultural orientations. Nor did we deal with what one could call 'the iconic problem' in religious contexts.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Transcending Taekwondo Competition to Sustain Inter-Korean Sports Diplomacy. Taekwondo has long been used by the Republic of Korea (ROK; South Korea) and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK; North Korea) for diplomatic purposes. ROK athletes practice a Taekwondo best identified as Kukki (National) Taekwondo, the competition rules for which are overseen by World Taekwondo (WT). In the North, the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) governs all aspects of that country's Taekwondo. A shortage of other soft diplomacy tools for inter-Korean dialogue all but demands that Taekwondo diplomacy be maintained in the interests of peace. For this reason, the two organizations desire to hold joint competitions rather than the currently held joint demonstrations that have seen moderate success to date. By adopting Galtung's conflict resolution theory (CRT) of transcendence, this study utilizes Peace Studies research to 1) permit ROK and DPRK practitioners to participate in joint competitions, 2) continue sport and cultural diplomacy efforts between WT and the ITF, and 3) allow both Kukki and ITF Taekwondo to remain intact. The examples of open Taekwando competitions provided illustrate how CRT may overcome the decades-long friction between these Taekwondo groups, thus providing an avenue for improved sports diplomacy.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 52]}
+{"token": "Fabry disease: Characterization of alpha-galactosidase A double mutations and the D313Y plasma enzyme pseudodeficiency allele. Fabry disease, an X-linked inborn error of glycosphingolipid catabolism, results from mutations in the gene encoding the lysosomal exoglycolaydrolase, alpha-galactosidase A (alpha-Gal A; GLA). In two unrelated classically affected males, two alpha-Gal A missense mutations were identified: R112C + D313Y (c.334C > T + c.937G > T) and C172G + D313Y (c.514T > G + c.937G > T). The D313Y lesion was previously identified in classically affected males as the single mutation [Eng et al., 1993] or in cis with another missense mutation, D313Y + G411D (c.93 7G > T + c. 1232G > A) [Guffon et al., 1998]. To determine whether the D313Y mutation was a deleterious mutation or a coding region sequence variant, the frequency of D313Y in normal X-chromosomes, as well as its enzymatic activity and subcellular localization in COS-7 cells was determined. D313Y occurred in 0.45% of 883 normal X-chromosomes, while the R112C, C172G, and G411D missense mutations were not detected in over 500 normal X,chromosomes. Expression of D313Y in COS-7 cells resulted in similar to60% of wilds type enzymatic activity and showed lysosomal localization, while R112C, C172G, G411D, and the double. mutated constructs had markedly reduced or no detectable activity and were all retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. The expressed D313Y enzyme was stable at lysosomal pH (pH 4.6), while at neutral pH (pH 7.4), it had decreased activity. A molecular homology model of human alpha-Gal A, based on the X-ray crystal structure of chicken alpha-galactosidase B (alpha-Gal B; alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase) was generated [Garman et al., 2002], which provided evidence that D313Y did not markedly disrupt the alpha-Gal A enzyme structure. Thus, D313Y is a rare exonic variant with about 60% of wild,type activity in vitro and reduced activity at neutral pH, resulting in low plasma alpha-Gal A activity. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "SUBSTANCE-P IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE SENSORY INNERVATION OF NORMAL SUBCHONDRAL BONE IN THE EQUINE METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINT. Serial sections of bone and soft tissue from the metacarpophalangeal joints of 2 mature and 2 immature horses were evaluated for substance P immunoreactive sensory nerve fibers. Formalin-fixed specimens were sectioned, either nondemineralized or demineralized with formic acid or EDTA. Rabbit antiserum to substance P (SP) was used in the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method for immunolocalization of sp antigen, and staining with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine was used for permanent identification of sp fibers. Abundant sensory nerve fibers were identified in the joint capsule, synovial membrane subintimal layers, collateral ligaments, suspensory ligament and distal sesamoidean ligament attachments to the sesamoid bones, and the periarticular periosteal layers. Sparse SP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were found in subchondral bone plates of the metacarpus, proximal first phalanx, and dorsal articular surface of the sesamoid bones. Most SP fibers were associated with blood vessels in the small cancellous spaces and haversian canals of the subchondral bone, The deeper marrow spaces contained increased numbers of SP sensory fibers; a few appeared in small groups and as several SP-immunoreactive fibers in a larger nerve. Cortical bone contained only a few SP fibers in the haversian canals. Substance P fibers were not identified in the osteocytic lacunae, canaliculi, or the bony lamellae of the haversian systems of the subchondral bone plate, and its extension to the metaphyseal and diaphyseal cortical bone. Equine metacarpophalangeal joint soft tissues have an abundant sensory nerve supply, similar to that of other species. However, the subchondral bone plate also has sparse sensory nerve fibers, which is a unique finding, and may help explain signs of bone pain associated with disease states of the fetlock.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Reconstructing consumer participation in evidence-based health care: a polemic. Consumer participation in the evidence-based health-care movement is largely seen as important by those who promote evidence-based health care but is surrounded by a range of competing discourses that variously critique medicine, nursing or health-care systems; situate consumers as powerless players within systems characterized by controlling health professionals; or politicize the role of the consumer as activist and defender of patient rights. This paper explores these competing discourses and develops an argument that asserts that the social construction of the evidence-based movement has rendered previously accepted terminology regarding the user or receiver of health services relatively meaningless. The result has been the 'politicisation' and 'professionalisation' of consumer participation and the time has come to reconstruct consumer participation in evidence-based health care - from the generation of evidence to guideline development.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "The Missional Future of Free Churches in a Secular Context: A German Case Study. Similar to most Western nations, Germany has experienced a history of secularization, resulting in church decline. However, some Christian communities have been less affected by decline. The historical free churches (Freikirchen), usually of an evangelical nature, have not only developed a more explicit missionary identity than the mainline churches, some of them have also been able to experience church growth against the larger trends. In this paper quantitative and qualitative data are presented based on a study of the Bund Freier evangelischer Gemeinden (BFeG) in Germany. These data show that general church growth and conversion growth are correlated, that young churches grow better (in both respects) than older churches, that the net conversion growth (conversions minus decline) of younger and older churches is overall largely the same, and that growth results in Berlin outperform the results in other cities and in the BFeG as a whole. These results are put into context by extended case studies of two churches, one old and one young, and they are discussed with a view to existing studies of (free church) mission in the West.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "All of the Rules of Jazz': Stylistic Models and Algorithmic Creativity in Human-Computer Improvisation. Though improvising computer systems are hardly new, jazz has recently become the focus of a number of novel computer music projects aimed at convincingly improvising alongside humans, with a particular focus on the use of machine learning to imitate human styles. The attempt to implement a sort of Turing test for jazz, and interest from organizations like DARPA in the results, raises important questions about the nature of improvisation and musical style, but also about the ways jazz comes popularly to stand for such broad concepts as \\\\'conversation\\\\' or \\\\'democracy.\\\\' This essay explores these questions by considering robots that play straight-ahead neoclassical jazz alongside George Lewis's free-improvising Voyager system, reading the technical details of such projects in terms of the ways they theorize the recognition and production of style, but also in terms of the political implications of human-computer musicking in an age of algorithmic surveillance and big data.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Hydrophobic forces drive spontaneous membrane insertion of the bacteriophage Pf3 coat protein without topological control. Bacterial integral inner membrane proteins are either translocated across the lipid bilayer using an energy-driven enzyme, such as the Sec translocase, or they might interact directly with the membrane due to hydrophobic forces. We report that the single-spanning Pf3 coat protein is spontaneously inserted into the membrane of Escherichia coli and requires the electrical component of the membrane potential (Delta Psi) to translocate its N-terminal region. This results in a final NoutCin orientation of the protein in the cytoplasmic membrane, due the potential-driven translocation of the aspartyl residue at position 18 in the hydrophilic N-terminal tail. Uncharged protein tails are only translocated when the hydrophobic transmembrane region of the protein has been extended, An extended transmembrane anchor allows membrane insertion in the absence of an electrochemical membrane potential, but also causes the loss of a strict determination of the topology.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Plant Ureases and Related Peptides: Understanding Their Entomotoxic Properties. Recently, ureases were included in the arsenal of plant defense proteins, alongside many other proteins with biotechnological potential such as insecticides. Isoforms of Canavalia ensiformis urease (canatoxin-CNTX and jack bean urease-JBURE-I) are toxic to insects of different orders. This toxicity is due in part to the release of a 10 kDa peptide from the native protein, by cathepsin-like enzymes present in the insect digestive tract. The entomotoxic peptide, Jaburetox-2Ec, exhibits potent insecticidal activity against several insects, including many resistant to the native ureases. JBURE-I and Jaburetox-2Ec cause major alterations of post-feeding physiological processes in insects, which contribute to, or can be the cause of, their entomotoxic effect. An overview of the current knowledge on plant urease processing and mechanisms of action in insects is presented in this review.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
+{"token": "Prevalence of atopic diseases and the use of topical corticosteroids. Is there any connection?. The prevalence of atopic diseases (atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis) has considerably increased for the last 40 years. This tendency has coincided with the beginning of the epoch of the use of the topical corticosteroids, which have a potent immunomodulation action. This fact itself as well as a number of research results has allowed to formulate the following hypothesis: the use of topical corticosteroids in children of early age contributes to the increase of prevalence of atopic diseases in the developed countries. The offered hypothesis can explain tower prevalence of atopic diseases in rural areas and in children from families with the anthroposophic life style. In other side this hypothesis also capable to give explanation of increased level of atopic diseases among people with high socioeconomic level. and in children from 1 child families. It is of a note that corticosteroids use in developing countries is limited due to economic reasons and active use of complementary medicine. If the proposed hypothesis is correct, a revision of the therapeutic approaches is necessary concerning the attitude towards application of topical corticosteroids in children suffering from various forms of eczema. The direct proof of this hypothesis can be found during prospective studies. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "In memory of Mummery: When is it reasonable for modern employers to foresee psychiatric injury as a result of stress at work? Koehler v Cerebos. The well-known racehorse 'Mummery' died suddenly after he was ridden 'hard' (as we perceived it watching the race). In this comment, we look at the recent high court decision in Koehler v Cerebos with the spectre of Mummery in the background. We argue that the High Court - somewhat like a racehorse - was allowed only a blinkered view of the outside world with which the case scenario dealt. A wider view of the scenario would have portrayed the effect of the dual culture of overwork and compliance in Australian workplaces. We suggest that the High Court implicitly accepted the form of management characterised by Margaret Thomton as one of 'corrosive leadership'. We consider that the High Court has been subjected to considerable unwarranted criticism over the past 5 years but, in our view in this instance, the deafening silence of the media compounds the insult meted out to Australian employees with the recently enacted Work Choices legislation.", "label": [2, 3, 5, 29, 23, 55, 57]}
+{"token": "The Farcical Tragedies of King Richard III': The Nineteenth-Century Burlesques. Unlike other Shakespearean tragedies, King Richard III was never turned into a comedy through the insertion of a happy ending. It did, however, undergo a transformation of dramatic genre, as the numerous Richard III burlesques and travesties produced in the nineteenth century plainly show. Eight burlesques (or nine, including a pantomime) were written for and/or performed on the London stage alone. This essay looks at three of these plays, produced at three distinct stages in the history of burlesque's rapid rise and decline: 1823, 1844, and 1868. In focusing on these productions, I demonstrate how Shakespeare burlesques, paradoxically, enhanced rather than endangered the playwright's iconic status. King Richard III is a perfect case study because of its peculiar stage history. As Richard Schoch has argued, the burlesque purported to be \\\\'an act of theatrical reform which aggressively compensated for the deficiencies of other people's productions. . . . [It] claimed to perform not Shakespeare's debasement, but the ironic restoration of his compromised authority.\\\\' But this view of the burlesques' importance is incomplete. Building on Schoch's work, I illustrate how the King Richard III burlesques not only parodied deficient theatrical productions but also called into question dramatic adaptations of Shakespeare's plays. In so doing, these burlesques paradoxically relegitimized Shakespeare.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "An investment plan for preventing child injuries using risk priority number of failure mode and effects analysis methodology and a multi-objective, multi-dimensional mixed 0-1 knapsack model. In this paper, a general framework for child injury prevention and a multi-objective, multi-dimensional mixed 0-1 knapsack model were developed to determine the optimal time to introduce preventive measures against child injuries. Furthermore, the model maximises the prevention of injuries with the highest risks for each age period by combining preventive measures and supervision as well as satisfying budget limits and supervision time constraints. The risk factors for each injury, variable, and time period were based on risk priority numbers (RPNs) obtained from failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) methodology, and these risk factors were incorporated into the model as objective function parameters. A numerical experiment based on several different situations was conducted, revealing that the model provided optimal timing of preventive measures for child injuries based on variables considered. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Defining Responsibility: Printers, Politics, and the Law in Early Republican Mexico City. This article explores how printers and their collaborators shaped the implementation and interpretation of freedom of the press laws in early republican Mexico City. Far from passive reproducers of texts written by elites, printers and other behind-the-scenes actors facilitated republican politics by navigating legal categories such as responsibility and authorship that were defined by liberal law yet under debate and unevenly enforced. Focusing on the production, dissemination, and fallout over a controversial 1840 promonarchist pamphlet written by the Yucatecan senator Jose Maria Gutierrez Estrada, the article uncovers a trio of collaborators, especially the young \\\\'printer citizen\\\\' Ignacio Cumplido, who undermined official efforts to consolidate state authority over political speech and deployed high-minded liberal principles as political strategy. By shifting focus from the pamphlet's well-reasoned arguments to its places of production, reception, and regulation, the article provides insight into how freedom of the press was implemented, manipulated, and debated on the ground.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Occupational sex segregation and family formation in the former East and West Germany. This article examines patterns of occupational sex segregation for women and men born in the 1950s and early 1960s in the former East and West Germany prior to unification. Given the nature of family policies, we had expected to find an increase in the gender-typicality of occupations as individuals married and had children especially in the West. Yet, despite high levels of occupational sex segregation and clear evidence of the \\\\'holding power\\\\' of gender-typical occupations for both countries, we found almost no support for the neoclassical notion that family formation influences the gender type of an occupation. This is consistent with previous U.S. -based research.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Factors affecting hip dysplasia in German shepherd dogs in Finland: efficacy of the current improvement programme. Hip dysplasia records from 10,335 German shepherd dogs were used to estimate environmental effects and predict breeding values and genetic change achieved with the Finnish Kennel Club's breeding programme. The best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) procedure was used for the analysis. No clear genetic improvement could be found during the study period (1985 to 1997). This might be due to ineffective selection for good hips. Significant environmental effects included year and month of birth, panellist, screening age and the effect of the genetic group of offspring from imported versus non-imported sires. In order to make the breeding programme more effective, BLUP breeding values should be used instead of phenotypic selection.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Accountability in Juvenile Justice: A Framework to Assess Client Outcomes. This article describes the development of an assessment protocol for use with juvenile justice clients that can be used to assess needs in a manner that not only informs the development of case plans but also allows for the assessment of change over the course of a service contact. The youth justice assessment tool supports case needs identification and analysis as well as screening for mental health concerns, risk of harm to self or others, and risk of reoffending. Initial validation of the case needs component has been undertaken and although further validation is required, preliminary data reported in this article suggest that this type of approach to client assessment does hold some promise.", "label": [5, 55, 57]}
+{"token": "Long-term survival of implant-based oral rehabilitation following maxillofacial reconstruction with vascularized bone flap. Aim The aim of the study was to assess the 5-year cumulative survival rate of implant-based dental rehabilitation following maxillofacial reconstruction with a vascularized bone flap and to investigate the potential risk factors which might influence the survival rate. Materials and methods A retrospective cohort study was designed. Inclusion criteria involved 18 years old or above patients with the availability of clinical and radiological data and a minimum follow-up 1 year following implant placement. The cumulative survival rate was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier curves and the influential risk factors were assessed using univariate log-rank tests and multivariable Cox-regression analysis. Results 151 implants were assessed in 40 patients with a mean age of 56.43 +/- 15.28 years at the time of implantation. The mean number of implants placed per patient was 3.8 +/- 1.3 with a follow-up period of 50.0 +/- 32.0 months. The cumulative survival at 1-, 2- and 5-years was 96%, 87%, and 81%. Patients with systemic diseases (HR = 3.75, 95% CI 1.65-8.52; p = 0.002), irradiated flap (HR = 2.27, 95% CI 1.00-5.17; p = 0.05) and poor oral hygiene (HR = 11.67; 95% CI 4.56-29.88; p < 0.0001) were at a significantly higher risk of implant failure. Conclusion The cumulative implant survival rate was highest at 1st year followed by 2nd and 5th year, indicating that the risk of implant failure increased over time. Risk indicators that seem to be detrimental to long-term survival include poor oral hygiene, irradiated flap and systemic diseases.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Facing a Common Human Fate: Relating Global Identity and Climate Change Mitigation. Collective efforts of the world community are required to mitigate global climate change. Understanding oneself as part of this world community might be crucial for individual behavior change reducing carbon emissions. We examined whether a global identity (i.e., the identification with all humans and a concern for their well-being) is related to self-reported climate-protective behavior in two studies. In a German quota sample (N = 498), global identity was positively related to the personal and societal relevance people attributed to the issue of climate change and self-reported climate-protective behavior directly and indirectly through personal and societal relevance attribution. In a U.K. quota sample (N = 400), global identity was positively related to the relevance people attributed to a received news text on climate change. Moreover, global identity was positively related to three observed indicators of climate-protective behavioral intentions after reading the news text, either directly or indirectly through relevance attribution. These results affirm the importance of a social identity perspective on climate protection. We suggest that the causal effects of global identity and ways to promote its cultivation should be investigated in more depth in future research.", "label": [5, 54, 55]}
+{"token": "Self-standing permselective CMS membrane from melt extruded PVDC. All previous polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membranes reported in the literature have been in supported form. Those CMS membranes have large non-selective molecular cutoff pores. We have made self-standing PVDC CMS membrane for the first time using a facile melt extrusion-pyrolysis process. Unlike the supported membranes, the new CMS membranes are very selective for CO2/CH4 and C2H4/C2H6 separations. The new PVDC CMS membranes have about 46% larger micropore volume and 54% higher Young's modulus than those derived from Matrimid (R) polyimide. The 45 mu m thick PVDC CMS membrane has 6-20 times higher H-2 and CO2 permeance than Matrimid (R) CMS membranes of similar thickness. The new membranes also showed stable separation performance after storage under nitrogen for one month.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
+{"token": "Investigation of the degree to which articles supported by research grants are published in open access health and life sciences journals. In the scientific publication world, there are an increasing number of open access (OA) journals. Many OA journals are financed by the article processing charges (APCs) that they charge authors. There is considerable interest in the funding source of such APCs. In 255 health and life sciences OA journals that charge APCs (APC OA journals) and 183 health and life sciences OA journals that do not charge APCs (free OA journals) that are indexed in the Thomson Reuters Web of Science, this study uses a bibliometric method to examine the relationship between two journal characteristics during 2009-2013: APCs and the percentage of published articles based on work that is supported by grants (grant-funded articles). According to the data collected, the percentage of grant-funded articles increases as the associated APCs increase. Average APCs of APC OA journals are higher in Europe and North America than elsewhere. The study also investigated the top ten countries in the number of scientific publications in the OA journals investigated. All ten countries had lower percentages of grant-funded articles in free OA journals than in APC OA and subscription journals. Of the ten countries, six in Europe and North America have higher percentages of grant-funded articles in APC OA journals than in subscription journals. The other four countries that have lower percentages of grant-funded articles in APC OA journals than in subscription journals are in Asia and South America, which are places where APC OA journals have low average APCs.", "label": [4, 5, 40, 52]}
+{"token": "Data driven sensor and actuator fault detection and isolation in wind turbine using classifier fusion. Renewable energy sources like wind energy are widely available without any limitation. Reliability of wind turbine is crucial in extracting the maximum amount of energy from the wind. Early fault detection, isolation and successful controller reconfiguration can considerably increase the performance in faulty conditions and prevent failures in the system. Along the same vein, fault diagnosis of wind turbine systems has received much attention in recent years. Fault detection methods based on time and frequency domain signal analysis without explicit mathematical model are state-of-the-art in complex processes. This paper investigates data-driven fault detection and isolation (FDI) design based on fusion of several classifiers for a wind turbine benchmark-second challenge. The proposed method is robust against different operational conditions and measurement errors. In fact, we develop a new data-driven FDI scheme, via analytical redundancy. Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), Radial Basis Function (RBF), Decision Tree, and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) classifiers are implemented in parallel, and fused together. Feature extraction from measurement signals enriches the information about wind turbine condition and improves decision making of proposed FDI scheme. Simulation results and Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis show the effectiveness of the proposed method. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 39]}
+{"token": "Food festival experiences from visitors' perspectives: intellectual, sensory, and social dimensions. In recent decades, food festivals have gained popularity across the world. Previous research demonstrates a great diversity in visitors' motivation and experiences at food festivals. It includes mostly quantitative as well as a few qualitative studies, but we are still lacking in-depth knowledge about visitors' food festival experiences. This knowledge is important for the practical organization of future food festivals, but also for food studies scholars to help them understand the exact nature and value of a food festival experience. This paper explores the diversity of food festival visitors' experiences via semi-structured qualitative interviews with participants, supplemented by digital photos taken by them at the Danish food festival Madens Folkemode 2019. The findings suggest a great diversity in visitors' experiences, categorized in the article as intellectual, sensory, and social experiences and these three categories are proposed as an analytical framework for future studies.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Graph-Based Spatial Data Processing and Analysis for More Efficient Road Lighting Design. The efficiency and affordability of modern street lighting equipment are improving quickly, but systems used to manage and design lighting installations seem to lag behind. One of their problems is the lack of consistent methods to integrate all relevant data. Tools used to manage lighting infrastructure are not aware of the geographic characteristics of the lit areas, and photometric calculation software requires a lot of manual editing by the designer, who needs to assess the characteristics of roads, define the segments, and assign the lighting classes according to standards. In this paper, we propose a graph-based method to integrate geospatial data from various sources to support the process of data preparation for photometric calculations. The method uses graph transformations to define segments and assign lighting classes. A prototype system was developed to conduct experiments using real-world data. The proposed approach is compared to results obtained by professional designers in a case study; the method was also applied to several European cities to assess its efficiency. The obtained results are much more fine-grained than those yielded by the traditional approach; as a result, the lighting is more adequate, especially when used in conjunction with automated optimisation tools.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Cell-type-dependent activation of the cellular EF-1 alpha promoter by the varicella-zoster virus IE63 protein. The varicella-zoster virus (VZV) IE63 protein is abundantly expressed during productive viral infection and is one of six gene products that appear to be expressed during latency. We have found that the IE63 protein can activate expression from the cellular EF-1 alpha promoter in the absence of other viral proteins. The VZV IE62 protein, in contrast, was not found to transactivate this promoter. These data indicate that IE63 can function independently of the IE62 protein to positively influence the cellular transcription apparatus. We show that IE63 activation of the EF-1 alpha promoter is cell type dependent and have examined the effects of point mutations important for IE63 phosphorylation and virus viability on this activation. (C) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "OCCURRENCE OF THE INVASIVE LADY BEETLE HARMONIA AXYRIDIS (PALLAS) (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) IN IRAN. The Asian lady beetle Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is one of the most invasive insects worldwide. It has been introduced into several continents for classical biological control and by accident. The current study is the first report of this species from Iran (new country record). All developmental stages and adults of two morphs, succinea and spectabilis, were collected from fruit trees and ornamental gardens in the city of Rasht in the northern Iranian province Guilan in 2016. We collected 249 adults of the color morph succinea and 31 individuals (11%) of the melanic color morph spectabilis. Only 36% of individuals were males. Larvae and pupae were found from April to September, adults from April to October.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Isolation, preliminary structural characterization and hypolipidemic effect of polysaccharide fractions from Fortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle. In order to understand the multiple relationships between the structural characteristics and hypolipidemic effect of polysaccharides from Fortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle (FMPS), four polysaccharide fractions, FMPS1, FMPS2, FMPS3 and FMPS4, were isolated from FMPS by the column chromatography using DEAE Sepharose CL-6B and Sephadex G-100. The results showed that FMPS1 and FMPS3 were mainly pectic polysaccharides while FMPS2 and FMPS4 were mainly composed of neutral polysaccharides. FMPS1, FMPS2 and FMPS3 linked by alpha- and beta-glycosidic linkages while FMPS4 only linked by beta-glycosidic linkages. According to the size-exclusion chromatography coupled with multi-angle laser light-scattering and refractive index (SEC-MALLS-RI) system, the molecular weight of FMPS1 and FMPS2 was greater compared to FMPS3 and FMPS4. The chain conformation analysis indicated FMPS3 and FMPS4 were highly branched polymers whereas FMPS1 and FMPS2 existed as globular shape and random coil conformation in aqueous, respectively. In addition, among the four polysaccharide fractions, FMPS1 and FMPS3 displayed the stronger inhibitory effect on the pancreatic lipase, FMPS1 and FMPS2 displayed the stronger ability to bind bile acids, and FMPS3 and FMPS4 displayed the greater antioxidant activity. The hypolipidemic activity of polysaccharide fractions was affected by the monosaccharide composition, glycosidic linkage, molecular weight and chain conformation in aqueous. This functional property was a result of a combination of multiple structural factors. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 36, 8]}
+{"token": "ARTHROPOD PREY OF NESTLING RED-COCKADED WOODPECKERS IN THE UPPER COASTAL-PLAIN OF SOUTH-CAROLINA. Four nest cavities of the Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis) were monitored with automatic cameras to determine the prey selected to feed nestlings. Twelve adults were photographed making nearly 3000 nest visits. Prey in 28 arthropod taxa were recognizable in 65% of the photographic slides. Wood roaches in the genus (Parcoblatta) made up 69.4% of the prey fed to nestlings. Other common prey items were wood borer larvae (Cerambycidae or Buprestidae, 5.4%), Lepidoptera larvae (4.5%), spiders (Araneae, 3.6%), and ants (Formicidae, 3.1%). Wood roaches were the only prey items consistently taken by all four groups of birds; they made up 63.3 to 81.6% of the prey observed. Other common prey generally were taken in large numbers only by a single group of woodpeckers. During the breeding season these woodpeckers utilize relatively few common arthropods to feed nestlings.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Optimization of Plasmodium vivax sporozoite production from Anopheles stephensi in South West India. Conclusions: Optimized conditions for the production of high-quality P. vivax sporozoite-infected An. stephensi were established at a field site in South West India. This report describes techniques for producing a ready resource of P. vivax sporozoites. The improved protocols can help in future research on the biology of P. vivax liver stages, including hypnozoites, in India, as well as the development of anti-relapse interventions for vivax malaria.Results: Laboratory-colonized mosquitoes could be starved for a shorter time before successful blood feeding compared with wild-caught mosquitoes. Optimizing the mosquito-rearing methods significantly increased mosquito survival. For mosquito feeding, replacing patient plasma with naive serum increased sporozoite production > two-fold. With these changes, the sporozoite infection rate was high (> 85%) and resulted in an average of similar to 22,000 sporozoites per mosquito. Some mosquitoes reached up to 73,000 sporozoites. Sporozoite production could not be predicted from gametocyte density but could be predicted by measuring oocyst infection and oocyst load.Background: Efforts to study the biology of Plasmodium vivax liver stages, particularly the latent hypnozoites, have been hampered by the limited availability of P. vivax sporozoites. Anopheles stephensi is a major urban malaria vector in Goa and elsewhere in South Asia. Using P. vivax patient blood samples, a series of standard membrane-feeding experiments were performed with An. stephensi under the US NIH International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research (ICEMR) for Malaria Evolution in South Asia (MESA). The goal was to understand the dynamics of parasite development in mosquitoes as well as the production of P. vivax sporozoites. To obtain a robust supply of P. vivax sporozoites, mosquito-rearing and mosquito membrane-feeding techniques were optimized, which are described here.Methods: Membrane-feeding experiments were conducted using both wild and laboratory-colonized An. stephensi mosquitoes and patient-derived P. vivax collected at the Goa Medical College and Hospital. Parasite development to midgut oocysts and salivary gland sporozoites was assessed on days 7 and 14 post-feeding, respectively. The optimal conditions for mosquito rearing and feeding were evaluated to produce high-quality mosquitoes and to yield a high sporozoite rate, respectively.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
+{"token": "The performance of broilers on a feed depends on the feed protein content given previously. It has been proposed that all animals have an inherent relationship between body protein and lipid that can be described allometrically, and the hypothesis tested in the research reported here is that the animal will at all times attempt to retain this relationship. The test was accomplished by feeding broilers, of three genotypes and in two experiments, in such a way as to produce lean and fat birds that were then subjected to a range of dietary protein levels in a second feeding period, during which their performance was measured. Birds were initially offered one of two feeds with widely different protein to energy ratios until they reached a pre-defined liveweight, after which they were given one of two feed protein contents in Experiment 1 and four in Experiment 2. Their performance was monitored until a second pre-defined liveweight was reached, at which time they were killed for carcass analysis. The genotype selected to be lean, in Experiment 1, showed no response to protein level in the second period, whether they were fat or lean at the start. Conversely, the genetically fat birds showed some additional growth in males and additional efficiency in the females. Averaged across genotypes and sexes, birds initially in the fat state gained only 6.9 g lipid/d versus 13.5 g lipid/d for the nutritionally lean broilers. In Experiment 2, growth rate and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) were related directly to dietary protein content and were higher for those birds made nutritionally fat. Carcass lipid gain was lower for the initially fat birds on the three highest dietary protein treatments. All birds made fat at 880 g and 1000 g, by giving them a low protein feed, had a much reduced fat content in their subsequent gain, provided that the protein content of the feed used was sufficiently high, indicating that they were making use of the excessive lipid reserves as an energy source. The hypothesis tested cannot be rejected by the evidence presented.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Experiment-based policy making or conscious policy design? The case of urban housing reform in China. The public policy literature has long debated whether policy change results from conscious policy design or is contingent upon a political process involving both state and non-state actors. An experiment-based policy-making model based on China's experience attempts to reconcile such debate by arguing that policy makers can consciously make policies without deliberately designing them. That is, policy makers can encourage or initiate multiple small-scale experiments that will cumulatively translate into incremental policy changes. Through a case study of urban housing policy changes in China, this paper investigates the underlying logic of incremental policy changes, specifically the role of policy makers in successive policy experimentation. Our case study illustrates that the role of local policy experimentation has been overestimated because the central government controls the experimental variables, judges what constitutes the success of the experiment, and chooses which experiments are replicated at the national level.", "label": [5, 52, 51]}
+{"token": "Role of troponin T in disease. Several striated muscle myopathies have been directly linked to mutations in contractile and associated proteins. Troponin T (TnT) is one of the three subunits that form troponin (Tn) which together with tropomyosin is responsible for the regulation of striated muscle contraction. All three subunits of cardiac Tn as well as tropomyosin have been associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). However, TnT accounts for most of the mutations that cause HCM in these regulatory proteins. To date 30 mutations have been identified in the cardiac TnT (CTnT) gene that results in familial HCM (FHC). The CTnT gene has also been associated with familial dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). CTnT deficiency is lethal due to impaired cardiac development. A recessive nonsense mutation in the gene encoding slow skeletal TnT has been associated with an unusual, severe form of nemaline myopathy among the Old Order Amish. How each mutation leads to the diverse clinical symptoms associated with FHC, DCM or nemaline myopathy is unclear. However, the use of animal model systems, in particular transgenic mice, has significantly increased our knowledge of normal and myopathic muscle physiology. In this review, we focus on the role of TnT in muscle physiology and disease.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "An Assistive Computerized System with Tangible User Interfaces for Children with Moderate Intellectual and Learning Disabilities. In this paper we propose an assistive learning system for children with moderate intellectual and learning disabilities that supports collaboration, data exploration, communication and creativity. The system offers a wide range of tutorials on basic concepts of elementary sciences with some edutainment games and puzzles based on different tangible user interfaces TUIs. The system can enhance the communications, memorization, reasoning and learning capabilities of the children with special needs. The tutorials contain multimedia elements that help the children understand effectively the topics and allow them to interact and be more proactive. An assessment component is developed to evaluate the children understanding. Parents are actively involved in the learning process by being able to add or customize contents specific to their children. The children can use the TUIs alone and get prompted on all the steps to perform some daily activities like the school day activity, the tooth brushing activity, etc. This will increase their self-reliance and self-dependence.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Corporate patents, R&D success, and tax avoidance. It is well known that research and development (R&D) tax policies are written to encourage firm innovation, a crucial driver of business growth. However, evidence on the effectiveness of tax benefits for innovation is largely anecdotal and empirical examination of the influence of innovation on firm-level taxation is still underexplored. In this study we use an archival research design to assess the implications of corporate innovation on tax avoidance. Based on a large sample of patent data from 1987 to 2010, we find that, on average, both a firm's innovation productivity (using patent counts) and innovation quality (using patent citations) are positively associated with its tax avoidance level. Nevertheless, we find that the success of R&D investment, in terms of patent output per R&D dollar, is not associated with tax avoidance. Our study is informative for the debate about tax credit reform, such as establishing a 'patent box' regime for the purpose of spurring both the conduct of research and commercialization of R&D program.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Benchmarking sustainable E-commerce enterprises based on evolving customer expectations amidst COVID-19 pandemic. The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has seriously impacted the performance of all types of businesses. It has given a tremendous structural boost to e-commerce enterprises by forcing customers to online shopping over visiting physical stores. Moreover, customer expectations of the digital and operational capabilities of e-commerce firms are also increasing globally. Thus, it has become crucial for an e-commerce enterprise to reassess and realign its business practices to meet evolving customer needs and remain sustainable. This paper presents a comprehensive performance evaluation framework for e-commerce enterprises based on evolving customer expectations due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The framework comprises seven primary criteria, which are further divided into 25 sub-criteria, including two sustainability factors, namely, environmental sustainability and carbon emissions. The evaluation approach is then practically demonstrated by analyzing the case of three Indian e-commerce firms. The results are obtained using a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method, namely, Fuzzy VIKOR, to capture the fuzziness of the inherent decision-making problem. Further, numerical analysis is conducted to evaluate and rank various e-commerce enterprises based on customer expectations and satisfaction benchmarks. The findings explain the most important criteria and sub-criteria for e-commerce businesses to ensure customer expectations along with their economic and environmental sustainability.", "label": [5, 48, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "Nutrient controls on nitrogen uptake and metabolism by natural populations and cultures of Trichodesmium (Cyanobacteria). The effects of inorganic nutrient (ammonium [NH4+] and nitrate [NO3-]) and amino acid (glutamate [glu] and glutamine [gln]) additions on rates of N-2 fixation, N uptake, glutamine synthetase (GS) activity, and concentrations of intracellular pools of gln and glu were examined in natural and cultured populations of Trichodesmium. Additions of 1 muM glu, gln, NO3-, or NH4+ did not affect short-term rates of N-2 fixation. This may be an important factor that allows for continued N-2 fixation in oligotrophic areas where recycling processes are active. N-2 fixation rates decreased when nutrients were supplied at higher concentrations (e.g. 10 muM). Uptake of combined N (NH4+, NO3-, and amino acids) by Trichodesmium was stimulated by increased concentrations. For NO3-, proportional increases in NO3- uptake and decreases in N-2 fixation were observed when additions were made to cultures before the onset of the light period. GS activity did not change much in response to the addition of NH4+, NO3-, glu, or gln. GS is necessary for N metabolism, and the bulk of this enzyme pool may be conserved. Intracellular pools of glu and gln varied in response to 10 muM additions of NH4+, glu, or gln. Cells incubated with NH4+ became depleted in intracellular glu and enriched with intracellular gln. The increase in the gln-/glu ratio corresponded to a decrease in the rate of N-2 fixation. Although the gln/glu ratio decreased in cells exposed to the amino acids, there was only a corresponding decrease in N-2 fixation after the gln addition. The results presented here suggest that combined N concentrations on the order of 1 muM do not affect rates of N-2 fixation and metabolism, although higher concentrations (e.g. 10 muM) can. Moreover, these effects are exerted through products of NH4+ assimilation rather than exogenous N, as has been suggested for other species. These results may help explain how cultures of Trichodesmium are able to simultaneously fix N-2 and take up NH4+ and how natural populations continue to fix N-2 once combined N concentrations increase within a bloom.", "label": [0, 4, 45, 9]}
+{"token": "Effects of lbuprofen and high-voltage electric stimulation on acute edema formation after blunt trauma to limbs of rats. Conclusions: Ibuprofen, CHVPC, and simultaneous ibuprofen and CHVPC effectively curbed edema after blunt injury by roughly 50% relative to untreated but similarly injured control limbs of rats.Context. Ibuprofen is widely used to manage pain and inflammation after orthopaedic trauma, but its effect on acute swelling has not been investigated. Cathodal high-voltage pulsed current (CHVPC) at 120 pulses per second and 90% of visible motor threshold is known to curb edema formation after blunt trauma to the hind limbs of rats.Objective: To examine the effects of ibuprofen, continuous CHVPC, and simultaneous ibuprofen and CHVPC on acute edema formation after blunt trauma to the hind limbs of rats.Design: Randomized, parallel-group, repeated-measures design.Setting: Laboratory animal facility.Participants: A total of 21 3-month-old Zucker Lean rats (mass = 288 +/- 55 g) were studied.Intervention(s): We assessed the effects of ibuprofen, continuous CHVPC, and simultaneous ibuprofen and CHVPC on acute edema formation after blunt trauma to the hind limbs of rats.Main Outcome Measure(s): Limb volumes were measured immediately before and after trauma and every 30 minutes over the 4 hours of the experiment.Results: Volumes of treated limbs of all 3 experimental groups were smaller (P < .05) than those of untreated limbs, but no treatment was more effective than another.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Making the Third Ghetto: Race, Gender, and Family Homelessness in Washington, DC, 1977-1989. This article posits that the emergency shelter system which emerged in the 1970s, first as an informal network of local and faith-based assistance and then institutionalized by the late 1980s, was Washington, DC's third ghetto. Defining this \\\\'new,\\\\' visible homelessness in the context of the third ghetto exposes its points of convergence with the second ghetto in the increasing use of welfare hotels. This study revisits Arnold Hirsch's Making the Second Ghetto to examine housing precarity and racial subordination in Washington, DC's first and second ghettos. Additionally, I argue that acknowledging the resilience of the black female heads of household (FHHs) living in the public housing of the 1970s and 1980s in the second ghetto and examining homeless families living in welfare hotels in connection with neoliberal policies and practices in homeless assistance service provision during the 1980s are essential to understanding the making of the third ghetto in Washington, DC.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Host-switching among crabs: species introduction results in a new target host for native parasites. Invasive species can introduce parasites to, and/or acquire new parasites from, novel regions, thereby greatly influencing community interactions, including symbiotic relationships involving parasites. Host-switching of native and non-native parasites could enhance or dilute parasite transmission and spread among hosts. We investigated the effect of host invasion on trematode parasitism in 2 Newfoundland (Canada) bays: one invaded by European green crabs Carcinus maenas and the other not yet invaded. To determine the influence of C. maenas on host- parasite relationships, we assessed trematode prevalence in 3 native hosts: 2 Littarina spp. snails and Atlantic rock crabs Cancer irroratus (first- and second-intermediate hosts for microphallid trematodes, respectively). We found no difference in trematode prevalence between the bays among the 4 host species. However, cyst abundance was significantly higher in C. maenas versus C. irroratus in the bay where the crab distributions overlap, while it was lower in C. irroratus in the invaded versus uninvaded bay, suggesting a dilution of infection in the native host. Sequencing data of microphallid trematodes detected 4 genetically divergent lineages: a cosmopolitan lineage found in all host species; 2 lineages dominant in C. irroratus, suggesting a native origin for the trematodes that now use C. maenas as an additional host; and 1 lineage represented just in C. maenas in Europe. This is the first study to demonstrate the magnitude of trematode infection in crab hosts in Newfoundland, including the commercially valuable native C. irroratus. Our results demonstrate the influence that species introductions can have on parasite life cycles in native systems under recent host invasion.", "label": [4, 37, 45, 39]}
+{"token": "Conceptual Framework for the Service-Oriented Management of Construction Labor Resource. In spite of the considerable research on construction labor management, labor resource availability remains a challenge for China's construction projects. The reason is the separation between contractors and laborers caused by the main labor resource utilization method, namely, labor subcontracting rather than direct recruitment. Service-oriented concept and technology are introduced by multiple industries for the management and optimal allocation of distributed resources, and have the potential to solve the problem of labor resource availability faced by China's construction industry. However, insufficient conceptual understanding impedes implementation. Accordingly, this research extends the service-oriented concept to construction labor and proposes a conceptual framework for explanation, thereby contributing to the body of knowledge. In this framework, a service-oriented labor resource management model called labor-as-a-service is covered and described from three aspects: organizational relationship, managerial process, and technical framework. A strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis is conducted to preliminarily investigate the potential of the proposed framework. Results show that the conceptual framework suits China's conditions and has the potential to improve labor resource management.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
+{"token": "Diversity of DNA sequences among Vibrio cholerae O1 and non-O1 isolates detected by whole-cell repetitive element sequence-based polymerase chain reaction. Vibrio cholerae strains isolated from patient, food and environmental sources in Taiwan and reference V. cholerae strains were examined by repetitive element sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR). Specimens from broth cultures mere used directly in the PCR mixture with three different primers. The PCR fingerprinting profiles of toxigenic 01 isolates were not only homogeneous with primers fi om enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) sequences, but also allowed the differentiation from non-toxigenic 01 and non-01 strains. Toxigenic 01 strains were further differentiated into El Tor and classical biotypes with primers designed from ERIC-related sequences of V. cholerae. Primers from the other V. cholerae repetitive DNA sequences, VCR, separated toxigenic El Tor strains into six groups and a unique pattern was also obtained in 16 isolates from imported cases of cholera and imported seafood, The results indicated that rep-PCR can be used to identify and differentiate different toxigenic 01, non-toxigenic 01 and non-01 V. cholerae isolates.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 43]}
+{"token": "THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SYRIAC AND ANTIOCHENE EXEGESIS. This is a review of a collection of papers presented at a 2004 symposium on Syriac and Antiochene exegesis. Miller explains in his introduction that the motivation for the symposium was threefold: a belief that the gap between current Biblical exegesis and practising theologians is too wide for the knowledge generated by scholars to be of any practical use, an observation that a distinct tradition of Syriac biblical interpretation has survived to this day, and finally a belief that this exegetical tradition can help to bridge the gap between biblical scholars and theologians. The book constitutes a conversation, in which the value to modern biblical scholarship of common themes in patristic hermeneutics is explored. These themes include the controlling influence of a faith community, the internal coherence of Scripture, a nuanced understanding of inspiration and authorship, polyvalence, intertextuality, textual pluriformity, interpretive citation and a hermeneutic of generosity.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Deciphering the stability of grassland productivity in response to rainfall manipulation experiments. Results: Numerous indices of stability have been used, but they are inadequate for comparisons across sites. After applying standardized indices, we found that grasslands were resilient (biomass remained unchanged 1 year after drought) and exhibited a trade-off between low resistance (biomass was lost during drought) and high recovery (new biomass was produced after drought). Overall, climatic conditions and drought characteristics (intensity, duration and frequency) were not important to explain the differences in stability observed across grasslands.Major taxa studied: Grasslands.Main conclusions: Grasslands are resilient, but if drought events last > 1 year, there might be long-term declines of biomass production owing to incomplete recovery. Despite the hundreds of experiments conducted in grasslands across the globe, the results are still inconclusive because of four important shortcomings: 50% of the studies have failed to create drought; 81% have not included recovery and resilience, assessing only resistance; 87% have not applied quantitative indices to assess stability; and < 1% of the studies were conducted on tropical grasslands. We discuss how to overcome those limitations to improve our ability to ensure stable grassland productivity under climate change.Methods: We used meta-analytical approaches to evaluate overall grassland stability in terms of resistance, recovery and resilience, and multi-model inference to assess the relative importance of different moderators on explaining the variability of those three stability properties.Location: Global.Time period: 1989-2018.Aim: Rainfall manipulation experiments are essential tools for deciphering the mechanisms leading to variation in ecosystem stability across sites. Here, we gathered articles reporting results of experimental droughts on the above-ground biomass of grasslands to identify which indices have been used to assess stability, to evaluate the overall grassland responses to drought and to quantify the relative importance of drought characteristics and climatic conditions for explaining variation in stability.", "label": [4, 37, 38]}
+{"token": "Optimization of the Adsorption Conditions for the Decolorization and COD Reduction of Methylene Blue Aqueous Solution using Low-Cost Adsorbent. The performance of raw bagasse (RB), and tartaric acid-modified bagasse (TAMB) as adsorbents on decolorization and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction of methylene blue (MB) aqueous solution was studied. The effects of five factors namely: adsorbent dosage, pH, shaking speed, contact time, and temperature on decolorization and COD reduction were studied and optimized using central composite design (CCD). The results of the analysis show that all selected factors exhibit significant effect on decolorization and COD reduction. Maximum decolorization (78.16%) and COD reduction (77.95%) for RB was achieved at 0.82 g of adsorbent dosage, pH 9.4, 122 rpm of shaking speed, 44 min of contact time, and 55A degrees C. For TAMB, maximum decolorization (99.05%) and COD reduction (98.45%) was achieved at 0.78 g adsorbent dosage, pH 9.4, shaking speed of 120 rpm, 34 min contact time, and 49A degrees C. TAMB was found to be more effective than RB in decolorization and COD reduction of MB aqueous solution.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Increasing numbers of a threatened insular population of the Common Raven Corvus corax. Until the middle of the 20th century, the Common Raven Corvus corax was an abundant bird in the Canary Islands. However, during recent decades, populations have decreased dramatically in the most densely populated islands, apparently because of changes in land use and other anthropic activities. In the current study, we estimated raven population size and described its breeding distribution on Tenerife, the largest and most populated island. Non-breeding birds were roughly estimated in autumn 2015, then breeding territories were mapped using intensive field research in 2016. The non-breeding population was composed of a minimum of 50 birds, but the real figure could be approximately 65. In total, 28 breeding pairs were located (1.4 pairs 100 km-2), mostly (82.1%) in the Teno massif (28.5 pairs 100 km-2). Non-breeding and breeding populations increased from 2009 to 2016 by 7.6% and 12.8%, respectively. Because no specific conservation actions had been carried out, nor apparent change in threat regime detected, the reasons for these increasing numbers are unclear. Although casual observations suggested that by 2019 it had continued growing to approximately 37 breeding pairs, quantitative studies on human-related mortality factors are urgently required to guarantee the conservation of this still fragile population.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Characteristics of older dietary supplement users: review of the literature. Published literature reports rates of dietary supplement usage by individuals aged 60 years or more to be 16-60%. Prevalence figures are dependent on the population studied and the method of data collection. In general, older supplement users are female, Caucasian and well educated, with healthier lifestyle practices than non-supplement users, and they are less likely to be overweight or to smoke. Neither income nor self-rated health status are reliable predictors of supplement use in this group. In many cases older supplement users report higher intakes of several micronutrients from food than older non-supplement users. Current patterns of supplement use by the older person reveal that although they consume a range of products, they do not supplement with nutrients that are of particular benefit to them. The supplements most commonly consumed by individuals aged 60 years and over are multivitamins and minerals, vitamin C and vitamin E preparations. There is insufficient data to quantify the dosage, frequency and duration of supplement use by the older population. Obtaining this information and data about herbal medicine use is an important step towards minimising the risk of drug-nutrient-herbal interactions. Identifying the health professionals who monitor the appropriateness and safety of supplement use in older individuals, particularly given the already high use of medication in this population, also needs to be a focus of future utilisation investigations. This systematic review of the literature published between 1982 and 2003 aims to measure the patterns of dietary supplement use by community-living individuals aged 60 years and over and to profile the characteristics of older supplement users.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 57]}
+{"token": "Parameters of the eclipsing binary alpha Draconis observed by TESS and SONG. We present an analysis of the eclipsing single-lined spectroscopic binary system a Dra based on photometry from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission and newly acquired spectroscopic measurements. Recently discovered to have eclipses in the TESS data, at a magnitude of V = 3.7, alpha Dra is now one of the brightest detached eclipsing binary (EB) systems known. We obtain the parameters of this system by simultaneously fitting the TESS light curve in conjunction with radial velocities (RVs) acquired from the SONG spectrograph. We determine the fractional radii (Rla) for the primary and secondary components of the system to be 0.0479 +/- 0.0003 and 0.0226 +/- 0.0005, respectively. We constrain the temperature, mass, and luminosity (log(L/L-circle dot)) of the primary to be 9975 +/- 125 K, 3.7 +/- 0.1 M-circle dot, and 2.49 +/- 0.02, respectively, using isochrone fitting. Although the secondary is too faint to appear in the spectra, the obtained mass function and observed inclination yields a secondary minimum mass of M-2 = 2.5 +/- 0.1 M-circle dot, which suggests that it is an A2V type star. We were unable to obtain RVs of the secondary, and are only able to see a weak highly rotationally broadened absorption line, indicating that the secondary is rapidly rotating (vsin i similar to 200 km s(-1)). We also perform an abundance analysis of the primary star for 21 chemical elements. We find a complex abundance pattern, with a few elements having mild underabundances while the majority have solar abundances. We make available the PYTHON code used in this paper to facilitate future modelling of EBs. https://github.com/danhey/adra", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "SCL/TAL-1 EXPRESSION IN T-ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC-LEUKEMIA - AN IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL AND GENOTYPIC STUDY. A comparative study of the immunohistochemical (Stem cell leukemia/T-cell acute leukemia [SCL/TAL-1] protein expression) and genotypic (deletions in the SCL/tal-1 gene) findings in T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is presented. Formalin-fixed tissue from 50 cases of T-ALL were stained with a novel monoclonal antibody, 2TL 242, which recognizes SCL/TAL-1 protein. Twenty-four cases showed nuclear immunolabeling of leukemic cells. Nuclear positivity was not evident in any other type of leukemia or lymphoma tested with the antibody. Genotypic analysis of 25 cases of T-ALL showed a deletion involving the SCL/tal-1 gene in nine cases. These results suggest that protein expression is not dependent on derangement of the SCL/tal-1 gene, because immunohistochemical detection of the protein was noted in the presence and absence of a tal-dl deletion. Copyright (C) 1995 by W.B. Saunders Company", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Anticipating the future of agricultural territories in West Africa: The case of the Niayes in Senegal. In West Africa, in the global context of climate change and globalization, population growth creates an increasing pressure on natural resources through land allocation changes that it generates. The future of agricultural territories, especially around large cities, is thus questioned considering increasing urbanization, degradation of natural resources and socio-economic transformations. In order to anticipate what changes rural areas could experience, a process of territorial foresight was conducted on the southern Niayes area in Senegal. It enabled the local experts who engaged in this process to identify factors of change and to co-elaborate plausible scenarios of change in the territory. Regulations, governance and demography are the three major factors affecting land allocation over time. These factors determine how space is shared and natural resources are used, harmoniously or through conflict. Inclusive governance, highly structured civil society, but also the preservation of natural resources have emerged as essential to achieving harmonious futures.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
+{"token": "Determinants of Equitable Social Policy in Latin America (1990-2013). The fact that equitable social policy expanded drastically in Latin America during the left turn and during a time of prosperity does not necessarily mean that the ideological color of governing parties and economic growth are the engines behind changes in social policy, as is usually claimed by part of the literature. Using panel data from Latin American countries for 1990-2013, this paper offers an alternative explanation, derived from previous qualitative research, that the level of political competition, the strength of civil society, and wealth are the key factors behind the expansion of equitable social policy. Once these explanations are included in our models, the ideological leaning of governments and economic growth lose statistical significance. Thus, this paper challenges dominant approaches that consider social policy change in Latin America a consequence of the ideological leaning of the government and economic growth.", "label": [5, 52, 51, 57]}
+{"token": "Distributing awards efficiently: More on King Solomon's problem. We consider a multi-awards generalization of King Solomon's problem: k identical prizes should be distributed, without any monetary transfers in equilibrium, among n > k agents, with the top k valuation agents receiving the awards. Glazer and Ma [1989. Efficient allocation of a prize-King Solomon's dilemma. Games Econ. Behav. 1, 222-233] analyzed the single-prize version of this problem assuming complete information amongst the agents. We show that with more than two agents the mechanism of Glazer and Ma admits inefficient equilibria and thus fails to solve Solomon's problem. So, first we modify their mechanism to rule out inefficient equilibria and implement efficient prize allocation for arbitrary number of agents. Then it is shown that the multiple-awards case can be implemented in subgame perfect equilibrium by a repeated application of the modified single-award mechanism. Finally, we relax the informational assumption and show, using a generalized version of Olszewski's [2003. A simple and general solution to King Solomon's problem. Games Econ. Behav. 42, 315-318] mechanism, that multi-awards problem can also be implemented by iterative elimination of weakly dominated strategies. (c) 2004 Published by Elsevier Inc.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "CONTROL OF LEGIONELLA-PNEUMOPHILA IN A HOSPITAL WATER-SYSTEM BY CHLORINE DIOXIDE. Immune-compromised patients are particularly susceptible to Legionnaires' Disease. After three cases of the disease occurred in a hospital, a continuous dosing regime using chlorine dioxide was initiated to replace chlorination of the water system. This study identified a number of factors which may have resulted in conditions that would encourage the growth of the water-borne pathogen Legionella pneumophila. The residual chlorination was inadequate for microbial control at the taps furthest from the four storage tanks, of which two were found to be in excess for demand. The temperature of the water in the storage tanks was also found to be above 20 degrees C; a temperature that would encourage microbial growth. A back-up calorifier was present and was found to contain L. pneumophila, and linseed oil-based sealants that provide nutrients for microbial growth were also prevalent as jointing compounds in the water circuit. Although the shower heads were routinely disinfected, a requirement was identified to also disinfect the shower hoses. No L. pneumophila were recovered from the water system after the chlorine reduced dioxide disinfection trial. Biofilm was also dramatically reduced after disinfection; however, small microcolonies were identified and proved to be metabolically active when tested with a metabolic indicator. Using light and fluorescence microscopy, the pipe samples removed from the water system were rapidly analysed for biofouling, complementing existing microbiological methods.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Population volume disaggregation from satellite images using GIS and digital image processing. The Geographic Information Technologies develop different research areas, including the management of information relating to socio-demographic variables, allowing treatment of social problematic from a different perspective of analysis. The spatial disaggregation of these variables using the technique of Digital Image Processing and Geographic Information Systems is our objective. The method consists of transferring demographic information distributed into administrative units (census units) to units of geographic space (urban grids of diverse building density) by the weighted areal interpolation, based on the population density of homogeneous residential areas obtained by visual interpretation of high resolution Quickbird image. We obtained the breakdown of total population from urban use differentiation in the popular councils; Cojimar, Alturas de Alamar, Alamar Este y Alamar Playa. Control was performed on the results obtained.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Corrosion and passivation of 316L steel after low-temperature plasma carburising. Low-temperature plasma carburising of stainless steels is used for improvement of tribological properties and of corrosion resistance. A study was carried out on austenitic 316L steel untreated and after carburising in the CH4/H-2 atmosphere at 470 degrees C for 15 h which produced a surface layer with supersaturated carbon solution in austenite (6,6 % at. C). In the solution of 0.1 M Na2SO4 + 0.4 M NaCl, pH 3.0, untreated steel underwent a pitting corrosion, whereas carburised steel was fully resistant to localised corrosion and showed the enhanced resistance to general corrosion. Measurements of current transients after applying an anodic polarisation showed that in comparison with untreated steel, passivation of carburised steel was faster in the active region, but slower in the passive region. From the increased currents of cathodic reduction it was concluded that the amounts of oxide products (mainly magnetite) were on carburised steel larger than those on untreated steel. It was proposed that the enhanced corrosion resistance of carburised steel was due mainly to the formation of protective magnetite layer.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of interdiffusion in liquid phase during reactive diffusion between Cu and Al. Using Cu/Al diffusion couples initially composed of pure Cu and Al, the reactive diffusion in the binary Cu-Al system was experimentally examined in a previous study. The diffusion couple was isothermally annealed in the temperature range of T = 973-1073 K. Due to annealing, compound layers of the beta, gamma and epsilon phases are formed between the Cu-rich solid (alpha) phase and the Al-rich liquid (L) phase, and the L/epsilon interface migrates towards the epsilon phase. At each annealing time, the migration distance of the L/epsilon interface is much greater than the total thickness of the compound layers. Furthermore, there exists the parabolic relationship between the migration distance and the annealing time. This means that the migration of the interface is controlled by the volume diffusion in the L phase. The mathematical model for the interface migration controlled by volume diffusion was used in order to analyze quantitatively the migration rate of the interface. Through the analysis, the interdiffusion coefficient D of the L phase was evaluated to be 1.24 x 10(-9), 2.91 x 10(-9) and 3.62 x 10(-9) m(2)/s at T = 973, 1023 and 1073 K, respectively. Expressing the temperature dependence of D as D = D-0 exp(-Q/RT), values of D-0 = 1.42 x 10(-4) m(2) Is and Q = 93.5 kJ/mol were obtained by the least-squares method. According to the analysis, the interdiffusion coefficient is much greater for the L phase than for the solid phases. Consequently, the L/epsilon interface migrates towards the L phase, and the migration rate of the interface is much greater than the overall growth rate of the compound layers.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Beyond the message of salvation. The uses of religious conversion in the Peruvian Andean South. The paper compares two periods in the history of a Quechua community (Amantani Island, Titicaca Lake, Peru). They were moments of social conflict, in which the Seventh-day Adventist Church played a significant role. At each moment, different indigenous sectors, with different interests, and political and economic objectives, showed greater predisposition to religious change. This demonstrates the strategic nature of the conversion. But religious change was not necessarily a conscious strategy. The islanders do not notice the relationship between interests and the option of faith. Bourdieu's constructivist theory allows us to understand how the conversion coherently fits the objectives of each social group, even if it is not the result of planning. The research is based on three qualitative sources: participant observation, in-depth interviews, and public and private archives.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 31, 30]}
+{"token": "Clinical Significance of Claudin Expression in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. A change in claudin expression has been demonstrated in various tumors. The present study specifically compares claudin expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) with healthy oral epithelium from the same individual and analyzes the association between claudin expression and the clinically relevant course parameters. Our study includes tissue samples and clinically relevant follow-up data from 60 patients with primary and untreated OSCC. The oral mucosa was analyzed via Western blot for the expression of claudin-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, and -7. Importantly, the tumor and healthy tissues were obtained pairwise from patients, allowing for intraindividual comparisons. Both the healthy and tumor epithelium from the oral cavity did not express the claudin-3 protein. The intraindividual comparison revealed that, in OSCC, claudin-2 expression was higher, and the expression of claudin-4, -5, and -7 was lower than in healthy epithelium. An association was found between increased claudin-2 expression and shorter relapse-free survival. In addition, the reduced expression of claudin-4 had a negative impact on relapse-free survival. Furthermore, associations between the reduced expression of claudin-7 and the stage of a tumor, or the presence of lymph node metastases, were found. Thus, the expression level of claudin-2, -4, and -7 appears to be predictive of the diagnosis and prognosis of OSCC.", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
+{"token": "Transient coexpression of individual genes encoded by the triple gene block of Potato mop-top virus reveals requirements for TGBp1 trafficking. TGBp1, TGBp2, and TGBp3, three plant virus movement proteins encoded by the \\\\'triple gene block\\\\' (TGB), may act in concert to facilitate cell-to-cell transport of viral RNA genomes. Transient expression of Potato mop-top virus (genus Pomovirus) movement proteins was used as a model to reconstruct interactions between TGB proteins. In bombarded epidermal cells of Nicotiana benthamiana, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-TGBp1 was distributed uniformly. However, in the presence of TGBp2 and TGBp3, WP-TGBp1 was directed to intermediate bodies at the cell periphery, and to cell wall-embedded punctate bodies. Moreover, GFP-TGBp1 migrated into cells immediately adjacent to the bombarded cell. These data suggest that TGBp2 and TGBp3 mediate transport of GFP-TGBp1 to and through plasmodesmata. Mutagenesis of TGBp1 suggested that the NTPase and helicase activities of TGBp1 were not required for its transport to intermediate bodies directed by TGBp2 and TGBp3, but these activities were essential for the protein association with cell wall-embedded punctate bodies and translocation of TGBp1 to neighboring cells. The C-terminal region of TGBp1 was critical for trafficking mediated by TGBp2 and TGBp3. Mutation analysis also suggested an involvement of the TGBp2 C-terminal region in interactions with TGBp1.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 19, 42, 9]}
+{"token": "Understanding the role of organizational factors in shaping the research careers of women academics in higher education. This paper represents an attempt to make a theoretical contribution to its knowledge base through an analysis of the group factors which contribute to the success of women academics engaged in research within the area of social sciences. The data were obtained through a series of in-depth interviews carried out at public universities in Catalonia, with women academics - all of whom were the heads of research groups recognized by the Generalitat [Regional Government] of Catalonia. The findings indicate that research groups provide a supportive and effective environment for female researchers enabling them to develop their academic careers, as measured by such key performance indicators as the number of publications and successful applications for research funding.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Literary critics in a new era. In this article I look at changes in the role of literary criticism in Russian literature since perestroika. The article draws on the research of Sergej Cuprinin and Birgit Menzel. Based on my readings of the debate among literary critics about what literary criticism is and should be, and focusing on the interrelationship in the triangle writer-critic-reader, I establish a typology of contemporary literary criticism: 1. the critic as a master of the ''literary process'', 2. the critic as co-writer, 3. the critic as a guide for the reader.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
+{"token": "An Evidence-Based Review of Fremanezumab for the Treatment of Migraine. Migraine headache is a common, chronic, debilitating disease with a complex etiology. Current therapy for migraine headache comprises either treatments targeting acute migraine pain or prophylactic therapy aimed at increasing the length of time between migraine episodes. Recent evidence suggests that calcium gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a critical component in the pathogenesis of migraines. Fremanezumab, a monoclonal antibody against CGRP, was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) after multiple studies showed that it was well-tolerated, safe, and effective in the treatment of migraines. Further research is needed to elucidate the long-term effects of fremanezumab and CGRP-antagonists in general, and additional data is required in less healthy patients to estimate its effects in these populations and potentially increase the eligible group of recipients. This is a comprehensive review of the current literature on the efficacy and safety of fremanezumab for the treatment of chronic migraine. In this review we provide an update on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and current treatment of migraine, and summarize the evidence for fremanezumab as a treatment for migraine.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Re-investigation on odour thresholds of key food aroma compounds and development of an aroma language based on odour qualities of defined aqueous odorant solutions. Literature data on odour thresholds of volatile food constituents, and, in particular on their odour quality, may differ significantly. In order to obtain more reliable sensory data, the odour thresholds of eighty-four compounds previously characterised as key food odorants were re-evaluated and compared to literature results. In addition, the odour thresholds of ten odorants are reported here for the first time. On the basis of a distinct protocol, also the aroma attributes of the odorants were evaluated in order to define an aroma language, which can be used for specific purposes, e.g., training of panellists for GC-Olfactometry.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Strategy of investigation of coronary artery disease in diabetes: from screening to suspicion of acute coronary syndromes. Coronary angiography in asymptomatic patients is only recommended in the presence of significant ischaemia or with a poor prognosis (affecting over 20% of the myocardium or several myocardial territories). This should precede a myocardial revascularisation procedure. The prescription of coronary angiography may be m ore direct in some symptomatic patients.- The second stage is the demonstration of myocardial ischaemia in patients identified to be at risk. This article reviews the advantages and limits of the tests available: ECG stress test, myocardial perfusion imaging on effort or under dipyridamole, stress echocardiography.- First, the identification of patients who should be screened for ischaemia. diabetics with a priori an intermediate or high risk of the presence off CAD. with respect to the presence of markers easily identified on initial examination. like the presence of clinical macroangiopathy (femoral. carotid). of renal disease or ECG changes or the presence of several classical risk factors:Coronary artery disease is a common and serious condition in diabetes and the prognosis of the diabetic without a history of cardiovascular disease is either the same or nearly as serious as that of a non-diabetic patient with a history of coronary disease. This is particularly true in women. The prognosis is even worse in the presence of silent myocardial ischaemia. Conversely, anti-ischaemic and anti-thrombotic therapy and myocardial revascularisation of most severely affected patients are effective. This justifies the recent recommendations (as those of the working group of the French Society of Cardiology and the ALFEDIAM) for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease in diabetes. even in asymptomatic patients. This is a two stage process:", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Population Health Assessment in NCI-Designated Cancer Center Catchment Areas. In May 2016, the NCI announced supplemental funding for NCI-Designated Cancer Centers to conduct research to better characterize populations within cancer center catchment areas. The initiative was intended to support primary data collection efforts to better define and describe cancer center catchment areas using a multilevel population health framework. The long-term goal was to facilitate collaborations in which researchers, providers, public health practitioners, and non-profit organizations could utilize the data to develop or expand applied cancer control research, planning, and implementation, with an emphasis on local health disparities and communication inequalities. This CEBP Focus issue on \\\\'Population Health Assessment in Cancer Center Catchment Areas\\\\' highlights the results from those catchment area data collection efforts. Articles highlight research from surveys conducted to define and describe cancer center catchment areas using both probability and nonprobability designs and a variety of sampling techniques, survey modes, and data linkages. Some articles report pooled analyses of data collected by multiple cancer centers to highlight local versus national comparisons based on standardized behavioral and demographic measures. Others examine rural-urban differences in measures relevant to cancer prevention and control. The studies published in this Focus will provide the field with a myriad of methodologic approaches for defining and describing cancer center catchment areas.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "Introducing music students to harmony - an alternative method. If teaching and learning harmony could rely less on prescriptive rules and more on the music that students themselves play, an alternative teaching method for harmony beginners may become possible. This approach yields a specific kind of knowledge, namely non-propositional knowledge or knowledge acquired by direct experience. After considering the function of thinking and doing in experiential learning, the article shows how the teaching of harmony in the twentieth century steadily moved away from the legacy of Rameau, the founder of harmony as a discipline in the eighteenth century. By using as a point of departure the melodic motifs in the piano music that students play, this article demonstrates the integration of horizontal and vertical musical features when introducing music students to the study of harmony. Furthermore, it shows how a linear approach could eventually lead through two-part counterpoint to the writing of four-part harmony, demonstrated at the end of the article. This proposed method provides a foundation for acquiring basic music-writing skills that are less concerned with music theory as a regulatory discipline and more with music as a creative art.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Chemotherapy Combined With Surgery in a Case With Metanephric Adenoma. BackgroundMetanephric adenoma is an extremely rare renal neoplasm, especially in pediatrics. Chemotherapy combined with surgery in metanephric adenoma has not been reported. MethodsWe describe a case of metanephric adenoma in a child less than 2 years old, which were treated by chemotherapy combined with surgery. ResultsNephron sparing surgery was performed after regular chemotherapy, and the pathological result was metanephric adenoma. ConclusionPediatric metanephric adenoma is extremely rare; the clinical manifestations and imaging examinations lack specificity. Nephron sparing surgery is recommended as the preferred treatment for metanephric adenoma. Long-term follow-up and more in-depth molecular genetic research are still needed to determine the benign or malignant of metanephric adenoma and whether chemotherapy drugs have an effect on it.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "An Asian Drama: The Asian Relations Conference, 1947. The Asian Relations Conference has long served as a historical footnote to the more famous Bandung Conference of 1955. In this paper, however, I argue that this Conference needs to be read and analysed independently. As the opening act of decolonial solidarity, this Conference juxtaposes the moment and the movement of decolonisation, alerting us to the promises and pitfalls of both. In particular one needs to be conscious of its Eurocentric readings which almost always place the 'Third World' within the context of the Cold War project and thus are incapable of understanding its historical relevance.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "The contemplative life and the teaching of the humanities. Meditation nowadays plays a part in mind/body medicine and in some branches of educational psychology. In ancient and medieval times, these functions formed a part of the humanities curriculum as it was taught in philosophical schools, monastic communities, and universities. This article claims that it is by returning to a holistic view of the functions of the humanities by means of meditative disciplines that the value and usefulness of the humanities can be most successfully integrated into Western life and institutions. In bringing about this perspective, teachers in the humanities have a great deal to learn from research in the cognitive neurosciences.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Refinements of Some Integral Inequalities for (s, m)-Convex Functions. In this paper, the refinements of integral inequalities for all those types of convex functions are given which can be obtained from (s,m)-convex functions. These inequalities not only provide refinements of bounds for unified integral operators but also for various associated fractional integral operators containing Mittag-Leffler function. At the same time, presented results give generalizations of many known fractional integral inequalities.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 41]}
+{"token": "Parallel modular multiplication using 512-bit advanced vector instructions RSA fault-injection countermeasure via interleaved parallel multiplication. Applications such as public-key cryptography are critically reliant on the speed of modular multiplication for their performance. This paper introduces a new block-based variant of Montgomery multiplication, the Block Product Scanning (BPS) method, which is particularly efficient using new 512-bit advanced vector instructions (AVX-512) on modern Intel processor families. Our parallel-multiplication approach also allows for squaring and sub-quadratic Karatsuba enhancements. We demonstrate 1.9x improvement in decryption throughput in comparison with OpenSSL and 1.5x improvement in modular exponentiation throughput compared to GMP-6.1.2 on an Intel Xeon CPU. In addition, we show 1.4x improvement in decryption throughput in comparison with state-of-the-art vector implementations on many-core Knights Landing Xeon Phi hardware. Finally, we show how interleaving Chinese remainder theorem-based RSA calculations within our parallel BPS technique halves decryption latency while providing protection against fault-injection attacks.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Numerical investigation of energy-efficient receiver for solar parabolic trough concentrator. In this paper, a thermal analysis of an energy-efficient receiver for solar parabolic trough concentrator is presented. Various porous receiver geometries are considered for the performance evaluation of a solar parabolic trough concentrator. Numerical models are proposed for a porous energy-efficient receiver for internal heat gain characteristics and heat loss due to natural convection. The internal flow and heat transfer analysis is carried out based on a RNG k-epsilon turbulent model, whereas external heat losses are treated as a laminar natural convection model. The numerical models have been solved using the commercial engineering package, FLUENT. The thermal analysis of the receiver is carried out for various geometrical parameters, such as fin aspect ratio, thickness, and porosity, for different heat flux conditions. The inclusion of porous inserts in tubular receiver of solar trough concentrator enhanced the heat transfer about 17.5% with a pressure penalty of 2 kPa. The Nusselt number correlation is proposed based on the extensive numerical data for internal heat transfer inside the receiver. The proposed model is compared with more well-known natural convection models. A comparative study is carried out with different porous geometries to evolve an optimum configuration of energy-efficient receivers.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Sociodemographic and clinical profile of homeless mentally ill inpatients in a north Indian medical university. Homeless mentally ill (HMI) persons are a highly vulnerable and socially disadvantaged population, deprived of even the basic minimal human rights. Data on HMI in India is scarce. This retrospective chart review aimed to evaluate socio-demographic, socio-cultural and clinical profile of HMI patients, and to study reasons of homelessness and outcome related variables in these patients.One hundred and forty homeless persons were admitted to the department of psychiatry of a north Indian medical university from February 2005 to July 2011. Of these, one hundred and twenty-seven (90.7%) had psychiatric illness and six had only intellectual disabilities. The majority of HMI persons were illiterate/minimally literate, adult, male, and from low socioeconomic and rural backgrounds. Most of the patients (55.7%) had more than one psychiatric diagnosis. HMI had considerably high rates of comorbid substance abuse (44.3%), intellectual disabilities (38.6%) and physical problems (75.4%). Most (84.3%) were mentally ill before leaving home and 54.3% left home themselves due to the illness. Most HMI responded to the treatment. After treatment of mental illness, it was possible to reintegrate about 70% of the patients into their families. Families were willing to accept and support them. Untreated/inadequately treated mental illness was the most common reason for homelessness.Easily accessible treatment and rehabilitation facilities at low cost can improve the plight of such patients. Further research in this area is required. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Subdural neomembranes and sudden infant death syndrome. Cranial dura maters of 36 consecutive infants with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and 16 control infants coming to the Department of Coroner were examined microscopically to determine if subdural neomembranes are associated with cases submitted as SIDS. Thirty-one percent (31%) of the infants with SIDS and 13% of control infants had organizing subdural neomembranes (p > 0.05). Overall prevalence of organizing subdural neomembranes was 25% in the group examined.In all but two cases, birth trauma could be excluded as a cause of head trauma by aging neomembranes histologically. No association was found between type of delivery (vaginal or Cesarean: and presence of a subdural neomembrane.Subdural neomembranes are common in infants autopsied in a forensic setting, but they may be missed without a microscopic examination. Subdural neomembranes have no demonstrated association with SIDS.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "The comparative growth rates of indigenous street and garden trees in Grahamstown, South Africa. Urban forestry is advocated world wide as a means of enhancing the liveability of towns and cities, and mitigating some of the anticipated impacts of climate change. Optimisation of the benefits of trees in urban areas is dependent upon knowledge of tree form, growth, and the products and benefits that trees provide. Growth rates are a vital variable for modelling benefits, yet there is a significant gap in knowledge pertaining to growth rates of trees in urban areas, especially indigenous species in developing world countries. Here we report on growth rates of indigenous street and garden trees in Grahamstown, South Africa, using two approaches; tree ring counts on increment cores and mean rates from trees of known planting age. Growth equations for both street and garden trees were derived. There was no significant difference in mean growth rates determined via the two methods. For both methods street trees grew approximately 30% slower than trees in gardens. (c) 2014 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF HYDRODYNAMICS AND TISSUE DEFORMATION INSIDE AN ISOLATED SOLID TUMOR. In this article, we present a biphasic mixture theory based mathematical model for the hydrodynamics of interstitial fluid motion and mechanical behavior of the solid phase inside a solid tumor. The tumor tissue considered here is an isolated deformable biological medium. The solid phase of the tumor is constituted by vasculature, tumor cells, and extracellular matrix, which are wet by a physiological extracellular fluid. Since the tumor is deformable in nature, the mass and momentum equations for both the phases are presented. The momentum equations are coupled due to the interaction (or drag) force term. These governing equations reduce to a one-way coupled system under the assumption of infinitesimal deformation of the solid phase. The well-posedness of this model is shown in the weak sense by using the inf-sup (Babuska-Brezzi) condition and Lax-Milgram theorem in 2D and 3D. Further, we discuss a one-dimensional spherical symmetry model and present some results on the stress fields and energy of the system based on L-2 and Sobolev norms. We discuss the so-called phenomena of \\\\'necrosis'' inside a solid tumor using the energy of the system.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Bubble versus other continuous positive airway pressure forms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Background Use of bubble continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) has generated considerable interest in neonatal care, but its comparative effectiveness compared with other forms of CPAP, especially in developed countries, remains unclear. Objective To systematically review and meta-analyse short-term clinical outcomes among preterm infants treated with bubble CPAP vs all other forms of CPAP. Methods Prospective experimental studies published from 1995 onward until October 2018 comparing bubble versus other CPAP forms in preterm neonates Results A total of 978 articles were identified, of which 19 articles were included in meta-analyses. Of these, 5 had a high risk of bias, 8 had unclear risk and 6 had low risk. The risk of the primary outcome (CPAP failure within 7 days) was lower with bubble CPAP (0.75; 95% CI 0.57 to 0.98; 12 studies, 1194 subjects, I-2=21%). Among secondary outcomes, only nasal injury was higher with use of bubble CPAP (risk ratio (RR) 2.04, 95% CI 1.33 to 3.14; 9 studies, 983 subjects; I-2=42%) whereas no differences in mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.47 to 1.92; 9 studies, 1212 subjects, I-2=20%) or bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (RR 0.8, 95% CI 0.53 to 1.21; 8 studies, 816 subjects, I-2=0%) were noted. Conclusion Bubble CPAP may lead to lower incidence of CPAP failure compared with other CPAP forms. However, it does not appear to translate to improvement in mortality or BPD and potential for nasal injury warrants close monitoring during clinical application.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Long-Run Labor Market Effects of the Job Corps Program: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Experiment. Job Corps is the nation's largest and most comprehensive career technical training and education program for at-risk youth ages 16 to 24. Using the sample from a large-scale experiment of the program from the mid-1990s, this article uses tax data through 2015 (20 years later) to examine long-term labor market impacts. The study finds some long-term beneficial effects for the older students, with employment gains of 4 percentage points, 40 percent reductions in disability benefit receipt, and 10 percent increases in tax filing rates in 2015. For these students, program benefits exceeded program costs from the social perspective. This study is the first to establish that a national program for disconnected youth can produce long-term labor market gains, and can be a positive investment made for society. The results suggest that intensive, comprehensive services that focus on developing both cognitive and noncognitive skills are important for improving labor market prospects for this population. (C) 2020 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management", "label": [5, 49, 51]}
+{"token": "Bayesian analysis for step-stress accelerated life testing using weibull proportional hazard model. In this paper, we present a Bayesian analysis for the Weibull proportional hazard (PH) model used in step-stress accelerated life testings. The key mathematical and graphical difference between the Weibull cumulative exposure (CE) model and the PH model is illustrated. Compared with the CE model, the PH model provides more flexibility in fitting step-stress testing data and has the attractive mathematical properties of being desirable in the Bayesian framework. A Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm with adaptive rejection sampling technique is used for posterior inference. We demonstrate the performance of this method on both simulated and real datasets.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Moral pluralism and conflicts of fundamental rights. The paper focuses on the analysis of value pluralism and its most puzzling consequence: conflicts of values. After assessing the definition of moral dilemmas, the author brings into consideration the similarities between moral conflicts and conflicts of fundamental legal rights. Legal conflicts of this kind may also entail moral dilemmas - in the same way moral pluralism sometimes causes tragic choices. However, the legal system determines the presence of a different framework, offering diverse and various solutions. Even if moral dilemmas may be also present in conflicts of fundamental legal rights, legal solutions do not necessarily entail a tragic choice.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "The modern use of donkey milk. An inquiry on mothers, paediatricians and breeders' perspectives. Statistical surveys indicate that processed cow's milk is the main substitute for breast milk in Italy. However, what happens when breast milk is not sufficient to feed babies and the latter are allergic or intolerant to cow's milk? One of the possible solutions is the use of donkey milk, an ancient practice recently reappeared in the Italian perinatal landscape. Based on the results of a research carried out in Italy in 2015, this article focuses on three main issues: firstly, from when and how certain Italian paediatricians began to include donkey milk among the products recommended to mothers for feeding children; secondly, for what reasons, despite its nutritive and therapeutic properties, donkey milk is still marginal in the paediatric and neonatal food market in Italy; thirdly, what are the meanings that parents attribute to the use of donkey milk.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 30, 47]}
+{"token": "An Evaluation of the Middle East Research Training Initiative Tool in Assessing Effective Functioning of Research Ethics Committees: Experience With a Kenyan REC. The effective functioning of a research ethics committee (REC) can be evaluated using self-assessment tools. The Middle East Research Ethics Training Initiative (MERETI) tool can be used by one member, typically the Chair, to score an REC. The consistency of these scores across several members of an REC has never been evaluated. This study examined whether results would be consistent irrespective of who conducts the assessment. One REC's effective functioning was assessed by several members (n = 13). The Chair's scores were compared with scores of other members in relation to their duration of REC membership, research ethics training, gender, and employer's institutional affiliation to the REC. The Chair's overall score was higher than the other members' scores by 11%. No significant differences in scores were obtained in relation to duration of REC membership (p =.72), interval since last research ethics training (p =.94), and gender (p =.27). The MERETI tool is thus consistent irrespective of who performs the assessment.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "A NEAR-LINEAR TIME APPROXIMATION SCHEME FOR GEOMETRIC TRANSPORTATION WITH ARBITRARY SUPPLIES AND SPREAD. The geometric transportation problem takes as input a set of points P in d-dimensional Euclidean space and a supply function mu : P & RARR; R. The goal is to find a transportation map, a non-negative assignment tau: P x P & RARR; R > 0 to pairs of points, so the total assignment leaving each point is equal to its supply, i.e., ErcP tau(q, r)-EpcP tau(p, q) = mu(q) for all points q E P. The goal is to minimize the weighted sum of Euclidean distances for the pairs, E(p,q)cPxP tau(p, q) & BULL; ||q - p||2. We describe the first algorithm for this problem that returns, with high probability, a (1 + epsilon)-approximation to the optimal transportation map in n epsilon-& DEG;(d) log & DEG;(d) n time. In contrast to the previous best algorithms for this problem, our near-linear running time bound is independent of the spread of P and the magnitude of its real-valued supplies.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Development and validation of a smartphone-based digits-in-noise hearing test in South African English. Objective: The objective of this study was to develop and validate a smartphone-based digits-in-noise hearing test for South African English. Design: Single digits (0-9) were recorded and spoken by a first language English female speaker. Level corrections were applied to create a set of homogeneous digits with steep speech recognition functions. A smartphone application was created to utilize 120 digit-triplets in noise as test material. An adaptive test procedure determined the speech reception threshold (SRT). Experiments were performed to determine headphones effects on the SRT and to establish normative data. Study sample: Participants consisted of 40 normal-hearing subjects with thresholds15dB across the frequency spectrum (250-8000Hz) and 186 subjects with normal-hearing in both ears, or normal-hearing in the better ear. Results: The results show steep speech recognition functions with a slope of 20%/dB for digit-triplets presented in noise using the smartphone application. The results of five headphone types indicate that the smartphone-based hearing test is reliable and can be conducted using standard Android smartphone headphones or clinical headphones. Conclusion: A digits-in-noise hearing test was developed and validated for South Africa. The mean SRT and speech recognition functions correspond to previous developed telephone-based digits-in-noise tests.", "label": [2, 3, 22, 28]}
+{"token": "Application of curcumin-mediated antibacterial photodynamic technology for preservation of fresh Tremella Fuciformis. Tremella Fuciformis is an edible fungus with high water content and nutritional values. However, fresh T. Fuciformis can quickly lose its quality by physical damage, water loss and microbial degradation during storage. Herein, we evaluated the effects of curcumin-mediated photodynamic technology (PDT) using light-emitting diode (LED) light to preserve fresh T. Fuciformis. Changes in bacterial counts and community, physicochemical properties, and sensory attributes of curcumin-mediated PDT-treated fresh T. Fuciformis were assessed. The results indicated that treatment with 30 mu mol/L curcumin and 30 min of LED light exposure could reduce bacterial counts by similar to 1.99 + 0.06 log (CFU/g) in fresh T. Fuciformis upon 5 days storage. The bacterial microbiota in T. Fuciformis during storage was also altered upon PDT treatment. PDT treatment also retained the color, water content, hardness, tactility, and appearance of fresh T. Fuciformis. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that curcumin-mediated PDT could be a viable and promising non-thermal technology for preserving the quality of fresh T. Fuciformis.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Light stalks increase the precision and accuracy of non-breeding locations calculated from geolocator tags: a field test from a long-distance migrant. Capsule: There is a substantial gain in precision and accuracy of geolocator locations when using a light stalk. Aims: Light stalks or tubes increase the accuracy of geolocators when tracking migrant birds because they reduce potential shading of the light sensor by feathers but may increase detrimental tag effects. We aimed to determine how adding light stalks to geolocator tags increased accuracy and precision of locations. Methods: We quantified how precision and accuracy of geolocator locations was affected by comparing variation of sunrise and sunset times from tags with variable length light stalks (6 of 0 mm, 8 of 5 mm and 21 of 10 mm). Tags were fitted to Whinchats Saxicola rubetra in central Nigeria (the known location to compare accuracy), and variance in latitude and longitude of geolocator estimated locations were also compared across light stalk lengths during spring migration stationary locations, and at breeding sites in Eastern Europe, for both Geolight and FlightR methods. Results: Without a light stalk, the standard deviation of sunset and sunrise times increased by 50% and 100%, respectively (i.e. less precise): confidence intervals for latitude were larger by about 4.3 degrees at non-breeding low latitudes and 1.8 degrees at stop-over latitudes, or confidence intervals for longitude were larger by 2.3 degrees, dependent on analysis method. Estimated sun elevation angles were significantly less accurate and so calculated non-breeding locations were significantly less accurate by about 8 degrees of latitude. Precision in sunrise, sunset times, latitude and longitude, was similar when using a 5 mm or 10 mm stalk. Conclusions: The results show a substantial gain in precision and accuracy of low latitude geolocator locations when using a light stalk that brings the sensor above covering feathers. There is no advantage from longer light stalk lengths than those necessary to just expose the light sensor above the feathers, at least for small passerines.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Ultrasound-assisted and pressurized liquid extraction of phenolic compounds from Phyllanthus amarus and its composition evaluation by UPLC-QTOF. Phyllanthus amarus Schum & Thonn is an herb rich in bioactive compounds, mainly phenols, and it is widely used for its medicinal properties. In this study, aqueous extraction from aerial parts of P. amarus was performed using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), and conventional extraction (CE). Response surface methodology was used to assess the effect of the time, ultrasonic intensity, and liquid/solid (L/S) ratio in UAE and of time and temperature in PLE on total phenolics and gallic acid extraction. The chemical composition of the extracts obtained through the three techniques was also analyzed using UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. The UAE operational condition that afforded the highest phenolic content (27.23 mg/g plant) used time of 7 min, ultrasonic intensity of 301 W/cm(2), and LIS ratio of 40 mL/g. This value was lower than the one obtained by the conventional extraction method (42.78 mg/g plant). However, PLE at 192.4 degrees C and time of 15 min yielded the highest total phenolic content (52.97 mg/g plant). Regarding the extraction of gallic acid, the non-conventional methods yielded contents three times higher than the conventional extraction. The chemical composition of P. amarus extracts had mainly hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids, and lignans. The most significant difference was found in UAE, which proved to be inefficient to extract ellagitannins. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
+{"token": "Trust and Legal Governance: A Case Study of Ethiopian Criminal Justice. Current empirical research on trust in criminal justice focuses on those who do the trusting. Working from the theoretical position that trust is relational, this article expands that research by showing how trust relationships between the public and criminal justice institutions are shaped by the legal framework governing them. Reporting empirical case studies from the plural legal governance of criminal justice in Ethiopia, the article shows that the country's different legal frameworks produce different constructions of trust relationships between the public and criminal justice institutions. Furthermore, the empirical study shows that the practical organization of daily case handling in criminal justice institutions make for an important mechanism to mediate and link these differently constructed trust relationships.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 57]}
+{"token": "The use of suspended sentences in Australia: Unsheathing the Sword of Damocles. Wholly suspended sentences are a controversial sentencing option currently available in all Australian jurisdictions. This article examines the interpretation of the two-step process for imposing a suspended sentence as set out by the High Court in Dinsdale and points to important differences in the approach to exercising the discretion to suspend. In addition, the varying severity of the \\\\'bite\\\\' of the sentence through the imposition of conditions or combination with other sentencing options is discussed. The significance of a suspended sentence rests, in large part, on the threat of imposition in the event of breach. The effect of divergence in relation to breach provisions is therefore also reviewed. Statistical information on the use of suspended sentences in the higher courts is presented and the need for a more consistent approach to the use of this sentencing option identified.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of three DNA extraction protocols for forensic STR typing after laser capture microdissection. In forensic sciences, short tandem repeat (STR) analysis is a valuable tool in identifying the donor(s) of biological stains. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) can be used as a cell separating technique to isolate specific cell types in mixed samples. An important challenge lies in the development of a DNA isolation method appropriate for laser microdissected cells, as these samples usually contain minute amounts of cells. In this study three different DNA isolation methods for LCM collected cells were compared. The PicoPure DNA extraction method outperformed both other methods (IQTM system and short alkaline method). Consequently, the minimal number of LCM collected cells necessary for STR typing was determined. Using the PicoPure DNA extraction method, full DNA profiles could be obtained from as little as 10 cells. Nevertheless, despite the occurrence of allelic drop out in some of the samples, lower amounts of cells gave rise to useful DNA profiles. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 3, 20, 29]}
+{"token": "Mapping spatial attributes in survey research for natural resource management: Methods and applications. Traditional survey research measures attributes such as opinions, attitudes, beliefs, values, norms, and preferences. Few public surveys have attempted to map perceived spatial attributes of places and landscapes, a subject of increasing importance to environmental and natural resource management. For the past 5 years, this researcher has included spatial measures of landscape values and attributes in five separate surveys of the general public in Alaska (1998-2003). This article reviews the spatial data collection rationale behind these studies, design concepts, methods, and implementation issues when administering a general public survey that includes a spatial mapping component. A research framework for using landscape values and spatial measures in GIS planning applications is presented, including suitability analysis, gap analysis, and hot-spot identification. Spatial measure ambiguity and survey response rates will require future research attention. The mapping of psychometric attributes of place through survey research remains a field open to active inquiry and experimentation.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
+{"token": "ASSESSMENT ON LF SLAGS CHARACTERISTICS USED FOR AGRICULTURAL ACIDIC SOILS IMPROVEMENT. The development of an analysis methodology with embedded identification of significant issues regarding the use of steelmaking slags from secondary metallurgy in agriculture for acidic soils improvement leads to \\\\'elimination\\\\' of \\\\'waste\\\\' term assigned for Ladle Furnace (LF) slag and determines its conversion into useful by-product and environmentally friendly. This paper analyzes comparatively three Romanian sources of LF slag:Each of these sources (companies) have particular characteristics of the steel manufacturing and LF slags storage which have been investigated in the paper in the attempt to exploit them as secondary resources to obtain materials for acidic soils amelioration.3) a steel manufacturer as long semi-finished forms (Source 3).2) an alloyed steel manufacturer for the obtaining of rolling stocks (Source 2),1) a steel manufacturer for power industry equipments fabrication (Source 1),", "label": [1, 17, 11]}
+{"token": "Time-dependent deformation behavior of near-eutectic 60Sn-40Pb solder. The compressive creep and stress-strain behavior of the near-eutectic 60Sn-40Pb solder alloy has been investigated over the temperature range of -55 degrees C to 125 degrees C. The total primary creep strain is a strong function of stress and temperature: at lower temperatures and high applied stresses (i.e., near the power-law breakdown regime), it is quite large, while it is much smaller at higher temperatures and lower applied stresses. The compressive minimum creep rate as a function of stress and temperature is fit well by the Garofalo sinh equation. A discussion of the effective stress exponent, n(eff), in the context of the Garofalo sinh equation is presented to understand trends in the creep data. The values of n(eff), for the applied stress levels studied, are found to range from 3.09 to 5.00 at 125 degrees C, while they have a range of 10.75 to 15.79 at -55 degrees C. These trends are consistent with the interpretation of climb-dominated creep at higher temperatures and plasticity-dominated power law breakdown behavior at the lower temperatures. The microstructural observations suggest that, at elevated temperatures, deformation occurs by relative displacement of eutectic colonies in the solder microstructure accompanied by extensive grain coarsening in the colony boundaries. At lower temperatures (<0 degrees C), deformation occurs by cell displacement with very limited coarsening and, at high stresses, is dominated by plastic deformation. The application of the Garofalo sinh equation to other data sets for creep of eutectic Sn-Pb solder is also discussed.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Susceptibility of Ipomoea quamoclit, I. triloba and Merremia cissoides to the Herbicides Sulfentrazone and Amecarbazone. Differential susceptibility Of Weed species to herbicides is an important variable that Must be considered when choosing the herbicide and rate to be applied. Thus, two experiments were carried out with the objective of evaluating the susceptibility of three weed species of the Convolvulaceae family (I1pomoea quamoclit, I. triloba and Merremia cissoides) to the herbicides sulfentrazone and amicarbazone, using dose-response curves. Trials were installed in an area with clay soil, where eight rates of each herbicide were applied, in pre-emergence. The herbicide rates were: 8D, 4D, 2D, D, 1/2D, 1/4D, 1/8D and check without application, considering D as the recommended rate-for sulfentrazone (600g ha(-1)) oratnicarbazone (980g ha(-1)). Recommended rates of both herbicides were effective to control the three weed species, in the evaluations performed up to 60 days after application. Differential. susceptibility of weed species to herbicides was observed, characterizing L quamoclit as the most sensitive species. The Susceptibility scales were: I. quamoclit >= M. cissoides >= I. triloba for sulfentrazone; and I. quamoclit >= I. triloba >= M. cissoides for amicarbazone. Control levels indicate that application of sulfentrazone and amicarbazone in pre-emergence is viable to control these Weed species of Convolvulaceae.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Features of Cs-137 distribution and dynamics in the main soils of the steppe zone in the southern European Russia. Data are presented on the concentration and vertical distribution of the artificial isotope Cs-137 in soils (chestnut soils, chernozems, solonetzs, solonchaks, meadow soils and alluvial soils) of the steppe zone in the southern Russia. The work has been focused on the study of radiocesium distribution in undisturbed virgin lands. It has been shown that the mean concentration of the radionuclide in the upper (0 to 15 cm) soil layer is 20.5 Bq/kg. The proportions of adsorbed Cs-137 in the soils increase with increasing humus content and decreasing pH level. Two types of the profile distribution of radiocesium were distinguished: (1) with the maximum concentration in the upper soil layer and a relatively abrupt decrease with depth (the majority of Cs-137 is concentrated in the upper 0 to 15 cm soil layer) and (2) with the maximum concentration of Cs-137 shifted into the soil profile down to a depth of 45-55 cm. This difference is related to the soil type, humus content, pH value, and regional climatic conditions. Long-term (2000-2013) studies of the vertical distribution of Cs-137 in soil profiles have revealed a decrease in its total activity by 1.5 to 2.0 times. It has been shown that the migration of radiocesium in soil profiles depends on the soil type and the diffusion of the radionuclide itself, as well as on convective transfer, transpiration, infiltration, and colmatage. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF A SPECIES SENSITIVITY DISTRIBUTION FOR TEMPERATURE-INDUCED MORTALITY IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT. Current European legislation has static water quality objectives for temperature effects, based on the most sensitive species. In the present study a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) for elevated temperatures is developed on the basis of temperature sensitivity data ( mortality) of 50 aquatic species. The SSD applies to risk assessment of heat discharges that are localized in space or time. As collected median lethal temperatures (LT50 values) for different species depend on the acclimation temperature, the SSD is also a function of the acclimation temperature. Data from a thermal discharge in The Netherlands are used to show the applicability of the developed SSD in environmental risk assessment. Although restrictions exist in the application of the developed SSD, it is concluded that the SSD approach can be applied to assess the effects of elevated temperature. Application of the concept of SSD to temperature changes allows harmonization of environmental risk assessment for stressors in the aquatic environment. When a synchronization of the assessment methods is achieved, the steps to integration of risks from toxic and nontoxic stressors can be made.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 52]}
+{"token": "Model prediction for an observed filament. This paper presents the results of a \\\\'blind test\\\\' for modeling the structure of an observed filament using the three-dimensional magnetohydrostatic model recently developed by Aulanier et al. in 1999. The model uses a constant shear a, and it takes into account the effects of pressure and gravity. The test consisted of predicting the structure of a filament (observed in the southern hemisphere) with a minimum observational input: only a line-of-sight magnetogram, with a straight line drawn on it to show the location of the filament, was provided. The filament was chosen by the observers (N. S. and S. F. M.) because it had a definite overall left-handed structural pattern known as sinistral but the direction of component of the magnetic field along the filament axis was uncertain from the combination of Ha data and magnetograms. The modeler (G. A.) evaluated and fixed the values of some of the free parameters of the model while some others were varied in reasonable ranges. The Ha image of the filament was revealed only after the modeling. For alpha > 0, the three-dimensional distribution of magnetic dips computed by the model fairly well reproduces the structure of the filament and its barbs. Moreover, the models for which alpha < 0 do not match well the observations. This study then shows the first successful theoretical prediction for the magnetic field of an observed filament. It shows that the method based on the Aulanier et al. model is a powerful tool, not only for purposes of modeling, but also for prediction of the chirality, helicity, and morphology of observed filaments.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Fibroblast growth factor 2-retargeted adenoviral vectors exhibit a modified biolocalization pattern and display reduced toxicity relative to native adenoviral vectors. Targeted vectors provide a number of advantages for systemic and local gene delivery strategies. Several groups have investigated the utility of using various ligands to alter the tropism of adenovirus (Ad) vectors. We have previously demonstrated that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) ligands can specifically target DNA transfection and Ad transduction through high-affinity FGF receptors (FGFRs), FGFRs are overexpressed in abnormally proliferating tissues, such as malignancies. The present studies explore the effects of retargeting with FGF2 on the tissue localization pattern and the systemic toxicity of Ad in mice, Results of semiquantitative PCR analyses indicate that the distribution of FGF2-Ad vector genome sequences after intravenous administration in mice is altered, Markedly lower amounts (10- to 20-fold) of FGF2-Ad localize to the liver when compared with native Ad, This decrease in liver deposition translates into a significant reduction in subsequent toxicity as measured by serum transaminases and histopathology in mice injected with FGF2-Ad-HSV-thymidine kinase with and without ganciclovir administration, In an intraperitoneal model of ovarian cancer, FGF2-Ad generates increased transgene expression in tumor tissue when compared with Ad, Taken together, these results indicate that the retargeting of Ad with FGF2 results in a more efficient vector system for systemic and regional gene therapy applications, with concomitant lower levels of systemic toxicity.", "label": [2, 18, 19, 20]}
+{"token": "Nonlocal theory of the high-strain-rate processes in structured media. A new nonlocal hydrodynamic approach to describe structured media is developed. According to this approach the nonlocal and spin properties of a medium are closely correlated. The concrete kind and scale of the medium structure resulting from the strain process are defined by the initial and boundary conditions in a nonunique way due to the branching of solutions to the nonlinear problem. As a consequence, in the same medium localization of the strain process can be realized either in the form of shear banding or rotational motion. As a test task the well-known Rayleigh problem on nonsteady motion of a plate in viscous media is solved to show that the degree of nonlocality is proportional to acceleration of the plate. The solution obtained is then used to explain experimental results on shock-induced shear bands and vortex structures in metals. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Measurement of the top quark mass using template methods on dilepton events in p(p)over-bar collisions at root s=1.96 TeV. We describe a measurement of the top quark mass from events produced in p (p) over bar collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 1.96 TeV, using the Collider Detector at Fermilab. We identify t (t) over bar candidates where both W bosons from the top quarks decay into leptons (e nu, mu nu, or tau nu) from a data sample of 360 pb(-1). The top quark mass is reconstructed in each event separately by three different methods, which draw upon simulated distributions of the neutrino pseudorapidity, t (t) over bar longitudinal momentum, or neutrino azimuthal angle in order to extract probability distributions for the top quark mass. For each method, representative mass distributions, or templates, are constructed from simulated samples of signal and background events, and parametrized to form continuous probability density functions. A likelihood fit incorporating these parametrized templates is then performed on the data sample masses in order to derive a final top quark mass. Combining the three template methods, taking into account correlations in their statistical and systematic uncertainties, results in a top quark mass measurement of 170.1 +/- 6.0(stat.)+/- 4.1(syst.) GeV/c(2).", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "Mental illness in an adult sample admitted to public hostels in the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, Brazil. S Abstract Background The number of homeless people of any country is a major social and health issue, but to date only a few descriptive and focused studies have been undertaken in Brazil on the matter. Method In order to fill this gap, a cross-sectional study was carried out in a random representative sample (n = 330) out of 1,977 homeless people lodged in the five public hostels of the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area. Full data were collected by two trained researchers in a face-to-face interview with 319 (96.7 %) out of the 330 lodgers, using the CIDI (Composite International Development Interview) to assess psychiatric diagnosis. Results The main findings concern prevalence rate of major mental illness, which was 19.4% for the 12 months before data collection, and 22.6% lifetime prevalence rate. Other 12-month prevalence rates were 31 % for alcohol abuse/dependence, 4.1 % for drug abuse/addiction, 15 % for severe cognitive impairment, and 49.2 % for any mental disorder. The rate was 65.2% when organic mental disorders were added. Moreover, 23.9 % of the sampled lodgers reported previous psychiatric admission. Their demographic characteristics were a mean age of 44.8 years old, 75.8 % of them were male, 78.9 % were single, 94.7 % had a low level of schooling, and 79.2 % were long-term unemployed. Conclusions This study demonstrates the high rates of psychiatric morbidity in the homeless, but these rates are exceeded by the apparent poverty and illiteracy of the sample. Given the lack of delivery of community services now in Brazilian cities, this group is likely to be marginalized. Some special teams to assess the hostel residents need to be created.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Seismic modeling and inversion using half-precision floating-point numbers. New processors are increasingly supporting half-precision floating-point numbers, often with a significant throughput gain over single-precision operations. Seismic modeling, imaging, and inversion could benefit from such an acceleration, but it is not obvious how the accuracy of the solution can be preserved with a very narrow 16-bit representation. By scaling the finite-difference expression of the isotropic elastic wave equation, we have found that a stable solution can be obtained despite the very narrow dynamic range of the half-precision format. We develop an implementation with the CUDA platform, which, on most recent graphics processing units (GPU), is nearly twice as fast and uses half the memory of the equivalent single-precision version. The error on seismograms caused by the reduced precision is shown to correspond to a negligible fraction of the total seismic energy and is mostly incoherent with seismic phases. Finally, we find that this noise does not adversely impact full-waveform inversion nor reverse time migration, which both benefit from the higher throughput of half-precision computation.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Gap Surface Waves in a System of Two Elastic Superconducting Semispaces Separated by a Narrow Gap. This paper deals with the magnetoelastic interactions for a structure consisting of two elastic current carrying superconducting substrates, separated by a gap (vacuum). The two elastic substrates, which have no acoustic contacts, are coupled by a magnetic field generated by the deformations of the substrates. The surface magnetoelastic waves of Rayleigh type, decaying exponentially with distance from substrates surfaces, are studied. For a plane harmonic wave the dispersion equation is derived and solved to obtain the coupled wave frequencies. The magnetomechanical coupling effects are investigated in detail and simulations show that the magnetoelastic coupling effect is quite significant when the gap relative thickness is rather small. The existence of two surface gap waves with two different velocities is shown. In superconducting media the constitutive relations of magnetic field and electrical current of primary nondeformed state are given by means of London's equations.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Moderation and Competence: How a Party's Ideological Position Shapes Its Valence Reputation. We combine several strands of research from electoral behavior and party politics to suggest that ideological moderation will boost a party's perceived competence. Less radical parties are seen as readier to compromise, more realistic about what can be achieved, and less prone to simplistic solutions. The results of conjoint experiments with party profiles show that while an ideological leaning carries no cost, any appreciably left- or right-wing position eroded a party's perceived competence among a representative sample of around 2,000 British citizens. This effect holds when controlling for respondents' ideological proximity to the party in question, and it looks to operate through all three of the proposed mechanisms suggested above-especially willingness to compromise. These findings have important implications both for party strategy and for voting research, highlighting a key channel through which ideological moderation yields electoral gains.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "HALOTHANE GENE AND SWINE PERFORMANCE. One hundred thirty-one pigs representing seven different breed groups (Minnesota No. 1 [M], Pietrain [P], Yorkshire [Y], and crosses PY, P[PY], P[NP], and P[YP]P) and three halothane gene genotypes (NN, Nn, and nn) were tested for breed, sex, and halothane gene (HAL) effects on growth and carcass performance. Breed effects were significant for all traits measured. Sex effect was significant for most traits except for meat scores. The HAL-locus linkage group explained 20 to 30% of the total variation for meat quality scores and 1 to 10% for meat quantity and growth traits. Pietrain x Yorkshire was the fastest growing breed group and had relatively good carcass quality. Pietrain and its related crosses had the most lean muscle but the lowest meat quality. The HN (HAL negative, genotype Nn) individuals within the PPY and PNP groups grew more quickly and had higher meat quality scores and less muscling than HP (HAL positive, genotype; nn) individuals. A second experiment with 40 pigs showed significant differences in fat concentration in the loin muscle between breeds (M, Y, and P) and between genotypes within the NP population (NP[HP] and NP[HN]). The phenotypic correlation between fat percentage and marbling was .59 (P < .01). The NP(HP) had higher water percentage in lean than the NP(HN). The water percentage was negatively correlated with meat quality scores of color, firmness, and marbling with phenotypic correlations of -.10, -.23, and -.57 (P < .01), respectively. The halothane gene, when homozygous (nn), seems to increase the water content in lean muscle and suppress fat deposition in lean tissue while reducing the meat quality.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "AC and DC global electric circuit properties and the height profile of atmospheric conductivity. An apparent discrepancy is pointed out - at all heights, and by up to an order of magnitude - between the height profiles of atmospheric conductivity derived at AC using ELF propagation studies, especially from information on Schumann resonance of the Earth-ionosphere cavity, and using a model of the DC global atmospheric electric circuit. This serious issue is resolved by creating a hybrid profile of these two mid-latitude profiles, the first of which refers to conditions by day and the second by night. This hybrid profile is thus a first order attempt to represent globally averaged conditions. Close to the Earth's surface, where the resistance of the atmosphere is largest, the properties of the DC global model exert the greatest influence, whereas in the middle atmosphere, at heights between 40 and 100 km, full wave computations show that the AC results are the more crucial. The globally averaged hybrid profile presented here has some limitations, and the physical reasons for these are addressed. They are due to the presence of aerosol particles of ice and/or of meteoric material which reduce the ionospheric D-region conductivity by an order of magnitude over only similar to 2 km of height, thereby causing ledges of ionisation. In the context of the globally averaged profile, published observations of the ionospheric effects of the giant gamma-ray flare from SGR 1806-20 (a neutron star having an enormously large magnetic field) occurring at 21:30 U.T. on December 27, 2004, are briefly discussed.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "OBSERVED CORE OF A GRADUAL SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLE EVENT. Using space-borne particle and EUV detection and radio spectrograms from both ground-based and space-borne instruments, we study the first phase of the major solar energetic particle (SEP) event associated with the western solar flare and fast and wide coronal mass ejection (CME) on 2000 April 4. The SEP event being observed at the magnetic connection to the eruption's center starts with deka-MeV nucl(-1) helium-and relativistic electron-rich production from coronal sources identified with the electromagnetic diagnostics and the SEP event modeling. The broadband observations and modeling of the initial phase of the \\\\'well-connected\\\\' major SEP event support the idea that acceleration of SEPs starts in the helium-rich plasma of the eruption's core in association with coronal shocks and magnetic reconnections caused by the CME liftoff, and that the coronal component dominates during the first hour of the SEP event considered, not yet being shielded by the CME bow shock in the solar wind. The first phase of the SEP event is followed by a second phase of SEP production associated with a decelerating CME-driven shock wave in the solar wind, which accelerates ions from a distinct, helium-poor seed particle population that may originate from the CME interaction with a coronal streamer.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Performance of Amazonian rubber tree clones in the plateau region of the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The objective of this paper was to evaluate, for a period of 10 years, the adaptability and phenotypic expression of superior characters of 10 clones of rubber tree (Hevea spp.) grown in the plateau of Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The clones in the field were arranged in a randomized block design with three replicates and six plants per linear plots. The results showed that the clone IAN 3156 recorded highest yield (65.57 g/tree/tap) followed by RO 45 (52.29 g/tree/tap), whereas the control clone RRIM 600 recorded 41.04 g/tree/tap over four years of tapping. All selected clones were vigorous, with girth range at opening varying from 37.01 cm (IAN 3193) to 49.41 cm (IAN 4493). The percentage range of plants able for opening were 30.0% for IAN 3703 to 93.75% for IAN 6323. Except for IAN 3156 with 7.0 mm and for IAN 4493 with 6.32 mm other clones had low thick virgin bark at open compared to the control clone RRIM 600, which recorded 6.18 mm. Concerned to wind damage, except for IAN 3193 all the studied clones experienced low incidence of wind damage. All clones showed low to very low incidence of tree dryness. A complementary evaluation of the best clones (IAN 3156, RO 45, Fx 3 899 and IAN 4493) in different environment of the Sao Paulo State is suggested, to evaluate besides yielding other secondary characters with the purpose of future recommendation of planting material in large scale.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Toluene-based planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging of temperature in hypersonic flows. Planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging is carried out in a hypersonic gun tunnel at a freestream Mach number of 8.9 and Reynolds number of 47.4 x 10(6) m(-1) (N-2 is the test gas). The fluorescence of toluene (C7H8) is correlated with the red shift of the emission spectra with increasing temperature. A two-colour approach is used where, following an excitation at 266 nm, emission spectra at two different bands are captured in separate runs using two different filters. Two different flow fields are investigated using this method: (i) hypersonic flow past a blunt nose, which is characterised by a bow shock with strong entropy effects, and (ii) an attached shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction induced by a flare located further downstream on the same blunt cylinder body. Measurements from as low as the freestream temperature of 68.3 K all the way up to 380 K (T-infinity -5.6T(infinity)) are obtained. The uncertainty at the higher temperature level is approximately +/- 15 %, while at the low end of the temperature, an additional +/- 15 % uncertainty is expected. Application of the technique is further challenged at high temperatures due to the exponentially reduced fluorescence quantum yields and the occurrence of toluene pyrolysis near the stagnation region (T-o = 1150 K). Overall, results are found to be within 10 % agreement with the expected distributions, thus demonstrating suitability of the technique for hypersonic flow thermometry applications in low-enthalpy facilities.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Effect of thermal aging on drop performance of chip scale packages with SnAgCu solder joints on Cu pads. Because of the trend of miniaturization, the drop performance of portable electronic devices is becoming increasingly critical. This study was focused on the influential factors in the drop performance of chip scale packages (CSPs) with Cu/SnAgCu solder joints after thermal aging. Assembled CSP test boards were thermally aged at 100-150 degrees C for up to 1,000 h before drop test. Microstructural evolution in the bulk solder and the interfacial region was investigated after drop test. Crack propagation by drop test and the fractured surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Kirkendall voiding at the solder/Cu interface and the thickness of interfacial intermetallic compounds did not have a significant effect on the occurrence of the first failure by drop test. Correlation between drop performance and microstructural changes was observed. A model was built to explain the complex drop test results based on the relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties of solder joints.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Ultra-Low Power Sensor Node for On-Board Railway Wagon Monitoring. Continuous real-time monitoring of unpowered railway vehicles such as general freight and heavy haul wagons is still limited by hardware scalability and power consumption challenges. This paper proposes an innovative sensor node hardware architecture that reduces power consumption and hardware costs by introducing an Analogue Fault Detector based on analogue signal processing. This technique allows data intensive fault detection and condition monitoring algorithms to be run by simple microcontrollers, reducing memory, execution time and computational requirements. An on-board wheel flat detection sensor node was tested in laboratory conditions using a hardware-in-the-loop setup, to quantify the improvements and explore the viability of the proposed sensor node architecture approach. The power required to detect a wheel flat defect in a simulated acceleration signal was reduced by one order of magnitude and the memory requirement was reduced by three orders of magnitude for the data acquisition and processing stage, compared to traditional sensor node hardware architectures. This is particularly relevant in data intensive applications using accelerometers for monitoring railway vehicles. The improvements delivered by the introduction of an Analogue Fault Detector in a sensor node hardware architecture are promising for further development of on-board ultra-low power condition monitoring sensor nodes for railway applications.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35]}
+{"token": "THEIR TURN UNDER THE SUN: MATTHIAS FRITSCH AND THE QUESTION OF INTERGENERATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY. This essay addresses Matthias Fritsch's argument in Taking Turns with the Earth that in order to respond properly and responsibly to today's climate crisis one must begin with a rethinking of ethics in terms of intergenerational responsibility. After affirming Fritsch's argument that ethics must indeed be reconceived through an analysis of our fundamental intergenerationality and our obligation to \\\\'take turns with the earth\\\\' alongside other generations, the essay retraces Fritsch's use of the work of Derrida on time, ethics, mourning, and the turn-taking of democracy to make this case. Finally, the essay proposes Homer's 'had as a friendly supplement to Fritsch's plea to take turns with the earth insofar as ethical responsibility is there understood in terms of the way successive generations like plants, or like leaves that grow, wither, and die take their turn not only with the earth but under the sun.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "The Shabbat as a Sign of Freedom. The article addresses the following issue: Is the command to refrain from work on this day a limitation for a person or, on the contrary, does it provide an individual with space of freedom? The author explores the etymology of the term Shabbat and asks a question regarding the origins of celebrating this day. He finally deals with the texts in which the term appears. It follows from these texts that the Old Testament perceives this command in a positive manner, namely as an instruction which serves a person's freedom. It is not concerned, however, with the instruction to refrain from work alone; this is primarily a positive effort to bless this day. By refraining from work and blessing this day, people imitate their Creator. The Shabbat thus becomes a visible sign of Israel's relationship with the Lord and the Lord's relationship with Israel; it is a day of freedom and joy.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "NDT of wire ropes with a permanently installed, computer controlled monitoring system. This paper describes relevant results, obtained to dale by joint Noranda/CANMET work. This work was undertaken in line with specifications and funding from a number of Quebec mines as grouped within the Societe de Recherche et Developpement Miniere inc. (SOREDEM).Availability of such a novel, computerized instrument with digitized signals, led to consideration of an array of related uses. One of these was the design, development and in situ testing of a permanently installed, computer controlled, wire rope monitoring system, as called for by a number of mines both in Canada and abroad.Energy Technology (CANMET), and Noranda's Technology Centre (NTC) in the area of wire rope testing with electromagnetic (EM) type instruments resulted in the development of a state-of-the-art, computer controlled, dual function EM instrument for testing 13 mm (1/2in.) to 64 mm (2 1/2 in.) size ropes. Following extensive laboratory and field tests, this instrument is currently in regular use, including in at least one major Canadian mine.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Western technical traditions of pottery making in Tang Dynasty China: chemical evidence from the Liquanfang Kiln site, Xi'an city. This study is based on the SEM-EDS and LA-ICP-AES analyses of a sample of twenty-nine Tang sancai sherds unearthed from the Liquanfang site, Xi'an city. The results indicate that ceramics with yellowish bodies are calcareous and those with red bodies were made of ferruginous clays. The use of calcareous clay in Tang sancai bodies is otherwise unknown in Chinese history, which suggests that the technique of Tang sancai making at this site might have been influenced by ceramic technology from the Near East or Central Asia. The paper therefore argues that the traditional approach of treating calcareous clay as the main characteristic of pottery made in the ancient Near East or Central Asia is not necessarily accurate. It is likely that some calcareous Tang sancai ceramics were made in the capital city of the Tang dynasty. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
+{"token": "No extraction without representation: The ethno-regional oil curse and secessionist conflict. A large body of literature claims that oil production increases the risk of civil war. However, a growing number of skeptics argue that the oil-conflict link is not causal, but merely an artifact of flawed research designs. This article re-evaluates whether - and where - oil causes conflict by employing a novel identification strategy based on the geological determinants of hydrocarbon reserves. We employ geospatial data on the location of sedimentary basins as a new spatially disaggregated instrument for petroleum production. Combined with newly collected data on oil field locations, this approach allows investigating the causal effect of oil on conflict at the national and subnational levels. Contrary to the recent criticism, we find that previous work has underestimated the magnitude of the conflict-inducing effect of oil production. Our results indicate that oil has a large and robust effect on the likelihood of secessionist conflict, especially if it is produced in populated areas. In contrast, oil production does not appear to be linked to center-seeking civil wars. Moreover, we find considerable evidence in favor of an ethno-regional explanation of this link. Oil production significantly increases the risk of armed secessionism if it occurs in the settlement areas of ethnic minorities.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "Understanding the Relationship Between Religiousness, Spirituality, and Underage Drinking: The Role of Positive Alcohol Expectancies. Research has consistently found that religiousness and spirituality are negatively associated with underage drinking. However, there is a paucity of research exploring the mechanisms by which these variables influence this important outcome. With 344 underage young adults (ages 18-20; 61 % women), we investigated positive alcohol expectancies as a mediator between religiousness and spirituality (measured separately) and underage alcohol use. Participants completed the Religious Commitment Inventory-10, Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale, Alcohol Expectancies Questionnaire, and Drinking Styles Questionnaire. Results indicate less positive alcohol expectancies partially mediate the relationship between both religiousness and spirituality and underage alcohol use. This suggests religiousness and spirituality's protective influence on underage drinking is partly due to their influence on expectations about alcohol's positive effects. Since underage drinking predicts problem drinking later in life and places one at risk for serious physical and mental health problems, it is important to identify specific points of intervention, including expectations about alcohol that rise from religious and spiritual factors.", "label": [2, 3, 24, 33]}
+{"token": "INTERPRETING ARTICLE 104: THE WAY, THE HOW, THE TIMING. The exercise of the power by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) to give a binding interpretation on the Basic Law is a prominent issue in Hong Kong's constitutional governance under the framework of One Country, Two Systems. Now 20 years after the handover and the establishment of the Special Administrative Region under the Basic Law on 1 July 1997, quite what is the scope of this power remains unclear, together with the respective procedure and the principles that should be observed in exercising the power. This article systematically studies the exercise of the interpretative power by the NPCSC on the Basic Law in the context of its 5th Interpretation on Art 104 issued on 7 November 2016 from a number of angles: first, the authority of the NPCSC to interpret Art 104 and the respective procedure; second, the methods and principles adopted by the NPCSC in interpreting Art 104 and last, the timing the NPCSC issued its Interpretation and the corresponding coping mechanism by the local judiciary. In analyzing the events and their implications surrounding the issue of the 5th Interpretation, this article tries to summarize a few under-studied areas in relating to the exercise of the power by the NPCSC, eg, who can request an Interpretation, whether there is any justifiable restriction on the NPCSC's power to interpret certain parts of the Basic Law, how to distinguish an Interpretation on the Basic Law from an Amendment to the Basic Law, what is the constitutional status of an NPCSC Interpretation and when is its date of commencement, and how the local judiciary shall address an NPCSC Interpretation that either overlaps or contradicts the local laws in reaching a court decision. The answers to these questions concern not only the 5th Interpretation but also how Art 158 of the Basis Law should be understood and how the principle of One Country, Two Systems has been implemented since its introduction 20 years ago.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "'The Injustice of the Woman's Vote': opposition to female suffrage after World War I. Winning the vote in 1918 for British women over the age of thirty and, in 1928, on equal terms with men, did not mean that the controversy over the legitimacy and soundness of women's suffrage ceased to exist during the interwar period. In the context of the backlash against egalitarian feminism, many men and women remained opposed to women's suffrage. This article presents the views of three individual women, Arabella Kenealy, Charlotte Cowdroy and Charlotte Haldane, who, although they held diverging views on politics and feminism, agreed that female suffrage might have adverse consequences for the future of Britain. They shared the widely accepted views on the disappearance of sex differences and on the danger of 'race degeneration', which led them to advance critical views on female suffrage.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Assessing the use of crude glycerol from biodiesel production as an alternative to boost methane generation by anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge. In this work, the effect of the addition of crude glycerol (GL) (1 and 3% (v v(-1))) from biodiesel production on anaerobic digestion of sewage primary sludge (PS), was evaluated through biochemical methane potential tests. Parameters such as pH, volatile acid/alkalinity ratio, chemical oxygen demand, volatile solids (VS) and carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio were monitored to assess process stability and performance. The methane yield from the co digestion experiments of the binary mixture comprising PS and GL corresponded 223.8 mL CH4 g(-1) VS and 368.8 mL CH4 g(-1) VS for the tests supplemented with 1 and 3% GL, respectively, which represent an increase in methane yield of 61% and 167% compared to the control test conducted only with PS (138.2 mL CH4 g(-1) VS). For each percentage increase in the applied VS load, the percentage increase in methane yield was found to be 4.7% and 5.7% for the tests with 1% and 3% glycerol, respectively. At the highest GL content, the maximum daily biogas generation rate was reached (i.e., 56.8 mL g(-1) VS d(-1)). However, for this particular condition, an initial instability period with methanogenesis inhibition of 5.8 days was noticed, likely related to the accumulation of intermediate volatile acids. Overall, the results suggest that the use of crude glycerol as a co-substrate for the digestion of sewage sludge is interesting alternative to maximize the generation of biogas and methane, although its quantity should be controlled to avoid overload conditions which may compromise the stability of the system.", "label": [0, 1, 2, 6, 19, 15]}
+{"token": "A PtMP downlink transmission using OAM multiplexing with prioritized resource-control. We study about point-to-multi-point (PtMP) downlink transmission that simultaneously accommodates a high-capacity guaranteed backhaul-link and best-effort access-links using orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexing. OAM multiplexing is executed on the backhaul-link, and other pieces of user equipment use parts of the OAM modes that are not used in the backhaul-link. We propose a prioritized resource-control method that maximizes the capacity of the access-links while maintaining the capacity of the backhaul-link above the target value for PtMP downlink transmission using OAM multiplexing. We evaluated the performance of the proposed method through simulations and outdoor transmission experiments.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Development and Prospects of Deliberative Democracy in China: The Dimensions of Deliberative Capacity Building. Since the landmark volume The Search for Deliberative Democracy in China (Leib and He eds. 2006), a growing number of theoretical and empirical studies in the context of China have advanced our knowledge of deliberative democracy in comparative settings. This paper aims to discuss the recent development and prospects of deliberative democracy in China, with particular focus on the approach of a deliberative system that has not been adequately addressed in the context of China. This paper proposes an analytical framework for the concept of deliberative capacity building in the context of contemporary China. The paper analyses three dimensions of deliberative capacity building: social capacity, institutional capacity; and participatory capacity of a deliberative system. The three dimensions lay particular emphasis on the public sphere, empowered space, and deliberative actors respectively. The multi-dimensional framework considers deliberative capacity building as a process by which the three dimensions synergize and evolve with each other to produce a functional deliberative system incorporating isolated deliberative practices. The multi-dimensional analyses suggest that deliberative capacity building is critical to democratization in China, as it produces a stronger public sphere, more effective government responsiveness and improved participatory competence.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "Steel industry slags compared with calcium carbonate in neutralizing acid mine soil. Ohio has substantial lands impacted by surface mining for coal and an active steel industry. Steel industry slags have been used as liming compounds for agriculture and acid mine soil reclamation. This 3-year study evaluates slags from Ohio steel mills in greenhouse trials where these materials are compared to reagent grade CaCO3 in their ability to improve plant growth on acid mine soil. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of these materials at two rates of application in raising acid mine sod pH and to address concerns about metals in such slags. Three slags and reagent grade CaCO3 were applied at rates equivalent to 12.5 and 25 g CaCO3 kg(-1) soil on acid mine soil (pH = 3.5). Five consecutive crops of oats (Avena sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), corn (Zea mays L.), wheat and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were grown and harvested at the seedling stage. The slags and CaCO3 increased yields (P < 0.01 level) compared to unlimed control pots. Soil and plant Ca were increased and plant Al and Mn decreased by application of all four materials. The slags increased soil and plant Mg. Particle size of the slags was somewhat coarse which decreased their effectiveness, but overall these slags proved to be satisfactory liming materials. The fineness efficiency developed for carbonate forms of time may not adequately characterize slag effectiveness. Micronutrient metals including iron were not found to be in excess in plant tissue treated with slags despite the steel slags' high Fe content.", "label": [4, 37, 47]}
+{"token": "Retronasal Olfaction in Vegetable Liking and Disliking. While previous research has suggested that bitterness is a key determinant of vegetable rejection, it is unknown what role odor may play. We therefore investigated the impact of retronasal odors on hedonic responses to 4 vegetables. Subjects (N 132) tasted small samples with the nose open and closed and rated the degree of liking/disliking, as well as the perceived intensity of sweetness, bitterness, saltiness, and vegetable flavor. The subjects were classified as likers or dislikers of each vegetable. The degree to which likers liked and dislikers disliked the vegetables was significantly less in the nose-closed condition, indicating that retronasal odor was a significant driver of vegetable hedonics. In contrast, bitterness ratings for all 4 vegetables did not differ significantly between the groups. The perceived intensity of vegetable flavor also did not differ significantly between groups, implying that the quality of vegetable odors rather than their perceived intensity drove the hedonic ratings. In a follow-up experiment, returning subjects (N 89) rated the degree of liking/disliking of the vegetable odors alone, which were presented retronasally. Liking/disliking of specific odors was positively correlated with that for the sampled vegetables across all stimuli (r 0.32 similar to 0.57). Overall, these results suggest that retronasal odor plays an important role in vegetable liking/disliking.", "label": [0, 2, 5, 18, 8, 55]}
+{"token": "Maskless photolithography. The virtues of using photons for maskless lithography rather than charged particles are discussed briefly. Two generic forms of maskless photolithography, image projection and focal-spot writing, are compared. A particular form of focal-spot writing, zone-plate-array lithography (ZPAL), is highlighted. In this approach, an array of diffractive-optical microlenses is employed to produce stationary, discrete focal spots. Patterns are created by modulating the focal-spot intensities under computer control as the substrate is scanned. The reasons behind the design choices in ZPAL, experimental results, commercialization efforts, and prospects for circumventing the diffraction barrier are described.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35]}
+{"token": "Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Edible Bird's Nest Based on Peptide Markers by LC-QTOF-MS/MS. Edible bird's nest (EBN) is an expensive health food. There are many adulterants in the market. It remains challenging to discriminate EBN from its adulterants due to a lack of high-specificity markers. Besides, the current markers are confined to soluble fraction of EBN. Here, both soluble and insoluble fractions were analyzed by LC-QTOF-MS/MS. A total of 26 high-specificity peptides that were specific to EBN were selected as qualitative authentication markers. Among them, 10 markers can discriminate EBN from common adulterants, 13 markers discriminate white EBN from grass EBN/common adulterants, and 3 markers discriminate grass EBN from white EBN/common adulterants. Three of them, which showed high signal abundance (Peak area >= 10(6)) and satisfactory linearity (R-2 >= 0.995) with EBN references, were selected as the assay marker; and their peptide sequences were confidently identified by searching database/de novo sequencing. Based on these markers, a qualitative and quantitative analytical method was successfully developed and well-validated in terms of linearity, precision, repeatability, and accuracy. The method was subsequently applied to detect EBN products on the market. The results indicated that more than half of EBN products were not consistent with what the merchants claimed.", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
+{"token": "Survey of phytoparasitic nematodes on cultivated and non-cultivated plants in northwestern Egypt. Surveys were conducted in Alexandria, El-Behera, and Matrouh Governorates in northwestern Egypt during the 1994-1998 cropping seasons to study the occurrence, population density, host associations, and distribution of phytoparasitic nematodes associated with 35 major crops, grasses, and weeds. A total of 220 soil and root samples containing mixed populations of 26 genera and 38 species of phytoparasitic nematodes was analyzed; three known genera and 13 known species are reported for the first time in northwestern Egypt. Root-knot nematodes with 34 occurrences were the most frequently encountered group of nematodes, followed by spiral, stunt, ring, lesion, lance, and dagger nematodes with 19, 18, 15, 9, 8, and 7 occurrences, respectively. Now species records are Boleodorus pakistanensis, Criconemella sphaerocephala, Discocriconemella sphaerocephaloides, Hemicriconemoides cocophilus, Hemicycliophora thienmanni, Hoplolaimus classimuc, Irantylenchus clavidorus, Merlinius nanus, Paratylenchus projectus, Tylenchorhynchus ebriensis, Tylenchus afghanicus, T. exiguus, Xiphinema basilgoodeyi, and X. ensiculiferum. Survey results showed new host plant records for most of the identified nematode species in Egypt.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Rope-producing strains of Bacillus spp. from wheat bread and strategy for their control by lactic acid bacteria. Two types of white wheat bread (high- and low-type loaves) were investigated for rope spoilage. Thirty of the 56 breads tested developed rope spoilage within 5 days; the high-type loaves were affected by rope spoilage more than the low-type loaves. Sixty-one Bacillus strains were isolated from ropy breads and were characterized on the basis of their phenotypic and genotypic traits. All of the isolates were identified as Bacillus subtilis by biochemical tests, but molecular assays (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA PCR assay, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis, and sequencing of the V3 region of 16S ribosomal DNA) revealed greater Bacillus species variety in ropy breads. In fact, besides strains of B. subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus cereus, and isolates of Bacillus clausii and Bacillus firmus were also identified. All of the ropy Bacillus isolates exhibited amylase activity, whereas only 32.4% of these isolates were able to produce ropiness in bread slices after treatment at 96degreesC for 10 min. Strains of lactic acid bacteria previously isolated from sourdough were first selected for antirope activity on bread slices and then used as starters for bread-making experiments. Prevention of growth of approximately 10(4) rope-producing B. subtilis G1 spores per cm(2) on bread slices for more than 15 days was observed when heat-treated cultures of Lactobacillus plantarum E5 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides A27 were added. Growth of B. subtilis G1 occurred after 7 days in breads started with Saccharomyces cerevisiae T22, L. plantarum E5, and L. mesenteroides A27.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 43]}
+{"token": "To measure the city: topographic plan and cadastral survey in Buenos Aires (1852-1873). In the mid-1900s Buenos Aires had imperious need of instruments to control the city and set its tax base. The city grew steadily and unknowns were numerous. In a context of institutional reorganization the authorities promoted topographic and cadastral works, in a turning point in technical policies. We present here some aspects of the ways in which technical media city government articulated in early modern Buenos Aires. We will see the questions raised about the city at the heart of the new institutions and technical offices, and then the complex counterpoint process of the making of the cadastral and topographic map. This will allow us to reflect on the conditions of emergence of this fiscal and urban instrument, and about the place of the graphics in the construction of the city.", "label": [1, 17]}
+{"token": "Isolation of a cDNA encoding a 31-kDa, pathogenesis-related 5/thaumatin-like (PR5/TL) protein abundantly expressed in apple fruit (Malus domestica cv. Fuji). A fruit-specific and pathogenesis-related 5/thaumatin-like (PR5/TL), 31-kDa protein was isolated by 2D-PAGE from fully-grown apples (Malus domestica cv. Fuji) and named Mdt11 (Malus domestica thaumatin-like protein 1). Using the N-terminal sequence of the protein, the full-length cDNA encoding Mdt11 was isolated. The cDNA clone (Mdt11) consists of 944 bp with an open reading frame (ORF) of 744 bp encoding a protein of 247 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of Mdt11 shows high similarity to the sequences of PR5/TL proteins. Mdt11 is a slightly acidic protein with a putative signal peptide and a putative N-glycosylation site, and lacks a C-terminal extension. This suggests that Mdt11 is an apoplastic glycoprotein. Results of northern blotting indicated that expressions of Mdt11 are developmentally regulated. Southern blot analysis showed that Mdt11 may be present as a single copy, and there exist other genes closely related to Mdt11 in the apple genome.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 19, 36, 8, 42]}
+{"token": "Visible and near-infrared spectroscopy for nondestructive quality assessment of pickling cucumbers. NIR measurements correlated well with Magness-Taylor slope or area, with values for the coefficient of determination (R-2) of 0.70-0.73 for calibration and 0.67-0.70 for validation, better than those obtained with the Vis/NTR spectrometer. Vis/NIR measurements had good correlations with skin chroma (R-2 = 0.89 and 0.83 for calibration and validation, respectively) and hue (R-2 = 0.76 for calibration and validation). Promising results were obtained in predicting dry matter content of the cucumbers with R-2 = 0.65 in validation for 'Journey' cucumbers. Visible and NIR spectroscopy is potentially useful for sorting and grading pickling cucumbers. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.This study was aimed at developing a nondestructive method for measuring the firmness, skin and flesh color, and dry matter content of pickling cucumbers by means of visible and near-infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy. 'Journey' and 'Vlaspik' pickling cucumbers were hand harvested and then stored at 10 degrees C and 95% relative humidity for various periods up to 18 days. Spectroscopic measurements were made from each intact cucumber in interactance mode with a low-cost CCD-based Vis/NIR spectrometer over 550-1100 nm and an InGaAs-based NIR spectrometer over 800-1650 run. Standard methods were used to measure skin and flesh color, firmness, and dry matter content of the pickling cucumbers. Calibration models were developed using the partial least squares method for predicting firmness, skin and flesh chroma and hue, and dry matter content.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 8]}
+{"token": "Building the Promised Land: The Church of Scotland's Church Extension Movement, 1944-61. The main theme of this article is the interaction between physical and spiritual reconstruction in the post-war decades. During this period, Scotland witnessed a massive public housing drive, resulting in large-scale population movement. The Church of Scotland viewed this as both a challenge to its role as a national church and as an opportunity for church renewal. Part of a much larger religious boom in Western Europe and North America, the Church Extension movement in this case initially displayed energy and imagination in launching a parallel programme of church-building in the New Towns and housing estates. Four million pounds were raised through voluntary effort, with the aim of placing the Church at the centre of community building in the new housing areas. Yet, by the late 1950s the movement had begun to falter in confidence and momentum. To some extent, this reflected the material and psychological legacy of a dominant territorial church, still strongly attached to the historical narrative of working-class irreligion. Indeed, the mobilization of traditional mainstream congregations behind the dynamism of Church Extension proved persistently problematic. Ultimately, however, the ambitions of the movement were frustrated by the growing threats posed by rising affluence and youth disenchantment. It was these forces that would also fuel the general crisis of institutional religion in the next decade.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Frequency of Desaturation and Association With Hemodynamic Adverse Events During Tracheal Intubations in PICUs. Patients: Critically ill children younger than 18 years undergoing primary tracheal intubations in the ICUs.Objectives: Oxygen desaturation during tracheal intubation is known to be associated with adverse ICU outcomes in critically ill children. We aimed to determine the occurrence and severity of desaturation during tracheal intubations and the association with adverse hemodynamic tracheal intubation-associated events.Design: Retrospective cohort study as a part of the National Emergency Airway Registry for Children Network's quality improvement project from January 2012 to December 2014.Setting: International PICUs.Interventions: tracheal intubation processes of care and outcomes were prospectively collected using standardized operational definitions. We defined moderate desaturation as oxygen saturation less than 80% and severe desaturation as oxygen saturation less than 70% during tracheal intubation procedures in children with initial oxygen saturation greater than 90% after preoxygenation. Adverse hemodynamic tracheal intubation-associated event was defined as cardiac arrests, hypo or hypertension requiring intervention, and dysrhythmia.Measurements and Main Results: A total of 5,498 primary tracheal intubations from 31 ICUs were reported. Moderate desaturation was observed in 19.3% associated with adverse hemodynamic tracheal intubation-associated events (9.8% among children with moderate desaturation vs 4.4% without desaturation; p < 0.001). Severe desaturation was observed in 12.9% of tracheal intubations, also significantly associated with hemodynamic tracheal intubation-associated events. After adjusting for patient, provider, and practice factors, the occurrence of moderate desaturation was independently associated with hemodynamic tracheal intubation-associated events: adjusted odds ratio 1.83 (95% CI, 1.34-2.51; p < 0.001). The occurrence of severe desaturation was also independently associated with hemodynamic tracheal intubation-associated events: adjusted odds ratio 2.16 (95% CI, 1.54-3.04; p < 0.001). Number of tracheal intubation attempts was also significantly associated with the frequency of moderate and severe desaturations (p < 0.001).Conclusions: In this large tracheal intubation quality improvement database, we found moderate and severe desaturation are reported among 19% and 13% of all tracheal intubation encounters. Moderate and severe desaturations were independently associated with the occurrence of adverse hemodynamic events. Future quality improvement interventions may focus to reduce desaturation events.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for Corynebacterium Species Isolated from Clinical Samples in Romania. Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most important public health issues. Besides classical multidrug resistance species associated with medical care involved in superficial or invasive infections, there are strains less commonly associated with hospital or outpatient setting's infections. Non-diphtheria Corynebacterium spp. could produce infections in patients with or without immune-compromised status. The aim of our study was to determine the susceptibility to antimicrobial agents to Corynebacterium spp. from clinical samples collected from Romanian hospitalized individuals and outpatients. Twenty Corynebacterium strains were isolated and identified as Corynebacterium striatum (n = 7), Corynebacterium amycolatum (n = 7), C. urealyticum (n = 3), Corynebacterium afermentans (n = 2), and Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum (n = 1). All isolates have been tested for antibiotic susceptibility by standardized disc diffusion method and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests. Seventeen isolates demonstrated multidrug resistance phenotypes. The molecular support responsible for high resistance to quinolones for ten of these strains was determined by the detection of point mutation in the gene sequence gyrA.", "label": [2, 22, 25]}
+{"token": "Involvement of intestinal epithelial cells in dendritic cell recruitment during C-parvum infection. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in activating and orientating immune responses. Little is currently known about DC recruitment during Cryptosporidium parvum infection. In the intestine, epithelial cells act as sensors, providing the first signals in response to infection by enteric pathogens. We analyzed the contribution of these cells to the recruitment of DCs during cryptosporidiosis. We found that intestinal epithelial cells produced a broad range of DC-attracting chemokines in vitro in response to C. parvum infection. The supernatant of the infected cells induced the migration of both bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDC) and the SRDC lymphoid dendritic cell line. Chemokine neutralization abolished DC migration in these assays. We next analyzed chemokine mRNA expression in the mucosa of C. parvum-infected neonatal mice and recruitment of the various subsets of DCs. Myeloid (CD11c+ CD11b+) and double-negative DCs (CD11c+ CD11b- CD8 alpha-) were the main subsets recruited in the ileum during C. parvum infection, via a mechanism involving IFN gamma. DCs were also recruited and activated in the draining lymph nodes during C. parvum infection, as shown by the upregulation of expression of MHC II and of the costimulation molecules CD40 and CD86. (c) 2007 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "The impact of consumer health information on the demand for health services. This paper empirically examines whether consumers use health information, from non-physician information sources, as a substitute or complement for health services - namely for physician visits and emergency room (ER) visits. An indicator of patient trust in physicians is developed and used as a proxy for potential unobserved heterogeneity that may drive both consumers' propensity to seek information and to use physician services. The results, after correcting for sample selection bias and controlling for unobserved heterogeneity, concur with the literature, that consumer health information increases the likelihood of visiting a physician as well as the frequency of visits on average. However, low-trust consumers tend to substitute self-care through consumer health information for physician services. Further, better-informed consumers make significantly fewer ER visits suggesting that information may be improving efficiency in the market. (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Systemic Control of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Sand-Fly Vectors: Fipronil-Treated Rodent Bait Is Effective in Reducing Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) Female Emergence Rate From Rodent Burrows. The strong dependency of some vectors on their host as a source of habitat can be viewed as a weak link in pathogen's transmission cycles using the vertebrate host as a 'Trojan horse' to deliver insecticides directly to the vector-host point of contact (hereafter 'systemic control'). This could, simultaneously, affect the survival of blood-feeding females and coprophagic larvae. Sand-flies, vectors of leishmaniasis worldwide, are often dependent on their bloodmeal host as a source of habitat and may therefore be good candidates for systemic control. In the present study, we field-tested this methodology by baiting Meriones crassus (Sundevall, 1842) (Rodentia:Muridea) with Fipronil-treated food pellets and evaluated its effect on reducing sand-fly emergence rate, in general, and of that of blood-fed females, in particular. We demonstrated 86% reduction in the abundance of female sand-flies that exit burrows of Fipronil-treated jirds, whereas male abundance was unaffected. Furthermore, whereas in control burrows 20% of the females were blood-fed, in treatment burrows no blood-fed females were detected. Sand-fly abundance outside the burrows was not affected by burrow treatment. This highlights the focal specificity of this method: affecting female sand-flies that feed on the reservoir host. This should result in the reduction of the pathogen transmission rate in the vicinity of the treated area by reducing the prevalence of leishmania-infected sand-fly females. These results hold promise for the potential of the systemic control approach in this system. Our next-step goal is to test this methodology at a large-scale cutaneous leishmaniasis control program.", "label": [0, 4, 44, 10]}
+{"token": "FORMAL FUNCTIONS AND RETROSPECTIVE REINTERPRETATION IN THE FIRST MOVEMENT OF SCHUBERT'S STRING QUINTET. The first movement of Schubert's String Quintet, D. 956, is among the early nineteenth-century repertoire's clearest examples of what Janet Schmalfeldt has called 'form as the process of becoming'. In this article we show how the governing formal principle of the movement's exposition is the conflation of distinct and typically consecutive formal functions. The result is an extraordinary chain of form-functional overlaps, requiring the analyst to engage in a process of constant retrospective reinterpretation that ends only with the unambiguous closing group. Our aim is not only to revisit some familiar analytical questions about Schubert's Quintet from a form-functional perspective, but also to provide a test case showing the applicability of form-functional thinking to early nineteenth-century music. We begin by presenting a form-functional overview and cadential plan of the exposition and then home in on three passages that pose particular analytical challenges: the introduction/main-theme/transition complex (bars 1-59), the transition/subordinate-theme complex (bars 60-100) and the closing-group/subordinate theme complex (bars 100-138). The article concludes by proposing certain ways in which Schmalfeldt's idea of retrospective reinterpretation may be further refined.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Preservice teachers' capacity to teach self-regulated learning: Integrating learning from problems and learning from successes. Using a quasi-experimental design, we integrated systematic learning from problematic and successful experiences into teachers' preparatory programs and examined how such learning affected preservice physics teachers' capacity to teach students self-regulated learning (SRL). Results indicated that preservice teachers who contemplated both problematic and successful experiences improved more in their actual teaching of SRL strategies and in their actual arrangement of SRL environments, compared to preservice teachers who contemplated only problematic experiences. The current study suggests the need to integrate systematic learning from problematic and successful experiences into teachers' preparatory programs as means of developing preservice teachers' capacity to promote students' SRL (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Annotated checklist of Cleroidea (Coleoptera) of Switzerland. An updated checklist of the Swiss species belonging to the superfamily Cleroidea is presented and briefly discussed. A total of 106 species belonging to the families Biphyllidae (2 species), Byturidae (2), Cleridae (18), Melyridae (66), Phloiophilidae (1), Rhadalidae (8) and Trogossitidae (9) is confirmed for Switzerland. This list is based on 18'989 records obtained from the identification of specimens held in museum and private collections, and the literature. In parallel, 37 species that were recorded from Switzerland in the past are excluded from this list, for reasons of insufficient documentation.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Role of calcium messenger systems in ACTH-induced cortisol production in bovine adrenal fasciculo-reticularis cells. We investigated the regulation of each intracellular signal transduction system including cyclic AMP (cAMP)dependent and calcium (Ca2+) messenger systems in bovine adrenal fasciculo-reticularis cells to clarify the exact mode of action of ACTH. Pretreatment with primaquine and quinacrine, which are phospholipase A(2) inhibitors, significantly inhibited cortisol production activated by both low and high concentrations of ACTH. Therefore, it seems that metabolites induced by phospholipase A(2) are quite essential for cortisol synthesis induced by ACTH, either at low or high concentrations. At low concentrations of ACTH (10(-1)3-10(-12) M), significant increases of cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]), but not of cAMP, were observed. Calphostin C, a specific protein kinase C inhibitor, apparently suppressed cortisol production activated by low concentrations of ACTH, while H-89, a specific inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, did not. These findings suggest that, at physiologically low concentrations, ACTH activates [Ca2+](i) and phospholipase A(2) without affecting cAMP formation, resulting in an increased biosynthesis of cortisol, partly via protein kinase C-dependent processes. At high concentrations, ACTH (10(-9)-10(-7) M) induced an increase of cAMP and [Ca-i(2+]). The cortisol production induced by high concentrations of ACTH was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with calphostin C, H-89 and H-7, suggesting the participation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C systems in the regulation of cortisol production in the presence of high concentrations of ACTH. In conclusion, cytosolic calcium is biphasically enhanced by ACTH, although cAMP accumulation is increased only by high concentrations of ACTH. A phospholipase A(2)-dependent process may partly play a crucial role in the regulation of cortisol biosynthesis, when stimulated by low and high concentrations of ACTH.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Differences in the expression of SPI-1 genes pathogenicity and epidemiology between the emerging Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis and the model Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Methods: Epidemiological and molecular approaches were used together with tissue-culture and mouse models to conduct phenotypic comparison with the model S. enterica serovar Typhimurium.Conclusions: Our results demonstrate previously unknown differences in the epidemiology, virulence pathway expression, and pathogenicity between two highly abundant Salmonella serovars and suggest that native variation in the expression of the SPI-1 regulon is likely to contribute to epidemiological and virulence variation between genetically similar nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars.Results: We show that S. Infantis is more frequently associated with infections in infants <2 years old and prone to cause significantly less invasive infections than serovar Typhimurium. Moreover, although S. Infantis adheres better to host cells and highly colonizes mouse intestines soon after infection, it is significantly less invasive and induces much lower inflammation and disease in vivo than S. Typhimurium. These differences were associated with lower expression of Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI) 1 genes in S. Infantis than in S. Typhimurium.Background: Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis (S. Infantis) is one of the ubiquitous serovars of the bacterial pathogen S. enterica and recently has been emerging in many countries worldwide. Nonetheless, not much is known about its epidemiology, host adaptation, and virulence.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "Shu and zhong as the virtue of the Golden Rule: a Confucian contribution to contemporary virtue ethics. I aim to show how Confucian philosophy can contribute to the contemporary resurgence of virtue ethics education by arguing that it has the resource to address a lacuna in Aristotelian ethics. Aristotelian ethics, which is arguably the main resource of contemporary virtue ethics, lacks a virtue that corresponds to the notion of loving each person as one's self or the Golden Rule. To be more precise, Aristotelian ethics has no virtue about loving all people as one's self, although philia comes close but is precisely limited because it lacks universality. However, I believe that Dai Zhen's interpretation of the Confucian virtues of shu and zhong does have this universal scope which philia lacks. For Dai, the ground for loving another is not any characteristic that a particular group of people have in common, such as, in the case of philia, being virtuous. Rather, the ground is universal human nature itself.", "label": [3, 5, 52, 32]}
+{"token": "NEW RECORDS OF NON-INDIGENOUS MOLLUSCS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN: TWO ENIGMATIC ALIEN GASTROPODS FROM THE TUSCAN ARCHIPELAGO (ITALY). Two alien gastropod species, an assimineid and a succineid, were found in a plant nursery on Elba Island during field research aimed at gathering information on non-native terrestrial molluscs in the Tuscan Archipelago (central Italy). Neither species has been recorded in the Euro-Mediterranean area but their identification is not easy because of taxonomic uncertainty and the absence of a modern revision of these gastropod groups. Details of their anatomy are given for the first time and identification is attempted. The assimineid belongs to the Asian genus Solenomphala Martens 1883, but its specific identification could not be ascertained. The succineid is presumably an invasive species recorded from nurseries in North America, Hawaii and Australia, tentatively identified as Succinea tenella Morelet 1865. Both species were probably introduced with plants imported from tropical Asia. Since alien species are a potential threat to native biodiversity, their settlement in the National Park of the Tuscan Archipelago and other parts of Italy and Europe should be prevented.", "label": [4, 45, 47]}
+{"token": "Can Duties to the Self Bind if They Are Waivable?. It is often argued that, because she would always be in the position to waive it, a person cannot owe a duty to herself. In a recent AJP article, Janis David Schaab argues that a person can owe a duty to herself even if it can be waived, thus rendering unwarranted a scepticism about such duties, as well as efforts to show that they are unwaivable. Here I argue that, for all that Schaab says, waivability continues to threaten the very possibility of duties to self. As such, scepticism about their existence remains justified, as do attempts to vindicate them by demonstrating that they cannot be waived.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Which public debt should be paid off?. This paper argues that the best reason for discouraging public debt is that such discouragement acts as a constraint on government spending.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Precision computer-controlled decade capacitor. A precision computer-controlled decade capacitor is described that is capable of switching capacitances from 100 pF to 1 mu F in steps of 100 pF, These capacitances can be realized with a relative uncertainty of better than 1 x 10(-4) and repeated selection of a given capacitance can be achieved with a relative uncertainty. of the order of 1 x 10(-6). To minimize temperature dependence of the capacitances, special ceramic capacitors with temperature coefficients of the order of 1 x 10(-6) K-1 and low loss factor are used, The effect of switching impedances is minimized by a four terminal-pair definition of capacitors and quasicoaxial connection, The capacitor can be used for automatic calibrations of capacitance bridges with relative uncertainties in the range of 1 x 10(-5) to 1 x 10(-4).", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Behavioural profiles: individual consistency in male mating behaviour under varying sex ratios. Variation in sex ratio can affect mating behaviour, with more intense competition predicted at biased sex ratios. In species with alternative mating behaviours, sex ratio variation can induce switches between behaviour types and this, together with the consistency with which behaviours are expressed, may also affect the intensity of sexual selection. All these factors can be combined to elucidate individual mating behaviour profiles. The establishment of individual behavioural profiles for male mating behaviour in one species, the guppy, Poecilia reticulata, is the focus of this study; specifically, we ask whether individual male mating behaviour profiles show that males have consistent reproductive behaviour across contexts where the advantages of using alternative mating tactics differ. The frequency of both sneak mating and display behaviours varied between sex ratios. Male display and sneak frequency were highly repeatable and males maintained consistent rankings of behaviour under equal, male- and female-biased sex ratios. We conclude, therefore, that male guppies have individual mating behaviour profiles. The use of behavioural profiles fills a gap in the existing literature by allowing behaviours that are functionally related but not correlated, such as alternative mating behaviours, to be treated as an integrated unit. (c) 2007 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 55, 47]}
+{"token": "Plasma jet motion across the geomagnetic field in the 'North star' active geophysical experiment. The active geophysical rocket experiment \\\\'North Star\\\\' was carried out in the auroral ionosphere on January 22, 1999, at the Poker Flat Research Range (Alaska, USA) using the American research rocket Black Brant XII with explosive plasma generators on board. Separable modules with scientific equipment were located at distances of from 170 to 1595 m from the plasma source. The experiment continued the series of the Russian-American joint experiments started by the \\\\'Fluxus\\\\' experiment in 1997. Two injections of aluminum plasma across the magnetic field were conducted in the \\\\'North Star\\\\' experiment. They were different, since in the first injection a neutral gas cloud was formed in order to increase the plasma ionization due to the interaction of neutrals of the jet and cloud. The first and second injections were conducted at heights of 360 and 280 km, respectively. The measurements have shown that the charged particle density was two orders of magnitude higher in the experiment with the gas release. The magnetic field in the first injection was completely expelled by the dense plasma of the jet. The displacement of the magnetic field in the second injection was negligible. The plasma jet velocity in both injections decreased gradually due to its interaction with the geomagnetic field. One of the most interesting results of the experiment was the conservation of high plasma density during the propagation of the divergent jet to considerable distances. This fact can be explained by the action of the critical ionization velocity mechanism.", "label": [1, 4, 34, 15]}
+{"token": "Expression efficiency of NAT2 haplotypes in a Korean population. Since NAT2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are responsible for the efficacy of arylamines and hydrazine drugs, defining the effects of these SNPs in various ethnicities is an important factor in the development of personalized medicine. In the present study, we examined the expression efficiency of NAT2 using promoter haplotypes identified in a Korean population. To construct NAT2 promoter haplotypes, seven NAT2 promoter SNPs (rs4646241, rs4646242, rs4646243, rs4646267, rs4345600, rs4271002 and rs4646246) were genotyped in a total of 192 Korean subjects. A luciferase assay was performed using the three commonest haplotypes to evaluate enzyme expression level of NAT2 promoter haplotypes. The most common haplotype (TACGAGG) showed the lowest enzyme expression level (0.72 +/- 0.06 relative light units (RLU)/[beta-galactosidase]). The second (CGTAAGA) and third (TATAACA) commonest haplotypes showed intermediate and the highest enzyme expression level (0.99 +/- 0.05 and 1.45 +/- 0.11 RLU/[beta-galactosidaseD, respectively. Haplotype comparison among populations showed that Asian populations had a high proportion of the haplotype for lowest enzyme expressip. Haplotype frequencies of Caucasian and African ethnicities were markedly different from those of Korean ethnicity. Results from the present study should contribute to the expansion of our current understanding of the pharmacogenetics field.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "Abrasive properties of nano silica particles prepared by a sol-gel method for polishing silicon wafers. Abrasive properties of cocoon shaped silica particles fabricated by a sol-gel method have been studied. Since silicon wafers are polished with slurry by the mechanism of Chemical Mechanical Polishing, polishing rates may depend on various chemical and mechanical factors, such as particle concentration in slurry, slurry pH and kinds of basic compounds for controlling the slurry pH.The silicon wafer was polished by slurry continuously fed on a pad, and the polishing rate was estimated as a weight loss of the wafer. For studying the effects of the various factors on the rate, the slurries were prepared by adding the silica particles, basic compounds or salts, and the polishing rates of the slurry were measured.The effects of the various factors were made clear as follows: For the effect of particle concentration, the rates increased with increasing of the concentrations up to 1.0 wt.%. And for the effect of the slurry pH, slurries added basic compounds, such as KOH, NaOH, ammonia, were tested, and it was found that increasing of the slurry pH brought increases of the polishing rates. KOH-containing slurry of pH 13.2 had the fastest rate, 3.6 times as fast as the standard slurry with pH 9.4. For the effect of the adding of salts, it was indicated that the salts, such as KCl, NaCl, NH4Cl, NaNO3 and K2SO4 increased the polishing rates, and that KCl-containing slurry of 0.36 mol/l had the highest polishing rate, 3.4 times as fast as that of the standard slurry containing no salts.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Computation of scattering from clusters of spheres using the fast multipole method. A T-matrix based method of solution of the multiple scattering problem was presented by the authors [J. Acoust Soc. Am. 112, 2688-2701 (2002)]. This method can be applied to the computation of relatively small problems, since the number of operations required grows with the number of spheres N as O(N-3), and with the sixth power of the wave number. The use of iterative techniques accelerated using the fast multipole method (FMM) can accelerate this solution, as presented by Koc and Chew [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 103, 721-734 (1998)] originally. In this study we present a method that combines preconditioned Krylov subspace iterative techniques, FMM accelerated matrix vector products, a novel FMM-based preconditioner, and fast translation techniques that enable us to achieve an overall algorithm in which the cost of the matrix-vector multiplication grows with N as O(N log N) and with the third power of the wave number. We discuss the convergence of the iterative techniques, selection of the truncation number, errors in the solution, and other issues. The results of the solution of test problems obtained with the method for N similar to 10(2)-10(4) for different wave numbers are presented. (c) 2005 Acoustical Society of America.", "label": [3, 4, 35, 28]}
+{"token": "Can we generalize from student experiments to the real world in political science, military affairs, and international relations?. The authors conducted an experiment with a group of military officers and replicated it with a group of students at a public university in the United States. The experimental scenario dealt with a decision problem in the area of counterterrorism. The authors found that while more than one-third of students recommended doing nothing, the overwhelming majority of military officers (more than 90 percent) recommended doing something. Also, military officers exhibited less maximizing and more satisfacing decision making than students. The results show that relying on experiments with students \\\\'playing\\\\' the role of real-world national security policy makers may bias the results. The two groups are, in fact, very different. Based on student samples, it is possible to accept propositions that would not be found with samples of elite decision makers and reject propositions that may be right. However, it is possible that students can be assigned to experiments where they represent the \\\\'public\\\\' and not elites.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "Seroprevalence of Babesia infections of dairy cows in northern Thailand. The present study was conducted to demonstrate the epidemiological distribution of bovine babesiosis in the northern regions of Thailand. A total of 700 serum samples of dairy cows in the northern provinces (Chiang Rai, Chiang Mai, Lumpang, and Mae Hong Sorn) were tested for antibodies against Babesia bovis and B. bigemina. Species-specific enzyme-linked (rRAP-1/CTs) were performed. According to the results, 517 (73.8%) and 484(69.1%) were positive for B. bovis and B. bigemina, respectively. In addition, 370 (52.9%) were positive for mixed infections by both ELISAs. On the other hand, all samples were also examined by the indirect fluorescent-antibody test (IFAT) with B. bovis- and B. bigemina-infected blood smears. According to the IFAT, 482 (68.8%) and 531 (75.8%) were positive for these infections, respectively. The overall concordances between the ELISA and IFAT techniques were 93.6% and 90.7% for B. bovis and B. bigemina infections, respectively. These results indicated that babesia infections are widespread in the northern parts of Thailand. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the epidemiology of Babesia infections using rRAP-1/CT-based ELISAs in these areas. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 10]}
+{"token": "The Politics of Patents and Drugs in Brazil and Mexico: The Industrial Bases of Health Policies. After introducing pharmaceutical patents in the 1990s, Brazil subsequently adjusted the patent system to ameliorate its effects oil drug prices, while Mexico introduced measures that reinforce and intensify these effects. The different trajectories are due to the nature of the actors pushing for reform and the patterns of coalitional formation and political mobilization In Brazil government demand for expensive, patented drugs made health-oriented patent reform a priority. The existence of all autonomous local pharmaceutical sector allowed the Ministry of Health to build a supportive coalition In Mexico government demand made reforms less urgent, and transformations of the pharmaceutical sector allowed patent-holding firms to commandeer a reform project The existence of indigenous pharmaceutical capacities call broaden the political coalitions underpinning health reforms.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Women and the labour market: Recent trends and policy issues. This paper provides a review of the progress of women in the labour market over the last 30 years. We begin with a discussion of the theoretical underpinnings and the empirical evidence of the labour supply decisions of women. We then draw on Labour Force Survey data to examine the trends in labour force participation, and employment trends by industry and work patterns. We also draw on the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics to examine changes in women's wages and income inequality. Our results show that the labour supply behaviour of women has increased such that: it now more closely mirrors that of their male counterparts, though children remain a key defining difference. Part-time labour market participation also reflects this difference. We show that while wages have improved, a sizable earnings differential remains. Changes in women's education levels were shown to underlie many of these trends. Finally, we conclude the paper by addressing policy issues related to the trends and position of women in the labour market. We focus this discussion on social assistance, child-care policies, child benefits, employment insurance, non-wage benefits, and pay and employment equity.", "label": [5, 49, 51]}
+{"token": "Analysis of Long Noncoding RNA and mRNA Expression Profiles of Testes with High and Low Sperm Motility in Domestic Pigeons (Columba livia). Sperm motility is one of the most important indicators in assessing semen quality, and it is used to evaluate poultry fertility. Many long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and mRNAs are involved in regulating testis development and spermatogenesis. In this study, we employed RNA sequencing to analyse the testis transcriptome (lncRNA and mRNA) of ten pigeons with high and low sperm motility. In total, 46,117 mRNAs and 17,463 lncRNAs were identified, of which 2673 mRNAs and 229 lncRNAs (P < 0.05) were significantly differentially expressed (DE) between the high and low sperm motility groups. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation analysis showed that target genes of DE lncRNAs and DE mRNAs were related to calcium ion binding, ATP binding, and spermatogenesis. Moreover, we found that UBB, a target gene of lncRNA MSTRG.7787.5, was involved in germ cell development. Our study provided a catalogue of lncRNAs and mRNAs associated with sperm motility, and they deserve further study to deepen the understanding of biological processes in the pigeon testis.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Mortality from chronic respiratory disease in Brazil: time trend and forecasts. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the time trend of monthly mortality rates from chronic respiratory diseases in Brazil from 1996 to 2017, with forecasts for 2022, besides analyzing the possibility of achieving the goal of the Plano de Acoes Estrategicas para o Enfrentamento das Doencas Cronicas Nao Transmissiveis no Brasil (Strategic Action Plan to Tackle Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases in Brazil) from 2011 to 2022.METHODS: This is an ecological study that uses data from Sistema de Informacoes sobre Mortalidade (SIM - Mortality Information System), Sistema de Informacoes Demograficas e Socioeconomicas (Demographic and Socioeconomic Information System) and Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicilios Continua (PNAD Continua - Continuous National Household Sample Survey). We established the age range between 30 and 69 years old and the evolution of the rates over time was made by autoregressive integrated moving average models in R statistical tool.CONCLUSION: This study intends to improve planning of the public health system for the control of chronic respiratory diseases.RESULTS: Premature mortality rates from chronic respiratory diseases are decreasing in Brazil as a whole, mostly in state capitals. There is also a trend to reach the Ministry of Health's goal in most of the country. For capitals that tend not to reach the goal, there is an association between mortality and social indicators, healthcare network and frequency of smoking.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Measured Gene-Environment Interactions in Psychopathology Concepts, Research Strategies, and Implications for Research, Intervention, and Public Understanding of Genetics. There is much curiosity about interactions between genes and environmental risk factors for psychopathology, but this interest is accompanied by uncertainty. This article aims to address this uncertainty. First, we explain what is and is not meant by gene-environment interaction. Second, we discuss reasons why such interactions were thought to be rare in psychopathology, and argue instead that they ought to be common. Third, we summarize emerging evidence about gene-environment interactions in mental disorders. Fourth, we argue that research on gene-environment interactions should be hypothesis driven, and we put forward strategies to guide future studies. Fifth, we describe potential benefits of studying measured gene-environment interactions for basic neuroscience, gene hunting, intervention, and public understanding of genetics. We suggest that information about nurture might be harnessed to make new discoveries about the nature of psychopathology.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of a prevention concept in the primary school setting. Prevent back pain with the 'Rucken Kult-Tour. Methods. A controlled trial included 205 children from the third and fourth classes of primary schools. The intervention group was trained and educated eight times for 90 min by a physiotherapist.The control group received no intervention. The parents of those in the intervention group and all teachers were also educated.Background. The number of primary school children with back pain is increasing. A lack of movement and poor physical activity are risk factors, but there is also a relationship between postural deformity and back pain. A prevention concept (Rticken Kult-Tour) has been introduced that includes back care education for pupils, teachers, and parents.Conclusion. This prevention concept has a positive effect on the knowledge of primary school children and can be the basis for back care behaviours.Results. The children in the intervention group showed significantly better results in relation to knowledge about spine and back care than those in the control group did.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Parasitic castration, growth, and sex steroids in the freshwater bonefish Cyphocharax gilbert (Curimatidae) infested by Riggia paranensis (Cymothoidea). Cyphocharax gilbert shows parasitic castration when infested by the crustacean Riggia paranensis, being unable to reproduce. Fish were sampled in the middle rio Itabapoana, Brazil, to study the prevalence of parasitism, growth, and sex steroid concentrations, considering the body size, sex, and reproductive condition of specimens. Most of the fish analyzed were infested (56.0%). The presence of two lines on the scales was more frequent among infested fish (22.0%) than among fish without parasites (12.0% for females and 10.0% for males). The occurrence of three lines on the scales was rare (3.5% among infested and 2.0% among females without parasites). These results suggest that growth of the host is faster than that of non infested fish. The serum concentrations of sex steroids from fish without parasites varied at different gonadal development stages (17 beta-estradiol: 60.0 to 976.7 pg/ml; total testosterone: 220.0 to 3,887.7 pg/ml). All infested fish had lower levels of the two sex steroids and undeveloped gonads. Sex steroids levels in infested females were close to those in females at post-spawning stages. Total testosterone concentrations of infested males were below those of males at early gonadal maturation stage. These results suggest that R. paranensis reduces the reproductive capacity of C. gilbert by affecting the host endocrine system.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "ACCESS TO MORTGAGE CREDIT AND HOUSING PRICE DYNAMICS. In real estate studies, arguably the most important topic revolves around what actually affect the price of properties. In addition to various macroeconomic factors, the mortgage industry is also believed to play a major role. Nonetheless, despite its profound implications on the banking sector, the property market, and the economy as a whole, there is no consensus as to the relationship between property price and bank mortgage lending. In light of this, this paper aims to investigate the relationship between property price and mortgage lending, along with other macroeconomic variables, in two housing sub-markets of Hong Kong (i.e. the mass housing market and the luxury housing market). The findings illustrate that one-way directional relationships are discovered 1) from mass housing price to mortgage lending; 2) from luxury housing price to mortgage lending; and 3) from mass housing price to luxury housing price. Macroeconomic factors such as GDP, inflation rate, and interest rate are also found to play a major role in influencing the prices of both property markets and the amount of outstanding mortgage loans. Implications based upon these findings are also discussed.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Microplastic ingestion in important commercial fish in the southern Caspian Sea. The ubiquitous distribution of microplastics (MPs) across marine habitats has led to an increased investigation of their potential impacts on the marine food chain and consequent human exposure. The two fish species Chelon aurata and Rutilus kutum that account for over 50% of the total catch in the Caspian Sea were assessed relative to the presence of MPs in their digestive system. Samples were collected from 6 stations in the southern Caspian Sea from February to March 2017. MPs were reported to be present in 67.56% of the 111 individuals analyzed, with an average concentration of 2.29 MP/Fish; the majority were fibers (approximate to 50%) and fragments (approximate to 30%). The baseline data have become more relevant since the population in the region has consumed the whole fish. The presence and prevalence of MP in the two commercially important fish in the Caspian Sea warranted a comprehensive assessment in the water column, marine sediments, and fish from the different trophic levels as over 130 rivers drain into the water body.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
+{"token": "Unravelling the genetic bases of non-target-site-based resistance (NTSR) to herbicides: a major challenge for weed science in the forthcoming decade. Non-target-site-based resistance (NTSR) can confer unpredictable cross-resistance to herbicides. However, the genetic determinants of NTSR remain poorly known. The current, urgent challenge for weed scientists is thus to elucidate the bases of NTSR so that detection tools are developed, the evolution of NTSR is understood, the efficacy of the shrinking herbicide portfolio is maintained and integrated weed management strategies, including fully effective herbicide applications, are designed and implemented. In this paper, the importance of NTSR in resistance to herbicides is underlined. The most likely way in which NTSR evolvesby accumulation of different mechanisms within individual plantsis described. The NTSR mechanisms, which can interfere with herbicide penetration, translocation and accumulation at the target site, and/or protect the plant against the consequences of herbicide action, are then reviewed. NTSR is a part of the plant stress response. As such, NTSR is a dynamic process unrolling over time that involves protectors directly interfering with herbicide action, and also regulators controlling protector expression. NTSR is thus a quantitative trait. On this basis, a three-step procedure is proposed, based on the use of the omics (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics or metabolomics), to unravel the genetic bases of NTSR. Copyright (C) 2012 Society of Chemical Industry", "label": [0, 4, 7, 44]}
+{"token": "An updated method for isolation, purification and characterization of clinically important antioxidant lignans - Sesamin and sesamolin, from sesame oil. Sesamin and sesamolin are clinically important antioxidant lignans that exhibit anticholestrolemic, antihypertensive and anticancer properties. Chemically they are phenyl propane dimers synthesized as products of secondary metabolism in several plants. The ancient oil crop Sesamum indicum, by far, is the major source of these lignans. Several attempts made earlier for isolation of the lignans under consideration, in pure form, is far from satisfactory resulting in high cost and their rarity in the market. Here we report our results on successful isolation and characterization of the two lignans from commercial sesame oil. A 1:8 mixture of the oil with acetone, on freezing at -80 degrees C, yielded triglycerides and yellow oil. The latter when subjected to a similar treatment but with isooctane at 4 degrees C yielded colourless crystalline product. TLC followed by HPLC revealed that the crystalline product is a mixture of 88% sesamin and 12% sesamolin. The isolated lignan mixture was subjected to semi-preparative HPLC and TLC to result in successful separation of putative sesamin and sesamolin in two independent fractions. Purity of the compounds thus isolated was confirmed by TLC and LC-MS. Structure detail of the isolates was confirmed by NMR. The sesamolin purified in this study was further tested successfully to prove that it can serve as reliable biochemical standard for analysis of lignan diversity among sesame germplasm. Relevance of the method developed for analytical studies and for industrial production of the lignans for therapeutic purpose is discussed. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
+{"token": "CONCENTRATION AND TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE OF ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY IN THERMALLY STABLE CHROMIUM POLYACRYLATE. Electrical conductivity of chromium polyacrylate with dopant concentration 30% (w/w), 40% (w/w) and 50% (w/w) of chromium has been measured over a broad range of temperatures (303K to 383K). The electrical conductivity shows dependence on temperature, as well as, level of doping. The conductivity is considered to be due to thermal hopping motion of localized charge carriers, which are believed to be polarons, in the temperature range 303K to 323K and for T>343K, whereas, it is metal-like in the temperature range 323K to 343K.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Epidemiological Analysis of the 2019 Dengue Epidemic in Bhutan. Bhutan experienced its largest and first nation-wide dengue epidemic in 2019. The cases in 2019 were greater than the total number of cases in all the previous years. This study aimed to characterize the spatiotemporal patterns and effective reproduction number of this explosive epidemic. Weekly notified dengue cases were extracted from the National Early Warning, Alert, Response and Surveillance (NEWARS) database to describe the spatial and temporal patterns of the epidemic. The time-varying, temperature-adjusted cohort effective reproduction number was estimated over the course of the epidemic. The dengue epidemic occurred between 29 April and 8 December 2019 over 32 weeks, and included 5935 cases. During the epidemic, dengue expanded from six to 44 subdistricts. The effective reproduction number was <3 for most of the epidemic period, except for a approximate to 1 month period of explosive growth, coinciding with the monsoon season and school vacations, when the effective reproduction number peaked >30 and after which the effective reproduction number declined steadily. Interventions were only initiated 6 weeks after the end of the period of explosive growth. This finding highlights the need to reinforce the national preparedness plan for outbreak response, and to enable the early detection of cases and timely response.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "Implementation of a DRAM-cell-based multiple-valued logic-in-memory circuit. This paper presents a multiple-valued logic-in-memory circuit with real-time programmability. The basic component, in which a dynamic storage function and a multiple-valued threshold function are merged, is implemented compactly by using charge storage and capacitive coupling with a DRAM-cell-based circuit structure under a 0.8-mum CMOS technology. The pass-transistor network using these basic components makes it possible to realize any multiple-valued-inputs binary-outputs logic circuits compactly. As a typical example; a fully parallel multiple-valued magnitude comparator is also implemented by using the proposed DRAM-cell-based pass-transistor network. Its execution time and power dissipation are reduced to about 11 percent and 29 percent, respectively; in comparison with those of a corresponding binary implementation. A prototype chip is also fabricated to confirm the basic operation of the proposed DRAM-cell-based logic-in-memory circuit.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "A subjective evidence model for influence maximization in social networks. This paper introduces the notion of subjective evidence, which fuels a new parallel cascade influence propagation model. The model sheds light on the phenomena of belief reinforcement and viral spread of innovations, rumors, opinions, etc., in social networks. Network actors are assumed to be testing a Bayesian hypothesis, e.g., for making judgment about the superiority of some product(s) or service (s) over others, or (dis)utility of a given program/policy. The model-based influence maximization solutions inform the strategies for market niche selection and protection, and identification of susceptible groups in political campaigning. The NP-Hard problem of influential seed selection is first solved as a mixed-integer program. Second, an efficient Lagrangian Relaxation heuristic with guaranteed bounds is presented. In small, medium and large-scale computational investigations, we analyze: (1) how the success of an influence cascade triggered in a (sub)community, long exposed to an opposite belief, depends on the structural properties of the underlying social network, (2) to what extent growing (increasing the density of) a consumer network within a market niche helps a company protect the niche, (3) given a competitor's strength, when a company should counter the competitor on \\\\'their turf\\\\', and when and how it should look for limited-time opportunities to maximally profit before eventually surrendering the market. (c) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
+{"token": "Existing state and partitioning of rare earth on weathered ores. The existing state and partitioning of rare earth (RE) on weathered ores in Longnan County(LN), Xingfeng County(XF) and Ninghua County(NH) were characterized systematically by standard geological analytical methods. It is found that RE in the weathered rare earth ores exist as four phases: (a) water soluble, (b) ion-exchangeable, (c) colloidal sediment (oxides), (d) minerals, in which mainly as ion exchangeable phase, accounting for nearly 80% of total RE, with about 20% in the form of colloid sediment phase and mineral phase, but very little as aqueous soluble phase. These rare earth partitioning were mainly chosen mid-heavy RE elements, occupying above 60%, but not equal in the four phases. The mid-heavy RE elements were primarily enriched in the ion exchangeable phase up to 40%, while the containment of cerium dioxide is below 2%. The cerium deficiency occurs in the ion exchangeable phase in weathered ore. It results from that the Ce3+ is oxidized into Ce4+ and changes into CeO2. For LN ore, the containment of Y is high in weathered ore because Y-minerals are abundant in original rock.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alleviate salt stress of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.. The study was conducted to determine if pre-inoculation of transplants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alleviates salt effects on growth and yield of Parwal (Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.) when irrigated with saline water. Seeds of T. dioica were sown in polystyrene trays and treated with AM fungi (AM) or without (non-AM) Glomus deserticola. Once the seedlings had reached appropriate size, they were transplanted into nonsterile soil in concrete blocks under greenhouse conditions. The soil electrical conductivity (ECe) was 1.6 dS m-1. Plants were irrigated with nonsaline water (ECw=0.6 dS m-1) or saline water (ECw=2.6 dS m-1) until harvest. These treatments resulted in soil EC at harvest of 1.9 and 4.6 dS m-1 for nonsaline and saline water treatments, respectively. Root colonization with AM fungi at flowering was lower under saline than under nonsaline conditions. Pre-inoculated T. dioica plants with AM fungi irrigated with both saline and nonsaline water had greater shoot and root dry matter yield and fresh fruit yield than did non-AM plants. The enhancement in fresh fruit yield due to AM fungi inoculation was 25% under nonsaline and 48% under saline water conditions. Shoot contents of P, K, Zn, Cu, and Fe were higher in AM compared with non-AM plants grown under nonsaline and saline water conditions. Shoot Na concentrations were lower in AM than in non-AM plants grown under saline water conditions. Results indicate that pre-inoculation of T. dioica transplants with AM fungi improved yield and can help alleviate deleterious effects of salt stress on crop yield.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
+{"token": "Theoretical investigation of the evolution of the passive state on Alloy 22 in acidified, saturated brine under open circuit conditions. It is observed in many systems that as a metal or alloy is exposed to an aqueous solution over a long period of time, the corrosion potential drifts in the positive direction and the corrosion rate decreases. This implies the possibility that the potential may become sufficiently positive that it will exceed the transpassive potential and result in depassivation of the surface and hence to massive corrosion. On the other hand, if depassivation does not occur, the corrosion rate is predicted to continuously decrease with time, such that experiments carried out over short periods of time may seriously over-estimate the true corrosion rate over extended periods. This is an important issue in the selection of materials for the containment of high-level nuclear waste (HLNW), because of the excessively long performance horizon (up to 106 years), and in interpreting corrosion data from archeological artifacts. The theory developed in this work provides a physico-electrochemical explanation of the ennoblement phenomenon that is in good agreement with experiment and, in principle, allows one to optimize the model on short-term data and then predict the corrosion behavior over the very long term. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Enhanced Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Self-Nano and Microemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems Containing Curcumin. Turmeric has been used for decades for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect, which is due to an active ingredient isolated from the plant, called curcumin. However, the extremely poor water-solubility of curcumin often limits the bioavailability of the drug. The aim of our experimental work was to improve the solubility and thus bioavailability of curcumin by developing self-nano/microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SN/MEDDS). Labrasol and Cremophor RH 40 as nonionic surfactants, Transcutol P as co-surfactant and isopropyl myristate as the oily phase were used during the formulation. The average droplet size of SN/MEDDS containing curcumin was between 32 and 405 nm. It was found that the higher oil content resulted in larger particle size. The drug loading efficiency was between 93.11% and 99.12% and all formulations were thermodynamically stable. The curcumin release was studied at pH 6.8, and the release efficiency ranged between 57.3% and 80.9% after 180 min. The results of the MTT cytotoxicity assay on human keratinocyte cells (HaCaT) and colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2) showed that the curcumin-containing preparations were non-cytotoxic at 5 w/v%. According to the results of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) assays, SNEDDS showed significantly higher antioxidant activity. The anti-inflammatory effect of the SN/MEDDS was screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). SNEDDS formulated with Labrasol as surfactant, reduced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) levels below 60% at a concentration of 10 w/w%. Our results verified the promising use of SN/MEDDS for the delivery of curcumin. This study demonstrates that the SN/MEDDS could be promising alternatives for the formulation of poorly soluble lipophilic compounds with low bioavailability.", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
+{"token": "Observation of Tunneling Gap in Epitaxial Ultrathin Films of Pyrite-Type Copper Disulfide. We report scanning tunneling microscopy investigation on epitaxial ultrathin films of pyrite-type copper disulfide. Layer-by-layer growth of CuS2 films with a preferential orientation of (111) on SrTiO3(001) and Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta substrates is achieved by molecular beam epitaxy growth. For ultrathin films on both kinds of substrates, we observe symmetric tunneling gap around the Fermi level that persists up to similar to 15 K. The tunneling gap degrades with either increasing temperature or increasing thickness, suggesting new matter states at the extreme two-dimensional limit.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "The Quest for the Lost Story: feminist reading of Julia Margaret Cameron's 'Mountain Nymph Sweet Liberty'. This article suggests a feminist reading of the photograph 'Mountain Nymph Sweet Liberty' created by the early Victorian photographer, Julia Margaret Cameron. Examining this photograph in its historical context, it analyzes the unique encounter between Cameron, an upper-middle-class Anglo-Indian photographer, and her female model-subject, who came from the English lower classes. Whereas Cameron's biography is well researched and her artistic endeavors are fully acknowledged, the information on the photographed model, Annie Keene, is scarce. This article aims to reconstruct the model's life story. To fill the holes in the archival record, fiction is used to tell a detailed story of the unique professional meeting between Cameron and her sitter. The following is a feminist project intended to recover female subjectivities, whose relationships have been erased by art and history.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Surfacing the Role of Epigenetics in Host-Virus Interaction. (Epigenetics is a mechanism which determines the phenotype of an organism by causing heritable (during cell division) but simultaneously reversible alterations/variations in gene expression. It is not related to alterations in the DNA sequence of the genotype. Geminiviruses are the most devastating plant viruses since they cause significant yield losses in world agriculture. The plant defence initiated against these DNA viruses is of special interest, specifically in regard to the role of epigenetic mechanism played in control of virus spread. These heritable and covalent modifications of DNA and histone in virus genome are mainly related to suppression of gene transcription, despite the differences between viruses, the role of epigenetics seems to be reasonably comparable. However, several key questions remain unanswered concerning the basic mechanism behind the epigenetic regulation of viruses via plant defence system. This book chapter specifically summarizes the recent advances on role of epigenetics in virus genome modification leading to silencing of viral genes and plant tolerance/resistance.", "label": [0, 2, 20, 9]}
+{"token": "Landscape effects on anuran pond occupancy in an agricultural countryside: barrier-based buffers predict distributions better than circular buffers. Species movement and occupancy of habitat patches are dependent on landscape permeability. Some land-use types (e.g., roads) may be barriers to animal movement. Analyses of the effect of landscape structure on patch occupancy usually use circular buffers around focal patches. The main assumption of this methodological approach is that species are affected by a particular landscape element equally in every direction from a given patch. This assumption is likely not to hold if animal movement is restricted by barriers because barriers reduce movement patterns and reshape the ideal circular buffer into a noncircular buffer. We developed a method to determine the effect of landscape variables oil the distribution of two amphibian species that explicitly takes dispersal barriers into account. We extracted landscape variables within (i) circular buffers (CB) and (ii) barrier-based buffers (BBB). BBB were produced by reducing the boundaries of CB according to major impassable barriers. The BBB approach almost doubled the explained deviance of multiple regression models in comparison with the CB approach. Moreover. CB and BBB models included different predictor variables. We Suggest that the BBB approach is more Useful than the traditional CB analyses of species-habitat relationships because ecological barriers are explicitly taken into account..", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Experimental Investigation and Thermodynamic Extrapolation of the Si-V-Zn System. The 450 degrees C isothermal section of the Si-V-Zn ternary phase diagram was experimentally determined using x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy. All the six three-phase regions were well determined. No ternary compound was found. Si5V6 was not detected at 450 degrees C. All the Si-V compounds can equilibrate with the liquid-Zn phase. And the V-Zn compounds, VZn3 and V4Zn5, can equilibrate with SiV3. In addition, the maximum solubilities of Zn in Si2V, Si3V5 and SiV3 were 1.0, 1.7 and 4.8 at.%, respectively, while Si had no detectable solubility in Zn-V compounds. Furthermore, thermodynamic extrapolation of the Si-V-Zn system was carried out using only the binary interaction parameters. This showed good agreement with the experimentally determined three-phase fields.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "REJECTING THE AMERICAN MODEL: PETER KROPOTKIN'S RADICAL COMMUNALISM. Kropotkin's anarchism looked to a future defined by communalism. However, his understanding of this potential communal future has rarely been subject to analysis. Particularly important was his distinction between communalism and the tradition of communal experimentation in the US, which drew heavily on the ideas of Charles Fourier. Kropotkin was influenced by Fourier, but thought that attempts to found phalansteries had been disastrous, vitiating the power of communalist propaganda. To defend the idea of a communal future, Kropotkin therefore advanced a tripartite critique of the US model of utopian experimentation. The image of American utopianism he created consequently served as a useful rhetorical device, allowing him to advance a counter-image of the anarchist communal theory that lay at the heart of his political theory.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "5G promotes the construction of full-scenarios intelligent taxation strategy. 5G mobile communication technology has the ultra-high spectrum utilisation and the energy efficiency. 5G and other information technology's close combination has promoted the social other industry's transformation, especially in the government management and the service domain. With the rapid development of digital economy, there are many challenges in China's tax collection and management, such as difficult to determine the subject of taxation, taxation object boundary blurred. Digitalisation of tax collection process as a way to increase the efficiency of the tax system in China. We have carried on the forecast to the 5G mobile communication technology characteristic and its application in the intelligent tax affairs construction aspect. Future challenges facing these potential technologies are also discussed. The synergy of 5G and technologies such as Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, Big Data, and Cloud Computing provide technical support for China to build an open and intelligent taxation ecosystem. Relying on the '5G + Smart Taxation Ecosystem', an intelligent tax management platform will be created to realise tax data sharing, promote the digital and intelligent development of tax management, and promote the construction of a full-scenario smart tax system.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "STAGING FRIENDSHIP: MUSSOLINI AND HITLER IN GERMANY IN 1937. In September 1937, Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler met in Germany. Millions of ostensibly enthusiastic Germans welcomed the Duce. Here were the world's first two fascist dictators, purportedly united in solidarity, representing the '115 million' Germans and Italians against the Western powers and Bolshevism. Most historians have dismissed the 1937 dictators' encounter as insignificant because no concrete political decisions were made. In contrast, I explore this meeting in terms of the confluence of culture and politics and argue that the meeting was highly significant. Its choreography combined rituals of traditional state visits with a new emphasis on the personality of both leaders and their alleged 'friendship', emblematic of the 'friendship' between the Italian and German peoples. Seen through this lens, the meeting pioneered a new style of face-to-face diplomacy, which challenged the culture of liberal internationalism and represented the aim of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany to create a New Order in Europe. At the same time, analysis of this meeting reveals some deep-seated tensions between both regimes, an observation that has significant implications for the study of fascist international collaboration.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Analysis of Accessibility of Schools in Usak City via Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Towards the end of the 20th century, technologically advanced societies have linked the infrastructure and service sectors of the city with technology to reduce population pressure on cities and to sustain welfare. With this aim, state and city managers aimed to accelerate the operation of services. This situation has led to the establishment of the basics for the creation of smart cities. The areas of use of spatial analysis have also increased with the developing smart city systems. When spatial analyzes are associated with GIS, it becomes very useful for urban studies. Accessibility to schools in the city of Usak is also an example of this type of spatial analysis. In the study, accessible areas were determined by applying network analysis to the schools in Usak city. While the data set used in the analysis was created, the locations of the schools taken from Usak Provincial Directorate of National Education, the number of students, teachers and classrooms, the road and building data obtained from the zoning plan of Usak Municipality, and the OpenStreetMap vector data were used. In addition, population data of the study area were obtained from TURKSTAT by age. The analysis was applied to the distances and alternative distances specified in the law and the accessable areas were determined. As a result of the study, it was determined that the biggest problem in accessibility was in kindergartens. As far away from the center as primary and secondary schools, problems were observed in the walls of the city. In high schools, almost all the city remains within the domain. Considering the adequacy of the educational institutions, it is observed that there are a large number of students per teacher and classroom in kindergartens.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF FLOW PATTERN IN CROSS-CORRUGATED PLATE HEAT EXCHANGERS. Using numerical methodology, the flow fields between two corrugated plates with different values of the corrugation inclination angle beta were simulated. The simulation results directly indicate that beta affects the flow pattern between corrugated plates, and the results are in good agreement with the experimental results reported by interrelated literature. The results show that the flow pattern between the two plates changes from \\\\'double cross-flow\\\\' to \\\\'zigzag flow\\\\' with the increase in beta. The reason for the effect on the flow pattern between the two corrugated plates was discussed from the view of the variation of momentum in the direction of corrugation with the variation in beta.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Pre and Post-exposure Prophylaxis Awareness and Acceptability Among Sex Workers in Jamaica: A Cross-Sectional Study. The HIV prevention cascade is understudied among sex workers in Jamaica, where sex work and same sex practices are criminalized. We implemented a cross-sectional survey with cisgender women, transgender women, and cisgender men sex workers in Jamaica. We conducted multivariable logistic regression analyses to identify factors associated with PrEP and PEP awareness and acceptability. Participants (n = 340) included cisgender men (n = 124), transgender women (n = 101), and cisgender women (n = 115). PEP awareness was low (33.2%), yet acceptability was high (70.8%). In multivariable analyses, recent sexual violence, recent client violence, and sex work social cohesion were associated with PEP awareness and acceptability. One-third (32.7%) reported PrEP awareness, with high acceptability (80.2%). Relationship status and recent physical violence were associated with PrEP awareness and acceptability. In multivariable analyses, gender identity was not associated with differences in PEP/PrEP awareness/acceptability. Findings highlight the need to increase PEP and PrEP awareness and access among sex workers in Jamaica.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "Fertility of gynogenetic Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). In order to investigate whether meiotic gynogenetic Atlantic cod is fertile and able to produce viable offspring, meiotic gynogenetic females were produced in spring 2010 by activating cod eggs using irradiated sperm. The extrusion of the second polar body was prevented by the application of hydrostatic pressure (56.6 MPa) 36min after fertilization. In February 2012, their mean round weight was 972g, and 2580g in March 2013. In 2012, when the fish were 2years old, about 52% were mature, 33% were immature, and 13% had undifferentiated gonads. One year later, 77% were mature, 11% were immature, and 11% had undifferentiated gonads. Several of the mature females had malformed gonads, with only one developed ovary lobe or with the two lobes fused. The mean gonadosomic index (GSI) of the 2-year-old mature females was 5.2%, with an estimated relative fecundity of 581000 eggskg ovary-free wet weight(-1). Females were stripped for eggs when 2 and 3years old (2012 and 2013), and fertilized with sperm from normal males. Offspring were obtained from 12 of 17 and 12 of 15egg batches incubated in 2012 and 2013, respectively, proving that the gynogenetic females are fertile. Furthermore, larvae in all but one of the hatched groups from 2013 had commenced feeding 2h after being startfed using rotifers 4days after hatch, indicating viable offspring.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
+{"token": "Contexts of Trends in the Catholic Church's Male Workforce Chile, Ireland, and Poland Compared. Using case pattern analysis, this study examines Catholic male workforce trends in the majority Catholic countries of Chile, Ireland, and Poland. Employing denominational data for three categories of church male professionals in the 1950-2010 time period, I document four important trends. First, ordinations to the diocesan priesthood in Ireland went into decline especially after Vatican II, have been relatively stable in Chile with only a moderate increase in the 1990s, and spiked in Poland in the 1980s, 20 years after Vatican II. Second, in all three countries the average defection rate among diocesan seminarians increased in the 2000s compared with the earlier two decades. Third, the religious priest workforce has declined in Chile, has been relatively stable in Ireland until the 2000s, and is growing in Poland. Fourth, from the late 1960s there has been a decline in the workforce of religious brothers in each country, especially in Ireland. The theoretical contribution to the Catholic workforce literature is discussed in terms of a critical events argument emphasizing the impact of Vatican II, prophetic stances, sexual scandals, and papal visits on labor market trends. I conclude with implications for the study of religion and society in general.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 52]}
+{"token": "The Neandertals of northeastern Iberia: New remains from the Cova del Gegant (Sitges, Barcelona). The present study describes a new juvenile hominin mandible and teeth and a new juvenile humerus from level V of the GP2 gallery of Cova del Gegant (Spain). The mandible (Gegant-5) preserves a portion of the right mandibular corpus from the M-1 distally to the socket for the dc mesially, and the age at death is estimated as 4.5-5.0 years. Gegant-5 shows a single mental foramen located under the dm(1)/dm(2) interdental septum, a relatively posterior placement compared with recent hominins of a similar developmental age. The mental foramen in Gegant-5 is also placed within the lower half of the mandibular corpus, as in the previously described late adolescent/adult mandible (Gegant-1) from this same Middle Paleolithic site. The Gegant-5 canine shows pronounced marginal ridges, a distal accessory ridge, and a pronounced distolingual tubercle. The P-3 shows a lingually-displaced protoconid cusp tip and a distal accessory ridge. The P-4 shows a slightly asymmetrical crown outline, a continuous transverse crest, a mesially placed metaconid cusp tip, a slight distal accessory ridge, and an accessory lingual cusp. The M-1 shows a Y5 pattern of cusp contact and a well-developed and deep anterior fovea bounded posteriorly by a continuous midtrigonid crest. Gegant-4 is the distal portion of a left humerus from a juvenile estimated to be between 5 and 7 years old at death. The specimen shows thick cortical bone. Although fragmentary, the constellation of morphological and metric features indicates Neandertal affinities for these specimens. Their spatial proximity at the site and similar ages at death suggest these remains may represent a single individual. The addition of these new specimens brings the total number of Neandertal remains from the Cova del Gegant to five, and this site documents the clearest evidence for Neandertal fossils associated with Middle Paleolithic stone tools in this region of the Iberian Peninsula. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 56, 42]}
+{"token": "Flow field design and experimental study of electrochemical machining using thin hollow cathodes. In order to pursue excellent performance, especially in aerospace and weapon equipment industry, components with complex structure made of difficult-to-cut material (stainless steel, titanium alloy, high-temperature alloy etc.) are more and more applied. From the rough to the finished product, the material removal rate (ranging from 10% to 90%) may be large, the machining efficiency and material utilization are low, and the machining cost would be high using traditional milling or grinding method. One kind of thin hollow cathode having high strength is developed for electrochemical machining of complex structure. This cathode is expected to improve the machining efficiency and reduce the cost. The flow field design is a key problem to be solved. Fluid dynamics numerical analysis is used to optimize the cathode structure, and the design rules of cathode are given. Experiments are carried out to prove the correctness of the numerical analysis, cutting stability, accuracy, and surface quality are improved. Finally, different structures are successfully machined on the material of TB6 by thin hollow cathodes.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "RAIN CRACKING OF SWEET CHERRIES .2. INFLUENCE OF RAIN COVERS AND ROOTSTOCKS ON CRACKING AND FRUIT-QUALITY. The primary objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of plastic rain shelters and Colt and F.12/1 rootstocks on the rain-induced fruit cracking of sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.). Fruit cracking on trees from Colt rootstock was significantly reduced from 63% on covered trees to 5% on uncovered trees. However, no significant difference in the total number of cracked fruits was observed from covered and uncovered trees on F.12/1 rootstock. Susceptibility to cracking was greater in fruits from covered trees on F.12/1 rootstock. Fruits from covered trees were associated with a 10% increase in weight. This paper will discuss the implications of tree covers and rootstocks as they relate to their effects on rain-induced fruit cracking and on fruit-quality characteristics.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
+{"token": "Intussusception: Incidence and Treatment-Insights From the Nationwide German Surveillance. Results: A total of 1200 children with at least 1 episode of IS were included. For children younger than 1 year the incidence was calculated to be 60.4/100,000 child-years. The risk for surgery increased 2-fold if the interval between onset of symptoms and first attempt of conservative reduction exceeded 5 hours (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-3.1). We also observed a 2.8-fold increased risk for surgery for hydrostatic (CI 1.2-6.4) and a 3.7-fold for barium enema reduction (CI 1.6-8.8) compared to pneumatic reduction. The level of specialisation of the hospital did not influence the success of conservative management.Methods: We performed a prospective German nationwide surveillance between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2007, followed by separate collection of all IS cases in a random sample of 31 clinics for an unbiased estimation of underreporting. For case definition, the Brighton Collaboration (BC) criteria were applied.Conclusions: For children with IS a fast attempt of pneumatic reduction seems to be the optimal management. Considering the current practice we estimated that approximately 104 (CI 46-161) surgical interventions would be preventable in Germany every year. Also, conduction of reliable postmarketing monitoring of the new RV vaccines is now possible based on the provided incidence data.Objective: Intussusception (IS) is one of the most common paediatric emergencies, and the best mode of conservative reduction and its exact incidence remains unclear. For different reasons, availability of reliable incidence data are useful and additionally may be fundamental to monitor potential effects of recently introduced rotavirus (RV) vaccines.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "What ever happened to asset-based welfare? Shifting approaches to housing wealth and welfare security. This paper contributes to current debates by reframing recent transformations in housing, policy and property equity in terms of a transfigured asset-based welfare regime. The analysis thereby advances earlier, more descriptive evaluations of asset-based welfare and challenges suggestions that its relevance has faded since the global financial crisis. We argue, drawing on the UK as a case with broad international salience, that the home has become even more central as an asset base of individual welfare since the global financial crisis, yet under distorted conditions of access and distribution, with housing wealth polarisation undermining financial inclusion and welfare security more broadly.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "Research on the Impact of Digital Innovation Driving the High-Quality Development of the Shipping Industry. Based on the evaluation index system of high-quality development of the shipping industry and digital innovation, this paper uses the \\\\'VHSD-EM\\\\' model to evaluate the high-quality development of the shipping industry and digital innovation in 11 coastal provinces of China from 2010 to 2019 and the fixed effect model to study the impact of digital innovation on the high-quality development of the shipping industry. The results show the following: (1) Both the index of the high-quality development of the shipping industry and the index of digital innovation generally show a slow growth trend, but there are obvious differences in regional development, among which the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta have prominent advantages; (2) Digital innovation plays a significant role in promoting high-quality development of the shipping industry. When the index of digital innovation increases by 1 unit, the index of the high-quality development of the shipping industry increases by 1.233 units on average. However, the potential of digital innovation driving the high-quality development of the shipping industry has not been fully utilized; (3) Investment in education and technology and other transportation industries have an important impact on the high-quality development of the shipping industry. It is necessary to increase the investment in education and science, improve the level of shipping technology, and exert the function of transportation to form a complete traffic and transport network. In general, the paper verifies the role of digital innovation in promoting the high-quality development of the shipping industry, as well as the impact of related factors on the high-quality development of the shipping industry, putting forward targeted suggestions for promoting the high-quality development of the shipping industry.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Modeling long-term water use of irrigated cropping rotations in the Texas High Plains using SWAT. The Ogalalla Aquifer is used to supplement insufficient precipitation for agricultural production in the semiarid Texas High Plains. However, decades of pumping combined with minimal recharge has resulted in decreased well capacity in most areas. A calibrated Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to compare simulated yields, crop water use, and required irrigation for crop rotations of the region using measured long-term (90 years) historical weather data. Crop rotations included continuous corn and cotton, corn-cotton, sorghum-cotton, cotton-winter wheat, and corn-winter wheat. Results demonstrated that a calibrated SWAT model simulated crop water use and yields well for all listed crops except cotton. The plant growth algorithms in SWAT appear unable to simulate representative cotton yields typical of cotton management in the Texas High Plains. A work-around for a limitation of the auto-irrigate function in SWAT to be suspended during the dormancy period of winter wheat was also used. Summary statistics for crop yield, crop water use, and irrigation were presented for all rotations. Long-term water use of simulations and irrigation probability exceedance statistics are presented for all simulated crops. These data may serve as a decision support tool for producers considering crop rotation strategies.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 39]}
+{"token": "Chemometrics in forensic chemistry - Part I: Implications to the forensic workflow. The forensic literature shows a clear trend towards increasing use of chemometrics (i.e. multivariate analysis and other statistical methods). This can be seen in different disciplines such as drug profiling, arson debris analysis, spectral imaging, glass analysis, age determination, and more. In particular, current chemometric applications cover low-dimensional (e.g. drug impurity profiles) and high-dimensional data (e.g. Infrared and Raman spectra) and are therefore useful in many forensic disciplines. There is a dominant and increasing need in forensic chemistry for reliable and structured processing and interpretation of analytical data. This is especially true when classification (grouping) or profiling (batch comparison) is of interest.Because practical casework is less and less accompanied from the beginning to the end out of the same hand, more and more interfaces are built in through specialization of individuals. This article presents key influencing elements in the forensic workflow related to the most meaningful chemometric application and evaluation. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Chemometrics can provide additional information in complex crime cases and enhance productivity by improving the processes of data handling and interpretation in various applications. However, the use of chemometrics in everyday work tasks is often considered demanding by forensic scientists and, consequently, they are only reluctantly used. This article and following planned contributions are dedicated to those forensic chemists, interested in applying chemometrics but for any reasons are limited in the proper application of statistical tools - usually made for professionals - or the direct support of statisticians. Without claiming to be comprehensive, the literature reviewed revealed a sufficient overview towards the preferably used data handling and chemometric methods used to answer the forensic question. With this basis, a software tool will be designed (part of the EU project STEFA-G02) and handed out to forensic chemist with all necessary elements of data handling and evaluation.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "The dialectics of white-collar crime: The anatomy of the savings and loan crisis and the case of Silverado Banking, Savings and Loan Association. TWO perspectives prevail in analyses of the savings and loan industry's crisis of the 1980s and early 1990s: on one hand are claims of individual fraud and greed; on the other are arguments Focusing on organizational factors, particularly the deregulated environment in which lax or nonexistant oversight encouraged \\\\'collective embezzelment.\\\\' Both approaches rely on a narrow conceptualization of the concept of white-collar crime that focuses on identification of the static dimensions that differentiate white-collar crime from other crimes. We apply Schlegel and Weisburd's (1993) notion of white-collar crime as more of an interactive process than a set of unique defining factors by combining a theoretical focus on the state's policy-making process with an analysis of organizational and occupational crime to analyze the role the state may play in creating the structural environment facilitating those behaviors. We analyze the case of Silverado Banking, Savings and Loan Association to examine the behavioral effects of implementing a state policy of deregulation. The case suggests that state policy may not only regulate and restrict behavior, but actually contain defeating incentives that create corporate behaviors contradicting the policy's intention. This points to the limitation of state theory in its focus on de jure policy creation as opposed to de facto policy implementation and its behavioral and structural consequences. Finally, we suggest that organizational crimes may result not only from circumventing or violating laws that must be enforced; they may also derive from contradictions contained in the policies of state projects themselves. As such, organizational crimes and deviant behavior may be better understood as unintended consequences of die dialectics of state projects.", "label": [5, 49, 57]}
+{"token": "Hexavalent Molybdenum Reduction to Mo-blue by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. A local molybdenum-reducing bacterium was isolated and tentatively identified as Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strain Dr. Y12 based on carbon utilization profiles using Biolog GN plates and 16S rDNA comparative analysis. Molybdate reduction was optimized under conditions of low dissolved oxygen (37 degrees C and pH 6.5). Of the electron donors tested, glucose, fructose, maltose and sucrose supported molybdate reduction after 1 d of incubation, glucose and fructose supporting the highest Mo-blue production. Optimum Mo-blue production was reached at 20 mmol/L molybdate and 5 mmol/L phosphate; increasing the phosphate concentrations inhibited the production. An increase in an overall absorption profiles, especially at peak maximum at 865 nm and the shoulder at 700 nm, was observed in direct correlation with the increased in Mo-blue amounts. Metal ions, such as chromium, cadmium, copper, mercury and lead (2 mmol/L final concentration) caused approximate to 88, 53, 80, 100, and 20 % inhibition, respectively. Respiratory inhibitors, such as antimycin A, rotenone, sodium azide and cyanide showed in this bacterium no inhibition of the Mo-blue production, suggesting that the electron transport system is not a site of molybdate reduction.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 43]}
+{"token": "Markerless View-Independent Registration of Multiple Distorted Projectors on Extruded Surfaces Using an Uncalibrated Camera. In this paper, we present the first algorithm to geometrically register multiple projectors in a view-independent manner (i.e. wallpapered) on a common type of curved surface, vertically extruded surface, using an uncalibrated camera without attaching any obtrusive markers to the display screen. Further, it can also tolerate large non-linear geometric distortions in the projectors as is common when mounting short throw lenses to allow a compact set-up. Our registration achieves sub-pixel accuracy on a large number of different vertically extruded surfaces and the image correction to achieve this registration can be run in real time on the GPU. This simple markerless registration has the potential to have a large impact on easy set-up and maintenance of large curved multi-projector displays, common for visualization, edutainment, training and simulation applications.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "ILLEGAL EGG HARVESTING AND POPULATION DECLINE IN A KEY PELAGIC SEABIRD COLONY OF THE EASTERN INDIAN OCEAN. We carried out population counts of a nesting colony of terns (Sternidae) on Pitti Island, an official seabird sanctuary, on 17 February 2013, 10 March 2013, and 10 February 2014. We also assessed population trends over previous years using data from earlier surveys. We estimated the number of nests and eggs, and recorded loss of eggs by predation, including harvesting by fishermen. Using a structured questionnaire, we interviewed 800 respondents from Kavaratti Island in the Lakshadweep Archipelago to assess the number of people involved in seabird egg harvesting and trade, and to evaluate their attitudes towards seabird conservation. We recorded three species of terns: Sooty Tern Onychoprion fuscatus, Brown Noddy Anous stolidus, and Greater Crested Tern Thalasseus bergii, but only Sooty Terns were nesting during our field visits. Levels of natural predation on this species were low (<1%), whereas fishermen removed 14%-45% of the eggs. Approximately 72% of the 800 respondents interviewed on Kavaratti Island were either directly or indirectly involved in the harvest and local trade of seabird eggs. Respondents involved in egg harvesting were significantly less inclined to support seabird conservation. Although Pitti Island is a protected area, tern numbers have declined since 1963. This key breeding site will likely be lost unless stringent conservation measures are implemented to monitor and protect the nesting colony, and to divert the local people away from the seabird egg trade.", "label": [4, 45, 46]}
+{"token": "A New Variety of Potamogeton x leptocephalus Koidz., var. fujiensis, Endemic to the Fuji Five Lakes and Lake Ashi, Central Japan. DNA analysis and morphological observation were conducted for a putative Potamogeton hybrid endemic to the Fuji Five Lakes and Lake Ashi and Potamogeton x leptocephalus from Lake Biwa, Japan. Both proved to be hybrids between P. maackianus and P. perfoliatus. However, the hybrid from the Fuji Five Lakes and Lake Ashi was distinct from P. x leptocephalus in certain morphological characteristics. It is described as a new variety P. x leptocephalus var. fujiensis.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Rethinking multidimensional poverty through a multi-criteria analysis. The risk of poverty or social exclusion constitutes the pivotal multidimensional indicator of living conditions in the European Union. Nevertheless, it only reports the proportion of individuals at risk and disregards the depth of poverty. The indicator therefore overlooks situations of possible vulnerable groups just above the threshold and is not sensitive to all dimensions in which the individual is at risk. In this paper we propose an alternative multi-criteria based approach that overcomes these problems. Our measure captures information about the level of achievement in each dimension of all persons along the distribution and evaluates to what extent the concurrence of multiple deprivations reinforces their disadvantage. This approach permits diverse ways of aggregation with different degrees of substitutability among the achievements of each dimension according to context-specific social preferences. We illustrate our approach with an empirical analysis of 28 countries using the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions database for 2016. The results reveal that work intensity may be regarded as the most determining factor in analyses of multidimensional poverty across European countries. Our measures unmask how countries with similar proportions of individuals at risk of poverty or social exclusion hide very different conditions of multidimensional poverty and highlight the variety of socioeconomic realities existing behind the dichotomy imposed by the usual 'm risk of poverty or social exclusion' rate.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Voluntary Disclosure in Light of Control Concerns*. The centrality of private information in the design of accounting institutions has been explored via agency models that address control concerns as well as disclosure models that amplify valuation issues. This paper derives disclosures by an entrepreneur-owner when both control and valuation concerns are in play. In particular, the disclosures influence stock price not only via a direct impact on valuation of the firm's revenue but also via an indirect impact on the firm's cost of procuring inputs from a self-interested and privately informed upstream supplier. In this setting, disclosures are judiciously designed to influence the supplier's decision to share cost information and to control information rents embedded in the procurement contract within the supply chain. Specifically, in order to convey that information rents are not in the offing and, thus, motivate information sharing by the supplier, the owner has incentives to convey a less \\\\'rosy\\\\' picture. In effect, when controlling supplier actions also becomes important, the owner discloses some unfavorable revenue news that she would have otherwise withheld and conceals some favorable revenue news that she would have otherwise revealed. Consequently, in our model, the disclosure region is either two-tailed or intermediate, in contrast to the single-tailed disclosure region implied by familiar valuation considerations alone.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Friedrich Kratochwil's pragmatic search for a theory of international relations. In response to Kratochwil's focus on the problem of theory-building in international relations (IR), I argue, first, that history (or historical ways of asking/answering questions) is essential to I R, but that, once this is accepted, a host of questions regarding the nature and function of historical know ledge-claims must be incorporated into meta-IR investigations of the kind Kratochwil and others have engaged in predominantly from the perspective of the philosophy of science. Second, I accept Kratochwil's main thesis that the failure of foundationalism does not lead us to nihilism or relativism but point out that there is an easier way to express this thesis via Kuhn's later treatment of theory choice in science. Third, I briefly point to a number of uncertainties regarding Kratochwil's plea for pragmatism in IR theory-building.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "Valuing IPOs Using Price-Earnings Multiples Disclosed by IPO Firms in an Emerging Capital Market. Existing studies show that markets use comparable firm multiples to price IPOs. This study explores IPO valuations in an emerging market where reliable comparable price multiples may not be readily available, or cannot be reliably identified. In particular, we examine the value relevance of price-earnings multiples disclosed by managers in IPO prospectuses in China. Using a sample of IPOs from 1992 to 2002, we find that price-earnings multiples disclosed by IPO firms provide significant power in explaining price formation in this emerging market. We also find that price-earnings multiples disclosed by IPO firms after 1999, when the China Securities and Regulatory Commission relaxed its internal guideline for approving IPO applications, are more informative. The results are robust to a variety of empirical model specifications. This study contributes to the existing IPO literature by showing that the disclosure of price-earnings multiples provides a mechanism for", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Biotoxin Detection Using Cell- Based Sensors. Cell-based biosensors (CBBs) utilize the principles of cell-based assays (CBAs) by employing living cells for detection of different analytes from environment, food, clinical, or other sources. For toxin detection, CBBs are emerging as unique alternatives to other analytical methods. The main advantage of using CBBs for probing biotoxins and toxic agents is that CBBs respond to the toxic exposures in the manner related to actual physiologic responses of the vulnerable subjects. The results obtained from CBBs are based on the toxin-cell interactions, and therefore, reveal functional information (such as mode of action, toxic potency, bioavailability, target tissue or organ, etc.) about the toxin. CBBs incorporate both prokaryotic (bacteria) and eukaryotic (yeast, invertebrate and vertebrate) cells. To create CBB devices, living cells are directly integrated onto the biosensor platform. The sensors report the cellular responses upon exposures to toxins and the resulting cellular signals are transduced by secondary transducers generating optical or electrical signals outputs followed by appropriate read-outs. Examples of the layout and operation of cellular biosensors for detection of selected biotoxins are summarized.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
+{"token": "The varieties of faith-related agencies. Although some recent literature suggests religious social service agencies can help governments reach important social program goals, the true social organization and services of the agencies remain in dispute. This article interviews officials in the wide class of \\\\'faith-related\\\\' agencies in two cities to consider two aspects of this issue: the ties or \\\\'coupling\\\\' of agencies to faith, and the impact of coupling on agency structure and service programming. The results suggest that many sampled agencies are loosely tied to faith in terms of resources, more tightly coupled in terms of authority and moderately coupled with respect to culture; that certain aspects of service-delivery technology are heavily secularized in many agencies; that faith is more influential in such matters as the agencies' choices of services; and that the larger, potentially more secularized agencies that might be least likely to be characterized as faith based balance differing sets of resources and thereby can more fully deliver services that arguably express faith in action. Given this finding and that most agencies profess a focus on protecting the dignity and rights of clients rather than on individual responsibility or other themes that are stressed by some recent policy proposals, governments need to be extremely selective in funding agencies to promote those proposals' themes.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide-induced alterations in the sulfur-redox cycle in CHO-K1 cells. The effect of the cyclodiene organochlorine pesticides aldrin, dieldrin and endosulfan was assessed on CHO-KI cultures at fractions of their lethal doses, determined by the neutral red (NRI) incorporation assay (NRI6.25, NRI12.5 and NRI25). Glutathione peroxidase, reductase and S-transferase, and total and oxidised glutathione were evaluated along the standard growth curve of the cultures. After a 24-h incubation with each insecticide, glutathione peroxidase incurred a large increase, while glutathione, reductase and S-transferase activities were slightly higher than untreated controls. Unlike oxidised glutathione, the content of total glutathione declined significantly after exposure to cyclodiene insecticides. Changes in cell membrane integrity were assessed by the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay and lipid peroxidation for a wide range of pesticide concentrations. Membrane leakage and peroxide production were significantly enhanced at concentrations of aldrin and as low as 12.5 mug/ml, whereas dieldrin and endosulfan increased membrane fragility at much higher concentrations. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 42, 47]}
+{"token": "The invocation of clio - A response. The Summer 2004 issue of the Journal of Religious Ethics included papers by James Wetzel, Gordon Michalson, Jennifer Herdt, and David Craig that assessed my interpretation of certain historical figures and texts. These papers also considered the place of those interpretations in my normative theology. This response spells out the relationship, as I see it, between historical inquiry and theological utterance and then addresses some of the concerns posed in those papers.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Big data to knowledge - Harnessing semiotic relationships of data quality and skills in genome curation work. This article aims to understand the views of genomic scientists with regard to the data quality assurances associated with semiotics and data-information-knowledge (DIK). The resulting communication of signs generated from genomic curation work, was found within different semantic levels of DIK that correlate specific data quality dimensions with their respective skills. Syntactic data quality dimensions were ranked the highest among all other semiotic data quality dimensions, which indicated that scientists spend great efforts for handling data wrangling activities in genome curation work. Semantic- and pragmatic-related sign communications were about meaningful interpretation, thus required additional adaptive and interpretative skills to deal with data quality issues. This expanded concept of 'curation' as sign/semiotic was not previously explored from the practical to the theoretical perspectives. The findings inform policy makers and practitioners to develop framework and cyberinfrastructure that facilitate the initiatives and advocacies of 'Big Data to Knowledge' by funding agencies. The findings from this study can also help plan data quality assurance policies and thus maximise the efficiency of genomic data management. Our results give strong support to the relevance of data quality skills communication for relationship with data quality assurance in genome curation activities.", "label": [4, 5, 40, 52]}
+{"token": "Open government and the right to information: Implications for transparency and accountability in Asia. Many countries in Asia have recently been following the global trend by introducing the right to information (RTI) law to build open and accountable government systems. This article compares the implementation of such law in four countries in the Asian region (India, Bangladesh, Indonesia and Thailand) to assess how they have produced outcomes supporting open government (OG) goals. Drawing on an extensive review of the conceptual literature, secondary sources and official publications, it shows that, notwithstanding many promising features, RTI laws have performed poorly within the overarching notion of OG. Implementation has suffered from numerous deficits and challenges implicating both the demand and supply-side actors-those who seek information and those who are mandated to provide information under the law. Such challenges, together with an inherent flaw, deviation from rules, technical blunders and bureaucratic indifference and non-compliance, have rendered the RTI law mostly ineffective. The paper highlights current deficits/snags and underscores the imperative of raising the awareness and capacity at both community and official levels and creating a culture where transparency and openness is valued over secrecy and confidentiality. This would require strong political commitment, selfless bureaucratic support and genuine citizen engagement.", "label": [5, 51, 57]}
+{"token": "Minimal Residual Disease-based Treatment is Adequate for Relapse-prone Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with an intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21: The experience of the ALL-BFM 2000 trial. Results: 8-year event-free-survival (EFS, 64 +/- 8% vs. 81 +/- 1%, p=0.0026) and cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR, 29 +/- 8% vs. 14 +/- 1%, p=0.008) of the iAMP21 cases were significantly worse compared with non-iAMP21 patients. Within the MRD low-risk group, iAMP21 cases (n=14) had an inferior 8-year EFS (76 +/- 12% vs. 92 +/- 1%, p=0.0081), but no increased CIR (10 +/- 10% vs. 6 +/- 1%, p=0.624). Within the MRD intermediate-risk group, iAMP21 cases (n=27) had a worse 8-year EFS (56 +/- 11% vs. 78 +/- 2%, p=0.0077) and CIR (44 +/- 11% vs. 20 +/- 2%, p=0.003) with 6/10 relapses occurring after 2 years.Background: Recently, the UK CCLG and COG reported that an intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21 (iAMP21) in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) loses its adverse prognostic impact with intensified therapy.Patient and Methods: We evaluated the prognosis of iAMP21 among patients from the ALL-BFM (Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster) 2000 trial with 46 of 2 637 (2%) patients iAMP21 +.Conclusions: Conclusively, we believe that there is no necessity for enrolling all iAMP21 patients into the high-risk arm of ongoing ALL-BFM trials because MRD low-risk patients have a moderate relapse risk under current therapy. Whether the increased relapse risk in MRD intermediate-risk patients can be avoided by late treatment intensification remains to be answered by the AIEOP-BFM ALL 2009 trial randomly using protracted pegylated L-asparaginase during delayed intensification and early maintenance.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Patrick O'Farrell and the Making of Harry Holland: Militant Socialist. Patrick O'Farrell's Harry Holland: Militant Socialist (1964) grew from a doctoral thesis completed in the mid-1950s, at the Australian National University, at the height of the Cold War. The circumstances of its creation are important to understanding the assumptions upon which the biography depends. Of Irish Catholic descent and from the Grey Valley, the birthplace of New Zealand's first wave of revolutionary industrial unionism, O'Farrell had observed first-hand the unravelling of this radical and socialist impulse in the late 1940s and early 1950s as Cold War attitudes enveloped the political world. Interpreting the political career of Harry Holland from within the more intense Cold-War-Canberra environment brought a sharper edge to O'Farrell's biography. The extent of this influence is made clear in Manning Clark's detailed account of the oral examination of O'Farrell's PhD preserved in his personal papers. A reassessment of Harry Holland's role as leader from this perspective suggests a need to revisit the historical debate about the relationship between socialism and the New Zealand Labour Party.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 57]}
+{"token": "Practical Sampling Plan for Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in Tomato Crops. The pea leafminer, Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard), is an important pest of tomato crops worldwide. Conventional sampling plans are the starting point for the development of pest control decision-making. The present study aimed to develop a conventional sampling plan for L. huidobrensis during the vegetative and reproductive stages of tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.). The best sampling unit for vegetative and reproductive stages of tomato crops was determined. The frequency distributions of L. huidobrensis densities in tomato crops were assessed, and the ideal number of samples to constitute the sampling plan was determined. The basal leaf of the middle section of the plant canopy was the best plant part for sampling. Pea leafminer densities were fitted to the negative binomial distribution with a common aggregation parameter (Kcommon = 0.7289) that represents all tomato fields. The sampling plan consists of 73 samples per field, irrespective of field size (1, 5, or 10 ha). Evaluations using this sampling plan were performed in 47 min, 1 h 9 min, and 1 h 25 min at a cost of US$1.74, US$2.54, and US$3.12 per sampling in fields of 1, 5, and 10 ha, respectively. The sampling plan developed in this study may lead to more well-informed decision-making for controlling L. huidobrensis in tomato fields up to 10 ha. Additionally, it is inexpensive (up to US$3.12 per sampling area), fast (up to 1 h 25 min per sampling area), and practical (it can be used in tomato crops at the vegetative and reproductive stages).", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Modulation of fish phagocytic cells by n-terminal peptides of proopiomelanocortin (NPP). N-terminal peptide of proopiomelanocortin (NPP, or pro-gamma -MSH) has shown to exhibit biological activity such as stimulation of adrenal mitogenesis and prolactin release-inhibiting factor activity. Structurally, studies reveal a significant difference between fish NPP from that of tetrapods, as NPPs from carp and salmonid lack gamma -MSH. Thus, fish NPP may exhibit functions different from that of mammals. The activation of phagocytic cells by NPP was analysed using rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and carp Cyprinus carpio. Rainbow trout and carp macrophages incubated with chum salmon NPP significantly enhanced the production of superoxide anion in comparison with control macrophages (without hormones). Both rainbow trout and carp macrophages had shown increased phagocytosis when stimulated administered with NPP. The above results were complemented by in vivo studies where NPP was administered to rainbow trout and carp. NPP significantly increased superoxide anion production as well as phagocytosis in macrophages. These results show that NPP in lower vertebrates activates the function of the phagocytic cells. (C) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Imbalances of chromosome arm 1p in pediatric and adult germ cell tumors are caused by true allelic loss: A combined comparative genomic hybridization and microsatellite analysis. Previous studies on childhood germ cell tumors (GCTs) report highly variable frequencies of losses at chromosome arm I p. Since deletions at I p portend a poor prognosis in other embryonal tumors, this study aims to clarify the question of the frequency of true allelic loss at I p and whether it constitutes a prognostic parameter. We analyzed 13 GCTs from different gonadal and extragonadal sites of children (4 teratomas, 9 malignant GCTs) and 18 GCTs of adolescents and adults (3 teratomas; 15 malignant GCTs) using automated microsatellite analysis with 23 polymorphic markers and chromosomal '' high resolution '' comparative genomic hybridization (HR-CGH). With this combined approach, we detected loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at I p in 8/9 childhood malignant GCTs with concordant data from HR-CGH and microsatellite analyses. In contrast, LOH at I p was not detected in childhood teratomas (0/4) and constituted a rare event in GCTs of adolescence and adulthood (3/18). The commonly deleted region was located at distal 1p36-pter, with a proximal boundary between the markers D1S450 and D1S2870. These data unequivocally demonstrate that deletion at I p is common in childhood GCTs and results in allelic loss. This observation argues for the presence of a classical tumor suppressor at distal I p. Considering the high frequency of LOH at I p and the overall favorable prognosis of childhood GCTs, a prognostic impact of LOH at I p in childhood GCTs appears unlikely. However, since two postpubertal tumors with LOH at I p progressed, a prognostic relevance in this age group seems possible, warranting a prospective evaluation. (c) 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 22, 20]}
+{"token": "Toward enhanced Arabic speech recognition using part of speech tagging. One major source of suboptimal performance in automatic continuous speech recognition systems is misrecognition of small words. In general, errors resulting from small words are much more than errors resulting from long words. Therefore, compounding some words (small or long) to produce longer words is welcome by speech recognition decoders. In this paper, we present a novel approach to artificially generate compound words using part of speech tagging. For this purpose, we consider two cases in Arabic speech where two words are pronounced without a silence period in between: a noun followed by an adjective, and a preposition followed by any word. To collect the candidate compound words, we use Stanford Arabic tagger to tag all words in our baseline transcription corpus. Then, compound words are generated whenever any of the two cases occur in a sequence of two words. The unique compound words are then added to the expanded pronunciation dictionary, as well as to the language model. Using Sphinx 3, we test the proposed method for a 5.4 hours speech corpus of modern standard Arabic. The results show a significant improvement, as the word error rate is reduced by 2.39%.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Chromatin remodelers: We are the drivers!!. Chromatin is a highly dynamic structure that imparts structural organization to the genome and regulates the gene expression underneath. The decade long research in deciphering the significance of epigenetics in maintaining cellular integrity has embarked the focus on chromatin remodeling enzymes. These drivers have been categorized as readers, writers and erasers with each having significance of their own. Largely, on the basis of structure, ATP dependent chromatin remodelers have been grouped into 4 families; SWI/SNF, ISWI, IN080 and CHD. It is still unclear to what degree these enzymes are swayed by local DNA sequences when shifting a nucleosome to different positions. The ability of regulating active and repressive transcriptional state via open and close chromatin architecture has been well studied however, the significance of chromatin remodelers in regulating transcription at each step i.e. initiation, elongation and termination require further attention. The authors have highlighted the significance and role of different chromatin remodelers in transcription, DNA repair and histone variant deposition.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Soil-atmosphere modelling of an engineered soil cover for acid generating mine waste in a humid, alpine climate. A research program studying the performance of soil covers at the Equity Silver Mine was initiated in 1992. This site is situated in the humid, alpine climate of north central British Columbia. A one-dimensional, fully coupled heat and water transport, soil-atmosphere flux model was developed as part of this research program to simulate the movement of liquid water and water vapour within a soil cover in response to rainfall and evapotranspiration. Predicted and measured conditions in the cover showed good agreement for a five-month period from June to November 1993. The modelling exercise showed that vapour flow was the dominant flow mechanism near the surface of the cover within a few days after the start of drying. This points out the necessity of being able to couple heat and water transport in soil cover analyses and design. The numerical modelling demonstrated that input parameters are readily attainable through field and laboratory measurement. Model predictions of extreme and mean climate conditions indicated that percolation through the cover system would be limited to approximately 2% of the annual precipitation and that oxygen flux through the cover would be reduced by approximately 98% from uncovered conditions.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 38]}
+{"token": "An integration of spreadsheet and project management software for cost optimal time scheduling in construction. Successful performance and completion of construction projects highly depend on an adequate time scheduling of the project activities. On implementation of time scheduling, the execution modes of activities are most often required to be set in a manner that enables in achieving the minimum total project cost. This paper presents an approach to cost optimal time scheduling, which integrates a spreadsheet application and data transfer to project management software (PMS). At this point, the optimization problem of project time scheduling is modelled employing Microsoft Excel and solved to optimality using Solver while organization of data is dealt by macros. Thereupon, Microsoft Project software is utilized for further managing and presentation of optimized time scheduling solution. In this way, the data flow between programs is automated and possibilities of error occurrence during scheduling process are reduced to a minimum. Moreover, integration of spreadsheet and PMS for cost optimal time scheduling in construction is performed within well-known program environment that increases the possibilities of its wider use in practice. An application example is shown in this paper to demonstrate the advantages of proposed approach.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "MRPS18CP2 alleles and DEFA3 absence as putative chromosome 8p23.1 modifiers of hearing loss due to mtDNA mutation A1555G in the 12S rRNA gene. Conclusion: Although none of the factors analysed seem to have a major contribution to the phenotype, our findings provide further evidences of the involvement of 8p23.1 region as a modifying locus for A1555G 12S rRNA gene mutation.Methods: With the aim to gain insights into the factors that determine the phenotypic expression of A1555G mutation, we have analysed in detail different genetic and genomic elements on 8p23.1 region (DEFA3 gene absence, CLDN23 gene and MRPS18CP2 pseudogene) in a group of 213 A1555G carriers.Background: Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA) mutations account for at least 5% of cases of postlingual, nonsyndromic hearing impairment. Among them, mutation A1555G is frequently found associated with aminoglycoside-induced and/or nonsyndromic hearing loss in families presenting with extremely variable clinical phenotypes. Biochemical and genetic data have suggested that nuclear background is the main factor involved in modulating the phenotypic expression of mutation A1555G. However, although a major nuclear modifying locus was located on chromosome 8p23.1 and regardless intensive screening of the region, the gene involved has not been identified.Results: Family based association studies identified a positive association for a polymorphism on MRPS18CP2 and an overrepresentation of DEFA3 gene absence in the deaf group of A1555G carriers.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Accumulation of conservative substances in a sub-tropical coastal lagoon. Coastal lagoons provide important ecosystem services worldwide but are subject to high and multiple environmental stresses. Little information exists on the inner creeks of low-flow coastal lagoons, where the low-exchange rates may exacerbate anthropogenic impacts. In this work, we used a model with high spatio-temporal resolution to describe the hydrodynamics and to estimate the accumulation of conservative contaminants in the upper estuary of the Urias sub-tropical coastal lagoon, in northwestern Mexico. The lagoon shows a weak anti-estuarine behavior and its hydrodynamics is governed by astronomical tides and topography. The mean steady-state water age in the three lagoon areas was 15, 30 and 70 days in the Harbor, Intermediate and Upper Areas, respectively. Thus, the Upper Area, which shelters a mangrove forest, is the most vulnerable to pollution due to the high potential for accumulation. As a best case scenario, the simulation of the release of conservative substances in the Upper area indicated that, 50 days after the release started, conservative pollutants mostly remained in the Upper Area and were not significantly exported to the open ocean. This methodology can be used to model the impact of conservative substances in coastal lagoons worldwide, and can be complementary and useful for the optimization of long-term coastal zone management activities. (c) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 45, 39]}
+{"token": "Lattice calculation of hadronic light-by-light contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic moment. The quark-connected part of the hadronic light-by-light scattering contribution to the muon's anomalous magnetic moment is computed using lattice QCD with chiral fermions. We report several significant algorithmic improvements and demonstrate their effectiveness through specific calculations which show a reduction in statistical errors by more than an order of magnitude. The most realistic of these calculations is performed with a near-physical 171 MeV pion mass on a (4.6 fm)(3) spatial volume using the 32(3) x 64 Iwasaki + DSDR gauge ensemble of the RBC/UKQCD Collaboration.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "Robust adaptive modified function projective synchronization of different hyperchaotic systems subject to external disturbance. Robust adaptive modified function projective synchronization between two different hyperchaotic systems is investigated, where the external uncertainties are considered and the scale factors are different from each other. The synchronization criterion is presented, which can be realized by adaptive feedback controller with compensator to eliminate the influence of uncertainties effectively. The update laws of the unknown parameters are given and the sufficient conditions are deduced based on stability theory and adaptive control. And some mistakes in the previous works are pointed out and revised. Finally, the hyperchaotic Lu and new hyperchaotic Lorenz systems are taken for example and the numerical simulations are presented to verify the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control scheme. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 41, 12]}
+{"token": "Winter foraging behavior and prey selection of the Semipalmated Plover in coastal Venezuela. We studied wintering Semipalmated Plovers (Charadrius semipalmatus) in a mangrove and open bay site in coastal Venezuela to determine whether the minor sexual dimorphism in bill and tarsus lengths in this species was correlated with sexual differences in habitat use, behavior during foraging, and diet. We found no significant differences between the sexes in either habitat use on the mudflats or distances to conspecifics. Neither sex exhibited territorial behavior. Males used significantly more shallow pecks than did females, who used more repetitive probing, particularly at the open bay site. Diets differed between the sexes in the relative abundance of prey in the fecal samples in both habitats, with samples from males containing significantly more dipteran larvae and samples from females containing more copepods and bivalves. Prey size did not vary between the sexes. We documented significant site differences in habitat use, foraging behavior, and diet, probably as a result of differences in prey availability.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Comparative Study of Two InGaAs-Based Reference Radiation Thermometers. More than one decade ago, an InGaAs detector-based transfer standard infrared radiation thermometer working in the temperature range from 150 degrees C to 1100 degrees C was built at TUBITAK UME in the scope of collaboration with IMGC (INRIM since 2006). During this timescale, the radiation thermometer was used for the dissemination of the radiation temperature scale below the silver fixed-point temperature. Recently, a new radiation thermometer with the same design but with different spectral responsivity was constructed and employed in the laboratory. In this work, we present the comparative study of these thermometers. Furthermore, the paper describes the measurement results of the thermometer's main characteristics such as the size-of-source effect, spectral responsivity, gain ratio, and linearity. Besides, both thermometers were calibrated at the freezing temperatures of indium, tin, zinc, aluminum, and copper reference fixed-point blackbodies. The main study is focused on the impact of the spectral responsivity of thermometers on the interpolation parameters of the Sakuma-Hattori equation. Furthermore, the calibration results and the uncertainty sources are discussed in this paper.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Phrygian Potteries of the Midas Fortress in the Light of New Researches. The Yazilikaya/Midas Fortress is located in the Yazilikaya/Midas Valley, just west of the village of Yazihkaya, within the borders of the Han District of the Eskisehir Province. The fortress sits on the top of a flat, rocky, tufa plateau and was continuously inhabited from the Phrygian Period to the Late Byzantine Period. The configuration of this settlement is seen in its basic structures as mortises carved into the bedrock, cisterns, water reservoirs, and tunnels dated to the Phrygian Period, as well as cultic monuments consisting of many facades, altars, and niches dedicated to the Mother Goddess Matar. In addition to Phrygian Period artifacts, Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Period rock-cut tombs are also found in the settlement area and its surroundings. Located in the southeast of the valley, the Midas Fortress was studied and recorded in detail during surveys carried out in the Yazilikaya/Midas Valley between the years of 2017 and 2018. Potteries dated to the Phrygian, Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Periods were also found on the surface of the Midas Fortress during these researches. The most common group of ceramics are the monochrome ceramics dating to the Phrygian Period. All hand-thrown on a pottery wheel, the clay and slip of these ceramics are shades of gray and butt The ceramic pieces are craters, dinoi, pithos, amphora, pots, bowls, jug, and mugs. The clay characteristics of these ceramics show that they have local properties. Ceramics found in the area and archaeometric studies of the clay collected from nearby streams support this possibility. During the surveys, 345 pieces of pottery dating to the Phrygian Period were found. In this study, 39 ceramics belonging to different forms arc evaluated and by studying the repertoire of the vessels found at the fortress a chronology of Phrygan ceramics is introduced.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "PRECISION AGRICULTURE-ASSESSING VIRTUAL AND SINGLE REFERENCE STATIONS. The study and literature review found the options available to agricultural producers depend upon the following parameters: 1) the operator's brand, model, and legacy of RTK equipment, 2) the brand, topology, and availability of a CORS network, and 3) the spatial location of the producer's fields within a networked CORS topology. When available, a stable VRS solution using cellular broadband was found preferable when accessing a CORS network; however producer options are often limited by noted RTK equipment manufacturers taking strict proprietary and protectionist stances within their agricultural product lines. A GIS toolset was developed to aid extension specialists in advising producers as to their options, or lack thereof, for their specific field locales.Utilizing real-time kinematic (RTK) technology for automated tractor steering requires communication with a reference 'base' station. The traditional base configuration is a tripod-mounted instrument placed near the roving tractor During field operations, the tractor 'rover' receives data from the base via its radio broadcasts. This concept has been technologically surpassed by the modeled (virtual) reference station (VRS); whereupon, a remote computer creates a virtual base station using geospatial coordinates sent from the roving tractor, and also from data that it gathers from a network of continuously-operating reference stations (CORS). The modeled VRS solution is communicated from the networked server back to the tractor rover using cellular broadband The VRS solution is mathematically optimized for the rover and is specific to the rover location.There has been producer debate and industry posturing concerning accessing a CORS-referencing network over wireless broadband for agricultural tractor/machine RTK control. The appropriateness of proprietary vs. open protocols is often ambiguous as it is complicated with numerous issues, most of which involves the array of non-compatible, brand-specific hardware available within the precision agriculture sector Specifically, farmer debate has been over the more appropriate selection of a reference station type, either: I) a single CORS that is closest to the rover, or 2) a modeled base optimized for the rover A literature review and study were enacted using GIS assessments as to the more appropriate CORS base selection for agricultural producers in Tennessee.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "The recepcion of the Second Vatican Council in Latin America the gaze of a Biblical Scholar. The Second Vatican Council enjoyed an important reception in Latin America. The acceptance of the Constitution Dei Verbum is clearly manifested in different aspects such as the proliferation of bibles, academic or pastoral, of means for their knowledge, the popular reading of the Bible among other expressions. None of these occurred without difficulties, some very serious. And the ecclesial winter, which began at the end of the pontificate of Paul VI and which has not yet ended, also manifests itself in an attempt to domesticate the Bible. It is an essential task to avoid it so that with one ear in the Bible and another in the people we can discover God's plan for our history.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Multi-context research on strategy characteristics of knowledge sharing in organization based on dynamic cooperative game perspective. Originality/value This paper provides a knowledge sharing study with a new analysis paradigm from micro-interactive perspective by aiming at the coopetition essence of knowledge cooperation in organization. This analysis paradigm chooses the way of dynamic cooperation game to reveal the strategic characteristics of knowledge sharing among individuals (knowledge transferor and knowledge receiver) and to assess the role of institutional constraints and incentives in promoting the knowledge sharing. At the same time, the establishing of multi-context model with two different perspective dimensions (objective orientation and information condition) make research closer to the authentic circumstance of knowledge cooperation in organization.Findings Knowledge transaction motive is classic strategic characteristic of individuals' knowledge cooperation, and to increase competitiveness of knowledge sharer is a crucial prerequisite for knowledge sharing under any analysis context combination (no matter organizational or individual objective, no matter perfect or imperfect information). Knowledge sharing appears more conservative and stringent under imperfect information condition, and the effort level of knowledge transferring is strategically adjusted according to the value assessment of received knowledge. The institutional constraints and incentives have little effect on the promotion of knowledge sharing under the imperfect information condition where professional knowledge is more intricate, personalized and implicit, because organization members are more sensitive to knowledge competitiveness.Design/methodology/approach Through comparing and referring to previous literatures, and considering the authentic knowledge cooperation practice, this paper first suggested that the behavior characteristics of knowledge sharing between individuals in organization should be observed from the perspective of dynamic cooperation game that would accurately describe the coopetition essence of knowledge sharing. Further, an intricate multi-analysis context including two different objective orientations and two different information conditions was constructed. Under this multi-analysis context, the objective functions of knowledge transferor (knowledge output) and knowledge receiver (knowledge returning) were established respectively. Lastly, according to the revenue optimum principle of organizational and individual the strategic choice characteristics were analyzed through the Nash equilibrium to analyze objective functions.Purpose The purpose of this paper is to reveal the characteristics of strategic behavior during knowledge cooperation in organization and compare the differences in strategy choice between knowledge transferor and knowledge receiver under intricate context consisting of two different objective orientations (organizational and individual) and two different information conditions (perfect and imperfect information) that represent different knowledge application contexts (conventional and available knowledge and intricate and personalized knowledge). Moreover, this paper also wishes to develop a new analysis paradigm of dynamic cooperation game to the micro-interactive mechanism research on individuals' knowledge sharing in organization.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "Nietzsche's Naturalized Aestheticism. This essay seeks to overcome the divide that has emerged in recent scholarship between Alexander Nehamas's reading of Nietzsche as an aestheticist who eschews the dogmatism implicit in the scientific project and Brian Leiter's reading of Nietzsche as a hard-nosed naturalist whose project is continuous with the natural sciences. It is argued that Nietzsche turns to the natural sciences to justify a relationalist ontology that not only eliminates metaphysical concepts such as 'being' and 'things-in-themselves', but also can be linked to key components of the aestheticist reading. As a result, Nietzsche's naturalism should not be understood as opposing important features of his aestheticism. Instead, Nietzsche's project should be understood in terms of a naturalized aestheticism that rejects the metaphysical-moral interpretation of existence espoused by philosophers such as Plato, Kant, and Schopenhauer.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Linking forest policy issues and decision support tools in Europe. Data collection was based on expert interviews. The questionnaire, which comprised a combination of open- and close-ended questions, was forwarded to experts via email. Expert interviews were completed via Skype with the input of one policy specialist and one modeller/decision support specialist from each country.This study categorised key forest policy areas and the DS tools available to support them. Almost one third of these forest policy areas were not addressed by any DS tool. The analysis also revealed that DS tools are mainly developed to assist scientists and policy decision makers to address smaller spatial scales, that they are more orientated to single decision makers with a predominant focus on market wood products. In addition, through an attribute-matching exercise, the DS tools that could potentially be used in other countries to support similar forest policy areas were also identified.While very many decision-support (DS) tools (i.e. models and decision support systems (DSS)) have been developed to address forest management problems in Europe, the use of such tools in supporting forest policy processes remains limited. Additionally, while there has been very limited sharing of these tools between European countries, there may be an untapped potential for both users and developers in this area.This paper focuses on improving understanding and capacities in the use of forest DS tools for decision making by identifying major forest policy areas, tools available to support them, compatibility of existing tools with the requirements of forest policy areas, potential areas where tools may be shared between countries and factors limiting the use of DS tools in forest policy.Interviews highlighted some of the reasons why DS tools are seldom used in policy making processes; these include a lack of trust in the actual use of the tools as well as a perception of inadequacy for the specifics of real policy process. This research provides a detailed overview of existing DS tools and the forest policy areas that they address. It further provides information on how to address or reduce the gap between DS tools functionalities and requirements from policy makers.", "label": [0, 5, 6, 49, 52]}
+{"token": "Ultrastructure of a sensillum associated with the pharynx of the cockroach Periplaneta americana. A sensillum associated with the pharynx of the cockroach Periplaneta americana was examined in serial ultrathin sections using electron microscopy. This sensillum consisted of a group of 10-20 similar sensillar subunits. Each sensillar subunit possessed one 60- to 70-mu m long dendritic sheath that made direct contact with the cuticle. The dendritic sheath enclosed 3-5 sensory cilia arising from 3-5 sensory cells located in a cluster approximately 30 mu m proximal to the base of the sheath. Between the sensory cell body and the base of the sheath the dendrites were wrapped by the sheath-forming cell. Before entering the dendritic sheath itself, the dendrites crossed through an extracellular space, the ciliary sinus. No cuticular specializations, such as a well-defined sensory hair or pore, were observed. The structure of this sensillum suggests that it responds poorly to mechanical distortion of its surroundings. This characteristic supports the hypothesis that this sensillum measures the osmotic concentration of the ingested food.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Matching and partial-matching DNA profiles. The DNA profiles of two individuals can have 0, 1, or 2 pairs of alleles that are the same at each locus. These events may be called mismatches, partial matches or matches, respectively, and they have probabilities that depend on the population proportions of alleles as well as the population structure parameter theta. The observed and expected, numbers of pairs of individuals with various numbers of matching or partially matching loci in FBI and Australian databases are found to be in good agreement provided theta is set equal to some small value greater than zero. The likelihood ratios for two individuals having specified degree of relationship versus being unrelated also depend on the numbers of matching and partially Matching loci, but even unrelated pairs of individuals can have likelihood ratios that support hypotheses of relatedness. Matching probabilities allow predictions to be made for the sizes of databases that are expected to contain a pair of individuals with high numbers of matching loci. It is very likely that two individuals with at least 9 matching loci among the 13 CODIS loci have already been typed.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Compliance of patients with hypertension and associated factors. The purpose of the study reported in this paper was to evaluate compliance, and factors associated with compliance, in patients who had hypertension. Compliance with lifestyle recommendations, medication and attendance of follow-up visits was evaluated. The data were collected using a questionnaire completed by 138 patients with hypertension aged under 63 years from one town and three municipalities in Finland. The patients responded when they visited a doctor or a nurse in a health centre or an occupational health station. The response percentage was 94%. The data were analysed using the SPSS for Windows software. The results are presented as frequency and percentage distributions. The connections between the variables were studied by cross-tabulations and the chi-square method. The series was 60% female and 40% male. According to the blood pressure readings, the control of hypertension was good in one-tenth of the patients, average in two-thirds and poor in one-fifth. Based on the weight index, the control of hypertension was good in 28% of the patients, average in 30% and poor in 42%. Compliance with the dietary restrictions was poorest, while compliance with medication was best. Symptoms were reported by 61% of the females and 29% of the males. Nonsmoking, no symptoms, high level education and female sex were related to good compliance with dietary restrictions. Marital status and family size correlated significantly with smoking. Those who lived alone smoked more.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "A return to strong radio flaring by Circinus X-1 observed with the Karoo Array Telescope test array KAT-7. Circinus X-1 is a bright and highly variable X-ray binary which displays strong and rapid evolution in all wavebands. Radio flaring, associated with the production of a relativistic jet, occurs periodically on a similar to 17-d time-scale. A longer term envelope modulates the peak radio fluxes in flares, ranging from peaks in excess of a Jansky in the 1970s to a historic low of milliJanskys during the years 1994-2006. Here, we report first observations of this source with the MeerKAT (Karoo Array Telescope) test array, KAT-7, part of the pathfinder development for the African dish component of the Square Kilometre Array, demonstrating successful scientific operation for variable and transient sources with the test array. The KAT-7 observations at 1.9 GHz during the period 2011 December 13 to 2012 January 16 reveal in temporal detail the return to the Jansky-level events observed in the 1970s. We compare these data to contemporaneous single-dish measurements at 4.8 and 8.5 GHz with the HartRAO 26-m telescope and X-ray monitoring from MAXI. We discuss whether the overall modulation and recent dramatic brightening is likely to be due to an increase in the power of the jet due to changes in accretion rate or changing Doppler boosting associated with a varying angle to the line of sight.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "New insights into the antimicrobial treatment of water on Ag-supported solids. BACKGROUND Silver (Ag) has been long known to be a strong antimicrobial agent and has been used as such either as AgNO3 or in the form of nanoparticles. The antimicrobial activity of nanosilver is believed to be due to free metal ion toxicity, the consequent generation of excess reactive oxygen species and inhibition of gene expression in several cells. RESULTS The antimicrobial activity of Ag/Al2O3 spheres was studied after suppression of free Ag ions by using a suitable complexing agent (Ag+ scavenger). It was found that Ag/Al2O3 retained its antimicrobial activity even after the addition of the Ag+ complexing agent, which is in contrast to the behaviour of an AgNO3 solution which became completely inactive. Initial/preliminary transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared studies indicate possible phospholipid residues on the Ag-supported solid surface. center dot OH radicals were confirmed to be formed during the antimicrobial process. CONCLUSIONS The present work provides strong evidence that the antimicrobial property of Ag-supported solids is not exclusively due to the dissolution of surface silver (free Ag+). A possible simplified mechanism is proposed in which the initiation of the antimicrobial reaction is proposed to be a heterogeneous intersurface process, which might include the interaction between the partially positively charged, surface silver atoms and the negatively charged outer membrane (OM) of microbes, and the subsequent activation of a free radical mechanism. Further study and confirmation of the above findings might be decisive for the development of novel Ag-supported solids with limited metal surface dissolution but strong antimicrobial activity useful for the confrontation of particular environmental challenges. (c) 2018 Society of Chemical Industry", "label": [1, 2, 4, 19, 16, 36, 15]}
+{"token": "Exploring latitudinal patterns of lithic technology variation in continental coastal Patagonia, Argentina. This work explores the compositional variation of stone tool assemblages on the coast of continental Patagonia, Argentina, on a latitudinal scale. By means of statistical procedures, we evaluate the role of the environment and geography in changes in relative diversity of different tool classes. Results suggest that both environment and geography account for a statistically significant part of the variation. The observed pattern suggests a latitudinal gradient in diversity that might be explained as the result of the historical process of human peopling of Patagonia as well as of selective mechanisms related to energy acquisition. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
+{"token": "School belonging, self-esteem, and depressive symptoms in adolescents: An examination of sex, sexual attraction status, and urbanicity. Using data from Wave II of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health ( Add Health; Bearman, P. S., Jones, J., and Udry, J. R. http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/addhealth/design.html, 1997), we conducted multivariate analyses to examine three indicators of psychosocial adjustment ( school belonging, self-esteem, depressive symptoms) and their associations with sexual attraction status, sex, and urbanicity. In general, sexual minority adolescents reported lower psychological adjustment than adolescents endorsing other-sex attractions only, with sexual minority females at particular risk. Further, differential patterns of risk for sexual minority youth emerged across rural, urban, and suburban communities. We conclude by discussing implications of these findings for addressing the psychosocial needs of sexual minority adolescents.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Predictors of outcome in children with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Background. Our goal was to examine the clinical course of patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), with a special emphasis on bone disease and to attempt to identify and examine the factors that may predict reactivation and overall prognosis. Procedure. We conducted a retrospective chart review of 132 consecutive pediatric patients treated at Children's Hospital Los Angeles for LCH from 1984 to 2001. Results. The risk for reactivation after initial management is significantly higher for patients with multiple bone and those with Multiple organ involvement as compared with patients who had a single bone lesion (hazard ratios are 7.1 and 11.6). Patients Younger than 1 year in the multiple organ group have an increased risk of death at 2 years when compared with the older patients in that group (hazard ration=6.2, P=0.022). Endocrine abnormalities were seen in 20% and 7.5% of patients with or Without skull lesions respectively. Conclusions. Patients with LCH involving only the bones have a significantly better outcome than those with other organ involvement. Patients with multiple organ involvement who are less than 1 year of age are at high risk of death and should be approached more aggressively upfront. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "The changing face of additive manufacturing. Design/methodology/approach - The approach is a personal perspective, based on approximately 25-years study of the development of the associated technologies and applications.Originality/value - This viewpoint has been prepared for the current state-of-the-art and can be compared with earlier viewpoints to see how things may have changed in the past. This should be of value to those interested to explore how the technology has developed in recent times and how it may move into the future.Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to discuss the current state-of-the-art in additive manufacturing, more commonly known as 3D printing, from the business perspectives. The primary drivers behind the development of the associated technologies are considered along with features that limit growth.Findings - The discussion has found that the technology is still growing healthily, but with an understanding that there are numerous application areas that should be considered separately. Some areas are significantly more mature than others and success in some areas does not guarantee success in others.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
+{"token": "Recent trends in root phenomics of plant systems with available methods- discrepancies and consonances. The phenotyping of plant roots is a challenging task and poses a major lacuna in plant root research. Roots rhizospheric zone is affected by several environmental cues among which salinity, drought, heavy metal and soil pH are key players. Among biological factors, fungal, nematode and bacterial interactions with roots are vital for improving nutrient uptake efficiency in plants. The subterranean nature of a plant root and the limited number of approaches for root phenotyping offers a great challenge to the plant breeders to select a desirable root trait under different stress conditions. Identification of key root traits can provide a basic understanding for generating crop plants with enhanced ability to withstand various biotic or abiotic stresses. For instance, crops with improved soil exploration potential, phosphate uptake efficiency, water use efficiency and others. Laboratory methods such as hydroponics, rhizotron, rhizoslide and luminescence observatory for roots do not provide precise and desired root quantification attributes. Though 3D imaging by X-ray computed tomography (X-ray-CT) and magnetic resonance imaging techniques are complex, however, it provides the most applicable and practically relevant data for quantifying root system architecture traits. This review outlines the current developments in root studies including recent approaches viz. X-ray-CT, MRI, thermal infrared imaging and minirhizotron. Although root phenotyping is a laborious procedure, it offers multiple advantages by removing discrepancies and providing the actual practical significance of plant roots for breeding programs.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Finite element analysis for steady-state hydride-induced fracture in metals by composite model. Delayed hydride cracking, which is observed in hydride-forming metals, due to the precipitation of hydrides near the crack tip, is investigated under conditions of constant temperature and crack velocity, plane strain and small-scale hydride-precipitation. The coupling of the operating physical processes of hydrogen-diffusion, hydride precipitation and material deformation is taken into account. The material is assumed to be an elastic composite made of hydrides and solid solution, with properties depending locally on the volume fraction of the hydrides. In the present analysis.. the composite elastic properties have been derived by a generalized self consistent model for particulate composites. With respect to hydride-precipitation, two cases have been considered: (i) precipitation in a homogeneous medium with elastic properties, equal to the effective properties of the composite and (ii) precipitation in an inhomogeneous medium, where the expanding hydride has different elastic properties than those of the Surrounding solid solution. The differences between the near-tip field distributions, produced by the two precipitation models, are relatively small. The effect of the hydrogen concentration far from the crack tip, on the near-tip field is also studied. It is shown that for small crack growth velocities, near the threshold stress intensity factor, the remote hydrogen concentration weakly affects the normalized stress distribution in the hydride-precipitation zone, which is controlled by the thermodynamically required hydrostatic stress, under hydrogen chemical equilibrium. However, for values of the applied stress intensity factor and the crack tip velocity, away from the threshold stress intensity factor and crack arrest, the effect of remote hydrogen concentration on the normalized near-tip stress field is strong. Reduction of the remote hydrogen concentration generally leads to reduction of the hydride-precipitation zone and increase of the near-tip stresses. Also reduction of the remote hydrogen concentration leads to distributions closer to those under hydrogen chemical equilibrium. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "ENTREPRENEURIAL UNIVERSITY, TRANSFER TECHNOLOGY AND FUNDING: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS. Universities are now responsible for economic and social development. This new mission is transforming the traditional university into an entrepreneurial university. This entrepreneurial activity hasmainly been carried out by transferring technology to industry, in particular, by patenting.The objective of this paper is to understand why some Spanish universities are more successful than others at patenting. In order to determine the factors that influence the patenting activity, we used a sample made up of 47 Spanish Public On-Campus Universities existing in 2003. Firstly, we applied the Poisson model. Secondly, after finding overdispersion in the data, the two approximations of the binomial negative were estimated (NEGBIN I and NEGBIN II). Lastly, we compared the results obtained with the three regression models.The results show that university patents are significantly positively associated with research funding, university size, technology transfer experience and resources and scientific areas with a greater market orientation. On the contrary, our results support the idea that university's research quality has a negative effect on the patent outputs.This study contributes to the literature on university patenting activity. First, there are no similar empirical studies about Spanish universities. Second, our findings provide quantitative evidence of the importance of funding research and university support policies in patent production. As a consequence, we can set out several policies to improve the dissemination of scientific knowledge and technology transfer activities.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Survival of full versus partial acquisitions: The moderating role of firm's internationalization experience, cultural distance, and host country context characteristics. The high divestment rates of acquired foreign units indicate challenges connected to planning and management of foreign acquisitions. In this paper we analyze the moderating effect of internal and external variables on the relationship between acquirers' ownership strategy and survival of acquired foreign units. We test our hypotheses on a sample of 1275 acquisitions conducted by Finnish firms in various countries during the period 1980-2005. The results indicate that the probability of survival does not differ significantly between full and partial acquisitions. We further find that the likelihood of survival in full, relative to partial acquisitions, is positively associated with the acquisition-specific experience, but inversely related to general international and target country experience. The results also reveal that the positive impact of full acquisitions is stronger if the acquisitions are made in culturally similar countries, in less developed economies, and in markets where the country risk has increased after entry.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Do Strikes and Work-to-Rule Campaigns Change Elementary School Assessment Results?. This paper uses data from the Grade 3 and 6 assessments conducted in Ontario schools to examine the association between student achievement and both strikes and work-to-rule campaigns by teachers. Between 1998/99 and 2003/04 approximately 5 percent of schools in Ontario were exposed to strikes (including one lockout) and over 10 percent of schools experienced a work-to-rule campaign (the withdrawal of many school activities normally carried out by teachers). This study finds large reductions in academic achievement associated with strikes at disadvantaged schools in both Grade 3 and Grade 6, and substantial reductions in results associated with work-to-rule campaigns. The reductions associated with work-to-rule campaigns vary across schools with the largest reductions at disadvantaged schools in Grade 3 and at advantaged schools in Grade 6.", "label": [5, 49, 51]}
+{"token": "WHO NEEDS A NUCLEUS? TASHLHIYT BERBER SYLLABIFICATION WITHIN THE ONSET PROMINENCE REPRESENTATIONAL ENVIRONMENT. This paper presents an analysis of Tashlhiyt Berber syllabification in the Onset Prominence (OP) representational framework. With a structural perspective on manner of articulation, OP captures the apparent role of sonority in TB syllabification. It is shown, however, that this does not entail the assignment of \\\\'peak\\\\' status to the most sonorous available segments in a given string. Sonority based \\\\'peak\\\\' assignment cannot account for the ambiguous behavior exhibited by syllables in with the \\\\'peak\\\\' is less sonorous than its \\\\'onset\\\\', and makes infelicitous predictions with regard to the behavior of \\\\'onset-less\\\\' syllables. By contrast, the OP environment provides mechanisms in which such ambiguities fall out from more general principles of constituent formation.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "ECOLOGICAL AND GENETIC MONITORING OF A RECENTLY ESTABLISHED OSPREY (PANDION HALIAETUS) POPULATION IN WALES. The Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) experienced severe declines in Europe over the past centuries, including extirpations from large parts of its range. After Ospreys began naturally recolonizing Wales, United Kingdom (UK), in 2004, the Dyfi Osprey Project initiated an extensive ecological (ringing, satellite tracking, and nest video recordings) and genetic (microsatellite genotyping) monitoring program alongside artificial nest platform construction. From 2004 to 2019 there were 40 reproductive events (i.e., eggs laid in a nest) across six nests, resulting in a total of 95 fledglings and a yearly average of 2.35 +/- 0.8 (SD) fledglings per nest-with-eggs. Video recording at one nest documented high hatching success and survival to the fledging and dispersal phases, as well as mate- and nest-fidelity across multiple years. Collectively these breeding parameters suggest high productivity associated with artificial nest structures and limited density-dependent effects for the Welsh population due to its small size and low density at this stage of recovery. Satellite tracking of four migrating individuals revealed that Ospreys used a western European migratory flyway and wintered in sub-Saharan western Africa. Genetic analysis of nestlings from five nests indicated single paternity in all cases, in agreement with evidence of social monogamy. Genetic analysis of geographical outgroups (Scottish, Swedish, and Latvian) provided preliminary evidence of cryptic population structure among UK (Welsh and Scottish) populations. The novel combination of loci show Welsh Osprey retain high levels of variation and more broadly direct reconsideration of the hitherto inferred genetic poverty of the species compared to other raptors. We recommend implementation of similar long-term ecological and genetic monitoring programs for other populations.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Design morphology complexity and conceptual building project cost forecasting. Purpose This research aims to develop conceptual phase building project cost forecasting models by exploring the relationship of existing plan shape complexity indices and general design morphology parameters with total construction cost. Design/methodology/approach Plan shape indices proposed to date by the literature for measuring building design complexity are critically reviewed. Building morphology is also dictated by town planning restrictions such as plot coverage ratio or number of storeys. This study analyses historical data collected from 49 residential building projects to develop multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) models for forecasting construction cost. Existing plan shape coefficients are calculated to evaluate the geometrical complexity of sampled projects. Ten regression-based cost estimating equations are totally derived from stepwise backward and forward methods, and their predictive accuracy is contrasted: to performance levels reported in past studies and to ANN models developed in this research with multilayer perceptron architecture. Findings Analysis of plan shape indices revealed that 85.7% of examined past projects possess a high degree of design complexity, hence resulting in expensive initial decisions. This highlights the need for more effective early design stage decision-making by developing new building economic tools. The most accurate regression model, with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 19.2%, predicts the log of total cost from wall to floor index and total building envelope surface. Other explanatory variables resulting in MAPE values in the order of 20%-22% are total volume, volume above ground level, gross floor area below ground level, gross floor area per storey and total number of storeys. The overall MAPE of regression-based equations is 24.3% whilst ANN models are slightly more accurate with MAPE scores of 21.8% and 21.6% for one hidden and two hidden layers, respectively. The most accurate forecasting model in the research is the ANN with two hidden layers and the sigmoid activation function which predicts total building cost from total building volume (19.1%). Originality/value This paper introduces MLR-based and ANN-based conceptual construction cost forecasting models which are founded solely on building morphology design parameters and compare favourably with previous studies with an average predictive accuracy less than 25%. This paper is expected to be beneficial to both practitioners and academics in the built environment towards more effective cost planning of building projects. The methodology suggested can further be implemented in other countries provided that accurate and relevant data from historical projects are used.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Using Molecular, Morphological, and Palynological Evidence to Transfer Strumpfia maritima to the Monotypic Tribe Strumpfieae (Cinchonoideae, Rubiaceae), and a Re-delimitation of the Tribe Chiococceae. Strumpfia maritime is a morphologically unique member of the Rubiaceae that has held several taxonomic placements for a long time. In the most recent tribal delimitations within the subfamily Cinchonoideae, Strumpfia was included in the tribe Chiococceae, based solely on molecular phylogenetic positioning, despite the presence of significant morphological and palynological differences between Strumpfia and the other genera of the tribe. Previous studies refrained from including Strumpfia in the Chiococceae because of its numerous morphological and palynological differences, and the inclusion of Strumpfia creates a tribe without a single synapomorphy. Our study of genetic divergences among the tribes of the subfamily Cinchonoideae using trnL-F data, analyzed using both maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference, provides additional evidence for including Strumpfia in the monotypic tribe Strumpfieae.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
+{"token": "The effect of landscape heterogeneity and host movement on a tick-borne pathogen. Landscape heterogeneity can be instrumental in determining local disease risk, pathogen persistence and spread. This is because different landscape features such as habitat type determine the abundance and spatial distributions of hosts and pathogen vectors. Therefore, disease prevalence and distribution are intrinsically linked to the hosts and vectors that utilise the different habitats. Here, we develop a simplified reaction diffusion model of the louping-ill virus and red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus) system to investigate the occurrence of a tick-borne pathogen and the effect of host movement and landscape structure. Ticks (Ixodes ricinus), the virus-vector, are dispersed by a virally incompetent tick host, red deer (Cervus elephus), between different habitats, whilst the virus infects only red grouse. We investigated how deer movement between different habitats (forest and moorland) affected tick distribution and hence prevalence of infected ticks and grouse and hence, the effect of habitat size ratio and fragmentation on infection. When habitat type has a role in the survival of the pathogen vector, we demonstrated that habitat fragmentation can have a considerable effect on infection. These results highlight the importance of landscape heterogeneity and the proximity and size of adjacent habitats when predicting disease risk in a particular location. In addition, this model could be useful for other pathogen systems with generalist vectors and may inform policy on possible disease management strategies that incorporate host movements.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Should system dynamics be described as a 'hard' or 'deterministic' systems approach?. This paper explores the criticism that system dynamics is a 'hard' or 'deterministic' systems approach. This criticism is seen to have four interpretations and each is addressed from the perspectives of social theory and systems science. Firstly, system dynamics is shown to offer not prophecies but Popperian predictions. Secondly, it is shown to involve the view that system structure only partially, not fully, determines human behaviour. Thirdly, the field's assumptions are shown not to constitute a grand content theory - though its structural theory and its attachment to the notion of causality in social systems are acknowledged. Finally, system dynamics is shown to be significantly different from systems engineering. The paper concludes that such confusions have arisen partially because of limited communication at the theoretical level from within the system dynamics community but also because of imperfect command of the available literature on the part of external commentators. Improved communication on theoretical issues is encouraged, though it is observed that system dynamics will continue to justify its assumptions primarily from the point of view of practical problem solving. The answer to the question in the paper's title is therefore: on balance, no. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "Harnessing ICT potential The adoption and analysis of ICT systems for enhancing the student learning experience. Purpose - This paper aims to examine how effective higher education institutions have been in harnessing the data capture mechanisms from their student information systems, learning management systems and communication tools for improving the student learning experience and informing practitioners of the achievement of specific learning outcomes. The paper seeks to argue that the future of analytics in higher education lies in the development of more comprehensive and integrated systems to value add to the student learning experience.Originality/value - The paper outlines how academic analytics can be used to better inform institutions about their students learning support needs. The paper provides examples of IT automation that may allow for student user-information to be translated into a personalised and semi-automated support system for students.Findings - If the multiple means that students engage with university systems are considered, it is possible to track individual activity throughout the entire student life cycle - from initial admission, through course progression and finally graduation and employment transitions. The combined data captured by various systems builds a detailed picture of the activities students, instructors, service areas and the institution as a whole undertake and can be used to improve relevance, efficiency and effectiveness in a higher education institution.Design/methodology/approach - Literature regarding the trend for greater accountability in higher education is reviewed in terms of its implications for greater \\\\'user driven\\\\' direction. In addition, IT usage within higher education and contemporary usage of data captured from various higher education systems is examined and compared to common commercial applications to suggest how higher education management and teachers can gain greater understanding of the student cohort and personalise and enhance the learning experience much as commercial entities have done for their client base. A way forward for higher education is proposed.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Chemical Constituents from the Aerial Parts of Cyrtopodium paniculatum. We report the first phytochemical study of the neotropical orchid Cyrtopodium paniculatum. Eight new compounds, including one phenanthrene 1, one 9,10-dihydro-phenanthrene 2, one hydroxybenzylphenanthrene 3, two biphenanthrenes 4-5, and three 9,10 dihydrophenanthrofurans 6-8, together with 28 known phenolic compounds, mostly stilbenoids, were isolated from the CH2Cl2 extract of its leaves and pseudobulbs. The structures of the new compounds were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic methods.", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
+{"token": "Influence of pigmentation on the codeine content of hair fibers in guinea pigs. Tortoise shell guinea pigs (n = 7) were administered codeine (1 mg/mL codeine-base) in their drinking water for 3 weeks. Black, reddish-brown and white hair was collected separately from each animal before and after treatment. The hair samples were analyzed by GC/MS. The experiment showed positive results for all hair fibers with large individual variability of drug incorporation. Low drug intake resulted in small differences of the drug content in hair fibers different in color whereas in cases of high drug intake a strong influence of hair pigmentation on the analytical results was observed. The highest drug content was always found in black hair samples, non-pigmented hair showed the lowest drug concentrations and the drug content in reddish-brown fibers was less than in black hair samples from the same animal. From the results it was concluded, that eumelanins rather than pheomelanins are the decisive factor for codeine-melanin binding in hair and the amount of drug intake was suggested to determine the relevance of hair pigmentation on the analytical results.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "The construction of hunting sceneries: Interactions between humans, animals and landscape in the Antofalla valley, Catamarca, Argentina. Through the history of human occupation in the south-central Andes, the interactions between south-American camelids and human populations were essential in the social reproduction. being hunting one of the appropriation modes of greater long term. In this sense, the way in which encounters between hunters and their preys were materialized becomes a relevant subject in order to understand these interactions. That is why in this paper I pretend to show the way in which the landscape were constructed where the encounters between hunters and their preys were given. For this, I shall focus in the information obtained from the intensive and systematic survey developed in the Antofalla valley, located in the Antofagasta de la Sierra Department, Catamarca Province, Argentina. This information has allowed me to identify a series of structures build with the aim of propitiate the encounter of herds by means of anticipating the movements of the animals, searching to obtain near and fixed targets in order to materialize the attack. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30]}
+{"token": "A detailed method for creating digital 3D models of human crania: an example of close-range photogrammetry based on the use of Structure-from-Motion (SfM) in virtual anthropology. Photogrammetry is a survey technique that allows for the building of three-dimensional (3D) models from digitized output data. In recent years, it has been confirmed as one of the best techniques to build 3D models widely used in several fields such as life and earth sciences, medicine, architecture, topography, archaeology, crime scene investigation, cinematography, and engineering. Close-range photogrammetry, in particular, has several applications in osteological studies allowing to create databases of 3D bone models available for subsequent qualitative and quantitative studies. This work provides a step-by-step guide of the photo acquisition protocol and the photogrammetric workflow for creating high-resolution 3D digital models of human crania. Our method, based on Structure-from-Motion (SfM), uses single-camera photogrammetry to capture chromatic details and reconstruct shape with a scale error of less than 1 mm. Using relatively inexpensive and easily transportable equipment and a quick and simple protocol, realistic and accurate models can be be produced with minimal effort.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
+{"token": "Kepler in search of the 'Anaclastic''. This article was written as a tribute to Enrique Tirapegui who passed away on 10 March 2020. We were working on these issues with him. He will always be remembered.We describe Kepler's attempt to discover the law of refraction. Its very elegant analysis can be seen as a numerical search for the solution of a differential equation. Kepler's arguments and the reasons for his failure are discussed. This analysis, which precedes Descartes' solution of the inverse tangent problem posed by Florimond de Beaune, is an opportunity to briefly recall some aspects of the history of differential equations. It is also an opportunity to propose a pedagogical activity that consists of introducing the law of refraction to students in the wake of Kepler and Descartes. This article is intended to be pedagogical. It is self-consistent and all the properties of the hyperbola necessary to follow Kepler' arguments are demonstrated using elementary geometry. It will also be the material for the chapter of a book intended to revisit the elementary laws of physics using Euclidean geometry. This project started with Enrique Tirapegui. This work was presented at the XVIII Instabilities and Nonequilibrium Structures Workshop in tribute to Enrique held in December 2021 in Valparaiso, Chile.", "label": [4, 35, 41]}
+{"token": "The multicultural and multi-religious Norwegian kindergarten. This paper investigates the concept of \\\\'the multicultural\\\\' as it informs the national guidelines for Norwegian kindergarten teacher education (KTE). According to these guidelines, KTE students should gain multicultural knowledge that encompasses exposure to different religious beliefs. The results of an empirical study on multi-religious kindergartens in Norway serve as the context for this analysis, which identifies discrepancies between the multicultural ideal suggested in the guidelines and the realities described by pedagogues in kindergartens. Underlying this analysis is an awareness of the impact of different discourses on our understanding of multiculturalism. Anna-Malin Karlsson's study focusing on the role of context in discourse and Susanne V. Knudsen's work on the power of definition will be instructive here. The meanings of the term \\\\'multicultural\\\\' in different national and local contexts will inform this study, which concludes with the suggestion that the educational system-including the government, KTE, academic staff, and pedagogues in practical trainee kindergartens-must work together to contextualize and define the multicultural kindergarten.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Analysis of several methods for the response evaluation of HF field excited finite lines. Several frequency and time domain methods for the high-frequency field-to-finite-line coupling problem are reviewed and thoroughly analyzed in this paper with the aim to highlight their advantages and critical aspects in terms of accuracy and computational costs. Particular attention is devoted to a new full-Maxwell approach (DIES) that. exhibits good convergence properties and fast performances.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35]}
+{"token": "The Impact of Relaxing Music on Prisoners' Levels of Anxiety and Anger. Listening to relaxing music was found to reduce state anxiety and state anger among various populations. Nonetheless, the impact of relaxing music in prisons has not yet been studied. The current study examines the impact of relaxing music on levels of state anxiety and state anger among a random sample of 48 criminal prisoners. Main findings are as follows: (a) level of state anxiety decreased among the treatment group compared with the comparison group and (b) level of state anger decreased among the treatment group compared with the comparison group. Findings are discussed in light of other studies that have shown positive effects of exposure to relaxing music on levels of anxiety and anger among other populations. The final part of the study provides practical recommendations for prison administrators regarding implementation of programs of relaxing music in various prison facilities.", "label": [5, 55, 57]}
+{"token": "Digitalization of SMEs and their perceptions regarding public interventions and supports of digitalization: Evidence from mining and iron industries. The developments in information technologies have stimulated the digitalization processes of enterprises. Since firms in the iron and mining industries also apply these technologies and IT (Information Technology)-based practices for their operations, their digitalization process is very crucial for their competitiveness against their rivals. In this regard, this paper investigates the differences in digitalization processes of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises SMEs operating in the iron and mining industries but in various age and size groups and their perceptions regarding digitalization policies, support of the governments, and the European Union (EU) Digital Europe Programme. 290 SMEs from the Czech Republic are analyzed in line with the research aim. An online questionnaire survey and semi-structured expert interviews were used to collect the research data. Moreover, the researcher used secondary data from the statistical office. The researcher also runs the Chi-square test and correlation analyses when analyzing the data. The comments of the interviewees were also used for analysis purposes. According to the results, the digitalization of SMEs does not differ depending on their size and age. Moreover, the perceptions of SMEs regarding public interventions and subsidies do not differ depending on their size, and SMEs negatively evaluate the digitalization policies of the government. To change SMEs' mind, policymakers need to reduce bureaucratic procedures regarding digitalization and provide education, including Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and digitalization. The governments also need to support SMEs in creating effective systems and generating standards for those systems. Governments also need to make collaborations with trade associations and the chamber of commerce to stimulate the digitalization process of SMEs.", "label": [1, 4, 38, 13]}
+{"token": "Oxygen for the delivery room respiratory support of moderate-to-late preterm infants. An international survey of clinical practice from 21 countries. Aim The aim of this study was to determine clinician opinion regarding oxygen management in moderate-late preterm resuscitation. Methods An anonymous online questionnaire was distributed through email/social messaging platforms to neonatologists in 21 countries (October 2020-March 2021) via REDCap. Results Of the 695 respondents, 69% had access to oxygen blenders and 90% had pulse oximeters. Respondents from high-income countries were more likely to have oxygen blenders than those from middle-income countries (72% vs. 66%). Most initiated respiratory support with FiO(2) 0.21 (43%) or 0.3 (36%) but only 45% titrated FiO(2) to target SpO(2). Most (89%) considered heart rate as a more important indicator of response than SpO(2). Almost all (96%) supported the need for well-designed trials to examine oxygenation in moderate-late preterm resuscitation. Conclusion Most clinicians resuscitated moderate-late preterm infants with lower initial FiO(2) but some cannot/will not target SpO(2) or titrate FiO(2). Most consider heart rate as a more important indicator of infant response than SpO(2).Large and robust clinical trials examining oxygen use for moderate-late preterm resuscitation, including long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes, are supported amongst clinicians.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Evaluation and analysis of real-time precise orbits and clocks products from different IGS analysis centers. To meet the increasing demands from the real-time Precise Point Positioning (PPP) users, the real-time satellite orbit and clock products are generated by different International GNSS Service (IGS) real-time analysis centers and can be publicly received through the Internet. Based on different data sources and processing strategies, the real-time products from different analysis centers therefore differ in availability and accuracy. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate availability and accuracy of different real-time products and their effects on real-time PPP. A total of nine commonly used Real-Time Service (RTS) products, namely IGS01, IGS03, CLK01, CLK15, CLK22, CLK52, CLK70, CLK81 and CLK90, will be evaluated in this paper. Because not all RTS products support multi-GNSS, only GPS products are analyzed in this paper. Firstly, the availability of all RTS products is analyzed in two levels. The first level is the epoch availability, indicating whether there is outage for that epoch. The second level is the satellite availability, which defines the available satellite number for each epoch. Then the accuracy of different RTS products is investigated on nominal accuracy and the accuracy degradation over time. Results show that Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE) of satellite orbit ranges from 3.8 cm to 7.5 cm for different RTS products. While the mean Standard Deviations of Errors (STDE) of satellite clocks range from 1.9 cm to 5.6 cm. The modified Signal In Space Range Error (SISRE) for all products are from 1.3 cm to 5.5 cm for different RTS products. The accuracy degradation of the orbit has the linear trend for all RTS products and the satellite clock degradation depends on the satellite clock types. The Rb clocks on board of GPS IIF satellites have the smallest degradation rate of less than 3 cm over 10 min while the Cs clocks on board of GPS IIF have the largest degradation rate of more than 10 cm over 10 min. Finally, the real-time kinematic PPP is carried out to investigate the effects of different real-time products. The CLK90 has the best performance and mean RMSE of 26 globally distributed IGS stations in three components are 3.2 cm, 6.6 cm and 8.5 cm. And the second-best positioning results are using IGS03 products. (C) 2018 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 34, 15, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "Phylogenetic studies of tospoviruses (Family : Bunyaviridae) based on intergenic region sequences of small and medium genomic RNAs. Analysis of the intergenic region (IGR) of S and M RNAs of tospoviruses (Family Bunyaviridae) indicated their heterogeneity both in length and sequence. In general, IGRs of M RNA were shorter in length compared to the IGRs of their respective S RNA species. Percent identity among the S RNA IGR sequences of distinct tospovirus species varied from 42 to 57%, whereas it was 79 to 99% among isolates of the same species. Similarly, when IGRs of M RNAs were compared, there was higher sequence identity among isolates of the same tospovirus species (84 to 98%) than among distinct tospovirus species (46 to 59%). Percent nucleotide identities and maximum likelihood trees of IGR sequences of S and M RNAs indicated that their sequence divergence is similar to that of nucleocapsid gene at inter and intra-species levels. This is the first detailed sequence analysis of IGRs of S and M RNAs of known tospoviruses.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Differences in use and function of verbal irony between real and fictional discourse: (mis)interpretation and irony blindness. This paper presents a contrastive approach to the presence of two distinct types of verbal irony in real (natural, unscripted) versus fictional (scripted) discourse, with a special focus on irony blindness, i.e. the inability to recognize ironic utterances. Irony strategies are categorized into two general types, based on the relationship between the expressed and the intended meaning (Type 1: meaning reversal and Type 2: meaning replacement). First, the differences between these two types are discussed in terms of use, interpretation, and misinterpretation. It is found that the first type of irony strongly prevails in natural discourse, while the second type is considerably more present in fictional discourse than it is in natural discourse. At the same time, the first type of irony appears to be more at risk of misinterpretation in natural discourse, as opposed to the second type, which seems to be a safer (even though less frequently selected) option. These findings are then further analyzed in light of the discussion concerning fictional (comedic, in particular) irony blindness and the construction and role of the irony-blind characters. Interestingly, the causes of fictional irony blindness are found to correlate more strongly with the (more humorous) misinterpretation of the second type of irony.", "label": [3, 5, 28, 55]}
+{"token": "H-ATLAS/GAMA: the nature and characteristics of optically red galaxies detected at submillimetre wavelengths. We combine Herschel/SPIRE submillimetre (submm) observations with existing multiwavelength data to investigate the characteristics of low-redshift, optically red galaxies detected in submm bands. We select a sample of galaxies in the redshift range 0.01 <= z <= 0.2, having > 5s detections in the SPIRE 250 mu m submm waveband. Sources are then divided into two sub-samples of red and blue galaxies, based on their UV-optical colours. Galaxies in the red sample account for approximate to 4.2 per cent of the total number of sources with stellar masses M* >= 1010 M-circle dot. Following visual classification of the red galaxies, we find that greater than or similar to 30 per cent of them are early-type galaxies and greater than or similar to 40 per cent are spirals. The colour of the red-spiral galaxies could be the result of their highly inclined orientation and/or a strong contribution of the old stellar population. It is found that irrespective of their morphological types, red and blue sources occupy environments with more or less similar densities (i.e. the Sigma(5) parameter). From the analysis of the spectral energy distributions of galaxies in our samples based on MAGPHYS, we find that galaxies in the red sample (of any morphological type) have dust masses similar to those in the blue sample (i.e. normal spiral/star-forming systems). However, in comparison to the red-spirals and in particular blue systems, red-ellipticals have lower mean dust-to-stellar mass ratios. Besides galaxies in the red-elliptical sample have much lower mean star formation/specific star formation rates in contrast to their counterparts in the blue sample. Our results support a scenario where dust in early-type systems is likely to be of an external origin.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "A Very Good Reason to Reject the Buck-Passing Account. This paper presents a new objection to the buck-passing account of value. I distinguish the buck-passing account of predicative value from the buck-passing account of attributive value. According to the latter, facts about attributive value reduce to facts about reasons and their weights. But since facts about reasons' weights are themselves facts about attributive value, this account presupposes what it is supposed to explain. As part of this argument, I also argue against Mark Schroeder's recent account of the weights of reasons, which purports to explain the weights of reasons in terms of further reasons without circularity. I then argue that if we abandon the buck-passing account of attributive value, it would be ad hoc and unjustifiable to continue to endorse the buck-passing account of predicative value. In short, there seems to be little hope for the buck-passing account in either form. The paper ends by sketching a novel alternative theory according to which reasons are analysed in terms of the attributive value of motives. I suggest that a normative reason to phi is something that would be a good motive for phi-ing. At least at first glance, this view has numerous merits and few problems.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Biocontrol of soil-borne fungal plant diseases by 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol-producing fluorescent pseudomonads with different restriction profiles of amplified 16S rDNA. Fluorescent pseudomonads producing the antimicrobial compound 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (Phl) are being studied extensively for use as biocontrol agents of soil-borne fungal diseases. Some of them can produce pyoluteorin (Plt) in addition to Phl, whereas others synthesise only Phl. Here, a collection of seven Phl(+) Plt(-) pseudomonads, seven Phl(+) Plt(+) pseudomonads and seven Phl(-) biocontrol pseudomonads were compared for protection of plant roots against fungal pathogens. The seven Phl(+) Plt(+) pseudomonads were identical by restriction analysis of amplified spacer ribosomal DNA (spacer ARDRA), whereas the Phl(+) Plt- pseudomonads and especially the Phl- biocontrol pseudomonads were quite diverse by spacer ARDRA. Collectively, the Phl(+) Plt(-) pseudomonads proved superior to the Phl(+) Plt(+) pseudomonads and the Phl(-) biocontrol pseudomonads for protection of tomato against Fusarium crown and root rot (in rockwool microcosms) or cucumber against Pythium damping-off (in nonsterile soil microcosms). There was no correlation between protection in vivo and inhibition of the corresponding fungal pathogen on plates. However, there was a significant correlation between the amount of Phl produced on plates and protection of tomato against Fusarium crown and root rot, but not with protection of cucumber against Pythium damping-off. Interestingly, the minority of strains unable to produce HCN, an extracellular protease, or both, were among those unable to protect plants in both pathosystems. A seedling assay was developed to compare pseudomonads for suppression of Fusarium crown and root rot in vitro, and a significant correlation was found between disease severity in vitro and in vivo. Overall, results suggest that promising biocontrol pseudomonads may be identified based on the ability to produce Phl and/or specific ARDRA-based fingerprints.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Geochemistry of the Lisan and Damya Formations in Jordan, and implications for palaeoclimate. Geochemical, mineralogical and sedimentological investigations, carried out on the lacustrine Lisan and Damya Formations of the Jordan Rift Valley, reveal three major and several minor transgressive depositional cycles, all terminating with massive gypsum precipitation. The highest level of Lake Lisan is reported in the literature at 130 m below mean sea level (b.s.l.). From 70-45 calibrated ka BP, the Lisan Formation is characterised by a high gypsum/aragonite ratio and a low lithogenic content, implying a regression of an initially high water level caused by reduced water input. In the following interval (ca, 45-36 cal. ka BP), two low water stands are marked by higher salt concentrations. After recovery and a period of higher water level, the Lake Lisan era ends with a strong regression at around 16 cal. ka BP. This date coincides with the period when Lake Van. Eastern Turkey also fell dry, thus marking a strong drought signal in the entire Near East. The overlying Damya Formation, containing more lithogenics records lake level fluctuations at around 300m b.s.l. The existence of a north-south precipitation gradient. as present today, is indicated by increasing Sr/Ca ratios in aragonite and a decreasing lithogenic content in a N-S direction. Secondary gypsum formed diagenetically, and aragonite and low Mg-calcite was transformed into high Mg/Fe-calcite. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Comparison of noninvasive genetics and camera trapping for estimating population density of ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Estimates of population density are essential for the effective conservation and management of any threatened species. Accurately estimating density of elusive carnivores can be a challenge, however. One approach to this challenge is integration of DNA collected noninvasively from feces with capture-recapture modeling. To date, the bias and precision of this technique have seldom been evaluated in the field. We compared density estimates of ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) derived from fecal noninvasive genetic techniques to density estimates from camera trapping in the same population, during the same study period. Density estimates from the two techniques were comparable, especially when using spatially explicit capture-recapture models. Population density estimated using the program DENSITY was 1.74/km(2) (SE = 0.584) from noninvasive genetics and 1.59/km(2) (SE = 0.464) from camera trapping. These estimates also represent the highest reported ocelot population density within the species range.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Algorithmic Construction of Hurwitz Maps. We describe an algorithm that, given a k-tuple of permutations representing the monodromy of a rational map, constructs an arbitrarily precise floating-point complex approximation of that map. We then explain how it has been used to study a problem in dynamical systems raised by Cui.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "EXPRESSION OF MRP14, 27E10, INTERFERON-ALPHA AND LEUKOCYTE COMMON ANTIGEN BY REACTIVE MICROGLIA IN POSTMORTEM HUMAN BRAIN-TISSUE. We have immunohistochemically investigated the localization of a panel of leukocyte-related molecules in postmortem human brain tissue from control subjects and patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Microglia constitutively express leukocyte common antigens (LCA) with CD45RB determinants. Depending on the state of activation, microglia become positive for the myeloid cell-specific calcium binding protein MRP14, LCA with CD45RO determinant, interferon-alpha, and an antigen recognized by monoclonal antibody 27E10. In AD lesions, these cells are activated in a manner consistent with a chronic inflammatory state. The results of this study have shown further parallels in protein expression between activated microglia and activated leukocytes of the myeloid lineage.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "The Math Anxiety-Performance Link: A Global Phenomenon. Demand for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) professionals is on the rise worldwide. To effectively meet this demand, many governments and private organizations have revamped STEM education and promoted training to enhance math and science skills among students and workers. Education and training programs typically focus on increasing individuals' math and science knowledge. However, data from laboratory studies and large-scale international assessments suggest that fear or apprehension about math, math anxiety, should also be considered when trying to increase math achievement and, in turn, STEM career success. This article reviews findings that shed light on antecedents of math anxiety, the bidirectional math anxiety-performance relation, underlying mechanisms, and promising routes to mitigating the negative relation between math anxiety and math performance.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Spiral computed tomographic study of a pre-Ptolemaic Egyptian mummy. We studied an Egyptian mummy housed in the Otago Museum, Dunedin, New Zealand. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the age of the mummy is 2,358 BP, which is the period of the 30th Dynasty of Nakhthorhebe. Serial CT scans show that the heart had been removed, which is unusual among Egyptian mummies. In contrast, the brain had been left in situ. The orbital breadth suggests a degree of hypertelorism, being at the upper limit of the values recorded for ancient Egyptian males. There is extensive dental disease with excessive tooth wear and tooth loss, typical of Egyptian mummies. The wrapping material, examined under SEM, is probably a linen textile with a selvage.", "label": [4, 5, 56, 42]}
+{"token": "Hemorrhagic Transformation of Arterial Ischemic and Venous Stroke in Children. Hemorrhagic transformation can complicate both arterial ischemic stroke and cerebral sinus venous thrombosis. Risk factors for hemorrhagic transformation after adult arterial ischemic stroke include larger infarct volume, cardioembolic stroke, and anticoagulation in the acute period. Large hemorrhagic transformation in adults is associated with poor outcome. Therefore hemorrhagic transformation is used as a safety end point for most arterial ischemic stroke acute treatment and secondary prevention trials. Up to 30% of children with arterial ischemic stroke have hemorrhagic transformation, most of which are petechial. As in adults, large infarct size is the greatest predictor of hemorrhagic transformation, but in children, acute anticoagulation is not a clear predictor of hemorrhage. As use of acute endovascular interventions for arterial ischemic stroke has expanded in adults, these therapies have also been used in some teenagers and even younger children. More information, including safety data with end points like hemorrhagic transformation, is needed in the pediatric population. In adults with cerebral sinus venous thrombosis, including those with hemorrhagic transformation, acute anticoagulation is associated with better outcomes and is the standard of care. Some hemorrhagic transformation may be evident at baseline in over half of children and neonates with cerebral sinus venous thrombosis. Anticoagulation associated hemorrhage in pediatric cerebral sinus venous thrombosis occurs in about 10% of children but is not clearly related to outcome, whereas lack of anticoagulation may be associated with clot propagation and worse outcomes. This review provides background on hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic stroke in adults and summarizes literature regarding hemorrhagic transformation of pediatric arterial ischemic stroke and cerebral sinus venous thrombosis, with a focus on implications for acute treatment and outcome. (C) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Cognitive-behavioral intervention for homebound caregivers of persons with dementia. Conclusion: The results suggest a plausible effectiveness of the C-B intervention in preventing the progression of depression. Suggestions for future research are provided.Objective: To examine the effects of an 8-week cognitive-behavioral (C-B) intervention tailored to the specific deficits of persons with dementia (PWDs) on selected outcomes for homebound caregivers and the functional status of the PWD.Results: Results indicated a time by group interaction in depression, with less depression in the C-B than the A-O group. Both groups experienced a significant reduction in anxiety, and a significant consistent decrease in satisfaction over time. Both groups also demonstrated decreased use of emotion-focused coping strategies.Method: The design was a two-group randomized trial with measures taken at baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks. Subjects were 65 caregiver-care recipient dyads. A majority of the 65 female caregivers were spouses with a mean age of 66.5 years. Thirty-one women who received the C-B intervention were compared to 34 who received the attention-only (A-O) placebo telephone calls. Coping strategies, perceptions of caregiver burden and satisfaction, and emotional acid physical health were assessed at the four points in time.Background: Family caregivers experience considerable stress in their management of specific behaviors of persons with dementia.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "THE HOME EXPERIENCE OF GERMAN JEWS UNDER THE NAZI REGIME. The concept and the experience of \\\\'home\\\\' is a key element in the \\\\'lived space\\\\' of the modern era. This article analyzes the changing perceptions of home among bourgeois German Jews living under the Nazi regime-a period when all notions of stability and consistency were shattered by external events and developments. Using rich private (diaries, correspondence and photos) and public (Jewish press) sources while drawing on theoretical frameworks employed in the social sciences (such as human geography, environmental psychology and cultural anthropology) it explores how various formations of \\\\'home,\\\\' domesticity, and Gemutlichkeit were transformed among German Jewish men and women and impacted the construction of self. Owing to their unique circumstances created by their tragic experience under the Nazi regime, German Jews can serve as an illuminating case study of a declining bourgeois social group struggling to adapt its domestic habitus to deteriorating legal, economic and social conditions.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Recovery, viscoelastic and functional properties of Barbel skin gelatine: Investigation of anti-DPP-IV and anti-prolyl endopeptidase activities of generated gelatine polypeptides. The characteristics and functional properties of gelatine from freshwater fish skin (Barbus callensis) were investigated. The gelatine extraction efficiency was improved by an acid-swelling process in the presence of barbel crude acid protease extract. Barbel skin gelatine (BSG) contained 92.15% protein, 0.31% lipid and 0.72% ash. The amino acid profile of BSG showed a high percentage of imino acids. The electrophoretic profile showed that BSG is mainly composed of alpha- and beta-components. BSG showed an excellent solubility and possessed interfacial properties, which were governed by the protein concentration. Biological activities of the hydrolysates obtained after digestion of BSG with several commercial proteases were evaluated. The results suggested that these hydrolysates are a good source of natural inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV and prolyl endopeptidase and could potentially be used as dietary ingredients in the management of type 2-diabetes and/or neuropathological disorders. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 36, 22, 8]}
+{"token": "Divine Violence and Divine Presence: Reading the Story of Uzzah and the Ark in 2 Samuel 6 with Slavoj Zizek. This article interprets the story of the outbreak of God against Uzzah in 2 Samuel 6 as an act of \\\\'divine violence,\\\\' a concept described by Slavoj Zizek in his book Violence: Six Sideways Reflections. In previous interpretations of 2 Samuel 6, the violence against Uzzah has been understood either as a punishment for a transgression, or as a capricious act of God's power. Slavoj Zizek describes \\\\'divine violence\\\\' as violence, which is not a means to an end, and which irrupts from a position of vulnerability and impotence. By looking at the details of the Masoretic Text of 2 Samuel 6, it will be argued that the violence of God in this story should also be interpreted as divine violence: it lacks meaning as a punishment for transgression, and it stems from the vulnerability of God's presence in the ark rather than from God's transcendent power.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Functional characterisation of eskimo dog hemoglobin .1. Interaction of Cl- and 2,3-DPG and its importance to oxygen unloading at low temperature. The oxygen binding properties of hemoglobin and some hematological parameters in Eskimo doss (belonging to Canis lupus familiaris) in Ilulissat/Jacobshavn, Greenland were analysed. The average [2,3-DPG] and [Hb] (n = 16) were 3.14 +/- 0.34 mmol l(-1) blood and 9.53 +/- 0.65 g dl(-1) (1.49 mmol l(-1)), respectively, giving a stoichiometric ratio of 2.11 mol 2,3-DPG/mol Hb. Oxygen binding analysis carried out on hemolysate in HEPES buffer at 20 and 37 degrees C revealed a high oxygen affinity (1.2 mmHg at pH 74, 20 degrees C) in the desalted condition, which decreased markedly in the presence of chloride and 2,3-DPG. A low apparent equilibrium constant for the binding of 2,3-DPG (1.0 x 10(-5) mol l(-1)) was found at pH 7.2 and 20 degrees C in the absence of chloride. Moreover, we show that chloride ions have an additive effect on oxygen affinity in the concentration range 10-300 mmol l(-1) in the presence of 3 mmol l(-1) 2,3-DPG at low pH and temperature (pH < 1.4 and 20 degrees C). This feature may be of physiological importance to oxygen unloading under acidotic conditions when tissue temperature is low. Thermodynamic analysis reveal that in the presence of 3 mmol l(-1) 2,3-DPG and 100 mmol 1-' chloride, the Eskimo dog hemoglobin exhibits a low heat of oxygenation, which places this animal close to arctic ruminants with respect to the influence of temperature on oxygen binding in vivo. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42, 47]}
+{"token": "Social Behavior and Group Formation in Male Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus): The Effects of Age and Musth in Wild and Zoo-Housed Animals. Simple Summary The conservation of wild and zoo-housed Asian elephants partly depends on developing our understanding of male elephant social behavior. Once thought to be solitary, we now know that male elephants can display rich social exchanges with both males and females. However, these interactions are expected to change with age and around the sexually active state of \\\\'musth.\\\\' We used behavioral data from wild and zoo-housed elephant populations to investigate how age, musth, and environmental factors influence how male elephants socialize and associate with group members. In Sri Lanka, only male elephants of older age (>20 years) exhibited signs of musth, but even some of the youngest zoo-housed elephants underwent musth (as young as 11 years). Additionally, we found that age and musth status predicted whether a wild male elephant associated with females, other males or was alone, as well as the number of conspecifics (males and females) in the same group with which a male was observed. Finally, rates of aggression, prosocial behavior (affiliative behaviors that promote positive social bonds between elephants), and submissive behavior exhibited by wild and zoo-housed male elephants were associated with age, musth status, the number of elephants presented, and group type (all-male or mixed sex). These results provide motivation for future studies of social behavior in male Asian elephants, as they will contribute to the reproduction and conservation of this endangered species. Asian elephants are endangered, and the long-term viability of the species depends on integrative approaches to address the sustainability of in-situ and ex-situ populations. Growing evidence shows that male elephants exhibit extensive and flexible social behavior that rivals the complexity of that of females. Male elephant sociality is expected to change dramatically around the unique sexual state of musth. However, data related to male Asian elephant sociality is lacking. Here, we conducted complementary observations in Wasgamuwa National Park, Sri Lanka, and North American zoos of male Asian elephant social behavior. Age and musth status, along with other factors, were associated with variation in social behavior and group formation of males. In wild male elephants, both musth status and age impacted elephant associations within all-male and mixed-sex groups: non-musth elephants were generally sighted less often in mixed-sex groups as they aged, while the inverse occurred with musth elephants. Musth status interacted with age to predict the number of conspecifics with which a wild male elephant associated: younger males were observed with more females during non-musth (but the opposite was true during musth), and male elephants between 20 and 30 years were observed with the highest number of male conspecifics except during musth. Finally, we found variation in aggression, prosocial behavior, and submissive behavior was influenced by intrinsic (age and musth status) and extrinsic factors (group size and type) in similar ways in both populations; prosocial behavior was most common and was influenced by the number of conspecifics present (both populations), and age, group type, and musth status (zoo population), while aggression was rare, especially among older elephants. We suggest that longitudinal studies of this threatened species will be particularly helpful to promote the reproduction and conservation of Asian elephants in in-situ and ex-situ environments.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 10, 47]}
+{"token": "Molecular characterisation of potexviruses isolated from three different genera in the family Cactaceae. The genome properties of three potexviruses which previously had been isolated from different genera in the family Cactaceae and had been found to be only distantly related serologically have been studied. The sequence of the 3040 3' terminal nucleotides of the genomic RNA of isolate K11 from Schlumbergera bridgesii and the complete RNA sequences of isolates B1 and CC10 from Zygocactus sp. and Opuntia sp., respectively, were determined. Starting sequences were obtained by means of immunocapture reverse transcription PCR using primers derived from highly conserved sequences in other potexviral RNAs. The known parts of the sequences were extended by means of random-primed cDNAs and specific primers derived from the known parts of the sequences. The genome structure of the three viruses resembles that of other potexviruses. The conserved motifs typical for replication-associated proteins, triple gene block (TGB) proteins and coat proteins of potexviruses were readily identified in the translation products of the five open reading frames. The 3' untranslated regions of the three RNAs are folded into secondary structures containing three characteristic hairpins. Rather low percentages of amino acid sequence identities ranging from 62% to 76% for the coat proteins and 41% to 49% for TGB proteins 3 suggest that these viruses should be regarded as distinct virus species for which the names Zygocactus virus X, Schlumbergera virus X and Opuntia virus X are proposed. It is also suggested that the name Cactus virus X which originally was coined for all three virus isolates should no longer be used.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Efficient Embedding of Virtual Networks to Distributed Clouds via Exploring Periodic Resource Demands. Cloud computing built on virtualization technologies promises provisioning elastic computing and bandwidth resource services for enterprises that outsource their IT services as virtual networks. To share the cloud resources efficiently among different enterprise IT services, embedding their virtual networks into a distributed cloud that consists of multiple data centers, poses great challenges. Motivated by the fact that most virtual networks operate on long-term basis and have the characteristics of periodic resource demands, in this paper we study the virtual network embedding problem of embedding as many virtual networks as possible to a distributed cloud such that the revenue collected by the cloud service provider is maximized, while the service level agreements (SLAs) between enterprises and the cloud service provider are met. We first propose an efficient embedding algorithm for the problem, by incorporating a novel embedding metric that accurately models the dynamic workloads on both data centers and inter-data center links, provided that the periodic resource demands of each virtual network are given and all virtual networks have identical resource demand periods. We then show how to extend this algorithm for the problem when different virtual networks may have different resource demand periods. Furthermore, we also develop a prediction mechanism to predict the periodic resource demands of each virtual network if its resource demands are not given in advance. We finally evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms through experimental simulation based on both synthetic and real network topologies. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms outperform existing algorithms from 10 to 31 percent in terms of performance improvement.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Installations based on high efficiency high repetition rate miniature DPF chambers for material science. The report describes two DPF installations based on a miniature plasma focus chamber: the installation PF-3 of the energy store W = 3 kJ and the installation PF-0.2 (W = 200 J). The possibility of an adaptation of the small DPF device for the experimental samples irradiation is reported. A new construction intended for experiments with samples of various materials is presented.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
+{"token": "'The Apostolicity of the Church' in Light of the Lutheran-Roman Catholic Consensus on Justification. The fourth phase of the international Lutheran-Roman Catholic dialogue resulted in a final report, The Apostolicity of the Church (AC), which was published in 2006. The convergences described in this document are best understood in light of the earlier stages in the Lutheran-Roman Catholic dialogue, especially in relation to the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification (JDDJ). AC seems to move beyond the 'differentiated consensus' of the JDDJ as it aims at some form of 'differentiated participation' of Lutheran and Roman Catholic ministers in the same apostolic ministry. A careful study of the way the topic of apostolic succession is dealt with in AC shows that a central aspect of the Roman Catholic concept of apostolic succession remains somewhat invisible in the document. This aspect can be made explicit in terms of the relation between faith and institution. The fact that this issue remains unaddressed may hinder the very attempt to determine the content of the proposed 'differentiated participation'.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Questions on space and intersections in the historiography of modern Brazilian architecture. This text proposes a spatial approach to a particular historiographical analysis: the deconstruction of the Brazilian modern architecture narrative as advanced by its main proponent architect, Lucio Costa. The analysis is advanced from three different perspectives. The first concerns the place from within the Brazilian modern architecture narrative occupied by Lucio Costa during the 1930s, a period of major cultural unrest under the Estado Novo dictatorship (1937-1945). The second invokes the field of cultural geography, scrutinising Costa's understanding of the concept of history and the way he understood and used the notions of transferences, exchanges and dialogues both in the cultural space of the time and between the past and the historical present. Costa's commitments to the assertion of a national identity emerge in contrast to the supranational character of North American scholars George Kubler and Robert Chester Smith's formulations on Latin American art and architecture. The third and last perspective introduces the idea of cultural dialogue, following the tradition of the spatial theoretical formulations developed by Georg Simmel and Martin Buber during the first quarter of the twentieth century.", "label": [1, 17]}
+{"token": "Personality and Presence in Virtual Reality: Does Their Relationship Depend on the Used Presence Measure?. In virtual reality (VR) applications the user's subjective experiences and responses to the same VR technology, like the presence experience, can differ enormously between people. Such interindividual differences are not well examined yet. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between personality variables and presence in VR. Thirty female participants completed different personality questionnaires before they were exposed to an interactive and immersive virtual environment. Afterward, they completed various presence questionnaires to determine whether correlations between personality and presence depend on the used presence measure, or if different presence questionnaires reveal comparable results. Significant positive correlations were found among the different presence questionnaires. Nevertheless, personality variables like impulsive tendencies, empathy, locus of control, or the Big Five personality traits showed heterogeneous correlations with presence, depending on the presence questionnaire used. Absorption seemed to be the best predictor for the feeling of presence in VR and showed the strongest relationship with presence, independent of the used presence measure. Mental imagination, perspective taking, and immersive tendencies showed significant correlations with presence too, which were comparable between different presence measures. Hence, to find valid and meaningful relationships between personality variables and presence in VR it is beneficial to use different measures to assess presence.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "ATP7B Gene Mutations in Croatian Patients with Wilson Disease. Aims: Wilson disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism, characterized by its accumulation in tissues which results in hepatic, neurological, and/or psychiatric symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetics of WD in Croatian patients.Methods: Correlation of the clinical presentation subtype and the age at onset of the diagnosis of WD with the ATP7B genotype was investigated in a group of Croatian WD patients. DNA from peripheral blood samples was tested for the p.His1069Gln by direct mutational analysis and other polymorphisms were identified by sequence analysis of coding and flanking intronic regions of ATP7B gene.Results: In the group of 75WD patients of Croatian origin, 18 different mutations in ATP7B gene were detected, three of which were novel. The p.His1069Gln mutation was most frequent, being detected in 44 Croatian WD patients (58.7%). Most ATP7B mutations (90.4%) were located in exons 5, 8, 13, 14, and 15.Conclusions: Clinical diagnosis of WD was confirmed in 59 patients by detecting mutations on both ATP7B alleles. The age at onset of WD and the type of WD clinical presentation showed no significant correlation with the ATP7B genotype.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "Equilibrium hydrate formation conditions for methylcyclohexane with methane and a ternary gas mixture. Equilibrium hydrate formation conditions for methane with methylcyclohexane (MCH), and a ternary gas mixture of methane, ethane, propane with methylcyclohexane are obtained by employing the isothermal pressure search method. Methylcyclohexane is reported to form structure H gas hydrates with a help gas. The equilibrium pressures of the ternary gas mixture-methycyclohexane system are higher than those of the ternary gas mixture without methylcyclohexane system at the experimental temperature range. The experiments are carried out in the pressure range of 0.935-11.933 MPa and the temperature range of 273.59-290.62 K. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36, 35]}
+{"token": "Assessing Common Sleep Disturbances in Survivors of Childhood Cancer. The number of children, adolescents, and young adults transitioning into primary care is steadily increasing as the overall survival rates for childhood cancer improve. Survivors of childhood cancer are at significant risk for co-morbidities associated with their primary cancer and cancer therapy impacting their health-related quality of life. Sleep disturbances are now recognized as a public health concern and are common complaints among survivors of childhood cancer. This review will describe the most common sleep disturbances reported among survivors of childhood cancer, as well as appropriate evaluations to confirm sleep diagnosis and prescribed treatments.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Rheological and Mechanical Evaluation of Polyurethane Prepolymer-Modified Asphalt Mixture with Self-Healing Abilities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an innovative UV light-activated self-healing polyurethane prepolymer (SPP) on the rheological, mechanical, and self-healing properties of asphalt mixture. This new additive combines polymer modification and self-healing capability into one modifier in order to enhance the mechanical properties of asphalt mixture, while increasing its crack healing rate. For this purpose, asphalt mixtures were prepared with asphalt binder modified with three percentages (5%, 10%, and 15%) of self-healing polyurethane prepolymer. A self-healing test was performed to evaluate the rate of crack healing in asphalt mixtures prepared with or without self-healing polyurethane. Furthermore, a Semi-Circular Bending test and a Loaded Wheel Tracking test were conducted to study the fatigue and rutting resistances of the prepared samples. Asphalt binder was also extracted from the samples and was tested using the dynamic shear rheometer and bending beam rheometer. An increase in the crack healing rate was observed with 5% and 10% self-healing polymer; however, when the SPP percentage was increased to 15%, the healing efficiency was affected adversely. The addition of SPP also led to an improvement in the cracking and rutting resistances. Results from the rheological test showed that SPP resulted in an increase in the high-temperature grading while the low-temperature grading was not affected. Furthermore, multiple stress creep recovery test results showed an improvement in the elastic recovery and rutting resistance of the binder extracted from aged and unaged asphalt mixtures.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Art, music and cinema in the years of German National Socialism: Between the pure and the degenerate. This paper seeks to analyze the messages transmitted by the publicity posters used to advertise some of the most important cultural events during the Third Reich, in order to identify the cultural policies taken by the national socialists with the purpose of recovering the essence of German culture.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Asymptotic Solution of Nonlinear Vibrating Systems in the Case of Internal Resonance Modeled by Second Order Hyperbolic Type Differential Equations. The Krylov-Bogoliubov-Mitropolskii method is used to study the monofrequent solution of certain autonomous second order hyperbolic type equation with small nonlinearities, under the condition of internal resonance. A system may or may not exhibit internal resonance when one or several linear frequencies are in the neighborhood of the natural frequency. An application is made of the longitudinal vibrations of a rod in which nonlinear elastic behavior occurs.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Reuse of problem-solving methods and family resemblances. For illustrating the ideas, the approach is applied to the task rsp, problem type of parametric design.In the last years a common notion of a Problem-Solving Method (PSM) emerged from different knowledge engineering frameworks. As a generic description of the dynamic behaviour of knowledge based systems PSMs are favored subjects of reuse. Up to now, most investigations on the reuse of PSMs focus on static features and methods as objects of reuse. By this, they ignore a lot of information of how the PSM was developed that is, in principle, entailed in the different parts of a conceptual model of a PSM.In this paper the information of the different parts of PSMs is reconsidered from a reuse process point of view. A framework for generalized problem-solving methods is presented that describes the structure of a category of methods based on family resemblances. These generalized methods can be used to structure libraries of PSMs and - in the process of reuse - as a means to derive an incarnation, i.e. a member of its family of PSMs.", "label": [3, 4, 40, 32]}
+{"token": "Carbapenemase-Producing Organisms: A Global Scourge. The dramatic increase in the prevalence and clinical impact of infections caused by bacteria producing carbapenemases is a global health concern. Carbapenemase production is especially problematic when encountered in members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Due to their ability to readily spread and colonize patients in healthcare environments, preventing the transmission of these organisms is a major public health initiative and coordinated international effort are needed. Central to the treatment and control of carbapenemase-producing organisms (CPOs) are phenotypic (growth-/biochemical-dependent) and nucleic acid-based carbapenemase detection tests that identify carbapenemase activity directly or their associated molecular determinants. Importantly, bacterial isolates harboring carbapenemases are often resistant to multiple antibiotic classes, resulting in limited therapy options. Emerging agents, novel antibiotic combinations and treatment regimens offer promise for management of these infections. This review highlights our current understanding of CPOs with emphasis on their epidemiology, detection, treatment, and control.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "Stochastic ballistic annihilation and coalescence. We study a class of stochastic ballistic annihilation and coalescence models with a binary velocity distribution in one dimension. We obtain an exact solution for the density which reveals a universal phase diagram for the asymptotic density decay. By universal we mean that all models in the class are described by a single phase diagram spanned by two reduced parameters. The phase diagram reveals four regimes, two of which contain the previously studied cases of ballistic annihilation. The two new phases are a direct consequence of the stochasticity. The solution is obtained through a matrix product approach and builds on properties of a q-deformed harmonic oscillator algebra.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Potentialities of biotechnological recovery of hydrogen and short- and medium-chain organic acids from the co-fermentation of cheese whey and Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) waste. Co-fermentation of cheese whey (CW) and thermal-alkaline pre-treated Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) waste (YMW) was performed aiming to produce biohydrogen and/or short- and medium-chain organic acids. Central Composite Designs (CCD) was chosen as the experimental design for evaluating the combinations of three independent variables namely YMW concentration, pH and inoculum concentration in hydrogen yield (H2Y; response variable). The increase of inoculum and YMW concentrations had positive effect in biohydrogen production and yield (H2Ymax of 1.35 mmolH(2). g(-1) VSadded) whereas the initial pH had no significant effect on it. Hydrogen was produced as a coproduct to butyrate mainly. Acetate from homoacetogenesis was accounted in all conditions evaluated. The CCD also indicated operating conditions to produce moderate-to-high concentrations of short and medium-chain organic acids such as butyrate (similar to 135 mM), caproate (similar to 45 mM) and lactate (similar to 140 mM). 16S rRNA gene sequences analysis revealed five groups of microorganisms related to hydrogen, lactate and caproate production, ethanol-hydrogen co-production and hydrogen consumption.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
+{"token": "Research on fuel spray characteristics of coal-made Fisch-Tropsch process diesel/methanol. Fuel spray characteristics have a big influence on the combustion process and pollutants of diesel engines. The physical characteristics of fuel such as latent heat of vaporization, density and viscosity are also changed when methanol is added to the fuel, resulting in changes in fuel transport characteristics and spray characteristics, which affect the combustion process. A high-pressure common rail spray characteristics visualization platform was built to assess the spray characteristics of diesel, Fischer-Tropsch process diesel and Fischer-Tropsch process diesel mixed with 5%, 10% and 15% methanol. The spray penetration distance, spray projection area and spray cone angle of the five fuels were measured under various injection pressures and back pressure conditions. In addition, the influence of the physical characteristics of the fuels on the spray characteristics was analyzed. The results showed that the spray penetration distance of Fischer-Tropsch diesel/methanol blends changed by about 2%, the spray cone angle elevated by 1%-5%, and the spray projected area increased by 10%-23% when the back pressure ranged from 120 to 160 MPa. When the back pressure was constant and the injection pressure was increased from 120 to 160 MPa, the spray penetration distance of Fischer-Tropsch process diesel/methanol blends increased by about 13%, the spray cone angle increased by about 4%, and the spray area increased by 9% to 33%. Our results provide a basis for the application of Fischer-Tropsch process diesel/methanol blends in diesel engines.", "label": [1, 5, 16, 15, 52]}
+{"token": "Blogging in the Political Science Classroom. Weblogs (or blogs), as a form of communication on the Internet, have recently risen in prominence but may be poorly understood by both faculty and students. This article explains how blogs differ from other online communication tools and how political science faculty can make use of blogs in their classes. The focus is on using blogs as part of class assignments to reinforce important skills, including critical thinking, political engagement, and essay writing. We also discuss existing academic and professional blogs that may be models for student blogging in political science.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Aspergillus alabamensis, a New Clinically Relevant Species in the Section Terrei. Phylogenetic analyses of sequences generated from portions of three genes coding for the proteins enolase (enoA), beta-tubulin (benA), and calmodulin (calM) of a large number of isolates within the section Terrei, genus Aspergillus, revealed the presence of a new cryptic species within this section, Aspergillus alabamensis. Most members of this new cryptic species were recovered as colonizing isolates from immunocompetent patient populations, had decreased in vitro susceptibilities to the antifungal drug amphotericin B, and were morphologically similar to but genetically distinct from Aspergillus terreus isolates.", "label": [4, 43, 42]}
+{"token": "COLLOID CYST OF THE 3RD VENTRICLE - A COMPARATIVE ULTRASTRUCTURAL-STUDY OF NEURAXIS CYSTS AND CHOROID-PLEXUS EPITHELIUM. Thirteen colloid cysts (CC), four Rathke cleft cysts (RCC), three follicular cysts of normal pituitary gland (FCP), four enterogenous cysts (EC), three normal choroid plexi (CP), three choroid plexus papillomas (CPP), and several samples of normal bronchial mucosa and ependyma were studied by electron microscopy. The ultrastructure of most of the CC was indistinguishable from that of RCC, FCP, EC, and normal bronchial mucosa in demonstrating nonciliated and ciliated epithelial cells, goblet cells, basal cells, and intermediate forms, some showing evidence of early squamous differentiation. Two CC displayed mostly squamous differentiation, and one contained basally situated cells resembling myoepithelial cells. Although the RCC and FCP displayed features similar to those of CC, they also contained cells with electron-dense granules indicating pituitary hormone production and scattered cells showing oncocytic change. EC were lined by either squamous cells or mucin-producing columnar cells. Every CC, RCC, FCP, and EC contained cells covered by glycocalyx. In contrast to aforementioned lesions, ependymal lining, CP, and CPP were composed of a single cell type, one with numerous villi, few cilia, and no signs of keratinization, mucin production, or glycocalyx coating. It is concluded that the ultrastructural properties of CC are the same as those of cysts of endodermal or ectodermal origin and of respiratory mucosa. No ultrastructural similarities were observed between CC and normal or neoplastic neuroepithelium. These ultrastructural findings support the concept of an enterogenous origin of colloid cysts and highlight their similarity to RCC.", "label": [1, 2, 18, 15]}
+{"token": "The US2 gene product of herpes simplex virus type 2 interacts with cytokeratin 18. In order to clarify the biological role of US2 gene product of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), a HeLa cDNA library was screened,in the yeast two-hybrid system using US2 protein as bait, and several interacting proteins were identified, including cytokeratin 18. US2 protein was co-immunoprecipitated with cytokeratin 18 from HSV-2 infected cell lysates. Analysis of infected or A431 cells by immunofluorescence showed that US2 protein gave filamentous or dot-like cytoplasmic staining pattern, and that it co-localized with cytokeratin 18. When US2 protein was expressed alone, it co-localized with cytokeratin 18. To define the domain interacting with cytokeratin 18, deletion mutant proteins were constructed and cells transfected with mutants were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence. These results suggest that the N-terminal half of the US2 protein, especially the region containing amino acids 42-77, is important for interaction with cytokeratin 18.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Free energies of crystals computed using Einstein crystal with fixed center of mass and differing spring constants. Free energies of crystals computed using a center of mass constraint require a finite-size correction, as shown in previous work by Polson et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 112, 5339-5342 (2000)]. Their reference system is an Einstein crystal with equal spring constants. In this paper, we extend the work of Polson et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 112, 5339-5342 (2000)] to the case of differing spring constants. The generalization is convenient for constraining the center of mass in crystals with atoms of differing masses, and it helps to optimize the free energy calculations. To test the theory, we compare the free energies of LiI and NaCl crystals from calculations with differing spring constants to those computed using equal spring constants. Using these center of mass finite size corrections, we compute the true free energies of these crystals for different system sizes to eliminate the intrinsic finite-size effects. These calculations help demonstrate the size of these finite-size corrections relative to other contributions to the absolute free energy of the crystals.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
+{"token": "ALCOHOL-USE AND ABUSE IN THE FRAIL, HOMEBOUND ELDERLY - A CLINICAL ANALYSIS OF 103 PERSONS. We studied alcohol use and abuse in 103 frail, homebound elderly individuals cared for in a long-term home health care program from July 1991 to February 1992. Their average age was 80.63 years. Eighty-four percent were abstinent at the time of the study, including 25 (25%) past heavy drinkers. Two persons were current heavy drinkers and 14 continued to drink socially. Previous alcohol use or abuse was associated with a history of smoking, cardiovascular morbidity, social isolation, and anxiety or agitation. Current social drinking was associated with sedative-hypnotic use as well as smoking. Twenty-three of 25 past heavy drinkers remained sober on our programs without the use of formal alcohol treatment. Abstinence is known to increase with age, appears to be fostered by the homebound setting, is feasible for homebound elderly persons and is often accepted.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
+{"token": "Membrane vesicle-mediated bacterial communication. The classical quorum-sensing (QS) model is based on the assumption that diffusible signaling molecules accumulate in the culture medium until they reach a critical concentration upon which expression of target genes is triggered. Here we demonstrate that the hydrophobic signal N-hexadecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone, which is produced by Paracoccus sp., is released from cells by the aid of membrane vesicles (MVs). Packed into MVs, the signal is not only solubilized in an aqueous environment but is also delivered with varying propensities to different bacteria. We propose a novel MV-based mechanism for binary trafficking of hydrophobic signal molecules, which may be particularly relevant for bacteria that live in open aqueous environments.", "label": [4, 37, 43]}
+{"token": "Phylogenetic analysis of Tylenchida Thorne, 1949 as inferred from D2 and D3 expansion fragments of the 28S rRNA gene sequences. The evolutionary relationships of 82 species of tylenchid and aphelenchid nematodes were evaluated by use of sequence data of the D2 and D3 expansion fragments of the 28S ribosomal RNA genes. Nine automatic and one culled sequence alignments were analysed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference approaches. The molecular data sets showed that the order Tylenchida comprises lineages that largely correspond to two suborders, Hoplolaimina and Criconernatina, and other taxonomic divisions as proposed by Siddiqi (2000). Several significant results also derived from our study include: i) the basal position of groups that include entomoparasitic nematodes within tylenchid trees; ii) paraphyly of the superfamily Dolichodoroidea sensu Siddiqi (2000); iii) evidence for a Pratylenchus, Hirschmanniella and Meloidogyne clade; and iv) lack of support for widely held traditional placement of Radopholus within Pratylenchidae and placement of this genus within Hoplolaimidae or Heteroderidae. Congruence and incongruence of molecular phylogeny and traditional classifications and morphological-based hypotheses of phylogeny of tylenchids are discussed.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Availability of advance visual information constrains association-football goalkeeping performance during penalty kicks. A pressing concern within the literature on anticipatory perceptual-motor behaviour is the lack of clarity on the applicability of data, observed under video-simulation task constraints, to actual performance in which actions are coupled to perception, as captured during in-situ experimental conditions. We developed an in-situ experimental paradigm which manipulated the duration of anticipatory visual information from a penalty taker's actions to examine experienced goalkeepers' vulnerability to deception for the penalty kick in association football. Irrespective of the penalty taker's kick strategy, goalkeepers initiated movement responses earlier across consecutively earlier presentation points. Overall goalkeeping performance was better in non-deception trials than in deception conditions. In deception trials, the kinematic information presented up until the penalty taker initiated his/her kicking action had a negative effect on goalkeepers' performance. It is concluded that goalkeepers are likely to benefit from not anticipating a penalty taker's performance outcome based on information from the run-up, in preference to later information that emerges just before the initiation of the penalty taker's kicking action.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 55]}
+{"token": "Preparation and characteristics of new chiral photochromic copolymers. The copolymers consisting of chiral (S)-(-)-1-(4-nitrophenyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl]methyl 2-methacrylate ((S)-PYM) and azobenzene methacrylic co-monomers: 2-(methyl{4-[(E)-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)diazenyl]phenyl}amino)ethyl 2-methacrylate (ISM) or 2-{[4-[4-{(2,6-dimethylpirymidin-4-yl)amino]sulfonyl}phenyl) diazenyl]phenyl}-(methyl)amino]ethyl 2-methacrylate (SUM) were synthesized by radical polymerization. The quantum chemical calculations were carried out to predict spectral and nonlinear optical properties of the materials in question. The copolymers showed reversible photochromic properties under illumination with light by change of UV-vis spectra and ellipsometric parameters. The ellipsometric measurements made it possible to determine the change of refractive index under illumination that was in the range between 0.017 and 0.041 depending on copolymer type. Photochromic gratings were inscribed on the surface of polymer films in two kinds of experiments, leading to interesting conclusion that the surface relief grating could be recorded by two interfering laser beams as well as by a single linearly polarized laser beam. The chirooptical properties of the materials were investigated by circular dichroism spectroscopy. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Superpixel-Based Weighted Collaborative Sparse Regression and Reweighted Low-Rank Representation for Hyperspectral Image Unmixing. Sparse unmixing with a semisupervised fashion has been applied to hyperspectral remote sensing imagery. However, the imprecise spatial contextual information, the lack of global feature and the high mutual coherences of a spectral library greatly limit the performance of sparse unmixing. In order to address these prominent problems, a new paradigm to characterize sparse hyperspectral unmixing is proposed, namely, the superpixel-based weighted collaborative sparse regression and reweighted low-rank representation unmixing (SBWCRLRU). In this method, the weighted collaborative sparse regression explores the pixels shared the same support set to help the sparsity of abundance fraction, and the reweighted low rank representation minimizes the rank of the abundance matrix to promote the spatial consistency of the image. Meanwhile, superpixel segmentation is adopted to cluster the pixels into different spatial homogeneous regions to further improve the unmixing performance. Extensive experiments results conducted on both synthetic and real data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed SBWCRLRU. It can not only improve the performance of hyperspectral unmixing but also outperform the existing sparse unmixing approaches.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "Impacts do not initiate volcanic eruptions: Eruptions close to the crater. Many papers on meteorite impact suggest that large impacts can induce volcanic eruptions through decompression melting of the underlying rocks. We perform numerical simulations of the impact of an asteroid with a diameter of 20 km striking at 15 km(.)s(-1) into a target with a near-surface temperature gradient of 13 K(.)km(-1) (\\\\'cold\\\\' case) or 3 K(.)km(-1) (\\\\'hot\\\\' case). The impact creates a 250-300-km-diameter crater with similar to10,000 km(3) of impact melt. However, the crater collapses almost flat, and the pressure field returns almost to the initial lithostat. Even an impact this large cannot raise mantle material above the peridotite solidus by decompression. Statistical considerations also suggest that impacts cannot be the common initiator of large igneous provinces any time in post-heavy bombardment Earth history.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Active Tuberculosis Case-Finding Among Pregnant Women Presenting to Antenatal Clinics in Soweto, South Africa. Conclusions: There is a high burden of active TB among HIV-seropositive pregnant women. TB screening and provision of isoniazid preventive therapy and antiretroviral therapy should be integrated with prevention of mother-to-child transmission services.Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) are among the leading causes of death among women of reproductive age worldwide. TB is a significant cause of maternal morbidity. Detection of TB during pregnancy could provide substantial benefits to women and their children.Methods: This was a cross-sectional implementation research study of integrating active TB case-finding into existing antenatal and prevention of mother-to-child transmission services in six clinics in Soweto, South Africa. All pregnant women 18 years of age or older presenting for routine care to these public clinics were screened for symptoms of active TB, cough for 2 weeks or longer, sputum production, fevers, night sweats, or weight loss, regardless of their HIV status. Participants with any symptom of active TB were asked to provide a sputum specimen for smear microscopy, mycobacterial culture and drug-susceptibility testing.Results: Between December 2008 and July 2009, 3963 pregnant women were enrolled and screened for TB, of whom 1454 (36.7%) were HIV-seropositive. Any symptom of TB was reported by 23.1% of HIV-seropositive and 13.8% of HIV-seronegative women (P, 0.01). Active pulmonary TB was diagnosed in 10 of 1454 HIV-seropositve women (688 per 100,000) and 5 of 2483 HIV-seronegative women (201 per 100,000, P = 0.03). The median CD4(+) T-cell count among HIV-seropositive women with TB was similar to that of HIV-seropositive women without TB (352 versus 333 cells/mL, P = 0.85).", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
+{"token": "A packaged mindset: How elongated packages induce healthy mindsets. Product packaging is an important instrument for marketers to draw consumer attention to specific product information and influence product perceptions. The purpose of this research is to investigate whether exposure to a product's packaging can also activate specific mindsets that, once activated, alter consumers' food perceptions. The results of three experiments demonstrate that elongated containers activate a health mindset that influences both consumers' perception of the packaged food product but also their health perceptions of subsequently encountered food. Specifically, foods in elongated containers lead consumers to think of concepts related to healthiness, which have differentiable effects on subsequent healthy and unhealthy food products.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 55]}
+{"token": "Molecular cloning and expression of a pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata) homologue of mammalian putative tumor suppressor QM. The QM gene was originally identified as a putative tumor suppressor gene from a Wilms' tumor cell line by subtractive hybridization assay. Later studies showed that the QM protein is multifunctional, involved in cell growth and differentiation, energy metabolism, respiration, and cytoskeletal function. In this report a full-length complementary DNA encoding a QM counterpart in pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata) was isolated. Phylogenetic analysis shows that oyster QM is more closely related to its insect homologues than to the mammalian homologues. Analysis of the tissue expression pattern of the oyster QM gene showed that oyster QM messenger RNA is expressed in all tissues tested, with highest levels in the digestive gland and mantle. Furthermore, we expressed the QM protein in Escherichia coli; Western blotting showed that the antibody of human QM is immunoreactive to the expressed oyster QM protein. Incubation of the oyster QM with Zn2+ resulted in the reduction of intrinsic emission fluorescence and a red-shift in the lambda(max) emission, indicating the occurrence-of Zn2+-induced conformational changes. This evidence presents a possible mechanism for the critical function of zinc ion in the interaction of QM with Jun.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 45]}
+{"token": "Super-Resolution Imaging of Nuclear Bodies by STED Microscopy. The sizes of nuclear bodies and other nuclear structures are normally no more than a few hundred nanometers. This size is below the resolution limit of light microscopy and thus requires electron microscopy for direct observation. Recent developments in super-resolution microscopy have extended the resolution of light microscopy to beyond 100 nm. Here, we describe a super-resolution technique, gated STED, for the analysis of the structure of nuclear bodies, with emphasis on the sample preparation and other technical tips that are important to obtain high-quality super-resolution images.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "Manganese uptake in the epiphytic lichens Hypogymnia physodes and Lecanora conizaeoides. Exposure of the foliose epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes to 100 mM MnCl2 led to rapid absorption to extracellular cation exchange sites; saturation was reached within about 50 min. Intracellular uptake was constant in samples exposed to 100 mM MnCl2 for 10-120 min and analyzed for their Mn concentration after 1 day of recovery in the growth chamber. About 15 times as much Mn was bound extracellularly than was taken up intracellularly. Both 50 mM CaCl2 and 50 mM MgCl2 applied together with 100 mM MGCl(2) significantly reduced Mn uptake intracellularly and binding in the extracellular exchange sites. CaCl2 was more effective than MgCl2 at reducing Mn uptake intracellularly; extracellularly, CaCl2 and MgCl2 reduced Mn absorption equally. In the assays with MnCl2, alone or in combination with CaCl2, the amount of extracellularly bound Mg decreased, as did the content of Ca in MnCl2 alone or in combination with MgCl2. The results support the hypothesis that the alleviating effects of Ca and Mg on Mn toxicity, documented in previous culture experiments with H. physodes, were, at least in part, due to reduced Mn uptake. H. physodes bound significantly more Mn from 1 to 100 mM MnCl2 solutions on its extracellular exchange sites than did the crustose Lecanora conizaeoides. Further, H. physodes, but not L. conizaeoides released significant amounts of Ca and Mg from the extracellular exchange sites during Mn uptake. Intracellular Mn concentrations increased and the Ca/Mn and the Mg/Mn ratios decreased with increasing Mn supply in either species. The intracellular Mg/Mn ratio was higher in L. conizaeoides than in H. physodes. Its lower extracellular Mn uptake combined with lower losses of Ca and Mg as well as the higher intracellular Mg/Mn ratio may contribute to higher Mn tolerance of L. conizaeoides in the field, which was observed in spruce forests of the Harz Mountains, northern Germany. Neither H. physodes nor L. conizaeoides had significant amounts of extracellularly bound Mn3+ or Mn4+ when compared with the concentration of Mn2+. Thus, immobilization of Mn2+ by oxidizing, as known from non-lichenized green algae, is unlikely as tolerance mechanism in L. conizaeoides. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 5, 52, 9]}
+{"token": "Automatic related work section generation: experiments in scientific document abstracting. Related work sections or literature reviews are an essential part of every scientific article being crucial for paper reviewing and assessment. However, writing a good related work section is an activity which requires considerable expertise to identify, condense/summarize, and combine relevant information from different sources. In this work we compare different automatic methods to produce \\\\'descriptive\\\\' related work sections given as input the set of papers which need to be described. The main contribution of our work is a neural sequence learning process which produces citation sentences to be included in a related work section of an article. We train the neural architecture using an available scientific data set of citation sentences and we test over a data set of related work sections; we also compare the performance to a set of baseline extractive summarizers, an abstractive summarizer and a state of the art CNNs approach. Our results indicate that our approach outperforms the simple as well as the informed baselines.", "label": [4, 5, 40, 52]}
+{"token": "Profiling bovine blastocyst microRNAs using deep sequencing. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to control several reproductive functions, including oocyte maturation, implantation and early embryonic development. Recent advances in deep sequencing have allowed the analysis of all miRNAs of a sample. However, when working with embryos, due to the lowRNAcontent, miRNA profiling is challenging because of the relatively large amount of total RNA required for library preparation protocols. In the present study we compared three different procedures for RNA extraction and prepared libraries using pools of 30 bovine blastocysts. In total, 14 of the 15 most abundantly expressed miRNAs were common to all three procedures. Furthermore, using miRDeep discovery and annotation software (Max Delbru ck Center), we identified 1363 miRNA sequences, of which bta-miR-10b and bta-miR-378 were the most abundant. Most of the 179 genes identified as experimentally validated (86.6%) or predicted targets (13.4%) were associated with cancer canonical pathways. We conclude that reliable analysis of bovine blastocyst miRNAs can be achieved using the procedures described herein. The repeatability of the results across different procedures and independent replicates, as well as their consistency with results obtained in other species, support the biological relevance of these miRNAs and of the gene pathways they modulate in early embryogenesis.", "label": [4, 42, 47]}
+{"token": "Real-time rendering of colour-shift effect of metallic materials. The directional-dependent effects of the materials are responsible for our perception of certain materials being realistic or not. Some materials consist of colour pigments, and these cause directional-dependent colour variations (or colour-shifts). For instance, we can observe a colour-shift effect of metallic materials, which means the changing of colour from metallic colour to pigment colour depending on the direction of incident illumination and direction of view. The most common criticism of existing analytical Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) models is that these models are inadequate to generate colour-shift effect of materials for realistic real-time rendering. This paper introduces a visually plausible shading model to generate colour-shift effect of metallic materials by modifying specular component with illumination and view dependent sheen. The developed shaders have intuitive parameters, which can generate different kinds of metallic effects for real-time rendering, including visually plausible gold, brass, silver, bronze and copper effects for real-time rendering.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Scoping the ethical principles of cybersecurity fear appeals. Fear appeals are used in many domains. Cybersecurity researchers are also starting to experiment with fear appeals, many reporting positive outcomes. Yet there are ethical concerns related to the use of fear to motivate action. In this paper, we explore this aspect from the perspectives of cybersecurity fear appeal deployers and recipients. We commenced our investigation by considering fear appeals from three foundational ethical perspectives. We then consulted the two stakeholder groups to gain insights into the ethical concerns they consider to be pertinent. We first consulted deployers: (a) fear appeal researchers and (b) Chief Information Security Officers (CISOs), and then potential cybersecurity fear appeal recipients: members of a crowdsourcing platform. We used their responses to develop an effects-reasoning matrix, identifying the potential benefits and detriments of cybersecurity fear appeals for all stakeholders. Using these insights, we derived six ethical principles to guide cybersecurity fear appeal deployment. We then evaluated a snapshot of cybersecurity studies using the ethical principle lens. Our contribution is, first, a list of potential detriments that could result from the deployment of cybersecurity fear appeals and second, the set of six ethical principles to inform the deployment of such appeals. Both of these are intended to inform cybersecurity fear appeal design and deployment.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 52, 32]}
+{"token": "A tool for generating and explaining expressive music performances of monophonic jazz melodies. In this paper we present a machine learning approach to modeling the knowledge applied by a musician when performing a score in order to produce an expressive performance of a piece. We describe a tool for both generating and explaining expressive music performances of monophonic Jazz melodies. The tool consists of three components: (a) a melodic transcription component which extracts a set of acoustic features from monophonic recordings, (b) a machine learning component which induce both an expressive transformation model and a set of expressive performance rules from the extracted acoustic features, and (c) a melody synthesis component which generates expressive monophonic output (MIDI or audio) from inexpressive melody descriptions using the induced expressive transformation model. We compare several machine learning techniques we have explored for inducing the expressive transformation model.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Human infection with a P[14], G3 lapine rotavirus. Group A rotaviruses are the main cause of severe diarrhoea in humans and animals throughout the world. We report the first description of a clinically apparent infection with a P[14], G3 rotavirus (strain 134106) in a hospitalized 6-year-old child. The VP7 gene of the 134106 strain had the closest sequence similarity (94% and 97% on the nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively) with strain 30/96 (P[14], G3), a lapine rotavirus isolated in an Italian rabbit in 1996 while the VP4 gene had the closest similarity with strain 30/96 on the nucleotide level (96%), and with lapine strains C-11 (P[14], G3) and Alabama (P[14], G3), isolated in the United States in the 1980s on the amino acid level (99%). The host restriction determinant gene NSP4 of B4106 was also most similar to lapine strain Alabama (95% nt identity and 97% aa identity). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the VP4, VP7, and NSP4 genes of the B4106 strain share a common evolutionary lineage with those of lapine rotavirus strains. We therefore hypothesize that a lapine rotavirus was able to cross the host species barrier and caused disease in a new host. The increasing, detection of strains in humans that were previously believed to be restricted to animals raises questions whether interspecies transmission of rotaviruses is a common event in nature. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Agricultural Areas Under Metropolitan Threats: Lessons for Perth from Barcelona. A common reason for rural demographic change is peri-urban or peri-metropolitan in-migration. This pattern inevitably causes the loss of farmland on the edge of the city. Agricultural land reduction in this spatial context has received attention from a large body of international literature. The focus of this chapter is the strategic value, in productive terms, that fringe farmland represents as a foodbowl for the metropolis. The central aim of this work is to review recent arguments being claimed for the necessity to manage agricultural areas located in or near to metropolitan areas, applying some of the ideas developed in a European setting to an Australian case study. Innovative schemes are presented, considering productive possibilities in peri-urban contexts and recent planning and management tools to ensure their longevity. A peri-urban agricultural-based case study located in the metropolitan area of Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain) is analysed. This case, Baix Llobregat Agrarian Park (BLAP), is an internationally recognised example of peri-urban agricultural space planning and management dedicated to the preservation and conservation of agricultural land. The lessons from BLAP could be applied elsewhere and in this chapter we consider the possibilities for the strategic preservation of a highly productive locality on the fringes of Perth, Western Australia's capital city.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
+{"token": "PNN NGC 246: A complex photometric behaviour that requires WET. We present a study over three single-site campaigns to investigate the photometric behaviour of the PNN NGC 246. We observed this object in 2000 and 2001. The analysis of the light curves indicates complex and variable temporal spectra. Using wavelet analysis we have found evidences for changes on time scales of hours in the 2000 dataset. The temporal spectra obtained during 2001 are quite different from the results of the previous year. The modulations in the light curve are more noticeable and the temporal spectra present a higher number of modulation frequencies. One peculiar characteristic is the presence of a variable harmonic structure related to one of these modulation frequencies. This complex photometric behaviour may be explained by a more complicated unresolved combination of modulation frequencies, but more likely due to a combination of pulsations of the star plus modulations related to interaction with a close companion, maybe indicating a disc. However, these characteristics cannot be confirmed from single site observations. The complex and variable behaviour of NGC 246 needs the WET co-operation in order to completely resolve its light curve.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Following through: Interventions to improve long-term outcomes of preterm infants. The inequalities in income, wealth, and opportunity so deeply ingrained in our society's history of enslavement, genocide, racism, and discrimination are root causes of health disparities. Follow through is a comprehensive approach that begins before birth and continues into childhood, where health professionals, families, and communities partner to meet the social as well as medical needs of infants and families to achieve health equity. This article discusses potentially better practices for follow through, offering neonatal care providers tangible ways to address social determinants of health, the conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age and the systems that creates these conditions. (C) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Binding of drugs to eye melanin is not predictive of ocular toxicity. Ocular melanin is found in the uveal tract and in the pigmented epithelial layer of the retina. Many structurally and pharmacologically unrelated drugs from different therapeutic classes bind to melanin. Examples include numerous drugs acting on the central nervous system, beta-blockers, beta-agonists, antimalarial drugs, sympathomimetic amines, and antibiotics. The critical factors are the acid/base status and the lipophilicity of the molecule. In all cases, there are no direct consequences of drag-melanin binding. Drug-related toxic effects on the retina described in humans and animals are unrelated to melanin binding: melanin binding and retinal toxicity are two separate entities, the latter being related to the intrinsic toxicity of the compound rather than its ability to bind. Chloroquine and phenothiazines are often used as examples of drugs with retinal toxicity linked to melanin binding. In both cases however, experimental data show that the toxic mechanism is unrelated to binding. Melanin binding has also been found to be protective against the ocular toxicity of some drugs. In conclusion, we believe that potential ocular toxicity of future drugs can be assessed adequately by conducting well-designed toxicology studies, and using nonpigmented rodents in addition to pigmented nonrodent species remains fully justified. Binding of drugs to eye melanin is not predictive of ocular toxicity. (C) 1998 Academic Press.", "label": [2, 3, 22, 29]}
+{"token": "Magnetic solitons: Unified mechanism for moving magnetic features. In a highly dynamic environment with sources and sinks of energy, flux tubes do not in general obey local conservation laws, nor do the ensembles of flux tubes that exhibit collective phenomena. We use the approach of energetically open dissipative systems to study nonlinear waves in flux tubes and their role in the dynamics of the overlying atmosphere. We present results of theoretical and observational studies of the properties of moving magnetic features (MMFs) around sunspots and the response of the overlying atmosphere to various types of MMFs. We show that all types of MMFs, often having conflicting properties, can be described on a unified basis by employing the model of shocks and solitons propagating along the penumbral filaments co-aligned with Evershed flows. The model is also consistent with the response of the upper atmosphere to individual MMFs, which depends on their type. For example, soliton-type bipolar MMFs mainly participate in the formation of a moat and do not carry much energy into the upper atmosphere, whereas shock-like MMFs, with the appearance of single-polarity features, are often associated with chromospheric jets and microflares.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Characterization of high-calcium fly ashes and their potential influence on ettringite formation in cementitious systems. High-calcium Class C fly ashes derived from Powder River Basin coal are currently used in many parts of the U.S. as supplementary cementing materials in portland cement concrete. These fly ashes tend to contain significant amounts of sulfur, calcium, and aluminum, thus they are potential sources of ettringite.Detailed mineralogical characterizations of six high-calcium fly ashes originating from Powder River Basin coal have been carried out. The hydration products formed in pastes made from fly ash and water were investigated. The principal phases produced at room temperature were found to be ettringite (C(6)AS(3)H(32)), monosulfate (C(4)ASH(12)), and stratlingite (C(2)ASH(8)) The relative amounts formed varied with the specific fly ash. Three fly ashes were selected for further study.Portland cement/fly ash pastes made with the selected fly ashes were investigated to evaluate ettringite and monosulfate formation. Each of the three fly ashes were mixed with five different Type I portland cements exhibiting a range of C(3)A and sulfate contents. The pastes had 25% fly ash by total weight of solids and a water: cement + fly ash ratio of 0.45. After mixing, the samples were sealed and placed in a curing room (R.H. = 100%, 23 degrees C) for 28 days and were then analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to determine the principal hydration products.The hydration products identified by XRD were portlandite, ettringite (an AFt phase), monosulfate, and generally smaller amounts of hemicarboaluminate and monocarboaluminate (all AFm phases). Although the amount of ettringite formed varied with the individual cement, only a modest correlation with cement sulfate content and no correlation with cement C(3)A content was observed. DSC analyses showed that the cement/fly ash pastes generally formed less ettringite than the cement control pastes, but they formed more of the AFm phases (mainly monosulfate). It appears that the addition of high-calcium fly ash reduces the SO4/Al2O3 ratio in the system thus favoring Afm formation.", "label": [1, 17, 11]}
+{"token": "The Territorial Policy of Rural Development in Brazil: Questions and Reflections about the Reconnection between production and Consumption of Food. Short marketing circuits and territorial rural development policies emphasize the importance of the reconnection between food production and consumption, with repercussions on the food security and sovereignty of local populations. For this, we analyzed official documents of the Program for the Sustainable Development of Rural Territories, the Citizenship Territories Program, the Territorial Development Plans, as well as field research on projects carried out in three rural territories and citizenship in the South of Brazil. From this analysis, it is possible to think of the strengthening of short circuits as the mechanism to promote rural territorial development.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Effect of wall shear on the propagation of a weak spark-generated shock wave in argon. Photo-acoustic deflection (PAD) measurements are presented for a weak spark-generated shock wave propagating in argon at 40 Torr in a cylindrical tube. Measurements indicate that for a given shock strength, there is a maximum distance of travel beyond which the shock front is nonplanar, consistent with the predictions of numerical calculations reported recently [S. M. Aithal and V. V. Subramaniam, Phys. Fluids 12, 924 (2000)]. The initially planar shock wave exhibits curvature at downstream locations in the shock tube in the absence of any imposed temperature gradients. Since the PAD signal is a line-of-sight measurement, it is sensitive to the axial gradient of density at all radial locations, and shock curvature manifests itself as a split and spread PAD signal. In contrast, a planar shock registers a sharp, delta-function-like PAD signal. The curvature of weak shocks observed in the present experiments is due to viscous action alone, as the wall shear retards the near-wall portions of the front relative to its near-axis portions. The PAD signal associated with shock curvature due to wall shear alone is found to closely resemble that due to externally imposed radial temperature gradients such as in a glow discharge plasma. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "The Maiden and the Stranger. Heinrich von Kleists Novella Die Verlobung in St. Domingo in Literary Context. This contribution follows the idea that Heinrich von Kleist's Die Verlobung in St. Domingo should be read against the background of the story of Inkle and Yarico (adapted by Gessner and Bodmer) and of Herder's Neger-Idyllen. It advocates the thesis that most of the misinterpretations within the novella can be ascribed to the patterns and plots of colonial narration taken up and presented in these pretexts, and it intends to demonstrate, how concepts of gender and (insufficient) intercultural hermeneutics are conditioned by such narrative patterns.", "label": [3, 28, 30]}
+{"token": "INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NUTRITIONAL-STATUS AND LONG-TERM RESPONSES TO ULTRAVIOLET-B RADIATION STRESS IN A MARINE DIATOM. Influences of nutritional status on the photoinhibitory effects of ultraviolet-B radiation (UVBR: 290 to 320 nm) on the specific growth rates (mu(obs) and biomass of Phaeodactylum tricornutum were determined using nutrient-replete batch cultures and nutrient-limited continuous cultures. P. tricornutum cultures were exposed to UVBR doses representative of current mid-latitude and ozone-depletion intensities. Specific growth rates and biomass were inhibited from 2 to 16% by UVBR during nutrient-replete growth. However, no effect of UVBR on mu(obs) or biomass was detectable when nutrient limitation exceeded the potential for limitation by UVBR. Thus, a competitive interaction appears to occur between macronutrient stress and UVBR stress, such that mu(obs) and biomass will be determined by the most limiting factor. Our results suggest that measurable decreases in phytoplankton mu(obs) and biomass from UVBR are most likely in nutrient-rich areas of the ocean, while these parameters may not be appropriate for measuring UVBR stress in regions of nutrient limitation.", "label": [4, 45]}
+{"token": "AUTONOMY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: THE CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES. The level of autonomy of local government in the United States is governed by state constitutions. However, the way in which it is regulated is inconsistent and raises interpretative doubts. The analysis includes two dimensions of local autonomy, i. e. the formal dimension (the procedure for its enactment into state law) and material dimension (subjective scope of its operation). It is preceded by an indication of constitutional foundations (the principle of federalism) and of doctrinal backgrounds (formulated in judicial decisions made in the 19th century) of the current position of local governments in their relations with state authorities. This position has evolved towards greater autonomy of local authorities, refl ected in the widespread acceptance of home rule doctrine. However, the implementation of the doctrine in the provisions of state law takes the form which can hardly be considered to be real strengthening of the position of local government in its relations with the state.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Allelopathy and Allelopathic Substances of Fossil Tree Species Metasequoia glyptostroboides. Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et W.C. Cheng is one of the oldest living conifer species, and it has remained unchanged for millions of years compared to its fossils from the Cretaceous period. The species are cultivated in the parks, gardens, and roadsides in many countries. We investigated the allelopathy and allelopathic substances in fallen leaves of M. glyptostroboides. An aqueous methanol extract of the fallen leaves inhibited the growth of cress (Lepidium sativum L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), Lolium multiflorum Lam., Phleum pretense L., and Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C.Gmel. The extract was then purified by several chromatographic steps, and two allelopathic substances were isolated and determined by spectral data to be (+)-rhododendrol and 9-epi-blumenol C. The compound inhibited the growth of cress and L. multiflorum. M. glyptostroboides is a deciduous perennial tree, and accumulation of its fallen leaves occur on the soil under the trees. Therefore, those allelopathic substances in the fallen leaves may be liberated into the rhizosphere soil during the decomposition process of fallen leaves and provide a competitive advantage for M. glyptostrob through the growth inhibition of competing plant species nearby. Therefore, M. glyptostroboides is allelopathic, and (+)-rhododendrol and 9-epi-blumenol C may be contribute to the allelopathy.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Simulations Research in Political Science Pedagogy: Where is Everyone?. Anecdotal evidence suggests pedagogy research on simulations in political science is dominated by two subfields: International Relations and Comparative Politics. This belief may stem from the widespread use of things like Model United Nations and Model Arab League or the popular game Statecraft. While some other subfields, notably public law, embrace simulations, there is less research on simulations in other subfields. While many professors likely use simulations in their classes, the research does not seem to demonstrate this. In this paper, we review articles published in The Journal of Political Science Education and PS: Political Science & Politics from 2005 to 2020 to determine which subfields are publishing the most pedagogy research on simulations. We find that the anecdotal perception is mostly accurate; International Relations accounts for a significant plurality of the simulations research. Other subfields trail behind. We end with an invitation for faculty from across the discipline to publish their simulations research. This will better encourage the use of simulations across more subfields of political science and make adopting those simulations easier for all faculty.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "The Stability and Influence of Barriers to Medication Adherence on Seizure Outcomes and Adherence in Children With Epilepsy Over 2 Years. Objective To determine the stability and influence of adherence barriers on medication adherence and seizure control in pediatric epilepsy. Methods Caregivers of 118 children aged 2-12 years old with epilepsy completed the Pediatric Epilepsy Medication Self-Management Questionnaire at nine time points over 2 years post diagnosis. Electronically monitored antiepileptic drug adherence and seizure outcome data were collected. Results Hierarchical linear modeling results for overall barriers remained stable over 2 years. Specific item-level barriers were also generally stable over time, with the exception of running out of medication becoming more of a barrier over time. No specific barriers were related to seizure control; however, difficulties swallowing medication, forgetting, and medication refusal were related to electronically monitored adherence over time. Conclusions Assessing for specific adherence barriers over time may lead to identification of interventions that result in improved adherence and care.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Animal Board Invited Review: Comparing conventional and organic livestock production systems on different aspects of sustainability. To sustainably contribute to food security of a growing and richer world population, livestock production systems are challenged to increase production levels while reducing environmental impact, being economically viable, and socially responsible. Knowledge about the sustainability performance of current livestock production systems may help to formulate strategies for future systems. Our study provides a systematic overview of differences between conventional and organic livestock production systems on a broad range of sustainability aspects and animal species available in peer-reviewed literature. Systems were compared on economy, productivity, environmental impact, animal welfare and public health. The review was limited to dairy cattle, beef cattle, pigs, broilers and laying hens, and to Europe, North America and New Zealand. Results per indicators are presented as in the articles without performing additional calculations. Out of 4171 initial search hits, 179 articles were analysed. Studies varied widely in indicators, research design, sample size and location and context. Quite some studies used small samples. No study analysed all aspects of sustainability simultaneously. Conventional systems had lower labour requirements per unit product, lower income risk per animal, higher production per animal per time unit, higher reproduction numbers, lower feed conversion ratio, lower land use, generally lower acidification and eutrophication potential per unit product, equal or better udder health for cows and equal or lower microbiological contamination. Organic systems had higher income per animal or full time employee, lower impact on biodiversity, lower eutrophication and acidification potential per unit land, equal or lower likelihood of antibiotic resistance in bacteria and higher beneficial fatty acid levels in cow milk. For most sustainability aspects, sometimes conventional and sometimes organic systems performed better, except for productivity, which was consistently higher in conventional systems. For many aspects and animal species, more data are needed to conclude on a difference between organic and conventional livestock production systems.", "label": [0, 6, 10]}
+{"token": "Using a Delphi Method to Identify Human Factors Contributing to Nursing Errors. FINDINGS. The list identified 24 items as most common causes of nursing errors, including swamping and errors made by others that nurses are expected to recognize and fix. The responses provided a consensus top 10 errors list based on means with heavy workload and fatigue at the top of the list.PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to identify human factors associated with nursing errors.DESIGN. Using a Delphi technique, this study used feedback from a panel of nurse experts (n = 25) on an initial qualitative survey questionnaire followed by summarizing the results with feedback and confirmation.METHODS. Synthesized factors regarding causes of errors were incorporated into a quantitative Likert-type scale, and the original expert panel participants were queried a second time to validate responses.CONCLUSIONS. The use of the Delphi survey established consensus and developed a platform upon which future study of nursing errors can evolve as a link to future solutions. This list of human factors in nursing errors should serve to stimulate dialogue among nurses about how to prevent errors and improve outcomes.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Pre-dispersal seed predation in three populations of the tree Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Fabaceae). Pre-dispersal seed predation in three populations of the tree Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Fabaceae Predation is an important selective force that has shaped different strategies related to size, quantity and production time of fruits, seeds and seed reserves. The seeds of E. contortisiliqum are predated by the bruchid Merobruchus bicoloripes. We collected 1 300 fruits from 26 trees in San Salvador de Jujuy (Jujuy province), Castanares, and San Lorenzo (Salta province) Argentina. San Lorenzo is the wettest and highest site, while Castanares is the driest and lowest site. Jujuy is in the middle. In the laboratory, the fruits from each site were weighted and divided in three groups (small, medium and big). We counted the mature and predated seeds per fruit. In San Lorenzo, seed predation was higher in medium sized fruits while in Castanares and Jujuy seed predation was higher in both medium and bigger fruits. However, only in San Lorenzo we found a significant difference in preference for medium size fruits. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 781-788. Epub 2009 September 30.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "The evolution of helping and harming on graphs: the return of the inclusive fitness effect. Evolutionary graph theory has been proposed as providing new fundamental rules for the evolution of co-operation and altruism. But how do these results relate to those of inclusive fitness theory? Here, we carry out a retrospective analysis of the models for the evolution of helping on graphs of Ohtsuki et al. [Nature (2006) 441, 502] and Ohtsuki & Nowak [Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci (2006) 273, 2249]. We show that it is possible to translate evolutionary graph theory models into classical kin selection models without disturbing at all the mathematics describing the net effect of selection on helping. Model analysis further demonstrates that costly helping evolves on graphs through limited dispersal and overlapping generations. These two factors are well known to promote relatedness between interacting individuals in spatially structured populations. By allowing more than one individual to live at each node of the graph and by allowing interactions to vary with the distance between nodes, our inclusive fitness model allows us to consider a wider range of biological scenarios leading to the evolution of both helping and harming behaviours on graphs.", "label": [2, 4, 37, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "Reproductive biology of the Red-billed Scythebill (Campylorhamphus trochilirostris) and Black-billed Scythebill (C. falcularius) in Argentina. The genus Campylorhamphus (Furnariidae: Dendrocolaptinae) is poorly known in terms of natural history and reproduction. Here we describe aspects of reproduction from three nests of the Red-billed Scythebill (Campylorhamphus trochilirostris) in the Chaco of Argentina, and from one nest of the Black-billed Scythebill (C. falcularius) in the Atlantic Forest of Argentina. One of the nests of C. trochilirostris was in a cavity excavated by a woodpecker. The remaining nests were in cavities formed by natural decay. Both species had a clutch size of two. Two adults participated in incubation at each nest, bringing pieces of bark when they entered the cavity. Incubation bouts were 50 +/- 3 min (mean SE) for C. trochilirostris (n = 3) and 57 +/- 13 min for C. falcularius (n = 8). The nest of C. falcularius was depredated during the incubation period. In C. trochilirostris both adults delivered arthropods to nestlings and removed fecal sacs. They brought food on average 5.8 times/h and removed fecal sacs 2.5 times/h when the nestlings were feathered. Campylorhamphus should be included among the genera of Dendrocolaptinae with biparental care, along with Dendrocolaptes, Xiphocolaptes, Dendroplex, and Lepidocolaptes, but in contrast to Dendrocincla, Xiphorhynchus, and Sittasomus.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Energetics of galactose- and glucose-aromatic amino acid interactions: Implications for binding in galactose-specific proteins. An aromatic amino acid is present in the binding site of a number of sugar binding proteins. The interaction of the saccharide with the aromatic residue is determined by their relative position as well as orientation. The position-orientation of the saccharide relative to the aromatic residue was found to vary in different sugar-binding proteins. In the present study, interaction energies of the complexes of galactose (Gal) and of glucose (Glc) with aromatic residue analogs have been calculated by ab initio density functional (U-B3LYP/ 6-31G**) theory. The position-orientations of the saccharide with respect to the aromatic residue observed in various Gal-, Glc-, and mannose-protein complexes were chosen for the interaction energy calculations. The results of these calculations show that galactose can interact with the aromatic residue with similar interaction energies in a number of position-orientations. The interaction energy of Gal-aromatic residue analog complex in position-orientations observed for the bound saccharide in Glc/Man-protein complexes is comparable to the Glc-aromatic residue analog complex in the same position-orientation. In contrast, there is a large variation in interaction energies of complexes of Glc- and of Gal- with the aromatic residue analog in position-orientations observed in Gal-protein complexes. Furthermore, the conformation wherein the O6 atom is away from the aromatic residue is preferred for the exocyclic -CH2OH group in Galaromatic residue analog complexes. The implications of these results for saccharide binding in Gal-specific proteins and the possible role of the aromatic amino acid to ensure proper positioning and orientation of galactose in the binding site have been discussed.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Characterization of novel porcine sapoviruses. Sapoviruses are common caliciviruses known to cause enteric diseases in humans and animals. SaVs are genetically highly heterogeneous and are presently classified in five genogroups that are further subdivided in a number of genotypes. In recent years, a number of novel animal SaV strains, mostly of swine origin, have been partially characterized and proposed to represent novel genogroups or genotypes. We previously reported the detection and partial characterization of a wide range of variable and novel SaV strains of uncertain taxonomic status in Canadian swine. We now report on further genomic characterization of two novel strains to clarify their taxonomic relationship to other swine and human SaVs. Detailed analysis of different regions of their genomes, including determination of their complete capsid sequence, did not permit clear taxonomic assignment according to current criteria. This situation appears reminiscent of that of a number of SaV strains of swine origin and calls for a classification update for this calicivirus genus. We also report the detection of swine GIII SaVs for the first time in Canada.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "On the derivation of the Navier-Stokes-alpha equations from Hamilton's principle. We investigate the derivation of Euler's equation from Hamilton's variational principle for flows decomposed into their mean and fluctuating parts. Our particular concern is with the flow decomposition used in the derivation of the Navier-Stokes-alpha equation which expresses the fluctuating velocity in terms of the mean flow and a small fluctuating displacement. In the past the derivation has retained terms up to second order in the Lagrangian which is then averaged. The variation is effected by incrementing the mean velocity, while holding the moments of the products of the displacements fixed. The process leads to a mean Euler equation for the mean velocity. The Navier-Stokes-alpha equation is only obtained after making a further closure approximation, which is not the concern of this paper. Instead attention is restricted here to the exact analysis of Euler's equation. We show that a proper implementation of Hamilton's principle, which concerns the virtual variation of particle paths, can only be achieved when the fluctuating displacement and mean velocity are varied in concert. This leads to an exact form of Euler's equation. If, on the other hand, the displacement is held fixed under the variation, a term in Euler's equation is lost. Averaging that erroneous form provides the basis of the Navier-Stokes-alpha equation. We explore the implications of the correct mean equation, particularly with regard to Kelvin's circulation theorem, comparing it with the so called GLM and glm-equations.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Risk factors of neonatal tetanus in Wenzhou, China: a case-control study. Introduction: Neonatal tetanus is a major cause of neonatal mortality in many developing countries and remains a major public health problem. This study aimed to determine risk factors associated with neonatal tetanus in Wenzhou, China.Conclusion: This study identified that the main risks of neonatal tetanus in cases from Wenzhou were having an untrained birth attendant, home delivery and an unsterile method of delivery. Preventive measures directed to these risk factors may reduce the occurrence of neonatal tetanus in the studied area.Methodology: Medical records of neonatal tetanus cases from 17 hospitals over a 13-year period (2000-2012) were reviewed for potential risk factors. Controls were selected from neonates with diseases other than tetanus who were admitted to the same facility during the same period. The potential risk factors of the neonatal tetanus group were compared with the control group using univariate analysis and an unconditional logistic regression model.Results: A total of 246 neonates with tetanus and 257 controls were included in this study. Univariate analysis showed that having untrained birth attendants, home delivery, an unsterile method of delivery and being a migrant to Wenzhou were significantly different between the two groups (P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds of having an untrained birth attendant, home delivery and an unsterile method of delivery were significantly higher in the tetanus group than the control group (odds ratio: 1371.0; 95% confidence interval: 206.0, 9123.5).", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "A 3-Dimensional Frame of Reference for Prevention of Risk in Supply Chain. Businesses have to deal with many potential risks in the supply chain, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. The retail market in Vietnam has great potential for long-term development with the birth and rapid development of domestic supermarkets. However, market opening policies have resulted in fierce competition from a large number of foreign supermarkets. At the same time, customers have become more professional in their approach to shopping and carefully consider any decisions about shopping and the use of services at supermarkets. In this study, the authors use three models (i.e., the SERVQUAL model, the binary logistic model, and the Grey model) corresponding to a three-dimensional frame of reference (i.e., past, present, and future) to provide supermarket managers with a multi-dimensional view of the supermarket business situation. The results identify four factors-namely, quality of goods, personnel, safety, and facilities and equipment-that significantly impact customer satisfaction. The second frame of reference shows that factors such as age, academic level, and income affect the decision to reuse any service at the supermarket. The third frame of reference provides supermarket managers with forecast data about the supermarket business situation for 2021 to 2024. These results provide a solid foundation for supermarket managers seeking to develop strategies and take measures to adjust business activities to achieve the best business efficiency and avoid potential risks in the company's supply chain. In addition, the results of this study are valuable references for researchers in the fields of customer service, supply chain management, and customer behavior. In particular, the factors obtained in this study will greatly strengthen the scientific value of the service sector and the model of retail supermarkets in Vietnam and other countries around the world. In fact, the business strategy of supermarkets still depends on the spread of COVID-19. Therefore, in the future, it is necessary to combine the results of this study with the experience of managers to develop the right business strategies and achieve further results and sustainable development.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "On habit and performer training. This article initiates a discussion on actor and performer training from the perspective of habits. In addition to the exploration of the rich connections and overlaps between the two phenomena, the aim is to contextualise and counterbalance the predominant view that habits are obstacles in restraining innovation and freedom in movement, behaviour, and imagination. By evoking Jacques Derrida's logic of the supplement, where something generally deemed peripheral comes to constitute a crucial dimension of the subject under analysis, the article offers a defamiliarised account of habits and its potential application to performance. Accordingly, far from arresting creativity, the power of habit is located in its capacity for generative change in performer processes like training, composition (e.g. devising and adaptation), rehearsing, and performing. A nuanced understanding of habit with close spatio-temporal connections with the material world is proposed as a possible post-psychophysical discourse that resists mind/body distinctions, focusing instead on the mechanisms, dynamics, and processes of habit formation, development, and disruption.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "The Synthesis and Role of beta-Alanine in Plants. Most studies on amino acids are focused on the proteinogenic amino acids given their essential roles in protein synthesis among other pathways. In addition to 20 ubiquitous amino acids used in protein synthesis, plants synthesize over 250 non-proteinogenic amino acids that are involved in the synthesis of compounds that are anti-herbivory, antimicrobial, response to abiotic stresses, nitrogen storage, toxins against both vertebrates/invertebrates, and plant hormones among others. One such non-proteinogenic acid is beta-alanine, which is known mainly for studies on humans. beta-Alanine forms a part of pantothenate (vitamin B5), which is incorporated into the universal carbon shuttling compounds Coenzyme A and acyl carrier protein, in all organisms including plants. The focus of this review, however, is on the biosynthesis, metabolism, and the role of beta-alanine in plants. There are several functions of beta-alanine unique to plants. It is accumulated as a generic stress response molecule involved in protecting plants from temperature extremes, hypoxia, drought, heavy metal shock, and some biotic stresses. There is evidence of its participation in lignin biosynthesis and ethylene production in some species. It is further converted to the osmoprotective compound beta-alanine betaine in some species and converted to the antioxidant homoglutathione in others. The polyamines spermine/spermidine, propionate and uracil have been shown to be precursors of beta-alanine in plants. However, plants vary in terms of their biosynthetic pathways, and the primary metabolism of beta-alanine is far from settled.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "THE EVOLVING MANAGER STEREOTYPE: THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRY GENDER TYPING ON PERFORMANCE EXPECTATIONS FOR LEADERS AND THEIR TEAMS. This study examined how external evaluators' assessments of a management team and its leader are impacted by congruence between the leader's gender and the gender typing of the industry in which the team works. We experimentally tested our theory using industries that are either male typed or gender neutral, with teams led by male and female leaders. Results indicate that performance expectations for the team were more favorable when the leader's gender was congruent with the industry's gender typing, but expectations for the leader were not affected by gender congruence. These findings paradoxically suggest that evaluators form performance expectations for teams based upon individual characteristics of their leaders, even when these characteristics have no effect on the conscious assessments of the leaders themselves.", "label": [5, 52, 55]}
+{"token": "Progress in the Visualization and Mining of Chemical and Target Spaces. Chemogenomics is a growing field that aims to integrate the chemical and target spaces. As part of a multi-disciplinary effort to achieve this goal, computational methods initially developed to visualize the chemical space of compound collections and mine single-target structure-activity relationships, are being adapted to visualize and mine complex relationships in chemogenomics data sets. Similarly, the growing evidence that clinical effects are many times due to the interaction of single or multiple drugs with multiple targets, is encouraging the development of novel methodologies that are integrated in multi-target drug discovery endeavors. Herein we review advances in the development and application of approaches to generate visual representations of chemical space with particular emphasis on methods that aim to explore and uncover relationships between chemical and target spaces. Also, progress in the data mining of the structure-activity relationships of sets of compounds screened across multiple targets are discussed in light of the concept of activity landscape modeling.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 40, 42]}
+{"token": "Dual solutions for stagnation-point flow and convective heat transfer of a Williamson nanofluid past a stretching/shrinking sheet. In this paper, the problem of boundary layer stagnation-point flow and heat transfer of a Williamson nanofluid on a linear stretching/shrinking sheet with convective boundary condition is studied. The effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis are considered in the energy equation. The governing partial differential equations are first transformed into set of ordinary differential equations, which are then solved numerically using Runge-Kutta-Felhberg fourth-fifth order method with Shooting technique. The characteristics of the flow and heat transfer as well as skin friction and Nusselt number for various prevailing parameters are presented graphically and discussed in detail. A comparison with the earlier reported results has been done and an excellent agreement is shown. It is found that dual solutions exist for the shrinking sheet case. Further, it is observed that the thermal boundary layer thickness increases with increase in Williamson parameter for both solutions.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Onset of epiphyseal mineralization and growth plate closure in radiographically normal and dysplastic Labrador Retrievers. Design--Cohort study.Clinical Implications-Endochondral ossification may be abnormal in dogs with CHD. The disease appears to affect multiple joints, even though it is most evident clinically in the hip joint.Results--There were 26 radiographically normal left and right hip joints and 10 dysplastic left and right hip joints. Onset of mineralization of the proximal femoral epiphyses and of the right proximal tibial epiphysis was significantly later in dysplastic than in radiographically normal puppies. The left femoral capital growth plates closed significantly later in dysplastic than in radiographically normal joints, but other differences in growth plate closure were not detected.Procedure--Puppies were radiographed every other day from the time they were 8 to 10 days old until ossification of the femoral heads was apparent. Radiographs were then obtained weekly until puppies were 1 month old and then monthly until puppies were 8 to 12 months old. Age at which mineralization was first observed in the proximal and distal femoral and proximal tibial epiphyses and at which the femoral capital, triradiate acetabular, and distal femoral growth plates were no longer radiographically visible were recorded. Fifteen dogs were euthanatized and necropsied to determine whether dogs had CHD.Animals--36 Labrador Retriever puppies.Objective--To determine whether onset of mineralization of the femoral and proximal tibial epiphyses and age at closure of the femoral and acetabular triradiate growth plates was different for Labrador Retrievers that were radiographically normal or that had canine hip dysplasia (CHD).", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Low doses of hepadnavirus induce infection of the lymphatic system that does not engage the liver. Woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), which is closely related to human hepatitis B virus and is considered to be principally hepatotropic, invades the host's lymphatic system and persists in lymphoid cells independently of whether the infection is symptomatic and serologically evident or concealed. In this study, we show, with the woodchuck model of hepatitis B, that hepadnavirus can establish an infection that engages the lymphatic system, but not the liver, and persists in the absence of virus serological markers, including antiviral antibodies. This primary occult infection is caused by wild-type virus invading the host at a quantity usually not greater than 10(3) virions. It is characterized by trace virus replication progressing in lymphatic organs and peripheral lymphoid cells that, with time, may also spread to the liver. The infection is transmissible to virus-naive hosts as an asymptomatic, indefinitely long, occult carriage of small amounts of biologically competent virus. In contrast to residual silent WHV persistence, which normally endures after the resolution of viral hepatitis and involves the liver, primary occult infection restricted to the lymphatic system does not protect against reinfection with a large, liver-pathogenic WHV dose; however, the occult infection is associated with a swift recovery from hepatitis caused by the superinfection. Our study documents that the lymphatic system is the primary target of WHV infection when small quantities of virions invade a susceptible host.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Validation of the Investigator's Assessment Questionnaire, a new clinical tool for relative assessment of response to antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. The success of long-term therapy in schizophrenia is contingent upon real-world effectiveness or improvements in several domains, including efficacy, safety and tolerability. This report describes the Investigator's Assessment Questionnaire (IAQ), a new 10-item instrument designed to assess relative effectiveness (efficacy, safety and tolerability) of antipsychotic medications in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. To measure content validity, 300 psychiatrists rated the importance of the IAQ items. Efficacy (i.e., positive and negative symptoms) was considered most important, but importance scores relative to the mean ranged only from 0.87 to 1.18, suggesting similar importance of the items. Cronbach's coefficient cc values showed that the items were internally consistent. Factor analyses indicated that all IAQ items belong to a single domain. Data from the US Broad Effectiveness Trial of Aripiprazole were used for construct validation. Total IAQ score correlated significantly with time to treatment discontinuation (r=-0.50), Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement (CGI-I) score (r=0.76) and medication preference of patients (r=0.71) or caregivers (r=0.70). A one-unit decrease in IAQ score corresponded to an additional 1.35 days in the study and a decrease in CGI-I of 0.21 units. These results provide initial validation of the IAQ as a tool for evaluating antipsychotic response in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "The Office of Facts and Figures: Archibald MacLeish and the 'strategy of truth. This paper presents a man and a stage seldom cited in the history of public relations-Archibald MacLeish and the Office of Facts and Figures, and his idea of \\\\'strategy of truth\\\\' as an ethical contribution of propaganda to facilitate the dialogue and debate which are necessary in democratic societies. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Inc.", "label": [5, 48, 52]}
+{"token": "PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF THE HUMIC SPECIES AS A METHOD OF THEIR REMOVAL FROM WATER - COMPARISON OF UV AND ARTIFICIAL SUNLIGHT IRRADIATION. The possibility of application of the process of photocatalytic decomposition of humic substances (humic acid - HA) to their removal from water was investigated. Commercial TiO2 (Evonic-Degussa P-25) and the periodic reactor were used in the experiments. The decomposition under artificial sunlight (ASL) and UV irradiation was tested. It was stated that ASL irradiation is not sufficient to cause significant decomposition of HA whereas TiO2 appeared to be very effective under the UV irradiation. Strong adsorption of HA on the surface of TiO2 was observed.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 13]}
+{"token": "Complex response of vegetation to grazing suggests need for coordinated, landscape-level approaches to grazing management. Management of domesticated ungulates on grasslands has the potential to affect ecosystem function at landscape to global scales. In the southwestern United States, introduction of livestock in the 1800s corresponded with grassland degradation and dramatic shifts in vegetation, including the rapid spread of invasive plant species. In contemporary grasslands, however, evidence increasingly suggests that responsible grazing may enhance plant diversity in the region, though positive effects on diversity may or may not offer corresponding benefits to ecosystem function. Here, we examined the effects of grazing on land cover and functional composition of a semiarid grassland over a 20-year period. We found that high intensity grazing increased exposed soil and shifted community composition toward a greater proportion of annual and exotic species. This was particularly apparent following a severe drought event that initiated a significant loss of perennial plant cover, especially forbs, and was followed by a nearly 4-fold expansion of exotic species. Plots that were grazed at moderate levels consistently exhibited the lowest proportion of exotic species and were similar in functional group composition to exclosure plots. However, moderate grazing did increase soil exposure relative to exclosure plots. These findings suggest that moderate grazing could provide benefits to grassland ecosystem diversity and correlated ecosystem services like invasive species control and pollination services, while simultaneously increasing erosion, reducing water infiltration and altering nutrient cycling, due to increased soil exposure and disturbance. The potential for grazing to exert antagonistic effects on ecosystem services, depending on site conditions and grazing intensity, suggests that livestock management decisions should be tailored to individual management and conservation goals that address the inherent spatiotemporal variability of arid grasslands. (c) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
+{"token": "Cloud Security Threats and Techniques to Strengthen Cloud Computing Adoption Framework. Cloud Computing allows firms to outsource their entire information technology (IT) process, allowing them to concentrate more on their core business to enhance their productivity and innovation in offering services to customers. It allows businesses to cut down heavy cost incurred over IT infrastructure without losing focus on customer needs. However, to a certain limit adopting Cloud computing has struggled to grow among many established and growing organizations due to several security and privacy related issues. Throughout the course of this study several interviews were conducted, with cloud developers and security experts, and the literature was reviewed. This study enabled us to understand, current and future, security and privacy challenges with cloud computing by providing suitable solutions to identified challenges. The outcome of this study led to identification of total 18, current and future, security issues affecting several attributes of cloud computing. In this process of identification, the author also found mitigation techniques to avert these security issues. A security guide is formulated which enables organizations to be aware of security challenges, vulnerabilities and techniques to evade them.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "On the escape from a potential well via vortex-induced vibrations: A computational approach. The past decade witnessed a renewed interest in understanding the escape phenomenon in nonlinear oscillators. This is due to the emergence of new devices where escape of the dynamic trajectories from a potential well can be utilized as a trigger for switching and structural morphing. In this study, the basic characteristics of escape from a potential well for a circular cylinder undergoing vortex-induced vibrations is investigated via a computational model for low Reynolds number ranging between 70 and 250. The cylinder has a low mass ratio, zero structural damping, and is supported by a softening nonlinear spring. It is shown that the magnitude of the nonlinearity in the supporting spring has a substantial influence on the response behavior of the oscillator prior to escape, and that escape cannot occur for small values of the nonlinearity because the magnitude of the response in the lock-in region can never exceed the threshold amplitude necessary for escape. It is also shown that, when it happens, escape from the potential well typically occurs due to the transient trajectories overcoming the potential barrier. Thus, a steady-state analysis of the response behavior is not sufficient to accurately predict the flow speeds at which escape occurs. Finally, it is shown that escape occurs for a range of flow speeds which expands with the nonlinearity and shrinks with the mass ratio. Results presented in this study are fundamental to the design of flow-activated switches and morphing mechanisms. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "National and Global Efforts to Enhance Containerized Freight Security. In recent years it has become apparent that seaports have the potential to be a prime terrorist target, as the volume of trade that passes through ports is essential to a functioning, healthy and growing economy. Therefore, our research provides an overview of the policies, programs and procedures used to manage the security of containerized freight at U.S. seaports. This analysis is guided by the following questions: How consistent and compatible are efforts to secure the transport of international containerized freight? How systematic are these efforts? What and where are the gaps in security implementation, and how might these gaps be filled? Based on over two years of extensive fieldwork and literary analysis, our article identifies the strengths and weaknesses of existing policies on containerized freight security so as to inform the evolution of such policies. From this, we develop a list of elements relevant for a comprehensive containerized freight security system. These elements serve as an assessment tool for gauging the degree of security at domestic and international seaports. Our findings suggest that the supply chain is much safer today than it was ten years ago. Security measures in the form of advance manifest requirements, threat assessments, and verification protocols have achieved a certain amount of success with freight security and continuing operability. Areas in need of improvement depend on government ability to engage private industries in relevant security policy formulation, and on governmental success in utilizing past cooperative experiences when framing policy implementation internationally.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Deaths in custody in Romania. A synthetic study. In conclusion, the matter of death in penitentiaries in Romania is mostly non-violent, with cardiovascular and neoplastic disorders being the most frequent lethal pathologies. The relative number of violent deaths has increased in the last years, suggesting the need for more strict rules and regulations.Death in custody is defined as a death taking place in the custody of the police, prison service, involuntary patients in psychiatric institutions or in the custody of other authorities; independent of the cause or manner of death. In this article we wanted to analyze the main features of the death in custody in Romania. The study was conducted using data obtained from the Romanian National Penitentiary Administration from 2003 to 2008; data was included in, and analyzed using the Microsoft Excel 2007 software. The main results we have obtained are (1) the medium number of prisoners, mortality and morbidity have declined from 2003 to 2008, whilst the mortality and morbidity rates remained almost constant. By analyzing the causes of death we identified a significant decrease in the number of non-violent deaths, whilst the number of violent deaths remained almost constant. The most frequent non-lethal pathologies were respiratory, gastrointestinal and dermatological whilst the most frequently lethal pathologies were cardiovascular and neoplastic. A violent manner of death was identified in a minority of cases, and was usually represented by suicides (by hanging).", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Interaction of a normally incident shock wave with a porous material layer on a solid wall. Interaction of an incident shock wave with a layer of a porous material located near a solid wall is studied with the use of two mathematical models. The layer is modeled by a mixture of solid and gaseous phases. The mathematical models used are the equations of mechanics of equilibrium heterogeneous media with allowance for the gas pressure only and the model of two compressible media with identical partial pressures of the components. Verification of the approaches used is performed by comparisons of numerical results with experimental data.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 15, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Radiolabeled Antibodies to Bacillus anthracis Toxins Are Bactericidal and Partially Therapeutic in Experimental Murine Anthrax. Bacillus anthracis is a powerful agent for use in biological warfare, and infection with the organism is associated with a high rate of mortality, underscoring the need for additional effective therapies for anthrax. Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) takes advantage of the specificity and affinity of the antigen-antibody interaction to deliver a microbicidal radioactive nuclide to a site of infection. RIT has proven therapeutic in experimental models of viral, bacterial, and fungal infections; but it is not known whether this approach can successfully employ toxin binding monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for diseases caused by toxigenic bacteria. Indirect immunofluorescence studies with MAbs to protective antigen (MAbs 7.5G gamma 2b and 10F4 gamma 1) and lethal factor (MAb 14FA gamma 2b) revealed the surface expression of toxins on bacterial cells. Scatchard analysis of MAbs revealed high binding constants and numerous binding sites on the bacterial surface. To investigate the microbicidal properties of these MAbs, our group radiolabeled MAbs with either Re-188 or Bi-213. In vitro, Bi-213 was more efficient than Re-188 in mediating microbicidal activity against B. anthracis. The administration of MAbs [Bi-213]10F4 gamma 1 and [Bi-213]14FA gamma 2b prolonged the survival of A/JCr mice infected with B. anthracis Sterne bacterial cells but not B. anthracis Sterne spores. These results indicate that RIT with MAbs that target B. anthracis toxin components can be used to treat experimental anthrax infection and suggest that toxigenic bacteria may be targeted with radiolabeled MAbs.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 43]}
+{"token": "Alpers-Huttenlocher Syndrome. Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome is an uncommon mitochondrial disease most often associated with mutations in the mitochondrial DNA replicase, polymerase-gamma. Alterations in enzyme activity result in reduced levels or deletions in mitochondrial DNA. Phenotypic manifestations occur when the functional content of mitochondrial DNA reaches a critical nadir. The tempo of disease progression and onset varies among patients, even in identical genotypes. The classic clinical triad of seizures, liver degeneration, and progressive developmental regression helps define the disorder, but a wide range of clinical expression occurs. The majority of patients are healthy before disease onset, and seizures herald the disorder in most patients. Seizures can rapidly progress to medical intractability, with frequent episodes of epilepsia partialis continua or status epilepticus. Liver involvement may precede or occur after seizure onset. Regardless, eventual liver failure is common. Both the tempo of disease progression and range of organ involvement vary from patient to patient, and are only partly explained by pathogenic effects of genetic mutations. Diagnosis involves the constellation of organ involvement, not the sequence of signs. This disorder is relentlessly progressive and ultimately fatal. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Separating clods and stones from potato tubers based on color and shape. The separation of clods and stones from the harvested potato tuber has always been a prevalent problem in the world. However, the precision of sorting was restricted by the potato tubers covered with mud on the surface. This paper studied methods of separating clods and stones from potato tubers based on shape and color. An image acquisition system consisted of a light source, a camera, a computer was built for this experiment. The color features were extracted from the components of RGB and HSV images by the two-dimensional Haar Wavelet Transform and put into SVM (support vector machine) to classify the object after principal component analysis. The shape features which contained the original contour and corrected contour described by the mathematical statistical methods was extracted and used for separation by SVM. The experimental result showed that it was effective to separate clods and stones from potato tubers based on the extracted color and shape features, respectively. The combination of color and shape features could increase the accuracy rate of classification, especially for potato tubers and clods. The overall accuracy rate was 97.8% in 2016 and 98.1% in 2017. It was evident that the color features dominate in the classification model. Shape features based on the correcting image showed positive effect in classification. It turned out that the combination of shape and color features can obviously improve classification performance.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "A generative architectural and urban design method through artificial neural networks. Machine learning, as a computational tool for finding mappings between the input and output data, has been widely used in engineering fields. Researchers have applied machine learning models to generate 2D drawings with pixels or 3D models with voxels, but the pixelization reduces the precision of the geometries. Therefore, in order to learn and generate 3D geometries as vectorized models with higher precision and faster computation speed, we develop a specific artificial neural network, learning and generating design features for the forms of buildings. A customized data structure with feature parameters is constructed, meeting the requirements of the neural network by rebuilding surfaces with controlling points and appending additional input neurons as quantified vectors to describe the properties of the design. The neural network is first trained with generated design data and then tested by adjusting the feature parameters. The prediction of the generated data shows the basic generative ability of the neural network. Furthermore, trained with design data collected from existing buildings, the neural network learns and infers the geometric design features of architectural design with different feature parameters, providing a data-driven method for designers to generate and analyze architectural forms.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "Toxic Desecration: Indigenous Knowledge and 'Western' Science in Defense of Sacred Land. In studies of Native American knowledge, the sacred ecologies of Indigenous people are often contrasted with (allegedly secular) Western science. Other scholars have challenged this binary, sometimes under a model of 'hybrid knowledge' wherein Indigenous knowledge is `integrated' into settler conservation. I argue for a different model, wherein unique expressions of sacred ecological knowledge emerge from the ground up within environmental activism. Drawing on ethnographic research with Protect the Peaks, a movement to halt expansion of a ski resort on an Arizona mountain sacred to thirteen Indigenous nations, I show how, in Protect the Peaks' public messages, ceremonial standards and scienti c studies are utilized to highlight snowmaking as a form of toxic desecration. This discourse, coupled with presenting snowmaking as a threat to health, ecosystems, and sacredness simultaneously, is an articulation of Indigenous knowledge which presents a direct critique to hegemonic distinctions of culture/nature and sacred/secular in policy and scholarship.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Suffering and Climate Change Narratives. In his article \\\\'Suffering and Climate Change Narratives\\\\' Simon C. Estok begins with a brief survey of definitional issues involved with the term \\\\'suffering\\\\' and argues that there has been a relative lack of theoretical attention to suffering in climate change narratives, whether literary or within mainstream media. Estok shows that suffering, far from being singular, is a multivalent concept that is gendered, classed, raced, and, perhaps above all, pliable. It has social functions. One of the primary reasons for the failure of climate change narratives to effect real changes, Estok argues, is that they often carry the functions of suffering and act as a vehicle for the very social and psychological needs suffering fulfills.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhea and associated factors among women living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Brazil: a multicenter study. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted from March to December 2015, including HIV infected women attending referral centers in nine states of Brazil, aged 18-49 years, nonpregnant. An interview was conducted including socio-demographic, epidemiological and clinical characteristics. After the interview, gynecological examination was conducted to collect cervical cytology and vaginal secretion to C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae tests through molecular biology.Results: A total of 802 (89.1%) women participated. The prevalence of CT was 2.1% (17/802) and CG was 0.9% (7/802). The prevalence of a positive test for both CT and/or GC was 2.7%. The factors associated with positive CT/GC test in the multivariate logistic regression analysis were abnormal Papanicolau smear (OR 4.1; 95% CI: 1.54-11.09) and the presence of abnormal cervical discharge (OR 2.6; 95% CI: 1.02-6.71). Among 377 women who reported previous STI 245 (65.0%) reported using condom more frequently after being diagnosed. 62 (16.4%) discovered the STI after the partner told he was infected; 157 (41.6%) had STI symptoms and looked for care, and 158 (41.9%) discovered it in a routine consultation for another reason.Background: Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) cause infections in the female genital tract, increasing susceptibility to and infectiousness of HIV. The objectives of the present study were to determine the prevalence and associated factors of CT and GC infection among HIV-infected women in Brazil.Conclusions: The control of STI represents a unique opportunity to improve reproductive health of women living with HIV. STI diagnosis can change their behavior and reduce the sexual transmission of HIV and bacterial STI. (C) 2017 Sociedade Brasileira de Infectologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "Effect of well/barrier thickness ratio on strain relaxation in GaN/AlN superlattices grown on GaN/sapphire template. In this study, the authors investigate the influence of increasing well-to-barrier thickness ratio (from one up to ten times) on the growth mechanism and strain relaxation of 20-periods GaN/AlN superlattices (SLs) on GaN(0001)/sapphire template. High-resolution x-ray diffraction was performed to determine the strain state and structural parameters of the SL. The total thickness of the SL and the individual thicknesses of the quantum well and the barrier layers were additionally determined by strain insensitive x-ray reflectometry. A slight difference between the measured and designed thicknesses of quantum well and barrier layers was observed. The surface modifications of the samples were investigated with atomic force microscopy. It was observed that the growth mechanism of the GaN/AlN SLs changes with the increase of well-to-barrier thickness ratio, from the columnar to the planar two-dimensional layer-by-layer growth. High density of cracks and/or threading dislocations are observed on the surfaces of all samples, and their correlation with the thicknesses of the SL layers and residual strain in the SL is analyzed. (C) 2017 American Vacuum Society.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35]}
+{"token": "RELIGIOUS SAFETY AS ONE OF THE FACTORS OF NATIONAL SECURITY. Religious safety and religious extremism in the context of the national security of the Russian Federation is the subject of the research, and the object of the research is youth as the social group which is most susceptible to the influence of radical religious and extremist ideologies. The idea that at the present stage of the development of society religious safety is one of the most important components of the national security of Russia, as well as any state in the world, is moved forward in the article. At the same time, today the problem of the religious safety of society and religious extremism of various confessional orientations remains insufficiently studied. The concepts 'religious safety' and 'religious extremism' are considered in this article. It is emphasized that the mechanisms of counteraction to the distribution of extremist religious attitudes among teenagers and youth need additional studies. The author substantiates the urgent need of modern Russian society in ensuring the religious safety capable to counter the threats proceeding from destructive nonconventional religious movements, to oppose an ideologically reasonable strategy and tactics to their activity. The materials of the state and departmental statistics, basic provisions of ensuring religious safety formulated in the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation and the European Parliament, as well as the methods of secondary analysis on the basis of publications of research results and tabular materials which contain the sociological reports of researchers have been used as the methodological toolkit. As the result of the research, certain conclusions have been drawn showing that in Russia and the modern world insufficient attention is still paid to the religious safety of personality. The Russian Federation makes poor use and consideration of the foreign European states' experience in statutory regulation and preventive actions counteracting the activity of religious destructive denominations, sects, the experience of information war against religious extremists and terrorists.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "The order-disorder evolution in quasicrystals through phason flips. The problem of incorporating phason flips in the structural investigation of aperiodic systems is still an open question and a challenge in crystallography. Phasons are understood both as atomic fluctuation and positional disorder of the quasicrystalline lattice. Popular correction to diffraction peaks' intensities takes the form of generalized Debye-Waller factor, assuming Gaussian distribution of fluctuations in the perpendicular space of higher-dimensional periodic lattice. Although proven to work in case of random tiling types of structures recent evidence indicates improper handling of peaks with high perpendicular space scattering vector whenever structure is far from random tiling regime. We introduce the concept of a series expansion of the characteristic function of the statistical distribution to properly correct the peaks' intensities with respect to phasonic fluctuations. Calculations are performed upon Penrose tiling. Such approximation of the structure factor works correctly even in cases for which the Debye-Waller correction fails. Even more we investigate transition to random tiling through phason flips by means of the statistical approach which results in interesting scaling properties (ordered -> disordered -> random -> amorphous structure). (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Response of skin blood volume, velocity and flow to local warming in newborns, measured by laser Doppler flowmetry. Conclusions: The skin blood flow increased continuously when local warming was applied at 44 degrees C. This high blood flow and limited potential of vasodilatation are the characteristics of the skin microcirculation in VLBW infants during the neonatal period.Methods: The study subjects were 39 infants whose gestational age was 34.1+/-2.8 weeks and birth weight was 2189+/-572 g. The study was performed from 8 h postnatally to 28 postnatal days. We measured skin blood volume, velocity and flow at 36 degrees C (Vol(36), Vel(36), F-36), and each value at 5 min (Vol(44-5), Vel(44-5), F44-5) and 10 min (Vol(44-10), Vel(44-10), F44-10) after local warming was applied at 44 degrees C and the response curve of each parameter was obtained. Subsequently, serial changes in the response of skin microcirculation to local warming were investigated in nine very low birth weight (VLBW) infants (28.3+/-0.9 weeks, 1150+/-148 g) and 12 low birth weight (LBW) infants (32.8+/-1.3 weeks, 1971+/-292 g). The F-36, the increment rate of blood volume (Delta Vol) and the increment rate of blood velocity (Delta Vel) were obtained within 24 h, from day 1 to day 7 and from day 8 to day 30 in both VLBW and LBW infants and from day 31 to day 60 and at more than 61 days in VLBW infants. The F-36, Delta Vol and Delta Vel were compared during the study periods in VLBW and LBW infants. All results were expressed as mean+/-SD.Results: The results showed that F-36/F44-10 and F44-5/F44-10, Vol(36)/Vol(44-10) and Vol(44-5)/Vol(44-10), Vel(36)/Vel(44-10) and Vel(44-5)/Vel(44-10) were 0.25+/-0.09 and 0.74+/-0.17, 0.58+/-0.14 and 0.94+/-0.08, 0.42+/-0.12 and 0.79+/-0.15, respectively. Different modes of delivery did not have a significant effect on this response. The F-36 in VLBW infants was high during the early neonatal period and gradually decreased with postnatal age. The Delta Vol was low in VLBW infants during the neonatal period and gradually increased. The F-36 in VLBW1-7 was significantly higher than in LBW1-7 (P < 0.01) and full-term controls (P < 0.001). The Delta Vol in VLBW1-7 was 0.26+/-0.23, which is significantly lower than in LBW1-7 (0.57+/-0.17, P < 0.001) and full-term controls (0.77+/-0.21, P < 0.001). The Delta Vel in VLBW1-7 and LBW1-7 was significantly higher than in controls (P < 0.05).Background: In order to know the response of the skin microcirculation to local warming, we determined changes in the skin blood volume (Vol), velocity (Vel) and flow (F) by using a new laser Doppler device on newborns.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "A structural analysis of benchmarks on different bibliometrical indicators for European research institutes based on their research profile. The present study is part of an ongoing project on clustering European research institutions according to their publication profiles. Using hierarchical clustering eight clusters have been found the optimum solution for the classification. Aim of the present study is a structural analysis for the evaluation of research performance of specialised and multidisciplinary institutions. A breakdown by subject fields is used to characterise field-specific peculiarities of individual clusters by bibliometric indicators and to allow comparison within the same and among different clusters. Finally, benchmarks can then be used to study national research performance on basis of the institutional classification.", "label": [4, 5, 40, 52]}
+{"token": "Neuropathic (Charcot) Arthropathy of the Knee. Neuropathic arthropathy of the knee (Charcot knee) is a rare pathology defined by progressive destruction of bone and soft tissue in a patient with underlying peripheral neuropathy. Historically, Charcot knee was associated with neurosyphilis, but it has been increasingly described as a late stage of diabetes. The pathophysiology of the disease is not completely understood, but theories include repetitive microtrauma and an abnormal neurovascular response. Patients present with a warm, swollen, and unstable joint and have rapid bone resorption and characteristic findings on pathology. Nonsurgical options for pain and dysfunction include total contact casting and bracing treatment. Pharmacologic management includes diphosphonates, although this use is considered off-label. Surgical management historically included knee fusion. However, recent case series have suggested that newer prostheses allow for successful arthroplasty in this cohort, although complications are higher when compared with joint arthroplasty in patients with normal neurologic function.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "First genetic record of the non-native muzzled blenny Omobranchus punctatus (Teleostei: Blenniidae) in the Atlantic Coast of Central and South America. In this study we sequenced two mitochondrial (COI and 16S rRNA) and one nuclear (18S rRNA) gene fragment of an introduced muzzled blenny (Omobranchus punctatus) specimen collected from the Orinoco Delta (Gulf of Paria estuary) in Venezuela. This is the first genetic data generated for this species' introduced range in Central and South America, suggesting an introduction from the Indian Ocean.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
+{"token": "Validation Master Plans: Progress of Implementation in the Pharmaceutical Industry. Conclusion: The fact that VMPs are commonly used even when they are not mandated suggests that the VMP is becoming an industry standard and may suggest that global standards are playing a significant role in the quality approaches of US-based companies.Background: Some international regulatory agencies require that companies develop a validation master plan (VMP) to govern their validation activities, but such a plan is not an explicit requirement of US regulations. This paper examines the progress that US pharmaceutical companies have made to implement VMPs for drug products manufactured and produced in accordance with the US FDA Good Manufacturing Practice for Finished Pharmaceuticals.Methods: A survey instrument was developed using an established framework with a focus on behavior and capability and disseminated electronically to midlevel and senior regulatory and quality professionals concentrated in the US.Results: Responses from 42 senior regulatory professionals showed that VMPs are incorporated into the quality systems of most companies but approaches to implementation differ. Small companies typically employ centralized VMPs whereas larger companies commonly decentralize their VMPs. Companies of all sizes most commonly use paper rather than electronic tools to organize and track validations including validations of equipment.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "A new species of Graphis (Graphidaceae) from India. A new species of lichen, Graphis sundarbanensis, is described from India. It is characterized by ascomata with a pruinose wide-open disc, a laterally carbonized apically convergent exciple and 6-8 locular halonate ascospores.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
+{"token": "Seasonal Succession of Planktonic Copepods in Bight Environments of Northeastern Taiwan. The seasonality and parameters of ocean waters have a significant influence on planktonic copepod species richness and diversity in various marine environments near and surrounding Taiwan. We conducted 6 sampling cruises in the bights of Shen-Aou Bay and Fan-Zai-Aou Bay to investigate seasonal variations in copepod communities in northeastern Taiwan from Oct. 2007 to Jan. 2009. The sample included 76 species of copepods belonging to 4 orders, 22 families, and 36 genera identified in these 2 bays in northeastern Taiwan. The most abundant species were Temora turbinata (with a relative abundance (RA) of 29.34%), Paracalanus parvus (of 21.98%), Canthocalanus pauper (of 7.86%), Calanus sinicus (of 4.00%), and Acrocalanus gracilis (of 3.93%). A cluster analysis showed that the copepod communities of northeastern Taiwan fluctuated with season during the study period. Calanus sinicus showed a significant negative correlation with seawater temperature (r = -0.434, p = 0.008) and was abundant during the period when the China Coastal Current intruded into northeastern Taiwan, indicating that it is a temperate species. In contrast, the abundances of 7 copepod species (Acr. monachus, T. discaudata, Macrosetella gracilis, Corycaeus (Corycaeus) speciosus, Cor. (Farranula) concinna, Oncaea media, and Copilia mirabilis) showed significant positive correlations with seawater temperature, indicating that they are subtropical and tropical species. Copepod species, the community structure, and assemblages were distinguished by seasonality based on seawater temperature. Results suggest that the planktonic copepod communities in these 2 bays of northeastern Taiwan are primarily influenced by water temperatures, with seasonal succession determined by ingress of the China Coastal Current and Kuroshio Branch Current.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Synthesis, oxygenation and catalytic performance of manganese complex with p-aminomethyl benzoic acid Schiff base. The amino acid Schiff base complex (Sal-AMBA-Mn) was prepared with p-amino-methylbenzoic acid, salicylaldehyde and Mn(OAc)(2).4H(2)O. Its structures was characterized with IR and UV spectra. Oxygenation mechanism of the complex in N, N-dimethylformamide solution was investigated. The results show that lower temperature is in favor of the oxygenation, and energy, enthalpy and entropy are -3.8 kJ/mol, -4.2 J/mol and -161.44 J/(mol.K), respectively. In the presence of the manganese complex, dehydroepiandrosterone acetate is effectively oxidized by molecular oxygen and the corresponding enone 7-ketodehydroepiandrosterone acetate is obtained. The yield is 62.1% when the oxidation is carried out under the reaction conditions of 60 degrees C, 2 MPa of O-2 pressure, C5H5N as a solvent and molar ratio of the substrate to the complex of 1:10.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "WHEN DEATHS BRING CHANGES: THE STRUGGLE AGAINST STATE VIOLENCE IN RECENT ARGENTINA. After the last military dictatorship in Argentina, a questioning process of state violence began. In many cases, violent deaths caused by state agents provoked a deep public commotion that ended up in changes of different nature and magnitude. Why some deaths did it and others failed to trigger such processes? The article analyzes a number of cases related to different aspects of the state violence which encouraged transformations. The hypothesis take on that the killing way, the subsequent corpse outrage and the accounts of the victim's morality were central to the initial reactions and to the questioning towards the public authorities. It also suggests that the public commotion for a violent death of a defenseless and innocent being drift in political, social or cultural changes in a very complex way. Based on a sources variety, the article attempts to contribute to establishing the links between death and politics in recent Argentine history.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Implementation and evaluation in low intensity intervention programs from the CONNECT perspective of mixed methods: Application in a case of an autistic child. There has been a comprehensive development over the last few years of low intensity intervention programs that are implemented within a user context and that are made up of everyday life activities, and it has been necessary to adapt the necessary methodological channels in order to guarantee an adequate resolution pathway. The mixed method perspective offers a suitable framework, and observational methodology - in itself considered mixed method - is appropriate for studying the implementation and evaluation of low intensity intervention programs, allowing the development of the QUAL-QUAN-QUAL stages that correspond to the connect integration pathway of mixed methods. In this work it was applied to a single case, in a low intensity intervention, retrieving valuable information obtained, but systematizing it and applying quantitizing to the qualitative data that was treated quantitatively in a rigorous manner. The aim was to analyze the psychotherapist-patient interaction in psychoanalytic psychotherapy, in which we sought to identify which of the therapist's techniques stimulated actions of reciprocal social interaction in the child, and which techniques inhibited non reciprocal social interactions. The observational design was nomothetic, follow-up, and multidimensional. The patient was a 4-year-old boy with a diagnosis of severe autism spectrum disorder. We used an ad hoc observation instrument combining a field format and a category system. Interobserver agreement was analyzed quantitatively by Cohen's kappa using the free QSEQ5 software program. Polar coordinate analysis was carried out using the free program HOISAN 2.0. Polar coordinate analysis allows us to obtain an inter-relational map of the connections detected between focal behavior established in each case and the different categories. The results provide objective evidence - backed up by the application of polar-coordinate-based data analysis - that within a framework of psychoanalytic psychotherapy, the techniques of \\\\'verbalization\\\\' and \\\\'vocalization\\\\' significantly activate reciprocal social interaction behaviors and inhibit non-social reciprocal behaviors in a child with severe autism spectrum disorder with no language. On the other hand, direct gaze promotes the child's withdrawal. The results are of key importance as they show the therapist behaviors most useful for promoting social interaction in a child with severe autism.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "How Does Child Abuse History Influence Parenting of the Next Generation?. Objective: This study examines the prospective association of childhood abuse (physical and/or sexual abuse) with subsequent parenting practices in adulthood. Method: The sample is drawn from the Children in the Community Study, a prospective longitudinal study of children's mental health development in a community sample of children followed for approximately 30 years. The study uses a multimethod, multiinformant design (self-report, parent report, and official records) incorporating data from 3 generations to examine the influence of childhood maltreatment on parenting practices at M age 33, and the mediating effects of adolescent conduct disorder at M age 15 and adult psychopathology at M age 22. Results: Sexual abuse predicted lower availability, time spent with the child, satisfaction with the child, and higher perceived ineffectiveness; physical abuse predicted higher perceived ineffectiveness; and dual abuse predicted lower availability and harsh discipline. Conduct disorder mediated the association of sexual abuse with satisfaction and dual abuse with availability, whereas generalized anxiety disorder mediated the association of sexual abuse with time spent with the child. Conclusions: These results suggest that some mothers and fathers with a history of child abuse may benefit from parenting interventions that address difficulties with emotional disengagement. Specific attention could be paid to assist these parents with emotional regulation strategies to maximize their emotional and physical engagement with their child, so as to increase their capacity for availability, time spent with the child, and parental self-efficacy.", "label": [5, 52, 55, 57]}
+{"token": "ADAM SMITH'S THEORY OF MORAL SENTIMENTS IN 1759, 1790, AND 1976. This article traces the institutional context for the Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith in the 1960s and 1970s. It explores the origins of the stoicization thesis advanced by D.D. Raphael and A.L. Macfie in their introductory essay to the TMS. Using the correspondence between the editors held at Glasgow University Special Collections, this article presents the development of editorial positions that would shape the twentieth-century reception of Smith's works.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Low-cost retrofit packages for residential buildings in hot-humid Lagos, Nigeria. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a set of affordable retrofit packages that can be applied to existing residential buildings in hot-humid regions to improve occupants' thermal comfort and reduce energy consumption. Design/methodology/approach A critical review of relevant literature to identify passive design strategies for improving thermal comfort and reducing energy consumption in hot-humid climates with focus on the building envelope was conducted in addition to a simulation study of an existing building typology in study area. Findings There is enormous potential to reduce energy costs and improve thermal comfort through building retrofit packages which is a recent concept in developing countries, such as Nigeria. Analysing the results of the retrofit interventions using building energy simulation helped in developing affordable retrofit packages which had optimum effect in improving indoor comfort temperature to the neutral temperature specified for hot humid Nigeria and further down to 3 degrees C less than that of the reference building used. The use of passive design strategies to retrofit the building might help homeowners reduce their annual energy consumption by up to 46.3 per cent just by improving the indoor thermal comfort. Originality/value In addition to improving thermal comfort and reducing energy consumption, this research identified affordable retrofit packages and considered its cost implications especially to low-income earners who form a larger population of Lagos, Nigeria, as this was not considered by many previous researchers.", "label": [1, 17]}
+{"token": "Experimental investigations on polymer modified pervious concrete. Pervious concrete, a concrete free of fine aggregates, is a type of porous concrete which has attracted the attention of many researchers recently. Attempts to improve the characteristics of such concrete continue In this study, pervious concrete mixes, containing various proportions of Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) of (0, 5, 8 % wt of cement), with two water/cement (0.30 and 0.35) were produced. The influence of these proportions of SBR on the physical and mechanical properties of the mixes was investigated. These properties are compressive strength, density, water discharge, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and modulus of rupture. The results revealed that there is a positive effect of using pervious concrete containing various proportions of the polymer compared to the mixes without polymer. A Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy test (FTIR) was also utilized to demonstrate the effect of the polymer on the mortar structure. (C) 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Study on the interaction between big data and artificial intelligence. The explosive growth of information has rapidly ushered people into the era of big data. Due to the large volume, high variety, and rapid velocity characteristics of big data, most traditional data mining methods developed for a centralized data analysis process cannot be applied directly. AI leverages machine intelligence to provide insights, automation, and new methods to interact with data, thereby promoting data literacy throughout the organization. Based on the theory of Big Data Cycle, this paper discusses the relationship between big data and AI and how they interact and influence each other. It adopts the integrative review research method to screen latest literature and summarizes the role of AI in different phases of big data cycle. We also provide an insight into the applications of big data and AI in three different areas, that is, social network, health care, and finance.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "Optimal experiment design for nonlinear dynamic (bio)chemical systems using sequential semidefinite programming. Optimal experiment design (OED) for parameter estimation in nonlinear dynamic (bio)chemical processes is studied in this work. To reduce the uncertainty in an experiment, a suitable measure of the Fisher information matrix or variance-covariance matrix has to be optimized. In this work, novel optimization algorithms based on sequential semidefinite programming (SDP) are proposed. The sequential SDP approach has specific advantages over sequential quadratic programming in the context of OED. First of all, it guarantees on a matrix level a decrease of the uncertainty in the parameter estimation procedure by introducing a linear matrix inequality. Second, it allows an easy formulation of E-optimal designs in a direct optimal control optimization scheme. Finally, a third advantage of SDP is that problems involving the inverse of a matrix can be easily reformulated. The proposed techniques are illustrated in the design of experiments for a fed-batch bioreactor and a microbial kinetics case study. (c) 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 1728-1739, 2014", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Study on different finite difference methods at skin interface for burn prediction in protective clothing evaluation. For protective clothing evaluation by using the flame engulfment method, a skin burn injury model is required to predict burn degree of the covered skin. By applying finite difference methods, 2 numerical methods are compared. One is based on equivalent heat intensity; the other is based on the law of conservation of energy. In this study, skin temperature rise is compared between these 2 methods by using homogeneous skin properties as well as the analytical solutions. Differences between these 2 methods in application of measured heat exposure tests data are also explored. The results show that assuming equivalent heat intensity at the skin layer interfaces overestimates severity of burn injury. Burn injury time is sensitive to the investigated numerical methods, especially for third-degree burns. The differences of the 2 methods can be reduced by optimization of the grid size using the test cases described in ASTM F1930. A detailed description of requirements regarding applicable numerical methods in future revisions of the relevant standards is recommended. The finite difference model applied in this paper can act as an effective tool to predict temperature distribution in the skin as well as predict burn injury for evaluation of thermal protective clothing.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Early modern human lithic technology from Jerimalai, East Timor. Jerimalai is a rock shelter in East Timor with cultural remains dated to 42,000 years ago, making it one of the oldest known sites of modern human activity in island Southeast Asia. It has special global significance for its record of early pelagic fishing and ancient shell fish hooks. It is also of regional significance for its early occupation and comparatively large assemblage of Pleistocene stone artefacts. Three major findings arise from our study of the stone artefacts. First, there is little change in lithic technology over the 42,000 year sequence, with the most noticeable change being the addition of new artefact types and raw materials in the mid-Holocene. Second, the assemblage is dominated by small chert cores and implements rather than pebble tools and choppers, a pattern we argue pattern, we argue, that is common in island SE Asian sites as opposed to mainland SE Asian sites. Third, the Jerimalai assemblage bears a striking resemblance to the assemblage from Liang Bua, argued by the Liang Bua excavation team to be associated with Homo floresiensis. We argue that the near proximity of these two islands along the Indonesian island chain (c.100 km apart), the long antiquity of modern human occupation in the region (as documented at Jerimalai), and the strong resemblance of distinctive flake stone technologies seen at both sites, raises the intriguing possibility that both the Liang Bua and Jerimalai assemblages were created by modern humans. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 56, 42]}
+{"token": "Synthesis, characterization and high-efficiency blue electroluminescence based on coumarin derivatives of 7-diethylamino-coumarin-3-carboxamide. A novel tripodal compound, tris[2-(7-diethylamino-coumarin-3-carboxamide)ethyl]amine (tren-C), and a model compound, N-butyl-7-(diethylamino)-coumarin-3-carboxamide, were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared and H-1 NMR spectra. The structure of the model compound was characterized by single crystal X-ray crystallography. The electroluminescence devices of ITO/2-TNATA (5 nm)/NPB (40 nm)/CBP: tren-C or model compound (wt%, 30 nm)/Bu-PBD (30 nm)/LiF (1 nm)/Al (100 nm) were fabricated and characterized. The EL spectra of the devices comprising vacuum vapour-deposited films using tren-C as a dopant are similar to the PL spectrum of tren-C in chloroform solutions. At the concentration of 0.5 wt% tren-C, a blue-emitting OLED with an emission peak at 464 nm, a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 1.39% and a maximum luminous efficiency of 2 cd/A at the current density of 20 mA/cm(2), and a maximum luminance of 1450 cd/m(2) at 12 V are achieved. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Identification, structural characterization and expression analysis of a novel carbonic anhydrase from freshwater mussel Hyriopsis cumingii. In this study, an alpha-carbonic anhydrase (alpha-CA), HcCA3, from Hyriopsis cumingii was characterized. The full-length cDNA of HcCA3 was 1628 bp, including a CA domain and an ORF of 1053 bp which encoded 350 amino acids. Its predicted molecular weight was 39.69 kDa and the pI was 5.92. qRT-PCR was used to determine the expression of the gene in various tissues at 0 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 96 h, 7 d, 14 d, 21 d, 28 d and 35 d after inserting the pearl nucleus. The results showed that the HcCA3 was highly expressed in the mantle, whereas its expression was low in other tissues. Expression in the posterior mantle pallial (pMP) was significantly higher than that in the anterior mantle pallial (aMP) and mantle center (MC). Expression in the aMP, pMP and MC was significantly higher in purple mussels compared with that in white mussels. At the same time, during the formation of pearls, expression in the aMP, pMP and pearl sac (PS) decreased and then increased; whereas expression in the MC increased and then decreased. In-situ hybridization showed that the HcCA3 was expressed in both inside and outside epidermal cells. In protein level, Western blot showed that HcCA3 was mainly expressed in the aMP, pMP and MC. Our results suggest that HcCA3 play a role in the formation of shell and pearl sac formation.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Needlestick injuries in a tertiary care centre in Mumbai, India. Accidental exposure from blood/body fluid of patients is a risk to healthcare workers (HCWs). Percutaneous injury is the most common method of exposure to blood-borne pathogens. A policy was formulated at our institute, a tertiary care centre in central Mumbai, and we report a six-year (1998-2003) ongoing surveillance of needlestick injuries. Of the 380 HCWs who reported needlestick injuries, 45% were nurses, 33% were attendants, 11% were doctors and 11% were technicians. On source analysis, 23, 15 and 12 were positive for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), respectively. Immediate action following potential exposure included washing the wound with soap and water, encouraging bleeding and reporting the incident to the emergency room. Analysis of the source of injuries revealed that known sources accounted for 254 injuries, and unknown sources from garbage bags and Operating Theatre instruments accounted for 126 injuries. Most needlestick injuries occurred during intravenous line insertion (N=112), followed by blood collection (N=69), surgical blade injury (N=36) and recapping needles (N=36). Immediate postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) for HCWs who sustained injuries with hepatitis-B-virus-positive patients included booster hepatitis B immunization for those positive for antiHBs. A full course of immunization with hepatitis B immunoglobulin was given to those who were antiHBs negative. A. staff who sustained injury with HIV were given immediate antiretroviral therapy (AZT 600 mg/day) for six weeks. Subsequent six-month follow-up showed zero seroconversion. (c) 2005 The Hospital Infection Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 25, 24]}
+{"token": "Ranging Behaviour of Commercial Free-Range Broiler Chickens 2: Individual Variation. Simple Summary: Although the consumption of free-range chicken meat has increased, little is known about the ranging behaviour of meat chickens on commercial farms. Studies suggest range use is low and not all chickens access the range when given the opportunity. Whether ranging behaviour differs between individuals within a flock remains largely unknown and may have consequences for animal welfare and management. We monitored individual chicken ranging behaviour from four mixed sex flocks on a commercial farm across two seasons. Not all chickens accessed the range. We identified groups of chickens that differed in ranging behaviour (classified by frequency of range visits): chickens that accessed the range only once, low frequency ranging chickens and high frequency ranging chickens, the latter accounting for one-third to one half of all range visits. Sex was not predictive of whether a chicken would access the range or the number of range visits, but males spent more time on the range in winter. We found evidence that free-range chicken ranging varies between individuals within the same flock on a commercial farm. Whether such variation in ranging behaviour relates to variation in chicken welfare remains to be investigated.Abstract: Little is known about broiler chicken ranging behaviour. Previous studies have monitored ranging behaviour at flock level but whether individual ranging behaviour varies within a flock is unknown. Using Radio Frequency Identification technology, we tracked 1200 individual ROSS 308 broiler chickens across four mixed sex flocks in two seasons on one commercial farm. Ranging behaviour was tracked from first day of range access (21 days of age) until 35 days of age in winter flocks and 44 days of age in summer flocks. We identified groups of chickens that differed in frequency of range visits: chickens that never accessed the range (13 to 67% of tagged chickens), low ranging chickens (15 to 44% of tagged chickens) that accounted for < 15% of all range visits and included chickens that used the range only once (6 to 12% of tagged chickens), and high ranging chickens (3 to 9% of tagged chickens) that accounted for 33 to 50% of all range visits. Males spent longer on the range than females in winter (p < 0.05). Identifying the causes of inter-individual variation in ranging behaviour may help optimise ranging opportunities in free-range systems and is important to elucidate the potential welfare implications of ranging.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 10, 47]}
+{"token": "Vegetation classification by two new iterative reallocation optimization algorithms. This paper presents two new non-hierarchical iterative reallocation optimization algorithms for vegetation classification. The OPTimal PARTitioning algorithm (OPTPART) optimizes the ratio of within-cluster similarity to among-cluster similarity; the OPTimal SILhouette algorithm (OPTSIL) optimizes the difference between the similarity of each sample to the cluster to which it is assigned and its similarity to the most similar cluster. The algorithms were tested on three vegetation datasets (Mt. Field Massif, Tazmania, Australia; Podyj/Thayatal National Park, Austria/Czech Republic; and Shoshone National Forest, Wyoming, USA) using three dissimilarity/distance matrices (Bray-Curtis, chord distance, and Hellinger distance) and compared to five other commonly used or recently introduced vegetation classification algorithms (flexible-beta, TWINSPAN, PAM, ISOPAM, and K-means) using eight goodness-of-clustering evaluators. Five of the eight evaluators were species-based and operate on the distribution of individual taxa among clusters; three were community-based and operate on the compositional similarity of clusters. OPTPART was initialized from random partitions and from the results of a flexible-beta classification as the initial partition; OPTSIL was initialized from partitions resulting from OPTPART, flexible-beta, and K-means classifications. Algorithms were ranked from best to worst on each clustering evaluator for each dissimilarity/distance matrix for each dataset, and summarized by median ranks. OPTPART, SIL/OPT (OPTSIL from an OPTPART initial partition), and SIL/FLEX (OPTSIL from a flexible-beta initial partition) ranked 1-3 respectively for results pooled across all three datasets and dissimilarity/distance matrices. OPTPART, SIL/OPT, and SIL/FLEX consistently ranked 1-3 across the individual datasets, although the order varied slightly by dataset.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 37, 9]}
+{"token": "Pulverized Coal Combustion of Nitrogen Free Blast Furnace. The efficiency of coal combustion is an important factor for the blast furnace process. The influence of low x(o)/x(c) on coal combustion performance under nitrogen free blast furnace condition was researched through the self-developed pulverized coal burning device. The results show that the coal combustion rate reduces with xo/xc decreasing, and the combustion rate of bituminous coal is higher than that of anthracite. The coal combustion rate ascends with the rise of volatile matter, but when volatile matter of pulverized coal is more than 18%, the combustion rates will not increase correspondingly. Small amount of CaCO3 and CO2 additions can promote coal combustion, and the effect of CaCO3 is more apparent, which can increase the pulverized coal combustion rate by 15%-18% or so.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "A possible case of prophylactic supra-inion trepanation in a child cranium with an auditory deformity (pre-Columbian Ancon site, Peru). We had the opportunity to examine a pre-Columbian Peruvian child (about 4-5 years old) cranium with a healed lesion above the inion on the occiput. It has previously been claimed that Supra-inion lesions represent traces of prehistoric trepanation for ritual or prophylactic reasons in childhood, a practice termed 'trepanation supra-iniana'. An alternative hypothesis claimed that such lesions mainly result from abnormal long-term compression caused by artificial deformation. We describe several macroscopic characteristics of the cranium and discuss the claim that it is a case of 'trepanation supra-iniana'. The cranium is also characterized by an artificial anterior-posterior deformation, unilateral stenosis of the external auditory canal on the right side, and small drill holes on this same side in the frontal region. The supra-inion lesion, consisting of a shallow depression and a fissure-like orifice, is located slightly to the right on the occiput. The morphological-pathological state of the lesion is analogous to the healing of a trepanation by scraping. These observations suggest that the lesion did not result from artificial compression by head deformation, but from the infliction of trepanation identical to 'trepanation supra-iniana'. The observed stenosis of the external auditory canal is clearly congenital. It is considered that this clearly visible auditory deformity was the primary reason for conducting the ritual or prophylactic trepanation. The small drill holes in the frontal region may have been a post-mortem or peri-mortem trepanation of a ritual or superstitious nature.", "label": [4, 5, 56, 42]}
+{"token": "Reputational Threat and Image Repair Strategies: Northern Ireland Water's Crisis Communication in a Freeze/Thaw Incident. December 2010 saw exceptionally harsh winter weather cause major water supply disruption for thousands of Northern Ireland's citizens. Sustained low temperatures followed by a rapid thaw led to burst water pipes on an unprecedented scale, triggering a water shortage crisis that attracted global media attention. Government-owned Northern Ireland Water (NI Water) received severe criticism for their response to the incident. This article analyzes the reputational threat posed by the crisis and examines the image repair strategies employed by NI Water before, during, and after the event. The crisis was complex and dynamic, requiring a multistrategy response including bolstering, corrective action, mortification, and shifting the blame. However, this was ultimately deemed largely ineffectual since it was more operationally focused than consumer-oriented. The case study adds to the limited research in public sector crisis communication and illustrates how politics and the governmental organizational structure complicated the threat to NI Water's image.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Epidemiological observations of Kawasaki disease in Japan, 2013-2014. Methods: The 23rd nationwide survey of KD was conducted in 2015. To report on all patients diagnosed with KD in 2013 and 2014, a questionnaire was sent to hospitals with >= 100 beds containing pediatric departments, as well as specialized pediatric hospitals.Background: The etiology of Kawasaki disease (KD) is unknown. In Japan, the number of patients and incidence rate of KD has increased continuously since its discovery. The aim of this report was to analyze the latest nationwide epidemiological survey of KD in Japan.Conclusions: The number of patients and incidence rate of KD in Japan continue to increase. Continued surveillance of epidemiological trends of KD is therefore required.Results: The number of KD patients reported was 15 696 in 2013 and 15 979 in 2014, resulting in an annual incidence rate of 302.5 and 308.0 per 100 000 population aged 0-4 years, respectively. The number of patients and incidence rate of KD in 2014 were the highest ever recorded in Japan. The number of patients diagnosed per month peaked in January, and a gradual increase in summer was also observed. Eight patients died of KD in 2013 and 2014.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Information hiding method using CDMA on wave files. Although many information hiding paradigm provides many advantages for protect important information, we try to introduce new method in concealing thing. One of these is Steganography Many efforts have been made to encrypt data as well as to hide data. Most users wish not to lose the data that they want to hide. The steganography is one of methods that users can hide data. Some steganography softwares use audio data among multimedia data. However, the commercialized audio steganography softwares have disadvantages that the existence of hidden messages can be easily recognized visually and only certain sized data can be hidden. To solve these problems, this study suggested, designed and implemented the Dynamic Message Embedding (DME) algorithm. Also, to improve the security level of the secret message, the file encryption algorithm has been applied. Through the DME algorithm and the file encryption algorithm, StegoWaveK system that performs audio steganography was designed and implemented. Then, the suggested system and the commercialized audio steganography system were compared and analyzed on some criteria.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Solving the Set Packing Problem via a Maximum Weighted Independent Set Heuristic. The set packing problem (SPP) is a significant NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem with extensive applications. In this paper, we encode the set packing problem as the maximum weighted independent set (MWIS) problem and solve the encoded problem with an efficient algorithm designed to the MWIS problem. We compare the independent set-based method with the state-of-the-art algorithms for the set packing problem on the 64 standard benchmark instances. The experimental results show that the independent set-based method is superior to the existing algorithms in terms of the quality of the solutions and running time obtained the solutions.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 41]}
+{"token": "Functional and Genetic Diversity of Toxins in Sea Anemones. Sea anemones are benthic, sessile cnidarians that use venom for prey capture, defense, digestion, and intraspecific competition. Lacking venom glands, sea anemones produce venom locally in the tissue of use and deliver it via subcellular structures called nematocysts. The majority of venoms characterized from anemones are unique to the lineage. Although there are many components of venom that are only known from particular lineages, these are generally not associated with structures that are unique to those lineages. The few kinds of venoms that have been explored in an evolutionary context appear to evolve under negative selection, although positive selection may occur on select residues within the molecule. Because there is a positive relationship between study effort and number of toxins known from any lineage, it is likely that broader taxonomic representation in studies of anemone venom will increase the number of genes and molecules reported from anemones.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 42, 47]}
+{"token": "Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a major health problem for adolescents. Health care providers for adolescents play a critical role in preventing and treating STDs. In May 2002, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published the Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines 2002. These evidence-based guidelines are based on a systematic literature review focusing on information that had become available since the 1998 Guidelines for Treatment of STDs. This article reviews the new STD treatment guidelines for gonorrhea, chlamydia, bacterial vaginosis, trichomonas, vulvovaginal candidiasis, pelvic inflammatory disease, genital warts, herpes simplex virus infection, syphilis, and scabies. Although these guidelines emphasize treatment, prevention strategies and diagnostic recommendations also are discussed.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Behavioral and neurophysiological correlates of striatal dopamine depletion: A rodent model of Parkinson's disease. Learning outcomes: Readers will be able to (a) describe a set of motor tests used to assess limb motor and cranial motor function in an animal model of Parkinson's disease, (b) understand the application of intracortical microstimulation to assess corticospinal and corticobulbar circuits, (c) describe the differential effects of dopamine depletion on limb motor and cranial motor function in a rodent model of PD, and (d) understand the potential role of dysfunction outside the nigrostriatal system mediating cranial motor impairments in Parkinson's disease. Published by Elsevier Inc.Both limb and cranial motor functions are adversely impacted by Parkinson's disease (PD). While current pharmacological and surgical interventions are effective in alleviating general limb motor symptoms of PD, they have failed to provide significant benefit for cranial motor functions. This suggests that the neuropathologies mediating limb and cranial motor impairments in PD may differ. Animal models provide a mechanism by which the potential neural dysfunctions underlying these different motor impairments may be characterized. Central goals to our laboratory have been to (a) determine the differential responses of cranial motor and limb motor function to striatal dopamine depletion and (b) determine the differential effects of striatal dopamine depletion on the integrity of cranial motor and limb motor neural circuits. This paper details the use of a comprehensive battery of limb and cranial motor behavioral tasks and the application of intracortical microstimulation to assess corticospinal and corticobulbar circuits in a rodent model of PD. Our work suggests that striatal dopamine depletion does differentially affect cranial and limb motor function and corticospinal and corticobulbar circuits. Further, we propose that cranial motor impairments in PD may be mediated by pathology both within and outside nigrostriatal dopamine system.", "label": [2, 3, 22, 28]}
+{"token": "AD FONTES: SOURCE CAPACITY OF THE FIRST GENERAL CENSUS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE POPULATION OF 1897. In fact, this situation with using the materials of the First All-Russian Census of the Russian Empire in 1897 determines the purpose of the article - to prove the fruitfulness of the Census results of 1897 for the analysis of a new, industrial society formation in sub-Russian Ukraine at the end of th XIXth century and the crisis of the old class structure. The research methodology is determined by the fact that all demographic phenomena recorded by the Census of 1897are considered in the context of historical events and reflect their consequences, i.e., in this case it was an industrial modernization. The authors proceeded from the need to use new methods of calculating the Census results to analyze the social consequences of an industrial modernization in the Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire, which are based on the adaptation of the demographic statistics methods to the processing of the Census data of 1897. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that for the first time in historiography new methods have been used to recalculate the results of the Census of 1897 to characterize the trends and consequences of changes in the social structure of the society due to an industrial modernization. This allowed us to correct the existing in historiography ideas about the social consequences of the first post-reform 40th anniversary of 1861 - 1897. The Conclusions. Summing up, first of all, we note that the source analysis of the First All-Russian Census of the Russian Empire in 1897 is quite topical taking into account the preparation for the second, after the restoration of independence, demographic census in Ukraine. The Census materials are published, recognized as a reliable source of a historical demography and are widely used in the domestic and foreign historiography. However, the Census programme does not make it possible to record the social consequences of an industrial modernization and the crisis of the population class structure, and in historiography there are almost no attempts to list the results of the Census. Accordingly, the authors set a goal to analyze possible ways of recalculating the Census data of 1897.The content of the third method is an attempt to overcome the main flaw of the Census programme of 1897 - the lack of information on the formation of new social groups and the collapse of the states of the Russian Empire. On the example of Katerynoslav and Kamyanets-Podilsky, the formation tendencies of the new social structure elements and disintegration of the old one were characterized.The second method aims at analyzing the mobility of the population, clarify the role of individual social sources in the formation of new strata of the society and urbanization. The method was used to analyze the data of Kharkiv province, especially Kharkiv and other major cities of the province. The method allowed to characterise the mobility of both the population as a whole and its individual states, the role of local people and migrants in the formation of industrial centers, the role of individual social groups in modernization processes.In other words, the source analysis of the results of the First All-Russian Census of the Russian Empire in 1897 proves that its heuristic potential is far from exhausted, and the multiplicity of methods of its study (including recalculation of results) seems appropriate. The Census results make it possible to characterize the leading social consequences of the industrial modernization of the Russian Empire at the end of the XIXth century.The authors suggested the feasibility of using three methods of recalculating the Census results. The first one consists in grouping of 64 groups of population occupations, registered by the Census, into industrial clusters (groups) - civil service, public activities, finance, industry, construction, transport and communications, agriculture, services and traditional industries. On the example of the largest city in the Ukrainian provinces - Odesa, it was proved that the Census recorded considerable progress in forming the social structure of the industrial era, but the remnants of the past, traditional society remained significant (the correspondent observations were compared with other cities).", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Digital librarianship practice and open access technology use for sustainable development in Nigeria. Purpose The continuous advancement in technology has disrupted practices in many sectors, including education. Thus, this study aims to examine digital librarianship practice and open access technology use for sustainable development in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach The survey type of descriptive research design was adopted in this study while the population of the study comprised librarians in universities in Delta State. A total of 38 randomly selected librarians from four universities in Delta State were used for this study, and the data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics. Findings This study revealed that the level of digital librarianship practice in university libraries in Delta State for sustainable development is low; just as social media tools, open source integrated library systems and Google Cloud Platforms are the most commonly used open access technologies in the libraries. Furthermore, this study showed that perennial factors such as poor funding of education, inadequate quality educational infrastructure, mismanagement of education fund among others are hindrance to sustainable development in the country's educational sector. Research limitations/implications This study is limited in its use of only one state (out of 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja) in Nigeria for this research. Also, social desirability bias on the part of the respondents could have influenced the pattern in which the respondents reacted to items in section D. Practical implications This study has practical implications for the sensitization and training of librarians towards leveraging on the various open access technologies in delivering effective library and information services required in the Fourth Industrial revolution. Originality/value This study seeks to pioneer a new area of focus by examining digital librarianship practice and open access technology use as enablers of sustainable development.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Occurrence and social structure of Baird's beaked whales, Berardius bairdii, in the Commander Islands, Russia. The social structure of Baird's beaked whales is completely unstudied, and it is unknown if either females or males form long-term social associations or occur in stable groups. In this paper we summarize our observations of individually identified animals over the span of 6yr to provide insight on their long-term social structure. We have identified 122 whales, with 28 of them encountered three times or more and thus included in the analysis of social structure. We found that the whales exhibited nonrandom patterns of social associations with some individuals preferentially associating with each other. Whales with more scarred skin had higher maximum association coefficients, which indicates that older animals and/or males were more inclined to form stable associations. Cluster analysis with a modularity test for gregariousness divided the whales into four clusters. Whales from the same clusters did not always occur together, but some individuals retained stable associations over several years. The strength of social relationships decayed over periods of months, with between-year relationships showing little deviation from what would be expected if association was random. Generally these findings do not correspond to a stable society with fixed groups but instead suggest a fission-fusion society with some stable alliances.", "label": [4, 45, 47]}
+{"token": "An In-Depth Assessment of Water Resource Responses to Regional Development Policies Using Hydrological Variation Analysis and System Dynamics Modeling. To maintain sustainability and availability of regional water resources, appropriate integrated water resource management (IWRM) should be based on an assessment of water resource background and responses to regional development and utilization policies. The study proposed an assessment method combining hydrological variation analysis with a system dynamics (SD) model to support IWRM in the Baiyangdian Region, Northern China. Integrated variation analysis and attributive analysis were used to identify variation time and causes of runoff. Then, based on the current water resource situation, an accessibility analysis examined the possibility of achieving a water resources supply and demand balance of social economic development and the ecological environment within individual internal management. Finally, an SD model simulated water resource response to development policies to predict future policy impacts. Results showed that 65.18% of the impact on runoff was from human activities. Sustainability goals were impossible through internal management, but with eco-migration policies and 1 x 10(8)m(3)inter-basin transferred water, it could quickly be achieved, and water ecosystem function could also be recovered. Establishment of the Xiong'an New Area necessitated introduction of integrated cross-basin management to protect the Baiyangdian Region from degradation of its ecological function. Our study proposed a new method for comparation of internal and cross-basin IWRM.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Formulating best practice recommendations for prepaid electricity meter deployment in Soweto, South Africa - Capitalising on the developed-world's experiences. This study seeks to formulate best practice indicators characterising the prepaid electricity meter market. This was undertaken by reviewing both developed and developing countries' experiences with the technology, conducting in-depth interviews with key stakeholders, and applying the strength weaknesses opportunities threats analysis tool. The generated outcomes are used to formulate a set of best practice recommendations that can inform decisions on improving the acceptability rate of the technology in Soweto. We found that the introduction of the technology faces a number of challenges, broadly being its complete rejection by some communities. In particular, the inadequacy or absence of incentives, the absence of prepaid meter market tariffs and regulatory mechanisms are fundamental factors affecting acceptance levels and effectiveness of the technology in developing countries. The case of Soweto is unique in that it has a historical political basis that even led to some violent protests. To improve the acceptance level and increase the buy-in of local communities in Soweto, we formulated a number of best practice recommendations including the need to factor in the programme design the historical context-specificity of Soweto, its low-income status, the need to put the communities at the centre of the programme and the implementation of incentive measures inspired from the developed world.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Identification of 31 novel mutations in the N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase gene reveals excessive allelic heterogeneity among patients with Morquio A syndrome. Mutation analysis of the N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase gene was performed in a group of 35 patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA from 33 families, mainly of European origin. By nonra dioactive SSCP screening, 35 different gene mutations were identified, 31 of them novel. Together they account for 88.6% of the disease alleles of the patients investigated. The vast majority of the gene alterations proved to be point mutations, 23 missense, 2 nonsense, and 3 affecting splicing. Six small deletions (1-27 bp) and one insertion were also characterized. In a Polish family, two mildly affected siblings were compound heterozygotes for R94G and R259Q. Their mother was homozygous for the atter point mutation, leading to enzyme deficiency and a borderline disease phenotype. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "The Archive as Repertoire: Transience and Sustainability in Digital Archives. Digital archives change more quickly than traditional ones: they are adaptable and transient. This has advantages and disadvantages; digital archives can disappear from sight almost instantly but they can also be easily safeguarded and restored. Borrowing the critical vocabulary of performance studies, digital archives could thus be understood as \\\\'repertoires\\\\' rather than traditional archives. By treating digital archives as repertoires, this article explores different threats and opportunities presented by their volatile nature and makes policy and technical recommendations on how to ensure their relevance and sustainability.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Evolution of the AgCdO Contact Material Surface Microstructure with the Number of Arcs. This paper describes a study of the evolution of the AgCdO contact material surface microstructure as a function of the number of electrical arcs imposed on the switching surface. Five power switching devices were tested under different conditions. They were subjected to, respectively, 1, 2, 3, 10, and 100 electrical arcs under the same operating conditions: supply current of 400 A, circuit voltage of 28 V direct current (DC), and resistive load. For the analysis, a binocular microscope and a scanning electron microscope with an energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometer were used.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Psychologism and the Development of Russell's Account of Propositions. This article examines the development of Russell's treatment of propositions, in relation to the topic of psychologism. In the first section, we outline the concept of psychologism, and show how it can arise in relation to theories of the nature of propositions. Following this, we note the anti-psychologistic elements of Russell's thought dating back to his idealist roots. From there, we sketch the development of Russell's theory of the proposition through a number of its key transitions. We show that Russell, in responding to a variety of different problems relating to the proposition, chose to resolve these problems in ways that continually made concessions to psychologism.", "label": [3, 4, 41, 30, 32]}
+{"token": "ON RELIGION AND LITERATURE: TRUTH, BEAUTY, AND THE GOOD. In this essay, we explore the convergence between religion and literature by reflecting on the inextricable relationship between the good, the true, and the beautiful. We propose that reflecting on this trio can help us see more clearly what the value might be of bringing \\\\'religion\\\\' and \\\\'literature\\\\' together and that, at the same time, the coming together of \\\\'religion\\\\' and \\\\'literature\\\\' can help us see more clearly what the value might be of thinking about the good, the true, and the beautiful as inextricably related. Methodologically, therefore, we suggest that to speak about the relationship between religion and literature is not simply to speak of a common ground between them; it is also to be open to the possibility that our conception of such common ground might be transformed by the light shed on it by the encounter of religion and literature itself. The essay focuses, in particular, on the Hebrew Bible, Dante's Comedy, Shakespeare's Xing Lear, and Primo Levi's If This Is A Man. Through readings of select passages from these works, we suggest that the encounter between religion and literature, illuminated by and illuminating the inextricable relationship between truth, beauty, and goodness, can significantly contribute to awakening us to the fact that our vision and understanding are limited if not contextualized by our concrete nourishing of justice through compassionate human relationships.", "label": [3, 28, 33]}
+{"token": "Use of an infectious Simian virus 40-based shuttle vector to analyse UV-induced mutagenesis in monkey cells. SV40 based shuttle vectors able to be packaged as pseudovirions have been used either as naked DNA or as pseudovirus to analyse the mutation frequency and the UV-induced mutation spectra obtained after transfection or infection of COS7 monkey cells. The frequency of supF spontaneous mutants was similar whatever the state of the vector, indicating that the transfection step is not responsible for the high spontaneous mutation frequency when using shuttle vectors. Nevertheless the UV-induced mutation frequency of the supF gene was higher when transfected DNA was replicated into COS7 cells than when pseudovirus infection was performed. The UV induced mutation spectra was basically similar in both situations but a new hot-spot at nucleotide 110 was obtained after pseudovirus infection UV-pretreated and control COS7 cells were infected with untreated or UV-damaged pi SVPC7 shuttle virus and the survival and the supF mutation frequency were analysed in the progeny. The survival of UV-damaged pseudovirus replicated in 10 J/m(2) UV-pretreated cells was 2-fold higher than in untreated cells. This increase in the survival was accompanied by a slight enhancement in the number of supF(-) mutants.", "label": [2, 19, 22, 20]}
+{"token": "Breeding for cold-resistant, seedless grapes from Chinese wild Vitis amurensis using embryo rescue. Hybridisation was carried out between stenospermocarpic seedless grape cultivars (female parents) and Chinese wild Vitis amurensis or its hybrids with cold-resistance alleles (male parents). The aim of this paper was: (1) to evaluate the effects of the addition of the plant growth regulator indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to the embryo development medium MM3 + 500 mg L-1 casein hydrolysate + 1 mmol L-1 serine; (2) to obtain a batch of seedless hybrid grape offspring by embryo rescue; and (3) to screen suitable genotypes for embryo rescue. The results indicated that adding 1.75 mg L-1 IAA promotes embryo development, germination and plantlet formation in the combinations of 'Ruby Seedless' x '00-1-5' and 'Beauty Seedless' x 'Beichun'. However, it inhibits the combinations 'Perlette' x '00-1-5' and 'Neptune' x '00-1-5'. 'Crimson Seedless', 'Ruby Seedless' and 'Flame Seedless' were more suitable as female parents than 'Neptune', 'Perlette', 'Beauty Seedless', 'Heshen Seedless', 'Jupiter' and 'Su-67'. The Hybrid '00-1-5' performed best as the male parent for cold-resistant seedless grape embryo rescue. A total of 267 new hybrid progenies derived from 11 cross combinations were obtained by embryo rescue. GLSP1 and SCF27, two special primers of the molecular marker linked to seedless gene in grape, were employed to screen the progenies of five cross combinations for possible seedlessness. Five of 22 strains obtained from two cross combinations had the marker GLSP1-569; 43 of 89 strains obtained from three cross combinations had the marker SCF27-2000. These marked strains were preliminarily identified as being seedless.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
+{"token": "Persistence of Escherichia coli in immature house fly and stable fly (Diptera : Muscidae) in relation to larval growth and survival. The persistence of Escherichia coli in artificially fed larvae was examined for up to 48 h after ingestion by house flies, Musca domestica L., and stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). The rate of change in the E. coli load was similar for both species for up to 5 h after ingestion. Up to 48 h after ingestion, abundance of E. coli declined in immature house flies but remained constant in immature stable flies. When different E. coli concentrations were fed to larvae, the abundance of E. coli increased in stable fly larvae regardless of the initial concentration. The E. coli load in house fly larvae increased when larvae were fed a low concentration of bacteria, but it declined when larvae were fed a high concentration of bacteria. Survival of house fly and stable fly larvae averaged 62 and 25%, respectively, when reared on pure E. coli cultures. These observations suggest that house fly larvae digest E. coli and use it as a food source but stable fly larvae do not.", "label": [0, 4, 44, 10]}
+{"token": "Nursing home quality and pressure ulcer prevention and management practices. Setting: LTCFs in Missouri.Design: Retrospective analysis of a large data set and comparative survey.Conclusion: Valid and reliable pressure ulcer risk assessment tools are seriously underused. Evidence-based pressure ulcer prevention and treatment guidelines appear to be rarely implemented. This study provides a basis for developing educational and quality improvement programs and future research related to pressure ulcer prevention and treatment in LTCFs.Results: The mean+/-standard deviation pressure ulcer QI score was 10.9+/-6.2%, with a risk-adjusted score of 15.7+/-8.9% for high-risk residents and 3.1+/-3.6% for low-risk residents. Minimizing head-of-bed elevation to less than 30degrees was used by fewer than 20% of facilities. More than 40% of facilities used a risk assessment tool that was not evidence based. Fewer than 13% of facilities used the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research pressure ulcer prevention and treatment guidelines. No relationship was found between the number of prevention strategies (P=.892) or the number of treatment strategies (P=.921) and the pressure ulcer QI scores.Objectives: To measure pressure ulcer quality indicator (QI) scores and to describe the self-reported skin integrity assessment, pressure ulcer risk assessment, and pressure ulcer prevention and treatment practices in long-term care facilities (LTCFs).Measurements: Pressure ulcer QI scores, Pressure Ulcer Prevention & Treatment Practices Survey.Participants: Three hundred sixty-two LTCFs participated in the survey. Three hundred twenty-one facilities had pressure ulcer QI scores between April 1 and September 30, 1999.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 57]}
+{"token": "Highly significant differences in HBsAg kinetics among patients with two types of hepatitis B flare, with and without retreatment. Conclusions: Entecavir/tenofovir retreatment effectively decreases HBsAg level in patients with a virus-dominating flare but is ineffective/worse in patients with a host-dominating flare. These results support the use of combined HBsAg/ALT kinetics for the decision to retreat patients with a virus-dominating flare and withhold retreatment for patients with a host-dominating flare.Results: Two hundred and eighty-eight retreated patients with a virus-dominating flare showed greater 1 year HBsAg decline (#1.0 versus #0.01 log(10) IU/mL; P < 0.0001), more frequent rapid decline (69.8% versus 8.3%; P < 0001) and higher 3 year incidence of HBsAg < 100 IU/mL (32% versus 12%; P = 0.026) than 48 patients with a host-dominating flare, of whom 16 (33.3%) showed 3.8-fold (2 to 52-fold) HBsAg rebound on retreatment (versus 2/288; P < 0.0001). Compared with non-retreated controls, 1 year HBsAg decline was greater (#1.0 versus #0.47 log(10) IU/mL; P < 0.0001) and faster (69.8% versus 42.5%; P < 0.0001) in patients with a virus-dominating flare, whereas 1 year HBsAg decline (#0.01 versus #0.16 log(10) IU/mL) and 3 year HBsAg loss rate (0% versus 21%; P = 0.009) were lower in patients with a host-dominating flare.Methods: HBsAg was quantified before and during flares, at peak/retreatment start and at Months 6 and 12 in 336 entecavir/tenofovir-retreated and 105 non-retreated hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-negative patients. Increasing HBsAg during ALT flare defined a 'virus-dominating flare' and decreasing HBsAg a 'host-dominating flare'.Background: Off-therapy hepatitis flare may be detrimental or, conversely, facilitate hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) decline. Retreatment decisions are crucial.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "Subverting Social Policy on the Front Line: Agencies of Resistance in the Delivery of Services. An understanding of policy implementation issues in many of the core fields of social policy requires attention to the mode of service delivery that is characteristic of those fields: face-to-face interaction between frontline service staff and service users. A focus on implementation as interaction between these groups reveals the significance of 'agency' to the analysis of why and how certain social policy outcomes occur - and in particular why outcomes may sometimes be different from those anticipated by formal policy objectives. This article considers how the agency of workers and users shapes the processes of mediation, negotiation and adaptation that occur in different service delivery contexts, and identifies ways in which resistance to intended policy outcomes, and to the practices expected to deliver them, is formed and expressed. Drawing on a wide range of empirical research material, the article shows how agencies of resistance produce outcomes that are uncertain, fragile and contested, and whose effect can be the subversion of formal policy intentions.", "label": [5, 52, 51, 57]}
+{"token": "An Air-Lift Crystallizer Can Suppress Secondary Nucleation at a Higher Supersaturation Compared to a Stirred Crystallizer. Secondary nucleation is suppressed in an air-lift crystallizer at levels of supersaturation where in a stirred crystallizer a clear contribution of secondary nucleation is visible. A comparison of batch crystallization of ascorbic acid in an air-lift crystallizer and in a stirred crystallizer is presented. The results demonstrate that at low supersaturation, secondary nucleation can be suppressed in both the air-lift crystallizer and the stirred crystallizer. At higher supersaturation, nucleation starts to dominate in the air-lift crystallizer. At an intermediate level of supersaturation, a clear contribution of secondary nucleation in the final product obtained from the stirred crystallizer is visible. However, experiments with similar conditions in the air-lift crystallizer show a significantly smaller contribution of secondary nucleation. The observed enlargement of the operating window in terms of supersaturation where secondary nucleation is suppressed in an air-lift crystallizer may have important practical consequences. Air-lift crystallizers can potentially operate with a higher crystal growth rate and the operating window for design and automated control can be extended.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Optimizing seawater reverse osmosis with internally staged design to improve product water quality and energy efficiency. Internally staged design (ISD) was introduced as a method to lower front reverse osmosis (RO) element fluxes, yielding operational benefits. Systematic selection of the best ISD combinations has not been conducted as it is dependent on operating conditions (i.e., RO recovery and average flux). This study aimed to optimize seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) operations using ISD for better product water quality and energy efficiency. A total of 36 ISD combinations were configured with three commercial SWRO membranes and systematically examined under varying operating conditions which were simulations of typical SWRO operation. A Pareto-optimal front, a non-dominated feasible solution set, was created to understand the tradeoff relationship between permeate quality and specific energy consumption while considering all parameters. The Pareto-optimal front was classified into five phases, and an analysis of phase changes provided optimal parameter settings for SWRO operation. However, the occurrence of colloidal fouling altered optimal ISD combinations on the Pareto-optimal front. Particularly, when SWRO membranes were fouled at high-recovery and -flux conditions, ISD combinations employing three different membrane types exhibited superior performance in terms of energy efficiency. With these results, the best SWRO operation was suggested depending on its performance requirements, and the advantages of ISD were further delineated.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
+{"token": "Long-term tidal level distribution using a wave-by-wave approach. Tidal analysis is usually performed in the time domain by means of the decomposition of the time series of the free surface in a number of harmonies, characterizing every single component along a shelf or inside an estuary. Although this kind of analysis has proven to be very useful in numerous studies, when it comes to characterizing the tide statistically (i.e., the long-term sea level distribution) this approach is inadequate. This paper presents a different approach. Instead of working with the complete time series, some statistical properties of the signal, such as the probability density function (pdf) of the tidal wave heights (TWH) are used. The tidal elevation (TE) pdf is obtained by means of a statistical procedure that consists of the definition of the compound pdf as a function of the TWH pdf and the U-shaped pdf for the elevations of a single wave. In order to have an analytical representation of the probability density functions, the use of kernel density functions is explored. An extension to account for asymmetries in the tidal elevations is also proposed. Both, the symmetric and the asymmetric models are applied to different tide gauge data along the World's coastline (symmetric and asymmetric - positive and negative skewed -). The results show that the symmetric approach is capable of representing the TE pdfs for roughly symmetric tides. However, in shallow areas where the distortion of the tide is more pronounced, the asymmetric model provides a better description of the TE pdfs. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Effects of high-temperature annealing on electron spin resonance in SiOx films prepared by R. F. sputtering system. Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra are investigated in order to analyze paramagnetic defects in amorphous SiOx films with 0.8 <= x <= 1.87 prepared by a co-sputtering of Si-wafer chips and a SiO2 disk target. Effects of the thermal annealing at 900 C and 1100 C on the ESR spectra are also investigated. Four types of silicon dangling bond centers with forms of center dot Si  Si3-nOn On (n = 0,1, 2 or 3) are assumed in order to simulate the ESR spectra. The random bonding model appears to describe the network structure of the films with x similar to 2, that is, near the stochiometric composition of SiO2. It is suggested that the structural fluctuation around silicon dangling bonds is larger in the sputtered SiO films used in the present work in comparison with those prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Studies of H5N1 influenza virus infection of pigs by using viruses isolated in Vietnam and Thailand in 2004. To determine whether avian H5N1 influenza viruses associated with human infections in Vietnam had transmitted to pigs, we investigated serologic evidence of exposure to H5N1 influenza virus in Vietnamese pigs in 2004. Of the 3,175 pig sera tested, 8 (0.25%) were positive for avian H5N1 influenza viruses isolated in 2004 by virus neutralization assay and Western blot analysis. Experimental studies of replication and transmissibility of the 2004 Asian H5N1 viruses in pigs revealed that all viruses tested replicated in the swine respiratory tract but none were transmitted to contact pigs. Virus titers from nasal swabs peaked on day 2, and low titers were detected in the liver of two of the four pigs tested. Our findings indicate that pigs can be infected with highly lethal Asian H5N1 viruses but that these viruses are not readily transmitted between pigs under experimental conditions.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Just like Jail': Trauma Experiences of Older Homeless Men. People experiencing homelessness often have a history of trauma, and losing one's home is a traumatic event. The trauma of living in emergency shelters and on the streets uniquely impacts older adults, whose experiences of homelessness increase the likelihood of multiple health conditions and premature aging. This paper includes data from 18 men, aged 50 and older, who had experienced multiple instances of homelessness, as part of a larger study to understand the return path to homelessness from permanent housing. When participants spoke with us about their failure to be in housing, their inability to free themselves from reoccurring homelessness could not be discussed without talking about their trauma. Participants spoke of trauma in early life, perhaps precipitating homelessness, as well as traumatic experiences while homeless. The men discussed feeling imprisoned by the systemic issues around homelessness, facing mistreatment by service providers, and being exposed to external threats in their lives on the streets, including violence. Findings from this study lend themselves to the explicit need for trauma-informed care and supportive services that are sensitive to the urgency of homelessness as it is experienced by men in late life.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 52, 57]}
+{"token": "Can Psychopathic Violence Be Explained by Attachment?. Although individuals with psychopathic personality traits often lead deviant, albeit not criminal, lives, this type of personality disorder is more common among imprisoned offenders. In particular, psychopathic traits are present in offenders who committed more serious and violent crimes. This article focuses on one of the aspects of understanding the evolution of a psychopathic personality and violence, namely attachment. Empirical studies conducted to date confirm that psychopathy is associated with anxious forms of attachment, mostly avoidant/dismissive. In the early relationship with the object of attachment, the psychopathic person probably did not have a sufficiently consistent, attuned, loving, and encouraging experience. Moreover, abuse and neglect are common. In such circumstances, children protect themselves by adopting mechanisms, which are (inadequately) prolonged into adulthood, and their inner world is inhabited mainly by aggressive objects. As adults, psychopaths lack the capability for attachment. Additionally, they perceive people as unreliable and aggressive. Their intense envy arouses the desire to possess or destroy \\\\'the other\\\\', while power is also used to heal the wounds of grandiosity, which is occasionally shattered by situations or people. An additional factor enabling psychopaths to be harmful and violent to others without feeling guilt, stems from their impaired or even inexistent ability to mentalize. Mentalization develops from a secure attachment, within which individuals learn during their childhood to reflect on their own and others mental states and behaviour. The ability to mentalize is weaker in prisoners than in control groups and is even more impaired in offenders with antisocial traits. This paper offers an insight into the most intimate psychological functioning of psychopaths and thus provides opportunities for possible interventions that might also enable the prevention of violent behaviour as a long-term investment.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Bridging the user-IS gap: a study of major information systems projects. A `culture gap' between IS professionals and their business counterparts has been blamed for many of the problems and failures that have plagued systems development in the last four decades. A rich model of integration is developed based on normative, organizational and work group features. The model is utilized to analyse survey results and case studies of 12 major IS projects being implemented in the UK retail and electronics sectors. The research provides detailed profiles of goal, transitional and unhelpful practices and states, and highlights key success variables in achieving user-IS staff integration on major IS development projects.", "label": [4, 5, 40, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "Gluten contamination in food services and industry: A systematic review. Gluten-related disorders (GRD) affects approximately 10% of the general population. The only treatment for GRD is still so far is the lifelong complete exclusion of gluten from the daily diet. The correct information about the presence/absence of gluten in food is very important to this group. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of gluten contamination in gluten-free industrial and non-industrial products. In this systematic review, 24 cross-sectional studies were analyzed. The authors developed specific search strategies for Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. The authors evaluated the methodological quality of the included studies using criteria from Meta-analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument (MASTARI). We performed the statistical meta-analysis by metafor package of R program. 95.83% (n = 23) of the studies presented positive results for contamination (over 20 ppm). In industrial food products, studies showed a contamination prevalence of 13.2% (95% CI: 10.8%-15.7%). In non-industrial food products, studies showed a contamination prevalence of 41.5% (95% CI: 16.6%-66.4%). Despite the non-industrial products presented higher contamination prevalence than the industrial products, the difference was not significant (p = 0.072). The findings indicate cross-contamination in industrialized and non-industrialized products. As expected, industrial products labeled as gluten-free showed a lower percentage of gluten-contamination than non-industrialized. Despite that, any contaminated sample found in this group present greater relevance than non-labeled foods. It indicates that foods labeled as \\\\'gluten-free\\\\' should not be considered safe for patients with GRD since information on the label regarding the presence/absence of gluten is unreliable. Therefore, any gluten-contamination in products labeled as gluten-free is a serious problem to whom present GRD. Further studies are needed to estimate gluten cross-contamination in food service meals and industry better.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
+{"token": "The Spectres of Schmitt Identity, Decision, and the Name of YHWH. This article investigates the legacy of the \\\\'political theology\\\\' of the German legal scholar Carl Schmitt (1888-1985) in the oeuvres of the French philosopher Alain de Benoist (degrees 1943), intellectual key figure of Europe's \\\\'New Right,\\\\' and the political philosopher Chantal Mouffe (degrees 1943), one of the most prominent thinkers of a Schmitt-inspired left, and critically analyses the compatibility of a radical decisionism (as defended by Benoist, Mouffe and Schmitt) with a Christian perspective. A first part examines Schmitt's influence on the ideological cornerstones of the \\\\'New Right\\\\' and the ways in which they are entangled with illiberal religious options, ultimately grounded in a form of radical decisionism. A second part contrasts Benoist's reading of Schmitt with the reception of Schmitt's thinking in the work of Mouffe. It is argued that due to sharing Schmitt's decisionism, Mouffe's attempt to think both \\\\'with and against Schmitt\\\\' ultimately suffers from similar aporias as does Benoist's reading of Schmitt and thus fails to offer a viable democratic alternative. The last part of the article turns back to Schmitt himself to analyse whether a radical decisionist position is compatible with Judeo-Christian tradition. It critically examines Schmitt's references to papal infallibility as an alleged role model of decisionist sovereignty and investigates different theological concepts of divine sovereignty, which at first sight seem to invite a decisionist reading. Taking the revelation of God's name in Ex. 3:14 as central point of reference, an understanding of Judeo-Christian identity is then developed that is neither essentialist nor decisionist and thus offers a promising perspective from which to criticize the attempts to monopolize the Christian tradition by current proponents of the \\\\'New Right.\\\\'", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Fucoxanthin Protects against oxLDL-Induced Endothelial Damage via Activating the AMPK-Akt-CREB-PGC1 alpha Pathway. Scope: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the most prevalent cause of mortality and morbidity. Fucoxanthin (FX) possesses anti-hypertensive and anti-obesity properties. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effects of FX on oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced oxidative injuries in human endothelial cells are still largely unknown. This study aims to test the hypothesis that FX protects against oxLDL-induced oxidative stress by upregulating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and to explore the roles of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1a (PGC-1a).Conclusion: These findings provide new insights into the possible molecular mechanisms by which FX mitigates oxLDL-induced endothelial oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.Methods and Results: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells are treated with oxLDL in the presence or absence of FX. FX significantly increases AMPK phosphorylation. In addition, FX diminishes oxLDL-mediated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activation by inhibiting protein kinase C and subsequently inducing reactive oxygen species generation and impairing the activity of the endogenous antioxidant enzyme superoxidase dismutase. Furthermore, FX restores oxLDL-mediated dephosphorylation of phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt and decreases CREB and PGC-1a expression to nearly normal levels. Moreover, FX ameliorates the oxLDL-mediated suppression of mitochondrial function and apoptosis.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "WHAT LIES AHEAD? CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR ADOLESCENT HEALTH. Whether working as a clinician or primarily within academic domains, the authors of this compendium have generously shared their knowledge and experience and eloquently identified the current and important issues in their respective fields of endeavour. Our purpose in this chapter is to reflect on the wealth of information, insights and initiatives contained in the book, and to make some observations about where we believe the field of adolescent health heading in Australia.", "label": [2, 27, 24]}
+{"token": "Educational tourism and experiential learning: students' perceptions of field trips. Originality/value - Despite research on learning outcomes and perceptions of experiential learning having expanded considerably, a fundamental question that remains unanswered is how perceptions of such experiences change and, consequently, when the most appropriate time is to assess participant perceptions.Research limitations/implications - While the outcomes are useful, they need to be thoughtfully applied because of the small data set. It is important to repeat similar investigations to allow more certainty in the propositions formulated. Furthermore, future studies should evaluate a broader variety of outcomes to determine whether perceptions remain constant. The implications are that educators and destination managers can easily apply these conclusions for the benefit and the findings can inform other field trips and broader experiential initiatives.Findings - The findings indicate that there are various motivations behind participation and that time barely affects perceptions of the experience. Furthermore, three factors emerged as important for meeting expectations, namely, social and professional connections, learning and traditional yet engaging teaching.Design/methodology/approach - The study gathered and compared data collected in two points in time - immediately at the end of the experience and two months afterward. T-tests for paired samples were used to examine potential differences in perceptions and principal component analysis was used to identify the key factors determining the success of the experience.Purpose - This paper aims to investigate participants' motivations and perceptions of a field trip. Specifically, this paper examines if and how students' perceptions change with time and it explores the main factors for ensuring success in an experiential learning tourism program.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "The Impact of Definitive Local Therapy for Lymph Node-Positive Prostate Cancer: A Population-Based Study. Purpose: To evaluate the survival outcomes for patients with lymph nodeepositive, nonmetastatic prostate cancer undergoing definitive local therapy (radical prostatectomy [RP], external beam radiation therapy [EBRT], or both) versus no local therapy (NLT) in the US population in the modern prostate specific antigen (PSA) era.Conclusions: In this large, population-based cohort, definitive local therapy was associated with significantly improved survival in patients with lymph node-positive prostate cancer. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc.Results: A total of 796 cN+ and 2991 pN+ patients were evaluable. Among cN+ patients, 43% underwent EBRT and 57% had NLT. Outcomes for cN+ patients favored EBRT, with 10-year OS rates of 45% versus 29% (P<.001) and PCSS rates of 67% versus 53% (P<.001). Among pN+ patients, 78% underwent local therapy (RP 57%, EBRT 10%, or both 11%) and 22% had NLT. Outcomes for pN+ also favored local therapy, with 10-year OS rates of 65% versus 42% (P<. 001) and PCSS rates of 78% versus 56% (P<. 001). On multivariate analysis, local therapy in both the cN+ and pN+ cohorts remained independently associated with improved OS and PCSS (all P<. 001). Local therapy was associated with favorable hazard ratios across subgroups, including patients aged >= 70 years and those with multiple positive lymph nodes. Among pN+ patients, no significant differences in survival were observed between RP versus EBRT and RP with or without adjuvant EBRT.Methods and Materials: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was queried for patients with T1-4N1M0 prostate cancer diagnosed from 1995 through 2005. To allow comparisons of equivalent datasets, patients were analyzed in separate clinical (cN+) and pathologically confirmed (pN+) lymph nodeepositive cohorts. Kaplan-Meier overall survival (OS) and prostate cancer-specific survival (PCSS) estimates were generated, with accompanying univariate log-rank and multivariate Cox proportional hazards comparisons.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Bio-syngas production from biomass catalytic gasification. A promising application for biomass is liquid fuel synthesis, such as methanol or dimethyl ether (DME). Previous studies have studied syngas production from biomass-derived char, oil and gas. This study intends to explore the technology of syngas production from direct biomass gasification, which may be more economically viable. The ratio of H-2/CO is an important factor that affects the performance of this process. In this study, the characteristics of biomass gasification gas, such as H-2/CO and tar yield, as well as its potential for liquid fuel synthesis is explored. A fluidized bed gasifier and a downstream fixed bed are employed as the reactors. Two kinds of catalysts: dolomite and nickel based catalyst are applied, and they are used in the fluidized bed and fixed bed, respectively. The gasifying agent used is an air-steam mixture. The main variables studied are temperature and weight hourly space velocity in the fixed bed reactor. Over the ranges of operating conditions examined, the maximum H-2 content reaches 52.47 vol%, while the ratio of H-2/CO varies between 1.87 and 4.45. The results indicate that an appropriate temperature (750 degrees C for the current study) and more catalyst are favorable for getting a higher H-2/CO ratio. Using a simple first order kinetic model for the overall tar removal reaction, the apparent activation energies and pre-exponential factors are obtained for nickel based catalysts. The results indicate that biomass gasification gas has great potential for liquid fuel synthesis after further processing. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "A Numerical Study on a Mesoscale Convective System over a Subtropical Island with 4D-Var Assimilation of GPS Slant Total Delays. First, to identify the primary factors affecting rainband initiation, we performed impact tests using the Japan Meteorological Agency non-hydrostatic model (JMANHM) with 5-km horizontal grid spacing. Simulations in which the orography of Okinawa was removed successfully reproduced the rainband over southern Okinawa, which showed that the primary factor leading to rainband initiation was land surface heating. However, the timing of rainband initiation in these experiments was delayed, and the rainfall intensities were weaker than those observed.To reduce these discrepancies, we first conducted a high-resolution numerical experiment using JMANHM with 2-km horizontal grid spacing (NODA) followed by data assimilation experiments with GPS observations (i.e., GPS zenith total delay (GPS-ZTD), GPS precipitable water vapor (GPS-PWV), and GPS slant total delay (GPS-STD)) at the same resolution. As a result, increasing the horizontal resolution improved the simulation of the rainfall intensity. Generally, compared with NODA, the assimilations of GPS-ZTD and GPS-PWV are known to slightly improve the timing of the subsequent rainband initiation. However, the GPS-STD assimilation significantly improved the water vapor and temperature fields over a wide area and yielded a clearly improved forecast in terms of both rainfall timing and intensity.A method to assimilate slant total delays derived from global positioning system (GPS) data using the four-dimensional variational data assimilation technique was developed and applied to a line-shaped, local heavy rainfall event that formed on 19 August 2009 over Okinawa Island, Japan.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Functional characterization of P-glycoprotein in the intertidal copepod Tigriopus japonicus and its potential role in remediating metal pollution. The intertidal copepod Tigriopus japonicus has been widely used in aquatic toxicity testing for diverse environmental pollutants including metals. Despite relatively well-characterized in vivo physiological modulations in response to aquatic pollutants, the molecular mechanisms due to toxicity and detoxification are still unclear. To better understand the mechanisms of metal transport and further detoxification, T.japonicus P-glycoprotein (TJ-P-gp) with conserved motifs/domains was cloned and measured for protein activity against the transcript and protein expression profiles in response to metal exposure. Specifically, we characterized the preliminary efflux activity and membrane topology of TJ-P-gp protein that supports a transport function for chemicals. To uncover whether the efflux activity of TJ-P-gp protein would be modulated by metal treatment, copepods were exposed to three metals (Cd, Cu, and Zn), and were observed for both dose- and time-dependency on the efflux activity of TJ-P-gp protein with or without 10 mu M of P-gp-specific inhibitors verapamil and zosuquidar (LY335979) for 24h over a wide range of metal concentrations. In particular, treatment with zosuquidar induced metal accumulation in the inner body of T. japonicus. In addition, three metals significantly induced the transporting activity of TJ-P-gp in a concentration-dependent manner in both transcript and protein levels within 24 h. Together these data indicate that T. japonicus has a conserved P-gp-mediated metal defense system through the induction of transcriptional up-regulation of TJ-P-gp gene and TJ-P-gp protein activity. This finding provides further understanding of the molecular defense mechanisms involved in P-glycoprotein-mediated metal detoxification in copepods. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 45]}
+{"token": "Characterizing asbestos fiber comminution resulting from preparation of environmental samples. The evaluation of asbestos fibers by transmission electron microscopy requires that particulate be deposited on a filter and that the filter be prepared for analysis in a manner that retains the spatial characteristics of the particulate as it was deposited. Occasionally, the samples are prepared by redistributing the particulate onto a second filter. While numerous reports have described the effect of the redistribution of the particulate in terms of the number of particles or the resulting size of particles, no study has attempted to model the effect of redistribution. The effect of this redistribution on particle size is evaluated here and is described using standard comminution models. The proposed model is shown to reasonably fit the observed data. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "The role of meaning in life in community-dwelling older adults with depression and relationship to other risk factors. Objectives: The aims of this study were to examine the association of Meaning in Life (MiL) with sociodemographic and physical factors, and its association with depression in older people. Method: A cross-sectional survey with a sample of N = 2104 older adults from communities of four European countries was conducted, using an age-appropriate interview for the diagnosis of depression and the Schedule for Meaning in Life Evaluation (SMiLE) questionnaire to assess MiL. Results: Overall, MiL was particularly low in old male participants, in older people from Ferrara (Italy), those with a lower religious affiliation, fewer social contacts, and poorer physical health. Furthermore, younger old age (65-69 compared to 80-84 year olds), female gender, being married, living in Geneva and poorer physical health were significantly associated with a higher risk for depression. In addition, lower MiL significantly increased the likelihood to suffer from depression in older people. An interaction effect of study center and MiL also emerged: with decreasing MiL the risk for depression significantly increases in Hamburg compared to the other study centers. Conclusion: This study underlines the association of MiL and depression in old age. Integration of meaning-specific aspects in treatment for older adults with depression may be promising.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 23, 57]}
+{"token": "SOILS AND PLANT-COMMUNITIES ASSOCIATED WITH 3 VITIS SPECIES. This study investigated the environmental conditions and vegetation associated with Vitis riparia, V. rupestris and V. berlandieri (V. cinerea var, helleri) and reports on their distribution and habitats as well as the general topography of their sites. Differences in the chemical and physical soil composition and amount of available water were detected among sites occupied by these species. Canonical correspondence analysis correlated community composition with abiotic gradients (P < 0.001). The first axis in this gradient analysis was positively correlated with increasing site moisture anti negatively correlated with increasing soil carbonates. Vitis berlandieri sites were clustered at the dry end of the gradient, had a higher percentage of soil carbonates, higher soil pll and higher percentage of clay. Celtis laevigata, Juniperus ashei and Quercus stellata were associated with Vitis berlandieri. Vitis riparia sites were more mesic and were associated with Juglans nigra and Ulmus americana. Vitis rupestris sites had high percentages of soil gravel and were associated with Salix caroliniana and Platanus occidentalis. The recorded soil environments and community compositions provided valuable information about the natural habitats of these species and the canonical correspondence analysis identified correlations between abiotic variables, associated vegetation and the presence of these Vitis species.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
+{"token": "Choice, responsibility and equality. Should responsibility for disadvantage constitute a matter of fundamental concern for egalitarians? An important strand of contemporary egalitarian thought - a strand that Elizabeth Anderson calls 'luck equality'- argues that responsibility for disadvantage should constitute a decisive concern for any acceptable egalitarian theory. Luck equality therefore requires a defensible account of responsibility; and disagreements regarding the nature and extent of responsibility for disadvantage have become central in the egalitarian literature. Anderson argues that luck equality's focus on responsibility reflects a misunderstanding of the point of equality. If persuasive, her argument would establish that egalitarian thought may do without a defensible account of responsibility. Although she fails to establish this claim, she does argue persuasively that luck equality employs the notion of responsibility overly strenuously. Her critique suggests that egalitarians must qualify their acceptance of the precept that 'genuine choice excuses otherwise unacceptable inequalities'.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Epidemiology and full genome sequence analysis of H1N1pdm09 from Northeast China. Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus (H1N1pdm09) was a novel tri-assortment virus that emerged in Mexico and North America in 2009 and caused the first influenza pandemic in the 21st century. This study investigated the prevalence pattern and molecular characteristics of H1N1pdm09 in three continuous years from April 2009 to March 2012 in populations of Tianjin, Northeast China. Totally, 3,068 influenza viruses (25.4 %) were detected from 12,089 respiratory specimens. Among them, 41.4 % (1,269/3,068) were H1N1pdm09 positive. 15.1 % (192/1,269) severe respiratory infection cases were H1N1pdm09 positive. H1N1pdm09 was the predominant prevalence subtype in October 2009-March 2010 (69.1 %, 930/1,346) and October 2010-March 2011 (42.1 %, 220/523). Eight isolated H1N1pdm09 viruses from severe infection/death cases in three different years were selected to sequence the whole genome through splicing the sequences following 46 PCRs. HA sequences of seven H1N1pdm09 isolates from mild infection cases were detected. Phylogenetic analysis showed that HA, NA, M, NP and NS genes of H1N1pdm09 viruses gathered together with swine influenza A (H1N1), whereas PB2 and PA genes originated from avian influenza virus, and PB1 gene originated from human seasonal influenza virus. Identity analysis indicated that all the genes were highly conserved. Compared with vaccine strain A/California/07/2009(H1N1), the maximal mutation gene was HA (0.7-2.6 %), then NA (0.6-1.7 %), last one was M (mutation rate 0-0.6 %). More site substitutions were observed in 2011 isolates than in 2009 and 2010 isolates of HA (p = 0.002), NA (p = 0.003) and PA (p = 0.001) proteins. The amino acid substitution rates were varied among eight gene segments, ranging from 7.39 x 10(-4) for PB2 to 7.40 x 10(-3) for NA. The higher d (N) / d (S) rates were observed in HA, PA and NS segments in H1N1pdm09 in Tianjin. Three HA amino acid site substitutions occurred at the HA receptor-binding sites and antigenic determinant, including S179N and K180T (located at antigenic site Sa) in A/Tianjinhedong/SWL44/2011(H1) and A/Tianjinjinnan/SWL41/2011(H1), and D239N (located at antigenic site Ca) in A/Tianjinninghe/SWL49/2009(H1). Antigenic drift may have occurred in H1N1pdm09 with time. No oseltamivir-resistance site substitution was observed at 275 and 295 sites. Amino acid residue site at 31 in M2 protein was N in all 8 isolates, which suggested that H1N1pdm09 was resistant to amantadine.", "label": [2, 20, 21]}
+{"token": "Individual acoustic monitoring of the European Eagle Owl Bubo bubo. The Eagle Owl Bubo bubo is cited in Annex I of the Birds Directive of the European Union. Europe's biggest owl is extremely sensitive to human presence and needs special conservation measures. The present paper aims to show that monitoring of individuals by bioacoustic methods can be relevant to understanding population dynamics. Our study investigates the possibility of identifying a vocal signature in the wild-recorded calls of male and female Eagle Owls, and assesses the potential use of these signatures for long-term monitoring of individuals in the field. We show that both males and females of a given population can be identified individually on the basis of their calls. Our results also show that, regardless of the sex, most of the individuals recorded in the first year of the investigation may be identical to those recorded in the same places the year after. This bioacoustic approach could thus be used in studies of site fidelity.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Measuring Success in Intentional Communities: A Critical Evaluation of Commitment and Longevity Theories. Intentional Communities (ICs) are groups of people that form for a specific agreed-upon purpose and live in close proximity to achieve their desired end. The prevailing scholarship in the study of these communities is that communal processes of commitment, as well as ethnic and linguistic homogeneity, play a strong role in determining a community's success when defined as how long-lived a community was. However, most of these conclusions are based in historical research on communities that no longer exist. In this article, we use survey data collected from present-day ICs to find that those assumptions do not necessarily hold true, and we propose a definition of success that incorporates how well communities report satisfaction fulfilling their intentions. By testing a sample of living ICs, we find that the community decision-making structure is more important than any other factor in determining whether communities reports progress toward this metric of success.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "The Ancient Mode of Production, the City-State and Politics. This paper briefly examines the concept of the ancient mode of production as expressed in Karl Marx's Formations. It looks at how twentieth-century Marxist historiography picks up this concept in its characterisation of the Greco-Roman city-state. It explores the feasibility of the use of the concept in relation to the advancement of knowledge of the city-state, especially through the development of archaeology. It examines how social classes are structured and relations of exploitation are presented. And it analyses the need for politics in the organisation of this socio-economic form in terms of how it is joined up with the social relations of production.", "label": [3, 5, 32, 54]}
+{"token": "The sociology major at institutions of higher education in the United States. In this article I examine how the sociology major is structured at institutions of higher education in the United States. I use content analysis of college catalogs from 100 institutions to examine the sociology major at top institutions among regional and national universities and liberal arts colleges. I first examine the basic structure of sociology programs and then evaluate implementation of the recommendations from Liberal Learning and the Sociology Major (Eberts et al. 1990). In 1990 the Council of the American Sociological Association voted to \\\\'encourage departments to consider and implement the recommendations\\\\' for the undergraduate curriculum found in Liberal Learning. These recommendations suggest a cumulative curriculum, including a four-level sequence and a capstone course. I assess the extent to which these recommendations had been adopted a decade after the report (by the year 2000), and conclude with suggestions for expanding the implementation of recommendations for study in depth in sociology.", "label": [5, 53, 57]}
+{"token": "Urban-rural contrasts in the growth status of school children in Oaxaca, Mexico. Conclusions: Children resident in an urban colonia were taller and heavier than children resident in a rural indigenous community. After controlling for age and body size, urban-rural differences in skeletal breadths and limb circumferences were reduced or eliminated, but skinfold thicknesses were greater in rural girls. The magnitude of urban-rural differences in body size has decreased over approximately 30 years in boys, but has increased in girls.Materials and methods: Height, body mass, segment lengths, skeletal breadths, limb circumferences, and subcutaneous fatness were taken on 361 rural (177 boys, 184 girls) and 339 urban (173 boys, 166 girls) school children, aged 6-13 years. Additional variables were derived.Objectives: The growth status of school children resident in an urban colonia and in a rural indigenous community in Oaxaca, southern Mexico, was considered in the context of two objectives, current status and the magnitude of urban-rural differences over a span of about 30 years. Both communities were initially surveyed in 1968 and 1972.Results: Height and body mass were significantly greater in urban compared with rural children. Sitting height, estimated leg length and skeletal breadths on the trunk were also larger in urban than in rural school children, but only the difference in skeletal breadths was significant after age and body size were statistically controlled. Urban and rural children did not consistently differ in skeletal breadths on the extremities and limb circumferences. Subcutaneous fatness was more variable. After controlling for age and body size, rural girls had thicker skinfolds. The magnitude of the urban-rural difference in boys in 2000 was greater for body mass, BMI and triceps skinfold, and reduced for height, sitting height, leg length, and arm and estimated arm muscle circumferences compared with 1970. The magnitude of the urban-rural difference in girls was greater in 2000 than 30 years earlier for body mass, height, sitting height, leg length and BMI. Urban-rural differences for arm and arm muscle circumferences and the triceps skinfold were slightly smaller over the interval.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 56, 42, 24]}
+{"token": "Curriculum Reform in a Public Health Course at a Chiropractic College Are We Making Progress Toward Improving Clinical Relevance?. Improving education in health promotion and prevention has been identified as a priority for all accredited professional health care training programs, an issue recently addressed by a collaboration of stakeholders in chiropractic education who developed a model course outline for public health education. Using a course evaluation questionnaire, the authors surveyed students in the public health course at the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College (CMCC) before and after the implementation of new course content based on the model course outline. Following the new course, there were significant improvements in perceived relevance to chiropractic practice and motivation to learn the material as a foundation for clinical practice. Changes made to the content and delivery of the course based on the model course outline were well received in the short term.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Polyamide intercalated nanofiltration membrane modified with biofunctionalized core shell composite for efficient removal of Arsenic and Selenium from wastewater. Novel nanofiltration polyamide core shell bio functionalized matrix membrane was developed by dissolution casting methodology for the decontamination of Arsenic (As) and Selenium (Se) ions. Five different polyamide core shell biofunctionalized (PA-CSBF) matrix membranes were blended with varying quantity of C-S BF nanoparticles (10-50 mg). Functional group analysis, thermal stability, charge density, hydrophilicity, surface morphology and membrane roughness were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), Zeta potential, contact angle measurement, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. The prepared membranes modified with core shell biofunctionalized (C-SBF) nanoparticles were compared with the control membrane in terms of membrane structures and separation performance. The novel modified PA-CSBF membranes showed improved pure water permeability and rejections for As(lll) and Se ions due to their enhanced hydrophilicity. PA-CSBF4 membrane (40 mg C-S BF content) showed outstanding regeneration performance and found an optimum membrane with 99 % and 98 % rejection of As(lll) and Se ions, at permeate flux of 444 L/m(2) h, respectively.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 15, 39]}
+{"token": "Expression of mycobacterial cell division protein, FtsZ, and dormancy proteins, DevR and Acr, within lung granulomas throughout guinea pig infection. The ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to persist in a dormant state is a hallmark of tuberculosis. An insight into the expression of mycobacterial proteins will contribute to our understanding of bacterial physiology in vivo. To this end, the expression of FtsZ, Acr and DevR was assessed in the lung granulomas of guinea pigs infected with M. tuberculosis. Antigen immunostaining was then compared with the detection of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) and mycobacterial DNA. Surprisingly, immunostaining for all three antigens was observed throughout the course of infection; maximum expression of all antigens was noted at 20 weeks of infection. The intensity of immunostaining correlated well with the presence of intact bacteria, suggesting that mycobacterial antigens in the extracellular fraction have a short half-life; in contrast to protein, extracellular bacterial DNA was found to be more stable. Immunostaining for bacterial division and dormancy markers could not clearly distinguish between replicating and non-replicating organisms during the course of infection. The detection of Acr and DevR from 4 weeks onwards indicates that the dormancy proteins are expressed from early on in infection. Both antigen staining and DNA detection from intact bacilli were useful for detecting intact mycobacteria in the absence of AFB.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "Randomized Experiments in Education, with Implications for Multilevel Causal Inference. Education research has experienced a methodological renaissance over the past two decades, with a new focus on large-scale randomized experiments. This wave of experiments has made education research an even more exciting area for statisticians, unearthing many lessons and challenges in experimental design, causal inference, and statistics more broadly. Importantly, educational research and practice almost always occur in a multilevel setting, which makes the statistics relevant to other fields with this structure, including social policy, health services research, and clinical trials in medicine. In this article we first briefly review the history that led to this new era in education research and describe the design features that dominate the modern large-scale educational experiments. We then highlight some of the key statistical challenges in this area, including endogeneity of design, heterogeneity of treatment effects, noncompliance with treatment assignment, mediation, generalizability, and spillover. Though a secondary focus, we also touch on promising trial designs that answer more nuanced questions, such as the SMART design for studying dynamic treatment regimes and factorial designs for optimizing the components of an existing treatment.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Impact of Mixing an Aqueous Capsule Suspension Formulation of Pendimethalin and Glyphosate on Growth and Yield of Second-Generation Glyphosate-Resistant Cotton. Past research has shown that a postemergence (POST) mixture of a residual herbicide, such as S-metolachlor, with glyphosate can result in improved weed control and maximize cotton yield. Published research is limited on the tolerance of a POST mixture of an aqueous capsule suspension (ACS) formulation of pendimethalin with glyphosate applied at different growth stages to cotton. Research of this issue is important as producers continue to search for cost savings in cotton production, and the inclusion of residual herbicides such as pendimethalin in the planting regimen is needed to abate the expansion of glyphosate-resistant (GR) weeds. This research was conducted in 2006 and 2007 to evaluate the effects of POST combinations of glyphosate with an ACS formulation of pendimethalin on second-generation GR cotton growth, development, and yield. Treatments evaluated in the study included a factorial arrangement of herbicides [glyphosate ((R) Roundup Weathermax) at 1540 g ha(-1) alone or in combination with ACS pendimethalin ((R) Prowl H2O) at 1064 or 2128 g ha(-1) or S-metolachlor (Dual Magnum) at 1064 or 2128 g ha(-1)] and cotton growth stage (4-to 5-or 6-to 8-leaf). Ammonium sulfate at 2524 g ha(-1) was included with each treatment. Results indicated that visual crop response in the form of veinal yellowing and slight leaf malformation can be observed following a POST tank-mixture of pendimethalin with glyphosate. Response is limited to contacted leaves. Visual crop response following mixture of glyphosate with pendimethalin was minimal 21 d after both application timings and was not manifested in reductions in plant height or seedcotton yield compared to glyphosate applied alone.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
+{"token": "Real-Time PCR for Ceratocystis platani detection: in-depth validation to assess the diagnostic potential and include additional technical options. A high-performing detection method is essential to safeguard those countries that are still unaffected by canker stain, a devastating disease of Platanus spp. caused by Ceratocystis platani. We previously developed EvaGreen and Taqman-based Real-Time PCR to detect this pathogen, but in-depth validation is needed to guarantee users about its effectiveness and promote its utilization. In this work we present a validation study designed according to EPPO standards, focusing on the analytical and diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. We extend its technical application using SYBR Green. By performing standard curves and eight-replication-based experiments, we established the detection limit at 3 fg C. platani gDNA per PCR reaction. The repeatability and the operator-based reproducibility of the Real-Time PCR was demonstrated. Different gDNA extraction events by different operators and different gDNA extraction modalities did not affect the detection limit. The detection limit threshold cycle was earliest with SYBR Green, followed by Taqman, and EvaGreen. Spiking 6 mu l DNA extractions of uninfected, necrotized wood with 3 fg C. platani gDNA confirmed the detection limit: 3 fg C. platani gDNA per PCR reaction, i.e., 0.5 fg gDNA per mu l of wood extract. The assays tolerated 6 mu l of necrotic C. platani-infected wood extracts without inhibition except for long-dead wood samples, while the 2 mu l dose consistently allowed for successful detection. Detection of the pathogen in infected samples showed the highest diagnostic sensitivity with the SYBR Green assay. Agarose gel electrophoresis and staining was validated for visualizing amplicons, even at the detection limit. The specificity of the method was tested against 23 isolates representing the diversity of Ceratocystidaceae, and most species were not detected at 5 ng gDNA. However, some South American strains of the C. fimbriata complex were detected at doses as low as 5 fg. The method remains specific for C. platani detection as no other Ceratocystidaceae are known to colonize plane tree and the species within the geographic range of canker stain of plane tree were only detected at 500 pg or more gDNA. This work paves the way for a performance study of inter-laboratory comparisons.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "CHOLERA-TOXIN AND PERTUSSIS TOXIN PROVOKE DIFFERENTIAL-EFFECTS ON LUTEINIZING-HORMONE RELEASE, INOSITOL PHOSPHATE PRODUCTION, AND GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING-HORMONE (GNRH) RECEPTOR-BINDING IN THE GONADOTROPE - EVIDENCE FOR MULTIPLE GUANYL NUCLEOTIDE-BINDING PROTEINS IN GNRH ACTION. A growing body of evidence suggests a role for guanyl nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins) in GnRH action. G protein activation provokes LH release, inositol phosphate (IP) production, decreased gonadotrope responsiveness to GnRH, increased gonadotrope responsiveness to the calcium ionophore A23187, and decreased GnRH receptor binding. The specific G proteins involved in these actions, however, are not known. This study uses pertussis toxin (PTX) and cholera toxin (CTX), which affect the activity of a number of G proteins by ADP ribosylation of a Cys or an Arg residue, respectively, of the alpha-subunit. Although not an effective LH secretogogue in itself, CTX enhanced GnRH-, NaF-, and A23187-stimulated LH release after an 18-h pretreatment period. CTX pretreatment did not affect GnRH- or NaF-stimulated IP production. Conversely, 18 h pretreatment with PTX reduced GnRH- and NaF-provoked IP production compared to control values, but did not affect LH release. In addition, pretreatment with either CTX, PTX, or Bt2cAMP provoked a decrease in GnRH receptor binding compared to control. The results of this study suggest that: 1) GnRH stimulates IP production, but not LH release, through a PTX-sensitive G protein; 2) A distinct CTX-sensitive G protein appears to provoke gonadotrope sensitization by stimulating an increase in intracellular cAMP levels; and 3) there appears to be a distinct G protein, insensitive to PTX and CTX, capable of mediating LH release independent of IP production and cAMP.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Qualitative analysis of medicare claims in the last 3 years of life: A pilot study. MEASUREMENTS: Qualitative narrative of the patient's medical course; clinician assessment of care continuity and apparent medical errors; cause, trajectory, and place of death.SETTING: United States.DESIGN: Random, stratified sampling of decedents and all their Medicare-covered healthcare claims in the 3 years before death from a 5% sample of elderly fee-for-service beneficiaries, condensation of all claims into a chronological clinical summary, and abstraction by two independent clinicians using a standardized form.OBJECTIVES: To study end-of-life care of a representative sample of older people using qualitative interpretation of administrative claims by clinicians and to explore whether this method yields insights into patient care, including continuity, errors, and cause of death.RESULTS: The qualitative narratives developed by the independent abstracters were highly concordant. Clinicians felt that 75% of cases lacked continuity of care that could have improved the quality of life and the way the person died, and 13% of cases had a medical error identified by both abstracters. Abstracters disagreed about assignment of a single cause of death in 28% of cases, and abstracters and the computer algorithm disagreed in 43% of cases.CONCLUSION: Qualitative claims analysis illuminated many problems in the care of chronically ill older people at the end of life and suggested that traditional vital statistics assignation of a single cause of death may distort policy priorities. This novel approach to claims review is feasible and deserves further study.PARTICIPANTS: One hundred Medicare fee-for-service older people without disability or end-stage renal disease entitlement who died in 1996 to 1999 and had at least 36 months of continuous Part A and Part B enrollment before death.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 57]}
+{"token": "Rotavirus Vaccination and the Global Burden of Rotavirus Diarrhea Among Children Younger Than 5 Years. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This report builds on findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016, a cross-sectional study that measured diarrheal diseases and their etiologic agents. Models were used to estimate burden in data-sparse locations.IMPORTANCE Rotavirus infection is the global leading cause of diarrhea-associated morbidity and mortality among children younger than 5 years.OBJECTIVES To examine the extent of rotavirus infection among children younger than 5 years by country and the number of deaths averted because of the rotavirus vaccine.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Rotavirus-associated mortality has decreased markedly over time in part because of the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine. This study suggests that prioritizing vaccine introduction and interventions to reduce diarrhea-associated morbidity and mortality is necessary in the continued global reduction of rotavirus infection.RESULTS Rotavirus infection was responsible for an estimated 128 500 deaths (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 104 500-155 600) among children younger than 5 years throughout the world in 2016, with 104 733 deaths occurring in sub-Saharan Africa (95% UI, 83 406-128 842). Rotavirus infection was responsible for more than 258 million episodes of diarrhea among children younger than 5 years in 2016 (95% UI, 193 million to 341 million), an incidence of 0.42 cases per child-year (95% UI, 0.30-0.53). Vaccine use is estimated to have averted more than 28 000 deaths (95% UI, 14 600-46 700) among children younger than 5 years, and expanded use of the rotavirus vaccine, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, could have prevented approximately 20% of all deaths attributable to diarrhea among children younger than 5 years.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Rotavirus-associated mortality and morbidity by country and year and averted deaths attributable to the rotavirus vaccine by country.EXPOSURE Diarrhea due to rotavirus infection.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "JC Virus Quasispecies Analysis Reveals a Complex Viral Population Underlying Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy and Supports Viral Dissemination via the Hematogenous Route. Opportunistic infection of oligodendrocytes by human JC polyomavirus may result in the development of progressive multifocal encephalopathy in immunocompromised individuals. Neurotropic JC virus generally harbors reorganized noncoding control region (NCCR) DNA interspersed on the viral genome between early and late coding genes. By applying 454 sequencing on NCCR DNA amplified from body fluid samples (urine, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid[CSF])) from 19 progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) patients, we attempted to reveal the composition of the JC polyomavirus population (the quasispecies, i.e., the whole of the consensus population and minor viral variants) contained in different body compartments and to better understand intrapatient viral dissemination. Our data demonstrate that in the CSF of PML patients, the JC viral population is often a complex mixture composed of multiple viral variants that contribute to the quasispecies. In contrast, urinary JC virus highly resembled the archetype virus, and urine most often did not contain minor viral variants. It also appeared that archetype JC virus could sporadically be identified in PML patient brain, although selection of rearranged JC virus DNA was favored. Comparison of the quasispecies from different body compartments within a given patient suggested a strong correlation between the viral population in plasma and CSF, whereas the viral population shed in urine appeared to be unrelated. In conclusion, it is shown that the representation of viral DNA in the CSF following the high-level DNA replication in the brain underlying PML has hitherto been much underestimated. Our data also underscore that the hematogenous route might play a pivotal role in viral dissemination from or toward the brain.For the first time, the JC polyomavirus population contained in different body compartments of patients diagnosed with progressive multifocal encephalopathy has been studied by deep sequencing. Two main findings came out of this work. First, it became apparent that the complexity of the viral population associated with PML has been highly underestimated so far, suggestive of a highly dynamic process of reorganization of the noncoding control region of JC polyomavirus in vivo, mainly in CSF and blood. Second, evidence showing viral dissemination from and/or toward the brain via the hematogenous route was provided, confirming a hypothesis that was recently put forward in the field.IMPORTANCE", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE AND SLOVENE DRAMATISTS (I): A. T. LINHART'S MISS JENNY LOVE. One of the signs of the universality of William Shakespeare's plays is undoubtedly their influence on plays written by other playwrights throughout the world. This is also true of Slovene playwrights who have been attracted by Shakespeare's plays right from the beginning of their creativity in the second half of the eighteenth century, when Anton Tomaz Linhart (1756-1795) wrote his tragedy Miss Jenny Love.However,-Slovene knowledge about-Shakespeare and his plays reaches back-into the seventeenth century, to the year 1698, when a group of Jesuit students in Ljubljana performed a version of the story of King Lear in Slovene. The Jesuits used Slovene in theatrical performances, which were intended for. the broadest circles of the population. The first complete religious play, written in Slovene, is Skofjeloski pasjon (The Passion Play from Skofja Loka), which was prepared by the Cistercian monk Father Romuald. Since 1721 this play was regularly performed at Skofja Loka for several decades, and at the end of the twentieth century its productions were revived again.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "PERSONALITY DISORDERS AND PREMATURE DROPOUT FROM PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENT FOR SMOKING CESSATION. The relation between personality disorders and premature dropout (attending half of the sessions or fewer) from a psychological treatment for giving up smoking was examined in a sample of 202 smokers. Percent of premature dropout was significantly higher for smokers with personality disorder in general, specifically for smokers with dependent personality disorder and with Cluster C personality disorder, than in smokers without such psychopathology.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Numerical modeling of the interaction between submerged floating tunnel and surface waves. This paper presents a numerical model for analyzing the nonlinear interaction between the moored Submerged Floating Tunnel (SFT) and surface waves. The mechanics model of the moored floating body driven by wave forces is built, and an efficient mesh update method is employed to dynamically configure the computational meshes solving the Navier-Stokes equations for viscous and incompressible free surface flows with the volume of fluid (VOF) method. Two laboratory experiments are used for validating the numerical model in terms of surface elevations, motion responses and mooring forces of the SFT, indicating the proposed model is capable of simulating the dynamics of the moored floating body under the wave action. This hydrodynamic model is then utilized to simulate the wave-structure interaction of the prototype SFT designed for Funka Bay, Hokkaido located in Japan. A total of 49 cases are designed for the numerical simulation to investigate the characteristics of the wave-tunnel interaction for different hydrodynamic parameters, including wave height, wave period, immersion depth and buoyancy-weight ratio (BWR). The numerical experiments not only shed light on the mooring forces, as well as pitch, sway and heave responses of the SFT in different wave conditions, but also provide guidance for the choice of BWR in engineering design. A medium value of BWR is suggested to be suitable, which is useful for avoiding the happening of snap forces in mooring chains and preventing SFT from experiencing large movement under external forces in severe wave conditions. As the correlation between the motion responses and BWR is not merely linear or quadratic but parabolic with a peak value, the design of BWR should avoid the case where peak motion responses of SFT happen.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 39]}
+{"token": "The Educational Recommendations of Truth and Reconciliation Commissions: potential and practice in Sierra Leone. This article investigates the impact of the educational recommendations made by Sierra Leone's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (SLTRC) while exploring broader questions regarding the potential of truth commissions to contribute to post-conflict educational reconstruction and reform. The complex interrelationships between education and conflict in Sierra Leone's civil war are explored, as is the current situation of educational reconstruction in the country. Using data gathered during field research in Sierra Leone, the contribution of the SLTRC educational recommendations to identifying post-conflict educational needs and to the educational reconstruction process is assessed. While the article suggests that truth commissions present potential to contribute to post-conflict educational reconstruction, it also points to the limitations of this process in Sierra Leone.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Naturalist Political Realism and the First Political Question. Many political realists reject the idea that the first task for political philosophy is to justify the existence of coercive political institutions (CPIs). Instead, they say, we should begin with the factual existence of CPIs, and ask how they ought to be structured. In holding this view, they adopt a form of political naturalism that is broadly Aristotelian in character. In this article, I distinguish between two forms that this political naturalism might take - what I call a strong' form, and a weak' form - and argue that both ought to be rejected.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF BIPOLAR AFFECTIVE-DISORDER. This paper reviews the current. position of studies on the epidemiology of bipolar affective disorder. A disorder that cannot be recognized until sometime after its onset poses special difficulties for epidemiological study. These are discussed and attempts made to solve them. Community psychiatric surveys suggest a morbid risk of bipolar disorder of around 2-2.5%, but probably include many false-positives. Studies of treated cases indicate a morbid risk of 0.5%, but will miss untreated cases. It is probably reasonable to suggest a compromise value of 1-1.5%; bipolar disorder is thus still a rare condition. It is possible to quantify the unipolar-bipolar conversion rate, which is of the order of 5%, and it is of particular interest that female sufferers have proportionately fewer manic episodes. Age at onset, possible cohort phenomena, comorbidity, and sociodemographic correlates are discussed.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Advances in engineered trans-acting regulatory RNAs and their application in bacterial genome engineering. Small noncoding RNAs, a large class of ancient posttranscriptional regulators, are increasingly recognized and utilized as key modulators of gene expression in a broad range of microorganisms. Owing to their small molecular size and the central role of Watson-Crick base pairing in defining their interactions, structure and function, numerous diverse types of trans-acting RNA regulators that are functional at the DNA, mRNA and protein levels have been experimentally characterized. It has become increasingly clear that most small RNAs play critical regulatory roles in many processes and are, therefore, considered to be powerful tools for genetic engineering and synthetic biology. The trans-acting regulatory RNAs accelerate this ability to establish potential framework for genetic engineering and genome-scale engineering, which allows RNA structure characterization, easier to design and model compared to DNA or protein-based systems. In this review, we summarize recent advances in engineered trans-acting regulatory RNAs that are used in bacterial genome-scale engineering and in novel cellular capabilities as well as their implementation in wide range of biotechnological, biological and medical applications.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Diagnosis of manic episodes in adolescent inpatients: structured diagnostic procedures compared to clinical chart diagnoses. This study examined the accuracy of clinical chart diagnoses of manic episodes in adolescent psychiatric patients, as well as treatment selection and patient outcome. A consecutive sample of 120 consenting adolescent patients was assessed at admission, discharge, and 30 and 120 days post-discharge. Clinical chart diagnoses were compared to research-quality diagnoses involving structured interview, chart review, and consensus. Agreement statistics were computed, and the symptom and treatment differences were compared between patients for whom there was and was not diagnostic agreement. Clinical diagnoses of manic episodes were more common than research diagnoses, and the rate of agreement between diagnoses was low (kappa = 0.15). Patients diagnosed as experiencing a manic episode by the clinical chart, but not via the research procedure, had reduced severity scores on elation and activity, and higher scores on depression. These patients also had more severe scores on depressive symptoms at follow-up. Manic episodes were diagnosed more frequently by clinicians relative to research-quality procedures. Patients who were diagnosed as experiencing manic episodes by the clinician, but not the research procedure, appeared to have depression and hostility, but not elation. The depression in these patients may not be adequately treated, and there are potential clinical implications of over-diagnosis of manic episodes in adolescents. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. Al rights reserved.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Characterization of laser-induced plasma in a vacuum using laser ablation mass spectrometry and laser-induced breakdown spectrometry. An analytical system for simultaneously monitoring laser-ablation mass spectra and laser-induced breakdown spectra for solid sample has been developed. The performance of the developed system is evaluated by measuring characteristics of laser-induced plasma such as lifetime of ions inside the plasma and laser power dependence of mass resolution for solid samples. Adopted samples are gadolinium plate, gadolinium coated on stainless steel plate, and one of the NIST standard samples, C-1248 (Ni-Cu alloy). The threshold laser energy in obtaining mass spectrum was dependent on the type of sample characteristics in the order of a few MW/cm(2), while a few hundred MW/cm(2) was necessary in order to observe emission signal. When laser energy was increased enough to produce emission signal, mass resolution of the time-of-flight mass spectrum was severely deteriorated. The lifetime of the continuum ion signal was estimated similar to200 and similar to250 ns for Gd plate and C-1248, respectively, by monitoring emission signals, while the lifetime of ions near sample surface was estimated as similar to400 ns and similar to430 ns for Gd plate and G 1248, respectively The deterioration of mass resolution can be understood as originating from the space charge effect in high plasma density in a given space and different velocity distribution of ions inside the plasma, while longer lifetime of ions near sample surface can be understood as originating from speed of ion ejection near the sample surface. The details of the characteristics of laser-induced plasma are discussed and optimum experimental conditions for simultaneous monitoring are suggested. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Tool use by the New Caledonian crow Corvus moneduloides to obtain Cerambycidae from dead wood. From a successful effort in late 1997 to film crow tool-use with the BBC Natural History Unit, I present the first detailed description of New Caledonian Crows Corvus moneduloides using tools to extract larvae of an endemic Cerambycidae:Prioninae from dead wood. I observed birds over a six-week period at Sarramea where fallen Aleurites moluccana logs were 'salted' with the larvae. Crows habitually used mostly A. moluccana leaf-stems to extract larvae from holes and manufacture was also common when birds removed leaves from leaf-stems before using tools. The techniques of adult crows varied but were more proficient than those of a juvenile crow that frequented the site. Tool-use to extract Cerambycidae from dead wood was probably an important part of the foraging behaviour of the crows year-round. My observations here and elsewhere show that crows in different localities can have distinctly different traditions in their tool behaviour.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "IMPROVEMENT OF CRIMNAL LEGISLATION ON INTERNATIONAL ORGANISED CRIMINAL ACTIVITY (BY THE EXAMPLES OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN, RUSSIAN FEDERATION, PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA). The article studies issues of necessity for criminal legislation improvement in terms of regulation of responsibility for different types of organised and international organised criminal activity. New trends of international organised crime development are discovered. These trends define its development and new forms. The authors study contacts between international and Russian criminal law in terms of international organised crime counteraction. This cooperation of member-states is socially defined by necessity of ensurance of national security, each state's sovereignty and by civilization and human security. The authors point that effectiveness of counteraction to international organised crime depends on member-states' unity level, their actions' concentration level and on legal certainty of terms related to the targeted object of world community. The article studies the unification process of organised criminal group term in Russian criminal law. The term was defined by Palermo Convention. Comparing statutable features of organized group and criminal organization leads to the conclusion that legislator failed to clearly define these features and divide ones from others. This leads to serious difficulties in law-enforcement activity. Authors assume that definition given in Model Criminal Code of CIS is preferable: irrespective of gravity of offence, but considering objective of \\\\'direct or indirect financial or other material gain\\\\'. The authors suggest correcting definitions of organised and international organised criminal group (p. 3, Art. 31 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, p. 4-1, Art. 31 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation), international criminal community (organization) (p. 4-2, Art. 31 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) considering the objectives of criminal activity and particular features of relevant organized criminal groups.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Reproductive Strategies in Marine Hydrozoan Jellyfish: Sexual Medusae and Asexual Polyps. Hydrozoan jellyfish belong to the phylum Cnidaria and generally have radial symmetry with diploblastic layers. Many species of hydrozoan jellyfish have two characteristic forms: a sessile polyp and a free-swimming medusa. Sessile polyps multiply through asexual reproduction, whereas free-swimming medusae undergo sexual reproduction by releasing eggs and sperm. Although these reproductive systems are known to be adaptations to seasonal changes in the physical environment of the sea, little has been written about when and exactly how hydrozoan jellyfish carry out asexual and sexual reproduction in nature. Here, we describe the life cycle of hydrozoan jellyfish, including polyp reproduction, medusa formation, oocyte maturation, spawning, fertilization, and metamorphosis. We discuss current research on the asexual and sexual reproductive systems of three marine hydrozoan species: Cytaeis uchidae, Cladonema pacificum, and Clytia hemisphaerica.", "label": [4, 42, 47]}
+{"token": "Lipoid proteinosis of larynx: review of four cases. Lipoid proteinosis is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by intercellular deposition of an amorphous hyaline material. It mainly involves skin and mucosal membranes of upper aerodigestive tract as well as central nervous system, lung, lymph nodes and striated muscles. Etiology and pathogenesis are unknown. Infantile hoarseness is a common presenting feature of the disease due to infiltration of larynx. In two-thirds of the cases, voice changes are present at birth or in early infancy as the first manifestation. We present four patients with lipoid proteinosis involving skin, oropharynx and larynx. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "The bath in Western societies in the late Middle Ages. This brief article discusses Medieval bathing habits which were many and varied, contrary to what has long been believed, thanks particularly to the rising popularity of thermal springs. The development of new practices was linked to the creation of stufae and thermal basins, and found support, at least in Italy, from the medical profession, which encouraged their spread.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "The ability of active versus passive coping tasks to predict future blood pressure levels in normotensive men and women. Casual blood pressure (BP) after a 2-year follow-up interval was determined in 40 normotensive men and women (20 Blacks and 20 Whites), who had been initially tested for cardiovascular responses to a variety of active and passive coping tasks, including active speech, passive speech, reaction time, and forehead cold presser tasks. Stepwise multiple regression analyses were used to identify the best model for predicting follow-up BP. Average systolic blood pressure (SEP) level during cold presser stress was the single most powerful predictor of casual SEP over 2 years, even after controlling for initial resting SEP. Other predictors of follow-up SEP were initial SEP, parental history of hypertension, and heart rate and SEP during passive speech (final model R(2) = .78). For follow-up diastolic blood pressure (DBP), the only significant predictors were initial DBP and male gender. These results contribute to a growing body of literature that suggests that cardiovascular measures observed during stressors have predictive validity above and beyond that of traditional predictor variables.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Mycetoma in Timor-Leste and first report of nocardiosis. Mycetoma is a neglected tropical disease with an unknown global burden. Although considered endemic to South-east Asia, it has not previously been reported from Timor-Lest. We describe two cases in Timor-Leste, highlighting the challenges surrounding microbiological diagnosis and management shared by many low to middle-income countries. As characteristically described, both patients lived rurally and presented late with marked soft tissue involvement and multiple draining sinuses following a prolonged period of high morbidity. Nocardia brasiliensis, a beaded-ranched, modified acid-fast, gram-positive bacilli, was isolated and confirmed by molecular testing in the first case. The causative organism in the second case could not be confirmed due to limited microbiological capabilities. Due to limited local laboratory capabilities, Nocardia spp. infection cannot be routinely confirmed in Timor-Leste. However, the microbiology laboratory is essential for the successful diagnosis and management of Mycetoma. In both cases, medical therapy alone resulted in cure and favorable outcomes, although supply of antibiotic remains an ongoing resource issue.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "KINSHIP, PROPERTY RELATIONS, AND THE SURVIVAL OF DOUBLE MONASTERIES IN THE EASTERN CHURCH. The article examines the enduring phenomenon of double monasticism, the type of religious organization whereby a single monastic unit combined a male and a female community that followed the same rule, recognized the authority of the same superior, and functioned within the boundaries of the same monastic compound or in close proximity to each other, but not in shared quarters. After centuries of evolution since late antiquity, double monasteries effectively ceased to exist in the Latin West by the high middle ages, but demonstrated remarkable staying powers in the sphere of historic Byzantine cultural influences, particularly in Orthodox Eastern Europe and Christian Middle East, where this archaic type of monastic institution survived into the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Based on previously unexplored archival material from the Orthodox lands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and later the Ukrainian Hetmanate, a semi-autonomous state ruled by elective officers who recognized the tsar of Muscovy as their suzerain, the article analyses the place of kinship structures, economic and political factors, legal frameworks, and the role of the imperial state in the evolution and ultimate decline of the double monastery.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Use of an infrared joint heater to improve longitudinal joint performance in hot mix asphalt pavements. Longitudinal joint cracking is one of the most prevalent forms of distress in asphalt concrete pavements. The joint area does not achieve the same density as the mat due to an unconfined edge on the initial pass and a cold joint during the second pass. The lower density allows water to penetrate and the material cracks, usually within one year of construction. There are many techniques for constructing longitudinal joints, one being to preheat the joint prior to paving the second lane. This paper describes a field study conducted in New Hampshire using an infrared joint heater. Thermocouples were embedded in the pavement to determine the extent of heat penetration from the infrared heaters. Cores were taken along the joint and in the travel lanes for both the control and test sections. Density and strength measurements were taken on the cores. Permeability measurements along the control and test joints were performed. A cracking survey performed one year after construction showed that the section of pavement where the infrared heater was used had significantly less cracking than the control section.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "Papanicolaou test use among reproductive-age women at high risk for cervical cancer: Analyses of the 1995 national survey of family growth. Conclusions. Strategies to improve Pap test use include (1) educational campaigns that inform women Of cervical cancer risk factors and encourage screening and (2) increased support for programs that expand access to Pap tests.Results. Of the women, 62% reported having had a Pap test within the past year. Use was significantly higher among women with risk factors and among African American women. Use was significantly lower among uninsured, poor, and foreign-born women and among women with lower educational attainment and of \\\\'other\\\\' race/ethnicity.Objectives. This study assessed the relationship between risk factors for cervical cancer and Papanicolaou (Pap) test use within the past year among reproductive-age women.Methods. The 1995 National Survey of Family Growth, a demographic and reproductive health survey of 10847 women aged 15 to 44, was analyzed with multiple logistic regression,", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Limited usage of mechanical equipment in small-scale rice farming: a cause for concern. The role of mechanization in agriculture is well documented in terms of improving productivity of farm labour and land, and sustaining income status and welfare of small-scale farmers. In rice production, there is a high cost associated with labour intensive production practices especially in land preparation, weeding and harvesting; the limited usage/adoption of modern equipment in these operations remains an issue of concern. The current study investigates the usage of mechanical equipment in a setting where majority of farmers are exposed to such technologies against cases of non-usage or nonadoption. The choice of usage of mechanical equipment is analysed through probit and poisson models. Mechanization generally has a positive effect on production. However, the cost associated with its usage is high. Adoption and usage of modern/mechanical equipment requires that users are aware of the benefits, costs, technical requirements and how to handle the equipment. The equipment should be made available and affordable to farmers especially because demand for rent is not met.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Appointment of V. A. Kanin as Commander of the Baltic Fleet (1915): Materials from the Russian State Archive of the Navy. The publication on appointment of V. A. Kanin as commander of the Baltic Fleet is based on institutional approach allowing to consider the fleet headquarters as an institution, the relationships wherein influenced decision-making; and also on source study method allowing to identify features of recording information in specific historical source. Its significance springs from fact that appointment of Vice-Admiral V. A. Kanin as commander of the Baltic Fleet in spring of 1915 led to consolidation of a group of staff officers. This group contributed to his resignation in 1916 and was promotive to formation of the officers' political position. Relevance of the subject depends on two factors. The death of Admiral N. O. von Essen, who had created and nurtured the fleet, was a borderline for the naval war in the Baltic. The personality of his successor was to determine the further course of events. Another factor was position of those who could influence the decision-making mechanism, directly or indirectly. Essen gathered talented officers, but his death weakened their unity and gave rise to intrigue. The authors study how subjective factors (e.g. origin, likes and dislikes, career aspirations) influenced decision-making. Historians have paid little attention to the aspects of the Baltic Fleet headquarters functioning and to the role of personal factor therein. The publication partially closes the gap. It is to reconstruct the position of various groups of officers, their reaction to the appointment of Kanin. The authors draw on personal provenance sources - letters from V. M. Altfater, head of the naval directorate under the commander-in-chief of the armies of the Northern Front, and from Prince M. B. Cherkassky, flag-captain's assistant for operational part in the fleet headquarters, stored in the Russian State Archive of the Navy in St. Petersburg. These materials demonstrate A. V. Kolchak's interest in selection of the new commander. Cherkassky assumed that Kolchak had taken steps to achieve a result that was beneficial to him. Altfater was a possible channel of influence at the headquarters. Another group of officers was consolidating at the headquarters. M. B. Cherkassky played a prominent role in it. Given the situation, his sympathies were not on Kolchak's side and he was critical of Kanin. That was the group to take the leading position at the headquarters.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "EFFECT OF HOLDING DIET ON EGG FORMATION OF TAMARIXIA RADIATA (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE), PARASITOID OF DIAPHORINA CITRI (HEMIPTERA: PSYLLOIDAE). Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), is an arrhenotokous ectoparasitoid of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psylloidae), vector of huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening disease. Mass-rearing parasitoids for augmentative biological control has created the need to find storage conditions that will optimize egg load upon release. Food provided to females during the holding period may be foremost among factors that determine the number of eggs available for oviposition following storage. Pairs of newly emerged T. radiata were provided with 8 different diet treatments: water, honey, Nu-Lure (R) (a proteinaceous liquid made from 44% hydrolyzed corn gluten meal), host nymphs, honey+ Nu-Lure, honey+ host nymphs, Nu-Lure+ host nymphs, and honey+ Nu-Lure + host nymphs. Female wasps were dissected after 5, 10, 15, and 20 days and mature eggs counted. An average of 4.6 eggs was observed in ovaries of newly emerged females. Honey alone was sufficient for female survival, but egg resorption took place within 5 days after emergence. The combination of honey + Nu-Lure resulted in female survivorship similar to a diet of host nymphs, but egg formation was less than with nymphs provided. Tamarixia radiata formed more eggs feeding on mixed diets (Nu-Lure+ honey+ nymphs or Nu-Lure+ nymphs) compared to nymphs alone. However no artificial diet substituted for nymphal hemolymph.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "IDENTITY AND STRATEGIES OF IDENTIFICATION: A MORAL AND AESTHETIC SHIFT IN ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM. The relationship between architecture and urban centers and concepts such as community and identity is undeniably complex and has been described, by both philosophers and architectural theorists, in radically different ways. In this essay, I will focus on the contrast between the role of architecture and cities as providers of a sense of identity while also emphasizing the risks associated with this conception. I will begin with an overview of a few theories arguingon aesthetic, moral, and functional grounds-for the necessity of a connection among architecture, identity, and community. I will then move, in the second part, to what can be seen as the critical and theoretical dismantling of such a notion: a dismantling that, however, does not end the discussion of identity as much as it problematizes it. Architecture and urbanism, I aim to show, are still discussing the means and terms of the debate on identity, but the interpretation of such a concept has changed in significant ways. Specifically, in the second and last section of the essay, I will argue for what I will refer to as a terminological and conceptual change: for if identity is lost, or too ambitious a goal, identification, and the practices leading to it are still \\\\'in the making.\\\\' Learning to identify might be even harder than finding identity, but it has become an essential skill in our present, multicultural, and dangerously fluctuating society.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Image systems engineering education in an electronic classroom. Digital imaging technologies have now developed to the point where engineers specializing in image systems engineering are needed in order for imaging to reach its full potential. In 1996, the University of Iowa launched a multiphase project for the development of a well-structured interdisciplinary image systems engineering curriculum with both depth and breadth in its offerings, This project has been supported by equipment grants from the Hewlett Packard Company. The new teaching approach that we are currently developing is very dissimilar to the blackboard-and-chalk approach we used in previous years. Utilizing a 40-seat electronic classroom, lectures consist of presentation of concepts, immediately followed by examples, and practical exploratory problems. Four image processing classes have been offered in the new collaborative learning environment during the 1996-1997 academic year. This paper outlines the employed educational approach we are taking and summarizes our experience in the first year.", "label": [1, 5, 53, 14]}
+{"token": "Overlap between Autism Spectrum Disorder and Bipolar Affective Disorder. Background: At present there is a substantial uncertainty regarding the extent and nature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) co-occurrence due to disparate findings in previous studies. This paper aimed to find and review original studies on co-occurrence rates of ASD with BPAD, assess them, synthesize the findings in a systematic way, present an overview and make recommendations for future research. Methods: Systematic literature searches were performed using several databases. Selected articles had to describe an original study that provided prevalence and/or incidence analysis on ASD co-occurring together with BPAD. Results and Conclusion: A significant minority of patients (7%) with ASD suffers from BPAD. An accurate detection of co-occurring ASD and BPAD can lead to a more targeted treatment and improve the patients' functioning and quality of life. (C) 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Formation of the Galactic bulge from a two-component stellar disc: explaining cylindrical rotation and a vertical metallicity gradient. Recent observational studies have revealed that the Galactic bulge has cylindrical rotation and a steeper vertical metallicity gradient. We adopt two representative models for the bulge formation and thereby investigate whether the two models can explain both the observed cylindrical rotation and vertical metallicity gradient in a self-consistent manner. One is the 'pure disc scenario' (PDS) in which the bulge is formed from a pure thin stellar disc through spontaneous bar instability. The other is the 'two-component disc scenario' (TCDS) in which the bulge is formed from a disc composed of thin and thick discs through bar instability. Our numerical simulations show that although the PDS can reproduce the cylindrical rotation, it shows a rather flatter vertical metallicity gradient that is inconsistent with observations. The derived flatter metallicity gradient is due to the vertical mixing of stars with different initial metallicities by the stellar bar. This result implies that the bulge cannot be simply formed from a pure thin stellar disc. On the other hand, the bulge formed from the two-component disc in the TCDS can explain both the observed cylindrical rotation and vertical metallicity gradient of the Galactic bulge reasonably well. In the TCDS, more metal-poor stars at higher vertical bar z vertical bar (vertical distance), which originate from the already dynamically hotter thick disc, cannot be strongly influenced by vertical mixing of the bar so that they can stay in situ for longer time-scales and thus keep the lower metallicity at higher vertical bar z vertical bar. Consequently, the vertical metallicity gradient of the bulge composed of initially thin and thick disc stars cannot be so flattened, even if the gradient of the thin disc can be flattened significantly by the bar in the TCDS. We therefore suggest that a significant fraction of the present Galactic bulge is composed of stars initially in the inner part of the thick disc and thus that these bulge stars and the thick disc have a common origin. We also suggest that the Galaxy might well have experienced some merger events that could dynamically heat up its inner regions until similar to 10 Gyr ago.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "TEMPORAL MODELS OF EXPANSION OF THE PRESENT TENSE IN THE GRAMMATICAL SYSTEM AND LITERARY TEXT (With Reference to Krokhotki by A. I. Solzhenitsyn). The aim of this article is to carry out a conceptual analysis of the usage of present forms in the mini-stories Krokhotki (Eng. Miniatures or Prose Poems) by A. I. Solzhenitsyn. The author tries to show the relevance of grammatical semantics to the study of perception of time in a given language community. The features of the Russian tense system are defined by the interaction of tense and aspect. Imperfective present forms express all types of present semantics bringing together the current, generalised, and metaphorical present (Praesens Historicum). Thus, there appears a mechanism of expansion of the present in the Russian language. The image of time in the Krokhotki, defined in literary studies as \\\\'coarsening of a moment\\\\', becomes particularly important in connection with the comprehension of changes in the perception of ontological parameters of time described in sociology. Such changes occur under the influence of modern computer technologies and the global Internet. More particularly, the notions of experiencing a moment in a linear flow of time, and the boundaries of the present time change. The model of time in Krokhotki is characterised, on the one hand, by the effects of time dilation and concentration of the narrator on the current moment with maximum detail of all aspects of the depicted events, and on the other - by the expansion of boundaries of the current moment due to its generalisation. This is how the full conceptual potential of the present tense is implemented. A wide range of grammatical semantics of the present tense allows for the creation of a multi-dimensional image of time, revealing the value of life moments with maximum detail of all aspects of the depicted events and generalisations of their significance. Such an image of a moment of time serves as a semantic dominant of the whole literary work consisting of 17 miniatures. The composition of two cycles of miniatures in the Krokhotki is very important for the image of time, too; each cycle ends in miniatures in the form of prayers. As a literary genre, the poetic prayer, keeping the basic features of a religious prayer, gets some features inherent in lyrical literary work: it allows the artist to reveal the deep layers of the creative and the human \\\\'I\\\\' and to express what generally refers to the area of the ineffable. The analysis of temporal patterns of language is important to determine the cognitive landmarks in the cognition of time ontology preserved in the Russian language.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "3D Face Reconstruction From Single 2D Image Using Distinctive Features. 3D face reconstruction is considered to be a useful computer vision tool, though it is difficult to build. This paper proposes a 3D face reconstruction method, which is easy to implement and computationally efficient. It takes a single 2D image as input, and gives 3D reconstructed images as output. Our method primarily consists of three main steps: feature extraction, depth calculation, and creation of a 3D image from the processed image using a Basel face model (BFM). First, the features of a single 2D image are extracted using a two-step process. Before distinctive-features extraction, a face must be detected to confirm whether one is present in the input image or not. For this purpose, facial features like eyes, nose, and mouth are extracted. Then, distinctive features are mined by using scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT), which will be used for 3D face reconstruction at a later stage. Second step comprises of depth calculation, to assign the image a third dimension. Multivariate Gaussian distribution helps to find the third dimension, which is further tuned using shading cues that are obtained by the shape from shading (SFS) technique. Thirdly, the data obtained from the above two steps will be used to create a 3D image using BFM. The proposed method does not rely on multiple images, lightening the computation burden. Experiments were carried out on different 2D images to validate the proposed method and compared its performance to those of the latest approaches. Experiment results demonstrate that the proposed method is time efficient and robust in nature, and it outperformed all of the tested methods in terms of detail recovery and accuracy.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Displacements in the name of (re)development: the contested rise and contested demise of colonial 'African' housing estates in Kampala and Jinja. This paper examines historical and contemporary processes of urban (re-)development and displacement in Uganda. Particular focus concerns the often conflicting strategies employed by urban managers and residents to plan, govern and live in both the late-colonial and early twenty-first century city. Both eras can be considered significant, even momentous, for the prominence of strategic projects of socio-spatial urban reconfiguration that incorporate(d) powerful discourses fusing land and housing development with societal progress and national development. The former project putatively centred on orchestrating African development and welfare, the latter on the more ambiguous project of re-development. The 'Good City' and the 'Good Citizen' are used as heuristic devices to examine the planning ideals and rationalities that inform(ed) these projects and the conflict of rationalities they provoke(d), particularly in terms of competing visions of the good city and good citizen. The paper emphasizes that current projects of redevelopmentalism do not take place in politically inert or historically benign space. Rather, it is shown how historical and place-based specificities articulate with and mediate the process of redevelopmentalism in Kampala and Jinja.", "label": [1, 3, 5, 17, 31, 52]}
+{"token": "Supply chain sustainability: a relationship management approach. Research limitations/implications - The study is a proof of concept and three case studies have been used to illustrate the nature of the model developed. Further testing and refinement of the model in practice should be the next step in this research.Practical implications - The concept of relationship management needs to filter down to all levels in the supply chain if participants are to retain commitment and buy-in to the relationship. A sustainable supply chain requires proactive relationship management and the development of an appropriate organisational culture, and trust. By legitimising individuals' expectations of the type of culture which is appropriate to their company and empowering employees to address mismatches that may occur, a situation can be created whereby the collaborating organisations develop their competences symbiotically and so facilitate a sustainable supply chain.Originality/value - The culture/commitment/structure model developed from three separate strands of management thought has proved to be a powerful tool for analysing collaboration in supply chains and explaining how and why some supply chains are sustainable, and others are not.Design/methodology/approach - The research adopted a triangulated approach in which quantitative data were collected by questionnaire, interviews were conducted to explore and enrich the quantitative data and case studies were undertaken in order to illustrate and validate the findings. Handy's view of organisational culture, Allen and Meyer's concepts of organisational commitment and Van de Ven and Ferry's measures of organisational structuring have been combined into a model to test and explain how collaborative mechanisms can affect supply chain sustainability.Findings - It has been shown that the degree of match and mismatch between organisational culture and structure has an impact on staff's commitment level. A sustainable supply chain depends on convergence - that is the match between organisational structuring, organisation culture and organisation commitment.Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine, by means of case studies, the mechanisms by which relationships can be managed and by which communication and cooperation can be enhanced in sustainable supply chains. The research was predicated on the contention that the development of a sustainable supply chain depends, in part, on the transfer of knowledge and capabilities from the larger players in the supply chain.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
+{"token": "Parametric Insurance for Solar Geoengineering: Insights from the Pacific Catastrophe Risk Assessment and Financing Initiative. Solar geoengineering (SG) entails using technology to modify the Earth's radiative balance to offset some of the climate changes caused by long-lived greenhouse gases. Parametric insurance, which delivers payouts when specific physical indices (such as wind speed) cross predefined thresholds, was recently proposed by two of us as a compensation mechanism for SG with the potential to ease disagreements about the technology and to facilitate cooperative deployment; we refer to this proposal as reduced-rate climate risk insurance for solar geoengineering, or 'RCG'. Here we probe the plausibility of RCG by exploring the Pacific Catastrophe Risk Assessment and Financing Initiative (PCRAFI), a sovereign risk pool providing parametric insurance coverage against tropical cyclones and earthquakes/tsunamis to Pacific island countries since 2013. Tracing the history of PCRAFI and considering regional views on insurance as compensation necessitates reconfiguring RCG in a way that shifts the focus away from bargaining between developed and developing countries toward bargaining among developed countries. This revised version of RCG is challenged by an assumption of broad developed country support for sovereign climate insurance in the developing world, but it also better reflects the underlying incentive structure and distribution of power.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "Models of Goldstone gauginos. Models with Dirac gauginos are appealing scenarios for physics beyond the Standard Model. They have smaller radiative corrections to scalar soft masses, a suppression of certain supersymmetry (SUSY) production processes at the LHC, and ameliorated flavor constraints. Unfortunately, they are generically plagued by tachyons charged under the Standard Model, and attempts to eliminate such states typically spoil the positive features. The recently proposed \\\\'Goldstone gaugino\\\\' mechanism provides a simple realization of Dirac gauginos that is automatically free of dangerous tachyonic states. We provide details on this mechanism and explore models for its origin. In particular, we find SUSY QCD models that realize this idea simply and discuss scenarios for unification.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "A three-dimensional fracture pattern diagram of staggered platelet structures. In order to design composites that mimic the remarkable balance of properties such as strength, toughness, and stiffness of staggered platelet structures in nature, it is crucial to understand their load transfer and failure mechanisms. Recently, we proposed an analytical model to predict the stress distribution within staggered platelet structures for a wide range of constituent materials' moduli and geometric parameters in the elastic response regime. Here, based on the model, a fracture pattern diagram featuring three distinct mechanisms categorized according to the failure sequences of soft tip, soft shear zone, and hard platelet is constructed. The proposed fracture map is capable of capturing the transition of failure mechanisms observed in crack phase field simulations and draws parallels to mechanisms seen in experiments. Our study sheds light on the origin of failure mechanism transitions and enables rational designs of future staggered platelet composites with unprecedented properties.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Growth of uniform tungsten oxide nanowires with small diameter via a two-step heating process. Uniform tungsten oxide nanowires with small diameter have been fabricated with potassium hydroxide as catalyst on a tungsten plate and by the method of thermal evaporation via a unique two-step heating process. Typical temperatures of this two-step process are 390 and 610 degrees C, respectively. The first-step heating was found crucial for the growth of small and uniform nanowires because it made the potassium hydroxide solution more uniformly distributed on the tungsten plate surface. The structure and composition of the grown nanowires were characterized by various methods. The diameter of the nanowires ranges from 30-200 nm and the length is up to several tens of micrometers. The structure of the nanowires is found to be orthorhombic tungsten oxide (W3O8), with cell parameters a = 1.035 nm, b = 1.399 nm, c = 0.378 nm. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Strange bedfellows: on Pritchard's disjunctivist hinge epistemology. The paper discusses some themes in Duncan Pritchard's last book, Epistemic Angst. Radical Skepticism and the Groundlessness of Our Believing. It considers it in relation to other forms of Wittgenstein-inspired hinge-epistemology. It focuses, in particular, on the proposed treatment of Closure in relation to entailments containing hinges, the treatment of Underdetermination-based skeptical paradox and the avail to disjunctivism to respond to the latter. It argues that, although bold and thought-provoking, the mix of hinge epistemology and disjunctivism Pritchard proposes is not motivated.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
+{"token": "Awareness about Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act: Some evidence from the northern parts of West Bengal, India. This study takes up the issues related to the awareness about an ambitious welfare programme targeting the rural population of India, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (11IGNREGA). The study is based on a primary survey and finds a general lack of awareness about the basic guidelines and the legal entitlements among the intended beneficiaries. This is attributed as one of the reasons for the underlying corruption and the programme not being so successful in the surveyed areas as compared to some other states of India. The paper also provides some suggestions that may result in better implementation of the evaluated programme in the study areas.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Serial monogamy in the European long-snouted seahorse Hippocampus guttulatus. Seahorses (Hippocampus spp.) are non-sex-role-reversed members of the Syngnathidae family that provide extensive brood care. Previous studies of seahorses have revealed monogamy within a single brood, but their longer term mating system had not been comprehensively evaluated. The parental contribution to 29 wild-born broods of Hippocampus guttulatus, sampled from six Portuguese populations with differing seahorse densities and sex ratios, was assessed using microsatellite DNA markers. To assess the longer term genetic mating system of this species parentage was determined in eleven broods sampled from a captive population over two breeding seasons. Genetic data suggest that this socially polygamous seahorse is serially monogamous across breeding seasons, i.e. monogamous within a season but may switch mates between seasons, and that differing population densities and sex ratios do not affect the mating system.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 39]}
+{"token": "IDEAhaus: A Modular Approach to Climate Resilient UK Housing. This paper describes the result of a project to develop climate adaptation design strategies funded by the UK's Technology Strategy Board. The aim of the project was to look at the threats and opportunities presented by industrialized and house-building techniques in the light of predicted future increases in flooding and overheating due to anthropogenic climate change. The paper shows that the thermal performance of houses built to the current UK Building Regulations is not adequate to cope with changing weather patterns, and in light of this, develops a detailed design for a new house: one that is industrially produced and climatically resilient, but affordable. This detailed concept IDEAhaus of a modular house is not only flood-proof to a water depth of 750 mm, but also is designed to utilize passive cooling, which dramatically reduces the amount of overheating, both now and in the future.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "Refining the Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization: How Plant Fiber Technology Drove Social Complexity During the Preceramic Period. Moseley's (1975) Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization hypothesis challenges, in one of humanity's few pristine hearths of civilization, the axiom that agriculture is necessary for the rise of complex societies. We revisit that hypothesis by setting new findings from La Yerba II (7571-6674 Cal bp) and III (6485-5893 Cal bp), Rio Ica estuary, alongside the wider archaeological record for the end of the Middle Preceramic Period on the Peruvian coast. The La Yerba record evinces increasing population, sedentism, and \\\\'Broad Spectrum Revolution\\\\' features, including early horticulture of Phaseolus and Canavalia beans. Yet unlike further north, these changes failed to presage the florescence of monumental civilization during the subsequent Late Preceramic Period. Instead, the south coast saw a profound \\\\'archaeological silence.\\\\' These contrasting trajectories had little to do with any relative differences in marine resources, but rather to restrictions on the terrestrial resources that determined a society's capacity to intensify exploitation of those marine resources. We explain this apparent miscarriage of the Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization (MFAC) hypothesis on the south coast of Peru by proposing more explicit links than hitherto, between the detailed technological aspects of marine exploitation using plant fibers to make fishing nets and the emergence of social complexity on the coast of Peru. Rather than because of any significant advantages in quality, it was the potential for increased quantities of production, inherent in the shift from gathered wild Asclepias bast fibers to cultivated cotton, that inadvertently precipitated revolutionary social change. Thereby refined, the MFAC hypothesis duly emerges more persuasive than ever.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30]}
+{"token": "OCCURRENCE OF DISEASES ON SUNFLOWER STEMS IN EASTERN CROATIA. During a three-year period (2001-2003), occurrence of diseases on sunflower stems was monitored in fields of PIK Vinkovci (on the Sopot location). The experiment involved 24 genotypes planted in 2001, 30 genotypes in 2002, and 20 genotypes in 2003, each of them repeated in two trials: treated and non-treated. The Konker fungicide preparation, dosed 1.5 l/ ha, was used for sunflower protection. The treatment was applied at the R1R2 development stage of sunflower (the size of immature bud was up to 2 cm). Based on the conducted survey, it was found out that Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was the most dominant disease agent to sunflower stems in 2001. Percentage of infection for the non-treated and treated trials was between 0 and 32.5%, and 0 and 17.5%, respectively. In 2002 and 2003, Phomopsis helianthi was the most dominant disease agent. Average value rate in 2002 fluctuated between 0.65 and 4.00 in non-treated trial and between 0.05 and 2.60 in treated trial. In 2003, occurrence of P. helianthi was of weak intensity, mostly because of unfavorable weather conditions for parasite development. Average ratings were 0.35 to 3.30 in the non-treated trial, and 0.20 to 1.85 in the treated trial. Application of fungicide during the whole experiment period had positive effects on the decrease of infection intensity and the increase of grain and oil yields.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Spectrophotometry and structural analysis of 5 comets. We discuss the morphology and spectrophotometry of 5 comets visible in August, 2001. We decompose comae into coma profiles and azimuthally renormalized images, in which general and local features are quantitatively comparable. Comet 19P/Borrelly showed a strong gas fan toward the solar direction, but no detectable gas in the tail. Dust in its inner coma was collimated toward the antisolar direction and the tail, with no dust in the outer coma. The contribution of spatial variations structure was moderate, about 35%. Comet 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1 was observed in outburst: we detected \\\\'spinning\\\\' jet structures. A high level of dust production resulted in an unusually high Af(rho) = 16 600 cm. The spatial variations reached -77%, at the minimum, due in part to a jet and a ring-like structure in 1 arcmin distance from the nucleus. In comet C/2001 A2, we detected a strong post-perihelion increase of dust and gas activity, in which the C-2 profile became one magnitude brighter over a 3-day period. For comets C/2000 SV74 and C/2000 WM1, we present detailed pre-perihelion spectrophotometry and morphological information. Comet C/2000 SV74 showed high dust production (Af(rho) = 1479 cm). Its coma suggests a steady-state outflow of material, while the low contribution of spatial variations support high level activity. The coma of C/2000 WM1 is dominated by solar effects, and CO+ forms the bulk of its gas activity. Despite its large heliocentric distance, we observed a nice tail.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "CLIPPING IN ENGLISH SLANG NEOLOGISMS. The research is concerned with the phonotactic, morphotactic, graphic, logical, derivational, and syntactic features of clipped English slang neologisms coined in the early 21st century. The main preconceptions concerning clipping per se are revisited and critically rethought upon novel slang material. An innovative three-level taxonomy of clippings is outlined. The common and distinctive features of diverse types of clipping are identified and systemized.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Influence of soil type on the wilting of plants. It has been shown that the water remaining in soil when plants wilt due to soil limitations and the residual water content as observed when soils are de- watered in pressure cell apparatus are essentially the same. Both are produced by immiscible displacement of water by air, and this leads to the water remaining in soil not being in thermodynamic equilibrium. Water removal by immiscible displacement ceases when hydraulic cut- off is reached. The point of hydraulic cut- off may be calculated by fitting water-retention data to equations for both the non-equilibrium case and the equilibrium case, and then solving these simultaneously. This has been done forwater retention data for 52 soil horizons in Poland. These results are used to obtain a pedotransfer function for the permanent wilting point due to soil limitations and the results are presented for the different soil texture classes. The pore water suction when wilting occurs is estimated to be 1.0 MPa. The methods and findings in this paper are used to explain a range of published results on plant wilting.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Solid state equilibrium in the doubly substituted (Tl, Pb)(Sr, Ba)O-3 system. The phase relations in the doubly substituted TlxPb1-xSryBa1-yO3 system show a solubility range of the perovskite phase BaPbO3 from x=0, y=0.5 to x=0.8, y=0. The crystallographic structure of the solid solution is well described with a tetragonal cell, I4/mcm space group. The electrical conductivity shows a semiconducting behaviour with an activation energy of 7.2 kJ mol(-1) in the temperature range 600-850 degrees C. The Sr-based perovskite SrPbO3, with orthorhombic Pbnm structure does not accept extended Tl or Ba substitutions. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science S.A.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Impacts of inundation and drought on eukaryote biodiversity in semi-arid floodplain soils. Floodplain ecosystems are characterized by alternating wet and dry phases and periodic inundation defines their ecological character. Climate change, river regulation and the construction of levees have substantially altered natural flooding and drying regimes worldwide with uncertain effects on key biotic groups. In southern Australia, we hypothesized that soil eukaryotic communities in climate change affected areas of a semi-arid floodplain would transition towards comprising mainly dry-soil specialist species with increasing drought severity. Here, we used 18S rRNA amplicon pyrosequencing to measure the eukaryote community composition in soils that had been depleted of water to varying degrees to confirm that reproducible transitional changes occur in eukaryotic biodiversity on this floodplain. Interflood community structures (3years post-flood) were dominated by persistent rather than either aquatic or dry-specialist organisms. Only 2% of taxa were unique to dry locations by 8years post-flood, and 10% were restricted to wet locations (inundated a year to 2weeks post-flood). Almost half (48%) of the total soil biota were detected in both these environments. The discovery of a large suite of organisms able to survive nearly a decade of drought, and up to a year submerged supports the concept of inherent resilience of Australian semi-arid floodplain soil communities under increasing pressure from climatic induced changes in water availability.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
+{"token": "Risk and reward: Explosive eruptions and obsidian lithic resource at Nabro volcano (Eritrea). Despite abundant Pleistocene calderas in the East African Rift and Afar, and the significance of regional tephra horizons for archaeological and paleoenvironmental dating, the entanglements of volcanoes and their eruptions with human behaviour and paleoecology have received little attention. Here, we focus on the intertwined human and eruptive history at Nabro, a caldera-topped volcanic massif close to the Red Sea littoral of Eritrea. Nabro exemplifies the antagonism of opportunities and threats posed by a large silicic volcano, active at least since the Middle Pleistocene and as recently as 2011. Using argon isotopic measurements, we establish the first chronology of key eruptive stages of Nabro and neighbouring Mallahle, revealing a history of explosive and effusive volcanism in the Middle and Late Pleistocene. Past eruptions were an important source of obsidian that was exchanged over long distances across land and sea during the Neolithic. We infer that the availability of high-quality obsidian, combined with Nabro's favourable microclimate and proximity to the Red Sea coast, likely attracted humans to this volcanic landmark since the later Middle Pleistocene. Drawing on observations of the immediate consequences of the 2011 eruption on landscape and local pastoralist communities, we consider also the impacts of past volcanic cataclysms on human populations. In addition to the threat to life, explosive eruptions of Nabro circa 130 ka and 62 ka ago would have abruptly curtailed procurement of its obsidian resource. Our findings suggest further attention be paid to evaluating the significance of East African volcanic landscapes, eruptions and resources for understanding human behaviour in deep antiquity. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Visual attention to subtitles when viewing a cartoon by deaf and hearing children: an eye-tracking pilot study. Watching a subtitled programme is a complex activity, as it entails paying attention to various stimuli simultaneously, some of which are visual (images and subtitles) and others auditory (oral language and background sounds). The aim of this study is to analyse the ocular movement of a group of children including both hearing and deaf children when watching a television cartoon using an eye tracker. The sample comprises 22 children (11 of whom are deaf and 11 of whom are hearing) aged between seven and 11. The results show that both hearing and deaf children spend more time looking at the images than at the subtitles, with the character's lips being the facial feature to which they pay most attention. Participant age and reading speed are variables that significantly affect the degree of attention paid to subtitles: the youngest children with the slowest reading speed lose their attention as the cartoon progresses. However, participants' auditory condition (deaf or hearing) does not show significant differences regarding maintaining attention on subtitles.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Laser heterodyne interferometer for the simultaneous measurement of displacement and angle using a single reference retroreflector. This paper describes the design and realization of a new type of heterodyne interferometer for simultaneously measuring displacement and angle using only one reference retroreflector. Theoretically, this interferometer has better angle accuracy compared with classical systems that employ two reference retroreflectors because it can avoid the relative displacement resulting from external factors. The optical and mechanical configurations of the proposed interferometer, which consists of a frequency-stabilized dual-frequency laser, a monolithic prism, and additional optical and electronic components, are designed and finely processed. The experimental results show that the angle accuracy of the interferometer is greater than +/- 0.15 arcsec in comparison with an autocollimator. (C) 2015 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Symmetries of the Eikonal equation. The infinitesimal algebra of Lie symmetries of the Eikonal equation is shown to be isomorphic to o(n + 1, 2) when there are n independent variables. An explicit basis is found that is aligned with the standard basis coming from the standard matrix representation of o(n + 1, 2) thereby making it possible to read offinequivalent one-dimensional symmetry vector fields. The symmetries are used to construct various solutions of the Eikonal equation. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 41, 12]}
+{"token": "Comparing costing results in across country economic evaluations: the use of technology specific purchasing power parities. The number of economic evaluations conducted on a multinational basis is increasing. Therefore, techniques are required to compare the results of such studies in a meaningful manner. This paper explores different approaches to comparing across country cost data applied to a European study of dialysis therapy for end-stage renal disease. A price and volume index is created at the level of the individual health care technology and compared to an exchange rate conversion and published purchasing power parities (PPPs). Both exchange rate and PPP conversions when published rates are used fail to accurately reflect the true resource use of the applied health care example. These differences can be related to specific issues of input mix and price variation. Alternatively, the use of technology specific PPPs provided a more robust approach for international comparisons and also have the potential for use in multi-centre economic evaluations within the same country. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 49]}
+{"token": "INTRODUCTION TO SUPERGEOMETRY. These notes are based on a series of lectures given by the first author at the school of \\\\'Poisson 2010\\\\', held at IMPA, Rio de Janeiro. They contain an exposition of the theory of super- and graded manifolds, cohomological vector fields, graded symplectic structures, reduction and the AKSZ-formalism.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Framing New Zealand: Understanding tourism TV commercials. Tourism TV commercials (TVCs) are a source of information for tourists. TVCs serve to assist the consumer in forming a mental image of a destination. These commercials, however, are seldom a topic of research. This paper analyses two New Zealand tourism TVCs, launched separately in 1999 and 2007. It combines video content analysis procedures suggested by Dimitrova, Zhang, Shahraray, Sezan, Huang and Zakhor (2002). and Rose (2007), a destination image research framework proposed by Beerli and Martin (2004) and Echtner and Ritchie (1991), and a film analysis methodology proposed by Giannetti (2008). The objective is to present a systematic approach to the understanding of tourism TVCs. It is found that 87% of camera shots in these two tourism TVCs last no more than one or 2 s; this is equivalent to using a montage to create an emotional or intellectual response. In the new TVC, established themes such as \\\\'nature\\\\' and \\\\'adventure\\\\' remain salient, and the way of life of the local people is emphasized. The aim of this study is to assess the destination image as framed through tourism TVCs to pave the way for future study on the visual elements that may influence an audience's response to TVCs. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "Foreign direct investment in countries of the former Soviet Union: Relationship to governance, economic freedom and corruption perception. The modernisation of the economies of the former Soviet Union (FSU) will require substantial levels of foreign direct investment (FDI). The aim of this study is to examine factors which may be instrumental in determining this level of the FDI. It achieves this by establishing quantitative relationships between levels of FDI per capita to the year 2004 and three sets of indicators relating, respectively, to governance, economic freedom, and corruption perception. The paper demonstrate!; that the level of FDI in FSU states has been determined to a significant extent by the degree of reform from a planned economy towards a market economy. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Regents of the University of California.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "CLONING OF A NOVEL PUTATIVE PROTEIN-KINASE HAVING A LEUCINE-ZIPPER DOMAIN FROM HUMAN BRAIN. We report a novel putative serine/threonine protein kinase containing a leucine-zipper domain, isolated from an human neuronal cell line. The teratocarcinoma cell line NT2 was differentiated to postmitotic NT2-N neurons by treatment with retinoic acid, and degenerate oligonucleotide primers to the catalytic domains of protein kinases were employed to PCR amplify subtractive cDNAs. We identified a clone, represented at higher abundance in NT2-N neurons than in the parental cell line, which encodes a putative serine/threonine kinase of 668 aminoacids, the leucine-zipper protein kinase (zpk). Zpk protein contains a leucine-zipper domain, found in many DNA-binding proteins, but few protein kinases. Steady-state mRNA levels for zpk are high in human brain and kidney. Further studies are required to evaluate the role of zpk in neuronal differentiation. (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Determination of Tributyltin in Seafood Based on Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. In this study, Fe3O4 was adopted as a carrier for surface molecular imprinting with two-stage polymerization. First, the functional monomer (methacrylic acid, MAA) wasmodified on the surface of Fe3O4, which was then polymerized with the template molecule (tributyltin, TBT), cross linking agent (ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, EGDMA), and porogen (acetonitrile), hereby successfully preparing Fe3O4 @MIPs prone to specifically identify TBT. The physical properties of Fe3O4 @MIPs were then characterized, and adsorption and selection capacities were also assessed. Compared with conventional imprinting polymers, thismagneticmolecular imprinting polymer (MIP) displayed significantly increased andmore specific adsorption. Meanwhile, its pretreatment was simpler and faster due to magnetic separation characteristics. Usingmagnetic MIPs as adsorbents for enrichment and separation, detection limit, recovery rate, and linear range were 1.0 ng g(-1), 79.74-95.72%, and 5ngg(-1) similar to 1000 ng g(-1), respectively, for a number of seafood samples. High-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) was used to analyze Tegillarca granosa, mussels, large yellow croaker, and other specimens, with recovery rates of 79.74-95.72% and RSD of 1.3%-4.7%. Overall, this method has a shorter total analysis time, lower detection limit, and wider linear range and can be more effectively applied to determine MAA in seawater and seafood.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Total welfare': Soviet special homes for severely disabled veterans in the 1940s. The \\\\'Great Patriotic War\\\\' left behind not only 27 million dead, but also hundreds of thousands of disabled soldiers. They returned home from the battlefields expecting considerable state help, as the Soviet press had promised during the war. In 1942-1943 the number of disabled rose dramatically; especially high (54%) was the percentage of the severely mutilated who had completely lost their capacity to work. Since Soviet social policy considered the return to work the best overall remedy for reconstructing maimed bodies and \\\\'overcoming\\\\' disability, it was planned to organize special homes which were supposed to offer professional training and medical care for severely disabled veterans. In practice, not much came out of this. The essay explores what \\\\'comprehensive care\\\\' for the most severely mutilated veterans actually meant in the 1940s. As a rule, only disabled soldiers without relatives were qualified to live in homes for the disabled. However, these institutions were not only in short supply, but were extremely unpopular among the war disabled. On the basis of archival documents the paper describes the appalling living conditions (hunger, dirt, boredom, arbitrary rule) in these homes as a result of which many disabled soldiers preferred to eke out a living on their own by black marketeering, speculation or begging.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Sexually-motivated song is predicted by androgen-and opioid-related gene expression in the medial preoptic nucleus of male European starlings (Stumus vulgaris). Across vertebrates, communication conveys information about an individual's motivational state, yet little is known about the neuroendocrine regulation of motivational aspects of communication. For seasonally breeding songbirds, increases in testosterone in spring stimulate high rates of sexually-motivated courtship song, though not all birds sing at high rates. It is generally assumed that testosterone or its metabolites act within the medial preoptic nucleus (POM) to stimulate the motivation to sing. In addition to androgen receptors (ARs) and testosterone, opioid neuropeptides in the POM influence sexually-motivated song production, and it has been proposed that testosterone may in part regulate song by modifying opioid systems. To gain insight into a possible role for androgen-opioid interactions in the regulation of communication we examined associations between sexually-motivated song and relative expression of ARs, mu opioid receptors (muORs), and preproenkephalin (PENK) in the POM (and other regions) of male European starlings using qPCR. Both AR and PENK expression in POM correlated positively with singing behavior, whereas muOR in POM correlated negatively with song. Furthermore, the ratio of PENK/muOR expression correlated negatively with AR expression in POM. Finally, in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), PENK expression correlated negatively with singing behavior. Results support the hypothesis that ARs may alter opioid gene expression in POM to fine-tune singing to reflect a male's motivational state. Data also suggest that bidirectional relationships may exist between opioids and ARs in POM and song, and additionally support a role for opioids in the VTA, independent of AR activity in this region. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 55]}
+{"token": "Gabriel Marcel and the lasting value of his thinking. The aim of the paper is to show the philosophy of G. Marcel as a personally experienced encounter with the most burning problems of our times. In his view the philosophical reflection is discovering of the meaningful order of the world. Attention is paid also to the influence, of G. Marcel's work on the thinking of Slovak and Czech philosophers.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Real flow number and the cycle rank of a graph. This article establishes a relationship between the real (circular) flow number of a graph and its cycle rank. We show that a connected graph with real flow number p/q+1, where p and q are two relatively prime numbers must have cycle rank at least p + q - 1. A special case of this result yields that the real flow number of a 2-connected cubic graph with chromatic index 4 and order at most 8k + 4 is bounded from below by 4 + Ilk. Using this bound we prove that the real flow number of the Isaacs snark I2k+1 equals 4+1/k, completing the upper bound due to Steffen [Steffen, J Graph Theory 36 (2001), 24-34]. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Using the incidence and impact of health conditions in guide dogs to investigate healthy ageing in working dogs. This study aimed to use retirement data from working guide dogs to investigate healthy ageing in dogs and the demographic factors that influence ageing. Using a dataset of 7686 dogs spanning 20 years, dogs withdrawn for health reasons before they reached retirement were identified. Cases of retirement for old age, rather than for health reasons, were also recorded, as was the length of working life for all dogs. Specific health reasons were grouped into 14 different health categories. The influence of purebred or crossbreed, breed, and sex on the incidence of these health categories and the length of working life within each health category was considered.The majority (n = 6465/7686; 84%) of working guide dogs were able to function as guide dogs until they had worked for 8.5 years, when they retired. This working life might constitute a reference for the different breeds considered, with the exception of the German shepherd dog, which had a shorter working life. The most common reason for health withdrawals was musculoskeletal conditions (n = 387/1362; 28%), mostly arthritis. Skin conditions (mostly comprised of cases of atopic dermatitis) reduced working life most commonly (mean, approximately 5 years). Nervous sensory conditions (35% of which were cases of epilepsy) reduced working life by 3 years. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "The 'wicked city' motif on the American stage before the Civil War. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the characterization of the big city as evil incarnate--a veritable latter-day Sodom--had achieved the status of national myth in both the United States and Britain, and had become a popular theme to journalists, novelists, and playwrights alike. John Frick examines this phenomenon--what came to be known as the 'wicked city motif'--as it manifested itself on the antebellum American stage. Originating in the urbanization of the eighteenth-century gothic novel and the French feuilleton roman and coalescing in Eugene Sue's Les Mysteres de Paris and G.W.M. Reynolds's The Mysteries of London, the city mysteries narrative successfully negotiated the unstable border between the public and private spheres to examine the depravity and danger of the modern metropolis. Disseminated through populist politics, sensationalized journalism, popular fiction, and--the focus here--dramatic renderings, the apocalyptic vision of the modern city with its inexplicable and impenetrable secrets became commonplace in the 1840s and 1850s.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Magnetic resonance imaging study in a normal Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris) stifle joint. Conclusions: MRI provided adequate information of the bony and soft tissues structures of Bengal tiger stifle joints. This information can be used as initial anatomic reference for interpretation of MR stifle images and to assist in the diagnosis of diseases of this region.Results: MR images showed the bone, articular cartilage, menisci and ligaments of the normal tiger stifle. SE T1-weighted sequence provided excellent resolution of the subchondral bones of the femur, tibia and patella compared with the GE STIR T2-weighted MR images. Articular cartilage and synovial fluid were visualised with high signal intensity in GE STIR T2-weighted sequence, compared with SE T1-weighted sequence where they appeared with intermediate intensity signal. Menisci and ligaments of the stifle joint were visible with low signal intensity in both sequences. The infrapatellar fat pad was hyperintense on SE T1-weighted images and showed low signal intensity on GE STIR T2-weighted images.Background: The purpose of this study was to describe the normal appearance of the bony and soft tissue structures of the stifle joint of a Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris) by low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and the use of gross anatomical dissections performed as anatomical reference. A cadaver of a mature female was imaged by MRI using specific sequences as the Spin-echo (SE) T1-weighting and Gradient-echo (GE) STIR T2-weighting sequences in sagittal, dorsal and transverse planes, with a magnet of 0.2 Tesla. The bony and articular structures were identified and labelled on anatomical dissections, as well as on the magnetic resonance (MR) images.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Formal studies of culture: Issues, challenges, and current trends. Over the last two decades, the formal study of culture has grown into one of the most exciting, systematic, and dynamic sub-fields in sociology. In this essay, we take stock of recent developments in this field. We highlight four emerging themes: (1) the maturation of the field that has occurred over the last two decades, (2) the rise and formalization of the \\\\'cultural matrix\\\\' approach to studying culture, (3) the development of various efforts to advance a more formal theory of culture, and (4) the proliferation of Big Data and the development of new kinds of quantitative and computational approaches to the study of culture, including the emergence of a new area focused on \\\\'computational hermeneutics.\\\\' We conclude by discussing future opportunities, challenges, and questions in formalizing culture.", "label": [3, 5, 28, 57]}
+{"token": "Gelation mechanism of thermoreversible poly(vinylidene fluoride) gels in glyceryl tributyrate. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVF2) gels in glyceryl tributyrate (GTB) with fibrillar morphology in the dried state. The gels are transparent and WAXS results indicate the presence of alpha-phase PVF2 crystals in the gels. The gelation rate (t(gel)(-1)) has been measured by the test tube tilting method and has been analysed with the equation t(gel)(-1) proportional to f(c)f(T), where f(c) = concentration function and f(T) = temperature function. At a fixed temperature, the variation of t(gel)(-1) with concentration suggests that the nature of the connectedness in this system obeys the three dimensional percolation mechanism. On the other hand, at a fixed concentration, the Variation of the gelation rate with temperature suggests that the gelation is a two step concerted process of conformational ordering and crystallization, the former acting as the rate determining step. The formation of fibrillar gels in this system has been attributed to the solvation of the TGT (G) over bar conformer of PVF2 through compound formation in a 3.1 molar ratio of the monomeric units of PVF2 and GTB. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Global distribution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis spoligotypes. We present a short summary of recent observations on the global distribution of the major clades of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, the causative agent of tuberculosis. This global distribution was defined by data-mining of an international spoligotyping database, SpolDB3. This database contains 11,708 patterns from as many clinical isolates originating from more than 90 countries. The 11,708 spoligotypes were clustered into 813 shared types. A total of 1,300 orphan patterns (clinical isolates showing a unique spoligotype) were also detected.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
+{"token": "Geological-Geomorphological and Paleontological Heritage in the Algarve (Portugal) Applied to Geotourism and Geoeducation. A 3D virtual geological route on Digital Earth of the geological-geomorphological and paleontological heritage in the Algarve (Portugal) is presented, assessing the geological heritage of nine representative geosites. Eighteen quantitative parameters are used, weighing the scientific, didactic and cultural tourist interest of each site. A virtual route has been created in Google Earth, with overlaid georeferenced cartographies, as a field guide for students to participate and improve their learning. This free application allows loading thematic georeferenced information that has previously been evaluated by means of a series of parameters for identifying the importance and interest of a geosite (scientific, educational and/or tourist). The virtual route allows travelling from one geosite to another, interacting in real time from portable devices (e.g., smartphone and tablets), and thus making possible the ability to observe the relief and spatial geological distribution with representative images, as well as to access files with the description and analysis of each geosite. By using a field guide, each geosite is complemented with activities for carrying out and evaluating what has been learned; these resources allow a teaching-learning process where the student is an active part of the development and creation of content using new technologies that provide more entertaining and educational learning, teamwork and interaction with social networks. This itinerary allows the creation of attitudes and skills that involve geoconservation as an element for sustainable development.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "A novel auxetic chiral lattice composite: Experimental and numerical study. Auxetic materials and structures have many potential applications due to their counter-intuitive deformation behavior and desirable mechanical properties. However, auxetic structures have some drawbacks, such as relatively low stiffness and stability. To improve their mechanical performance, one common method is to fill soft materials in auxetic frames, i.e., auxetic two-phase composites. In this paper, a novel method to further enhance the mechanical properties of auxetic composites has been proposed, which is implemented by designing joints of frames. Mechanical properties and deformation characteristics of these novel composites and their conventional counterparts are investigated experimentally and numerically. The results of finite element analysis and experiments exhibit a good agreement. The energy absorption capacity and auxeticity of the proposed composites could be enhanced by optimizing the design of joints. Subsequently, parametrical studies are conducted to quantify the effects of the geometrical parameters and the volume fraction of the frame.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Eruption guidance of horizontally angulated, distally displaced mandibular second premolars: Three case reports. Background An improperly positioned tooth germ can lead to tooth impaction, damage to adjacent teeth, and loss of arch integrity. This report describes three cases of eruption guidance of developing mandibular second premolars (MnP2) that were horizontally angulated and displaced to the distal side of the roots of the second primary molars.Case report The primary second molars were extracted when root formation of the succeeding premolar began. Surgical exposure was performed to accelerate eruption. These two procedures led to spontaneous eruption of all premolars. In the last case, however, a displaced second premolar disturbed the eruption of the first molar into the occlusal plane.Conclusions Several factors should be considered for an optimal treatment approach, including the clinical eruption status, development of the root MnP2, and effect on the mandibular first molar.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "The price of gold: Dowry and death in India. We provide evidence that dowry costs motivate son-preferring behaviors in India. Since gold is an integral part of dowry, we study parental responses to shocks in the world gold price. Exploiting monthly variation in gold prices across 35 years we find that monthly changes in gold prices lead to an increase in girl relative to boy neonatal mortality and that surviving girls are shorter. After the introduction of prenatal sex determination technology, we find that gold price shocks during pregnancy increase female foeticide.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Effect of Complexing Agent and Annealing Atmosphere on Properties of Nanocrystalline ZnS Thin Films. The nanocrystalline Zinc Sulfide (ZnS) thin films were prepared on glass substrates by chemical bath deposition (CBD) method using aqueous solutions of zinc acetate, thiourea and tri-sodium citrate in alkaline medium at 80 degrees C. The tri-sodium citrate acts as a complexing agent. The effects of complexing agent and annealing atmosphere (95%N-2 + 5%H2S) on structural, morphological and optical properties of ZnS thin films were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and optical absorption. XRD study revealed that single phase ZnS powder was formed in the solution with tri-sodium citrate, however, ZnS and ZnO mixed phase powder was formed in the solution without tri-sodium citrate. The films deposited with tri-sodium citrate showed ZnS with hexagonal wurtzite phase. However, annealed film in (N-2 + H2S) atmosphere showed cubic (zincblende) phase. FE-SEM images show that grain size of as-deposited and annealed ZnS films are about 20 nm and 50 nm, respectively. Optical absorption study showed that the films have moderate optical transmission from 65% to 75% in the visible region and the optical band gap energy of as-deposited ZnS film is 3.91 eV and it decreases to 3.73 eV after annealing.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Successful renal transplantation in a patient with heterozygous prothrombin gene, factor V Leiden mutation and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia using r-hirudin as anticoagulant. Vascular complications remain the most common cause of early renal allograft loss in patients with end-stage renal failure. Underlying thrombophilic disorders increase the risk of early graft thrombosis. A male adolescent with high-risk thrombophilia because of combined heterozygous factor V Leiden (G1691A) and prothrombin gene (G20210A) mutation developed HIT II. Hemodialysis and subsequent renal transplantation were undertaken using recombinant hirudin, a direct and selective thrombin inhibitor, as an anticoagulant. Primary function in the transplanted kidney was excellent. No thrombotic or hemorrhagic events have occurred and follow-up showed excellent long-term graft survival. Patients on HD have an increased risk for the development of HIT, and therefore, they need repetitive screening for the development of acquired thrombotic risk factors (e.g. HIT II or lupus anticoagulant). R-hirudin is efficacious and safe on both HD and following renal transplantation.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Pore Structure of Oil Shale Heated by Using Conduction and Microwave Radiation: A Case Study of Oil Shale from the Fushun in China. To examine the evolution of the internal pore structure of and the law of changes in oil shale under different heating modes but at the same temperature, this study subjected phi 20 mm x 20 mm specimens of oil shale to temperatures in the range of 20 degrees C similar to 500 degrees C by using a muffle furnace and a microwave pyrolysis device. We carried out experiments on the pyrolysis reaction under different temperatures and used scanning electron microscopy, backscattering, the mercury intrusion test, and MATLAB for a refined characterization of the specimens. The results showed that the microwave pyrolysis of oil shale was much shorter than its conduction-induced heating. As the microwave power increased, the time required to reach the target temperature decreased. The phenomenon of \\\\'hole blocking\\\\' was observed at 400 degrees C similar to 500 degrees C during conduction-based heating but did not occur in the microwave pyrolysis of oil shale. The porosity of oil shale heated by conduction was 3.4 times higher than its original porosity, whereas that of oil shale heated by microwave radiation was 4.9 times higher than its original value. It can be seen that compared with conduction heating, radiant heating makes the pyrolysis of organic matter in oil shale more complete. During the pyrolysis process of oil shale, the complete reaction of organic matter causes the thermal fracture of the oil shale to produce a large number of pores and interconnected cracks. Thereby, a seepage channel for pyrolysis gas and oil is formed, and the recovery rate of oil and gas is increased.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "On the Significance of Historical Poetics: In Lieu of a Foreword. This invited foreword to a cluster of four essays on historical poetics seeks to establish how the relevance of Historical Poetics is reclaimed today. Affinities, differences, and questions of commensurability and historical contextualization are raised as part of the discussion. The foreword also attempts to resituate Historical Poetics within current debates on \\\\'world literature.\\\\' In this light it reconsiders the work of Mikhail Bakhtin, suggesting that he performed a flight away from the largely Eurocentric tenor of the Russian Formalists.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Three is a crowd: Conspecific multi-male spawning in the Spotted Toad Rhaebo guttatus (Schneider, 1799). A case of multi-male spawning between two males and one female of Rhaebo guttatus is reported. An amplectant pair of R. guttatus was observed spawning in an ephemeral puddle located in a flooded area of a stream inside an open ombrophilous forest remnant on 31st January 2019, in the municipality of Cotriguacu, north-western Mato Grosso state, Brazil. To our surprise, a conspecific male (secondary male) was submerged with its belly up, nostrils out of the water and clasping the female by the ventral region, apparently, trying to fertilise the eggs. For Neotropical anurans, multi-male spawning has been reported to occur in eight phyllomedusid and four leptodactylid species. Therefore, it is the first record of conspecific multi-male spawning for R. guttatus. These observations provide new insights into the breeding biology of R. guttatus. Further studies, however, are needed to better understand the reproductive features, focusing on genetic analyses of the offspring produced from multi-male spawning of R. guttatus to determine whether multiple paternity occurs in this toad species.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Multi-level microfluidic channel routing with protected convex corners. This paper describes a novel design of microfluidic channel routing technology with well-protected convex corners. For a generic microfluidic channel routing, we have invented and demonstrated two innovative ideas: (1) a complete convex corner protection with which an indefinite over-etching can be performed without damaging the convex corners and (2) channel crossings of two micro-channels (carrying different liquids at different heights) that do not interfere with each other at the cross point. These micromachined 3D structures are made through photolithography on the surfaces of anisotropically etched grooves of a silicon wafer. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Rural non-farm employment: Agricultural versus urban linkages some evidence from Kerala state, India. Rural non-farm employment is regarded as a critical component of rural transformation in LDCs given the failure of the industrialization-led development strategies of the 1950s. An issue much debated in the restructured development dialogue M as: Is the process of rural diversification primarily agriculture-driven, or do the impulses derive from the urban economy? Our study addresses this question for Kerala by examining changes in employment patterns in rural areas between 1971 and 1991, An examination of certain socio-economic characteristics (proxies for 'agricultural' and 'urban' linkages) for 1971 in those villages which became urban in 1991 reveals the importance of both types of linkages in generating non-farm employment, depending on the location of the village vis-g-vis large urban settlements.", "label": [5, 56, 57]}
+{"token": "Pink Chaddis and SlutWalk Couture: The Postcolonial Politics of Feminism Lite. The SlutWalk campaigns around the world have triggered a furious debate on whether they advance or limit feminist legal politics. This article examines the location of campaigns such as the SlutWalk marches in the context of feminist legal advocacy in postcolonial India, and discusses whether their emergence signifies the demise of feminism or its incarnation in a different guise. The author argues that the SlutWalks, much like the Pink Chaddi (panty) campaign in India, provide an important normative and discursive challenge to a specific strand of feminism based on male domination and female subordination in the area of sexuality and also speaks to the emergence of consumer agency in the very heart of pleasure in the neo-liberal moment. It serves as a space clearing gesture, a form of feminism 'lite', rather than offering a transformative or revolutionary politics, and thus enables the possibility of feminist theoretical positions in a postcolonial context that have hitherto been marginalised or ignored in feminist legal advocacy in India to emerge.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 52]}
+{"token": "Inclusive Approach for Protection of Minority Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Republic of Serbia from a Human-Rights Perspective. Protection of the intangible cultural heritage represents a significant aspect of the protection of the rights of national minorities, and in our context it is gaining special significance in the context of the sensitive legacy of inter-ethnic conflicts and the need to prevent bilateral conditionality in Serbian accession to the European Union. Eventhough it is usually not comprehended, by joining the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, the Republic of Serbia has been granted another important instrument for improving the status of members of national minorities. In previous years, despite the lack of an adequate legal framework, an original and successful institutional mechanism for the implementation of this regime has been established within national framework, with significant results already noticeable. The article analyzes the current legal framework for the protection of minority rights from the perspective of the protection of the intangible cultural heritage and considers the legally relevant results of the joint legal-ethno-anthropological research to date. The analysis also provides recommendations that suggest possible legal solutions aimed at preventing the instrumentalisation of minority cultural heritage issues and the lack of its protection in the context of the European integration process and the culturalized bilaternal conditionality.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Thrombin-Fibrin(ogen) Interactions, Host Defense and Risk of Thrombosis. Fibrinogen is a well-known risk factor for arterial and venous thrombosis. Its function is not restricted to clot formation, however, as it partakes in a complex interplay between thrombin, soluble plasma fibrinogen, and deposited fibrin matrices. Fibrinogen, like thrombin, participates predominantly in hemostasis to maintain vascular integrity, but executes some important pleiotropic effects: firstly, as observed in thrombin generation experiments, fibrin removes thrombin from free solution by adsorption. The adsorbed thrombin is protected from antithrombins, notably alpha 2-macroglobulin, and remains physiologically active as it can activate factors V, VIII, and platelets. Secondly, immobilized fibrinogen or fibrin matrices activate monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils via Mac-1 interactions. Immobilized fibrin(ogen) thereby elicits a pro-inflammatory response with a reciprocal stimulating effect of the immune system on coagulation. In contrast, soluble fibrinogen prohibits recruitment of these immune cells. Thus, while fibrin matrices elicit a procoagulant response, both directly by protecting thrombin and indirectly through the immune system, high soluble fibrinogen levels might protect patients due to its immune diminutive function. The in vivo influence of the 'protective' plasma fibrinogen versus the 'pro-thrombotic' fibrin matrices on thrombosis should be explored in future research.", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
+{"token": "Identification of Specific Inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi Malic Enzyme Isoforms by Target-Based HTS. Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease. The lack of an efficient and safe treatment supports the research into novel metabolic targets, with the malic enzyme (ME) representing one such potential candidate. T. cruzi expresses a cytosolic (TcMEc) and a mitochondrial (TcMEm) ME isoform, with these activities functioning to generate NADPH, a key source of reducing equivalents that drives a range of anabolic and protective processes. To identify specific inhibitors that target TcMEs, two independent high-throughput screening strategies using a diversity library containing 30,000 compounds were employed. IC50 values of 262 molecules were determined for both TcMEs, as well as for three human ME isoforms, with the inhibitors clustered into six groups according to their chemical similarity. The most potent hits belonged to a sulfonamide group that specifically target TcMEc. Moreover, several selected inhibitors of both TcMEs showed a trypanocidal effect against the replicative forms of T. cruzi. The chemical diversity observed among those compounds that inhibit TcMEs activity emphasizes the druggability of these enzymes, with a sulfonamide-based subset of compounds readily able to block TcMEc function at a low nanomolar range.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 36, 42]}
+{"token": "Engineering the Thermal Conductivity of Doped SiGe by Mass Variance: A First-Principles Proof of Concept. Thermal conductivity of bulk Si-0.5 Ge-0.5 at room temperature has been calculated using density functional perturbation theory and the phonon Boltzmann transport equation. Within the virtual crystal approximation, second- and third-order interatomic force constants have been calculated to obtain anharmonic phonon scattering terms. An additional scattering term is introduced to account for mass disorder in the alloy. In the same way, mass disorder resulting from n- and p-type dopants with different concentrations has been included, considering doping with III-group elements (p-type) such as B, Al, and Ga, and with V-group elements (n-type) such as N, P, and As. Little effect on the thermal conductivity is observed for all dopants with a concentration below 10(21) cm(-3). At higher concentration, reduction by up to 50% is instead observed with B-doping in agreement with the highest mass variance. Interestingly, the thermal conductivity even increases with respect to the pristine value for dopants Ga and As. This results from a decrease in the mass variance in the doped alloy, which can be considered a ternary system. Results are compared to the analogous effect on the thermal conductivity in doped Si.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "FAR1, a negative regulatory locus required for the repression of the nitrate reductase gene in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the genes required for nitrate assimilation, including the gene encoding nitrate reductase (NIT1), are subject to repression by ammonia. To study the mechanism of ammonia repression, we employed two approaches to search for mutants with defective repression of NIT1 gene expression. (1) PF14, a gene required for flagellar function, was used as a reporter gene for expression from the NIT1 promoter. When introduced into a pf14 mutant host, the NIT1:PF14 chimeric construct produced a transformant (T10-10B) with a conditional swimming phenotype. Spontaneous mutants with defective ammonia repression of the NIT1 promoter were screened for by isolating cells that gained constitutive motility. (2) Insertional mutagenesis was performed, followed by screening for chlorate sensitivity in the presence of ammonia ion. One insertional mutant and six spontaneous mutants were allelic and defined a new gene, FAR1 (free from ammonia repression). FAR1 was mapped to Linkage Group I, 7.7 cM to the right of the centromere. The far1-1 mutant strain was used to clone DNA adjacent to the site of plasmid insertion, which was then used as a hybridization probe to clone the FAR1 gene from wild type.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "An energy analysis of ethanol from cellulosic feedstock-Corn stover. The shift from fossil resources to renewables for energy and materials production has been the driving force for research on energy analysis and environmental impact assessment of bio-based production. This study presents a detailed energy analysis of corn stover based ethanol production using advanced cellulosic technologies. The method used differs from that in LCA and from major studies on the subject as published in Science in two respects. First, it accounts for all the co-products together and so mainly avoids the allocation problems which plague all LCA studies explicitly and other studies implicitly. Second, the system boundaries only involve the content of the energy products used in the system but not the production processes of these energy products, like refining and electricity production. We normalized the six Science studies to this unified method. The resulting values of the total energy product use in both agricultural production and biomass conversion to ethanol are lower than these literature values. LCA-type of values including energy conversion would systematically be higher, in our case study around 45%. The net energy value of cellulosic ethanol production is substantially higher than the ones of the corn-based technologies, and it is similar to incineration and gasification for electricity production. The detailed analysis of energy inputs indicates opportunities to optimize the system. This form of energy analysis helps establishing models for the analysis of more complex systems such as biorefineries. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 39]}
+{"token": "Investigating the relationship of lightning activity and rainfall: A case study for Crete Island. The relationship of lightning activity and rainfall is investigated for rain events of variable intensity. Rain data from 22 gauging stations over the island of Crete and lightning activity from the Global Lightning Network including both cloud-to-ground and some cloud flashes are analyzed for the period September 2012 to June 2014. Local thunderstorms' characteristics are investigated both individually as well as in groups according to the results of k-means clustering algorithm in 3 dimensions (space (x, y) and time (t)) in which the number of clusters is decided by G-means algorithm. Correlation of non-zero pairs of rain intensity and number of flashes is examined at various time intervals, time lags and effective radii. Also, correlation of flash count within 50 km radius around the stations is examined for the rain events of maximum hourly intensity for each gauging station. The highest coincidence of lightning clusters with intense rain events reaches 60% when gauges are 25-30 km from the cluster center. Maximum correlation within non-zero pairs of rain intensity and flashes number is obtained for more intense rain (99th percentile) and for increased flash count within the searching area (more than 10 flashes). Also, correlation is stronger for shorter time windows. The findings of this study improve the understanding of thunderstorm events and could provide staple information for the improvement of forecasting extreme events. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "ZAKAT, ISLAMIC VIRTUES, AND SOCIAL JUSTICE A Case of the Chiang Mai Zakat Fund in Thailand. This research aimed to study Islamic virtues underlying the reform and practice of the Chiang Mai Zakat (Bayt al-Mal) Fund to promote social justice in Muslim communities Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with its key figures including three advisors, three administrative members and one supporting staff. Non-participatory observation was also conducted on its activities between 2017 and 2018. The data were analyzed to find out about religious motivation and understandings behind the organizational reform and practice. Findings showed that three Islamic virtues of amanah, ikhlas and ukhuwah provided a guiding framework for the Chiang Mai Zakat (Bayt al-Mal) Fund in its effort to meet the social goal of the Islamic prescription of zakat and respond to needs of underprivileged Muslims.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Body frame size in school children is related to the amount of adipose tissue in different depots but not to adipose distribution. METHODSChildren aged between 5 and 10 years were included in this cross-sectional study (n=565). Body frame size, adiposity markers (anthropometric, skinfolds thickness, and ultrasound measures), and fat distribution indices were analyzed. Correlation coefficients adjusted by reliability were estimated and analyzed by sex; the significance of the difference between two correlation coefficients was assessed using the Fisher z-transformation.RESULTSThe sample included primarily urban children; 58.6% were normal weight, 16.1% overweight, 19.6% obese, and the rest were underweight. Markers of subcutaneous adiposity, fat mass and fat-free mass, and preperitoneal adiposity showed higher and significant correlations with the sum of the biacromial+bitrochanteric diameter than with the elbow diameter, regardless of sex. The fat distribution conicity index presented significant but weak correlations; and visceral adipose tissue, hepatic steatosis, and the waist-for-hip ratio were not significantly correlated with body frame size measures.CONCLUSIONSBody frame size in school children was related to the amount of adipose tissue in different depots, but not adipose distribution. More studies are needed to confirm this relationship and its importance to predict changes in visceral fat deposition during growth.ObjectivesThe main aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that body frame size is related to the amount of fat in different adipose tissue depots and to fat distribution in schoolchildren.", "label": [4, 5, 56, 42]}
+{"token": "SPEP Co-director's Address: SPEP and the Continental Divide. This address discusses both the organization of SPEP (the Society for Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy) and SPEP as an organization. I take up these issues by describing the foundation of SPEP in terms of a positive insight into a distinctive style of doing philosophy and a subsequent experience of being other. I then suggest that there is an initial and fundamental phase of openness characteristic of SPEP as \\\\'eyes wide open\\\\' and another narrowing moment of SPEP that runs counter to this as \\\\'eyes wide shut.\\\\' In a fourth section, I depict a difficulty in which SPEP finds itself today: a \\\\'continental drift,\\\\' when SPEP becomes identified with continental philosophy. Whereas continental philosophy might find itself in antagonist relations to, for example, \\\\'analytic philosophy,\\\\' SPEP does not necessarily find itself in this way. It is therefore necessary to understand continental philosophy as a participant in and from SPEP, not SPEP as an allegiance to a discipline or as an organ of continental philosophy. SPEP is an organization that edges beyond itself and, according to its distinctive style, is characterized by openness to the things themselves and their structures in terms of an orientation to problems, experience, context, and critique.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "The Nature of sincategoremata according to Petrus Hispanus. According to Petrus Hispanus, syncategoremata are expressions that determine how subjects and predicates are actually related in propositions. They contribute to establishing what the categoremata mean and to specifying the truth conditions of the corresponding logical forms. Among the expressions Peter of Spain thinks of as syncategorematic, 'not', 'and', 'or', 'if', 'all, and necessary' are nowadays considered to be logical operators. But unlike the contemporary logicians who argue that these expressions have fixed meanings because they belong to the logical forms of the corresponding propositions, Peter of Spain allows that their meanings can be modified, attributing to them the ability to act in certain contexts as categoremata. In addition, he argues that these expressions make explicit the logical forms through the articulation of corresponding propositions' categoremata; thus he also diverges from the main contemporary criteria of demarcation of logical constants, which does not allow that these expressions have such behavior. Therefore, there is no doubt that Hispanus' theory of the syncategoremata enriches our still insufficient understanding of the logical constants and contributes to the resolution of the problem of the demarcation of such expressions.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Experimental investigation of energy efficiency of an air classifier mill pulverizing a raw material of aquafeed. Energy efficiency is one of the key criteria for evaluating the performance of an air classifier mill in the aquafeed industry. A pilot-scale air classifier mill was utilized to evaluate the influence of impact velocity, number of hammers, and air mass flow rate on the grinding performance. By measuring the input torque and speed, the input energy of the grinding process was obtained and used to quantitatively investigate the no-load power consumption, total specific energy, and effective specific energy. The influence of the number of hammers and revolution speed on the no-load power consumption was studied. The power required to deal with air resistance was found to be the main contributor to the no-load energy. The parameter settings to achieve the lowest total specific energy were determined. The effective specific energy, indicating the efficiency of energy usage, decreased with the increase in impact frequency and speed. The results of this study can serve as a reference in the selection of operating parameters and the design of the mechanical structure of air classifier mills to reduce energy consumption and production costs, especially for the aquafeed industry.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Effector glycosyltransferases in Legionella. Legionella causes severe pneumonia in humans. The pathogen produces an array of effectors, which interfere with host cell functions. Among them are the glucosyltransferases Lgt1, Lgt2 and Lgt3 from L. pneumophila. Lgt1 and Lgt2 are produced predominately in the post-exponential phase of bacterial growth, while synthesis of Lgt3 is induced mainly in the lag-phase before intracellular replication of bacteria starts. Lgt glucosyltransferases are structurally similar to clostridial glucosylating toxins. The enzymes use UDP-glucose as a donor substrate and modify eukaryotic elongation factor eEF1A at serine-53. This modification results in inhibition of protein synthesis and death of target cells. In addition to Lgts, Legionella genomes disclose several genes, coding for effector proteins likely to possess glycosyltransferase activities, including SetA (subversion of eukaryotic vesicle trafficking A), which influences vesicular trafficking in the yeast model system and displays tropism for late endosomal/lysosomal compartments of mammalian cells. This review mainly discusses recent results on the structure-function relationship of Lgt glucosyltransferases.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Study of modification of nano-silicon oxide and anti-ultraviolet characteristic of pigments. Silicon oxide was prepared with sol-gel method, which was used to coat the pigments to improve the anti-ultraviolet characteristic. XRD, SEM and anti-ultraviolet aging measurement characterized the prepared samples. The results show that the anti-ultraviolet characteristic of the pigments is improved by the modification of nano-silicon oxide.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "An Astronomer Too Excellent: Simon Marius, the Telescope, and the Problem of the Stars During the Copernican Revolution. Simon Marius argued in his 1614 Mundus Iovialis that telescopic observations of stars supported Tycho Brahe over Copernicus. Prior to the advent of the telescope, Brahe's was a powerful voice against the Copernican theory. Brahe used observations and calculations regarding the sizes of stars to produce what, at the time, appeared to be a formidable scientific case against Copernicus. The advent of the telescope raised questions about the true sizes of stars. Marius appears to have been the first astronomer to argue that the telescope supported Tycho. Today Marius's support for Tycho might seem to have been an error. Yet it in fact illustrates Marius's skill as an astronomer. It also contrasts Marius favorably with Galileo, who also made telescopic studies of stars but did not share all his results. The tricky nature of telescopic observations of stars in the early seventeenth century, and why Marius was right, even though he was wrong (while Galileo was wrong, even though he was right), will be the focus of this paper.", "label": [3, 4, 34, 30]}
+{"token": "Evolution of trophic transmission in parasites: Why add intermediate hosts?. Although multihost complex life cycles (CLCs) are common in several distantly related groups of parasites, their evolution remains poorly understood. In this article, we argue that under particular circumstances, adding a second host to a single-host life cycle is likely to enhance transmission (i.e., reaching the target host). For instance, in several situations, the propagules of a parasite exploiting a predator species will achieve a higher host-finding success by encysting in a prey of the target predator than by other dispersal modes. In such a case, selection should favor the transition from a single-to a two-host life cycle that includes the prey species as an intermediate host. We use an optimality model to explore this idea, and we discuss it in relation to dispersal strategies known among free-living species, especially animal dispersal. The model found that selection favored a complex life cycle only if intermediate hosts were more abundant than definitive hosts. The selective value of a complex life cycle increased with predation rates by definitive hosts on intermediate hosts. In exploring trade-offs between transmission strategies, we found that more costly trade-offs made it more difficult to evolve a CLC while less costly trade-offs between traits could favor a mixed strategy.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
+{"token": "Robotic multiwell planar patch-clamp for native and primary mammalian cells. Robotic multiwell planar patch-clamp has become common in drug development and safety programs because it enables efficient and systematic testing of compounds against ion channels during voltage-clamp. It has not, however, been adopted significantly in other important areas of ion channel research, where conventional patch-clamp remains the favored method. Here, we show the wider potential of the multiwell approach with the ability for efficient intracellular solution exchange, describing protocols and success rates for recording from a range of native and primary mammalian cells derived from blood vessels, arthritic joints and the immune and central nervous systems. The protocol involves preparing a suspension of single cells to be dispensed robotically into 4-8 microfluidic chambers each containing a glass chip with a small aperture. Under automated control, giga-seals and whole-cell access are achieved followed by preprogrammed routines of voltage paradigms and fast extracellular or intracellular solution exchange. Recording from 48 chambers usually takes 1-6 h depending on the experimental design and yields 16-33 cell recordings.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Synchronization of Aedes albopictus mosquito cells using hydroxyurea. We have established conditions for use of hydroxyurea, a reversible inhibitor of DNA synthesis, to synchronize the division cycle of a continuous cell line from the mosquito, Aedes albopictus. In the range of 0.15-0.25 mM hydroxyurea, an 18 h treatment, followed by removal of the drug, results in effective synchronization. When combined with the partial synchronization that occurs within 10 h of dilution and plating, more than 80% of cells treated with hydroxyurea could be recovered in the synthesis (S) phase of the cell cycle during the 4 h period after removal of the drug. The degree of synchrony was enhanced when cells were exposed to two consecutive hydroxyurea treatments spaced 10 h apart. Synchronized cells expressed maximal levels of a reporter gene when transfected immediately after removal of hydroxyurea. This is the first description of effective chemical synchronization of an insect cell line using hydroxyurea.", "label": [4, 44, 42]}
+{"token": "A Carrier phase tracking method for vector tracking loops. Compared with the traditional scalar tracking structure, the vector tracking structure of the satellite navigation receiver has a better signal tracking sensitivity in high dynamic and other situations. However, due to the limited accuracy, it is really hard for a vector tracking loop to maintain the lock of carrier phase. In order to solve this problem, a carrier phase tracking method for vector tracking loops is proposed. First, three common vector tracking structures are analyzed. Second, in the structure of double vector loops, phase compensation is estimated and used to improve the tracking accuracy of the carrier phase. Finally, simulations have been carried out to analyze and verify the feasibility of the proposed scheme. This method estimates and reduces the phase tracking error and has a better tracking effect than the traditional scalar structure. It provides a reference for the implementation of the vector tracking structure and the ultra-tight integrated navigation system.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "The Persian Prince in London': Autoethnography and Positionality in Travels of Mirza Abu Taleb Khan. This paper explores the strategies and dynamics of Asian representation of the self and the colonial other in Travels of Mirza Abu Taleb Khan (1810). I argue that while the process of autoethnography in an early period of colonisation anticipates the subsequent oscillation between submission and resistance, such representations are made complex by the positionality of the author within his milieu. Taleb's text is marked by the ambiguity of his response to colonialism, engaging in a simultaneous admiration and critique of western practices, a critique that is made possible by his identity as the \\\\'Persian Prince.\\\\' Yet in its history of print, circulation and reception it becomes a tool in the propagation of colonial power.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Generalized impedance boundary conditions and shape derivatives for 3D Helmholtz problems. This paper is concerned with the shape sensitivity analysis of the solution to the Helmholtz transmission problem for three-dimensional sound-soft or sound-hard obstacles coated by a thin layer. This problem can be asymptotically approached by exterior problems with an improved condition on the exterior boundary of the coated obstacle, called generalized impedance boundary condition (GIBC). Using a series expansion of the Laplacian operator in the neighborhood of the exterior boundary, we retrieve the first-order GIBCs characterizing the presence of an interior thin layer with a constant thickness. The first shape derivative of the solution to the original Helmholtz transmission problem solves a new thin layer transmission problem with non-vanishing jumps across the exterior and the interior boundary of the thin layer. We show that we can interchange the first-order differentiation with respect to the shape of the exterior boundary and the asymptotic approximation of the solution. Numerical experiments are presented to highlight the various theoretical results.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "The discursive (re-)construction of translational ethics. This article proposes a descriptive approach to translational ethics, one that takes a bird's-eye view of the participants, processes and contents of the many discourses that influence how translational agents think and act. It sketches a model that takes into account the various voices that take part in the discursive (re-)construction of ideas about translational ethics, the communicative spaces they inhabit and some of the ideas currently in circulation among institutions, scholars, source-text authors, translators, journalists and regular' recipients. Bakhtinian discourse theory helps us see how these ideas on ethics intersect, diverge, emerge and re-emerge slightly altered in different contexts. Looking at the complexity of the discursive edifice that is erected through the constant negotiations of the different participants in the discourse, the article suggests that it is not obvious who translational agents are most likely to listen to. On the other hand, it is not obvious that translational agents should be expected to bow to any one authority in the matter: the inevitably conflicting pressures from various corners of this edifice suggest that critical awareness of the differing opinions should be fostered, allowing translational agents to develop their own voice.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Migration, Household Configurations, and the Well-Being of Adolescent Orphans in Rwanda. This study uses data from the 2002 Rwandan census to situate the discourse on migration and orphan well-being within the context of the household. According to its findings, migrant orphans are less likely than non-migrant orphans to live in households with less favorable structural characteristics such as single-parent households. Significant differences are also found in the implied gains to living standards and schooling associated with migration among paternal, maternal, and double-orphans. However, the higher living standards and schooling attainment of orphan migrants relative to their non-migrant counterparts disappear within child-headed household contexts. More generally, the results indicate that the higher living standards of migrant orphans are in part driven by the fact that they mostly live in households with migrant household-heads or migrant spouses. Yet the analysis also suggests that orphans living within these contexts experience higher levels of intra-household discrimination in investments in their schooling, relative to their orphan counterparts who live in non-migrant households.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Homogenization of eating times in the United Kingdom and Spain. Purpose - The paper aims to offer information regarding the degree of homogenization of eating times in the UK and Spain. The objective is to compare two societies by the ways their respective members organize the time spent on eating. Eating time organization is examined via two parameters: eating rhythms and their duration. The authors study the former by comparing daily meals timetables. Duration is studied via the time spent on eating and cooking.Design/methodology/approach - Data from time-use surveys in Spain and the UK have been used for this work and various specific aspects of eating have been analyzed. First we consider the time devoted to eating; second, the timetables of the main intakes: third, the time spent cooking. Since in these sections it is noted that eating out is the behavior that most differentiates Spaniards and Britons, another section is given specifically to analyzing this behavior. Four categories were established by using a scaled variable to collect the time when the main activity is eating out: Home consumption, which shows are those that do not spend time eating or drinking out. Short time eating out: those who spend half an hour at most eating or drinking out. Average time eating out: those who spend between half an hour and one hour eating or drinking out. Long time eating out: those who spend more than an hour eating or drinking out. The comparison was made using respective sub-samples limited by age, between 16 and 65, as this is the potentially active population, integrated into the labor market in both countries.Findings - British and Spanish timetables do not coincide. The British spread their important meals through the day, while Spaniards concentrate them between 1.30 and 4 o'clock in the afternoon (lunch) and between 8.30 and 11 o'clock in the evening (dinner). In the Spanish case this makes for important peaks of individuals eating at the same time: in the periods 2:20/2:30 and 21:10/21:20. In the UK they are spread more throughout the day and do not reach comparable maximums. In Spain an average of 20 minutes (23.2 minutes) more is spent on the main meals than in the UK. This difference is found mainly among those who eat at home. Differences in eating out are quite smaller for Britain and Spaniards. They make a greater collective effort to synchronize this activity and, therefore, to a greater extent the day's structure. In both societies an eating norm shared by their members that reproduces cultural aspects characteristic of each one is maintained. The evaluation of eating is in the time and place of meals. In the British case, compared with the Spanish one, there is a greater tendency to eat out and spend little time, without taking into account comparison with time spent going home to eat. This tendency points to a lesser value being given to the practice. If to this factor we add the differences in time both societies devote to cooking, longer in the Spanish one, the different nature of the social act of eating has in each society is highlighted.Practical implications - Time analysis offers a new dimension to the exploration of the homogenization of food consumption. Other types of data used to establish international comparisons on food, especially data on food consumption, show a homogeneous image of food consumption among countries. Conversely, time analysis reveals a more heterogeneous image on this issue.Originality/value - It offers the possibility to do multivariate analysis, which allows us to assess which variables are the most relevant to understand the amount of time devoted to the preparation of food.", "label": [0, 6, 8]}
+{"token": "Immunogenicity and safety of a booster dose of the hepatitis B vaccine HepB-CpG (HEPLISAV-B (R)) compared with HepB-Eng (Engerix-B (R)) and HepB-AS04 (Fendrix (R)) in adults receiving hemodialysis who previously received hepatitis B vaccination and are not seroprotected: Results of a randomized, multicenter phase 3 study. This study compared the immunogenicity and safety of a booster dose of HepB-CpG (HEPLISAV-B (R) vaccine) with HepB-Eng (Engerix-B (R)) and HepB-AS04 (Fendrix (R)) in patients receiving chronic hemodialysis. This was a multicenter, randomized, open-label, phase 3 study of adults receiving hemodialysis with antibodies to HBsAg (anti-HBs) <10 mIU/mL at study entry. The objective was to compare the seroprotection rate (SPR) induced by HepB-CpG with HepB-Eng or HepB-AS04. The SPR was defined as the percentage of patients with anti-HBs >= 10 mIU/mL post-vaccination. At 20 sites in Germany, 155 participants were randomized: HepB-CpG = 54; HepB-Eng = 50; and HepB-AS04 = 51. Of the 149 participants in the modified intention-to-treat population, 76.5% had not previously responded to at least one series of hepatitis B vaccine. Based on a post hoc analysis, the SPR in HepB-CpG recipients (52.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 38.6%, 66.7%) was significantly higher than in HepB-Eng recipients (32.6%; 95% CI: 19.5%, 48.0%), and non-inferior to that in HepB-AS04 recipients (43.1%; 95% CI: 29.3%, 57.8%). Local post-injection reactions occurred in significantly fewer HepB-CpG (9.3%) than HepB-AS04 recipients (31.4%; p = .007) and at a similar rate to HepB-Eng recipients (8.2%). Systemic post-injection reactions in HepB-CpG recipients (18.5%) were similar to the HepB-AS04 group (19.6%) and higher than in the HepB-Eng group (12.2%). In this difficult-to-immunize population, a booster dose of HepB-CpG induced significantly higher levels of seroprotection than HepB-Eng with a similar safety profile. The higher levels of immunogenicity were not accompanied by higher levels of local post-injection reactions compared with HepB-AS04.", "label": [2, 18, 19]}
+{"token": "Cluster randomized evaluation of Adolescent Girls Empowerment Programme (AGEP): study protocol. Background: Adolescents in less developed countries such as Zambia often face multi-faceted challenges for achieving successful transitions through adolescence to early adulthood. The literature has noted the need to introduce interventions during this period, particularly for adolescent girls, with the perspective that such investments have significant economic, social and health returns to society. The Adolescent Girls Empowerment Programme (AGEP) was an intervention designed as a catalyst for change for adolescent girls through themselves, to their family and community.Methods/design: AGEP was a multi-sectoral intervention targeting over 10,000 vulnerable adolescent girls ages 10-19 in rural and urban areas, in four of the ten provinces of Zambia. At the core of AGEP were mentor-led, weekly girls' group meetings of 20 to 30 adolescent girls participating over two years. Three curricula. sexual and reproductive health and lifeskills, financial literacy, and nutrition. guided the meetings. An engaging and participatory pedagogical approach was used. Two additional program components, a health voucher and a bank account, were offered to some girls to provide direct mechanisms to improve access to health and financial services. Embedded within AGEP was a rigorous multi-arm randomised cluster trial with randomization to different combinations of programme arms. The study was powered to assess the impact across a set of key longer-term outcomes, including early marriage and first birth, contraceptive use, educational attainment and acquisition of HIV and HSV-2. Baseline behavioural surveys and biological specimen collection were initiated in 2013. Impact was evaluated immediately after the program ended in 2015 and will be evaluated again after two additional years of follow-up in 2017. The primary analysis is intent-to-treat. Qualitative data are being collected in 2013, 2015 and 2017 to inform the programme implementation and the quantitative findings. An economic evaluation will evaluate the incremental cost effectiveness of each component of the intervention.Discussion: The AGEP program and embedded evaluation will provide detailed information regarding interventions for adolescent girls in developing country settings. It will provide a rich information and data source on adolescent girls and its related findings will inform policy-makers, health professionals, donors and other stakeholders.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Leading with heart: academic leadership during the COVID-19 crisis. The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted every sphere of life. It has brought into sharp focus not only the critical role that leaders have to play in taking charge of their organisations and employees, but the complexity of that leadership role, too. The authors of this paper are both psychologists who occupy leadership positions in a university. The paper briefly explores the evolution of leadership theory, leadership in times of crises, generally, and leadership during the time of COVID-19. In addition, one of the authors offers a personal note on the leadership experience during COVID-19. What became clear during the reflections was that empathy, vulnerability, self-awareness and agility were some of the qualities needed during this crisis. In addition, the psychodynamic concept of containment appears very relevant in managing the affective intensity experienced by staff and students. Leaders were expected to not only fully understand the meaning of empathy and compassion, but to know how to sincerely demonstrate these qualities to staff and students alike. While these qualities should be expected of all leaders at all times, the pandemic brought them into sharper focus. We believe that we have benefitted from our training in psychology as these qualities of caring, empathy and self-awareness are embedded and sharpened in our training programmes.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Characterization of agglomeration of reclaimed asphalt pavement for cold recycling. Agglomeration of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is one of the most important factors affecting performance of cold recycled asphalt mixture. This research is conducted to evaluate the agglomeration of RAP collected from various sources including both raw milled-off and plant-crushed RAP. Three different test methods were used to examine the breaking of agglomerates of RAP, including asphalt extraction test, modified LA abrasion test and mixing test. LA abrasion revolution of RAP samples was performed at various rotations of 50r, 100r, 200r and 300r, and mixing test was performed at different mixing time of 0.5 min, 1 min, 2 min and 3 min. Effects of the testing conditions and plant-crushing on RAP deagglomeration were evaluated. The obtained results showed that all three tests could effectively reflect the agglomeration property of RAP materials. Good correlations were found among results of the three tests, while abrasion test and mixer test typically have lower loss% than asphalt extraction test. A general indicator of agglomeration degree was proposed for the tests to describe the agglomeration property of RAP and a classification method of RAP particles was proposed based on the results and findings in the tests. Weak structure of RAP has significantly higher agglomeration degree, while old aggregate has very low agglomeration degree. It is suggested to reduce content of weak RAP in the cold recycling process due to its negative impact on the performance of regenerated mixture. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Evolutionary diversification of the auditory organ sensilla in Neoconocephalus katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) correlates with acoustic signal diversification over phylogenetic relatedness and life history. Neoconocephalus Tettigoniidae are a model for the evolution of acoustic signals as male calls have diversified in temporal structure during the radiation of the genus. The call divergence and phylogeny in Neoconocephalus are established, but in tettigoniids in general, accompanying evolutionary changes in hearing organs are not studied. We investigated anatomical changes of the tympanal hearing organs during the evolutionary radiation and divergence of intraspecific acoustic signals. We compared the neuroanatomy of auditory sensilla (crista acustica) from nine Neoconocephalus species for the number of auditory sensilla and the crista acustica length. These parameters were correlated with differences in temporal call features, body size, life histories and different phylogenetic positions. By this, adaptive responses to shifting frequencies of male calls and changes in their temporal patterns can be evaluated against phylogenetic constraints and allometry. All species showed well-developed auditory sensilla, on average 32-35 between species. Crista acustica length and sensillum numbers correlated with body size, but not with phylogenetic position or life history. Statistically significant correlations existed also with specific call patterns: a higher number of auditory sensilla occurred in species with continuous calls or slow pulse rates, and a longer crista acustica occurred in species with double pulses or slow pulse rates. The auditory sensilla show significant differences between species despite their recent radiation, and morphological and ecological similarities. This indicates the responses to natural and sexual selection, including divergence of temporal and spectral signal properties. Phylogenetic constraints are unlikely to limit these changes of the auditory systems.", "label": [2, 4, 37, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "DIGESTION SYSTEM CONTENT OF CYPRINUS CARPIO LINNAEUS, 1758 LIVING IN KEBAN, KARAKAYA AND ATATURK DAM LAKES. In this study, the digestive system contents of Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 have been determined. The annual distributions of the organisms in the contents were evaluated by using Geometrical Index of Importance (GII). In the digestive system contents of C. carpio living in Keban Dam Lake, 53 food items (Bacilariophyta 28 species, Chloropyhta, 3 species, Cyanophyta 2 species, Dinophyta 1 species, Rotifera 10 species, Cladocera 7 species, Copepoda 1 species and Diptera 1 species), in Karakaya Dam Lake 40 food items (Bacilariophyta 19 species, Chlopyhta, 1 species, Rotifera 10 species, Cladocera 7 species, Copepoda 2 species and Diptera 1 species) and in Ataturk Dam lake 41 food items (Bacilariophyta 17, Chlorophyta 4 species, Rotifera 10 species, Cladocera 7 species, Copepoda 2 species and Diptera 1 species) have been identified. In these dam lakes species belonging to Bacillariophta were observed in every digestion system contents with high number of individuals and species richness. Species from Rotifera were the most recorded animal species. No empty digestive system content during the study period was observed. The results of Geometric Index of Importance indicated Cyprinus carpio as omnivorous species.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Use of a direct-fed microbial product as a supplement during the transition period in dairy cattle. Two studies were conducted. The objective of the first study was to assess the effects of a direct-fed microbial (DFM) product on dry matter intake, milk yield, milk components, disease incidence, and blood metabolites in dairy cattle. The objective of the second study was to assess the effects of DFM on apparent total-tract nutrient digestibility (ATTD). One hundred twenty primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows housed in a tiestall facility at the University of Guelph were used in study 1, and a subset (21) of the same cows participated in study 2. Cows were blocked by anticipated calving date (6 blocks) and then randomly assigned within parity to receive either a DFM supplement (Chr. Hansen Ltd., Milwaukee, WI) or placebo (control). The DFM supplement provided cows with 5.0 x 10(9) cfu/d of 3 strains of Enterococcus faecium and 2.0 x 10(9) cfu/d of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The DFM supplement was mixed with 0.5 kg of ground dry corn and top-dressed during the morning feeding. The placebo supplement contained the corn only. Individual feed intakes and milk yields were recorded daily. The experiment commenced 3 wk before calving and ended 10 wk postcalving. Milk samples for component analysis were collected on 3 d per week and pooled by week. Body weights and body condition scores were assessed 1 d before enrollment in the study (wk -3), postcalving (wk 1), and at the end of wk 3, 6, and 9. Blood samples were collected before calving (wk -3) and the end of wk 1 and 3. Study 1 showed that treatment had no effect on average dry matter intake or milk yield (kg/d) over the duration of the experiment. The changes in body weights and body condition scores and net energy balance over the duration of the experiment did not differ due to treatment. Treatment had no effect on plasma concentrations of beta-hydroxybutyrate, nonesterified fatty acids, glucose, or haptoglobin. Study 2 investigated the effects of DFM on ATTD of starch and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) using insoluble NDF and lignin as internal markers. Study 2 used 21 cows (block 6) from the cows that participated in study 1 while the cows were between 60 and 70 d in milk. Cows receiving DFM had lower fecal starch content (0.88 +/- 0.10 vs. 1.39 +/- 0.25) and greater ATTD for starch (98.76% +/- 0.28 vs. 97.87% +/- 0.24) compared with those receiving placebo, and the AATD of NDF did not differ. Additionally, we detected no difference between internal markers for the measurement of ATTD. In conclusion, we were unable to detect a change in overall dry matter intake, milk yield, or milk and blood parameters with DFM supplementation. However, our results demonstrated that DFM can have a positive effect on total-tract starch digestibility. More studies are needed to investigate the effects of DFM and their modes of action under multiple management conditions.", "label": [0, 6, 8]}
+{"token": "Malignant Peritoneal Mesothelioma : a Case Report. In this paper we report a case of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma, a rare abdominal tumour. A 72-year-old male with a medical history of heart disease presented to our Clinic because of pain in the right half of the abdomen. Diagnostic procedures, including clinical and laboratory examination, X-ray, ultrasonography and computed tomography, revealed a tumour in the fight lower quadrant of the abdomen. The approximate size of the tumour size at initial detection was 7 cm. During the pre-operative procedure an evident growth of the tumour was noticed, indicating exploratory laparotomy. Intra-operative findings revealed a large tumour of the anterolateral abdominal wall, involving the greater omentum. Tumour resection was performed, as well as resection of the portion of the anterolateral abdominal wall and omentectomy. Postoperative immunohistochemical analysis revealed malignant peritoneal mesothelioma.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Relationship Between Religion and Science in the Muslim Modernism. This paper aims to analyse modernist exegetes Sayyid Ahmad Khan (d. 1898) and Muhammad 'Abduh's (d. 1905) approaches to Islam and science, and ideas of Said Nursi (1877-1960), an influential modern Muslim scholar, on the relationship between religion and science. This paper argues that while these scholars have a number of similarities, Khan and 'Abduh represent a modernist and reformist approach to Islam, and their approaches exceed beyond the scope of mainstream Sunni understanding of Islam. Nursi represents more traditional approach, and he can be situated at the middle way between classical and modern approaches.", "label": [3, 30, 33]}
+{"token": "Business Improvement Districts in England and the (private?) governance of urban spaces. Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) were introduced in England just over ten years ago, and their adoption in over 180 locations all over the country owes a great deal to their potential ability to raise private funds to invest in the development of business areas. However, much of the academic literature on BIDs has been critical of what it sees as an expansion of corporate control of urban spaces and the weakening of elected local government, often on the evidence of a long-running North American debate. On the basis of ten case studies of English BIDs, in this paper I address the evolution of those organisations as private stakeholder-led instruments for the governance and management of business areas in England. I discuss whether and to what extent English BIDs constitute private government of urban areas, and the attendant issues of accountability and spatial inequalities in the distribution of public services and investment. I conclude by examining the implications of its findings for the future of urban governance.", "label": [5, 52, 51]}
+{"token": "Three-Dimensional Imaging of Viral Infections. Three-dimensional (3D) imaging technologies are beginning to have significant impact in the field of virology, as they are helping us understand how viruses take control of cells. In this article we review several methodologies for 3D imaging of cells and show how these technologies are contributing to the study of viral infections and the characterization of specialized structures formed in virus-infected cells. We include 3D reconstruction by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using serial sections, electron tomography, and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). We summarize from these methods selected contributions to our understanding of viral entry, replication, morphogenesis, egress and propagation, and changes in the spatial architecture of virus-infected cells. In combination with live-cell imaging, correlative microscopy, and new techniques for molecular mapping in situ, the availability of these methods for 3D imaging is expected to provide deeper insights into understanding the structural and dynamic aspects of viral infection.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Experimental research in automatic subtitling At the crossroads between machine translation and audiovisual translation. Recent developments in neural machine translation, and especially speech translation, are gradually but firmly entering the field of audiovisual translation (AVT). Automation in subtitling is extending from a machine translation (MT) component to fully automatic subtitling, which comprises MT, auto-spotting and automatic segmentation. The rise of this new paradigm renders MT-oriented experimental designs inadequate for the evaluation and investigation of automatic subtitling, since they fail to encompass the multimodal nature and technical requirements of subtitling. This paper highlights the methodological gaps to be addressed by multidisciplinary efforts in order to overcome these inadequacies and obtain metrics and methods that lead to rigorous experimental research in automatic subtitling. It presents a review of previous experimental designs in MT for subtitling, identifies their limitations for conducting research under the new paradigm and proposes a set of recommendations towards achieving replicability and reproducibility in experimental research at the crossroads between AVT and MT.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Experimental investigation on stability and thermal conductivity of dodecanethiol-coated copper nanofluids. Nanofluids were prepared by dispersing dodecanethiol-coated copper nanoparticles (similar to 50 nm average diameter) in toluene. The stability and thermal conductivity of the nanofluids were investigated for various particle volume concentrations (0.09-1.5 vol%) and temperatures (293-333 K). The amount of dodecanethiol surfactant coated on the nanoparticle surface was determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the chemical structure of adsorbed surfactant molecules was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). UV-vis absorbance analysis of the nanofluid was undertaken to determine the optimum ultrasonic vibration time for stability enhancement. The modeling study generated a new semi-practical correlation as a function of particle volume concentration and temperature for an existing Brownian motion-based thermal conductivity model, which demonstrated good compatibility with the present experimental measurements compared with other models.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Megaesophagus and Possible Mechanisms of Sudden Death. Achalasia is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by esophageal dysmotility and megaesophagus. Two cases are reported that demonstrate unexpected deaths associated with previously unsuspected achalasia. Case 1: A 66-year-old woman was found dead at her home. At autopsy significant stenosing coronary artery atherosclerosis was found with cardiac failure. In addition, a striking finding was narrowing of the distal esophagus with marked proximal dilatation. The esophagus was completely filled with a large amount of soft masticated food and was bulging anteriorly, compressing the left atrium. Death was attributed to ischemic heart disease complicated by previously unsuspected achalasia. Case 2: An 84-year-old man collapsed and suffered a respiratory arrest while eating. Internal examination revealed narrowing of the cardioesophageal junction with marked proximal dilatation of the esophagus that contained approximately 50 mL of soft semi-fluid masticated yellow food paste. Fragments of yellow masticated food remnants were present in upper and lower airways but not within the stomach. There was a history of dementia with symmetrical cerebral ventricular dilatation found at autopsy. Death was attributed to food asphyxia complicating previously unsuspected achalasia with dementia. Megaesophagus may, therefore, be a significant finding at autopsy that may either be a primary cause of unexpected death or else may exacerbate or compound the effects of pre-existing underlying disease.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Therapeutical approaches to paroxysmal hemicrania, hemicrania continua and short lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks: a critical appraisal. Results: Indomethacin is the best treatment both for HC and PH. For the acute treatment of HC, piroxicam and celecoxib have shown good results, whilst for the prolonged treatment celecoxib, topiramate and gabapentin are good options besides indomethacin. For PH the best drug besides indomethacin is piroxicam, both for acute and prolonged treatment. For SUNCT and SUNA the most effective treatments are intravenous or subcutaneous lidocaine for the acute treatment of active phases and lamotrigine for the their prevention. Other effective therapeutic options are intravenous steroids for acute treatment and topiramate for prolonged treatment. Non-pharmacological techniques have shown good results in SUNCT and SUNA but, since they have been tried on a small number of patients, the reliability of their efficacy is poor and their safety profile mostly unknown.Conclusions: Besides a great number of treatments tried, HC, PH, SUNCT and SUNA management remains difficult, according with their unknown pathogenesis and their rarity, which strongly limits the studies upon these conditions. Further studies are needed to better define the treatment of choice for these conditions.Methods: A survey was performed using the pubmed database for documents published from the 1st January 1989 onwards. All types of articles were considered, those ones dealing with symptomatic cases and non-English written ones were excluded.Background: Hemicrania continua (HC), paroxysmal hemicrania (PH) and short lasting neuralgiform headache attacks (SUNCT and SUNA) are rare syndromes with a difficult therapeutic approach. The aim of this review is to summarize all articles dealing with treatments for HC, PH, SUNCT and SUNA, comparing them in terms of effectiveness and safety.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "AcrAB multidrug efflux pump is associated with reduced levels of susceptibility to tigecycline (GAR-936) in Proteus mirabilis. Tigecycline has good broad-spectrum activity against many gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens with the notable exception of the Proteeae. A study was performed to identify the mechanism responsible for the reduced susceptibility to tigecycline in Proteus mirabilis. Two independent transposon insertion mutants of P. mirabilis that had 16-fold-increased susceptibility to tigecycline were mapped to the acrB gene homolog of the Escherichia coli AcrRAB efflux system. Wild-type levels of decreased susceptibility to tigecycline were restored to the insertion mutants by complementation with a clone containing a PCR-derived fragment from the parental wild-type acrRAB efflux gene cluster. The AcrAB transport system appears to be associated with the intrinsic reduced susceptibility to tigecycline in P. mirabilis.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 43]}
+{"token": "Pilot study of the concordance between neuroradiologists and technologists with specific training in neuroradiology in the interpretation of urgent cranial CT examinations. Objectives: To determine the concordance between a technologist with specific training in neuroradiology and four senior neuroradiologists in the interpretation of urgent cranial CT examinations.Conclusions: It seems possible to train technologists to perform some aspects of diagnosis and patient management to optimize radiologists' time. (C) 2009 ACTEDI. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L. All rights reserved.Results: Of the 1300 CT examinations, 67.77 % were normal and 32.23% were pathological according to the neuroradiologists' interpretation. The Kappa index between the technologist and the neuroradiologists was 95%.Material and methods: 1300 urgent cranial CT examinations were interpreted first by the technologist and then by the radiologists. We elaborated a concordance table using the Kappa index, considering a concordance greater than 65% acceptable.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Online product recommendation system using gated recurrent unit with Broyden Fletcher Goldfarb Shanno algorithm. In recent decades, online product recommendation system has become a main channel for enterprise promotion, because it is rapidly used across several aspects of ecommerce and online media. However, dealing with the customer feedbacks in text format as an unstructured data is a challenging task, because it is hard to analyze and interpret the information. In this research work, matrix factorization and non-negative matrix factorization methods are applied in gated recurrent unit to predict the long and global time interested products of the users. The factorization methods generate the latent user and product features in gated recurrent unit for underlying the interaction between users and products. Additionally, the obtained latent user and product features are feed to Broyden Fletcher Goldfarb Shanno algorithm to recommend the final product to the customers. In this paper, gated recurrent unit gives differentiable dependencies on predicted state. To resolve the problems of non-linear constrains in gated recurrent unit, the Broyden Fletcher Goldfarb Shanno algorithm is applied in this work. Simulation results showed that the proposed algorithm achieved better performance in product recommendation compared to collaborative filtering, fuzzy c means, k-means clustering and quantum inspired possibilistic fuzzy C-means on amazon customer review database in terms of precision, recall, and accuracy.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Online cracking detection by means of optical techniques in laser-cladding process. Additive manufacturing processes are advanced production methods used to build parts layer by layer or to repair components. One of the common limitations of this type of processes is the presence of defects that may cause failure of the part. In order to avoid this undesirable situation, quality control is essential. This is typically performed postprocess, once the part has been manufactured. However, online quality control systems would bring great benefits to detect the defects whereas they occur. In this work, a novel method is presented based on three online monitoring systems; thermal imaging and two different acoustic emission sensors. The results given by these methods are compared with traditional inspection procedures and validated by microscopic analysis. Results reveal the effectiveness of the procedure for detecting two different cracking mechanisms and also to determine values above which no layer cracking occurs.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "Excavating the Hall of Dreams: The Inventions of 'Fine Art' and 'Religion' in Japan. Setting out from Okakura Kakuzo and Ernest Fenollosa's famous \\\\'discovery\\\\' of the Yumedono Kannon, this article will trace the contested construction of the categories of \\\\'religion\\\\' (shukyo) and \\\\'fine art\\\\' (bijutsu) in Meiji Japan. In religious studies circles, it has become commonplace to think of \\\\'religion\\\\' as the only disciplinary master category with issues. However, not only was \\\\'religion\\\\' invented in Japan, but \\\\'fine art\\\\' was invented there too. Indeed, categories from \\\\'culture\\\\' to \\\\'society\\\\' to \\\\'politics\\\\' have similar issues. Attending to these will help refocus crucial debates away from an obsession with translation and onto more fundamental issues about \\\\'cultural categories\\\\' as such. This paper will advance the debate by explaining the attendant constructions of \\\\'religion\\\\' and \\\\'fine art\\\\' as process social kinds. In doing so, it will showcase the museum and the temple as central sites of materialized disputation over global categories and their local instantiation. It will show how assimilation to the world-system in the long nineteenth century was a complex multi-generational process of negotiation and contestation, producing new hybrid spaces, returns, transformations, and innovations that then reflected back on global systems, changing them in subtle but profound ways.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Enhanced expression of miR-889 forecasts an unfavorable prognosis and facilitates cell progression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Background As a new type of molecular marker, microRNAs (miRNAs) can be used for early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of malignant tumors, and has broad clinical application prospects. This paper mainly studies the important role of miR-889 in the occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma and the prognostic significance of miR-889 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods Quantitative real-time PCR analysis detected the expression levels of miR-889 in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and cell lines. Kaplan-Meier curve and Cox regression analysis were used to explore the prognostic significance of miR-889 in hepatocellular carcinoma. The CCK-8 and Transwell assays assay were used to assess cell proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities ability. Results The expression of miR-889 in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent tissues. Overexpression of miR-889 was significantly associated with TNM stage, hepatitis B virus infection, and cirrhosis. Patients with high miR-889 expression had shorter overall survival than those with low miR-889 expression. And functional studies in two hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines have shown that overexpression of miR-889 significantly promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro. Conclusions Overall, miR-889 was upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and cell lines, and overexpression of miR-889 promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Based on our findings, high expression of miR-889 may promote the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma, and high expression of miR-889 is also forecasted for an unfavorable prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Quantifying Disaster Impacts on Local Public Health Agency's Leadership, Staffing, and Provision of Essential Public Health Services. Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the impact that natural disaster response has on local health departments' (LHD) ability to continue to provide essential public health services. Methods: A web-based survey was sent to all North Carolina Local Health Directors. The survey asked respondents to report on LHD functioning following Hurricanes Florence (2018) and Dorian (2019). Results: After Hurricane Florence, the positions who most frequently had regular duties postponed or interrupted were leadership (15 of 48; 31.3%), and professional staff (e.g., nursing and epidemiology: 11 of 48; 22.9%). Staffing shelters for all phases - from disaster response through long-term recovery - was identified as a burden by LHDs, particularly for nursing staff. Approximately 66.6% of LHD jurisdictions opened an Emergency Operations Center (EOC) or activated Incident Command System in response to both hurricanes. If an EOC was activated, the LHD was statistically, significantly more likely to report that normal duties had been interrupted across every domain assessed. Conclusions: The ability of LHDs to perform regular activities and provide essential public health services is impacted by their obligations to support disaster response. Better metrics are needed to measure the impacts to estimate indirect public health impacts of disasters.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "End-quenching and extinguishing analysis of microstructural evolution kinetics in the TiAl alloy synthesized by combustion. The kinetics of microstructural transformation has been analysed using an end-quenching and extinguishing method for a Ti-50at%Al alloy synthesised by combustion. It is shown that from start of aluminium powder melting , a series of troansition reactions takes place one after another as follows : Ti + Al-->1/3TiAl(3) + 2/3Ti-->TixAl + (1-x)Ti-->Ti-->TiAl. The liquid-solid reaction at the early stage may heat the sample quickly , which can create a good condition for later solid-solid reactions. Since mass-transfer during solid-state diffusion is much slower than that within liquid reactants, the later solid-solid reactions slow and some Ti core is left in the alloy for rapid cooling. The aluminium contents of the boundary layers of the Ti cores are higher than those of central parts of the Ti cores, and the boundary layers transform into annular alpha(2)-Ti3Al phase during cooling.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "The relationship between the conversion of a C5 fraction and reaction conditions. Catalytic reaction of a C5 fraction has been studied by using a C5 fraction as raw material and big hole cationic exchanger resin D 115 as catalyst, and curve equations of a C5 fraction have been put forward on the basis of the conversion under different reactive conditions, such as temperature, molecule ratio, and weight hourly space velocity (WHSV). A mathematical method is first introduced to study on the relationship between the conversion of C5 fraction and the different reactive conditions. The results from experimental data are in accordance with the quantitatively analytical conclusions drawn from the calculated data.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "From right to good, and to asset: The state-led financialisation of the social rented housing in Italy. Rental housing has been regarded as the new 'frontier for financialisation' since the 2007 financial crisis. But research examining financialisation of de-commodified rental housing is limited and is primarily focused on stock acquisitions by financial investors and the enabling role of either national or local governments. This critically overlooks the emergence of the financialised production of social rented housing, the interplay between levels of government (particularly with the regional level), and the leading role of the state in these processes. By combining a political sociology approach to policy instruments with a housing system studies perspective, the paper investigates how Italy, through the interplay between national, regional (Lombardy) and local (Milan) governments, led the financialisation of its social rented housing production. Through analyses of six decades of financial-legislative changes in the housing system regarding production/provision, finance and land supply, it identifies a three-stage journey towards financialisation: (1) the rise and fall of publicly-owned rental social housing (1950s to 1990s); (2) the regionalisation and marketisation of the sector up to the late 2000s; and (3) the upward transfer from the first local-scale experiment with the real estate mutual investment fund in Milan to the creation of a national-scale System of Funds for the production of social rented housing. The study shows that the re-commodification of housing and land initiated in the 1980s were intertwined and aconditio-sine-qua-nonfor financialisation; that the state played a crafting-rather than solely enabling-role in this process; and that trans-scalar legislative-financial innovations transformed social rented housing into a liquid asset class.", "label": [5, 52, 51]}
+{"token": "Cementing the Enemy Category: Arrest and Imprisonment of German Jews in Nazi Concentration Camps, 1933-8/9. Understandably, research has focused overwhelmingly on Jews in the camps of the Holocaust. But the nazis had been detaining Jews in concentration camps ever since 1933, at times in large numbers. Who were these prisoners? This article analyzes nazi policies that brought Jews into the concentration camps. It ventures into the inner structure and dynamics of one of the most heterogeneous groups of concentration camp inmates. By contrasting the perpetrators' objectives with the victims' experiences, this article will illuminate the role of the concentration camp as the ultimate means of pressure in the fatal process of turning a minority group into an outsider group: that is, the act of defining and marking the enemy which was the critical stage before the destruction of European Jewry. Furthermore, it will examine Jewish reactions to SS terror inside the camps.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Climate anomalies influence tooth growth patterns of South American sea lion. El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Southern Annular Mode (SAM) indirectly affect tooth growth of marine mammals, through changes in prey abundance, availability, and composition. This is reflected as variation in the dentine deposition, which determines the formation of annual layers, called growth layer groups (GLGs). The aim of this work was to study potential effects of ENSO and SAM on South American sea lion (Otaria byronia) of Patagonia, by examining interannual variability of GLG width. Adapting dendrochronological techniques, we analyzed 97 individuals (60 females and 37 males) and built six chronologies (three for each sex) by using cubic splines with different rigidity. Chronologies were correlated with MEI (Multivariate ENSO Index) and SAM index time series, considering lags in the biological response. The chronologies of females spanned 39 years and only two of these chronologies showed negative correlation with 1 year lagged SAM events. The chronologies of males spanned 23 years, but none showed significant correlation with these indexes. Our results did not indicate any ENSO effects on this species, while positive SAM events could reduce the abundance or availability of South American sea lion's prey, affecting the nutritional status of females and generating thinner GLGs during the next year.", "label": [4, 45, 47]}
+{"token": "The Middle Palaeolithic of Arabia: Implications for modern human origins, behaviour and dispersals. The Middle Palaeolithic record of the Arabian Peninsula can provide crucial evidence for understanding human dispersal. The authors summarise the archaeological evidence and suggest some of the routes taken by the earliest humans coming out of Africa, including one implying the use of boats. Early populations adapted to a hospitable environment, but had later to adapt to the advance of the desert.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30]}
+{"token": "Changes in the regulation of responsibilities towards childcare needs in Italy and the Netherlands: different timing, increasingly different approaches. This article comparatively analyses how the responsibilities towards childcare needs have been framed and addressed in Italy and the Netherlands following the increase in women's labour market participation. According to the authors, the differing developments in these two countries partly disconfirm the thesis according to which facilitating family/work conciliation is at the heart of the new social policy paradigms in all Bismarckian welfare states. This concern has indeed been an explicit driver of social policy changes in the Netherlands, but not in Italy. The authors argue instead that these two countries offer evidence for the thesis that timing matters. Italy has been an 'early bird' in changing family law and in putting in place childcare policies, but has not been able to innovate these policies when the economic and social context has changed and, in particular, has not reframed them fully as work-family conciliating policies. The Netherlands, on the other hand, was comparatively late in changing family law and developing parental leaves and childcare policies, the latter being framed largely as work-family conciliation strategies. Following the liberal cultural and political developments of the 1990s, which favoured individualisation and freedom of choice, the changes in the Netherlands systematically introduced an increasing mix of individual, family and market responsibility via both commodification supported by tax expenditure and the underpinning of the one-and-a-half breadwinner model offered by the regulation of protected part-time labour contracts.", "label": [5, 51, 57]}
+{"token": "Mix Proportioning of Aggregates for Concrete by Three Different Approaches. Mix proportions of n aggregate groups to form a combined aggregate batch for each one of 28 target curves of gradations from very stony to very sandy, all within and parallel to the granulometric bound curves of the German Standard: DIN-1045, are computed by three different approaches. The sum of the ratios of n aggregate groups must equal 1 by any method. For any one of m standard sieves, the sum of percent passings of n groups multiplied by their ratios must equal the percent passing of a target curve, which is a linear equation, and m linear equations result for m sieves. Therefore, along with the first equation, the first approach composes the rest (n - 1) number of linear equations out of any (n - 1) number of m standard sieves. In the second approach, a quasi-least-squares algorithm is used to minimize the sum of squares of differences of percent passings of the combined aggregate batch from those of a target curve for all sieves. In the third approach, the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm is used to minimize the sum of the absolute differences of the percent passings of the combined aggregate batch from those of a target curve for all sieves. The three approaches give mostly close solutions for many cases. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000416. (C) 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Arnylase inhibitors in corn hybrids as a resistance factor to Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera : Curculionidae). Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky is one of the major pests of stored corn and it is mainly controlled by insecticides. However, due to the undesirable consequences of chemicals on the environment and human health other control measures have been investigated, especially the development of resistant plants. The presence of amylase inhibitors in corn kernels may interfere with the insect digestive process. This research was developed in order to evaluate resistance of corn hybrids to the attack of S. zeamais correlated with amylase inhibitors and nutritional composition of corn kernels. Adults of the maize weevil were exposed to grain samples of different corn hybrids at 27 +/- 1 degrees C and 75 +/- 5 % R.H. Biology, susceptibility index and grain consumption were evaluated. The results were correlated to the grain components (moisture content, ashes, lipids, proteins and carbohydrates) and with the amylase inhibitor activity. The amylase inhibitor activity was determined by incubating the amylase inhibitor with 0.2 units of amylase for 30 min at 25 degrees C, and measuring the residual amylase activity determined by the iodine method. From the nutritional parameters evaluated, only the lipid content correlated significantly with the susceptibility index (r = 0.46). The amylase inhibitors obtained by the extraction with either ethanol or buffer were significantly and negatively correlated with the susceptibility index (r = -0.58), indicating that the inhibitors contribute to the resistance of corn hybrids to the attack of S. zeamais.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Hepatitis B virus infection in EU/EEA and United Kingdom prisons: a descriptive analysis. People in prison are disproportionately affected by viral hepatitis. To examine the current epidemiology of and responses targeting hepatitis B virus (HBV) in prisons across the European Union, European Economic Area and United Kingdom, we analysed HBV-specific data from the World Health Organization's Health in Prisons European Database and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control's hepatitis B prevalence database. Hepatitis B surface antigen seroprevalence ranged from 0% in a maximum-security prison in United Kingdom to 25.2% in two Bulgarian juvenile detention centres. Universal HBV screening on opt-out basis and vaccination were reported available in 31% and 85% of 25 countries, respectively. Disinfectants, condoms and lubricants were offered free of charge in all prisons in the country by 26%, 46% and 15% of 26 countries, respectively. In 38% of reporting countries, unsupervised partner visits with the possibility for sexual intercourse was available in all prisons. The findings are suggestive of high HBV prevalence amidst suboptimal coverage of interventions in prisons. A harmonised monitoring system and robust data at national and regional levels are needed to better understand the HBV situation in prisons within the framework of the European action plan and Global Health Sector Strategy on viral hepatitis.", "label": [2, 25, 24]}
+{"token": "An undergraduate experiment on X-ray spectra and Moseley's law using a scanning electron microscope. We describe an undergraduate laboratory experiment developed for sophomore modern physics students, using the x-ray analysis feature of a scanning electron microscope. The experiment described is a fundamental physics measurement performed with a state-of-the-art apparatus not usually used in pedagogical physics experiments. The characteristic x-ray spectrum of elements shows a simple progression that can be quantitatively explained by the conceptually important Bohr-Rutherford shell model of atomic structure. Students measure the K alpha and KP x-ray spectra from metals in the range of 12 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 41. The measurements allow the verification of Moseley's law scaling of x-ray energies with atomic number and a quantitative measure of the data's fit to the shell model. (C) 1996 American Association of Physics Teachers.", "label": [4, 5, 53, 35]}
+{"token": "A NEW TRANSTHYRETIN MUTATION ASSOCIATED WITH AMYLOID CARDIOMYOPATHY. In transthyretin (TTR) a new mutation (TTR-Thr45) has been identified in a patient with familial amyloidosis characterized clinically by prominent cardiomyopathy and the absence of peripheral neuropathy. Comparative peptide mapping by high-performance liquid chromatography of the patient's plasma TTR together with normal TTR showed the presence of an abnormal tryptic peptide in the patient's TTR. The sequence of this peptide (peptide 6, residues 36-48) demonstrated the presence of a threonine-for-alanine substitution at position 45. This change can be explained by a single base change of adenine for guanine in the Ala-45 codon and was demonstrated directly by DNA sequence analysis of PCR-amplified exon 2 of the TTR gene; allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization both in the patient and in fixed heart tissue from his aunt confirmed the base change. The TTR-Thr45 mutation is a new variant TTR found associated with cardiomyopathy.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Beneficial Effects of Two Types of Personal Health Record Services Connected With Electronic Medical Records Within the Hospital Setting. Healthcare consumers must be able to make decisions based on accurate health information. To assist with this, we designed and developed an integrated system connected with electronic medical records in hospitals to ensure delivery of accurate health information. The systemcalled the Consumer-centered Open Personal Health Record platformis composed of two services: a portal for users with any disease and a mobile application for users with cleft lip/palate. To assess the benefits of these services, we used a quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest design, assigning participants to the portal (n = 50) and application (n = 52) groups. Both groups showed significantly increased knowledge, both objective (actual knowledge of health information) and subjective (perceived knowledge of health information), after the intervention. Furthermore, while both groups showed higher information needs satisfaction after the intervention, the application group was significantly more satisfied. Knowledge changes were more affected by participant characteristics in the application group. Our results may be due to the application's provision of specific disease information and a personalized treatment plan based on the participant and other users' data. We recommend that services connected with electronic medical records target specific diseases to provide personalized health management to patients in a hospital setting.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 40, 26]}
+{"token": "The association of hand grip strength with functional measures in non-ambulatory children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a disease characterized by progressive loss of muscle fiber, gradually from proximal to distal. Although a few studies have investigated hand grip strength in non-ambulatory DMD patients, a lack of literature was found determining its relationship with functional capacity. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the associations between hand grip strength and functional measures in non-ambulatory children with DMD. Methods: Hand grip strength was evaluated using a dynamometer in children with DMD. The children with DMD were evaluated with the Turkish version of the Egen Klassifikation Scale Version 2 (EK2) for global functional capacity, the Performance of Upper Limb (PUL) for upper limb functional performance and the ABILHAND-Kids for hand ability. Results: The mean age of 38 DMD children was 12.02 +/- 1.99 years. Dominant hand grip strength of the children with DMD was higher than the non-dominant hand (p < 0.05). The EK2 was 13.02 +/- 5.50, PUL was 49.86 +/- 14.34 and ABILHAND-Kids was 26.81 +/- 7.59. Hand grip strength was found to be correlated with the EK2 (p < 0.05). Conclusions: It is known that measuring functional ability and strength in very weak children with DMD has been difficult and complex for therapists/clinicians in the clinical environment. Although there is a moderate correlation, hand grip strength may be used in clinical practice as a practical assessment tool to have an immediate insight into the global functional capacity in non-ambulatory DMD children.", "label": [2, 18, 23]}
+{"token": "Determination of xanthine oxidoreductase activity in broilers: Effect of pH and temperature of the assay and distribution in tissues. Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of uric acid, which exists primarily in the dehydrogenase form in birds. Uric acid is the major end product of the metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds in birds and it functions as an antioxidant to reduce oxidative stress. Despite the importance of this enzyme, the tissue distribution of XOR in physiologically normal chickens is not well known. In this study, we analyzed XOR activity in extracts of 8 tissues from broilers at 7 and 10 wk of age. No differences in XOR activity due to the age were found in any tissue. Liver and kidney showed the greatest activity, that in the kidney being about 89% of the activity in the liver. Enzyme activity in intestine and pancreas was about 60 and 37% of that in the liver. All breast muscle, heart, and lung samples showed enzyme activity, but values were only 3.0, 1.2, and 0.6% of those found in the liver. Traces of enzyme activity were also detected in 3 out of 10 brain samples, and no activity was found in the plasma. Our results show that XOR distribution in chickens differs from that in mammals, in which the highest levels have been found in liver and intestine. An additional objective was the evaluation of the effect of pH (7.2, 7.7, 8.2, and 8.7) and temperature (25 and 41 C) on the enzyme activity in liver and kidney samples. Temperature had a similar effect on both tissues, with the activity at 25 degrees C being about 30% of that measured at 41 degrees C. At 41 degrees C, the enzyme activity in liver and kidney decreased quadratically as pH decreased from 8.7 to 7.2. The highest activity in kidney was measured at pH 8.2, although there were no differences between enzyme activities at pH 8.7 or 8.2 in the liver. Our results indicate that the optimum pH of the enzyme in chicken liver and kidney is around 8.2.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Investigating the attainment of open government data objectives: is there a mismatch between objectives and results?. Points for practitioners Key implications for professionals working in public management and administration are: attaining open government data objectives is easier said than done; the benefits delivered are most often operational and technical benefits, followed by economic benefits and, finally, societal benefits; the benefits are often in areas other than those of the open government data initiative's objectives, suggesting a mismatch between the objectives and their attainment; state- and national-level open government data initiatives achieve their objectives more often than local- and regional-level open government data initiatives; and initiatives might mimic each other instead of aiming at delivering the benefits.The objectives of open government data initiatives range from enhancing transparency and accountability to increasing innovation and participation. However, there is a lack of knowledge of the extent to which the objectives of open government data initiatives are achieved. This article investigates the relationship between the objectives of open government data initiatives and the benefits delivered. A total of 168 survey responses concerning 156 open government data initiatives at different government levels worldwide suggest that operational and technical benefits are the benefits most often delivered, followed by economic benefits and, finally, societal benefits. Surprisingly, our study suggests that whether an open government data initiative delivers a benefit (e.g. increased openness, trust or innovation) is not significantly affected by having an objective related to the delivery of that benefit. The objectives of state- and national-level open government data initiatives are more often achieved than those of local- and regional-level open government data initiatives.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Notional defined contribution pensions with public reserve funds in ageing economies: An application to Japan. Several developed and developing countries have recently adopted a notional defined contribution (NDC) approach to old-age pension reform. The NDC is essentially a non-pre-funded defined contribution retirement system, in which contributions are credited with a \\\\'rate of return\\\\' related to aggregate payroll growth, and individual account accruals are maintained in a book-keeping system. Payouts are annuitized based on the expected mortality of each succeeding retiring cohort. NDC plans may be identified with appropriately calibrated Pay-As-You-Go plans in demographic equilibrium, but the two paradigms diverge when demographic shift is introduced. This paper investigates the key actuarial and economic implications of alternative NDC rules, with a particular focus on Japan, the world's most rapidly ageing economy. We examine the potential role for pension reserves in transitioning to an NDC system, and we show these can be used to smooth the impact of demographic transition to an older society. Finally, we show that countries such as Japan could elect to use pension reserves accumulated in the past to facilitate the transition to an NDC system.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Multi-grained encoding and joint embedding space fusion for video and text cross-modal retrieval. Video-text cross-modal retrieval is significant to computer vision. Most of existing works focus on exploring the global similarity between modalities, but ignore the influence of details on retrieval results. How to explore the correlation between different forms of data from multiple angles is a key issue. In this paper, we propose a Multi-grained Encoding and Joint Embedding Spaces Fusion (MEJESF) for video-text cross-modal retrieval. Specifically, we propose a novel dual encoding network to explore not only coarse-grained feature but also fine-grained feature of modals. At the same time, giving considerations to multiple encoding and hard sample mining, a modified pairwise ranking loss function is introduced. After that, we build two joint embedding spaces and adopt them when retrieving by fusing their scores. Experiments on two public benchmark datasets (MSR-VTT,MSVD) demonstrate that our method can obtain promising performance compared to the state-of-the-art methods in video-text cross-modal retrieval. Furthermore, our network model achieves outstanding performance in zero-example video retrieval.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
+{"token": "Structural diversity of NADPH diaphorase-reactive enteral networks in Stylommatophora (Gastropoda, Pulmonata). In this work we investigated the involvement of putative nitric oxide (NO)-forming neurons in enteric plexuses of stylommatophoran gastropods. The nitric oxide synthase (NOS)containing cells were detected by NADPH diaphorase (NADPHd) histochemistry in the entreral nervous systems of several stylommatophoran species (Achatinacea: Achatina fulica, Helicacea: Cepaea hortensis, Cepaea nemoralis, Discus rotundatus, Helicella obvia, Helix lucorum, Helix lutescens, Monachoides umbrosa, Trichia hispida, Zebrina detrita, Succineacea: Succinea putris, Vertiliginacea: Clausilia dubia, Zonitacea: Arion ater, Arion sufuscus, Limax maximus). We detected the NO synthesis of isolated midintestinal segments by Griess's quantification of nitrite, one end product of NO. Effects of the NOS substrate L-arginine and the NOS inhibitor Nomega-nitro-L-arginine (NOARG) were also tested on nitrite production. We found NADPHd-reactive neurons and extrinsic nerves with NADPHd-stained fibers within the myenteric and submucosal networks of the midintestine of investigated members of Helicacea, Succineacea, and Vertiliginacea families. These networks innervated the midintestinal musculature and several nerve cells of the myenteric and submucosal plexi. In investigated members of Achatinacea and Zonitacea, NADPHd-stained networks were not detectable within the digestive tract. Administration of 1 mM L-arginine elevated, whereas 2 mM of NOARG diminished, the nitrite levels of the NADPHd-stained networks containing midintestine in C. nemoralis and H. lucorum. Enteral NADPHd staining was not detected in A. ater and L. maximus, and the nitrite production was not affected by L-arginine. Our results indicate a possible, but evolutionarily not conserved, NO-mediated enteral transmission in stylommatophoran gastropods.", "label": [4, 45, 47]}
+{"token": "Occupational outcomes for Australian computing/information technology bachelor graduates and implications for the IT bachelor curriculum. In Australia, the IT workforce and employment outcomes for university IT bachelor graduates have a complex interrelationship. The likelihood of IT bachelor graduates to work in a professional IT role is infrequently discussed in the research literature. It has been suggested that \\\\'deficient\\\\' undergraduate IT curricula are one contributor to poor employment outcomes for graduates. Using the latest available Australian national census data, we present a detailed analysis of the occupational outcomes for graduates of undergraduate IT programmes, and the makeup of the IT workforce in Australia. This analysis presents important findings for those designing undergraduate IT curricula that seek to equip students to prepare for the best employment outcomes. The finding that, even immediately post- graduation, a significant proportion of Australian IT bachelor graduates do not work in IT roles, even though professional IT job roles outnumber IT bachelor graduates nearly two-to-one, has implications for undergraduate IT education.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "From clusters to crystals: scale chemistry of intermetallics. We review different approaches to description, classification, and understanding of intermetallic structures of any complexity. All these approaches are based on the representation of the intermetallic structure as a periodic graph (net). A special attention is paid to the nanocluster model, which enables one to separate structural units and to describe their assemblage in intermetallics with strict computer algorithms. We demonstrate the abilities of the model with analysis of 12,315 intermetallic structures from the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
+{"token": "Thales' image in the literary greek sources. Short analysis from Herodotus to Plutarch. The aim of this work is to inquire into the process of literary construction of the figure of the philosopher Thales of Miletus in Greek literature in the course of time, particularly from the Histories of Herodotus to the works of Plutarch. Thales is a very important personage in greek archaic culture, but the sources represent him as a sof.., versatile and eclectic, able to interact with the oriental civilisations of the Asia Minor. Within the philosophic speculation of the IV century there's a cultural turning-point in the way of conception of the Milesian's figure. He becomes the first philosopher which inquire into the nature of the Principle. This characterization will influence both the doxographic literature, that will see in Thales the first philosopher, and the literature in general, where Thales will be the first of the Seven Sages of the greek archaic culture.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Chemistry of corrosion products on Zn-Al-Mg alloy coated steel. Zn-Al-Mg alloy (ZM) coating provides a decisively enhanced corrosion resistance in a salt spray test according to DIN EN ISO 9227 (NSS) compared to conventional hot-dip galvanised zinc (Z) coating because of its ability to form a very stable, well adherent protecting layer of zinc aluminium carbonate hydroxide, Zn(6)Al(2)(CO(3))(OH)(16)center dot 4H(2)O on the steel substrate. This protecting layer is the main reason for the enhanced corrosion resistance of the ZM coating. Surface corrosion products on ZM coated steel consist mainly of Zn(5)(OH)(6)(CO(3))(2)center dot ZnCO(3) and Zn(OH)(2) with additions of Zn(5)(OH)(8)Cl(2)center dot H(2)O and a carbonate-containing magnesium species. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "No PANE, No Gain: Scaling Attributed Network Embedding in a Single Server. Given a graph G where each node is associated with a set of attributes, attributed network embedding (ANE) maps each node v is an element of G to a compact vector X-v, which can be used in downstream machine learning tasks in a variety of applications. Existing ANE solutions do not scale to massive graphs due to prohibitive computation costs or generation of low-quality embeddings. This paper proposes PANE, an effective and scalable approach to ANE computation for massive graphs in a single server that achieves state-of-the-art result quality on multiple benchmark datasets for two common prediction tasks: link prediction and node classification. Under the hood, PANE takes inspiration from well-established data management techniques to scale up ANE in a single server. Specifically, it exploits a carefully formulated problem based on a novel random walk model, a highly efficient solver, and non-trivial parallelization by utilizing modern multi-core CPUs. Extensive experiments demonstrate that PANE consistently outperforms all existing methods in terms of result quality, while being orders of magnitude faster.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "HUMAN RIGHTS BEYOND DICHOTOMY BETWEEN CULTURAL UNIVERSALISM AND RELATIVISM. The consolidation of relations of global society requires the progressive establishment of a global legal system, consisting of a system of rules-precisely, human rights-as the source and evaluation criteria of positive national rights. This essay aims to contribute to some extent using reflective dialectical methodology, establishing logical-argumentative criteria, based on the dialogue between authors to exercise a critical reflection of the official narrative on the universality of human rights, in addition overcoming the universalism/relativism dichotomy eurocentricaly established by a theory of human rights between universalism and cultural relativism.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Magnetic Anisotropy of Ferromagnetic Martensites. The analytic survey of experimental and theoretical studies of the magnetic anisotropy of ferromagnetic shape memory alloys (FSMAs) is presented. The interdependence between the magnetic anisotropy of FSMAs, their lattice parameters, microstructure, and magnetostrain properties is considered. The temperature dependencies of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy density (MAED) and magnetically induced mechanical stress are described in the framework of magnetoelastic model based on Landau theory of phase transitions. The magnetic anisotropy of thin martensitic platelets/films and wires is considered. The effect of compensation of magnetocrystalline anisotropy by the magnetostatic one is studied. The reduction of MAED as a result of internal twinning of single crystal is discussed. The possibility of observation of reversible magnetic-field-induced strain in the twinned FSMAs with reduced MAED is demonstrated.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Prevalence of Celiac Disease in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in the South of Turkey. Background: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM), autoimmune disorders, relatives of celiac patients have higher risk of developing celiac disease (CD) because they share the same HLA type. Celiac disease and type 1 DM are autoimmune and common in children. According to international guidelines, serological screening for CD in children and adults with type 1 DM is recommended but there is no consensus on how often it will be performed.Objectives: We aimed to investigate the prevalence of CD in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM).Methods: This current study was carried out between 01 March 2017 and 15 December 2018. 273 children with type 1 DM were included in the study. Tissue transglutaminase antibody IgA (tTG IgA) and total IgA levels were measured in all patients. The patients with tTG IgA positivity underwent gastroduodenoscopy.Results: Of the 273 patients (139 girls), the mean age was 11.61 +/- 3.73 years. tTG IgA was positive in 23 patients, and 2 of them refused the process of endoscopy. Gastroduodenoscopy was performed on other patients. 11 patients with Marsh 3, 2 patients with Marsh 2, 4 patients with Marsh 1, and 4 patients with Marsh 0 were detected in the present study. In other words,12 patients were diagnosed with CD. Nine of 12 patients diagnosed with CD were diagnosed within the first 5 years after the diagnosis of type 1 DM.Conclusions: We found that the prevalence of biopsy-proven CD in children with type 1 DM was 4.4%, which was approximately 9 times higher than the prevalence of CD in the general population. In the current study, 9 of 12 patients diagnosed with CD were diagnosed within the first 5 years after DM. According to our results, we recommend that screening tests for CD should be performed at least once a year for 5 years in children with Type 1 DM, even if the patients are asymptomatic.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Unique drowning in an atypical medium: paraffin wax in the setting of a motor vehicle crash-case report and literature survey. Among the various modes of death due to asphyxiation, drowning is unique. Unlike other types of suffocation associated with occluding airway obstructions (i.e. choking and smothering); with drowning, there is typically filling and involvement of the majority of the tracheobronchial tree and aerodigstive tract. Although the usual drowning medium is water, it can also occur in other media. Moreover, although drowning sometimes occurs in the setting of a motor vehicle accident, an element of vehicular submersion or immersion is usually operative in such instances. The case presented here is that of a motor vehicle crash which resulted in drowning where no immersion of the vehicle occurred. Moreover, the drowning medium was paraffin wax, rather than water. Other cases in the literature of drowning in atypical media and also those which are reported in the concomitant presence of a motor vehicle accident are presented.", "label": [2, 3, 18, 29]}
+{"token": "Microdynamic modelling and analysis of the mixing and segregation of binary mixtures of particles in gas fluidization. This paper presents a study of the mixing and segregation of particle mixtures in a gas-fluidized bed by means of a discrete particle simulation. Particle mixtures are composed of spherical particles with diameter 2 mm, for jetsam and I mm for flotsam. The particles are initially packed randomly in a rectangular bed and then fluidized by gas uniformly injected at the bottom of the bed. The gas injection velocity varies to cover fixed, partially and fully fluidized bed conditions, in order to establish a full picture about the effect of gas velocity. Segregation/mixing behaviour is analysed in terms of flow patterns, solid concentration profile and mixing kinetics. It is shown that segregation, as a transient process, is strongly affected by gas velocity. There is a gas velocity producing the maximum segregation for a given mixture. Below this velocity, segregation increases and above this velocity, segregation decreases with the increase of gas velocity. The time to reach a macroscopically stable state can be up to tens of seconds, decreasing with the increase of gas velocity. The mechanisms governing the segregation and mixing of particles are elucidated in terms of the interaction forces between particles and between particles and fluid. Particle-fluid interaction initiates fluidization and segregation. Particle-particle interaction, however, also plays an important role in governing the segregation of particles. The degree of segregation results from the complex dynamic balance of the two interactions either locally or globally. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Effect of Via Pitch on the Extrusion Behavior of Cu-filled TSV. In this study, the extrusion behavior of Cu fill material in a through-Si-via (TSV) subjected to thermal loading was investigated. The Cu filling of the TSV was accomplished using pulse periodic reverse (PPR) electroplating. To study the extrusion, TSVs of varying via pitch were filled with Cu by electroplating. Defect-free Cu filling of the TSV was obtained at a Cathodic Current Density (CCD) of -5 mA/cm(2). The Cu-filled TSVs were subjected to annealing at 450 degrees C and the extrusion heights were measured. Microstructural characterizations were performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The experimental results were also validated using finite element analysis (FEA). The results indicated that as the distance between via holes, i.e., pitch, decreased from 40 to 20 pm, the extrusion heights were found to increase. In other words, the extrusion height increases due to the mutual influence between vias when the spacing of the vias is reduced. The simulated extrusion heights of the Cu-filled TSVs were in good agreement with the experimental results. The FEA simulation results also indicated an overall increasing tendency of extrusion heights when via pitch decreased.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Didier Eribon: A portrait of an educational climber. Contrary to the more common reception in German-speaking regions, we do not understand Didier Eribon's 'Returning to Reims' primarily as a contribution towards understanding conditions that facilitate the emergence of right-wing populist movements and parties. Instead, we propose to benefit from reading his return to his childhood and adolescence in regards to the philosophy of education. When Eribon turns to the proletarian milieu of his background and traces the different feelings of shame associated with it, he provides insights into the world of experience of social climbers, who are usually highly ambivalent about educational institutions. It is therefore the personal memories, the insights into the family, the circle of friends and the school, which are of particular interest for the philosophy of education. In this way, Eribon makes an important contribution to the elucidation of social practices by which educational institutions are involved in the reproduction of social inequality.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "In vitro 12(S)-HETE inhibitory activities of naphthoquinones isolated from the root bark of Euclea racemosa ssp schimperi. Platelet 12-lipoxygenase is believed to play a role in cancer and other pathological conditions, such as psoriasis, atherosclerosis and arthritis. The inhibition of 12-LOX is a potential therapeutic approach in the treatment of tumor metastasis. The extracts of Euclea racemosa Murr. ssp. schimperi (A. DC.) F. White (Ebenaceae) obtained by maceration and naphthoquinones isolated from the dichloromethane extract have been investigated for their 12(S)-HETE inhibitory activity using human platelets. At 100 mu g/ml, the dichloromethane extract inhibited the formation of 12(S)-HETE by 88.7% and compounds 7-methyljuglone (2), isodiospyrin (3), neodiospyrin (4) and mamegakinone (5), isolated from this extract, exhibited significant activities with IC50 values ranging from 4 to 58 mu g/ml (22.2-155.7 mu M). Of these the most abundant compound, 7-methyljuglone displayed a potent inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 4.18 mu g/ml (22.2 mu M), which was comparable to the positive control baicalein with an IC50 value of 5 mu g/ml (18.5 mu M). In contrast, 4(S)-shinanolone (1), the reduced form of compound 2, did not show any significant inhibitory activity even at a concentration of 60 mu g/ml. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 22, 9]}
+{"token": "Theory and method of hypothetical test for nonparameters in linear semiparametric model. The linear semiparametric regression model is a combination of the linear parametric model and nonparametric model. Based on the penalised least squares theory for the semiparametric model, this paper presents a detailed discussion on the theory and method of the hypothetical test for the non-parameter in the semiparametric model. The hypothetical statistics are derived and the corresponding property is proved. The proposed theory and method of the hypothesis test are confirmed by simulated experiments.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "The application of generational theory to tourism consumer behavior: An American perspective. The purpose of this study was to examine the attitudes and behaviors of American international travelers using a generational analysis. Based on Woodside and Dubelaar (2002)'s theory of tourism consumption systems (TCS), five hypotheses were proposed regarding tourists' information source preferences, destination visitation history, future destination preferences, destination evaluation criteria, and travel activity preferences. The study utilized Chi-square and ANOVA tests to detect statistically significant differences among generations. Additionally, two perceptual mapping techniques (correspondence analysis and multidimensional scaling analysis) were employed to graphically discern the relationships between generations and the variables of interest. The results support all five hypotheses, revealing not only a number of significant differences among generations, but also some important similarities. The study provides important empirical support for the theory of TCS, whilst showing the value of generational analysis as a commonsense segmentation criterion in travel market research. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "Motivation of Community Health Workers in Diagnosing, Treating, and Referring Sick Young Children in a Multicountry Study. Results. Except for Burkina Faso, most CHWs were female. Average age was between 38 and 41 years, and most came from agricultural communities. The majority (52%-80%) judged they had a high to very high level of satisfaction, but most CHWs (approximately 75%) in Burkina Faso and Uganda indicated that they would be prepared to leave the job, citing income as a major reason. Community recognition and opportunities for training and supervision were major incentives in all countries, but the volume of unremunerated work, at a time when both malaria-positive cases and farming needs were at their peak, was challenging.Conclusions. Most CHWs understood the volunteer nature of their position but desired community recognition and modest financial remuneration.Background. Community health workers (CHWs) are an important element of care provision for a wide range of conditions, but their turnover rate is high. Many studies have been conducted on health workers' motivation, focusing on formal sector staff but not CHWs. Although CHWs are easy to recruit, motivating and retaining them for service delivery is difficult. This article investigates factors influencing CHW motivation and retention in health service delivery.Methods. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected to identify the key factors favoring motivation and retention of CHWs as well as those deterring them. We interviewed 47, 25, and 134 CHWs in Burkina Faso, Nigeria, and Uganda, respectively, using a structured questionnaire. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were also conducted with CHWs, community participants, and facility health workers.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "Anti-racist Critique Through Racial Stereotype Humour What Could Go Wrong?. This article discusses the persistent deployment of racial stereotypes in contemporary stand-up comedy and its potential hegemonic or counter-hegemonic effects. It asks whether racial stereotypes should be avoided or condemned altogether, considering the risks of interpretative ambiguity and offensiveness, or, alternatively, whether there are specific performative strategies and conditions that might make racial stereotype humour a powerful weapon in the anti-racist toolbox. As regards the first, several critiques are considered and it is shown that racial stereotype humour, and its reception, may harbour multiple, subtle forms of racism. In terms of defences, racial stereotype humour's role of discharging stubborn psycho-affective investments is highlighted, as well as its function as 'subversive play'. The article further pays special attention to aspects of audience reception (such as issues of missed subtlety and 'clever' laughter) and the importance of the comic's racial positionality in performing racial stereotypes.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 52, 57]}
+{"token": "Herpesvirus Infections Potentiated by Biologics. Herpesviruses such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) maintain lifelong latency in the host after primary infection and can reactivate periodically either as asymptomatic viral shedding or as clinical disease. Immunosuppression, including biologic therapy, may increase frequency and severity of herpesvirus reactivation and infection. Licensed biologics are reviewed regarding their risks of potentiating HSV, VZV, and CMV reactivation and infection. Approaches to prophylaxis against HSV, VZV, and CMV infection or reactivation are discussed.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
+{"token": "CRUSTACEANS FROM SHRIMP BY-CATCH FROM THE SOUTHEASTERN GULF OF CALIFORNIA TO THE SOUTHEASTERN MEXICAN PACIFIC: IMPLICATIONS IN THEIR COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND REPRODUCTION. In tropical countries, a large number of finfish species and invertebrates are captured as by-catch, including several species of crustaceans, due to the low selectivity of the fishing methods. By-catch presents and optimal opportunity to study populations of crustaceans. Here, the goal was to determine the community structure, specifically through the size structure, as well as the average sizes at first maturity of crustacean species present in the shrimp by-catch caught aboard a fishing vessel operating in the Mexican Pacific, from Sinaloa to Guerrero, Mexico. From the 18 crustaceans found in this study, the crabs Euphylax robustus and Achelous asper were the dominant species, whereas four species were considered casual (i.e., not frequent). Interestingly, more than 40% of the organisms analysed were in the juvenile stage, and 19% were ovigerous females. The results demonstrate the negative impact of the low selectivity of shrimp trawls on the communities of species of Crustacea.", "label": [4, 45]}
+{"token": "Drivers of variation in migration behavior for a linked population of long-distance migratory passerine. Despite advances in tracking technologies, migration strategies remain poorly studied for many small-bodied passerines. Understanding variation within a migration strategy is important as variation impacts a population's resilience to environmental change. Timing, pathway, and stopovers vary based on intrinsic and extrinsic factors that impact individual migration decisions and capacity. Here, we studied drivers of variation in migration across a linked population of Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera) using data from 37 light-level geolocators. We tested if behaviors vary in response to extrinsic factors: season, year, and proximity to a large geographic barrier-the Gulf of Mexico-and intrinsic factors: age and wing chord. Spring migration was nearly twice as fast as fall migration, with tightly correlated arrival and departure dates that were consistent among years, in contrast to no correlation or consistency in fall. This aligns with predictions for selection to minimize time spent migrating in spring and a relaxation of that pressure in fall. Twenty-nine birds staged for multiple days (mean: 7.5, SE: 0.6) in stopover habitats before crossing the Gulf of Mexico in spring, but 6 individuals overwintering closer to the Gulf coast forewent the stopover and completed migration 8 days faster.These findings suggest birds capable of crossing the Gulf without a stopover may experience a selective advantage by minimizing total migration time. After crossing the Gulf, individuals reduced travel speed and stopover duration, indicating constraints on movement differ before and after the barrier. Wing chord, but not age, positively predicted the total distance and duration of migration, and neither varied with timing, suggesting migration distance impacts morphology, but strategies do not vary with age. Ultimately, we find undescribed stopover locations south of the Gulf are important for most of the population, while high variation in migration behaviors suggest potential resilience to changing environmental conditions.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Nonnegative non-redundant tensor decomposition. Nonnegative tensor decomposition allows us to analyze data in their 'native' form and to present results in the form of the sum of rank-1 tensors that does not nullify any parts of the factors. In this paper, we propose the geometrical structure of a basis vector frame for sum-of-rank-1 type decomposition of real-valued nonnegative tensors. The decomposition we propose reinterprets the orthogonality property of the singularvectors of matrices as a geometric constraint on the rank-1 matrix bases which leads to a geometrically constrained singularvector frame. Relaxing the orthogonality requirement, we developed a set of structured-bases that can be utilized to decompose any tensor into a similar constrained sum-of-rank-1 decomposition. The proposed approach is essentially a reparametrization and gives us an upper bound of the rank for tensors. At first, we describe the general case of tensor decomposition and then extend it to its nonnegative form. At the end of this paper, we show numerical results which conform to the proposed tensor model and utilize it for nonnegative data decomposition.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Process-based simulation of prairie growth. When field research is cost-or time-prohibitive, models can inform decision-makers regarding the impact of agricultural policy on production and the environment, but process-based models that simulate animal-plant-soil interaction and ecosystem services in grazing lands are rare. In the U.S.A., APEX (Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender) is a model commonly used to inform policy on cropland, but its ability to simulate grazinglands was less robust. Therefore, we enhanced the APEX model's plant growth module to improve its utility on grazing lands. Improvements addressed allocation of new biomass, response to water stress, competition for soil water, and regrowth of herbaceous perennials. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that simulated biomass responded to changes in precipitation through adjustments to both total biomass and distribution of biomass aboveground and belowground. A deep-rooted species generally outperformed a shallow-rooted species but the relative advantage was greatest when precipitation was historically low. A 10-year dataset of peak biomass collected in central Kansas, U.S.A., was divided among 5 species and species groups and was used for calibration and validation. When the mass of all species was combined in the validation dataset, the percent bias was -2%, Willmott's Dr was 0.79, and r(2) was 0.84. When biomass production of individual species was analyzed, the model did not perform as well, with the percent bias ranging from -36 to 29%, Willmott's Dr ranging from 0.58 to 0.71, and r(2) from 0.25 to 0.67. Because grazing lands often have a rich species diversity, the improvements made APEX better-suited to modeling such heterogeneous landscapes. However, simulating biomass of individual species, rather than the sum of all species, is an area that still needs improvement. Further testing at additional sites to calibrate single- and multiple-species growth and identify any spatial trends in model performance will also be beneficial. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Toxic effects of cadmium on flatworm stem cell dynamics: A transcriptomic and ultrastructural elucidation of underlying mechanisms. Stem cells or undifferentiated cells can cope more easily with external stresses. To evaluate the impact of toxic compounds on stem cell dynamics in vivo, in relation to other biological responses, we use the carcinogenic element cadmium and the regenerating model organism Macrostomum lignano. Through both BrdU and anti-histone H3 immunostainings, cadmium-induced effects were investigated at different stages of the stem cell cycle. A 24-h exposure to 100 and 250 M CdCl2 significantly decreased the number of stem cells (neoblasts) in mitosis, whereas the number of cells in the S phase remained unchanged. After this short-term exposure, the ultrastructure of the neoblasts was minimally affected in contrast to the epidermal tissues. These results were supported by gene expression data: transcripts of cdc2 and pig3 were significantly upregulated during all treatments. Both genes are involved in the cell cycle progression and are transcribed in the gonadal region, where stem cells are highly represented. Based on a substantial increase in gene expression of heat shock proteins (HSP) and their high activity in the gonadal region, we hypothesize that these proteins are key players in the protection of stem cells against external stresses. Apart from the strong HSP induction, other protective processes including cell division, apoptosis and anti-oxidative defence, were also activated. We, therefore, conclude that the protection of stem cells against external stressors may be based on the interplay between stem cell maintenance, i.e. repair and recovery through division, on one hand and apoptosis on the other hand. (c) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1217-1228, 2016.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 22, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Lamotrigine-induced aseptic meningitis: a case report. Aseptic meningitis could be a rare side effect of lamotrigine. Aseptic meningitis is a clinical condition where symptoms, signs and laboratory findings are consistent with meningeal inflammation but routine bacterial cultures are negative. Clinical presentation of aseptic meningitis is similar to bacterial meningitis with prominent symptoms of fever, headache and neck stiffness. Drug-induced aseptic meningitis is an uncommon adverse effect of several drugs. The most common ones are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, intravenous immunoglobulins, intrathecal agents and vaccines. Disease manifestations vary with different drugs. A few cases of lamotrigine-induced aseptic meningitis have been published earlier. This is the fifth case reported of lamotrigine-induced aseptic meningitis. However, this is the first case which is associated with a second episode on rechallenge of lamotrigine. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 24:159-161 (C) 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
+{"token": "LC-MS method development and comparison of sampling materials for the analysis of organic gunshot residues. This study aimed at developing a LC-MS method to compare the efficiency of various sampling materials for the collection and subsequent analysis of organic gunshot residues (OGSR). Seven sampling materials, namely two \\\\'swab''-type and five \\\\'stub''-type collection materials, were tested. The evaluation of sampling materials was systematically carried out by first analyzing blank extracts of the materials to check for potential interferences and determining matrix effects. Based on these results, the best four materials, namely cotton buds, polyester swabs, a tape from 3 M and PTFE were compared in terms of collection efficiency during shooting experiments using a set of 9 mm Luger ammunition. It was found that the tape was capable of recovering the highest amounts of OGSR. As tape-lifting is the technique currently used in routine for inorganic GSR, OGSR analysis might be implemented without modifying IGSR sampling and analysis procedure. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Climate dynamics in the borderlands of the Aegean Sea during formation of sapropel S1 deduced from a marine pollen record. To unravel the climatic and environmental dynamics in the borderlands of the Aegean Sea during the early and middle Holocene, and notably for the interval of sapropel S1 (S1) formation, we have analysed terrestrial palynomorphs from a marine core in the northern Aegean Sea. The qualitative results were complemented by quantitative pollen-based climate reconstructions. A land-sea correlation was established based on pollen data and sediment lightness measurements from the same core, and previously published benthic foraminifer data from a nearby core.The borderlands of the Aegean Sea underwent a transition from an open vegetation to oak-dominated woodlands between similar to 10.4 and similar to 9.5 ka cal BP. A coeval increase in winter precipitation suggests that moisture availability was the main factor controlling Holocene reforestation. The similar to 50% higher winter precipitation during S1 formation relative to \\\\'pre-sapropelic\\\\' conditions suggests a strong contribution from the borderlands of the Aegean Sea to the freshwater surplus during S1 formation. The humid and mild winter conditions during S1 formation were repeatedly punctuated by short-term climatic events that caused a partial deforestation and a reorganisation within the broad-leaved arboreal vegetation. In the marine realm, these events are documented by improved benthic oxygenation. The strongest event represents the regional expression of the 8.2 ka cold event and led to an interruption in S1 formation. Except for the interval of S1 formation, the pollen-derived winter temperatures correlate with the smoothed GISP2 K(+) series. They support the previously published, marine-based concept that the intensity of the Siberian High strongly controlled the winter climate in the Aegean region. During S1 formation in the Aegean Sea, however, climate conditions in the borderlands were more strongly affected by the monsoonally influenced climate system of the lower latitudes. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Multi-level textual analysis of the Spanish legal genre escrito de acusacion (indictment) vis-a-vis its translation into English. Spanish current legislation guarantees the right to the translation of all documents which are essential to ensure that a person who does not speak the language used by the court can exercise their right of defence, which include decisions on the deprivation of liberty, indictments and judgments. Whereas judgments have been extensively studied (Holl 2011; Orts Llopis 2017; among others), the Spanish indictment (escrito de acusacion) as a genre has been clearly under-researched by Translation scholars. Following a methodology that combines textual approaches and legal comparative perspectives, the aim of this paper is to discuss the results of a multi-level textual analysis of the legal genre escrito de acusacion based on an ad hoc corpus of authentic texts, vis-a-vis its translation into English.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Genetic algorithm-based design methodology for pattern recognition hardware. In this paper, we propose a new logic circuit design methodology for pattern recognition chips using the genetic algorithms. In the proposed design methodology, pattern data are transformed into the truth tables and the truth tables are generalized to adapt the unknown pattern data. The genetic algorithm is used to choose the generalization operators. The generalized, or evolved truth tables are then synthesized to logic circuits. Because of this data direct implementation approach, no floating point numerical circuits are required and the intrinsic parallelism in the data is embedded into the circuits. Consequently, high speed recognition systems can be realized with acceptable small circuit size. We have applied this methodology to the face image recognition and the sonar spectrum recognition tasks, and implemented them onto the developed FPGA-based reconfigurable pattern recognition board. The developed system demonstrates high recognition accuracy and much higher processing speed than the conventional approaches.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Alexithymia in Depressive, Anxiety, Somatoform, and Psychotic Disorders: A Comparative Study. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that all patient groups had alexithymic construct; however, the prevalence of alexithymia was higher in depressive and psychotic patients. Psychiatric nurses can help in improving patients' quality of life through psychosocial interventions aiming at improved recognition, identification and description of feelings, communication skills and insight.Results: Alexithymic construct was found in 55.6% of the psychotic patients, 45.9% of those with somatoform disorders, 43.4% of those with anxiety, and 51.5% of the depressive patients. The TAS-20 average scores were significantly higher in psychotic patients. The Difficulty Identifying Feelings subscale average scores were found to be significantly lower in patients with somatoform disorders (p<0.01). Additionally, the TAS-20 average scores in men, young, those with low education were significantly higher (p<0.001).Methods: The study was performed between April and May 2013 with outpatients who were diagnosed with depressive (n=99), anxiety (n=76), somatoform (n=37), and psychotic (n=45) disorders under the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (American Psychiatric Association 2000) and who were being monitored and treated at the outpatient psychiatry clinic of Erzincan State Hospital. The data were collected by two psychiatrists using the face-to-face interview method, which employed a questionnaire and the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), in the outpatient clinic environment.Objectives: This study aimed to compare the prevalence of alexithymia and determine the differences in structure in patients with depressive, anxiety, somatoform, and psychotic disorders.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Pentecostalism and Mission From Azusa Street to the Ends of the Earth. The origin of the global Pentecostal Movement is the subject of heated debate. A number of suggestions are currently being explored. None of them, however showed the dynamic missionary concern that the Azusa Street Mission did during the revival (1906-1909) that soon circled the globe. This article explains the importance of this African American congregation and its missionary contribution. While it was ridiculed by church and society, it sent out scores of missionaries. Its newspaper; The Apostolic Faith, became a widely influential instrument for taking the revival to the ends of the earth. Pastors seeking to have their ministries revitalized there through baptism in the Spirit led to still more missionary commitments. Thus, the Mission's missionary impact is unparalleled in the early Pentecostal Movement.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Experimental and modeling investigation of kinetics of methane gas hydrate formation in water-in-oil emulsion. Experimental data on hydrate formation kinetics for methane in water-in-oil emulsions are presented using a stirred batch reactor in the pressure range of 6.48-8.76 MPa and temperature range of 274.2-278.2K. The influences of system temperature, initial pressure, and water cut of water-in-oil emulsion on the induction time of hydrate formation and hydrate growth rate were investigated, respectively. Experimental results show that the induction time varies inversely with initial pressure, and directly with temperature. The hydrate growth rate increases with increase of initial pressure and decrease of temperature. In the water-in-oil dispersed systems, the increase of water cut increases the hydrate growth rate. A mathematical model was developed for describing the formation kinetic behavior of methane hydrates in the dispersed system. The parameters of the model were determined by correlating the formation rate data, and the activation energies were further determined. The model was found to be able to calculate the formation kinetic behavior of methane hydrate in the dispersed system. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36, 35]}
+{"token": "THE BEHAVIOR OF BILATERAL LATCH-UP TRIGGERING IN VLSI ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE DAMAGE PROTECTION CIRCUITS. A new latch-up phenomenon that shows symmetrical diac I-V characteristics has been discovered recently. Electrical measurements show that a diac parasitic semiconductor-controlled-rectifier (SCR) device can exist between two adjacent electro static discharge damage (ESD) protection circuits or output buffers. The SCR consists of two parasitic P-N-P-N paths and can easily induce a localized SCR latch-up between two adjacent input or output terminals. This is not similar to traditional latch-up that creates a parasitic P-N-P-N path between power supply and ground pins, but is a new bilateral latch-up path between two adjacent input and output pins. A new latch-up failure mode due to this diac structure, which creates a bilateral path during temperature humidity bias (THB) testing, is discussed. Some suggestions regarding the improvement of this diac latch-up degradation are proposed. Advanced analyses and modeling are also presented in this paper. The modified diac latch-up lumped element model successfull explains this phenomenon.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Development of a polyprobe to detect six viroids of pome and stone fruit trees. A simple and sensitive dot blot hybridization assay using a digoxigenin-labeled cRNA polyprobe was developed for the simultaneous detection of six viroids that infect pome and stone fruit trees. The polyprobe was constructed by cloning sequentially partial sequences of each viroid into a single vector, with run-off transcription driven by the 17 promoter. All six viroids were detectable within a dilution range of 5(-3) to 5(-4) in total nucleic acid extracts from infected trees. Individual trees were co-inoculated to create mixed infections and all four pome fruit viroids and both stone fruit viroids could be detected in pear and peach trees, respectively, using the polyprobe. The results of the assays using the polyprobe were comparable to those using single probes. The methods were validated by testing geographically diverse isolates of viroids, as well as field samples from several collections in the US. The assay offers a rapid, reliable and cost-effective approach to the simultaneous detection of six fruit trees viroids and has the potential for routine use in quarantine, certification, and plant genebank programs where many samples are tested and distributed worldwide. Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42, 21]}
+{"token": "Multimega VAR Passive Filters for Mining Applications: Practical Limitations and Technical Considerations. This paper analyzes and proposes technical considerations for the selection and design of passive filter schemes rated at several mega VARs to compensate reactive power and current harmonics in mining power distribution systems. The paper includes technical information and analysis required to select the most adequate passive filter topology, to select the tuning frequency for each unit, to calculate filter parameters, and to distribute reactive power between passive filters. Passive filter schemes analyzed in this paper are used to compensate mining power distribution systems, especially when high-power grinding mill drives energized from 12-pulse cycloconverters are used in conjunction with several other nonlinear loads. This paper also analyzes technical limitations that passive filters present in the attenuation of low-frequency current harmonics. Finally, two power distribution systems with different passive filters schemes are evaluated, and the limitations in the attenuation of low-frequency current harmonics generated by cycloconverters are demonstrated with measured results.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Exposure to pathogens and incidence of respiratory disease in young bulls on their arrival at fattening operations in France. The incidence of clinical respiratory disease in 698 young beef bulls kept in 68 pens, and their exposure to respiratory pathogens after their arrival at 51 fattening operations in western France were assessed. Antibodies against bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine herpesvirus type I (BHV-1), Mannheimia haemolytica and Mycoplasma bovis were measured by ELISA. The incidence risk of respiratory disease was 18.5 per cent during the first six weeks. Cases occurred in 37 of the 68 pens, and in these pens 30.9 per cent of the bulls were affected. Their exposure to BHV-1 was very limited. When they arrived a high proportion of the bulls were seropositive to M haemolytica and a high proportion seroconverted to BRSV, M haemolytica and M bovis within the first six weeks. The risk of incidence of respiratory disease was lower in the pens in which the bulls had been vaccinated against M haemolytica. Higher proportions of the bulls were affected in pens in which small proportions of the bulls were seropositive to M haemolytica or BRSV on arrival, and in pens in which high proportions of the bulls were exposed to M haemolytica or BRSV during the first six weeks.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Formula 1 Grands Prix demand across different distribution channels. Findings/research contribution: Interestingly, exploring the German tv demand for F1 racing at two different tv channels holding non-exclusive media rights between 2011 and 2017, we note that the effects of most (e.g. the starting time, weather), though not all, determinants are robust across the two different channels and the two audience groups.Rationale: Over the last two decades, sports economists and management scholars alike have increasingly begun modeling the tv demand for professional sports, most notably association football. However, there as yet exists no empirical study on whether the observed mechanisms are robust across different distribution channels.Design/methodology/approach: In this study, we add to this still-emerging literature stream by analyzing the robustness of otherwise well-explored determinants of tv demand across different distribution channels (free-to-air and pay-tv), also distinguishing between male and female tv audiences.Practical implications: Our results thus suggest that media right holders interested in maximizing television audience demand for a sport broadcast are well-advised to add nuance to their communication efforts.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Laser ultrasound measurement and finite-elernent simulation on the dispersion behaviors of acoustic waves propagating along wedges with bilinear cross sections. In this research, dispersion behaviors of antisymmetric flexural (ASF) modes propagating along the tip of a bilinear wedge (BW) are investigated. A BW has a cross section with two apex angles, as opposed to a linear wedge (LW) whose cross section has a single apex angle. In the literature, many studies regarding the dispersion behaviors of ASF modes have been reported for LWs, but not for BWs. In this study, laser ultrasonic measurements and finite-element numerical simulations are used to investigate the dispersion behavior of BW-ASF modes. It was found that a BW-ASF mode arises as a result of mode coupling between two LW-ASF modes of the same order corresponding to the two apex angles of the BW.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35]}
+{"token": "COMPETITION AND GENDER IN GROUP-PSYCHOTHERAPY. This paper looks at the phenomenon of competition in group psychotherapy. The universal proscriptions against competition, as a derivative of greed, envy, and jealousy are explored, along with competition's concomitant defenses. Competition is viewed as particularly conflictual for women because of its aggressive components, which are experienced as ''unfeminine'' and threatening to relationships. Healthy and destructive manifestations of competition are described. Countertransference pitfalls are outlined, and clinical examples are offered to underscore the importance of addressing competition directly in group psychotherapy.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "CLINICAL EFFECT OF A MUTATION (p.Glu322Asp, c.966 G>T) IN PANK2 GENE IN A FAMILY WITH ATYPICAL PANTOTHENATE KINASE-ASSOCIATED NEURODEGENERATION. Clinical effect of a mutation (p.glut322asp, c.966 G>T) in PANK2 gene in a family with atypical pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration: Pantothenate-kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the pantothenate kinase 2 (PANK2) gene. Many different mutations in the PANK2 gene have been detected in association with PKAN. A 20 year old female patient who had been suffering from progressive gait disorder for 1 year was found to have the 'eye-of-the-tiger sign' from the brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The same brain imaging findings were shown in the father and brother of the patient, whose parents arranged a consanguineous marriage. We found c.966 G>T (p.Glu322Asp) mutation in the PANK2 gene mutation analysis in the individuals from the brain imaging findings. Although individuals in this family who had a homozygous mutation in PANK2 gene analyses had the 'eye-of-the-tiger' sign and atypical disease, they were noted to have differing clinical findings.", "label": [2, 3, 18, 19, 20, 30]}
+{"token": "A new degree-2190 (10 km resolution) gravity field model for Antarctica developed from GRACE, GOCE and Bedmap2 data. The current high-degree global geopotential models EGM2008 and EIGEN-6C4 resolve gravity field structures to similar to 10 km spatial scales over most parts of the of Earth's surface. However, a notable exception is continental Antarctica, where the gravity information in these and other recent models is based on satellite gravimetry observations only, and thus limited to about similar to 80-120 km spatial scales. Here, we present a new degree-2190 global gravity model (GGM) that for the first time improves the spatial resolution of the gravity field over the whole of continental Antarctica to similar to 10 km spatial scales. The new model called SatGravRET2014 is a combination of recent Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) satellite gravimetry with gravitational signals derived from the 2013 Bedmap2 topography/ice thickness/bedrock model with gravity forward modelling in ellipsoidal approximation. Bedmap2 is a significantly improved description of the topographic mass distribution over the Antarctic region based on a multitude of topographic surveys, and a well-suited source for modelling short-scale gravity signals as we show in our study. We describe the development of SatGravRET2014 which entirely relies on spherical harmonic modelling techniques. Details are provided on the least-squares combination procedures and on the conversion of topography to implied gravitational potential. The main outcome of our work is the SatGravRET2014 spherical harmonic series expansion to degree 2190, and derived high-resolution grids of 3D-synthesized gravity and quasigeoid effects over the whole of Antarctica. For validation, six data sets from the IAG Subcommission 2.4f \\\\'Gravity and Geoid in Antarctica\\\\' (AntGG) database were used comprising a total of 1,092,981 airborne gravimetric observations. All subsets consistently show that the Bedmap2-based short-scale gravity modelling improves the agreement over satellite-only data considerably (improvement rates ranging between 9 and 75 % with standard deviations from residuals between SatGravRET2014 and AntGG gravity ranging between 8 and 25 mGal). For comparison purposes, a degree-2190 GGM was generated based on the year-2001 Bedmap1 (using the ETOPO1 topography) instead of 2013 Bedmap2 topography product. Comparison of both GGMs against AntGG consistently reveals a closer fit over all test areas when Bedmap2 is used. This experiment provides evidence for clear improvements in Bedmap2 topographic information over Bedmap1 at spatial scales of similar to 80-10 km, obtained from independent gravity data used as validation tool. As a general conclusion, our modelling effort fills-in approximation-some gaps in short-scale gravity knowledge over Antarctica and demonstrates the value of the Bedmap2 topography data for short-scale gravity refinement in GGMs. SatGravRET2014 can be used, e.g. as a reference model for future gravity modelling efforts over Antarctica, e.g. as foundation for a combination with the AntGG data set to obtain further improved gravity information.", "label": [4, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "The Letter and Its Response: The Exchanges between the Qara Qoyunlu and the Mamluk Sultan: MS Arabe 4440 (BnF, Paris). In this article, I discuss the issue of letter writing (initial and response) within the Mamluk chancery of Cairo. I base this paper on the study of a sample of letters exchanged between the Qara Qoyunlu governor Pir Budaq (d. 870/1466) and the Mamluk sultan Inal (r.857/1453-865/1461) as preserved in an unpublished munsa' a (MS Arabe 4440, BnF) and containing both the initial letters sent by Pir Budaq and the responses produced by the Egyptian chancery. After briefly presenting the letters and the context of their reception, I focus on their style and the different elements of their structure, going on to compare them to the rules of letter-writing as described in the chancery manuals of the period (i.e. theme, quotation, status). Finally, I address the nature of the Mamluk responses in the framework of the aforementioned debate.In their manuals, chancery scribes often discussed the differences between initial letters (ibtida) and their responses (gawab), yet one question persists: which one was of higher status? Basing their reflections on literary criteria, secretaries were divided. Most of them granted the response more value, since it required greater skill and literary dexterity from its author. While the mubtadi' had the entire choice of terms, structure, and prolixity, the mugib was challenged by the letter's wording. Others, however, considered both tasks equal in difficulty, since all secretaries were required to act as both mubtadi' and mugib. Despite this debate among secretaries, initial letters and responses were different in nature and require distinction.", "label": [3, 31, 33]}
+{"token": "HIGH MITOCHONDRIAL DIVERSITY IN A NEW WATER BEAR SPECIES (TARDIGRADA: EUTARDIGRADA) FROM MOUNTAIN GLACIERS IN CENTRAL ASIA, WITH THE ERECTION OF A NEW GENUS CRYOCONICUS. Glaciers and ice sheets are considered a biome with unique organism assemblages. Tardigrada (water bears) are micrometazoans that play the function of apex consumers on glaciers. Cryoconite samples with the dark-pigmented tardigrade Cryoconicus gen. nov. kaczmareki sp. nov. were collected from four locations on glaciers in China and Kyrgyzstan. The erection of the new genus is based on a unique combination of morphological traits as well as on phylogenetic analyses. The analysis of COI sequences in the new species revealed high genetic differentiation with 9 haplotypes shared among 13 sequenced individuals from three sequenced populations. There was no apparent geographic structure in COI haplotype diversity, which might indicate effective dispersal abilities of the new species. A recovery of numerous live individuals from a sample that was frozen for 11 years suggests high survival rates in the natural environment. The ability to withstand low temperatures, combined with dark pigmentation that is hypothesised to protect from intense UV radiation, could explain how the new taxon is able to dwell in an extreme glacial habitat. We also found that a rare mountain tardigrade Ramazzottius cataphractus (Maucci, 1974) is morphologically similar to the new species, therefore we propose to transfer it to the new genus. Our study indicates that glacier invertebrate fauna is still poorly known and requires intense research.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "More on supersymmetric domain walls, N counting, and glued potentials. Various features of domain walls in supersymmetric gluodynamics are discussed. We give a simple field-theoretic interpretation of the phenomenon of strings ending on the walls recently conjectured by Witten. An explanation of this phenomenon in the framework of gauge field theory is outlined. The phenomenon is argued to be particularly natural in supersymmetric theories which support degenerate vacuum states with distinct physical properties. The issue of the existence (or nonexistence) of the BPS saturated walls in the theories with glued (super)potentials is addressed. The amended Veneziano-Yankielowicz effective Lagrangian belongs to this class. The physical origin of the cusp structure of the effective Lagrangian is revealed, and the limitation it imposes on the calculability of the wall tension is explained. Related problems an considered. In particular, it is shown that the so-called discrete anomaly matching, when properly implemented, does not rule out the chirally symmetric phase of supersymmetric gluodynamics, contrary to recent claims.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "UNITY FOR DEVELOPMENT YOUTH ASSOCIATIONS IN NORTH-WESTERN GHANA. Since the mid-1970s numerous 'youth and development associations', with membership based on origin in a particular territory or on ethnic affiliation, have been founded in northern Ghana. Although they have become significant actors in various political arenas, there has as yet been no research interest-a gap which this article seeks to fill by examining the associations' history, self-image, internal organisation and political as well as cultural dynamic. Taking the example of the north-west, some of the problems typically confronting the youth associations are discussed in detail, for instance the conflicts in creating and delimiting the community whose interests the association seeks to represent to the outside world (territorial versus ethnic boundaries), and the problems of defining the concept of membership (automatic versus voluntary), which reflect the tensions between community and organisation, the grass roots and the educated elite. Because these problems could threaten the very survival of the associations they use up a considerable proportion of their energies in becoming an 'identity' movement, transforming a heterogeneous population group into a self-aware community. The discourses, symbols and rituals connected with this level of action of the youth associations are analysed in the last section of the article.", "label": [5, 56, 52]}
+{"token": "On the energy-minimizing strains in martensitic microstructures-Part 1: Geometrically nonlinear theory. This paper addresses the theoretical prediction of the quasiconvex hull of energy-minimizing strains that can be realized by martensitic microstructures. Polyconvexification and related notions are used to derive some upper bounds (in the sense of inclusion) on the quasiconvex hull. Lower bounds are constructed by lamination techniques. The geometrically nonlinear theory (finite strains) is considered in the present Part 1. Analytical expressions are obtained for a three-well problem which encompasses the cubic to tetragonal transformation as a special case. Twelve-well problems related to cubic to monoclinic transformations are also studied. In that case, sufficient conditions are derived for the microstructure to be restricted to only two of the 12 wells. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "Interface modification of sputtered NiOx as the hole-transporting layer for efficient inverted planar perovskite solar cells. Nickel oxide (NiOx) as a hole-transporting layer (HTL) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been studied extensively in recent years. However, unlike the solution-processed NiOx films, magnetron sputtered NiOx exhibits relatively low conductivity and imperfect band alignment with perovskites, severely limiting the device performance of PSCs. In this study, a synergistically combined strategy consisting of triple interface treatments - including post-annealing, O-2-plasma, and potassium chloride treatments - is employed to modulate the optoelectronic properties of the sputtered NiOx films. Through this approach, we successfully obtained NiOx films with increased carrier density and conductivity, better energy level alignment with the perovskite absorber layer, reduced interface trap density, and improved interfacial charge extraction. PSCs using this modified sputtered NiOx as the HTL deliver a highest stabilized efficiency of 18.7%. Our result offers an alternative method to manipulate sputtered NiOx thin film properties and thereby sheds light on a manufacturing pathway to perovskite solar cells featuring sputtered NiOx HTL.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Effect of Cu addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of In-Sn-based low-temperature alloy. The In-48Sn eutectic alloy has emerged as a favorable solder for flexible electronic devices, owing to its low operating temperature. However, the low strength of In-48Sn eutectic alloy compared with that of other commercial solders affects the product life and limits its use in the device applications. Herein, we studied the effects of xCu addition (x = 1.0, 2.0, and 8.0 wt %) on melting temperature, phase segregation, and mechanical properties of In-Sn alloy. The results revealed that the melting temperatures of the In-Sn-Cu (ISC) alloys were close to that of eutectic In-Sn alloy (115 degrees C) due to the ternary reaction in the ISC alloys. In addition, the initial solidification temperature of the eta-(Cu,In,Sn) compound took place below 400 degrees C, and partial solid-transformation to ternary tau-Cu2In3Sn occurred in the temperature range 83-78 degrees C, owing to the diffusion of Cu-atoms and consumption of the beta-In3Sn phase in the new ISC alloys. The phase segregation affected the phase fraction in the ISC matrix and the mechanical properties of ISC alloys. Furthermore, the In-Sn-1.00u alloy exhibited the highest elongation of 74%, which was more than twice that of In-485n alloy. Simultaneously, the In-Sn-8.00u alloy presented the highest tensile strength of approximately 17.0 MPa, which was 1.5 times that of the In-485n alloy.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Social and Emotional Function of Musical Listening: Reasons for Listening to Music. Findings and Results: Findings revealed that the main reasons for listening to music were enjoyment, emotional mood, peer group, and family. In addition, the majority of students reported that they listen to music between two and nine hours per day. The most preferred genres were rock, jazz, classic, and pop. The least preferred genre was Turkish music. The preferred genres and listening frequencies were found to be different in childhood and in university. In addition, the preferred musical types of the participants were different from those their families preferred.Problem Statement: The reasons that people listen to music have been investigated for many years. Research results over the past 50 years have showed that individual music preference is influenced by multiple factors. Many studies have shown throughout that music has been used to induce emotional states, express, activate, control emotions, relax, and communicate. It can be suggested that asking \\\\'how students shape music in their mind, the importance of music, and which genres they listen to and why\\\\' can help educators achieve their goals more easily.Purpose of Study: This study investigated the involvement of music in the lives of university students; the type of music they listen to in the university and during childhood; why they listen to music; and the emotional and social function of music. Of the students attending different departments of Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Fine Arts, 322 were randomly selected to participate in this study. Open-ended questions were used to reveal their reasons for listening to music and the musical genres they prefer.Method: To reveal how often students listen to music, why they listen to music, and what type of music they listen to during university and childhood, a questionnaire with open-ended questions was used. A content analysis methodology was used to analyze the data.Conclusions and Recommendations: The fact that the participants' preferred genres of music differed during adulthood and childhood and also differed from their families' preferences indicates that the family's role in the development of musical tastes is not significant. Another striking finding is that Turkish music genres are not more popular. This finding can be associated with the fact that music represents social identity. It is seen that Enjoyment and emotional mood were among the main reasons for listening to music.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Vasculitis in Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases. Autoinflammatory diseases (AID) are diseases of the innate immune system, characterized by recurrent episodes of localized or systemic inflammation. Vasculitis may accompany AID. The causes of the association of vasculitis with monogenic AID are still debated. Among the monogenic AID, Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) is the most common. IgA-related vasculitis (IgAV) and Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN) involving small and/or medium-sized vessels have an increased frequency among FMF patients. There are also case reports revealing vasculitic features in Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Fever Syndrome (CAPS), Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Periodic Syndrome (TRAPS), Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency (MKD), also known as Hyper IgD syndrome (HIDS), Deficiency of IL-1 Receptor Antagonist (DIRA) and Pyogenic Arthritis, Pyoderma gangrenosum, and Acne (PAPA) patients. Central nervous system vasculitis and vasculopathy have been reported in DIRA and PAPA patients whereas small vessel involvement affecting skin has been reported in CAPS, TRAPS, and MKD patients. Alternatively, vasculitis can also be a leading feature especially in the recently defined monogenic AID (Otulipenia, Deficiency of Adenosine Deaminase 2-DADA2, Haploinsufficiency of A20) and interferonopathies (STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy-SAVI). DADA2 often presents as a PAN-like disease. In otulipenia, patients have painful subcutaneous nodules caused by septal panniculitis with small and medium vessel vasculitis. Haploinsufficiency of A20 (also called Familial Behcet-like Autoinflammatory Syndrome) results in a phenotype very similar to the variable vessel vasculitis of Behcet's disease with recurrent oral-genital ulcers, in addition to, skin rash, uveitis, and polyarthritis. SAVI is an autoinflammatory vasculopathy with increased Interferon (IFN) signature, causing severe skin lesions resulting in ulceration, necrosis, and in some cases, amputation. Behcet's Disease (BD) is a multifactorial polygenic AID characterized by recurrent attacks of oral-genital ulcers, skin lesions, uveitis and a unique vasculitis affecting both arteries and veins of all sizes. Many clinical features overlap with other autoinflammatory diseases and overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines is an important feature of the disease.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Impact of HEFA Feedstocks on Fuel Composition and Properties in Blends with Jet A. Alternative aviation fuels and their approval process contribute to one of the biggest challenges in deployment of an enhanced volume of aviation fuels. One of the approved fuel blending components is hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFAs) for mixing with petroleum-derived fuel (Jet A/A-1) up to 50 vol %. As the ASTM fuel specification (D7566) is merely based on the performance expected, the final blend concentration of HEFA in Jet A/A-1 can vary depending on the resultant fuel properties. Currently, there is a lack of information on how these properties are affected by the constituent chemical composition. The aim of this study was to compare three HEFAs sourced from different feedstocks (camelina, tallow, and mixed fat) and their blends with Jet A (10-60 vol %) based on the detailed chemical composition. The chemical composition was obtained using two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometry and flame ionization detector. The properties of interest were the distillation profile, density, viscosity, flash point, freezing point, and net heat of combustion. The key observation was that the distillation profile had the main impact on the final fuel properties. Additionally, the selection of the feedstock or the process conditions yielding an end HEFA composition can adversely affect properties, such as viscosity and/or freezing point.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Estimates and Determinants of SARS-Cov-2 Seroprevalence and Infection Fatality Ratio Using Latent Class Analysis: The Population-Based Tirschenreuth Study in the Hardest-Hit German County in Spring 2020. SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality ratios (IFR) remain controversially discussed with implications for political measures. The German county of Tirschenreuth suffered a severe SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in spring 2020, with particularly high case fatality ratio (CFR). To estimate seroprevalence, underreported infections, and IFR for the Tirschenreuth population aged >= 14 years in June/July 2020, we conducted a population-based study including home visits for the elderly, and analyzed 4203 participants for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies via three antibody tests. Latent class analysis yielded 8.6% standardized county-wide seroprevalence, a factor of underreported infections of 5.0, and 2.5% overall IFR. Seroprevalence was two-fold higher among medical workers and one third among current smokers with similar proportions of registered infections. While seroprevalence did not show an age-trend, the factor of underreported infections was 12.2 in the young versus 1.7 for >= 85-year-old. Age-specific IFRs were <0.5% below 60 years of age, 1.0% for age 60-69, and 13.2% for age 70+. Senior care homes accounted for 45% of COVID-19-related deaths, reflected by an IFR of 7.5% among individuals aged 70+ and an overall IFR of 1.4% when excluding senior care home residents from our computation. Our data underscore senior care home infections as key determinant of IFR additionally to age, insufficient targeted testing in the young, and the need for further investigations on behavioral or molecular causes of the fewer infections among current smokers.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Literature-related discovery (LRD): Methodology. Literature-related discovery (LRD) is linking two or more literature concepts that have heretofore not been linked (i.e., disjoint), in order to produce novel, interesting, plausible, and intelligible knowledge. LRD has two components: Literature-based discovery (LBD) generates potential discovery through literature analysis alone, whereas literature-assisted discovery (LAD) generates potential discovery through a combination of literature analysis and interactions among selected literature authors. In turn, there are two types of LBD and LAD: open discovery systems (ODS), where one starts with a problem and arrives at a solution, and closed discovery systems (CDS), where one starts with a problem and a solution, then determines the mechanism(s) that links them.The generic methodology for identifying potential discovery candidates through ODS LRD, focusing mainly on its ODS LBD component, is described in this paper. A comprehensive flow chart showing the details of our systematic potential discovery generation process, including the evolution of the flow chart steps through each of the studies performed, is presented. Also shown is a vetting procedure that insures potential discoveries claimed are potential discoveries realized. The semantic filters that replace the numerical filters of other ODS LBD approaches are overviewed. The rationale for addressing the five topics studied (Raynaud's Phenomenon (RP), Cataracts, Parkinson's Disease (PD), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Water Purification (WP)) is summarized. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48, 52]}
+{"token": "Presentation to the Dossier History of Crime, Prevention and Punishment. The historiography of violent crime has had a great development in last decades, as much in American continent as in Europe. Exceptions like United States, Latin America and some European regions, have created doubts about generalizations than assume the accuracy of the theory of civilizing process inherited from Norbert Elias sociology, which could explain the decreasing trend of criminal violence since the Middle Ages. In this essay some ideas has presented about this debate, as well as a short balance of Latin American studies about the topic, that in some way has been outside of long term perspectives. Finally, its doing a call to fill the lacuna in quantitative studies and make a review of criminality from a long term perspective that could connect today increasing of violent crime with an historical trend and even propose resolution options to this trouble.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Columnar Structures from Asymmetrically Tapered Biphenylamide. An asymmetrically tapered N,N'-tris[[(2-dodecylaminocarbonyl)ethyl]methyl]-4-biphenylamide (asym-C(12)PhA, where n is the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chains,n = 12) was newly designed and synthesized. In this asymmetrically tapered asym-C(12)PhA biphenylamide, H-bondable hydrophilic amide moieties are located at between a rigid hydrophobic biphenyl rod and three flexible hydrophobic alkyl chains. Computer energy minimization indicated that three-dimensional (3D) geometry of asym-C(12)PhA biphenylamide looks like a cone with dimensions of 3.01 nm in height and 1.44 nm in bottom radius. Phase transitions and supramolecular structures were identified utilizing the combined techniques of differential scanning calorimetry, ID wide-angle X-ray diffraction (1D WAXD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and solid-state C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. The asym-C12PhA self-assembled into a highly ordered columnar mesophase just below the isotropization temperature and then transformed to 3D columnar crystalline phase (Phi(Cr)) on further cooling. Selected area electron diffractions in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) along with I D WAXD and cross-polarized optical microscopy suggested that discotic building blocks were constructed by rotating 120 degrees of three asym-C(12)PhA with respect to neighboring ones and the tmb (top-middle-bottom) stacked discotic building blocks further self-organized into columns. These columns are laterally intercalated to form the Phi(Cr), phase. On the basis of the TEM image and polyethylene surface decoration technology, it was identified that the self-assembled asym-C(12)PhA fibers with similar to 1 mu m in diameter and several millimeters in length were braids of tiny single crystals.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Survival strategies of Dalbulus maidis during maize off-season in Brazil. Despite the importance of Dalbulus maidis (DeLong & Wolcott) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) as a vector of maize-stunting pathogens, it is not understood how this leafhopper survives the maize off-season in regions where overwintering hosts do not occur. We investigated migration and the use of alternate hosts as possible survival mechanisms for D.maidis during maize off-season in Brazil. Dalbulus maidis populations were monitored with yellow sticky cards for 1629months in Anastacio (Mato Grosso do Sul State), in two farms with perennial pastures (Pasture1 and Pasture2), where maize had not been planted for >5years, in a subsistence farm >20km distant, where maize was annually planted (spring) (Maize1), and in Piracicaba (SAo Paulo State), where maize was grown year round (Maize2). RAPD-PCR analysis of leafhoppers sampled on maize in two plots (Maize1 and Pasture1) at 1520 and 110120days after germination was performed. Dalbulus maidis was trapped in the maize plots of all areas, but not in weedy or woody vegetation adjacent to the plots. Higher numbers were trapped throughout the year in Piracicaba, where maize was continuously grown under irrigation, and in the subsistence farm of Anastacio, where volunteer maize plants were available for long periods in the maize off-season. In Anastacio farms, some population peaks were recorded in the absence of maize from midwinter to early spring, especially after soil plowing. RAPD-PCR analysis showed that D.maidis populations sampled were genetically similar. Our data suggest that D.maidis uses a mixed strategy to survive the over-season period in Brazil, in which part of the population overwinters locally on volunteer maize plants or nearby irrigated maize crops, whereas the other individuals migrate to colonize new maize crops in distant areas or regions. We hypothesize that immigrant D.maidis uses the contrast between plowed and vegetated soil as a visual cue for locating new maize crops.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "What did you do in the war? Revisiting the WW2 memoirs of Stoker Thomas Mouat Tate. 'To write history and to live history are two very different things', said Marc Bloch in 1943. In this paper, the Second World War reminiscences of an anti-hero sailor are interpreted according to Bloch's credo: 'there should be heretics', and an approach to historical interpretation is tested through the fictocritical ethnographic moves of Michael Taussig, Stephen Muecke and the life-writing of Bart Moore-Gilbert. An unpublished autobiographical manuscript, telling tales of warships and A.W.O.L. adventures in North Africa and across the Mediterranean, is annotated according to contemporary concerns, in the era of permanent war, with an 'ethnographic' revisiting practice permitting meditations on camouflage, souvenirs, diaries, memory, slavery, writing and history.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 31]}
+{"token": "Hedge fund activism, CEO turnover and compensation. This paper examines the governance role of hedge fund activists by analyzing the impact of these activists on CEO turnover, CEO pay, and CEO pay-performance link in targeted companies. Using the difference-in-difference approach, we first find significantly higher CEO turnover following hedge fund activism. After we split target companies into the CEO-turnover and non-CEO-turnover sub-samples, we find that only new CEOs in targeted companies get more compensation following hedge fund activism while incumbent CEO pay does not significantly change. The relationship between CEO bonuses and return on assets following hedge fund activism also differs across the subsamples split by CEO turnover. Pay-performance relationship is enhanced by hedge fund activism for new CEOs, but not for incumbent CEOs. In additional analyses, we document that CEO turnover is positively associated with Tobin's Q and shareholder votes on Say on Pay in target companies after hedge fund activism. Published by Elsevier Inc.", "label": [5, 48, 51]}
+{"token": "An Overview of German Academia at the beginning of the 20th Century: The case of Ernst Cassirer in the Briefwechsel of Edmund Husserl. An Overview of German Academia at the Beginning of the 20th Century: The Case of Ernst Cassirer in the Briefwechsel of Edmund Husserl. The article aims to reconstruct the relationship between Edmund Husserl and Ernst Cassirer from an academic perspective. The source of this enquiry is Husserl's Briefwechsel, but as well as the epistolary exchange between the two authors, also the letters in which Cassirer is mentioned are taken into account. The Author thus brings to light the academic connections that linked the German universities into a complex system, in which the young Cassirer tried to find his place. The result of this study is to give a perspective on Cassirer's career seen from the point of view of the phenomenologist that shows the role played by Husserl in the academic path of the Neo-Kantian philosopher. On the other hand, the exchange provides an insight into the double-edged relation of proximity and distance between the two philosophers.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Disruption of Saturn's quasi-periodic equatorial oscillation by the great northern storm. The equatorial middle atmospheres of the Earth(1), Jupiter(2) and Saturnm all exhibit a remarkably similar phenomenon a vertical, cyclic pattern of alternating temperatures and zonal (east-west) wind regimes that propagate slowly downwards with a well-defined multi-year period. Earth's quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) (observed in the lower stratospheric winds with an average period of 28 months) is one of the most regular, repeatable cycles exhibited by our climate system(1,5,6), and yet recent work has shown that this regularity can be disrupted by events occurring far away from the equatorial region, an example of a phenomenon known as atmospheric teleconnection2,2. Here, we reveal that Saturn's equatorial quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) (with an-15-year period(3,9)) can also be dramatically perturbed. An intense springtime storm erupted at Saturn's northern mid-latitudes in December 2010(10-12), spawning a gigantic hot vortex in the stratosphere at 40 N that persisted for three years(13). Far from the storm, the Cassini temperature measurements showed a dramatic similar to 10 K cooling in the 0.5-5 mbar range across the entire equatorial region, disrupting the regular QPO pattern and significantly altering the middle-atmospheric wind structure, suggesting an injection of westward momentum into the equatorial wind system from waves generated by the northern storm. Hence, as on Earth, meteorological activity at mid-latitudes can have a profound effect on the regular atmospheric cycles in Saturn's tropics, demonstrating that waves can provide horizontal teleconnections between the phenomena shaping the middle atmospheres of giant planets.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Round-Robin Modelling of the Load-bearing Capacity of Slender Columns by Using Classical and Advanced Non-linear Numerical and Analytical Prediction Tools. Non-linear finite element analyses have intrinsic model and user factors that influence the results of the analyses. However, non-linear finite element analysis can provide a tool to assess safety using realistic descriptions of material behaviour with actual material properties. A realistic estimation of the existing safety and capacity of slender column elements can be achieved by means of \\\\'true\\\\' material properties. Nevertheless, it seems that for some structural components, such as slender columns, non-linear finite element analyses can, due to its complexity and its various setting parameters, cause the risk of overestimating the real performance of analysed components or systems. Hence, an invited expert group has carried out an investigation into the experimental testing and the prediction of the bearing capacity of slender columns by performing independent non-linear finite element analyses in order to determine the practical applicability, and its inconsistencies, with respect to the stability failure of slender columns. This work aims the characterization of modelling uncertainties, concerning the prediction of slender columns stability when forecasted by non-linear finite element analysis.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "Effects of Heating Time and Temperature on Functional Properties of Proteins of Yellow Mealworm Larvae (Tenebrio molitor L.). Although the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) is a promising alternative protein source, the effects of processing conditions on functional properties are unclear. In this study, a protein extract of yellow mealworm larvae (PEYM) was subjected to different heat temperature (55 degrees C, 75 degrees C, and 95 degrees C) with different time (20, 40, and 60 min) to evaluate the functional properties and protein oxidation. Different heat temperature treatment significantly affected the exposure of surface hydrophobicity of the proteins and protein molecule aggregation, which reached maximum levels at 95 degrees C for 60 min. Protein oxidation was inversely proportional to the temperature. Both the highest carbonyl value (1.49 nmol/mg protein) and lowest thiol value (22.94 nmol/mg protein) were observed at 95 degrees C for 60 min. The heating time-temperature interaction affected several functional properties, including solubility, emulsifying potential, and gel strength (GS). Solubility decreased near the isoelectric point (pH 5 to 6). As the temperature and heating time increased, emulsifying properties decreased and GS increased. The oil absorption capacity and foaming properties decreased and the water absorption capacity increased. These results confirmed that PEYM is a suitable source of proteins for processing and applications in the food industry.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Exchange rate risk management: What can we learn from financial crises?. Since most present studies on exchange rate risk have pointed out that it does exist, firms need to hedge all currencies in use. However, by examining the discrepancy between cost-side and revenue-side exposures across two major financial crises for Taiwanese firms, we find that the exposure mainly comes from the revenue side during the subprime crisis, while that comes from the cost side during the Asian crisis. Our results offer an applicable implication that as long as the cost-based or revenue-based hedging strategy can acquire same hedging benefit and effectively reduce hedging cost (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Stratigraphic landscape analysis: Charting the holocene movements of the Nile at Karnak through ancient Egyptian time. Geological analysis of 5-10-m-long sediment cores in the context of the anthropologically derived materials within them has allowed us to identify ancient landscape features in the Theban area around Luxor, Egypt. From these observations we propose a sequence of island formation and northwestward movement of the Nile from the Middle Kingdom onward in the area of the temple complexes of Karnak. The geoarchaeological techniques used appear to document the Holocene lateral migration and vertical aggradation of the Nile. Our method can be used to test postulated movements and is applicable to sites in river or coastal plains where sediments were being deposited during the occupation of the site. The sediments were sieved to retrieve sherds and numerous other small items (2 mm and larger), which included worked stone fragments, rootlet concretions (rhizocretions), desert polished sand grains, and occasionally beads. The small stone fragments can be correlated with buildings and sherds of known age within the site, while the rhizocretions and desert sand grains indicate environmental conditions prevailing at the time of deposition. (c) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [3, 4, 38, 30]}
+{"token": "ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND ECONOMIC THEORY: INTEGRATION FOR POLICY-RELEVANT RESEARCH. It has become essential in policy and decision-making circles to think about the economic benefits (in addition to moral and scientific motivations) humans derive from well-functioning ecosystems. The concept of ecosystem services has been developed to address this link between ecosystems and human welfare. Since policy decisions are often evaluated through cost -benefit assessments, an economic analysis can help make ecosystem service research operational. In this paper we provide some simple economic analyses to discuss key concepts involved in formalizing ecosystem service research. These include the distinction between services and bene. ts, understanding the importance of marginal ecosystem changes, formalizing the idea of a safe minimum standard for ecosystem service provision, and discussing how to capture the public bene. ts of ecosystem services. We discuss how the integration of economic concepts and ecosystem services can provide policy and decision makers with a fuller spectrum of information for making conservation -conversion trade-offs. We include the results from a survey of the literature and a questionnaire of researchers regarding how ecosystem service research can be integrated into the policy process. We feel this discussion of economic concepts will be a practical aid for ecosystem service research to become more immediately policy relevant.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 52]}
+{"token": "Leaving the Lectures Behind: Using Community-Engaged Learning in Research Methods Classes to Teach about Sustainability. This article explores the outcomes of using community-engaged learning in a sustainability-focused social sciences research course titled Methods of Social Research. The integrated components of the course were designed to teach students about the research process while addressing sustainability issues at Utah State University. Throughout the course, students learned how to collect, analyze, and interpret data; work in research teams; write a grant; and write and present a final research paper. Student sustainability surveys and the final course evaluation were used to analyze student learning outcomes. We found that students demonstrated increased confidence in collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data and an improved effectiveness and enjoyment in working in teams toward a final product. Students also exhibited their knowledge of small- and large-scale sustainability challenges as well as a decisiveness in answering questions related to sustainability. These outcomes resulted in heightened student self-efficacy and critical thinking skills when performing research and engaging with issues related to sustainability.", "label": [5, 53, 57]}
+{"token": "Plasma prolactin and corticosterone concentrations are changing toward hatch with a different manner between layer- and broiler-type chickens. Plasma Prolactin (PRL) and Corticosterone (CORT) concentrations in broiler- and layer-type chickens were compared during embryonic development (14 and 18 days of incubation (E14 and E18)) and at hatch (P0). Plasma PRL concentrations were comparable and kept low in both types during embryonic development, but the value sharply increased at P0 with special reference to layers. Plasma CORT concentrations were similar and gradually increased toward P0 in both types and the values in layers were higher than in broilers at P0. The results obtained here suggest that plasma PRL and CORT concentrations were influenced by genetic selection just after hatching, but not during embryonic development.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "On the unprofitability of buyer groups when sellers compete. We study how the formation of a buyer group affects buyer power when sellers compete and buyers operate in separate markets. Previous research (Inderst and Shaffer, 2007, and Dana, 2012) has considered a buyer group that can commit to an exclusive purchase and has found that the formation of a buyer group strictly increases buyer power unless buyers have identical preferences. In contrast, we assume that no commitment to exclusive purchases is possible. We find that the formation of a buyer group has no effect if each seller's cost function is concave. If it is strictly convex, the buyer group strictly reduces the buyers' total payoff as long as the Pareto-dominant equilibrium for sellers is played when a buyer group is formed. (C) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Automated hematologic analysis of bone marrow aspirate samples from healthy Beagle dogs. BackgroundInterpretation of bone marrow (BM) smears typically is comprised of qualitative assessment and differential counting of cells. Analysis of BM fluid with automated hematology analyzers may provide rapid characterization of cells to supplement microscopic interpretation.ObjectivesThe purpose of the study was to examine the practicality and utility of analyzing BM samples in the Advia 2120 hematology analyzer; to determine if results correlate with smear assessment; and to establish descriptive statistics from hematologically normal and clinically healthy Beagle dogs.MethodsAnticoagulated BM aspirates from 3 different sites of 26 adult Beagle dogs were collected. BM samples were analyzed in the Advia 2120, and numerical results were correlated with microscopic assessment of corresponding BM smears. Results from automated analyses and manual 500-cell differential counts were statistically analyzed.ResultsForty-six samples were suitable for complete analysis. Results were available in approximately 2 (Advia) and 30 (stained and cover-slipped smear) minutes. Advia nucleated cell concentration was significantly correlated with microscopic assessment of smear particle number and smear cellularity. Significant correlations were also identified for Advia percent neutrophils with segmented, band and metamylocyte neutrophils, Advia percent lymphocytes with rubricytes, and Advia percent large unstained cells (LUC) with myeloblasts and promyelocytes.ConclusionsAutomated analysis of BM aspirates was practicable, although techniques to obtain cellular samples and avoid clot formation could be improved. Automated analysis may provide rapid and useful preliminary information regarding sample cellularity, and granulocytic and erythrocytic components. Automated analysis should not supplant microscopic assessment, but may be a useful adjunct.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is part of the lipopolysaccharide 'sensing apparatus. Recognition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by the innate immune system involves at least three receptor molecules: CD14, TLR4 and MD-2. Additional receptor components such as heat shock proteins, chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), or CD55 have been suggested to be part of this activation cluster; possibly acting as additional LPS transfer molecules. Our group has previously identified CXCR4 as a component of the \\\\'LPS-sensing apparatus\\\\'. In this study we aimed to elucidate the role that CXCR4 plays in innate immune responses to LPS. Here we demonstrate that CXCR4 transfection results in responsiveness to LPS. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy experiments further showed that LPS directly interacts with CXCR4. Our data suggest that CXCR4 is not only involved in LPS binding but is also responsible for triggering signalling, especially mitogen-activated protein kinases in response to LPS. Finally, co-clustering of CXCR4 with other LPS receptors seems to be crucial for LPS signalling, thus suggesting that CXCR4 is a functional part of the multimeric LPS \\\\'sensing apparatus\\\\'.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Opioid agonist treatment (OAT) experiences and release plans among federally incarcerated individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) in Ontario, Canada: a mixed-methods study. Background Incarcerated populations experience an elevated prevalence of opioid use disorder (OUD). Federal correctional institutions in Canada have increasingly treated OUD among correctional populations via opioid agonist treatment (OAT) - an evidence based pharmacotherapy that works to reduce drug use and related health harms. However, there is limited evidence regarding incarcerated individuals' experiences with institutional-based OAT, as well potential OAT-related community release prospects. This information is important for optimal treatment retention and improved health. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a longitudinal follow-up study examining OAT-related experiences among federally incarcerated individuals before and after community release. This article focuses on the baseline (pre-release) data. Methods This mixed-methods study examined OAT-related experiences and release prospects among n = 46 individuals scheduled for community release, recruited from seven federal prisons located in Ontario, Canada. Participants underwent a comprehensive interviewer-administered on-site assessment, including quantitative and qualitative items. Assessment data was furthermore linked to administrative correctional data. Data were analyzed using thematic qualitative and descriptive quantitative approaches. Results Participants had complex histories with opioid use including related negative health outcomes. Experiences with institutional OAT were divergent and provision was not standardized; those with OAT engagement pre-admission did not experience many challenges, whereas those initiating OAT during incarceration experienced barriers such as treatment waitlists and adverse process experiences. Most participants expressed a preference for buprenorphine-naloxone over methadone, but described difficulties accessing it. Participants were keen to transition into community-based treatment, yet envisaged prospective barriers and facilitators concerning successful reintegration and treatment continuity. Conclusions Major barriers towards the current administration of OAT in federal correctional systems in Canada exist, including extensive waitlists, non-standardized practices, and challenges accessing preferred OAT formulations; this contributes to sub-optimal treatment. Eliminating waitlists, standardizing OAT provision, providing additional OAT options, and more comprehensive release planning may be essential for treatment retention and positive outcomes.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Augmented inverse probability weighted fractional imputation in quantile regression. By employing all the observed information and the optimal augmentation term, we propose an augmented inverse probability weighted fractional imputation method (AFI) to handle covariates missing at random in quantile regression. Compared with the existing completely case analysis, inverse probability weighting, multiple imputation and fractional imputation based on quantile regression model with missing covarites, we carry out simulation study to investigate its performance in estimation accuracy and efficiency, computational efficiency and estimation robustness. We also talk about the influence of imputation replicates in our AFI. Finally, we apply our methodology to part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 41]}
+{"token": "Advancing destination image: The destination content model. Knowledge of the mental representations that individuals hold about tourist destinations are important to understand their intentions. These mental destination representations have often been investigated by applying the concept of destination image. This study argues that the extant literature is often rather atheoretical and lacks operational rigor. These are major shortcomings which undoubtedly hinder the development of academic and managerial insights. In response, this study draws on contemporary psychology to develop the destination content model, comprising three informational components held in individuals' minds about destinations. The present study further outlines preferable methods and measures for each component, thus aiding researchers to investigate mental destination representations. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
+{"token": "Quasi-Monte Carlo simulation of differential equations. We are interested in the numerical solution of the ordinary differential equation y'(t) = f(t, y(t)) when f is smooth in y but lacks regularity in t. We describe a family of methods akin to the Runge-Kutta family. It involves Monte Carlo simulation of integrals. We focus on third-order schemes which use random samples in dimension three. We give error bounds in terms of the step size and the discrepancy of the set used for the Monte Carlo approximations. We solve a model problem in which f undergoes rapid time variations. It is shown for this example that, by using a quasi-random point set in place of pseudo-random samples, we are able to obtain reduced errors.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Onychophagia (Nail Biting): A Body Focused Repetitive Behavior due to Psychiatric Co-morbidity. Onychophagia is an habit of biting one's nails and finger tips. It is also called nail biting (NB). It is a stress relieving oral habit adopted by many children and adults. People usually do it when they are nervous, stressed, hungry or bored. All the above situations are having a common phenomenon between them which is anxiety. Here, we present a case of onychophagia (NB), who had psychiatric comorbidity. Onychophagia cannot be managed without considering some related factors such as comorbidities, precedent and consequences of the behavior. The best way to treat a nail biter is to educate them, encourage good habits and should provide emotional support and encouragement. Behavior modification therapy has proved to be a successful means of treatment along with drug management.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "A Review on Research Progress in Plasma-Controlled Superwetting Surface Structure and Properties. Superwetting surface can be divided into (super) hydrophilic surface and (super) hydrophobic surface. There are many methods to control superwetting surface, among which plasma technology is a safe and convenient one. This paper first summarizes the plasma technologies that control the surface superwettability, then analyzes the influencing factors from the micro point of view. After that, it focuses on the plasma modification methods that change the superwetting structure on the surface of different materials, and finally, it states the specific applications of the superwetting materials. In a word, the use of plasma technology to obtain a superwetting surface has a wide application prospect.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Texture formation in chemical vapor deposition of Ti(C,N). The growth mechanism of Ti(C,N) coatings produced by chemical vapor deposition was investigated as a function of the TiCl4/CH3CN molar ratio in excess of H-2. The depositions were carried out at a total pressure of 8 kPa, using single crystalline (0 0 l) alpha-Al2O3 substrates. The Ti(C,N) coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The investigated coatings were between 6 and 13 mu m thick. The reaction orders of TiCl4 CH3CN were determined to 0 and 1, respectively, showing that CH3CN is the rate-determining reactant.The preferred orientation of the deposited Ti(C,N) was investigated, showing that molar ratios TiCl4 /CH3CN higher than 2.5 lead to < 2 1 1 >/< 3 1 1 > oriented coatings. A formation mechanism for the < 2 1 1 >/< 3 1 1 > orientations is suggested. Such high ratios lead to the formation of Ti {1 1 1} twinning planes, which provide surface sites that can facilitate fast dissociation of the strong cyanide bond, and thereby cause faster growth in the < 2 1 1 >/< 3 1 1 > directions. Coatings deposited at lower molar ratios show a pronounced < 1 1 1 > out-of-plane orientation, characterized by a {1 1 1} rocking curve yielding values for full width at half maximum (FWHM) below 0.5 degrees.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Echoes of 'Exiled' Nabokov and Pamuk in Murmures a Beyoglu: Istanbul as a Border Chronotrope. Murmures a Beyoglu by David Boratav, winner of the Prix Gironde Nouvelles Ecritures (2009), is a transcultural and postmodern novel, influenced by the writings of Nabokov and Pamuk, namely The Real Life of Sebastian Knight (1941) and Lolita (1955), and Istanbul (2003). This paper identifies various guises in which the omnipresence of the work and personality of Nabokov and Pamuk manifest themselves in Boratav's first novel, which I interpret as a noteworthy homage to the former. The essay argues, moreover, that thanks to their influence, Boratav's work acquires a unique dimension, via its highly original and complex portrait of Istanbul, that places it on a par with that of the masters. This tribute to both writers results in a book in which the main character's wanderings, characterised by a paradigmatic in-between-ness, portray an Istanbul I define as a 'border chronotrope'.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Laser ultrasonic chirp sources for low damage and high detectability without loss of temporal resolution. Linear frequency-modulated (chirped) acoustic signals have been generated using a pulsed laser spatially modulated by an absorption mask at the surface of a test material. By distributing the laser energy over an area, instead of focusing it to a point or line source, the peak power density of the laser source can be kept below the damage threshold of the material. The corresponding chirped ultrasonic surface wave packet produced by the source, although extended in time, is detected and processed using a matched filtering technique which compresses the packet into a pulse, thus preserving temporal resolution for accurate time-of-flight measurements. Matched filter processing of the chirped wave packet has been compared with the same processing applied to a narrow-band tone burst wave packet. Processing of the chirped signal permits easy separation of overlapped return echoes which could not be resolved when narrow-band signals were used. Finally, by compressing the energy within a chirped signal to a single detection spike, an apparent 15-fold enhancement in signal-to-noise ratio is observed. (C) 1997 Acoustical Society of America.", "label": [3, 4, 35, 28]}
+{"token": "Incentives, time use and BMI: The roles of eating, grazing and goods. In the 2006-2007 American Time Use Survey and its Eating and Health Module over half of adults report grazing (secondary eating/drinking) on a typical day, with grazing time almost equaling primary eating/drinking time. An economic model predicts that higher wage rates (price of time) will lead to substitution of grazing for primary eating/drinking, especially by raising the number of,grazing intervals relative to meals. This prediction is confirmed in these data. Eating meals more frequently is associated with lower BMI and better self-reported health, as is grazing more frequently. Food purchases are positively related to time spent eating-substitution of goods for time is difficult-but are lower when eating time is spread over more meals. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 49, 24]}
+{"token": "Toxoplasmosis in the Eastern Grey Kangaroo, Macropus giganteus and the Cape Hyrax, Procavis capensis in Japan. Toxoplasmosis was investigated in an eastern grey kangaroo, Macropus giganteus, and four cape hyraxes, Procavia capensis, in a Japanese zoo. Clinically, the kangaroo showed neurological signs, emaciation, diarrhea, elevated AST and CK, and subjected to coma before death. One young cape hyrax had severe anorexia, while the other three died without exhibiting clinical signs. Grossly, lungs of the kangaroo were dark red in color, while hyraxes, besides, showed hepatic multifocal white foci, and intestinal multifocal hemorrhages. Histologically, the kangaroo had frequent Toxoplasma gondii pseudocysts in brain, heart and skeletal muscles. All hyraxes had multifocal necrosis with cysts containing numerous bradyzoites in liver and spleen, along with necrotic gastroenteritis and intestinal hemorrhages. Immunohistochemically, cysts showed positive reaction to anti-T. gondii antibodies. These findings indicate possible outbreaks of toxoplasmosis in eastern grey kangaroos and cape hyraxes, zoo habitants; therefore, they could be susceptible intermediate hosts for T. gondii in terms of zoonosis. This is the first report of toxoplasmosis in eastern grey kangaroos and cape hyraxes in Japanese zoos. (C) 2013 PVJ. All rights reserved", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Seasonal genotype dynamics of a marine dinoflagellate: Pelagic populations are homogeneous and as diverse as benthic seed banks. Genetic diversity is the basis for evolutionary adaptation and selection under changing environmental conditions. Phytoplankton populations are genotypically diverse, can become genetically differentiated within small spatiotemporal scales and many species form resting stages. Resting stage accumulations in sediments (seed banks) are expected to serve as reservoirs for genetic information, but so far their role in maintaining phytoplankton diversity and in evolution has remained unclear. In this study we used the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Dinophyceae) as a model organism to investigate if (i) the benthic seed bank is more diverse than the pelagic population and (ii) the pelagic population is seasonally differentiated. Resting stages (benthic) and plankton (pelagic) samples were collected at a coastal bloom site in the Baltic Sea, followed by cell isolation and genotyping using microsatellite markers (MS) and restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RAD). High clonal diversity (98%-100%) combined with intermediate to low gene diversity (0.58-0.03, depending on the marker) was found. Surprisingly, the benthic and pelagic fractions of the population were equally diverse, and the pelagic fraction was temporally homogeneous, despite seasonal fluctuation of environmental selection pressures. The results of this study suggest that continuous benthic-pelagic coupling, combined with frequent sexual reproduction, as indicated by persistent linkage equilibrium, prevent the dominance of single clonal lineages in a dynamic environment. Both processes harmonize the pelagic with the benthic population and thus prevent seasonal population differentiation. At the same time, frequent sexual reproduction and benthic-pelagic coupling maintain high clonal diversity in both habitats.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
+{"token": "Effect of measurement temperature on power transformer insulation diagnosis using frequency-domain spectroscopy. Frequency-domain spectroscopy (FDS) is a widely accepted method for the estimation of moisture content in oil-paper insulation of power transformer. Researchers have shown that measurement temperature is an important factor that not only shifts the tan curve both horizontally and vertically with respect to frequency axis but also affects the value of paper-moisture content of transformer insulation. This implies FDS data measured at different temperatures yields different results even if the insulation under consideration remains more or less unaffected. Availability and construction of master curve for in-service real-life units might not always be available. This study proposes a method that is capable of predicting the profile of tan curve at different measurement temperatures. Existing expressions available for predicting paper-moisture does not consider the effect of change in measurement temperature. This study also proposes modification of existing expression to predict the moisture content of insulation paper at any measurement temperature. In addition, this study outlines a method to evaluate the value of activation energy (E-a) from the insulation response. The discussed technique is first tested successfully on data recorded from a laboratory sample. Thereafter, the method is applied on data collected from a real-life power transformer.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Theories and Practice on Policy Communication. This chapter discusses the leading theories on communications that are attuned to and utilised by developed nations for a market-driven economy. Many of these theories are based on European, British and American literature where practice and performance are closely linked to global standards of communication. It intertwines these theories with local examples. Practitioners can apply these theories to the execution of their public policies.", "label": [5, 52, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "Record of Holocene aridification (6000-7000 BP) in Egypt (NE Africa): Authigenic carbonate minerals from laminated sediments in Lake Qarun. The arid conditions in which the carbonate minerals were formed could correspond to the aridification period of the North East Africa between ca 6000-8500 BP due to the north-south shifts of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) that control the evaporation/precipitation balance over North East Africa and/or to dry climate and desert environment conditions in Egypt at the same period. These results are also consistent with the aridification conditions during the mid-late Holocene, suggesting its global trend. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.The origin and climate implications of authigenic carbonate minerals from Lake Qarun, Egypt, were examined in relation to the mid late Holocene climate changes. These minerals occur as very thin (0.5-3 mm), very fine, well-sorted, white to pale yellow aragonite or calcite laminae intercalated with olive green clayey silt with sharp and horizontal contacts. Under the scanning electron microscope (SEM), aragonite appears as dense euhedral and ellipsoidal (rice-grained) crystals that range in length from 0.5 to 1 micron and in width from 0.2 to 0.5 micron. The calcite crystals are stubby, equant or blocky polyhedra of about 5 microns in length.delta O-18 values range between 2.7 parts per thousand and 3.7 parts per thousand for the calcite and between 2.1 parts per thousand and 6 parts per thousand for the aragonite. delta C-13 values range between 0.4 parts per thousand and 1 parts per thousand for the calcite and between 0.5 parts per thousand and 3.4 parts per thousand for the aragonite. Avery strong positive correlation is observed between carbon and oxygen isotopes for the aragonite (r(2) = 0.9) and a more moderate positive correlation with calcite (r2 = 0.6).The complete absence of biological and other no-carbonate grains, the sharp contacts of laminae basal, and the occurrence of calcite and aragonite as individual euhedral crystals, rather than clusters of grain aggregation, indicate that aragonite and calcite layers represent rapid inorganic precipitation from the lake water (endogenic). The positive values of delta O-18 and delta C-13 and the strong positive correlation between delta O-18 and delta C-13 suggest prevalence of a low lake level, saline, and dry climatic conditions during their formation. The change from calcite to aragonite indicates a change in the formational conditions from less arid conditions in the case of calcite to severe arid conditions in the case of aragonite. The relative abundance of diatoms in calcite-rich laminae and the less strong positive correlation between delta O-18 and delta C-13 of calcite support this interpretation.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Spatiotemporal Analysis on the Teleconnection of ENSO and IOD to the Stream Flow Regimes in Java, Indonesia. While many studies on the relationship between climate modes and rainfall in Indonesia already exist, studies targeting climate modes' relationship to streamflow remain rare. This study applied multiple regression (MR) models with polynomial functions to show the teleconnection from the two prominent climate modes-El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)-to streamflow regimes in eight rivers in Java, Indonesia. Our MR models using data from 1970 to 2018 successfully show that the September-November (SON) season provides the best predictability of the streamflow regimes. It is also found that the predictability in 1970-1989 was better than that in 1999-2018. This suggests that the relationships between the climate modes and streamflow in Java were changed over periods, which is suspected due to the river basin development. Hence, we found no clear spatial distribution patterns of the predictability, suggesting that the effect of ENSO and IOD are similar for the eight rivers. Additionally, the predictability of the high flow index has been found higher than the low flow index. Having elucidated the flow regimes' predictability by spatiotemporal analysis, this study gives new insight into the teleconnection of ENSO and IOD to the Indonesian streamflow.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Influence of harbour construction on mud accumulation in the Scheldt estuary. The mud stock in the river channel decreased over the years because of a decreasing mud supply from the river The mud stock in the fiver channel shows variations that are directly related to fluctuations in the river load. When the suspended matter decreased during a certain year the supply of silt and clay particles decreased correspondingly and the resuspension-deposition mechanism caused a relative increase of the sand fraction in the bottom sediments in that yearThe bottom sediments of the turbidity maximum area of the Scheldt estuary were mapped in 1999 using echo sounding, sidescan sonar and grain-size analyses of bottom sediments. Four sediment types, sand, muddy sand, sandy mud and mud were recognised. Mud, with very little sand, occurs mainly in the access channels to the sluices giving access to the harbour docks of Antwerp. The sediments of the main channel have a sandier texture. One might conclude that the total mud stock in the middle estuary has increased, both between 1964-1986 and 1986-1999, but on the contrary the mud supply from the river the mud stock in the river channel and the mud supply to the lower estuary have all decreased. The increase in the mud stock in the area as a whole was completely at the expense of mud deposition in the access channels to the sluice gates giving access to the harbour of Antwerp.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 45, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Orienting European innovation systems towards grand challenges and the roles that FTA can play. A strong research and innovation policy discourse has emerged in recent years around the need to address 'grand challenges', particularly at EU level. This paper highlights the contributions that future-oriented technology analysis (FTA) might make to orienting innovation processes towards grand challenges. It takes a 'systems of innovation' approach and focuses on the structural and functional aspects of such systems to consider the relevant roles of FTA. In this context, FTA can generate 'informing', 'structuring' and 'capacity-building' benefits while enabling a shift in innovation foci towards grand challenges. However, FTA could be better exploited to deliver its structuring and capacity-building benefits, which are hardly recognised in the EU's existing innovation policy instruments, in order to effectively reorient the EU's innovation systems towards grand challenges.", "label": [5, 50, 52, 51]}
+{"token": "Heritability of cellular radiosensitivity: A marker of low-penetrance predisposition genes in breast cancer. Many inherited: cancer-prone conditions show an elevated sensitivity to the induction of chromosome damage in cells exposed to ionizing radiation, indicative-of defects in the processing of DNA damage. We earlier found that 40% of patients with breast cancer and 5%-10% of controls showed evidence of enhanced chromosomal radiosensitivity-and that this sensitivity was not age related. We suggested that this could be a marker of cancer-predisposing genes of low penetrance. To further test this hypothesis, we have studied the heritability of radiosensitivity in families of patients with breast cancer. Of 37 first-degree relatives of 16 sensitive patients, 23 (62%) were themselves sensitive, compared with 1 (7%) of 15 first-degree relatives of four patients with normal responses. The distribution of radiosensitivities among the family members showed a trimodal distribution, suggesting the presence of a limited number of major genes determining radiosensitivity. Segregation analysis of 95 family members showed clear evidence of heritability of radiosensitivity, with a single major gene accounting for 82% of the variance between family members. The two alleles combine in an additive (codominant) manner, giving complete heterozygote expression. A better fit was obtained to a model that includes a second, rarer gene with a similar, additive effect on radiosensitivity, but the data are clearly consistent with a range of models. Novel genes involved in predisposition to breast cancer can now be sought through linkage studies using this quantitative trait.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Human Body Scents: Do they Influence our Behavior?. Pheromonal communication in the animal world has been of great research interest for a long time. While extraordinary discoveries in this field have been made, the importance of the human sense of smell was of far lower interest. Humans are seen as poor smellers and therefore research about human olfaction remains quite sparse compared with other animals. Nevertheless amazing achievements have been made during the past 15 years. This is a collection of available data on this topic and a controversial discussion on the role of putative human pheromones in our modem way of living. While the focus was definitely put on behavioral changes evoked by putative human pheromones this article also includes other important aspects such as the possible existence of a human vomeronasal organ. If pheromones do have an influence on human behavior there has to be a receptor organ. How are human body scents secreted and turned into odorous substances? And how can con-specifics detect those very odors and transmit them to the brain? Apart from that the most likely candidates for human pheromones are taken on account and their impact on human behavior is shown in various detail.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 8]}
+{"token": "Retention of linalool and eugenol in hydrogels. Textural parameters of hydrogels prepared from hydrocolloids (guar gum or xanthan; 0.5 or 1% (w/w)) and disaccharides (sucrose and trehalose) were investigated after preparation and storage for 30 days. Volatile compounds (linalool or eugenol) were added to the hydrogels in order to investigate their behaviour in those systems and to determine whether there is correlation between textural parameters and their retention. Textural parameters that were evaluated were firmness, consistency, cohesiveness and index of viscosity. Regarding textural parameters, there was no significant difference between hydrogels prepared with 0.5% of hydrocolloids. With increase of the amount of added hydrocolloid, textural parameters increased and differences between sucrose- and trehalose-containing hydrogels were observed. Hydrogels prepared with trehalose had lower values of textural parameters. Correlation between texture and retention of volatile compounds was not observed or it was very low.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Review of the genus Chaetosiphella Hille Ris Lambers, 1939 (Hemiptera, Aphididae: Chaitophorinae). The genus Chaetosiphella Hille Ris Lambers, 1939 is discussed. Chaetosiphella stipae Hille Ris Lambers, 1947 is redescribed (apterous viviparous female) and its subspecies C. stipae setosa subsp. nov., (apterous viviparous female, oviparous female and apterous male) is described and figured in detail on the basis of specimens collected from Calamagrostis argentea, Calamagrostis arundinacea and Stipa sp. in France. A new species, Chaetosiphella longirostris sp. nov., is described and figured in detail oil the basis of specimens collected from Ammophila arenaria in Portugal. A key to the identification of the species of the genus Chaetosiphella as well as differences from related species are given. Notes about distribution and host plants are shown.", "label": [4, 44, 42]}
+{"token": "Diversity of ixodida in small rodents and marsupials in the Pedra Branca state park, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. During 24 months 96 marsupials and 64 rodents were captured, inspected and set free in the same space of the Pedra Branca State Park, Rio de Janeiro. From them, 105 ticks from 10 species in two families were manually collected. The dominant tick species on the rodents was Amblyomma longirostre and on the marsupials was Ixodes loricatus. There was a significant correlation of the temperature in relation to intensity of parasitism for ticks, demonstrating that the higher the temperature, greater is the number of ticks.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Identification of significant genes and therapeutic agents for breast cancer by integrated genomics. Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in women; thus, more cancer prevention research is urgently needed. The aim of this study was to predict potential therapeutic agents for breast cancer and determine their molecular mechanisms using integrated bioinformatics. Summary data from a large genome-wide association study of breast cancer was derived from the UK Biobank. The gene expression profile of breast cancer was from the Oncomine database. We performed a network-wide association study and gene set enrichment analysis to identify the significant genes in breast cancer. Then, we performed Gene Ontology analysis using the STRING database and conducted Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis using Cytoscape software. We verified our results using the Gene Expression Profile Interactive Analysis, PROgeneV2, and Human Protein Atlas databases. Connectivity map analysis was used to identify small-molecule compounds that are potential therapeutic agents for breast cancer. We identified 10 significant genes in breast cancer based on the gene expression profile and genome-wide association study. A total of 65 small-molecule compounds were found to be potential therapeutic agents for breast cancer.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Human keratinocytes restrict chikungunya virus replication at a post-fusion step. Transmission of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) to humans is initiated by puncture of the skin by a blood-feeding Aedes mosquito. Despite the growing knowledge accumulated on CHIKV, the interplay between skin cells and CHIKV following inoculation still remains unclear. In this study we questioned the behavior of human keratinocytes, the predominant cell population in the skin, following viral challenge. We report that CHIKV rapidly elicits an innate immune response in these cells leading to the enhanced transcription of type I/II and type III interferon genes. Concomitantly, we show that despite viral particles internalization into Rab5-positive endosomes and efficient fusion of virus and cell membranes, keratinocytes poorly replicate CHIKV as attested by absence of nonstructural proteins and genomic RNA synthesis. Accordingly, human keratinocytes behave as an antiviral defense against CHIKV infection rather than as a primary targets for initial replication. This picture significantly differs from that reported for Dengue and West Nile mosquito-borne viruses. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "ANTI-COLONIAL STRUGGLE IN CYPRUS: ACTORS, CONCEPTUALISATIONS, METHODS AND MOTIVES. The present article focuses on the major political actors in the Greek community of Cyprus the Left and Right and examines the way they conceptualised anti-colonial struggle, as well as their methods and motivation for resistance. The anti-colonial cleavage was related to the political future of the island and the differing visions of the two camps regarding this future. This article examines the cleavage more deeply, to reveal the rationale underlying the two camps' divergent stances. It argues that there are two essential reasons for their conflicting views: (a) their different perspectives regarding the political future of the island based on their particular ideology and; (b) equally important, each side's continuous quest for power and dominance in the Greek Cypriot community. The latter rationale was a principal motive driving changes in positions and tactics towards colonialism. Each party's position in the internal balance of power, as well as numerous external influences, help to explain their respective stances. The time span of this inquiry covers the years between the end of the First World War (WWI) and 1960, the year that Cyprus achieved independence.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "ATTENTIONAL PROCESSING OF INPUT IN EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT CONDITIONS An Eye-Tracking Study. In this study we examined language learners' attentional processing of a target syntactic construction in written L2 input in different input conditions, the change in learners' knowledge of the targeted construction in these conditions, and the relationship between the change in knowledge and attentional processing. One hundred L2 learners of English in Sri Lanka were divided into four experimental groups and control group: input flood, input enhancement, a specific instruction to pay attention to the target grammatical construction in the input, and an explicit metalinguistic explanation of the target construction. Eye tracking was used to collect data on the attentional processing of 45 participants in the sample. The eye-tracking measures of learners who received a specific instruction to pay attention to the target structure and an explicit metalinguistic explanation indicated increased attentional processing. The learners in these groups also improved their knowledge of the target structure significantly. The results suggest that increased attentional processing is needed for development in L2 grammatical knowledge and that explicit instruction to pay attention to the input and metalinguistic explanation are successful in directing learners' attentional resources toward novel grammatical constructions in the input.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Higgs bosons with large transverse momentum at the LHC. We compute the next-to-leading order QCD corrections to the production of Higgs bosons with large transverse momentum p(perpendicular to) >> 2m(t) the LHC. To accomplish this, we combine the two-loop amplitudes for processes gg -> Hg, qg -> Hq and q (q) over bar -> Hg, recently computed in the approximation of nearly massless top quarks, with the numerical calculation of the squared one-loop amplitudes for gg -> Hgg, qg -> Hqg and q (q) over bar. Hgg processes. The latter computation is performed with Open Loops. We find that the QCD corrections to the Higgs transverse momentum distribution at very high p(perpendicular to) are large but quite similar to the QCD corrections obtained for point-like Hggcoupling. Our result removes one of the largest sources of theoretical uncertainty in the description of high-p(perpendicular to) Higgs boson production and opens a way to use the high-p(perpendicular to) region to search for physics beyond the Standard Model. (C) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "The impact of digital technologies on the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals: evidence from the agri-food sector. The business world has suffered a great shock: the COVID 19 pandemic has changed the competitive model of companies. Nowadays, companies have to deal with the pressures of stakeholders who, also due to the pandemic, are increasingly attentive to the firm's impacts on the environment and health. Thus, companies voluntarily undertake to provide information on their strategies in a way that better addresses concerns about digitization and sustainability. This paper aims to analyze the impact of digital technologies on the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda. To this end, a cross-case analysis of companies active in the Italian agri-food sector was carried out. In more detail, a content analysis methodology has been used to analyze the published sustainability reports, focusing on the digital technologies used and identifying the SDGs already reached and/or reachable by the company. Digital technologies have been classified, and each technology has been associated with appropriate SDGs through a deductive approach. Findings demonstrate a clear link between digitalization the SDGs achievement. The disruption provoked by COVID-19 caused the introduction of a 'new normal' for the digital technologies that must be weighed considering social and environmental repercussions in the agri-food sector.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Quality of Cervical Cancer Data System in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil. METHODS: Descriptive study on the completeness, validity, and sensitivity of data of the Cervical Cancer Data System (SISCOLO) in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil, based on the follow-up of a cohort of women, carried out between 2002 and 2006. The cohort consisted of 2,024 women living in communities served by the Family Health Program in the cities of Duque de Caxias and Nova Iguacu. Two databases from the Siscolo, including cytopathology and confirmatory testing (colposcopy and histopathology) were compared to data from a reference database and medical records. The Bland-Altman plot was used to analyze continuous variables. The linkage between databases was analyzed using the RecLink software program.RESULTS: The completeness of the data system was considered excellent with respect to the fields \\\\'mother's name\\\\'and \\\\'street address;\\\\'good for \\\\'district of residence\\\\'and poor for \\\\'zip code\\\\'and \\\\'individual taxpayer number\\\\'. In regard to validity, sensitivity of the field \\\\'date of collection\\\\'was 100% and 70.3% for confirmatory and cytopathology tests, respectively, while sensitivity of the field \\\\'test results\\\\'was 100% for both tests. The sensitivity of the system to identifying cytopathology tests was 77.4% (95% CI: 75.0; 80.0) whereas for confirmatory tests was 4.0% (95% CI: 0.0; 21.3).OBJECTIVE: To evaluate quality of a cervical cancer data system.CONCLUSIONS: Data quality of SISCOLO was considered good, particularly for the fields related to cytopathology testing. The use of colposcopy and histopathology data was inadequate due to small number of cases registered in the System.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "High-level production of Bacillus subtilis glycine oxidase by fed-batch cultivation of recombinant Escherichia coli rosetta (DE3). A fed-batch process for the high cell density cultivation of Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3) and the production of the recombinant protein glycine oxidase (GOX) from Bacillus subtilis was developed. GOX is a deaminating enzyme that shares substrate specificity with D-amino acid oxidase and sarcosine oxidase and has great biotechnological potential. The B. subtilis gene coding for GOX was expressed in E. coli Rosetta under the strong inducible T7 promotor of the pET28a vector. Exponential feeding based on the specific growth rate and a starvation period for acetate utilization was used to control cell growth, acetate production, and reconsumption and glucose consumption during fed-batch cultivation. Expression of GOX was induced at three different cell densities ( 20, 40, and 60 g center dot L-1). When cells were induced at intermediate cell density, the amount of GOX produced was 20 U center dot g(-1) cell dry weight and 1154 U center dot L-1 with a final intracellular protein concentration corresponding to approximately 37% of the total cell protein concentration. These values were higher than those previously published for GOX expression and also represent a drastic decrease of 26-fold in the cost of the culture medium.", "label": [0, 2, 19, 8]}
+{"token": "Intrapulmonary ectopic liver. A case of intrapulmonary ectopic liver in a patient who had undergone right-sided diaphragmatic hernia is described. The intrapulmonary ectopic liver was found incidentally in chest x-ray at the age of 6 years. The final diagnosis was established at thoracotomy. Fewer than 10 cases of intrathoracic ectopic liver have been reported previously, but an intrapulmonary ectopic liver like the present case has not been described previously. J Pediatr Surg 34:1425-1426. Copyright (C) 1999 by W.B. Saunders Company.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Bone powder as EPR dosimetry system for electron and gamma radiation. In this work bovine bone powder samples were irradiated at three different dose rates of 100, 260 and 630 kGy/min for the absorbed dose range of 3 to 110 kGy, using 10 MeV electron beam radiation. The samples were subjected to EPR measurement at room temperature in air. The variation of EPR signal intensities were constructed and evaluated base on quantitative data related to the absorbed doses. Moreover, they were compared with the obtained results from the samples irradiated by a (60)Co gamma-ray source with a dose rate of 2.65 kGy/h. The time and temperature effects on the EPR response of this dosimeter were also studied. The results indicated that the bone sample was a suitable dosimeter especially for electron beam at high doses.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
+{"token": "From Geophysics to Microgeophysics for Engineering and Cultural Heritage. The methodologies of microgeophysics have been derived from the geophysical ones, for the sake of solving specific diagnostic and/or monitoring problems regarding civil engineering and cultural heritage studies. Generally, the investigations are carried out using different 2D and 3D tomographic approaches as well as different energy sources: sonic and ultrasonic waves, electromagnetic (inductive and impulsive) sources, electric potential fields, and infrared emission. Many efforts have been made to modify instruments and procedures in order to improve the resolution of the surveys as well as to significantly reduce the time of the measurements without any loss of information. This last point has been achieved by using multichannel systems. Finally, some applications are presented, and the results seem to be very promising and promote this new branch of geophysics. Therefore, these methodologies can be used even more to diagnose, monitor, and safeguard not only engineering buildings and/or large structures, but also ancient monuments and cultural artifacts, such as pottery, statues, and so forth.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Tazoudasaurus naimi (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the late Early Jurassic of Morocco. The complete osteology of the basal sauropod Tazoudasaurus naimi from the late Early Jurassic Toundoute continental series of Ouarzazate Province, Morocco, is presented. The described material belongs to juvenile to adult individuals. The skeleton of Tazoudasaurus is virtually complete except for the skull and presents a combination of plesiomorphic and apomorphic sauropodomorph characters. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that Tazoudasaurus shares with Vulcanodon several derived features that include strongly transversely flattened tibial shaft and the marked dorsoventral flattening of the unguals of pedal digits II and III. Both taxa are placed within the Vulcanodontidae, at the base of a new clade named Gravisauria n. nom. Our analysis underscores the major morphological changes that occur among Gravisauria between the Vulcanodontidae and the Eusauropoda. Tie numerous remains of Tazoudasaurus were recovered from a bone-bed associated with a few remains of the basal abelisauroid Berberosaurus. A minimum of six individuals was buried at the site. Taphonomical data suggest that Tazoudasaurus had a gregarious behaviour. The different interpretations of the evolution of the configuration and posture of the manus in basal sauropods can be tested thanks to the discovery of a complete articulated manus of Tazoudasaurus. The latter is clearly digitigrade with a spreading configuration of the metacarpus. Early sauropod evolution is analyzed in a broad extinction/radiation perspective. Prosauropoda and Coelophysoidea extinction around the Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundary, followed by the late Early Jurassic to Middle Jurassic radiation of Gravisauria, Neoceratosauria, Tetanurae and Euornithopoda are linked to the Pliensbachian-Toarcian mass extinction event.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Development of mediated BOD biosensor system of flow injection mode for shochu distillery wastewater. Although microbial biochemical oxygen demand (BUD) sensors utilizing redox mediators have attracted much attention as a rapid BUD measurement method, little attempts have been made to apply the mediated BOD biosensors to the flow injection analysis system In this work, a mediated BUD sensor system of flow injection mode, constructed by combining an immobilized microbial reactor with an electrochemical flow cell of three electrodes configuration, has been developed to estimate BUD of shochu distillery wastewater (SDW). It was demonstrated consequently that the mediated sensing was realized by employing phosphate buffer containing potassium hexacyanoferrate as the carrier. The output current was found to yield a peak with a sample injection, and to result from reoxidation of reduced mediator at the electrode By employing the peak area as the sensor response, the effects of flow rate and pH of the carrier on the sensitivity were investigated. The sensor system using a microorganism of high SDW-assimilation capacity showed good performance and proved to be available for estimation of BUD of SDW (C) 2010 Elsevier B V All rights reserved", "label": [1, 2, 4, 19, 36, 15, 42]}
+{"token": "What is Tradition? From Pre-Modern to Postmodern. Of particular importance to clarifying the meaning of Tradition is the notion of Tradition as a collection of truths requiring external approval by Church authority. A notable advance was made due to the influence of Mohler, Blondel and Newman, whose influence can be seen in Vatican II where a communicative-critical model emerges. The human element of Tradition may be understood as \\\\'argument\\\\' following MacIntyre and some recent work in postmodern anthropological theory. Drawing on suggestions by Nicholas Boyle and Paul Ricoeur, it is suggested that some Traditions have a special status, namely those that begin with an experience of real evil and its overcoming. The Christian Tradition is of this kind. It begins with the testimony of the disciples to the experience of the confrontation with real evil in the death of Jesus and its overcoming in the resurrection. It is here that its truth and authority are manifest.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "The issue of Identity in the EU-China Relationship. This paper argues that rather than trade competition, ideology, civilizational differences, or changes in the international balance of power, the root of frequent swings between cooperation and conflict in the EU-China relationship lies in their ever-changing identities. As its role expands in the international system, China is forced to re-evaluate its identity and preferences, choosing to selectively remember or forget symbols and representations of the past and present. Transitioning from a developing country to an important member of the international system, its self-image has undergone a dramatic revolution. The EU meanwhile, has expanded from an EC-9 of similar Western democracies in 1973 to an EU-27 of diverse countries by 2007. Its attempt to develop a distinctive European presence in world affairs - that of 'normative power' Europe; set it on a course of collision with China. These changes in identity have important consequences for actions and foreign policy interactions. We can thus expect China-EU relations to develop in the context of the ongoing redefinition of their identities and roles in the evolving international order. Both China and the EU will likely continue to respond to each other according to the needs and demands of their respective populations, and to the external expectations placed on them as important players in global politics, diplomacy, economics, trade, finance and security.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Photosynthetic physiology of Scenedesmus sp (Chlorophyceae) under photoautotrophic and molasses-based heterotrophic and mixotrophic conditions. Heterotrophically grown cells of a newly isolated strain of Scenedesmus sp. retained their photosynthetic pigment content after prolonged darkness. When these cells had reached an apparent stationary phase and were subsequently exposed to light (mixotrophy), growth rapidly resumed and the biomass increased by 5.5-fold relative to photoautotrophically grown cultures and doubled compared with heterotrophic cultures. Although it is expected, and supported by the majority of reports in the literature, that dark acclimation of algal cultures should lead to eventual loss of photosynthetic pigments, some algae defy these expectations and synthesize and retain their photosynthetic pigments independent of light, despite the high associated maintenance costs. Here we examined the photosynthetic activity of heterotrophically grown cells in an attempt to explain this variance, using Scenedesmus sp. as a model organism. The photosynthetic capacity of heterotrophically grown cells was comparable with that of autotrophically grown cultures, associated with an interesting set of changes to the photosynthetic apparatus that includes lower nonphotochemical quenching, chlorophyll content, absorption cross-sectional area, higher connectivity between reaction centers, higher electron transport flux per reaction center, and probability at t = 0 that a trapped exciton moves an electron into the electron transport chain beyond the primary quinone electron acceptor, and performance index. As a result, when these heterotrophically grown cultures were transferred back to light, they were still able to perform photosynthesis and enhance overall growth, which was otherwise limited in complete darkness.", "label": [0, 4, 45, 9]}
+{"token": "Karyotypic races of the common shrew (Sorex araneus) with exceptionally large ranges: The Novosibirsk and Tomsk races of Siberia. Altogether 419 common shrews comprising 38 samples from 36 geographically-distinct sites in Siberia have been categorised as belonging to either the Novosibirsk karyotypic race (XX/XY1Y2, af, bc, g/o, hn, ik, j/l, m/p, q/r, tu) or the neighbouring Tomsk karyotypic race (XX/XY1Y2, af, bc, g/k, hi, j/l, mn, o, p, q/r, tu). The most notable Robertsonian polymorphism was that for arm combination qr present in both races that may reflect introgression after contact of the ancestral Novosibirsk race (fixed for metacentric qr) and the ancestral Tomsk race (fixed for acrocentrics q, r) at the end of the last glaciation. The Novosibirsk race occurs over a huge area (estimated at 700,000 km(2)) and is one of the most widespread karyotypic forms in S. araneus. Together with rather less extensive Tomsk race, these two races occupy much of the range of the species to the east of the Ural Mts. We discuss how the distributions of the Novosibirsk and Tomsk races were attained, in the context of the Pleistocene-Holocene transition.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Coping and self-image in patients with visual display terminal-related skin symptoms and perceived hypersensitivity to electricity. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to measure coping resources and self-image in patients with visual display terminal (VDT)-related skin symptoms and hypersensitivity to electricity (HE). Methods: From 1980 to 1998, 350 patients with electrical sensitivity were registered. The patients were subdivided into two groups: patients with skin symptoms evoked by VDTs, television screens, and fluorescent-light tubes and patients with so-called hypersensitivity to electricity with multiple symptoms evoked by exposure to different electrical environments. A questionnaire was sent to all patients and contained the coping resources inventory (CRI) and the structural analysis of social behaviour (SASB) in order for us to measure coping resources and self-image, respectively. The CRI and SASB scores were compared with those of control groups. Two hundred and fifty respondents (73%) returned the questionnaire, 200 (78.5% women) in the VDT group and 50 (62% women) in the HE group. Results: The patient group rated high on the CRI spiritual/philosophical scale and high on the SASB spontaneous, positive and negative clusters but low on the controlled cluster. The female patients scored high on the CRI emotional scale. The VDT group rated lower than the controls on the SASB controlled cluster and higher on both the positive and negative cluster. The HE group scored higher than the control group on the SASB spontaneous and positive clusters. The women in the HE group scored higher on the CRI cognitive and CRI total scale than the VDT group and control group and higher on the CRI emotional scale than the controls. The women in the HE group rated higher than both the women in the VDT and control groups on the SASB spontaneous and positive clusters. Conclusions: The deviant self-image found in these patients, especially the female HE patients, support the view that VDT and HE symptoms can be stress related. In the clinic, a trustful alliance should be established with the patient in order for a more realistic view to be achieved of the capacity.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Between a subject and an object: representation of China in Kuo Pao-kun's Singapore and Denny Yung's Hong Kong. Late Pao-kun Kuo in Singapore and contemporary Denny Yung in Hong Kong have made particular ontological and epistemological choices in their experimental theater in the context of the de-colonization and rise of China. We gather, between the two sites, a possible dichotomy in the representation of China: China as a collective subject to accommodate the changing world and China as an individualized object that emerges in each narrator's chosen perspective. Kuo intends to prompt the audience to reconnect with something greater than their individuality. For Kuo, the crisis is the loss of cultural subjectivity and the privileging of transcendence over individualized meanings of life. For Yung, cultural subjectivity is no longer a question after the return of Hong Kong to China. Yung painstakingly generates the legitimacy and capacity of individual Hong Kong people to have faith in their own ways of transcending any version of the entirety of China.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of a national universal coverage campaign of long-lasting insecticidal nets in a rural district in north-west Tanzania. Methods: In 2011 two cross-sectional household surveys were conducted in 50 clusters in Muleba district, north-west Tanzania. Prior to the UCC 3,246 households were surveyed and 2,499 afterwards. Data on bed net ownership and usage, demographics of household members and household characteristics including factors related to socio-economic status were gathered, using an adapted version of the standard Malaria Indicator Survey. Specific questions relating to the UCC process were asked.Conclusions: The UCC in Muleba district of Tanzania was equitable, greatly improving LLIN ownership and, more moderately, usage. However, the goal of universal coverage in terms of the adequate provision of nets was not achieved. Multiple, continuous delivery systems and education activities are required to maintain and improve bed net ownership and usage.Results: The proportion of households with at least one ITN increased from 62.6% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 60.9-64.2) before the UCC to 90.8% (95% CI = 89.0-92.3) afterwards. ITN usage in all residents rose from 40.8% to 55.7%. After the UCC 58.4% (95% CI = 54.7-62.1) of households had sufficient ITNs to cover all their sleeping places. Households with children under five years (OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.9-2.9) and small households (OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.5-2.4) were most likely to reach universal coverage. Poverty was not associated with net coverage. Eighty percent of households surveyed received LLINs from the campaign.Background: Insecticide-treated nets (ITN) are one of the most effective measures for preventing malaria. Mass distribution campaigns are being used to rapidly increase net coverage in at-risk populations. This study had two purposes: to evaluate the impact of a universal coverage campaign (UCC) of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) on LLIN ownership and usage, and to identify factors that may be associated with inadequate coverage.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
+{"token": "Who errs? Algorithm aversion, the source of judicial error, and public support for self-help behaviors. People often turn to self-help behaviors when formal processes of the state deteriorate, becoming inaccessible or ineffective. This deterioration can often include real or alleged inaccuracies in the courts that lower trust and confidence in the judicial system. Increasingly, one potential source of error in the courts is algorithmic, with more and more facets of the judicial system incorporating actuarial assessments. In this paper, I examine whether trust and confidence, separate from legitimacy, and the source of judicial error - humans or algorithms - matter for declared support of self-help behaviors, such as naming and shaming on social media, protesting, and violent economic protesting. In the experiment, respondents read information about identical levels of judicial error made by either a human or algorithm. They then indicated their attitudes towards the judicial systems and self-help behaviors. Respondents that read about algorithm-error had greater odds of supporting some self-help behaviors. In addition, the level of trust in the courts, and not legitimacy, mattered most for support of self-help behaviors. The paper discusses potential mechanisms behind the differences between the human- and algorithmic-error groups as well as the distinction between trust and legitimacy for self-help behaviors.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 57]}
+{"token": "Examining the effect of a genetic algorithm-enabled grouping method on collaborative performances, processes, and perceptions. Group formation is a critical factor which influences collaborative processes and performances in computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL). Automatic grouping has been widely used to generate groups with heterogeneous attributes and to maximize the diversity of students' characteristics within a group. But there are two dominant challenges that automatic grouping methods need to address, namely the barriers of uneven group size problem, and the inaccessibility of student characteristics. This research proposes an optimized, genetic algorithm-based grouping method that includes a conceptual model and an algorithm module to address these challenges. Through a quasi-experiment research, we compare collaborative groups' performance, processes, and perceptions in China's higher education. The results indicate that the experimental groups outperform the traditional grouping methods (i.e., random groups and student-formed groups) in terms of final performances, collaborative processes, and student perceptions. Based on the results, we propose implications for implementation of automatic grouping methods, and the use of collaborative analytics methods in CSCL.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Application of quantitative structure property relationship to the design of high refractive index 193i resist. A robust quantitative structure property relationship (QSPR) model with five parameters has been developed from 126 organic compounds for the prediction of refractive index at 589 nm. The model and the knowledge of the refractive index dispersion were used in the rational design of new materials for 193-nm immersion lithography. The significance of this model is that the structural descriptors can be readily calculated and the factors that significantly affect refractive index can be easily identified and used to guide the selection of candidates. Using this model, rapid screening of large structure databases is possible in order to find candidates. As an example of this approach, the synthesis of the copolymer of a trithiocyclane-methacrylate derivative, identified by the model, with 2-methyl adamantyl methacrylate is described. The measured refractive index of the copolymer at 589 nm agrees well with the value predicted by the model. The new polymer showed a 9.4% increase in refractive index at 193 nm compared with the standard ArF resist. (c) 2008 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Happy eating. The underestimated role of overeating in a positive mood. Emotional eaters are often presumed to eat in response to negative emotions, while positive emotions have been largely neglected. The current study induced a positive, negative, or neutral mood in a student sample and subsequently measured food intake. In addition, the relation between caloric intake and mood improvement was assessed. It was expected that emotional eaters would consume more food than none-motional eaters in the emotional conditions, and also more than in the neutral condition. Moderated regression analyses indeed showed a significant increase in food intake for emotional eaters in the positive compared to the neutral condition, and a trend towards higher food consumption than non-emotional eaters. No effects were found in the negative condition. With regard to mood changes during food intake, Pearson correlations demonstrated an association between amount of calories consumed and mood improvement after 5 mm of food consumption. However, there was no evidence for differences between emotional and non-emotional eaters. The current findings underline the importance of positive emotions in emotional eating, and provide new insights on the relationship between eating and mood melioration. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 55]}
+{"token": "On the margins of the Viking invasions: Actard of Nantes and the translation of bishops propter infestationem paganorum. This paper examines the transfer of bishops in the Frankish kingdom due to the Viking invasions during the second half of the ninth century. The most comprehensive case that of Actard of Nantes - provides sufficient information on the situation of the prelate and especially how it was presented by the secular and ecclesiastical authorities of the time. The change in the position of Hincmar Archbishop of Rheims on this issue, in 872, reveals the political and canonical stakes that could dress such cases. In light of this and other examples known at the end of the ninth century one can wonder whether infestatio paganorum was not primarily an argument to justify transfers that intervened on partisan grounds.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "TEM observation of tin whisker. The tin whiskers spontaneously grew from the NdSn3 intermetallic compound (IMC) after exposure to ambient conditions. One such fine tin whisker with a diameter of about 600 nm was observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results showed the whisker was a perfect beta-Sn single-crystal without dislocations or low angle grain boundaries. The whisker growth axis was calculated as [111]. There were interference fringes in the bright-field image of the tin whisker, which reflected the existence of growth stress in the whisker. A 15-18 nm native tin-oxide film on the tin whisker containing many crystal defects was also found. The new results are helpful in understanding the tin whisker growth mechanism.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Effects of various salt-alkaline mixed stresses on Aneurolepidium chinense (Trin.) Kitag.. The results showed that the survival rate, tillering rate, number of rhizomes, RGR, and K+ content of A. chinense decreased with increasing salinity and pH (or alkalinity). Proline and Na+ content and electrolyte leakage rate increased with increasing salinity and pH (or alkalinity). The deleterious effects of a high pH value or salinity alone were significantly less than those of high pH in combination with salinity. This result suggested that for a salt-alkaline mixed stress, a reciprocal enhancement between salt stress and alkali stress was a characteristic feature, and it was most evidently reflected in the survival rate. When salinity was below 125 mM or pH was below 8.8, survival rates were all 100%. However, when salinity was above 125 mM and pH was above 8.8, survival rates sharply declined with the increasing of either salinity or pH.The buffer capacity of the treatment solution was taken as a stress factor in order to simplify the stress factor analysis. The results of the statistical analysis showed that for the stress factors of the salt-alkaline mixed stress, [CO32-] and [HCO3-] could be fully represented by the buffer capacity, and [Na+] could be fully represented by salinity, whereas [SO42-] was negligible. Therefore, four factors, salinity, buffer capacity, pH and [Cl-], could reflect all of the stress factors. Perfect linear correlations were observed between all physiological indices and four or three stress factors by a stepwise regression analysis. However, the effects of the four stress factors on the physiological indices were significantly different in magnitude. Buffer capacity and salinity were dominant factors for all physiological indices. Thus, it is reasonable to consider the sum of salinity plus buffer capacity as the strength value of salt-alkaline mixed stress. Furthermore, the relationships between different physiological indices and various stress factors were shown to be different.The stress conditions of salt-alkalinized soil were simulated to investigate the features and acting factors of salt-alkaline mixed stress, using a natural salt-alkaline tolerant grass Aneurolepidium chinense (Trin.) Kitag. According to the features of salt-alkalinized soil in the northeast of China, various salt-alkali conditions with different salinities and pHs were established by mixing NaCl, NaHCO3, Na2SO4, and Na2CO3, in various proportions. The treatments included a salt concentration range of 50 to 350 mM and pH values from 7.14 to 10.81. Seedlings of A. chinense were stressed under these salt-alkali conditions. Several physiological indices of seedling stress were determined, including survival rate, tillering rate, number of rhizomes, relative growth rate (RGR), proline content, electrolyte leakage rate. and Na+ and K+ content, in order to analyze the characteristics of the stresses due to the salt-alkali mixes and their main stress factors.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "The effect of membrane formation parameters on performance of polyimide membranes for organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN). Part B: Analysis of evaporation step and the role of a co-solvent. This paper is Part B of a three paper series seeking better understanding of how formation parameters (such as composition of the dope solution, the evaporation step, and chemical properties of the polymer) affect the performance of polyimide (PI) membranes for organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN). In this work, the impact of the evaporation step, taking place prior to phase inversion, on membrane performance was analysed. In the next step, the ultimate role of a co-solvent was investigated. The study has shown that PI OSN membranes prepared from volatile 1,4-dioxane could be successfully formed when no evaporation was allowed. Moreover, good rejecting PI OSN membranes were also prepared when only non-volatile co-solvents, such as diethylene glycol dimethyl ether and dimethyl phthalate, were used. The results have shown that the evaporation step should be avoided in the studied system as it worsened the flux while having no effect on rejection. The presence of a co-solvent, regardless if it is volatile or not, was found to be crucial for tight skin layer formation, as it increases the solvent to non-solvent diffusion rate ratio during the immersion step. This triggers formation of a skin layer via vitrification. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
+{"token": "Liver Is the Major Source of Elevated Serum Lipocalin-2 Levels After Bacterial Infection or Partial Hepatectomy: A Critical Role for IL-6/STAT3. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) was originally isolated from human neutrophils and termed neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). However, the functions of LCN2 and the cell types that are primarily responsible for LCN2 production remain unclear. To address these issues, hepatocyte-specific Lcn2 knockout (Lcn2(Hep-/-)) mice were generated and subjected to bacterial infection (with Klesbsiella pneumoniae or Escherichia coli) or partial hepatectomy (PHx). Studies of Lcn2(Hep-/-) mice revealed that hepatocytes contributed to 25% of the low basal serum level of LCN2 protein (approximate to 62 ng/mL) but were responsible for more than 90% of the highly elevated serum LCN2 protein level (approximate to 6,000 ng/mL) postinfection and more than 60% post-PHx (approximate to 700 ng/mL). Interestingly, both Lcn2(Hep-/-) and global Lcn2 knockout (Lcn2(-/-)) mice demonstrated comparable increases in susceptibility to infection with K. pneumoniae or E. coli. These mice also had increased enteric bacterial translocation from the gut to the mesenteric lymph nodes and exhibited reduced liver regeneration after PHx. Treatment with interleukin (IL)-6 stimulated hepatocytes to produce LCN2 in vitro and in vivo. Hepatocyte-specific ablation of the IL-6 receptor or Stat3, a major downstream effector of IL-6, markedly abrogated LCN2 elevation in vivo. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay revealed that STAT3 was recruited to the promoter region of the Lcn2 gene upon STAT3 activation by IL-6. Conclusion: Hepatocytes are the major cell type responsible for LCN2 production after bacterial infection or PHx, and this response is dependent on IL-6 activation of the STAT3 signaling pathway. Thus, hepatocyte-derived LCN2 plays an important role in inhibiting bacterial infection and promoting liver regeneration. (Hepatology 2015;61:692-702)", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Control-Winding Direct Power Control Strategy for Five-Phase Dual-Stator Winding Induction Generator DC Generating System. A control-winding direct power control (CWDPC) strategy for a dc generating system based on the five-phase dual-stator winding induction generator is proposed and investigated in this article. For this generator, the flux-oriented control is usually employed in the previous work mainly for the sake of good static performance. However, the present control strategy has the limitation of the further enhancement of the dynamic properties. This article explores a CWDPC strategy to upgrade the dynamic performance of this generating system. The fundamental active power of the five-phase control winding (CW) relates to its dc bus voltage while the dc bus voltage on the five-phase power-winding (PW) side is related to the control of five-phase CW fundamental reactive power. By replacing inner current loops to power control loops, the CW instantaneous fundamental active and reactive powers are calculated through the power observer and regulated directly through two power-control loops. In the transient process, the CW fundamental active power changes slightly while the reactive power can be quickly controlled for fast recovery of the dc bus voltage on the five-phase PW side. As the system has an additional control degree of freedom, the third harmonic is also considered in the proposed strategy, and the corresponding implementation is given as well. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate that using the proposed CWDPC strategy, the system has shorter transient time and lower voltage change in the dynamic response than the flux-oriented control strategy, which means the dynamic performance is further improved.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Calling for a Hero: The Displacement of the Nezha Archetypal Image from Chinese Animated Film Nezha Naohai (1979) to New Gods: Nezha Reborn (2021). From the classical Chinese literary masterpiece Investiture of the Gods to contemporary film animation, Nezha's image is profound. Examining the portrayals of Nezha, namely in those most celebrated animated films, we argue that his role as the epitome of a 'god like figure' is in constant displacement and return. Using the framework of archetype and displacement as advanced by Northrop Frye, with a more pluralistic myth analysis extension found in the myth critique of Gilbert Durand, this article examines the multi-layered mythical mini structures within Nezha's displacement and return in Chinese animation, to explore the themes, images, and archetype represented by the character from the perspective of Chinese history and culture. We argue that Nezha's displacement and return in Chinese animation expresses the need and call for a traditional heroic image in a particular era. As such, Nezha's intertextuality exposes the profound inner patterns that form and refashion the Chinese collective unconscious, performing as a recurring mirror that symbolically inform and transform human experiences in China.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "PHUBBING. WING NETWORK CONNECTED AND DISCONNECTED FROM REALITY. AN ANALYSIS IN RELATION TO PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING. The purpose of study is to determine in which ways the problematic use of smartphones affect the wellbeing of university youth. From a descriptive methodological approach, it has been analyzed the information obtained through the Questionnaire MPPUSA adapted version in Spanish adolescents by Lopez, Honrubia y Freixa (2012), and the General Health Questionnaire by Golberg (1996) GHQ-28 which it allows to establish relations between the inappropriate use of smartphones and indicators of psychological wellbeing. The results show a high trend in scores between the problematic use of this device and somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and depression.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Mystus punctifer, a new species of bagrid catfish (Teleostei : Siluriformes) from northern Sumatra. Mystus punctifer, new species, is described from the Alas River drainage in Aceh province, northern Sumatra. It can be distinguished from congeners in having the unique combination of the following characters: overall chocolate brown with relatively large and distinct humeral spot (and no other markings on sides of body or caudal peduncle); 4-8 serrations on posterior edge of dorsal spine; length of adipose-fin base 27.3-29.8 % SL body depth at anus 21.9-25.8 % SL; length of caudal peduncle 16.6-18.0 % SL; depth of caudal peduncle 10.7-12.3 % SL; head length 26.7-28.1 % SL; snout length 36.5-38.9 % HL; interorbital distance 37.1-38.5 cc HL.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Enhancing innovation in livestock value chains through networks: Lessons from fodder innovation case studies in developing countries. Fodder scarcity is a perennial problem for many smallholder farmers in developing countries. This paper discusses how fodder technologies and knowledge have been introduced and integrated in diverse livestock production systems in Ethiopia, Syria and Vietnam. A synthesis of lessons learnt shows that fodder innovation is triggered and diffused by actors interacting and learning in networks, and on farms. Fodder innovation, being only one element of livestock value chains, is sustainably enhanced when linked to other innovations and market-oriented activities that optimize productivity gains. Yet innovating smallholder farmers face systemic constraints to access markets, and need to organize in groups to exploit opportunities. The paper concludes that rather than treating innovation systems and value chain approaches to agricultural development as separate tools, the integration of their complementary features enhances smallholders' innovation and market success.", "label": [5, 50, 52, 51]}
+{"token": "Enhancing the efficiency of electrochemical desalination of stones: a proton pump approach. Soluble salts are among the most harmful alteration agents affecting the building materials. In recent years, several researches have been devoted to counteract alterations induced by soluble salts using electrokinetic techniques. However, the applicability of these techniques for conservation purposes remains limited due to adverse side effects, such as the extreme pH values occurring near the electrodes, which can affect the stone to be treated. The decrease in efficiency of the treatment caused by the dominant transport of H+ and OH- groups is also an undesired effect. The reduced duration of these treatments due to the drying of the material in contact with the anode also limits their practical use. To overcome these problems, a new electrokinetic design that includes a so called proton pump is presented in this report. This design is based on placing two electrodes in the anodic compartment in order to modulate the net amount of H+ produced. The design was applied to desalinate sandstone samples contaminated with several soluble salts. The application of this new approach allowed us to establish an additional electroosmotic process at the anode, which was able to increase the duration of the treatment. Moreover, the new setup provided improved pH buffer ability due to the generation of OH- in the anodic compartment, which increased the effectiveness of the treatment by hindering the entrance of H+ in the porous structure.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Hegel in Stuttgart: the vocation of a young intellectual. The aim of this article is to establish how the signs of a vocation start to appear already in the earliest writings of Hegel when he was a young man in his home town of Stuttgart: the vocation of a young intellectual under the joint influence of the Enlightenment (Aufklarung) and antiquity, especially Greece, which he worshipped, who intends to develop a profoundly practical and effective knowledge able to intervene efficiently in the lives of people. From the article it becomes clear that for the concrete realisation of his project the young Hegel based himself in the first place on religion, understood as Volksreligion, before, armed with his system, he found in thought itself the source of its own effectiveness (transl. J. Dudley).", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "The Intestinal Roundworm Ascaris suum Releases Antimicrobial Factors Which Interfere With Bacterial Growth and Biofilm Formation. Ascariasis is a widespread soil-transmitted helminth infection caused by the intestinal roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides in humans, and the closely related Ascaris suum in pigs. Progress has been made in understanding interactions between helminths and host immune cells, but less is known concerning the interactions of parasitic nematodes and the host microbiota. As the host microbiota represents the direct environment for intestinal helminths and thus a considerable challenge, we studied nematode products, including excretory-secretory products (ESP) and body fluid (BF), of A. suum to determine their antimicrobial activities. Antimicrobial activities against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains were assessed by the radial diffusion assay, while effects on biofilm formation were assessed using the crystal violet static biofilm and macrocolony assays. In addition, bacterial neutralizing activity was studied by an agglutination assay. ESP from different A. suum life stages (in vitro-hatched L3, lung-stage L3, L4, and adult) as well as BF from adult males were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Several proteins and peptides with known and predicted roles in nematode immune defense were detected in ESP and BF samples, including members of A. suum antibacterial factors (ASABF) and cecropin antimicrobial peptide families, glycosyl hydrolase enzymes such as lysozyme, as well as c-type lectin domain-containing proteins. Native, unconcentrated nematode products from intestine-dwelling L4-stage larvae and adults displayed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Additionally, adult A. suum ESP interfered with biofilm formation by Escherichia coli, and caused bacterial agglutination. These results indicate that A. suum uses a variety of factors with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity to affirm itself within its microbe-rich environment in the gut.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 43]}
+{"token": "Ratio of black hole to galaxy mass of an extremely red dust-obscured galaxy at z=2.52. We present a near-infrared (NIR) spectrum of WISE J104222.11+164115.3, an extremely red dust-obscured galaxy (DOG), which has been observed with the Long-slit Intermediate Resolution Infrared Spectrograph (LIRIS) on the 4.2m William Hershel Telescope. This object was selected as a hyper-luminous DOG candidate at z similar to 2 by combining the optical and IR photometric data based on the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), although its redshift had not yet been confirmed. Based on the LIRIS observation, we confirmed its redshift of 2.521 and total IR luminosity of log(L-IR/L-circle dot) = 14.57, which satisfies the criterion for an extremely luminous IR galaxy (ELIRG). Moreover, we indicate that this object seems to have an extremely massive black hole with M-BH = 10(10.92) M-circle dot based on the broad H alpha line: the host stellar mass is derived as M-star = 10(13.55) M-circle dot by a fit of the spectral energy distribution. Very recently, it has been reported that this object is an anomalous gravitationally lensed quasar based on near-IR high-resolution imaging data obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope. Its magnification factor has also been estimated with some uncertainty (i.e., mu = 53-122). We investigate the ratio of the black hole to galaxy mass, which is less strongly affected by a lensing magnification factor, instead of the absolute values of the luminosities and masses. We find that the M-BH/M-star ratio (i.e., 0.0140-0.0204) is significantly higher than the local relation, following a sequence of unobscured quasars instead of obscured objects (e.g., submillimeter galaxies) at the same redshift. Moreover, the LIRIS spectrum shows strongly blueshifted oxygen lines with an outflowing velocity of similar to 1100 km s(-1), and our Swift X-ray observation also supports that this source is an absorbed AGN with an intrinsic column density of N-H(int) = 4.9 x 10(23) cm(-2). These results imply that WISE J104222.11+164115.3 is in a blow-out phase at the end of the buried rapid black hole growth.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Speculative Metaphysics and the Culture of Ideas in Early Victorian Britain: The Case of Francis Foster Barham*. This article focuses on the social and intellectual world of Francis Foster Barham (1808-1871) from the late 1830s to the mid-1850s. Barham was a prolific polymathic writer and lecturer whose oeuvre ranged from the classics to theology to esotericism, contemporary drama and literature. Based on wide reading and his interactions with fellow transcendentalists and idealists, he elaborated his own philosophy, 'syncretism', a universalising system of thought with applications to political, religious and social reform. This article uses the example of Barham, his philosophical speculations, and the small groups with which he was affiliated in London and the West Country, to illuminate the trajectory of a humanistic discourse-in this case speculative metaphysical philosophy-in the life of relatively obscure people who, outside of academic and scholarly circles, interpreted 'high' ideas in their own way. The article suggests that there is much more to be done to understand fully the cultural and intellectual history of the humanities in modern Britain, especially in the thought and experience of lesser-known people and associations. Recovering the history of ideas through such figures, their networks, and their own terminologies can point the way to fresh understandings of the history, nature and processes of intellectual development, including its 'freaks' and dead-ends, as well as its manifestation in and as culture.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Secularist Humanism, Law and Religion in Ian McEwan's The Children Act. Ian McEwan's The Children Act focuses on a real-life conflict between religion and children's rights in a pluralist society. By drawing on Charles Taylor's work on religion in the \\\\'secular age\\\\', I argue that McEwan's narrative is ultimately built on secularist assumptions that devalue religious experience. McEwan's approach aims to build a bridge between literary imagination and scientific rationality: religion is, from this perspective, reducible to a \\\\'fable\\\\' and an authority structure incongruous with legal rationality and the quest for meaning in the modern-secular society. In The Children Act, art substitutes religion and its aspiration to transcendence: music in particular is a universal idiom that can overcome barriers of communication and provides \\\\'ecstatic\\\\' experiences in a godless world.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "TOPAAS, a tomato and potato assembly assistance system for selection and finishing of bacterial artificial chromosomes. We have developed the software package Tomato and Potato Assembly Assistance System (TOPAAS), which automates the assembly and scaffolding of contig sequences for low-coverage sequencing projects. The order of contigs predicted by TOPAAS is based on read pair information; alignments between genomic, expressed sequence tags, and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) end sequences; and annotated genes. The contig scaffold is used by TOPAAS for automated design of nonredundant sequence gap-flanking PCR primers. We show that TOPAAS builds reliable scaffolds for tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) and potato ( Solanum tuberosum) BAC contigs that were assembled from shotgun sequences covering the target at 6- to 8- fold coverage. More than 90% of the gaps are closed by sequence PCR, based on the predicted ordering information. TOPAAS also assists the selection of large genomic insert clones from BAC libraries for walking. For this, tomato BACs are screened by automated BLAST analysis and in parallel, high-density nonselective amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting is used for constructing a high-resolution BAC physical map. BLAST and amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis are then used together to determine the precise overlap. Assembly onto the seed BAC consensus confirms the BACs are properly selected for having an extremely short overlap and largest extending insert. This method will be particularly applicable where related or syntenic genomes are sequenced, as shown here for the Solanaceae, and potentially useful for the monocots Brassicaceae and Leguminosea.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Coordinating China's economic growth strategy via its government-controlled association for private firms. Scholars in economics and political science argue that one major function of government is to overcome coordination failure in economic development, especially during times of rapid environmental changes. But, how and through what means does the state coordinate firms to follow the changing directions of its economic objectives? This paper focuses on the case of a government-controlled business association, namely the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce (ACFIC), and shows that the ACFIC may be serving, at least partially, as a means of avoiding the kind of coordination failures that are often associated with policy reform programs in authoritarian regimes like China when the government deems it necessary to radically and suddenly change its policy objectives. It does so by comparing the activities of firms that are members of ACFIC with non-members before and after the world financial crisis of 2008-09 which induced a significant change in government objectives. Before that crisis when priority in government objectives was \\\\'outward\\\\' (to stave off balance of payments crises that had befallen many other developing countries), ACFIC member firms were able to engage in exports and foreign investment to a greater extent than non-member firms, and even than those whose owners are members of the Congresses or Chinese Communist Party. After viewing the crises in international markets, and government objectives had turned more \\\\'inward\\\\', ACFIC members were more likely to focus on domestic sales and investments.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Molecular characterization of a cDNA for a cysteine-rich antifungal protein from Capsicum annuum. We have isolated a cDNA clone for the antifungal protein, CaAFP, from hot pepper, Capsicum annuum L. Its open reading frame encodes 85 amino acids, including 8 cysteine residues. CaAFP consists of three domains: a signal peptide, a chitin-binding domain, and a C-terminal peptide domain. The deduced amino acid sequence of the chitin-binding domain shows 92% and 85% similarity to the same domain from PnAMPs and hevein, respectively. Southern blot analysis indicated that CaAFP is present as a single copy, while the northern blots revealed that the clone is highly expressed in the leaves and flower buds, but not in the roots. However, wounding treatments and chemicals generally known to induce PR proteins did not stimulate its expression, in situ hybridization also showed that CaAFP is expressed in the parenchyma cells of the floral sepals. As seen in our functional analysis, this clone was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the fusion protein was purified using nickel-affinity column chromatography. This purified AFP fusion protein inhibited spore germination and appressoria formation in several plant pathogenic fungi, including Fusarium oxisporum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Our results suggest CaAFP is an antifungal protein that defends developing seeds against pathogen invasion while also having a specific biological role during floral development.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "The urea cycle of Helicobacter pylori. The presence and activities of the enzymes of the urea cycle in the bacterium Helicobacter pylori were investigated employing one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and radioactive tracer analysis. Cell suspensions, lysates and membrane preparations generated L-ornithine and ammonium at high rates in incubations with L-arginine. indicating the presence of arginase activity. Anabolic ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTCase) activity was identified by the formation of heat-stable products in incubations of cell-free extracts with ornithine and radiolabelled carbamoyl phosphate. The heat-labile product that resulted from incubations of cell-free extracts with citrulline radiolabelled in the guanidino moiety revealed the presence of catabolic OTCase activity. Argininosuccinate formation and catalysis indicated the presence of argininosuccinate synthetase and argininosuccinase activities. The findings suggested that H. pylori has a urea cycle which acts as an effective mechanism to extrude excess nitrogen from cells.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Susceptibility of Winter-dormant Pinus sylvestris Families to Vole Damage. Two- and eight-year-old Pinus sylvestris, originating as controlled crossings from southern and northern Finland, were studied in order to determine their susceptibility to damage by Microtus-species. For characteristics that indicate climatic adaptedness (bud set, needle stage) there was a clinal change from north to south according to origin. These differences were not correlated with susceptibility to vole damage. Nor was the total phenol content of the saplings correlated with resistance to such damage. Between families, however, there were statistically significant differences in susceptibility to damage. Some families showed both rapid rate of growth and high resistance.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "The presence of elements of connection and temporal progression in written narratives: a look at the national school reality. The narrative text is the highest unit of communication whose length varies and whose principal objective is communication (Perez & Vega, 2001). When constructing a narrative text, students principally go about constructing and linking ideas (Shiro, 2001). This type of text is a complex and deeply heterogeneous unit (Adam & Lorda, 1999). It is noteworthy that a narrative text must always have a series of logical events, connected in such a way that they will be able to follow a development of ideas that will necessarily explain some other event. The present study examines the performance of children in their fourth year of schooling in municipal, subsidised, and private schools, with respect to their use of connective elements and temporal progression in the production of written narratives. The sample consists of 300 narrations extracted from the corpus of the national applied writing exam (SIMCE, 2009). On this basis, connective and verbal structures present in the written narratives were analysed in light of linguistic structures that were validated in accordance with the theoretical framework of the study. The results obtained indicate that textual connectives and elements of temporal progression present in the written narrations of the children studied are determined by the type of school that the children attend. In particular, the subsidised establishments are characterized by a greater use of verbal structures while municipal schools present a greater use of connectors linked to the central development of the story.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Analytical and experimental study on Van der Pol-type and Rayleigh-type equations for modeling nonlinear aeroelastic instabilities. An empirical modeling of nonlinear aerodynamic force during aeroelastic instabilities, that is, vortex-induced vibration (VIV), galloping and flutter, is necessary in the estimation of vibration responses. Previous works on single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) models suggest that nonlinear forms (Van der Pol or Rayleigh types) differ from section to section, which causes difficulty in practical application. Analytical evidences in this study have clarified that Van der Pol-type and Rayleigh-type models are equivalent in the amplitude-dependent aerodynamic damping; their difference lies in the higher-order harmonic responses. An identification algorithm of aerodynamic parameters is proposed to improve the robustness of aerodynamic parameters and guarantee the equivalence of both model types. Wind-tunnel tests of typical aeroelastic instabilities indicate that higher-order harmonic responses are small for VIV, galloping, and early-stage flutter instability when compared with the fundamental components due to weak nonlinearity. Van der Pol-type and Rayleigh-type models are both applicable until the flutter amplitude grows excessively large. It is clear that both model types are suitable for any section shape when use the proposed method of aerodynamic identification, and thus can be treated as a universal model for estimating the vibration amplitudes of nonlinear aeroelastic instabilities.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "TILT ANGLE AND FOOTPOINT SEPARATION OF SMALL AND LARGE BIPOLAR SUNSPOT REGIONS OBSERVED WITH HMI. We investigate bipolar sunspot regions and how tilt angle and footpoint separation vary during emergence and decay. The Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamic Observatory collects data at a higher cadence than historical records and allows for a detailed analysis of regions over their lifetimes. We sample the umbral tilt angle, footpoint separation, and umbral area of 235 bipolar sunspot regions in Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager-Debrecen Data with an hourly cadence. We use the time when the umbral area peaks as time zero to distinguish between the emergence and decay periods of each region and we limit our analysis of tilt and separation behavior over time to within +/- 96 hr of time zero. Tilt angle evolution is distinctly different for regions with small (approximate to 30 MSH), midsize (approximate to 50 MSH), and large (approximate to 110 MSH) maximum umbral areas, with 45 and 90 MSH being useful divisions for separating the groups. At the peak umbral area, we determine median tilt angles for small (7 degrees.6), midsize (5 degrees.9), and large (9 degrees.3) regions. Within +/- 48 hr of the time of peak umbral area, large regions steadily increase in tilt angle, midsize regions are nearly constant, and small regions show evidence of negative tilt during emergence. A period of growth in footpoint separation occurs over a 72-hr period for all of the regions from roughly 40 to 70 Mm. The smallest bipoles (<9 MSH) are outliers in that they do not obey Joy's law and have a much smaller footpoint separation. We confirm the Munoz-Jaramillo et al. results that the sunspots appear to be two distinct populations.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Computational modeling of porous shape memory alloys. In this study the mesoscopic behavior of porous shape memory alloys has been simulated with particular attention to the mechanical response under cyclic loading conditions. A recently developed constitutive law, accounting for full martensite reorientation as well as phase transformation, was implemented into the commercial finite element code ABAQUS. Due to stress concentrations in a porous microstructure, the constitutive law was enhanced to account for the development of permanent inelasticity in the shape memory matrix. With this simulation method, the complex interaction between porosity, local phase transformation and macroscale response has been evaluated. The results have implications for use of porous SMAs in biomedical and structural applications. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "You meta believe it. Because of the privileged place of beliefs in explaining behaviour, mismatch casesin which agents sincerely claim to believe that p, but act in a way that is inconsistent with that beliefhave attracted a great deal of attention. In this paper, I argue that some of these cases, at least, are at least partially explained by agents believing that they believe that p, while failing to believe that p. Agents in these cases do not believe that similar to p; rather, they have an indistinct first-order, beliefy, representation that p. The indistinctness of this first-order representation provides the leeway for the inconsistency seen in their behaviour.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Response of the inner magnetosphere and the plasma sheet to a sudden impulse. [1] The passage of an interplanetary shock caused a sudden compression of the magnetosphere between 0900 UT and 0915 UT on 24 August 2005. An estimate of the shock normal from solar wind data obtained by Geotail upstream of the bow shock indicates symmetric compression with respect to the noon-midnight meridian. Compression-related disturbances of the magnetic and electric field and plasma motion were observed by Double Star Program (DSP) Tan Ce 1 (TC1) and Tan Ce 2 (TC2) in the inner magnetosphere and by the Cluster spacecraft in the dawnside plasma sheet. DSP/TC1 and TC2 observations suggest that the disturbances in the inner magnetosphere are propagating from the dayside magnetopause. Cluster S/C 4 observations indicate that the front normal of the disturbances in the dawnside plasma sheet is phi similar to 180 degrees at 0902: 50 UT and phi = 107 degrees at 0904: 34 UT, where phi is the longitude in GSM coordinates, if we assume that the measured electric field is on the front plane and the normal lies on the X-Y plane. The timing analysis applied to magnetic field data from the four Cluster spacecraft independently gives a front normal, which is calculated to be phi =131 degrees at about 0904: 20 UT. Shock-associated magnetic and electric field disturbances propagating from both the dayside and flank magnetopauses are detected in the plasma sheet; the latter makes the dominant contribution. Substorms are, however, not triggered at the passage of the disturbances.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, S-isopropyl 3-methylthiobutyrate, CAS Registry Number 34322-06-0. S-Isopropyl 3-methylthiobutyrate was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data from read-across analog methyl thiobutyrate (CAS # 2432-51-1) show that S-isopropyl 3-methylthiobutyrate is not expected to be genotoxic. The repeated dose, reproductive, and local respiratory toxicity endpoints were evaluated using the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) for a Cramer Class I material, and the exposure to S-isopropyl 3-methylthiobutyrate is below the TTC (0.03 mg/kg/day, 0.03 mg/kg/day, and 1.4 mg/day, respectively). The skin sensitization endpoint was completed using the dermal sensitization threshold (DST) for non-reactive materials (900 mu g/cm(2)); exposure is below the DST. The phototoxicity/photoallergenicity endpoints were evaluated based on ultraviolet (UV) spectra; S-isopropyl 3-methylthiobutyrate is not expected to be phototoxic/photoallergenic. The environmental endpoints were evaluated; S-isopropyl 3-methylthiobutyrate was found not to be persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) as per the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) Environmental Standards, and its risk quotients, based on its current volume of use in Europe and North America (i.e., Predicted Environmental Concentration/Predicted No Effect Concentration [PEC/PNEC]), are < 1.The existing information supports the use of this material as described in this safety assessment.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
+{"token": "Translatio imperii and the Matter of Troy in Angevin Naples: BL Royal MS 20 D I and Royal MS 6 E IX. During his reign, Robert of Anjou (r. 1309-43) presided over the significant expansion of the royal library, a cultural practice that enhanced his self-fashioning as a Mediterranean ruler. In the bibliophile cultures of the Angevin book world, the siege of Troy and the Trojan diaspora provided a vehicle with which to express territorial imperatives. Two manuscripts produced in the 1330s evoke the matter of Troy as justification for the possible expansion of the Kingdom of Naples: British Library Royal MS 20 D I and Royal MS 6 E IX. The visual programmes in these two codices demonstrate the centrality of the matter of Troy to the territorial rhetoric of empire in late medieval cultures. Robert of Anjou, however, was more effective at imperial textual performance than the expansion of imperial territory, and traces of those textual performances endured long after Angevin ambitions had been extinguished.", "label": [3, 28, 30]}
+{"token": "Beneficial effect of prolonged heme oxygenase 1 activation in a rat model of chronic heart failure. We and others have previously demonstrated that heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) induction by acute hemin administration exerts cardioprotective effects. Here, we developed a rat model of heart failure to investigate whether a long-term induction of HO-1 by chronic hemin administration exerted protective effects. Sprague Dawley rats that underwent permanent ligation of the left coronary artery were closely monitored for survival rate analysis and sacrificed on day 28 post-operation. Administration of hemin (4 mg/kg body weight) every other day for 4 weeks induced a massive increase in HO-1 expression and activity, as shown by the increased levels of the two main metabolic products of heme degradation, bilirubin and carbon monoxide (CO). These effects were associated with significant improvement in survival and reduced the extension of myocardial damage. The ischemic hearts of the hemin-treated animals displayed reduced oxidative stress and apoptosis in comparison with the non-treated rats, as shown by the decreased levels of lipid peroxidation, free-radical-induced DNA damage, caspase-3 activity and Bax expression. Besides, chronic HO-1 activation suppressed the elevated levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) production and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) production that were evoked by the ischemic injury, and increased the plasma level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Interestingly, HO-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP-IX; 1 mg/kg) lowered bilirubin and CO concentrations to control values, thus abolishing all the cardioprotective effects of hemin. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that chronic HO-1 activation by prolonged administration of hemin improves survival and exerts protective effects in a rat model of myocardial ischemia by exerting a potent antioxidant activity and disrupting multiple levels of the apoptotic and inflammatory cascade.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42]}
+{"token": "Permanent Genetic Resources added to Molecular Ecology Resources Database 1 April 2013-31 May 2013. This article documents the addition of 234 microsatellite marker loci to the Molecular Ecology Resources Database. Loci were developed for the following species: Acipenser sinensis, Aleochara bilineata, Aleochara bipustulata, Barbus meridionalis, Colossoma macropomum, Delia radicum, Drosophila nigrosparsa, Fontainea picrosperma, Helianthemum cinereum, Liomys pictus, Megabalanus azoricus, Pelteobagrus vachelli, Pleuragramma antarcticum, Podarcis hispanica type 1A, Sardinella brasiliensis and Sclerotinia homoeocarpa. These loci were cross-tested on the following species: Acipenser dabryanus, Barbus balcanicus, Barbus barbus, Barbus cyclolepis, Drosophila hydei, Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila obscura, Drosophila subobscura, Fontainea australis, Fontainea fugax, Fontainea oraria, Fontainea rostrata, Fontainea venosa, Podarcis bocagei, Podarcis carbonelli, Podarcis liolepis, Podarcis muralis and Podarcis vaucheri.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
+{"token": "Numerical investigation on stall flutter of an airfoil with split drag rudder. This paper investigates the stall flutter characteristic of a National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) 0012 airfoil with a split drag rudder (SDR). The effect of split angle and initial disturbance on stall flutter properties are studied by the computational fluid dynamics (CFD)/computational structure dynamics (CSD) coupling method. The inherent flow mechanism is illustrated with the vorticity and pressure distribution contours. The results show that stall flutter occurs when the pitch motion amplitude of the response exceeds the pitch instability branches of the energy maps. The increase in the split angle leads to an increase in the additional stiffness of the aerodynamic forces so that the amplitude of the pitching motion induced by the initial disturbance decreases and the bifurcation speed increases with the split angle. The trailing edge vortex and the standing vortex between the rudders form affected by the SDR, which reduces the nose-up moment of the airfoil at small angles of attack and increases the nose-down moment after stall occurs. It enables airfoil to obtain more energy from the flow field so that the LCO oscillation amplitude increases. Moreover, it is found that the SDR-induced trailing-edge vortices will excite a large-amplitude stall flutter of an airfoil with a zero initial angle of attack and disturbance. (C) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "PAPER-MILL BOILER ASH AND LIME BY-PRODUCTS AS SOIL LIMING MATERIALS. The pulp and paper industry in the southeastern USA produces approximate to 6500 t of boiler ash and lime by-products (waste lime, grit, end dregs) daily. A survey of 88 pulp and paper mills indicated that most of these by-products are placed in landfills, with only 10% being land-applied. Seventeen boiler ash samples and 14 Lime by-products from 12 Alabama pulp and paper mills were analyzed and evaluated for their potential as soil liming materials. Most boiler ash resulted from the burning of wood or wood in combination with other materials and averaged 37% calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE), while 14 lime by-products averaged 99% CCE. In an 84-d incubation study, boiler ash and Lime by-products applied to an acid (pH = 5.2) Marvyn loamy sand (line-loamy, siliceous, thermic, Typic Kanhapludults) at equivalent rates based on CCE resulted in mean pH values significantly higher than values achieved with agricultural lime. All materials increased Mehlich-1 extractable P, K, and Mg. In a field study conducted on an acid (pH = 5.1) Vaiden clay (very-fine, mantmorillonitic, thermic Vertic Hapludalfs), dallisgrass-fescue (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.-Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) herbage yield increased 62% the second year and 49% the third year after surface application of boiler ash, lime by-products, and agricultural lime.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Plectin isoform P1b and P1d deficiencies differentially affect mitochondrial morphology and function in skeletal muscle. Plectin, a versatile 500-kDa cytolinker protein, is essential for muscle fiber integrity and function. The most common disease caused by mutations in the human plectin gene, epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy (EBS-MD), is characterized by severe skin blistering and progressive muscular dystrophy. Besides displaying pathological desmin-positive protein aggregates and degenerative changes in the myofibrillar apparatus, skeletal muscle specimens of EBS-MD patients and plectin-deficient mice are characterized by massive mitochondrial alterations. In this study, we demonstrate that structural and functional alterations of mitochondria are a primary aftermath of plectin deficiency in muscle, contributing to myofiber degeneration. We found that in skeletal muscle of conditional plectin knockout mice (MCK-Cre/cKO), mitochondrial content was reduced, and mitochondria were aggregated in sarcoplasmic and subsarcolemmal regions and were no longer associated with Z-disks. Additionally, decreased mitochondrial citrate synthase activity, respiratory function and altered adenosine diphosphate kinetics were characteristic of plectin-deficient muscles. To analyze a mechanistic link between plectin deficiency and mitochondrial alterations, we comparatively assessed mitochondrial morphology and function in whole muscle and teased muscle fibers of wild-type, MCK-Cre/cKO and plectin isoform-specific knockout mice that were lacking just one isoform (either P1b or P1d) while expressing all others. Monitoring morphological alterations of mitochondria, an isoform P1b-specific phenotype affecting the mitochondrial fusion-fission machinery and manifesting with upregulated mitochondrial fusion-associated protein mitofusin-2 could be identified. Our results show that the depletion of distinct plectin isoforms affects mitochondrial network organization and function in different ways.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "Stimulation of Capillary Imbibition in Oil Reservoir Treatment. The author proposes a problem formulation for the capillary rise process when one of the capillary ends is connected to the atmosphere and the other end is put in a liquid-filled tank with walls subjected to vibrations. The calculations show that pressure surges essentially reduce the time of capillary imbibition. Given no vibration in the liquid flow from the tank to the capillary, the water rise height found from the numerical solution of the formulated problem coincides with the calculation from the Lucas-Washburn equation and agrees with the test data. The generalization algorithm for the problem to be applicable to capillary imbibition in porous media saturated with immiscible liquids is presented.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "The influence of local tissue conductivity changes on the magnetoencephalogram and the electroencephalogram. We examined the influence of local tissue conductivity changes in the vicinity of a dipolar source on the neuromagnetic held and the electric scalp potential using a high resolution finite element method model of the human head. We found that the topology of both the electric scalp potential and the neuromagnetic field (and consequently dipole localization) is influenced significantly by conductivity changes only in voxels adjacent to the source. Conductivity changes in these voxels yield a greater change in the amplitude of the magnetic field (and consequently in the dipole strength) than in the amplitude of the electric potential.", "label": [1, 2, 22, 15]}
+{"token": "The power and potential of genomics in weed biology and management. There have been previous calls for, and efforts focused on, realizing the power and potential of weed genomics for better understanding of weeds. Sustained advances in genome sequencing and assembly technologies now make it possible for individual research groups to generate reference genomes for multiple weed species at reasonable costs. Here, we present the outcomes from several meetings, discussions, and workshops focused on establishing an International Weed Genomics Consortium (IWGC) for a coordinated international effort in weed genomics. We review the state of the art' in genomics and weed genomics, including technologies, applications, and on-going weed genome projects. We also report the outcomes from a workshop and a global survey of the weed science community to identify priority species, key biological questions, and weed management applications that can be addressed through greater availability of, and access to, genomic resources. Major focus areas include the evolution of herbicide resistance and weedy traits, the development of molecular diagnostics, and the identification of novel targets and approaches for weed management. There is increasing interest in, and need for, weed genomics, and the establishment of the IWGC will provide the necessary global platform for communication and coordination of weed genomics research. (c) 2018 Society of Chemical Industry", "label": [0, 4, 7, 44]}
+{"token": "An analytical approach for thermodynamic properties of the six-component systems Ni-Cr-Co-Al-Mo-Ti and their subsystems. In the present study, the results of some thermodynamic prediction methods were applied to the Ni-Cr-Co-Al-Mo-Ti system of six components. The Chou's general solution model and the traditional models of Kohler and Muggianu were included in the calculation for the comparison and discussion. The excess Gibbs energy dependences on composition for two investigated cross sections at 2000 K, were obtained according to the applied models. The comparison between the results of the three models shows good mutual agreement.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Reusing Fe water treatment residual as a soil amendment to improve physical function and flood resilience. Soil degradation is a global challenge that is intrinsically linked to climate change and food security. Soil degradation has many causes, but all degraded soils suffer from poor soil structure. The increasing global production of water treatment residual (WTR), an organo-mineral waste product from clean water treatment, means that the sustainable reuse of this waste provides a potential timely opportunity, as research has shown that WTR application to soil can improve soil health. Recycling or reuse of WTR to land is commonplace across the world but is subject to limitations based on the chemical properties of the material. Very little work has focused on the physical impacts of WTR application and its potential to rebuild soil structure, particularly improving its ability to hold water and resist the effects of flooding. This paper presents novel research in which the use of Fe WTR and Fe WTR /compost [1 : 1] co-amendment has shown to be beneficial for a soil's water retention, permeability, volume change, and strength properties, all critical in soil health. Application rates of WTR were 10 %-30 % by dry mass. Compared with the control sandy loam soil, co-amended samples have 5.7 times the hydraulic conductivity (570 % improvement), 54 % higher shear strength, and 25 % greater saturated water content. Single WTR-amended soil had 26 times the saturated hydraulic conductivity (2600 % improvement), 129 % higher shear strength, and 13.7 % greater saturated water content. Data indicate that Fe WTR can be added as a single amendment to significantly improve soil physical characteristics where shear strength and hydraulic conductivity are the most important factors in application. Although the co-application of Fe WTR with compost provides a lesser improvement in shear strength and hydraulic conductivity compared with single WTR amendment, the co-amendment has the best water retention properties and provides supplementary organic content, which is beneficial for environmental applications where the soil health (i.e. ability to sustain ecosystem functions and support plants) is critical.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "The social semantics of Mikhail Pokrovskij and Nikolaj Marr. Criticizing the works of \\\\'Western\\\\' specialists in semantics, Soviet academician M. M. Pokrovskij (1868-1942) comes to the conclusion that social factors are essential for semantic evolution, while psychological factors constitute an intermediate link between the \\\\'external\\\\' life of a society and the semantics of the corresponding language. This conception resembles the general explanations of semantic evolution proposed by N. Ja. Marr (1864-1934). Nevertheless, despite a number of common points in the semantic theories of these two researchers, Pokrovskij's attitude towards Marr was negative: in particular, he disagreed with the thesis of the chronological primacy of Marr's discoveries in the domain of semantics. The article investigates why Pokrovskij had for a long time constituted an intermediate link between Russian and \\\\'Western\\\\' \\\\'traditions\\\\' in the field of semantics.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
+{"token": "Development and psychometric evaluation of an instrument to assess Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Family Caregivers at Preventing Pressure Injuries (KAP-PI) in Indonesian community-dwelling older adults. Background The prevalence of pressure injuries among community-dwelling older adults in countries worldwide is still a serious problem. In Indonesia, older adults mostly rely on family members for (medical) care. Therefore, involving family members in the prevention and treatment of pressure injuries (PIs) could potentially decrease its prevalence rates. However, family members are usually not trained for such tasks. Hence, it is essential to first get more insight into the current state of affairs on family members' knowledge, attitude and actual practice of preventing PIs. Due to the lack of an existing instrument to measure knowledge, attitude and practice of family caregivers in preventing PIs, this study focuses on the development and evaluation of psychometric properties of such an instrument. Methods Three phases of instrument development and evaluation were used, including item generation, instrument construction and psychometric testing of the instrument. A total of 372 family caregivers of community-dwelling older adults who randomly selected participated in this study. Principal factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha were performed to evaluate factor structure and internal consistency of the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Family Caregivers at Preventing Pressure Injuries (KAP-PI) instrument. Results The final version of the KAP-PI-instrument consists of a 12-item knowledge domain, a 9-item attitude domain, and a 12-item practice domain with Cronbach's Alpha values of 0.83, 0.93 and 0.89, respectively. The instrument appeared to be both reliable and valid. Conclusion The KAP-PI instrument can be used in family nursing or community nursing practice, education, and research to assess knowledge, attitude and practice of pressure injury prevention of family caregivers.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "OBSERVATION OF DIURNAL SOARING RAPTORS IN NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL DEPENDS ON WEATHER CONDITIONS AND TIME OF DAY. Weather conditions influence flight performance of soaring raptors, which take advantage of the strength of rising air currents to travel and forage. Most studies on soaring raptors are not conducted when precipitation and fog are present or during the hottest times of the day, when it is expected that these factors reduce species' detectability. The effect of weather on the movement of migratory birds has been studied extensively, but few studies have addressed these effects on nonmigratory tropical raptors. We described the richness, composition, and activity patterns of a diurnal soaring raptor community and we identified how daily weather conditions affected the probability of observing a species. For 11 mo, we surveyed five fixed points in an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area consisting mainly of montane Atlantic Forest in northeastern Brazil, for a total of 98 point counts. We recorded 12 species of soaring raptors, of which five made up 88% of all sightings. We added new records for three soaring raptor species, updating the previous richness list for the study region to 26 species. Daily wind velocity positively influenced the probability of observing Short-tailed Hawks (Buteo brachyurus). Daily relative humidity positively influenced the probability of observing Mantled Hawks (Pseudastur polionotus) and negatively influenced that of Roadside Hawks (Rupornis magnirostris). Six species would not have been recorded if afternoon samplings were not made. We demonstrated the need to consider weather conditions and time of day to increase the chance of observing diurnal soaring raptors.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Invasive Asian Fusarium - Euwallacea ambrosia beetle mutualists pose a serious threat to forests, urban landscapes and the avocado industry. Several species of the ambrosia beetle Euwallacea (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) cultivate Ambrosia Fusarium Clade (AFC) species in their galleries as a source of food. Like all other scolytine beetles in the tribe Xyleborini, Euwallacea are thought to be obligate mutualists with their fungal symbionts. Published diversification-time estimates suggest that the Euwallacea - Fusarium symbiosis evolved once approximately 21 million years ago. Female Euwallacea possess paired oral mycangia within which foundresses transport their Fusarium symbiont vertically from their natal gallery to new woody hosts. During the past two decades, exotic Asian Euwallacea - Fusarium mutualists have been introduced into the United States, Israel and Australia. Because these invasive pests attack and can reproduce on living woody hosts, they pose a serious threat to native forests, urban landscapes and the avocado industry.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 44, 9]}
+{"token": "Strong Exciton-Plasmon Coupling in Silver Nanowire Nanocavities. The interaction between plasmonic and excitonic systems and the formation of hybridized states is an area of intense interest due to the potential to create exotic light matter states. We report herein coupling between the leaky surface plasmon polariton (SPP) modes of single Ag nanowires and excitons of a cyanine dye (TDBC) in an open nanocavity. Silver nanowires were spin-cast onto glass coverslips, and the wavevector of the leaky SPP mode was measured by back focal plane (BFP) microscopy. Performing these measurements at different wavelengths allows the generation of dispersion curves, which show avoided crossings after deposition of a concentrated TDBC-PVA film. The Rabi splitting frequencies (Omega) determined from the dispersion curves vary between nanowires, with a maximum value of Omega = 390 +/- 80 meV. The experiments also show an increase in attenuation of the SPP mode in the avoided crossing region. The ability to measure attenuation for the hybrid exciton-SPP states is a powerful aspect of these single nanowire experiments because this quantity is not readily available from ensemble experiments.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Olfactory function in acute rhinitis. This study was performed to investigate the effects of the common cold on olfactory function, which was assessed using chemosensory event-related potentials (CSERP, in response to both olfactory [H2S] and trigeminal [CO2] stimuli) and psychophysical measures (intensity ratings, odor discrimination, butanol threshold); nasal volume was assessed by means of acoustic rhinometry. The investigation was performed in 36 subjects (18 women, 18 men). After onset of the rhinitis (day 0) measurements mere performed on days 2, 4, 6 and 35, The cold produced a decrease of the volume of the anterior nasal cavity accompanied by an increase of mucus secretion, an increase of olfactory thresholds, a decrease of intensity ratings and a decrease of N1 CSERP amplitudes to olfactory and trigeminal stimuli. When mucus secretion of the contralateral nasal cavity was controlled with oxymetazoline, N1 amplitudes to olfactory stimuli were still affected by the cold as indicated by the significant increase of amplitudes as subjects recovered; this phenomenenon was not found for responses to trigeminal stimuli, This indicates that the common cold has a small effect on olfactory function which may be independent of nasal congestion.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 18, 22, 8, 42]}
+{"token": "Solving one-dimensional acoustic systems using the impedance translation theorem and equivalent circuits: A graduate level homework assignment. The natural frequency resonances and sound radiation from one-dimensional acoustic systems are of great interest in the study of musical instruments, human vocal tract effects on speech, automotive exhaust pipes, duct systems for temperature control in buildings, and more. The impedance translation theorem is an approach that may be used to solve for the input impedance and therefore the resonance frequencies of one-dimensional systems. Equivalent circuits offer another approach to solving one-dimensional systems, though with equivalent circuits you can also solve for the response at any location in the system, including the radiated sound pressure. At Brigham Young University, there are two graduate level courses that teach these two techniques. One of the most challenging and memorable homework assignments from these courses is based on using one of these techniques to analyze a particular acoustic system and compare its response with the real thing. This paper discusses the basics of these two techniques and applies them to an analysis of phonemes produced by altering the human vocal tract. Details about the homework assignments are also given.(c) 2021 Acoustical Society of America.", "label": [3, 4, 35, 28]}
+{"token": "A SAMPLING SURVEY OF THE TEREK COSSACK TROOPS STANITSA MODE OF LIFE (1875-1880). (Part I). In Russia of the 1870-1880s, development of empirical sociology was deemed unthinkable. However provincial and regional administrations, and later, zemstvo institutions actively carried out statistical surveys of the population on a wide range of socio-economic issues. The work of the Zemstvo statistical bodies in some provinces of the European part of the Russian Empire has been duly studied. Whereas the fruits of the provincial (regional) statistical committees' studies covering almost all the regions of the Empire are still outside scholarly analysis. The article attempts to bridge this gap to an extent discussing methods and results of these committees' work as well as their contribution to the development of research procedures, in particular, a pioneering practice of the sampling method. The Terek Regional Statistical Committee had studied the Terek Cossacks' mode of life under guided by N.A. Blagoveshchensky in 1875-1880. The article examines how the study was organized to survey 12 \\\\'typical\\\\' villages and what results it yielded. In conclusion, the need to study extensive practices of the rural life statistical surveys of late 19th century is emphasized as a unique indisputable achievement of domestic statistics as well as a pre-sociological stage of empirical research in Russia that contributed to the development of the world statistical science.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "The Dynamics of Quadropoly: League Position in English Football between 1888 and 2010. This paper explores competitive balance in top-tier English league football from its inception in 1888. It examines the extent to which finishing in the top four positions in successive seasons is the preserve of a small number of clubs. Using a range of statistical measures, the analysis shows that the current high levels of competitive imbalance are not new phenomena. The overall pattern approximates a 'U curve': current patterns parallel those in the 1890s. In the early years of English league football, differences in resources between clubs soon became apparent. Clubs from the larger conurbations generated consistently larger revenues than their counterparts in the smaller industrial towns. The introduction of the maximum wage in 1901 and the transfer system helped to stem these increasing inequalities between clubs. This coincided with a massive wave of new stadia construction which enabled all the clubs to compete on an increasingly level playing field. These conjunctural changes to English football before 1915 produced the era of relatively competitive football during the inter-war years. This continued until the abolition of the maximum wage in 1961. Since that time, competitive balance has reversed and become increasingly restricted. English top-tier football has re-entered an era of extreme competitive imbalance.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 52]}
+{"token": "Association of BRCA1, ERCC1, RAP80, PKM2, RRM1, RRM2, TS, TSP1, and TXR1 mRNA expression levels between primary tumors and infiltrated regional lymph nodes in patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer. Differences in gene expression levels between the primary tumors (PTs) and matched regional lymph nodal metastases (LNs) in patients with totally excised non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were explored. Microdissected formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples from (PT) and their matched infiltrated LNs, from 239 patients [183 (with matched PT and LNs samples)-case and 56 PT only samples-control cohorts] were analyzed for BRCA1, ERCC1, RAP80, PKM2, RRM1, RRM2, TS, TSP1, and TXR1 mRNA expression by quantitative real-time polymerase-chain reaction (PCR). Moderately positive correlation between the expression of each gene in the PT and the matched LNs was observed. Concordance rates between the PT and the LNs were: BRCA1 (67.7%), ERCC1 (68.4%), PKM2 (63.4%), RAP80 (68.8%), RRM1 (70.9%), RRM2 (69%), TS (72.9%), TSPI (69.8%), TXR1 (63.7%). Expression levels and their differences were correlated with Relapse-Free Survival (RFS) and Overall Survival (OS). High BRCA1 PT in patients with squamous histology was associated with increased OS (p = 0.036). High TSP1 PT levels were shown to be the only independent prognostic factor for OS and RFS (p = 0.023 and p = 0.007) . PKM2 low levels in both PT and matched LNs were associated with better OS irrespective of the underlying histology (p = 0.031). RRM1 discordant levels between PT and matched LNs were associated with worse OS in squamous tumors (p = 0.019) compared to patients with both low expression in PT and LN.TXR1 high levels in both PT and matched LNs were associated with better OS in patients with squamous tumors (p = 0.007).These findings indicate that there is different gene expression between PT and matched LNs which may affect the outcome in early NSCLC and therefore PT's molecular biology should not be the sole determinant for prognostication.", "label": [2, 22, 20]}
+{"token": "Public health skills for a lay workforce: findings on skills and attributes from a qualitative study of lay health worker roles. Results: Findings on the pre-eminence of social skills associated with LHW roles were consistent across all five projects. Being approachable, non-judgemental and responsive to community needs were critical attributes that enabled LHWs to undertake outreach and communicate successfully with programme recipients. Experiential knowledge and cultural understanding were also important qualities. A typology of attributes associated with LHW roles is presented.Objectives: To present a typology of attributes associated with lay health worker (LHW) roles drawn from a qualitative study of lay roles in the delivery of public health programmes.Study design: Qualitative research study of case studies of public health projects.Methods: Five case studies of public health projects were undertaken, reflecting diverse roles, public health issues and populations. Semi-structured interviews and focus groups were carried out with a sample of 136 stakeholders, including commissioners, practitioners, LHWs and service users. Thematic analysis was conducted within and across cases.Conclusions: Social skills, the ability to connect with a community, and the ability to develop respectful relationships are fundamental qualities for LHW roles. Further research would be required to produce a comprehensive map of LHW skills; however, the paper questions assumptions that lay skills are necessarily of a lower order than the professional skill set. (C) 2013 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) up-regulates IL-15 through PKC beta 1-TAK1-NF-kappa B signaling pathway. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important infectious diseases in swine industry. IL-15 is a pleiotropic cytokine and has been shown to be essential to transform NKs, CD8 T cells, and other cells of the immune systems into functional effectors. Here, we demonstrated that the broad-spectrum or conventional PKC inhibitors repressed PRRSV-induced IL-15 expression and NF-kappa B activation. Subsequently, we found that the PKC beta specific inhibitor inhibited PRRSV-induced IL-15 production, which was also confirmed by knock-down of PKC beta 1, suggesting that PKC beta 1 is involved in the PRRSV-induced IL-15 expression. In addition, we demonstrated that PRRSV activated NF-kappa B through PKC beta 1-induced TAK1 activation. Finally, we demonstrated that PRRSV activated PKC beta 1 dependent on the participation of TRIF and MAVS. These data indicate that PRRSV up-regulates IL-15 through TRIF/MAVS-PKC beta 1-TAK1-NF-kappa B signaling pathway. These findings will provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of IL-15 production induced by PRRSV. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Inc.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "The classical involution theorem for groups of finite Morley rank. This paper gives a partial answer to the Cherlin-Zil'ber Conjecture, which states that every infinite simple group of finite Morley rank is isomorphic to an algebraic group over an algebraically closed field. The classification of the generic case of tame groups of odd type follows from the main result of this work, which is an analogue of Aschbacher's Classical Involution Theorem for finite simple groups. (C) 2001 Academic Press.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "YOLOF-Snake: An Efficient Segmentation Model for Green Object Fruit. Accurate detection and segmentation of the object fruit is the key part of orchard production measurement and automated picking. Affected by light, weather, and operating angle, it brings new challenges to the efficient and accurate detection and segmentation of the green object fruit under complex orchard backgrounds. For the green fruit segmentation, an efficient YOLOF-snake segmentation model is proposed. First, the ResNet101 structure is adopted as the backbone network to achieve feature extraction of the green object fruit. Then, the C5 feature maps are expanded with receptive fields and the decoder is used for classification and regression. Besides, the center point in the regression box is employed to get a diamond-shaped structure and fed into an additional Deep-snake network, which is adjusted to the contours of the target fruit to achieve fast and accurate segmentation of green fruit. The experimental results show that YOLOF-snake is sensitive to the green fruit, and the segmentation accuracy and efficiency are significantly improved. The proposed model can effectively extend the application of agricultural equipment and provide theoretical references for other fruits and vegetable segmentation.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Effects of chronic heat stress on testicular structures, serum testosterone and cortisol concentrations in developing lambs. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of high and moderate summer ambient temperatures on testicular structures and endocrine profile of developing ram lambs. Twenty fall-born ram lambs were randomly divided into two groups: animals were kept outdoor (n = 10) under ambient temperature (31-50 degrees C) or maintained indoor (26-32 degrees C) from May to October 2007. Daily maximum ambient temperature was recorded for both environments. Monthly serum testosterone and cortisol concentrations were compared between two groups throughout the experiment. The animals were slaughtered at the end of the study and their testes subjected to histopathology exam. The results showed that maximum outdoor ambient temperature was significantly higher than indoor. There was no difference between two groups on serum testosterone concentration. There was no effect on serum cortisol levels except in August and October. Histolopathological examination revealed a severe testicular degeneration with significant germ line degeneration without any impact on somatic cells. In conclusion, direct exposure of developing lambs during non-breeding season impairs testicular germ cells without significant effect on testicular endocrine function. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 42, 10]}
+{"token": "Asians for Black Lives, Not Asians for Asians': Building Southeast Asian American and Black Solidarity. This paper explores the possibilities and challenges of building cross-racial solidarity between Southeast Asian American and Black communities through an ethnographic account of a community-based educational space (CBES) working with low-income Southeast Asian American and Black youth. CBESs can play a unique role in teaching youth to engage in anti-racist work and building cross-racial coalitions. We argue that attention to challenging anti-Blackness is central to cross-racial coalitions but should also recognize the distinct nature of anti-Asian racism.", "label": [5, 56, 53]}
+{"token": "Transmission of models and workshop practices in le century painting in Bruges: the Rogerian fragment of the Virgin kissed by the Child in the Lazaro Galdiano Museum. In the first half of the 16th century in Bruges the models formulated by the great forerunners of the previous century, such as Rogier van der Weyden and Hans Memling, were adapted and updated with the aim of devising successful images that could be reproduced in a serial manner for the international market. The Virgin kissed by the Christ Child in an Interior in the Museo Lazaro Galdiano (MLG 3346) was created in this context. Despite its fragmentary state this small panel casts light on habitual practices in Bruges workshops during the Early Renaissance.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Dimethylsulfide model calibration and parametric sensitivity analysis for the Greenland Sea. Sea-to-air fluxes of marine biogenic aerosols have the potential to modify cloud microphysics and regional radiative budgets, and thus moderate Earth's warming. Polar regions play a critical role in the evolution of global climate. In this work, we use a well-established biogeochemical model to simulate the DMS flux from the Greenland Sea (20 degrees W-10 degrees E and 70 degrees N-80 degrees N) for the period 2003-2004. Parameter sensitivity analysis is employed to identify the most sensitive parameters in the model. A genetic algorithm (GA) technique is used for DMS model parameter calibration. Data from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) are used to drive the DMS model under 4 x CO2 conditions. DMS flux under quadrupled CO2 levels increases more than 300% compared with late 20th century levels (1 x CO2). Reasons for the increase in DMS flux include changes in the ocean stated-namely an increase in sea surface temperature (SST) and loss of sea ice-dand an increase in DMS transfer velocity, especially in spring and summer. Such a large increase in DMS flux could slow the rate of warming in the Arctic via radiative budget changes associated with DMS-derived aerosols. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. and NIPR. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 37, 38]}
+{"token": "Structures, feelings and savoir faire: Ghana's middle classes in the making. The concept of 'middle class' in African societies has been recognized recently but at the same time it resists clear-cut definition. Rather than seeking clearer classification, I propose to embrace its contested nature as productive, seeing 'middle class' not as a category that we can find 'out there' and measure, but as a classification-in-the-making. Middle-class status, or a particular idea of the good life, is a position people strive towards, but what this entails depends on context and place. The study of the pursuit of social mobility in Ghana during colonialism, independence and the post-Cold War period - of those who have successfully improved their livelihoods - provides knowledge about the middle class in the making in different eras and under different conditions. I propose a three-pronged approach to study this processual nature: Raymond Williams' notion of 'structures of feeling' helps unravel the shifting affective qualities of the changing political economy, while Sara Ahmed's focus on the 'feelings of structure' zooms in on agency as an important tool to analyse how middle-class trajectories unfold over time. Lastly, the availability of advantageous conditions is not enough to stimulate change; one needs the savoir faire to enact them.", "label": [5, 56, 52]}
+{"token": "High-Resolution Global Contiguous SIF of OCO-2. The Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) collects solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) at high spatial resolution along orbits ((SIF) over bar oco(2_orbit)), but its discontinuous spatial coverage precludes its full potential for understanding the mechanistic SIF-photosynthesis relationship. This study developed a spatially contiguous global OCO-2 SIF product at 0.05 degrees and 16-day resolutions ((SIF) over bar (oco2_005)) using machine learning constrained by physiological understandings. This was achieved by stratifying biomes and times for training and predictions, which accounts for varying plant physiological properties in space and time. (SIF) over bar (oco2_005) accurately preserved the spatiotemporal variations of SIFoco2_orbit across the globe. Validation of (SIf) over bar (oco2_005) with Chlorophyll Fluorescence Imaging Spectrometer airborne measurements revealed striking consistency (R-2 = 0.72; regression slope = 0.96). Further, without time and biome stratification, (1) (SIF) over bar (oco2_005) of croplands, deciduous temperate, and needleleaf forests would be underestimated during the peak season, (2) (SIF) over bar (oco2_005) of needleleaf forests would be overestimated during autumn, and (3) the capability of (SIF) over bar (oco2_005) to detect drought would be diminished.Plain Language Summary Newly available observations of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) from satellite sensors represent a major step toward quantifying photosynthesis globally in real time. However, existing satellite SIF records are restricted to low spatial resolutions, sparse data acquisition, or both. These limitations impede the full capability of SIF for improving our understanding of dynamics of photosynthesis and its response to environmental changes (particularly in heterogeneous landscapes) to better support carbon source/sink attribution and verification. This study developed a novel high-resolution time series of spatially contiguous SIF for the globe, leveraging NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 measurements. We combined machine learning algorithms with known physiological constraints for this effort. Comparison with independent airborne SIF measurements revealed strong consistency, confirming the high quality of this new SIF data set. The high-resolution and global contiguous coverage of this data set will greatly enhance the synergy between satellite SIF and photosynthesis measured on the ground at consistent spatial scales. Potential applications with this data set include advancing dynamic drought monitoring and mitigation, informing agricultural planning and yield estimation in a more spatially explicit way, and providing a benchmark for upcoming satellite missions with SIF capabilities at higher spatial resolutions.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Decreased endemic malaria in Suriname: moving towards elimination. Conclusions: The existence of a network of policlinics in the interior ran by Medical Mission, for the indigenous population, allowed the rapid implementation of the strategy in stable communities. The success of malaria control in Suriname indicates that the availability at local level, of prompt and adequate prevention, diagnosis and treatment is a key requirement for the elimination of malaria.Results: Between 2000 and 2015 there were 57,811 locally acquired cases of malaria in the stable populations of Suriname. A significant reduction in indigenous malaria cases was observed from 2006 to 2015. The number of imported malaria cases saw a relative increase compared to the number of autochthonous cases. In 2015 over 95% of the cases reported in stable communities are imported, mainly from neighbouring French Guiana, a department of France. The overall decline in malaria case incidence followed the mass-distribution of free long-lasting insecticide-impregnated mosquito nets and increased awareness building efforts, improved access to malaria services as a result of the introduction of Rapid Diagnostic Tests and the implementation of active case detection in high risk areas. In addition, improved management of Plasmodium falciparum infections was achieved with the introduction of artemisinin combination therapy.Background: Suriname has moved from being the country with the highest annual parasite index in the Americas to one on the threshold of elimination. The progress toward elimination in the stable populations of Suriname between 2000 and 2015 is reviewed.Methods: Data was obtained from the Medical Mission and the Ministry of Health Malaria Programme case-reporting systems, and analysed with a focus on disease burden and differentiation of the disease geographically, by malaria species, age, gender, ethnicity, incidence and gametocytaemia.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
+{"token": "Studies on the adaptation of Azolla mexicana in the Aegean and the Mediterranean regions. Azolla (Azolla anabaena) is an aquatic fern plant that can be used as a green manure and organic matter resource in many countries where irrigation water is not a problem. A. mexicana is one of the azolla species adapted to the environmental conditions of Izmir (Turkey). The objective of this research was to determine the adaptation and agronomic potential of azolla plants to the Mediterranean climate regions. The research was conducted at three locations (Izmir and Aydin located in the Aegean region and Antalya located in the Mediterranean region of Turkey) in 1999, 2000 and 2001. Fresh azolla was planted in April, May, June and October at the rate of 300 g m(-2) at each application. The growing azolla plants were harvested 15 days after planting. The highest fresh yield (1481 g m(-2)) Was obtained in April at Izmir. The total N, P, and K values were between 2.93-3.31 %, 0.43-0.54 % and 1. 10-1.37 % at Izmir, Aydin, and Antalya, respectively. The shortest time to reach a two-fold increase was 3.53 days at Izmir based on the average of three years.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Making waves: Creating water sensitive cities in Australia. Creating water sensitive cities is a stated goal of Australia's National Water Initiative; however, most Australian cities have made only limited progress toward this goal. This paper summarises an in-depth collaborative research project that sought to understand what is holding back investment in water sensitive cities and identify a road map to address the constraints. The project involved research academics, industry participants, and economic regulation agencies from all major Australian jurisdictions. The reforms identified that will move Australia towards a nation of water sensitive cities are: (i) strengthening government policy support for water sensitive urban design to ensure it has equal standing with other policy objectives; (ii) increased government investment for outcomes valued by the community (funded through general taxation or broad-based charges), accompanied by charges for those services used and valued by water utility customers; (iii) improvements to system-level accountability to ensure objectives are met; (iv) changes to the regulatory incentives faced by water utilities to ensure the services valued by customers and community are delivered; (v) removal of barriers to private sector participation in service delivery; and (vi) improved information systems and analytical capabilities to ensure appropriate water sensitive solutions are identified and delivered efficiently.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Acetaminophen toxicosis in a Dalmatian. An 11-year-old, spayed female Dalmatian was presented with suspected acetaminophen toxicosis. The dog was severely depressed. Methemoglobinemia, facial edema, and hemoglobinuria responded to treatment with intravenous fluids, N-acetylcysteine, ascorbic acid, and sodium bicarbonate. There was no clinical evidence of hepatic damage typical of acetaminophen toxicity in the dog.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Are the insects more closely related to the crustaceans than to the myriapods?. The question is discussed whether the insects and the myriapods constitute a monophyletic group or whether the insects are more closely related to crustaceans. Characters which insects have in common with myriapods are either suspect of being convergent (tracheae, Malpighian tubules) or are not valid arguments in a phylogenetic discussion (absence or loss of characters). Characters speaking in favour of a close insect-crustacean relationship are much better substantiated. They comprise similarities between insects and crustaceans in identified neurons in the adult brain and in embryology, in fine structure of ommatidia and in expression of segmentation genes.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Genomic sequence of physalis mottle virus and its evolutionary relationship with other tymoviruses. The genome of physalis mottle tymovirus (PhMV) is 6673 nucleotides long and is rich in cytosine residues (40.58%) like other tymoviruses. The organization of the genes is also similar to that of five other tymoviruses whose sequences are known. However, PhMV has the longest 3' noncoding region as well as the longest replicase (RP:) ORE The RP sequences are similar to those of other tymoviruses (48-60% identity) whereas the coat proteins (CP) and the overlapping proteins (OP) are conserved to a lesser extent (30-50% and 26-34% respectively). A tetra peptide \\\\'GILG\\\\' was found to be present in all the tymoviral OPs. The PhMV RP also possesses the methyl transferase, polymerase and the helicase motifs found in all the Sindbis-like super group of plant viruses. A phylogenetic analysis of the six tymoviral sequences revealed that they do not have a rigid hierarchical similarity relationship.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Innovation, learning and industrial organisation. Innovation, learning and organisation are analysed from a perspective which seeks to integrate evolutionary economics, the resource/competence view of the firm, an extended theory of transaction costs and insights derived from cognitive science. Firms are subject to selection by competitive forces, but they also adapt by organisational learning. Uncertainty is crucial in this, and to deal with it we need a 'logic of abduction': a heuristic to move from present competence to novel competence, while surviving in the process. Such a heuristic is specified and some features are clarified by means of the notion of a script, taken from cognitive science. The heuristic is applied in an analysis of changes of industrial structure, the complementarity of large and small firms, the roles of multinational enterprises and industrial districts.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Thermal disinfection of hotels, hospitals, and athletic venues hot water distribution systems contaminated by Legionella species. Legionella spp. ( >= 500 cfu liter(-1)) were detected in 92 of 497 water distribution systems (WDS) examined. Thermal disinfection was applied at 33 WDS. After the first and second application of the disinfection procedure, 15 (45.4%) and 3 (9%) positive for remedial actions WDS were found, respectively Legionella pneumophila was more resistant to thermal disinfection than Legionella non-pneumophila spp. (relative risk [RR] = 5.4, 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 1-35). WDS of hotels with oil heater were more easily disinfected than those with electrical or solar heater (RR = 0.4 95% CI = 0.2-0.8). Thermal disinfection seems not to be efficient enough to eliminate legionellae, unless repeatedly applied and in combination with extended heat flushing, and faucets chlorine disinfection.", "label": [2, 25, 24]}
+{"token": "A general discontinuous Galerkin method for finite hyperelasticity. Formulation and numerical applications. A discontinuous Galerkin formulation of the boundary value problem of finite-deformation elasticity is presented. The primary purpose is to establish a discontinuous Galerkin framework for large deformations of solids in the context of statics and simple material behaviour with a view toward further developments involving behaviour or models where the DG concept can show its superiority compared to the continuous formulation. The method is based on a general Hu-Washizu-de Veubeke functional allowing for displacement and stress discontinuities in the domain interior. It is shown that this approach naturally leads to the formulation of average stress fluxes at interelement boundaries in a finite element implementation. The consistency and linearized stability of the method in the non-linear range as well as its convergence rate are proven. An implementation in three dimensions is developed, showing that the proposed method can be integrated into conventional finite element codes in a straightforward manner. In order to demonstrate the versatility, accuracy and robustness of the method examples of application and convergence studies in three dimensions are provided. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 41]}
+{"token": "Bird assemblages in Tasmanian clearcuts are influenced by the age of eucalypt regeneration but not by distance from mature forest. Many species of birds are adversely affected by clearcutting of Australian eucalypt forests for timber. However, recolonisation of harvested areas may be enhanced if mature forest is retained nearby (forest influence).We test the benefits of proximity to mature Tasmanian wet eucalypt forest on birds in adjacent regenerating clearcuts. We hypothesised that bird assemblages in silvicultural regeneration would become more similar to those in adjacent mature forest with increasing proximity to the mature forest. To test this, we sampled birds in regenerating clearcuts using 25 m radius point counts centred 35, 120, and 200 m from mature forest. We also hypothesised that the magnitude of forest influence would decrease with time since harvest, across three age classes of approximately 7, 27 and 45 years-old, because the assemblages in older regeneration would be more similar to those in the mature forest.We found that distance from mature forest had no significant effects on bird assemblage composition, native species richness per sample, or the incidences of any species. This result was apparent across all three age classes of silvicultural regeneration, despite significant changes in the assemblage composition, native species richness, and incidence of 10 species, with time since harvest. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
+{"token": "Design of a multi-signature ensemble classifier predicting neuroblastoma patients' outcome. Conclusions: The NB-MuSE-classifier is based on an ensemble approach that merges twenty heterogeneous, neuroblastoma-related gene signatures to blend their discriminating power, rather than numeric values, into a single, highly accurate patients' outcome predictor. The novelty of our approach derives from the way to integrate the gene expression signatures, by optimally associating them with a single paradigm ultimately integrated into a single classifier. This model can be exported to other types of cancer and to diseases for which dedicated databases exist.Results: We combined the 20 predictions associated to the corresponding signatures through the selection of the best performing algorithm into a single outcome predictor. The best performance was obtained by the Decision Table algorithm that produced the NB-MuSE-classifier characterized by an external validation accuracy of 94%. Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank test demonstrated that patients with good and poor outcome prediction by the NB-MuSE-classifier have a significantly different survival (p < 0.0001). Survival curves constructed on subgroups of patients divided on the bases of known prognostic marker suggested an excellent stratification of localized and stage 4s tumors but more data are needed to prove this point.Methods: Gene expression profiles of 182 neuroblastoma tumors, subdivided into three independent datasets, were used in the various phases of development and validation of neuroblastoma NB-MuSE-classifier. Thirty three signatures were evaluated for patients' outcome prediction using 22 classification algorithms each and generating 726 classifiers and prediction results. The best-performing algorithm for each signature was selected, validated on an independent dataset and the 20 signatures performing with an accuracy > = 80% were retained.Background: Neuroblastoma is the most common pediatric solid tumor of the sympathetic nervous system. Development of improved predictive tools for patients stratification is a crucial requirement for neuroblastoma therapy. Several studies utilized gene expression-based signatures to stratify neuroblastoma patients and demonstrated a clear advantage of adding genomic analysis to risk assessment. There is little overlapping among signatures and merging their prognostic potential would be advantageous. Here, we describe a new strategy to merge published neuroblastoma related gene signatures into a single, highly accurate, Multi-Signature Ensemble (MuSE)-classifier of neuroblastoma (NB) patients outcome.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42]}
+{"token": "UNDERSTANDING AND STRENGTHENING INFORMAL SEED MARKETS. Informal markets receive little attention from governments and researchers, despite their centrality to farmers' seed security This paper documents the importance of informal markets for supplying seed and restocking critical plant genetic resources in normal and stress periods. It analyses farmers' rationales for using such markets and their strategic actions in selecting out seed from grain. Conceptual aids for differentiating among market goods grain, 'implicit seed' and seed are presented, including tracing of agro-ecological seed sources, traders' seed management behaviour and seed/grain price patterns. Ethiopian case material gives rare insight into how different scales of traders manage the seed/grain divide. Better understanding of informal markets is an important precursor to strengthening them as such markets have unrealized potential to deliver more and higher quality seed, and a greater range of modern and local varieties. Support for informal seed markets could usefully feature in rural livelihood and social protection programmes, but this will require basic shifts in interventions and further refinements in market analysis.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Writing in the Green: Imperatives towards an Eco-n-temporary Theatre Canon. This article reflects on the sociopolitical, cultural, and health landscape(s) of our current moment in time, addressing how intersecting crises have delivered us to an unprecedented moment for drama, theatre, and performance. As communities across the world have had to dispense with staples of everyday life - attending live theatre performances being one of these -, so art, in all its forms, has never been more significant in its capacity to bring us together, even if modes of togetherness have shifted in their referentiality and locationality. As the article proposes, we need to take an intuitive approach to the appreciation of how our ecologies - in their broadest iteration - have been impacted and realigned by the COVID-19 pandemic in such ways that we can expect that our future scholarship(s) on plays, place, and landscape will and, indeed, ought to reflect this experience. Dialogues on theatre and environment, which are already intersectional, are now receiving yet another focusing lens through the pandemic.The article also suggests that our understandings of how our ecologies have been adapted invite a consideration of new modes of engaging with the environment in our discourses - and of the very term itself and what it might encompass - and new economies in calibrating our discourses to reflect our radically redistributed individual and collective experiences. The text offers examples of categories that emerge particularly strongly where spatial liminality is key; in so doing, it asserts that in-betweenness is a central element towards understanding our contemporary role and responsibilities: from collapsing binaries (environment/economy) to the unmoored experience of our times.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "A socio-spatial research agenda on the COVID-19 pandemic. As the scientific community urgently seeks to understand the uneven geographical patterns of transmission and mortality rates of the COVID-19 pandemic, it has become necessary to challenge the tacit assumption that the pandemic is strictly a public health issue that is primarily reserved for the technocratic expertise of health professionals and officials. These discrepancies in outcome imply that the pandemic yields spatial selectivities (Jessop et al., 2008), which have been revealed through the uneven manifestation of societal impacts between places, localities, communities, and neighbourhoods. For this reason, the pandemic and the management thereof must be deemed as social issues that require the input of sociological theory, insofar as its spread is not only spatially embedded but also socially mediated. To foreground a socio-spatial perspective of the pandemic, I propose that we must start with two analytical premises on socio-spatiality.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Feasibility of Extruded Brewer's Spent Grain as a Food Ingredient for a Healthy, Safe, and Sustainable Human Diet. This study aimed to determine the effect of the extrusion process on the nutritional and bioactive profiles of brewer's spent grain (BSG), contributing to nutrition security by applying a circular economy concept. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the effect extrusion parameters (moisture content, screw speed, and barrel temperature) had on BSG's soluble dietary fiber, free glucose, and overall antioxidant capacity. Proximate composition analyses, amino acid profile, extractable polyphenolic content, and antioxidant capacity of BSG and brewer's spent grain extruded under optimal conditions (BSGE) were carried out. Food safety was analyzed by their microbiological quality, gluten, and acrylamide content. Optimal extrusion conditions were 15.8% of moisture content, 164.3 revolutions per min and 122.5 degrees C. BSGE presented 61% more soluble dietary fiber than BSG, lower digestible starch, 0.546% of free glucose, and protein quality parameters mostly like those reported for egg, soy, and milk. Despite this, BSG's overall antioxidant capacity was not improved after thermomechanical processing; BSGE had significantly higher extractable polyphenolic content in its alkali extracts, which were determined qualitatively by high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight assay in its hydro-alcoholic acid extracts. Furthermore, although it is not gluten free, BSGE is a safe food ingredient with acceptable microbiological quality and no acrylamide.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "SOCIAL CHANGE AND GOVERNANCE. The paper analyses a set of theoretical issues of the state-of-arts in the modern theory of social government. Basing on the screening of some fundamental works on urbanization and globalization as well as on the author's experience in the field of risk analysis and environmental sociology, the shortlist of the most often used terms in this research field has been built. The author came to conclusion that the subject matter in this research area is very complex, multilevel, multidisciplinary, and therefore a model of research field cannot be restricted by the analysis of an act of 'decision-making' as such. Government and domination, the role of social movements, 'we-they' dichotomy, ruling under conditions of globalization, hybrid taming, government and self-regulation under crisis and critical conditions, are the main topics under consideration. In sum, any 'decision-making' is a complex a global-inclusive process of a probable character, with many twists, ups and downs, with a feedback burdened by unintended consequences and unforeseen results. This process may be qualified as 'learning by permanent reflection and social activity, i.e. self-regulation. The paper also studies the time characteristics of the above process of governance, the role of environment in this process, specifics of the process of self-regulation in a globalized world. The author concludes that nowadays the concept of \\\\'government\\\\' is increasingly often replaced by the term \\\\'regulation process\\\\', which implies the presence of forward and backward links between the agent and the object of control (in the form of dialogue, negotiations, temporary commissions, expert groups). The process of \\\\'decision-making\\\\' is understood as a discursive process. Feedback system becomes a term and, at the same time, a real link between the agent and the subject of management, and the environment in which this adjustment takes place. Management increasingly drifts towards regulation as a result of interactions of competition and cooperation, bargaining and negotiations, action in the wake of already existing agreements and continuous generation of new ideas and connections.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Loss of 26S Proteasome Function Leads to Increased Cell Size and Decreased Cell Number in Arabidopsis Shoot Organs. Although the final size of plant organs is influenced by environmental cues, it is generally accepted that the primary size determinants are intrinsic factors that regulate and coordinate cell proliferation and cell expansion. Here, we show that optimal proteasome function is required to maintain final shoot organ size in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Loss of function of the subunit regulatory particle AAA ATPase (RPT2a) causes a weak defect in 26S proteasome activity and leads to an enlargement of leaves, stems, flowers, fruits, seeds, and embryos. These size increases are a result of increased cell expansion that compensates for a reduction in cell number. Increased ploidy levels were found in some but not all enlarged organs, indicating that the cell size increases are not caused by a higher nuclear DNA content. Partial loss of function of the regulatory particle non-ATPase (RPN) subunits RPN10 and RPN12a causes a stronger defect in proteasome function and also results in cell enlargement and decreased cell proliferation. However, the increased cell volumes in rpn10-1 and rpn12a-1 mutants translated into the enlargement of only some, but not all, shoot organs. Collectively, these data show that during Arabidopsis shoot development, the maintenance of optimal proteasome activity levels is important for balancing cell expansion with cell proliferation rates.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "The measures of importance of the religion in the electoral studies: a review of the literature. This article seeks to identify the main characteristics of electoral studies, using a religious salience measure, and to test several plausible explanations for the variation in the reported effect of religious salience on electoral behaviour. It builds upon an original dataset that contains 244 articles on the topic published in social sciences journals between 1956 and 2012. Variation in the reported effect of religious salience on electoral behaviour is documented and traced back to different ways of linking orientation to action at the voter level. A few electoral studies are chosen to exemplify the challenges met, while others are probed to help envision challenges ahead. Among these is the need for more relevant measures of the potential impact of religion on electoral behaviour at the voter level.", "label": [3, 5, 33, 57]}
+{"token": "Modern American scurvy - experience with vitamin C deficiency at a large children's hospital. We retrospectively identified cases of vitamin C deficiency in children tested for serum ascorbic acid levels during the last 5 years. We used the criteria of normal ascorbic acid > 23 mu mol/L and included children with ascorbic acid levels < 23 mu mol/L. We evaluated their clinical history, underlying medical condition, imaging studies obtained and imaging findings.We identified 32 children with vitamin C deficiency. All of these children had underlying medical conditions, most commonly iron overload from multiple transfusions related to sickle cell anemia or thalassemia (20), neurologic disorders (4) and bone marrow transplant/chemotherapy (3). No cases of scurvy from dietary deficiency in otherwise normal children were identified. All except two children had multiple imaging studies, primarily related to their underlying conditions. Three of these children had extensive imaging workups related to diffuse musculoskeletal pain. Imaging findings included ill-defined sclerotic and lucent metaphyseal bands (mainly at the knee) on radiography and MRI studies that showed diffuse increased T2-weighted signal in the bilateral lower-extremity long-bone metaphyses, periosteal reaction and adjacent soft-tissue edema.Until recently scurvy has been viewed in developed countries as a disease of the past. More recently there have been reports of case series of children with scurvy who have had a delayed diagnosis after an extensive diagnostic workup that included imaging. Most of these children have had underlying neurologic conditions such as autism.Vitamin C deficiency is not uncommon in large pediatric health care facilities, and it is frequently missed on clinical evaluation and diagnostic imaging. At-risk populations include those with iron overload, neurologic conditions and history of chemotherapy. Scurvy related to dietary deficiency in otherwise normal children was not encountered. When characteristic MRI findings are seen, particularly in children with a predisposing condition for vitamin C deficiency, scurvy should be considered and a serum ascorbic acid level checked to potentially confirm a diagnosis prior to further invasive tests.To review the medical records of children diagnosed with vitamin C (ascorbic acid) deficiency based on serum ascorbic acid levels at a large pediatric health care system, to determine imaging findings and utility of imaging in management, and to identify at-risk pediatric populations.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Comparison of speech perception benefits with SPEAK and ACE coding strategies in pediatric Nucleus CI24M cochlear implant recipients. Nine congenitally deaf children who received a Nucleus CI24M cochlear implant and who were fitted with the SPrint speech processor participated in this study. All subjects were initially programmed with the SPEAK coding strategy and then converted to the ACE strategy. Speech perception was evaluated before and after conversion to the now coding strategy using word and Common Phrase speech recognition tests in both the presence and absence of noise. In quiet conditions, the mean percent correct scores for words were 68.8% with SPEAK and 91% with ACE; for phrases the percentage was 66.6% with SPEAK and 85.5% with ACE. In the presence of noise (at + 10 dB signal-to-noise ratio), the mean percent correct scores for words were 43.3% with SPEAK compared to 84.4% with ACE; for phrases the percentage was 41.1% with SPEAK and 82.2% with ACE. Statistical analysis revealed significant improvement in open-set speech recognition with ACE compared to SPEAK. Preliminary data suggest that converting children from SPEAK to the ACE strategy improves their performance. Subjects showed significant improvements for open-set word and sentence recognition in quiet as well as in noise when ACE was used in comparison with SPEAK. The greatest improvements were obtained when tests were presented in the presence of noise. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Recent Progress of Perovskite Solar Cells. The current article reviews recent development of perovskite solar cell, highlighting operating principles, perovskite absorber, hole-transport contact, electron-selective contact and counter electrode. The existing problems of perovskite solar cells will be discussed according to the current research result, meanwhile the advances of it are also briefly summarized.", "label": [1, 2, 19, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Scholar-activists in an expanding European food sovereignty movement*. This article analyzes the roles, relations, and positions of scholar-activists in the European food sovereignty movement. In doing so, we document, make visible and question the political dimensions of researchers' participation in the movement. We argue that scholar-activists are part of the movement, but are distinct from the affected constituencies, put in place to ensure adequate representation of key movement actors. This is because scholar-activists lack a collective identity, have no processes to formulate collective demands, and no mechanisms for inter-researcher and researchers-movement communication. We reflect on whether and how scholar-activists could organize, and discuss possible pathways for a more cohesive and stronger researcher engagement in the movement.", "label": [5, 56, 57]}
+{"token": "THE ROLE OF MEDIA PRESSURE IN PROMOTING TRANSPARENCY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS. Additionally, we take into account the electoral moment, since the analysis of the ways in which public affairs are conducted is still superior when elections are approaching. Empirical results indicate that media plays a fundamental role in that moment because governments are willing to decrease the level of information transparency.This paper analyses the role of media pressure on the level of public transparency of local governments. Making use of a sample composed by 110 Spanish cities for the 2008-2010 period, the results show that local governments tend to be more transparent under media pressure, especially in relation to information about economic, financial, urbanism and public works issues.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Engineering of Harobin for enhanced fibrinolytic activity obtained by random and site-directed mutagenesis. We have previously published a report on the cloning and characterization of Harobin, a fibrinolytic serine protease. However, the broad application of this fibrinolytic enzyme is limited by its low expression level that was achieved in Pichia pastoris. To counteract this shortcoming, random and site directed mutagenesis have been combined in order to improve functional expression and activity of Harobin. By screening 400 clones from random mutant libraries for enhanced fibrinolytic activity, two mutants were obtained: N111R, R230G. By performing site-directed mutagenesis, a Harobin double mutant, N111R/R230G, was constructed and can be functionally expressed at higher level than the wild type enzyme. In addition, it possessed much higher fibrinolytic and amidolytic activity than the wild type enzyme and other single mutants. The N111R/R230G expressed in basal salts medium was purified by a three step purification procedure. At pH of 6.0-9.0, and the temperature range of 40-90 degrees C, N111R/R230G was more active and more heat resistant. The fibrinolytic activities of Harobin mutants were completely inhibited by PMSF and SBTI, but not by EDTA, EGTA, DTT, indicating that Harobin is a serine protease. N111R/R230G showed much better anti-thrombosis effect than wild type Harobin and single mutants, and could significantly increase bleeding and clotting time. Intravenous injection of N111R/R230G in spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) led to a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) (p < 0.01), while heart rate (HR) was not affected. The in vitro and in vivo results of the present study revealed that Harobin double mutant N111R/R230G is an appropriate candidate for biotechnological applications due to its high expression level and high activity in area of thrombosis and hypertension. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42]}
+{"token": "Complement C3 and C3aR mediate different aspects of emotional behaviours; relevance to risk for psychiatric disorder. Complement is a key component of the immune system with roles in inflammation and host-defence. Here we reveal novel functions of complement pathways impacting on emotional reactivity of potential relevance to the emerging links between complement and risk for psychiatric disorder. We used mouse models to assess the effects of manipulating components of the complement system on emotionality. Mice lacking the complement C3a Receptor (C3aR(-/-)) demonstrated a selective increase in unconditioned (innate) anxiety whilst mice deficient in the central complement component C3 (C3(-/-)) showed a selective increase in conditioned (learned) fear. The dissociable behavioural phenotypes were linked to different signalling mechanisms. Effects on innate anxiety were independent of C3a, the canonical ligand for C3aR, consistent with the existence of an alternative ligand mediating innate anxiety, whereas effects on learned fear were due to loss of iC3b/CR3 signalling. Our findings show that specific elements of the complement system and associated signalling pathways contribute differentially to heightened states of anxiety and fear commonly seen in psychopathology.", "label": [2, 18, 23]}
+{"token": "Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions regarding lymphatic filariasis: study on systematic noncompliance with mass drug administration. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiological characteristics, antigenic profile, perceptions, attitudes and practices of individuals who have been systematically noncompliant in mass drug administration (MDA) campaigns targeting lymphatic filariasis, in the municipality of Olinda, State of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. A pretested questionnaire was used to obtain information on socioenvironmental demographics, perceptions of lymphatic filariasis and MDA, and reasons for systematic noncompliance with treatment. A rapid immunochromatographic test (ICT) was performed during the survey to screen for filariasis. It was found that the survey subjects knew about filariasis and MDA. Filariasis was identified as a disease (86.2%) and 74.4% associated it with the presence of swelling in the legs. About 80% knew about MDA, and the main source of information was healthcare workers (68.3%). For men the main reasons for systematic noncompliance with MDA were that \\\\'the individual had not received the medication\\\\' (p=0.03) and for women \\\\'the individual either feared experiencing adverse reactions\\\\'. According to the ICT, the prevalence of lymphatic filariasis was 2%. The most important causes of systematic noncompliance were not receiving the drug and fear of side-effects. For successful implementation of MDA programs, good planning, educational campaigns promoting the benefits of MDA, adoption of measures to minimize the impact of adverse effects and improvement of drug distribution logistics are needed.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
+{"token": "Electrosynthesis and study of some physical properties of conductive and solid-state gas sensing polydiphenylamine. DC conductivity is thermally activated with activation energy around 0.65 eV. On the other hand AC conductivity is investigated through Jonscher law. The imaginary part of the complex impedance has a maximum whose relaxation frequency increases with temperature according to Arrhenius law. Finally, Values of dielectric constants epsilon(1) and epsilon(2) were calculated. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Polydiphenylamine was prepared using electrochemical oxidation of the corresponding monomer diphenylamine in an acetonitrile solution containing sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) and characterized spectroscopically. First, some physical characterization using infrared (FTIR) measurement shows that this material has a polymeric structure. Moreover, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TAG) showed a good stability at temperatures above 200 degrees C. Second, the electrical conductivity and dielectric properties of polydiphenylamine were studied as guides for sensing performance using impedance spectroscopy technique in the frequency range 5 Hz-13 MHz at various temperatures (118-150 degrees C).", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "Allosteric regulation of Bacillus subtilis NAD kinase by quinolinic acid. NADP is essential for biosynthetic pathways, energy, and signal transduction. In living organisms, NADP biosynthesis proceeds through the phosphorylation of NAD with a reaction catalyzed by NAD kinase. We expressed, purified, and characterized Bacillus subtilis NAD kinase. This enzyme represents a new member of the inorganic polyphosphate [poly(P)]/ATP NAD kinase subfamily, as it can use poly(P), ATP, or other nucleoside triphosphates as phosphoryl donors. NAD kinase showed marked positive cooperativity for the substrates ATP and poly(P) and was inhibited by its product, NADP, suggesting that the enzyme plays a major regulatory role in NADP biosynthesis. We discovered that quinolinic acid, a central metabolite in NAD(P) biosynthesis, behaved like a strong allosteric activator for the enzyme. Therefore, we propose that NAD kinase is a key enzyme for both NADP metabolism and quinolinic acid metabolism.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Economic policy uncertainty and cross-border mergers and acquisitions. We examine the effects of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on cross-border mergers and acquisitions (CBAs). The results show that a higher degree of EPU at home retards the number and volume of inbound CBA deals. However, this effect is positively moderated by the host country's better quality of institution, business environment and political risk. The bilateral acquirer-target country-pair investigation reveals that while higher EPU in the target's domicile deters inbound CBAs, higher EPU in the acquirer's nation is positively associated with a higher number and volume of outbound CBA deals. Finally, on the announcement of the deals, targets (acquirers) based in countries with a larger increase in EPU are associated with lower (more) stock returns than the targets (acquirers) based in countries with a smaller increase in EPU. These findings imply that countries aiming to attract cross-border investments should strive to mitigate economic policy-related uncertainties.", "label": [5, 48, 49]}
+{"token": "Life threatening chop injuries to the head: Optimising injury interpretation using three dimensional computerised tomography (3DCT) reconstruction of pre-treatment imaging. Computerised tomography (CT) is being increasingly advocated to support post mortem investigation of death but the value of using CT data already captured during emergency imaging, prior to treatment of life threatening injuries, remains under recognised and inadequately explored. We demonstrate the value of three dimensional computerised tomography (3D CT) reconstructions of such data, in interpreting the injuries sustained by a male who survived after being subjected to an assault with an axe and whose surface injuries had been debrided and sutured, before any photography was undertaken. The 3D CT images captured most of the scalp, face and skull vault trauma prior to the surgical intervention. Taken with other evidence, this indicated that the victim had received at least four separate blows to the face and head with a sharp chopping weapon; evidence which proved to be centrally important in the subsequent criminal court proceedings. This case also illustrated the effectiveness of joint interpretation of 3D CT reconstructed images in medico-legal casework, by experienced consultants in forensic pathology and radiology and the potential value of reviewing emergency pre-treatment CT imaging in any serious head injury allegedly sustained in an assault. This is likely to be particularly valuable when sharp or blunt weapon damage to bone is suspected. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd and Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Intraoperative Site Vancomycin Powder Application in Infected Diabetic Heel Ulcers With Calcaneal Osteomyelitis. Intraoperative site application of vancomycin powder has been found to be beneficial in foot and ankle surgery among diabetic patients undergoing elective procedures. However, there are concerns for risks such as selection of multidrug-resistant bacteria, local tissue irritation, and increased wound complications. The clinical utility of intraoperative site vancomycin powder application in infected diabetic foot ulcer surgery is unknown. We aimed to report the clinical outcomes of partial or total calcanectomy for diabetic heel ulcer (DHU) and determine if intraoperative site application of vancomycin powder placement at the time of wound closure leads to improved clinical outcomes.Methods:Partial or total calcanectomies for the management of infected DHU resulted in an overall healing rate of 50.0%, unplanned RTOR and revision calcanectomy rate of 39.5%, and a limb salvage rate of 82.6%. We found no clinical benefit with the intraoperative site application of vancomycin powder.A current procedural terminology query (CPT 28120: partial excision bone; talus or calcaneus) was run that identified 35 patients representing 38 calcanectomies performed secondary to infected DHU with calcaneal osteomyelitis. An initial group of 25 patients did not receive intraoperative site vancomycin powder, whereas the following 13 cases received intraoperative site vancomycin powder. Demographics, clinical characteristics, comorbidities, operative complications, unexpected return to the operating room (RTOR), and revision amputations were recorded for each patient. Average follow-up was 26.1 (6.5-51.6) months.There was a significantly higher rate of RTOR among the vancomycin powder cohort (VANC) relative to the no-vancomycin cohort (No-VANC) (84.6% vs 36.0%, P = .038). Of the 13 VANC patients, 3 healed the wound and did not require RTOR, 2 underwent below-knee amputation (BKA), 2 received irrigation and debridement (I&D), and 6 underwent revision or total calcanectomies. Of the 25 No-VANC patients, 17 healed the wound, 4 underwent BKAs, 1 received an I&D, and 2 required revision or total calcanectomy. There was a trend toward increased rates of revision calcanectomy and BKA among the VANC cohort, but this was not statistically significant (61.5% vs 28.0%, P = .079).Conclusion:Background:Results:", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Mineral Carbonation as a sequestration method of CO2. The whole world has received a written warning about the miserable natural calamity due to the change of ecology and climate from Nature. Although it is certain that such result is contributed to human activity, human, paradoxical as it may seem, has the mission having to recover into the normal nature environment. With the crisis consciousness, the presidents of all countries were gathered in Japan, December 1997, and adopt the Kyoto Protocol that each country has to reduce the content of greenhouse gas. The Protocol contains the obligate reduction of the six greenhouse gases including CO2. The content of CO2 is highest among greenhouse gases, and then various kinds of methods on the capture and the storage of CO2 gas have been developed. Especially, mineral carbonation, the return technology of CO2 into the Nature as a generating source, has been studied by advanced countries. Accordingly, the concept of mineral carbonation and the previous research results are summarized and described in this paper.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "TWO NEW CRYPTIC ANOSTRACAN (BRANCHIOPODA: STREPTOCEPHALIDAE, CHIROCEPHALIDAE) SPECIES. Two cryptic anostracan species were discovered during a study of the geochemical affinities of the North American fairy shrimp, in that they demonstrated significantly different substrate geochemical preferences. After detailed examination, both species proved to be morphologically, ecologically, and geographically separated from the species with which they were previously confused. Streptocephalus coloradensis Dodds, 1916 is resurrected from synonymy with S. sealii Ryder, 1879. This species is separated from S. sealii by the forms of the frontal appendage as well as the antennal appendages. S. sealii is limited to the North American Coastal Plain, while S. coloradensis occurs in the Great Plains and Intermountain regions of the west. Eubranchipus hesperius n. sp. is separated from E. serratus Forbes, 1876 by the form of the second antennae, the antennal appendages, abdomen, and brood pouch. Eubranchipus serratus occurs east of the continental divide, whereas E. hesperius n. sp. occurs west of the Great Plains. Both S. sealii and E. serratus, and the two related new species are described and figured according to modern standards. An updated key to the genus Eubranchipus is provided.", "label": [4, 45, 47]}
+{"token": "A concept analysis of health literacy. Aim To propose a conceptual definition of health literacy incorporating system demands, burdens, and complexities that are a critical part of patients' level of health literacy. Background Health literacy is used frequently in health care and often is confused with patients' reading and comprehension levels. Design: Walker and Avant's concept analysis method was used. Data Source Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Health Literature, OVID, PubMed, EBSCO Host databases, and Google Scholar. Review Method The primary Search terms and MeSH terms used were health literacy, patient education, patient engagement, patient activation, health communication, health promotion, and nursing. Empirical and nonempirical articles published in English were reviewed. Ten systematic literature reviews were included. Results: A new definition of health literacy is provided based on four components that include: system demands, burdens, and complexities; measurable components, processes and outcomes; the dynamic nature of health literacy; and demonstration of the direct relationship of informed decisions to informed actions. Defining attributes, antecedents, and consequences are identified. Implications for nursing practice, education, and research are given. Conclusions Because health literacy is a dynamic and quickly changing concept, further exploration and evolution of the concept is warranted as empirical research and theoretical literature emerge", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "The role of the nirQOP genes in energy conservation during anaerobic growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The nirQOP operon, which is located between the genes for nitrite reductase and nitric oxide reductase in Pseudo-monas aeruginosa, encodes a putative ATP-binding protein and two putative transmembrane proteins. Phylogenetic analysis showed that NirO belongs to the family of subunit III of cytochrome oxidases but is distantly related to the other bacterial or mitochondrial proteins. P. aeruginosa strains that lacked the nirOP genes had all enzyme activities for denitrification and could grow under anaerobic conditions with nitrate or nitrite as an electron acceptor. However, the energy conservation efficiency of anaerobic respiration was lower in these strains than in strains harboring the nirOP gene.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 19, 36, 8, 42]}
+{"token": "Indoor radon concentrations in the town of Niksic, Montenegro. Indoor radon was systematically surveyed in the town of Niksic-the second largest town in Montenegro-which has some of its settlements built above red bauxite deposits. The radon concentrations were measured in 55 homes in 2002/03, in the summer and winter period, using CR-39 etched track detectors. The average annual radon concentrations were found to be lognormally distributed (geometric mean = 66.2 Bq m(-3), geometric standard deviation = 3.0) within the range from 10 to 966 Bq m(-3), with arithmetic mean of 122.7 Bq m(-3) and median of 61.7 Bq m(-3). Although the annual mean radon concentrations above the action level of 400 Bq m(-3) are found only in four dwellings, the indoor radon levels in the town of Niksic are relatively high when compared with the average in the South European countries, as well as with indoor radon levels in other regions in Montenegro.", "label": [1, 2, 5, 22, 15, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "Building application and thermal performance of vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) in Canadian subarctic climate. Vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) have thermal resistance values, at the center of the panel, up to 10 times or more than those of conventional thermal insulation materials. In Canada, known for its predominantly extreme cold climate, the potential to apply VIPs in the building construction industry is estimated to be enormous, particularly with the introduction of the new 2011 National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings (NECB 2011). VIPs can play a major role in Canadian buildings to meet energy requirements of the NECB 2011. However, the lack of long-term performance credentials and various constructability issues are among the major barriers for mass application of VIPs in the Canadian construction industry. This paper presents the design strategy, construction details, instrumentation and thermal performance monitoring observations of a VIP retrofitted wall system in Yukon, located in Northern Canada. Experience gained from the construction process and available thermal performance data over a period of three years provide encouraging indicators for the constructability and long-term thermal performance of VIPs in Canadian subarctic weather. Crown Copyright (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "Phylogeny and prevalence of kobuviruses in dogs and cats in the UK. The kobuviruses represent an emerging genus in the Picornaviridae. Here we have used next generation sequencing and conventional approaches to identify the first canine kobuvirus (CaKoV) from outside the USA. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that a single lineage genotype of CaKoV now exists in Europe and the USA with 94% nucleotide similarity in the coding region. CaKoV was only identified in a single case from a case-control study of canine diarrhoea, suggesting this virus was not a frequent cause of disease in this population. Attempts to grow CaKoV in cell culture failed. Sequence analysis suggested CaKoV was distinct from human Aichi virus (AiV), and unlikely to pose a significant zoonotic risk. Serosurveys by ELEA, immunofluorescence and neutralisation tests, using AiV as antigen, suggested kobuvirus infection is prevalent in dogs. In addition, IgG antibody to AiV was also detected in cat sera, indicating for the first time that cats may also be susceptible to kobuvirus infection. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 43, 10]}
+{"token": "Agents, Institutions, and French Empire/State Formation. This article explores the ways in which historians of New France are engaging with Atlantic, imperial, and comparative frameworks, as well as theoretical literature to better understand big historical processes such as state and empire formation and sovereignty. It also shows how traditional categories separating political, economic, social, and religious phenomena are breaking down, allowing for a deeper understanding of the ways in which their interactions shaped French imperial expansion. Empire formation depended on both agents and institutions. Going beyond the traditionally narrow conceptions of each, the article examines the widening range of actors who are now considered agents of empire as well as the recent move beyond Church and state to consider other institutions, notably the understudied chartered company. The latter is particularly fruitful for rethinking the relationship among traditionally separate groups of actors and institutions. Resituating the Company of New France in Atlantic, imperial, and comparative frameworks highlights the complex intertwining of religious, political, economic, and social phenomena that was at the heart of French imperialism. The article closes with a brief discussion of the parallels to nineteenth-century railroad corporations and their relationship with the state to highlight the evolving dynamic between states and corporations in a broader chronology. Finally, a number of avenues are proposed for future research into that relationship, for which New France and the French empire are particularly rich sites of inquiry.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Construction of a dinuclear cluster containing La(III) and 4-hydroxypyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid to modify Keggin-type polyoxometalate. A new polyoxometalate (POM)-based inorganic-organic hybrid compound, [La-2(L)(4)(H2O)(10)] [PMo12O40](2)center dot 8H(2)O (1), in which L = 4-hydroxypyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (chelidamic acid) was prepared via the hydrothermal strategy and characterized by elemental analyses, inductively coupled plasma, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The most remarkable structural characteristic of 1 is that [PMo12O40](3-) ions inserted in the La-2(L)(4) tongs-like structures through hydrogen bonding. This hybrid extended to the 3D supramolecular structure through hydrogen bonding, so that is supposed [PMo12O40](3-) polyanions taking part in the supramolecular framework of lanthanum complexes. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Differential patterns of language and motor reorganization following early left hemisphere lesion - A PET study. Results: As predicted, rightward asymmetry of activations in primary and secondary regions was stronger for language than for movement, but the expected inverse difference for tertiary regions (greater rightward asymmetry of motor activations) was not found. Within-domain comparisons showed that for listening to sentences, rightward asymmetry was strongest in primary and weakest in tertiary regions, whereas the inverse differences were found for movement.Design: Using oxygen 15-water positron emission tomography, regional cerebral blood flow was studied during rest, listening to sentences, repetition of sentences, and finger tapping of the right hand, Task-specific primary, secondary, and tertiary regions of interest were defined according to the degree of regional involvement in language/motor functions as documented in previous studies. Regional activations were compared within and across functional domains.Main Outcome Measure: Hemispheric asymmetry of blood Row changes within regions of interest.Conclusion: The findings suggest a greater potential for homotopic interhemispheric reorganization in the language than in the motor domain. Interhemispheric motor reorganization was generally limited.Objective: There is extensive evidence for postlesional plasticity in the language and motor domains. We examined possible domain-specific differences in reorganizational patterns, hypothesizing that interhemispheric reorganization would be predominantly homotopic for language, but predominantly nonhomotopic for motor control.Patients: Nine patients (aged 4-20 years) with unilateral left hemisphere lesion involving both the primary motor and perisylvian language cortices were studied. Two samples of healthy adults were included for additional comparisons.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "PCR detection of Bartonella bovis and Bartonella henselae in the blood of beef cattle. Although an organism primarily associated with non-clinical bacteremia in domestic cattle and wild ruminants, Bartonella bovis was recently defined as a cause of bovine endocarditis. The purpose of this study was to develop a B. bovis species-specific PCR assay that Could be used to confirm the molecular prevalence of Bartonella spp. infection. Blood samples from 142 cattle were tested by conventional PCR targeting the Bartonella 16S-23S intergenic spacer (ITS) region. Overall, Bartonella DNA was detected in 82.4% (117/142) of the cattle using either Bartonella genus primers or B. bovis species-specific primers. Based upon size, 115 of the 117 Bartonella genus ITS PCR amplicons were consistent with B. bovis infection, which was confirmed by PCR using B. bovis species-specific primers and by sequencing three randomly selected, appropriately sized Bartonella genus PCR amplicons. By DNA sequencing, Bartonella henselae was confirmed as the two remaining amplicons, showing sequence similarity to B. henselae URBHLIE 9 (AF312496) and B. henselae Houston 1 (NC_005956), respectively. Following pre-enrichment blood culture of 12 samples in Bartonella alpha Proteobacteria growth medium (BAPGM) B. henselae infection was found in another three cows. Four of the five cows infected with B. henselae were co-infected with B. bovis. To our knowledge this study describes the first detection of B. henselae in any large ruminant species in the world and supports the need for further investigation of prevalence and pathogenic potential of B. henselae and B. bovis in cattle. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 43, 10]}
+{"token": "Displacement and gentrification, a necessary relationship? Quantitative study in the city of Cordoba, Argentina (1991-2010). Lower class displacement is generally assumed as a major concern when evaluating the effects of gentrification and urban renewal policies in inner city areas. This work proposes a quantitative methodology based on census data and cartography to determine if moving in middle class residents (one key aspect of gentrification), has a relationship with lower class original residents' displacement. Our case of study is the city of Cordoba, Argentina, between 1991-2010. Results suggest that although displacement levels are high for the central area, they are not necessarily related to gentrification.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Testing Theories of Irony Processing Using Eye-Tracking and ERPs. Not much is known about how people comprehend ironic utterances, and to date, most studies have simply compared processing of ironic versus non-ironic statements. A key aspect of the graded salience hypothesis, distinguishing it from other accounts (such as the standard pragmatic view and direct access view), is that it predicts differences between processing of familiar and unfamiliar ironies. Specifically, if an ironic utterance is familiar, then the ironic interpretation should be available without the need for extra inferential processes, whereas for unfamiliar ironies, the literal interpretation would be computed first, and a mismatch with context would lead to a re-interpretation of the statement as being ironic. We recorded participants' eye movements while they were reading (Experiment 1), and electrical brain activity while they were listening to (Experiment 2), familiar and unfamiliar ironies compared to non-ironic controls. Results show disruption to eye movements and an N400-like effect for unfamiliar ironies only, supporting the predictions of the graded salience hypothesis. In addition, in Experiment 2, a late positivity was found for both familiar and unfamiliar ironic materials, compared to non-ironic controls. We interpret this positivity as reflecting ongoing conflict between the literal and ironic interpretations of the utterance.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Evangelicals, Israel and US Foreign Policy. America's Middle East policy has been a haphazard blend of hard-headed realism, idealism and dispensationalist theology. The result has not served US interests well.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "Enhancement of biocompatibility of 316LVM stainless steel by cyclic potentiodynamic passivation. Passivation of stainless steel implants is a common procedure used to increase their biocompatibility. The results presented in this work demonstrate that the electrochemical cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CPP) of a biomedical grade 316LVM stainless steel surface is a very efficient passivation method that can be used to significantly improve the material's general corrosion resistance and thus its biocompatibility. The influence of a range of experimental parameters on the passivation/corrosion protection efficiency is discussed. The passive film formed on a 316LVM surface by using the CPP method offers a significantly higher general corrosion resistance than the naturally grown passive film. The corresponding relative corrosion protection efficiency measured in saline during a 2-month period was 97% +/- 1%, which demonstrates a very high stability of the CPP-formed passive film. Its high corrosion protection efficiency was confirmed also at temperatures and chloride concentrations well above normal physiological levels. It was also shown that the CPP is a significantly more effective passivation method than some other surface-treatment methods commonly used to passivate biomedical grade stainless steels. In addition, the CPP-passivated 316LVM Surface showed an enhanced biocompatibility in terms of preosteoblast (MC3T3) cells attachment. An increased thickness of the CPP-formed passive film and its enrichment with Cr(VI) and oxygen was determined to be the origin of the material's increased general corrosion resistance, whereas the increased surface roughness and surface (Volta) potential were suggested to be the origin of the enhanced preosteoblast cells attachment. (c) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 89A: 1049-1062, 2009", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Toward a Unified Model of Design Knowledge. The theoretical understanding of design knowledge is a crucial concern for research in the design discipline. This article extends the rich existing research on design knowledge by providing a unifying model of design knowledge. The insights are derived from a rigorous review of existing literature. The resulting model presents an original framework of design knowledge that can help practitioners, scholars, and educators from the design discipline to better understand the characteristics of design knowledge and the possibilities for transferring it.", "label": [1, 17]}
+{"token": "International connections in actor training in Australia: tracing Stanislayski's system and Brechtian politics. This article traces the approaches to actor training offered in Australia based on the training backgrounds of influential teachers. The research for this article finds international connections that reveal strong links to approaches originating with Konstantin Stanislayski and Bertolt Brecht. It seeks to understand with whom a teacher studied to explain what was probably learnt and therefore the type of training knowledge that the teacher is likely to pass on to students. The research confirms that international approaches are fundamental to performance training in tertiary conservatorium courses, and the profiles of nine teachers are presented in detail to encapsulate patterns of training and to show the complex nexus of influences and international approaches. The profiles indicate an increasing influence of American approaches in the second half of the twentieth century alongside British ones, but that British influences remain important for European approaches and for political theatre in particular into the twenty-first century. We argue that even where there was a synthesis happening in the teaching of performance in Australia, the influences of major international approaches are identifiable through the training backgrounds of teachers. In this way, it is possible to locate teachers in Australia within actor training internationally.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "A high resolution spectroscopic observation of CAL 83 with XMM-Newton/RGS. We present the first high resolution photospheric X-ray spectrum of a Supersoft X-ray Source, the famous CAL 83 in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The spectrum was obtained with the Reflection Grating Spectrometer on XMM-Newton during the Calibration/Performance Verification phase of the observatory. The spectrum covers the range 20-40 Angstrom at an approximately constant resolution of 0.05 Angstrom, and shows very significant, intricate detail, that is very sensitive to the physical properties of the object. We present the results of an initial investigation of the spectrum, from which we draw the conclusion that the spectral structure is probably dominated by numerous absorption features due to transitions in the L-shells of the mid-Z elements and the hf-shell of Fe: in addition to a few strong K-shell features due to CNO.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Synthesis and nonlinear optical characterization of new 1,3,4-oxadiazoles. A new series of 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives containing 2-fluoro-4-methoxy phenyl were synthesized by refluxing mixture of acid hydrazide 3 with different aromatic carboxylic acids (a-e) in phosphorous oxychloride. These newly synthesized compounds were characterized by NMR, mass spectral, and IR spectral studies, and also by C, H, N analyses. The open-aperture z-scan experiment was employed to measure the optical nonlinearity of the samples at 532 nm, using 5 ns laser pulses. The measurements indicate that compound 4a, which contains Bromine, behaves as an optical limiter at this wavelength, with potential applications in optoelectronics.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Cosmopolitanism and Discourse Ethics: A Critical Survey. This article introduces a critical survey of recent discussions of cosmopolitanism by elucidating a common core present in them and by providing a proposal for how that core can be best elaborated. Two theses are defended. The first is that an appropriate conception of cosmopolitanism must include three coordinates: a search for universal rights, sensitivity to contextual specificities, and autonomous empowerment of all individuals. A cosmopolitan stance framed by these conditions must be seen as a form of social criticism. The second thesis is that the practices of public deliberation recommended by the program of discourse ethics provide an ideal medium for the kind of discussion in which people enacting a critical cosmopolitan stance should engage, especially in view of the possible situational tensions between its three coordinates.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "SYSTEMATICS OF THE RELICTUAL ASIAN SCORPION FAMILY PSEUDOCHACTIDAE GROMOV, 1998, WITH A REVIEW OF CAVERNICOLOUS, TROGLOBITIC, AND TROGLOMORPHIC SCORPIONS. The first integrative systematic revision of the relictual Asian scorpion family Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, making use of an unprecedented collection of material acquired during several expeditions to most of the type localities, is presented. The subfamilies, genera and species of Pseudochactidae are revised based on a phylogenetic analysis of 140 morphological characters and 8608 nucleotide base pairs of concatenated DNA sequence from two nuclear and three mitochondrial gene loci, and a multivariate statistical analysis of 22 ratios and 8 counts for 60 specimens. Three subfamilies, four genera and six species are recognized in the family. Troglokhammouaninae, subfam. nov., is created to restore the monophyly of the nominotypical subfamily Pseudochactinae Gromov, 1998. Aemngvantom, gen. nov., is created to accommodate Aemngvantom lao (Lourenco, 2012), comb. nov., and Aemngvantom thamnongpaseuam gen. et sp. nov. Four new synonyms are presented: Troglokhammouanus louisanneorum Lourenco, 2017 = Troglokhammouanus steineri Lourenco, 2007, syn. nov.; Vietbocap thienduongensis Lourenco and Pham, 2012 = Vietbocap canhi Lourenco and Pham, 2010, syn. nov.; Vietbocap aurantiacus Lourenco et al., 2018 = V. canhi, syn. nov.; Vietbocap quinquemilia Lourenco et al., 2018 = V. canhi, syn. nov. Revised diagnoses of the subfamilies, genera and species, with comparative images, a key and distribution maps are provided, along with a summary of available data on ecology and conservation status, where applicable. Among the Southeast Asian pseudochactids, all of which appear to be obligately cavernicolous, the three species of Vietbocapinae Lourenco, 2012, are highly troglomorphic whereas the sole species of Troglokhammouaninae is barely so. Applying recently revised definitions of the Schiner-Racovitza system for the classification of subterranean organisms, only Vietbocapinae can be considered troglobitic. The global diversity of cavernicolous, troglomorphic and troglobitic scorpions is similarly revisited and a key to ecological classification of cavernicolous and troglomorphic scorpions presented. The world totals of troglomorphic vs. troglobitic scorpions are currently 58 vs. 28 species, in 29 vs. 17 genera and 15 vs. 13 families, respectively.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
+{"token": "Outcomes of a Residential and Community-Based Co-occurring Disorders Treatment Program. We evaluated an intensive, integrated treatment program for men with serious mental illness and co-occurring substance use disorder, which incorporated several evidence-based interventions. Independent researchers rated transcripts from quality improvement interviews to examine recovery in five key domains: housing, education/employment, family relationships, mental health, and substance use. The final sample comprised 82 participants; 60 (73.2%) had left the treatment program, and 22 (26.8%) remained engaged in services of varying intensity. Mean length of stay was 18.2 months (SD = 20.1). A large proportion of participants recovered on each domain (ranging from n = 40, 48.8% on education/employment to n = 55, 67.1% on substance use). Those who remained in treatment for at least a year (n = 37, 45.1%), compared with those who left earlier (n = 45, 54.9%), were significantly more likely to be in recovery in each of the five domains. Men with long-term dual disorders can achieve clinical and functional recovery when they receive intensive, integrated, evidence-based interventions for at least 1 year.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 23, 55]}
+{"token": "To know how to find. To find without knowing: Wisdom in the Gospel of Thomas. At the SBL meeting in Orlando in 1998, the contemporary metaphor theory practised by cognitive linguists such as Lakoff, Johnson and Turner, was used to identify some of the basic metaphors appearing in Thomas 1-5, which the author believes to be important for coming to terms with the metaphoricity of many of the sayings in the Gospel. The ensuing discussion of Thomas 08 and Thomas 109 is yet another attempt to show how the insights of cognitive linguistics, which have for the most part been ignored by contemporary commentators on the parables and aphorisms of Jesus, can perhaps provide us with fresh insights into this part of the sayings of the Jesus tradition.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Trends in bloodstream infections among human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults admitted to a hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, during the last decade. Bloodstream infections are a frequent complication in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults in Africa and usually associated with a poor prognosis. We evaluated bloodstream infections across a decade in 3 prospective cross-sectional surveys of consecutive medical admissions to the Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. Participants received standard clinical care throughout. In 1988-1989, 29.5% (28 of 95) of HIV-positive patients had bloodstream infections, compared with 31.9% (46 of 144) in 1992 and 21.3% (43 of 197) in 1997. Bacteremia and mycobacteremia were significantly associated with HIV infection. Infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, non-typhi species of Salmonella (NTS), and Streptococcus pneumoniae predominated. Fungemia exclusively due to Cryptococcus neoformans was uncommon. Clinical features at presentation remained similar. Significant improvements in the survival rate were recorded among patients with NTS bacteremia (20%-83%; P<.01) and mycobacteremia (0%-73%; P<.01). Standard clinical management can improve outcomes in resource-poor settings.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "Impact of Open Pit Mining in Gorlovka Coal Basin on Large Earthquakes. The implemented research aimed to assess the impact of open pit coal mining in Gorlovka deposit on the seismicity in the Iskitim area of the Novosibirsk Region. The seismic vibrations induced by large-scale blasting are analyzed, the seismic event potential is estimated, and the strain accumulation at a high-stress fault under seismic load is assessed. A key potential trigger was assumed as the change of the stress field parameters. Relaxation of rock mass from stresses due to formation of a pit and the extra loading of rock mass by dumps are calculated numerically and estimated analytically as two major factors of induced effect on static stresses. For the correct selection of computation parameters, the geology and the main physical/mechanical properties of rocks mass in the coal mining area are analyzed, and the main mechanical parameters of the most significant structural faults are selected.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Impaired mobility and pressure ulcer development in older adults: Excess movement and too little movement-Two sides of the one coin?. Methods 150 older persons from long-term settings were followed up for 20 days, using an observational, quantitative, prospective study design. The study was conducted in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology statement. Visual skin assessment and sub-epidermal moisture assessments were undertaken daily. Activity was measured using the Braden subscale. Further, a mobility profile of the participants was identified using a piezoelectric motion sensor which provided a \\\\'movement score\\\\' (mean number of movements/hour). Movement scores from 22 healthy participants were also measured to better understand the mobility profile in a healthy population.Aim To identify how activity and mobility lead to pressure ulcer development, using two objective assessments, one for mobility and one for early pressure ulcer detection.Relevance to clinical practice The traditional focus on low movers/immobile individuals may detract from the identification of those making an abnormally high frequency of unsafe movements. Pressure ulcer assessment can be enhanced through a combination of sub-epidermal moisture assessment and visual skin assessment, and through the identification of both individuals with impaired mobility and those abnormally high movements, such as among those who are agitated.Results Pressure ulcer incidence using visual skin assessment was 12.7% (low movers = 6.7%; high movers = 6%) and 78.7% using sub-epidermal moisture assessment (low movers = 40.0%; high movers = 38.7%). Sub-epidermal moisture assessment detected pressure ulcers on average 8.2 days before they appeared visually on the skin's surface. Pressure ulcer detection was 25 times greater using sub-epidermal moisture compared to visual skin assessment. Considering the results of the \\\\'movement level\\\\' assessment using the motion sensor technology, of all those who were determined to be immobile by Braden, 18.8% were assessed as high movers.Discussion & Conclusion Pressure ulcers occurred both in low and high movers, which was unexpected as a similar finding has not been previously reported in the literature.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Short-term sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity increases at lower blood pressures. Methods: In 10 healthy subjects, vasoactive infusions were varied in slow steps, as customary in protocols to determine 'graded infusion symBRS' (symBRS(inf)). During each step, symBRS was estimated from spontaneous beat-to-beat fluctuations (symBRS,,). As a secondary goal, symBRS(inf) was compared to the symBRS,P without infusions.Significance: The relationship between 'slow' infusion effects (symBRSinf) and changes in symBR(sp) is elucidated. The mathematical model that describes this relationship can also explain the increase of symBRS found with other sympathoexcitatory stimuli. (c) 2007 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.Conclusions: symBRS(sp) varies systematically with infusions during a symBRSinf protocol. This denotes a fundamental difference between these methods.Objective: Sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity (symBRS) can be defined as the maximum sensitivity of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) to changes in arterial blood pressure. This sensitivity is the slope of the linear middle part of the sigmoid curve that relates blood pressure to MSNA. SymBRS is known to vary with conditions, for instance during cold pressor testing. We investigated whether symBRS is affected by infusions of phenylephrine and nitroprusside.Results: The symBRS,P for MSNA burst area varied with infusions, augmenting with decreasing blood pressure, however the symBRS,P for burst occurrence was not affected. There were large differences between symBRS(inf) and symBR(sp) at rest.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "An algebraic method for finding a series of exact solutions to integrable and nonintegrable nonlinear evolution equations. An algebraic method is devised to uniformly construct a series of exact solutions for general integrable and nonintegrable nonlinear evolution equations. Compared with most existing tanh methods, the Jacobi function expansion method or other sophisticated methods, the proposed method not only gives new and more general solutions, but also provides a guideline to classify the various types of the solutions according to the values of some parameters. The solutions obtained in this paper include (a) polynomial solutions, (b) exponential solutions, (c) rational solutions, (d) triangular periodic wave solutions, (e) hyperbolic and solitary wave solutions and (f) Jacobi and Weierstrass doubly periodic wave solutions. The efficiency of the method can be demonstrated on a large variety of nonlinear equations such as those considered in this paper, new (2 + 1)-dimensional Calogero-KdV equation, (3 + I)-dimensional Jimbo-Miwa equation, symmetric regular long wave equation, Drinfel'd-Sokolov-Wilson equation, (2 + I)-dimensional generalized dispersive long wave equation, double sine-Gordon equation, Calogero-Degasperis-Fokas equation and coupled Schrodinger-Boussinesq equation. In addition, the links among our proposed method, the tanh method, the extended method and the Jacobi function expansion method are also clarified generally.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Complete nucleotide sequence of pSK41: Evolution of staphylococcal conjugative multiresistance plasmids. The 46.4-kb nucleotide sequence of pSK41, a prototypical multiresistance plasmid from Staphylococcus aureus, has been determined, representing the first completely sequenced conjugative plasmid from a grampositive organism. Analysis of the sequence has enabled the identification of the probable replication, maintenance, and transfer functions of the plasmid and has provided insights into the evolution of a clinically significant group of plasmids, The basis of deletions commonly associated,with pSK41 family plasmids has been investigated, as has the observed insertion site specificity of Tn552-like beta-lactamase transposons within them. Several of the resistance determinants carried by pSK41-like plasmids were found to be located on up to four smaller cointegrated plasmids, pSK41 and related plasmids appear to represent a consolidation of antimicrobial resistance functions, collected by a preexisting conjugative plasmid via transposon insertion and IS257-mediated cointegrative capture of other plasmids.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Dating Hadith Textual Transposition by Means of Sanad-cum-matn Analysis. A \\\\'transposed tradition\\\\' (al-hadi al-maqlub) is defined by Muslim traditionists as a hadith whose isnad is grafted to a different text or vice versa, or a hadith whose reporter reversed the order of a sentence within the text. The former is called maqlub al-isnad, where an inversion occurs in the chain of transmission, while the latter is termed maqlub al-matn, where an inversion occurs in the order of a sentence or a number of sentences within a text. This paper seeks to specify the date of hadith textual transpositions by using sanad-cum-matn analysis, an approach which employs intensive study of both isnad and textual analysis of hadith variants and has recently proved to be an effective tool for dating single traditions. It also attempts to identify who was responsible for transposing the text and at what stage of transmission a change occurred. On the basis of the answers to these questions, we can test the applicability and efficacy of sanad-cum-matn analysis as a research tool for uncovering hadith textual interpolations.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Effects of thinning on stand structure and tree stability in an afforested oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stand in northeast Turkey. We studied relationships between stand structure and stand stability according to thinning intensity in an afforested oriental beech stand. Various thinning intensities were applied in sample stands. We sampled eight plots in stands that were lightly thinned, eight plots in heavily thinned stands and eight plots in unthinned stands as a control. Height and diameter distributions of the stands were measured to assess stand structure. We quantified individual tree stability and collective stability. Heavy thinning during the first thinning operation damaged the storied structure of the stand in thicket stage and affected collective structuring ability. While most control plots had multi-storied stands, after light and heavy thinning two-storied structure became more common. Large gaps occurred in the canopy after heavy thinning. On average, nine tree collectives were formed per sampling plot in the untreated stand, seven collectives after thinning in 2008 and four collectives after thinning in 2009. Stable trees accounted for 17 % of trees in control plots, 24 % in lightly thinned plots, and 15 % in heavily thinned plots. Collective stability values were 83 % in control plots, 82 % in lightly thinned plots and 36 % in heavily thinned plots. We conclude that it is necessary to retain collective structuring capacity during thinning operations for sustaining stand stability.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Association between time of awakening and diurnal cortisol secretory activity. A 12-hour diurnal profile of salivary free cortisol was measured in healthy adults (n=40) on two consecutive days. Samples were collected at timed intervals synchronised to awakening. The mean profile is characterised by a marked increase in cortisol concentration following awakening, peaking after about 30 min, and a subsequent decline over the remainder of the day. Thus two components of the diurnal cycle were examined: a) the first 45 min post-awakening (the awakening cortisol response) and b) the underlying 12 h profile from immediately until 12 h post awakening (but without the awakening response). Both of these components were analysed in two ways such as to provide an indication of overall cortisol concentration and the degree of change in cortisol concentration, i.e. the rise for the awakening response and the diurnal decline. Both components of the cortisol diurnal profile were negatively correlated with awakening time. Thus, those subjects who awoke earliest had higher levels of cortisol over the 45 min following awakening as well as throughout the rest of the day. They also displayed a more marked diurnal decline to be convergent with late awakeners at the end of diurnal measurement, 12 h following awakening. Hence the diurnal cortisol cycle, which is synchronised to awakening, is significantly related to awakening time. These findings support the notion of a close association between suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) control of both awakening and cortisol secretory activity. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 23]}
+{"token": "The Contemporary Presidency Executive Privilege and the U.S. Attorneys Firings. Political observers have debated whether George W. Bush's exercises of secrecy have shielded him from accountability for many of his administration's actions. In particular, the president's use of executive privilege to conceal information about the U.S. attorneys firings set off a firestorm of protest, especially among members of Congress who sought documents and testimony from White House aides. This essay describes and analyzes the president's use of executive privilege in this latest dispute between the political branches. It examines President Bush's actions in the context of his various uses of executive privilege during two terms in office. The essay assesses means by which controversies over executive privilege can be managed by the political branches without resorting to intervention by the courts.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Not as the Gentiles': Sexual Issues at the Interface between Judaism and Its Greco-Roman World. Sexual issues played a significant role in Judaism's engagement with its Greco-Roman world. This paper will examine that engagement from the Hellenistic Greco-Roman era to the end of the first century CE. In part, sexual issues were a key element of the demarcation between Jews and the wider community, alongside such matters as circumcision, food laws, the sabbath keeping, and idolatry. Jewish writers, such as Philo of Alexandria, made much of the alleged sexual profligacy of their Gentile contemporaries, not least in association with wild drunken parties, same-sex relations, and pederasty. Jews, including the emerging Christian movement, claimed the moral high ground. In part, however, matters of sexuality were also areas where intercultural influence was evident, such as in the shift in the Jewish tradition from polygyny to monogyny, but also in the way Jewish and Christian writers adapted the suspicion, and sometimes rejection, of the passions that were characteristic of some of the popular philosophies of their day, seeing each other as allies in their moral crusade.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "A switched emissive transparent display with controllable per-pixel opacity. An emissive transparent display with per-pixel opacity employs rapid synchronized switching of a transparent display and transparent backlight between content with a scattering luminous backlight and masks with a clear unlit backlight. A 144fps transparent LCD panel is used in conjunction with a transparent backlight, controllably diffusive smartglass screen, and optional switching background lighting. The display is capable of producing opaque emissive content on a transparent field for novel transparent display and compact spatial augmented reality applications.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Comparison of the effect of three steroid regimens on cardiac function in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Background: Steroid therapy of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) delays the onset of cardiac dysfunction. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 3 different steroid regimens on cardiac function assessed by echocardiography. Methods: Patients diagnosed with DMD, between 8 and 23 years of age were reviewed between January 2000 and September 2018. Participants were classified into four groups. Control group (no steroid treatment), Prednisone 10 mg/kg/weekend day, Prednisone 0.40 mg -0.75 mg/kg/day and Deflazacort 0.9 mg/kg/day. Demographic data, echocardiographic measurements of shortening fraction (FS) and left ventricular end diastolic diameter z-score were collected and compared between cohorts. Results: Development of cardiac dysfunction in groups receiving prednisone daily or 3 day prednisone was less common in comparison to the control group (p = 0.005). No patient on the Deflazacort group had abnormal left ventricular FS. There was no difference in the age of initiation of steroid therapy among groups (p = 0.08). Age of development of systolic dysfunction by echocardiography between daily prednisone and weekend prednisone was not significantly different (p = 0.07). There was no difference in the number of patients developing of cardiac dysfunction between patients receiving prednisone daily or 3 day prednisone (p = 0.4). The entire cohort (77 patients) demonstrated a decline in the cardiac function over time. Conclusions: Our study confirms the delay in development of left ventricular dysfunction related to steroid therapy. Deflazacort seems to show a significant beneficial effect on cardiac function, compared to daily and weekend prednisone therapies.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "ON THE INTEGRABILITY OF POLYNOMIAL VECTOR FIELDS IN THE PLANE BY MEANS OF PICARD-VESSIOT THEORY. We study the integrability of polynomial vector fields using Galois theory of linear differential equations when the associated foliations is reduced to a Riccati type foliation. In particular we obtain integrability results for some families of quadratic vector fields, Lienard equations and equations related with special functions such as Hypergeometric and Heun ones. The Poincare problem for some families is also approached.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Indirect input identification by modal filter technique. This paper is a study on modal model method in estimating system inputs from vibration responses, which is one of the indirect input identification methods in frequency domain. The method has advantages over the direct inverse method especially when points of operational inputs are inaccessible for artificial excitation but accessible for response measurement. Systematic procedures of an extended modal model method are proposed and checked by numerical experiments. Mechanisms of error propagation, i.e. how errors in modal parameters such as poles and mode shape vectors affect estimation of the input forces, are illustrated. Then, in order to counteract the error propagation, discrete modal filter approach is used in this paper to compute the inversion of modal matrix in which most serious errors seem to be generated. Further, a reduced form of modified reciprocal modal vector (MRMV) is proposed to estimate multiple inputs, which is shown to have orthogonality errors smaller than by the MRMV filter. (C) 1999 Academic Press.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Heine's Aesthetics of Dissonance. This article examines the role that Heine's articulation and performance of a dissonant aesthetics plays in the formation of Adorno's Critical Theory. Reading Heine and Adorno side by side, this article argues for a reevaluation of the standard view that Adorno followed the majority opinion of relegating Heine to the B list. Instead, recognition of the critical move Adorno makes in an early but widely ignored American paper, Towards a Reappraisal of Heine, of 1948/49 calls for a new approach to the canonical reading of Adorno's later Heine the Wound. Rereading Adorno with attention to his sensibility for dissonance demonstrates how Adorno's own reading of Heine attends to the critically redemptive moment in Heine and its significance for Critical Theory.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Impaired grip strength in children with congenital heart disease. Physical fitness is an important aspect of wellness. In 569 long term survivors of CHD surgery both grip strength & health-related physical fitness (a 5 parameter composite) were reduced but the reductions were unrelated. Grip strength is easily assessed but is not a surrogate for the more complex tool.Objectives Grip strength is known to be reduced in adults with congenital heart disease (CHD). This study compared grip strength in paediatric patients with CHD with healthy controls and determined a possible association between grip strength and health-related physical fitness (HRPF). Methods Grip strength and HRPF were assessed in 569 children (12.4 years, 95% CI 12.16 to 12.72; 238 girls) with various CHD and compared with 2551 healthy controls (11.4 years, 95% CI 11.3 to 11.5; 1424 girls). Grip strength was determined as the maximum value of three repetitions with each hand. HRPF was tested by five motor tasks (FITNESSGRAM) and converted into an SD score (z-score). Results After adjusting for age, sex and weight, children with CHD showed significantly lower grip strength compared with healthy controls (CHD: 20.8 kg, 95% CI 20.4 to 21.2; controls: 24.5 kg, 95% CI 24.3 to 24.8). CHD subgroup analysis also revealed significantly lower grip strength than the controls, with the lowest values in patients with total cavopulmonary connection (19.1, 95% CI 18.0 to 20.2). Children with complex CHD showed the lowest values with 19.8 kg (95% CI 19.2 to 20.4), those with moderate 20.7 kg (95% CI 19.9 to 21.4) and those with simple 22.5 kg (95% CI 21.6 to 23.3), respectively. HRPF was also lower (z-score: -0.46, 95% CI -0.49 to -0.35) compared with healthy controls and poorly associated with grip strength (r=0.21). Conclusions Grip strength is already reduced in children with CHD and poorly associated with HRPF. This suggests that grip strength and HRPF are different domains and have to be assessed separately.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Stress barometer at diagnoses in children with school non-attendance. The authors measured stress barometer values, that is, urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) and 17-ketosteroid sulfates (17-KS-S) in 65 children (40 girls and 25 boys; 7-15 years of age) with school non-attendance, except for pervasive developmental disorder and mental retardation, who attended the outpatient department of Dokkyo University School of Medicine Hospital, Tochigi, Japan, during the past 4 years.The stress barometer values appear to be clinically useful for evaluating objectively whether children with school non-attendance have emotional stress.School non-attendance is a major social problem in Japan. Many children stop attending school for a variety of reasons. The authors previously reported stress barometer values for healthy Japanese children. In this study, the authors examined the stress barometer values of children with school non-attendance.A total of 24 (36.9%) of the 65 children had urinary 17-OHCS values above 2SD, and 14 (21.5%) had urinary 17-OHCS below 2SD. In total, 10 (15.4%) children had urinary 17-KS-S values above 2SD, and four (6.2%) had urinary 17-KS-S below 2SD. Five (7.7%) children had urinary 17-KS-S/17-OHCS values above 2SD, and 10 (15.4%) had urinary 17-KS-S/17-OHCS below 2SD.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Temporal and Spatial Changes in Spruce Bark Acidity at the Scale of the Czech Republic in the Last Two Decades, and the Current Abundance of Epiphytic Lichen Hypogymnia physodes. Two large-scale national monitoring campaigns investigating changes in spruce bark extract acidity and long-term monitoring of bark acidity along elevation transects have been carried out in the Czech Republic. The investigations have revealed significant average changes in the pH values of bark extracts (4 g: 16 ml) from 2.35 to 2.60 between 1989 and 1995, and from 2.60 to 3.25 between 1995 and 2005. In comparison with 1990, the H+ concentrations in bark extracts had decreased by 10-15% in 1995 and by 70% in 2005. National emissions of acidic compounds were reduced by about 58% (1995) and 62% (2005), and the mean annual H+ deposition was reduced by about 60% (1995) and by about 80% (2005). However, neither inventoried current absolute amounts nor specific regional amounts of emitted acidic pollutants correlated significantly with bark acidity in 1995 and 2005. Bark acidity was not significantly affected by the elevation of the sampling plots or by the average tree defoliation. Along the altitudinal transects, considerably defoliated trees near the top of mountain ridges showed permanently lower bark acidity than trees lower down the mountain slopes. Significant differences in average bark acidity were found between defined mountain, highland and lowland elevation zones. In 2005, the epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes was found at almost all sampling plots, with the exception of the most industrialised areas of two coal basins. The abundance of the lichen correlated significantly and negatively with spruce bark acidity and with total nitrogen and copper concentrations in moss growing at the bark sampling plots in 2005.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "The Effect of Feedback from Pupil to Teacher on Assessment for Leaning and Visible Learning: An Ethnographic Case Study in a Community School in England and the Outcome in a State High School in Queensland, Australia. This study shows that there is positive regulatory effect of feedback from pupils to teachers on Assessment for Learning (AfL), classroom proactiveness, and on visible and progressive learning but not on behaviour. This research finding further articulates feedback from pupil to teacher as a paradigm shift from the classical paradigm of feedback from teacher to pupil. Here, the emphasis is geared towards pupils understanding of objectives built from previous knowledge. These are then feedback onto the teachers by the pupils in the form of discrete loops of cues and questions, where they are with their learning. This therefore enables them to move to the next level of understanding, and thus acquired independence, which in turn is reflected by their success in both formative and summative assessments. This study therefore shows that when feedback from pupil to teacher is used in combination with teacher to pupil feedback, AfL is ameliorated and hence, visible and accelerated learning occurs in a gender, nor subject non-dependent manner.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "A new subspecies of the Red-billed Hornbill, Tockus erythrorhynchus, from West Africa. The Red-billed Hornbill, Tockus erythrorhynchus (Temminck), over most of its distribution range, has pale yellow or pink facial skin. However, in Senegal, The Gambia and Western Mall, where all Red-billed Hornbills are usually referred to the nominate subspecies, oil adults have black circumorbital (facial) bare skin, conspicuous bn live birds as well as on skinned specimens, and brown eyes. Field and museum studies suggest that these block-faced and brown-eyed birds from the western-most part of Africa belong to a yet undescribed subspecies. A review of the documents (including various black-and-white and colour plates) on which Temminck based his original description and naming of the species shows that there is uncertainty about the locality of the type specimen illustrated in the original description. Furthermore, neither the plates nor their accompanying texts show the black facial pattern characteristic these western-most West African populations. To avoid confusion In future, and to ensure nomenclatural stability, a new type-locality and a neotype ore designated for nominate Tockus erythrorhynchus, and a new name is proposed for the populations extending from Senegal, The Gambia and Guinea to the inner Niger Delta in Moll. Further studies are needed to ascertain the status of these brown-eyed and block-faced birds: their facial colouration pattern could be associated with other eco-ethological characters and could ploy an important role in specific mote recognition systems. IA French translation of the abstract is provided on p. 366.].", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Insects for Income Generation Through Animal Feed: Effect of Dietary Replacement of Soybean and Fish Meal With Black Soldier Fly Meal on Broiler Growth and Economic Performance. The ever-increasing animal feed costs are driving many vulnerable communities involved in animal husbandry out of business. The high cost is mainly driven by the protein source, which represents the most expensive component in animal feed. In conventional feed, protein is obtained mainly from soybean and fish meal (SFM). The present study explored potential of partially replacing this SFM with black soldier fly prepupae meal (BSFPM) in Cobb 500 broiler chicken diets. A SFM-based diet was compared to three experimental diets formulated by partially substituting SFM with BSFPM at 13.8, 27.4, and 42.0% of the crude protein (CP) in the starter feed and 11.0, 37.2, and 55.5% of the CP in the finisher feed of diets D1, D2, and D3, respectively. Dietary effects on average daily feed intake, average daily body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass characteristics, breast meat sensory attributes, and the economic implication of their use in broiler production were evaluated. Replacement of SFM with BSFPM did not affect daily feed intake, daily body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, aroma or taste of cooked breast meat. A 16.0% higher Cost Benefit Ratio and 25.0% better Return on Investment was recorded when the birds were reared on the highest concentration of black soldier fly (D3) compared to the conventional diet which was 19.0% more expensive. The implication of these findings for the promotion of insect mass production enterprises for animal feed protein, and their potential for income generation and job creation particularly in developing countries is discussed.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Multi-proxy dating of Holocene maar lakes and Pleistocene dry maar sediments in the Eifel, Germany. During the last twelve years the ELSA Project (Eifel Laminated Sediment Archive) at Mainz University has drilled a total of about 52 cores from 27 maar lakes and filled-in maar basins in the Eifel/Germany. Dating has been completed for the Holocene cores using 6 different methods (Pb-210 and Cs-137 activities, palynostratigraphy, event markers, varve counting, C-14) In general, the different methods consistently complement one another within error margins. Event correlation was used for relating typical lithological changes with historically known events such as the two major Holocene flood events at 1342 AD and ca 800 BC. Dating of MIS2-MIS3 core sections is based on greyscale tuning, radiocarbon and OSL dating, magnetostratigraphy and tephrochronology. The lithological changes in the sediment cores demonstrate a sequence of events similar to the North Atlantic rapid climate variability of the Last Glacial Cycle. The warmest of the MIS3 interstadials was GI14, when a forest with abundant spruce covered the Eifel area from 55 to 48 ka BP, i.e. during a time when also other climate archives in Europe suggested very warm conditions. The forest of this \\\\'Early Stage 3 warm phase\\\\' developed subsequently into a steppe with scattered birch and pine, and finally into a glacial desert at around 25 ka BP. Evidence for Mono Lake and Laschamp geomagnetic excursions is found in two long cores. Several large eruptions during Middle and Late Pleistocene (Ulmener Maar - 11,000 varve years BP, Laacher See - 12,900 varve years BP, Mosenberg volcanoes/Meerfelder Maar 41-45 cal ka BP, Dumpel Maar 116 ka BP, Glees Maar - 151 ka BP) produced distinct ash-layers crucial for inter-core and inter-site correlations. The oldest investigated maar of the Eifel is 40Ar/39Ar dated to the time older than 520 ka BP. Crown Copyright (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Controlled Stress Improves Oocyte Performance - Cell Preconditioning in Assisted Reproduction. A recently emerged concept utilizing a controlled environmental impact as a treatment for cells and tissues aims to improve neither the in vitro conditions nor the procedures, but the cell itself. Hydrostatic pressure stress emerged as the most controllable and most effective stressor, proving the principle that controlled stress improves cell performance in in vitro procedures, whereas further studies using different stressors (osmotic, oxidative or mechanic stresses) supported the principle. The present summary reviews studies of various stress treatments to treat oocytes of three species (murine, porcine, human) before vitrification, in vitro maturation, enucleation and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Eventually, cleavage and blastocyst rates and - in cases when hydrostatic pressure was used - blastocyst cell number and birth rates as well were significantly improved compared to untreated controls.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 42, 10]}
+{"token": "Coefficient Bounds for Bi-spirallike Analytic Functions. In the present paper, we introduce and investigate two new subclasses, namely; the class of strongly alpha-bi-spirallike functions of order beta and alpha-bi-spirallike functions of order rho, of the function class Sigma; of normalized analytic and bi-univalent functions in the open unit disk.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "A Targeted In-Fusion Expression System for Recombinant Protein Production in Bombyx mori. The domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori, is an economically important insect that synthesizes large amounts of silk proteins in its silk gland to make cocoons. In recent years, germline transformation strategies advanced the bioengineering of the silk gland as an ideal bioreactor for mass production of recombinant proteins. However, the yield of exogenous proteins varied largely due to the random insertion and gene drift caused by canonical transposon-based transformation, calling for site-specific and stable expression systems. In the current study, we established a targeted in-fusion expression system by using the transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN)-mediated targeted insertion to target genomic locus of sericin, one of the major silk proteins. We successfully generated chimeric Sericin1-EGFP (Ser-2A-EGFP) transformant, producing up to 3.1% (w/w) of EGFP protein in the cocoon shell. With this strategy, we further expressed the medically important human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) and the protein yield in both middle silk glands, and cocoon shells reached to more than 15-fold higher than the canonical piggyBac-based transgenesis. This natural Sericin1 expression system provides a new strategy for producing recombinant proteins by using the silkworm silk gland as the bioreactor.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "ON THE RELIABILITY OF HAN DYNASTY SOLAR ECLIPSE RECORDS. The veracity of early Chinese records of astronomical observations has been questioned, principally based on two early studies from the 1950s, which suggested that political motives may have led scholar-officials at court to fabricate astral omens. Here I revisit the Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE) solar eclipse reports to determine whether the charge has merit for those first four centuries of the imperial period. All 127 dated solar eclipses reported in the official sources are checked for accuracy against the \\\\'Five Millennium Catalog of Solar Eclipses\\\\' produced by Espenak and Meeus (2009). The Han Dynasty records prove remarkably accurate. Copyists' errors do occur, but there are only rare instances of totally erroneous reports, none of which is provably the result of politically-motivated manipulation.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "The Effect of Barcode Technology Use on Pathology Specimen Labeling Errors. Pathology specimen labeling errors occur for a variety of reasons. We investigated the use of barcode technology as a method to improve the accuracy of pathology specimen labeling and patient safety. We also assessed nurses' perceptions of system quality, information quality, service quality, user satisfaction, and net benefits. Sixty-eight perioperative nurses who work in a teaching hospital in Taiwan completed the survey. Nurses scored net benefits as highly contributing to their satisfaction, whereas system quality contributed most to dissatisfaction. Further, we analyzed pathology specimen records before and after implementing the barcode system and found that specimen management errors significantly decreased. The use of a reliable barcode system could improve specimen labeling accuracy and enhance nurses' satisfaction with this technology.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Differential effect of flavonoids on glycosaminoglycan content and distribution in skin fibroblasts of patients with type I osteogenesis imperfecta. We recently reported that, in osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) type I with diminished type I collagen biosynthesis, flavonoids such as apigenin 7-O-glucuronide, apigenin 7-O-methylglucuronide and pectolinarin normalized the level of collagen type I without affecting total protein synthesis. In addition to collagen, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play an important role in the formation of a functional supramolecular complex in the extracellular matrix, and any changes in their content and/or composition may be involved in the OI phenotype. We previously detected a marked increase in sulphated GAG content in the OI fibroblasts of more severely affected patients (OI types II and III). These alterations were more pronounced in medium than in cells. Although, in OI type I cells, the increase observed in medium was much smaller (approximately 1.5-fold), it resulted in an increase of approximately 3-fold of the GAG to collagen type I ratio. Therefore, in the potential pharmacotherapy of OI type I with flavonoids, their effect on GAG level may be of importance. In the OI cells, some of the tested flavonoids applied at a concentration of 30 mu M affected GAG content in quite the opposite way than type I collagen. Aglicones inhibiting collagen synthesis caused a marked increase in GAG concentration in medium, in contrast to the flavonoid glycosides, which exerted a stimulatory effect on type I collagen synthesis, but had a different effect on GAG content and distribution. Among these, apigenin 7-O-methylglucuronide did not affect GAG level or secretion, and thus may potentially be used in OI, type I pharmacotherapy in patients with normal GAG content: However, in patients with increased concentrations of GAG, pectolinarin, which decreases GAG content by approximately 40%, may be more beneficial.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "Two waves of colonization straddling the K-Pg boundary formed the modern reef fish fauna. Living reef fishes are one of the most diverse vertebrate assemblages on Earth. Despite its prominence and ecological importance, the origins and assembly of the reef fish fauna is poorly described. A patchy fossil record suggests that the major colonization of reef habitats must have occurred in the Late Cretaceous and early Palaeogene, with the earliest known modern fossil coral reef fish assemblage dated to 50 Ma. Using a phylogenetic approach, we analysed the early evolutionary dynamics of modern reef fishes. We find that reef lineages successively colonized reef habitats throughout the Late Cretaceous and early Palaeogene. Two waves of invasion were accompanied by increasing morphological convergence: one in the Late Cretaceous from 90 to 72 Ma and the other immediately following the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. The surge in reef invasions after the Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary continued for 10 Myr, after which the pace of transitions to reef habitats slowed. Combined, these patterns match a classic niche-filling scenario: early transitions to reefs were made rapidly by morphologically distinct lineages and were followed by a decrease in the rate of invasions and eventual saturation of morphospace. Major alterations in reef composition, distribution and abundance, along with shifts in climate and oceanic currents, occurred during the Late Cretaceous and early Palaeogene interval. A causal mechanism between these changes and concurrent episodes of reef invasion remains obscure, but what is clear is that the broad framework of the modern reef fish fauna was in place within 10 Myr of the end-Cretaceous extinction.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
+{"token": "Revolutions and Insurrections: TheNorth American Reviewand Haiti, 1821-1829. The New England based, conservative periodical North American Review published two reviews of Haiti, in 1821 and 1829. The reviews were starkly different in content and tone. This essay contextualizes the two reviews, using them as a mirror for the transformation of New England's political elite and its acceptance of the emerging racialist tenets of American nationalism. The essay thus sheds light on our understanding of antebellum nationalism and its nature.", "label": [3, 31, 28]}
+{"token": "Making Creative Spaces: The Art and Design Classroom as a Site of Performativity. Rather than taking a transformational role in schools, new art and design teachers quickly become subject to 'school art' orthodoxy. Theories of subjectivity and the development of professional identity within communities of practice can feel far removed from the classroom. This article seeks to make clearer the processes by which teacher identity and practice becomes normalised and proposes ways that such processes may be resisted. With reference to Foucault, Lyotard, Bruner, Wenger and Bey, the classroom as a site of performativity is contrasted with alternative heterotopia-like sites away from the spectre of observation, where different identities and behaviours can be explored. These temporary sites of difference are an antidote to the orthodoxy of the 'school art' condition and open up the possibility for teachers, both new and experienced, to implement a more hospitable, participatory pedagogy.", "label": [3, 5, 53, 30]}
+{"token": "First record of Brachyuran crab Rhinolambrus lippus (Lanchester, 1901) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parthenopidae) from India. The present paper reports the occurrence of the rare parthenopid species Rhinolambrus lippus (Lanchester, 1901) for the first time from India. The species is so far reported from Malaysia, Djibouti and Madagascar.", "label": [4, 45, 47]}
+{"token": "Hydrogen sulfide partly mediates abscisic acid-induced heat tolerance in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) suspension cultured cells. Abscisic acid (ABA), a plant hormone, plays crucial roles in plant growth, development and response to environmental stress. Recently, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) also has emerged similar functions, but interaction between ABA and H2S in the acquisition of heat tolerance is not clear. In this study, pretreatment of tobacco suspension cultured cells with ABA improved the survival percentage and regrowth ability, alleviated a decrease in cell vitality, increase in malondialdehyde content and electrolyte leakage of cells under heat stress, suggesting that ABA pretreatment could improve the heat tolerance of tobacco cells. In addition, treatment with ABA induced the accumulation of endogenous H2S in both tobacco cells and culture medium, increased the activity of l-cysteine desulfhydrase, a key enzyme in H2S biosynthesis. Also, ABA-induced heat tolerance was enhanced by addition of NaHS, a H2S donor, but weakened by dl-propargylglycine (specific inhibitor of H2S biosynthesis) and hypotaurine (H2S scavenger) respectively. These results suggest that ABA pretreatment could improve the heat tolerance of tobacco suspension cultured cells, and H2S, at least partly, mediated the acquisition of heat tolerance induced by ABA.", "label": [0, 2, 19, 9]}
+{"token": "Who visits cathedrals? The science of cathedral studies and psychographic segmentation. Contribution: Situated within the science of cathedral studies, this article demonstrates (by means of applying psychographic segmentation theory and gathering data from four cathedrals) that extraverts and perceiving types were significantly under-represented among cathedral visitors. These data are important for understanding limitations on the reach of cathedrals within the wider community.This study applied psychographic segmentation theory to explore the psychological type profile of 1082 visitors to four cathedrals (three in England and one in Wales) and to set this profile alongside the published national normative data. Data provided by the Francis Psychological Type Scales demonstrated that among cathedral visitors there were more introverts (60%), sensing types (72%) and judging types (80%), with a balance between thinking types (49%) and feeling types (51%). Comparisons with the population norms demonstrated that extraverts and perceiving types were significantly underrepresented among visitors to these four cathedrals. The implications of these findings are discussed for enhancing the visitor experience of those currently visiting and for attracting those psychological types currently less likely to visit.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Tauberian theorems for p-adic distributions. The notion of a quasi-asymptotics adapted to the case of p-adic distributions ( generalized functions) is introduced, and p-adic analogs of Tauberian theorems for distributions are proved.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "The price behavior around initial loan announcements: Evidence from zero-leverage firms in the UK. This paper analyses price effects of trades around the initial loan announcements for 96 zero-leverage firms listed on the FTSE 350 index over the time of period 2000-2015. Using a very large sample size of 28 million share purchases and 26 million share sales, we discover price continuations follow buys and reversals follow sales. We also observe that purchases have a greater impact on permanent price changes. Once price effects are estimated using quote returns to eliminate the bid-ask bias, the asymmetry in buyer and seller initiated trades is dramatically reduced. Our results suggest that the bid-ask bounce can explain asymmetry in the trading direction of zero-leverage firms when they encounter debt for the first time.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Determination of the lysosomal hydrolase activity in blood collected on filter paper, an alternative to screen high risk populations. This study aimed to determine the enzymatic activity in dried blood samples collected on filter paper (DBS) for the diagnosis of the following diseases: Fabry, Pompe, Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) and Mucopolysaccharosis type VI (MPS VI). DBS was used for high risk patientscreening, according to clinical suspicion. Plasma, leukocytes and cultured fibroblasts were used to confirm the diagnosis when necessary. Among the 529 DBS samples sent to the laboratory, 164 had abnormal results. Confirmatory materials of 73 individuals were rerouted. The frequency of diagnosis for lysosornal storage disorders was 5.9%. DBS is an alternative screening technique used in high risk populations, which should lead to earlier diagnosis for lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), help patients get treatment sooner and improve the outcome of the disease. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Promoting the sense of self, place, and belonging in displaced persons: The example of homelessness. This article discusses the psychosocial impact of displacement using homelessness as an illustrative example of displacement. This article draws on the geography literature concerning the sense of space and place and on social theories of self-identity and belonging, notably Anthony Giddens' structuration theory. The impact of displacement is an important dimension of homelessness because it influences social and functional abilities that are relevant to reentry into homes and society. This article explains the relevance of these considerations in the care of displaced persons and emphasizes the role of place in determining identity and self-efficacy. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 26, 23]}
+{"token": "There is No Debriefing Without Prior Briefing: Writing a Briefing Memo as a Preparatory Activity to Make the Most of the Pedagogical Potential of Simulations. Simulations are traditionally divided into three phases, namely preparation, interaction, and debriefing. This article argues that the first phase has been neglected. The preparation phase is indeed widely seen as necessary but merely instrumental to the interaction phase of simulations rather than as a self-contained activity that may also provide an opportunity to make the most of their pedagogical potential. This article explains how writing a briefing memo to prepare a simulation challenges this taken-for-granted view. After outlining the reasons why I asked the students of my Introduction to International Relations module to write a briefing memo about the conflict in South Sudan in preparation for a simulation of the negotiation of a peace agreement, the article explains how it can be used to generate a stimulating class discussion. It then emphasizes how the three phases of the simulation fruitfully complement each other and allow teachers to go beyond the instrumentalist conception of the preparatory phase. Finally, the conclusion reflects about the \\\\'portability\\\\' (Kollars and Rosen 2016) of the briefing-negotiation-debriefing format outlined in this article.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "The role of the N-terminal domain of human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1, APE1, in DNA glycosylase stimulation. Significance Statement The major human apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease, APE1, stimulates DNA glycosylases by increasing their turnover rate on duplex DNA substrates. At present, the mechanism of the stimulation remains unclear. We report that the redox domain of APE1 is necessary for the active mode of stimulation of DNA glycosylases. Electron microscopy revealed that full-length APE1 oligomerizes on DNA possibly via cooperative binding to DNA. Consequently, APE1 shows DNA length dependence with preferential repair of short DNA duplexes. We propose that APE1-catalyzed oligomerization along DNA induces helix distortions, which in turn enable conformational selection and stimulation of DNA glycosylases. This new biochemical property of APE1 sheds light on the mechanism of redox function and its role in DNA repair.The base excision repair (BER) pathway consists of sequential action of DNA glycosylase and apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease necessary to remove a damaged base and generate a single-strand break in duplex DNA. Human multifunctional AP endonuclease 1 (APE1, a.k.a. APEX1, HAP-1, or Ref-1) plays essential roles in BER by acting downstream of DNA glycosylases to incise a DNA duplex at AP sites and remove 3'-blocking sugar moieties at DNA strand breaks. Human 8-oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase (OGG1), methyl-CpG-binding domain 4 (MBD4, a.k.a. MED1), and alkyl-N-purine-DNA glycosylase (ANPG, a.k.a. Aag or MPG) excise a variety of damaged bases from DNA. Here we demonstrated that the redox-deficient truncated APE1 protein lacking the first N-terminal 61 amino acid residues (APE1-N Delta 61) cannot stimulate DNA glycosylase activities of OGG1, MBD4, and ANPG on duplex DNA substrates. Electron microscopy imaging of APE1-DNA complexes revealed oligomerization of APE1 along the DNA duplex and APE1-mediated DNA bridging followed by DNA aggregation. APE1 polymerizes on both undamaged and damaged DNA in cooperative mode. Association of APE1 with undamaged DNA may enable scanning for damage; however, this event reduces effective concentration of the enzyme and subsequently decreases APE1-catalyzed cleavage rates on long DNA substrates. We propose that APE1 oligomers on DNA induce helix distortions thereby enhancing molecular recognition of DNA lesions by DNA glycosylases via a conformational proofreading/selection mechanism. Thus, APE1-mediated structural deformations of the DNA helix stabilize the enzyme-substrate complex and promote dissociation of human DNA glycosylases from the AP site with a subsequent increase in their turnover rate.", "label": [2, 22, 20]}
+{"token": "Characterization and sources of dissolved and particulate phosphorus in 10 freshwater lakes with different trophic statuses in China by solution P-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Information on dissolved phosphorus (DP) and particulate phosphorus (PP) is essential to evaluate the P dynamics and control eutrophication. In this work, DP and PP in 10 freshwater lakes representing various trophic statuses were analyzed by solution P-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The results indicated that the predominant forms of DP and PP were orthophosphate (Ortho-P) and monoester phosphate (Mono-P). There was a greater concentration of Ortho-P and Mono-P in the water and particulate matter of medium-eutriphic lakes than in lightly eutriphic or mesotrophic lakes. -Glycerophophate (2.7-32.5%), -glycerophosphate (1.3-23.4%), guanosine 2Mono-P (20.2-29.3%), inositol hexakisphosphate (IHP) (8.3-36.4%) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) (17.3-35.9%) were identified as the major chemical forms of Mono-P in water and particulate matter, which originate mainly from the degradation of labile diesters, aquatic/microbial sources and a combination of terrestrial and aquatic/microbial sources. Diester phosphate (Di-P) was dominated by teichoic acid (0.5-14.8%) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (0.6-17.7%), which originated from aquatic/microbial sources. Moreover, correlation analysis showed that dissolved Mono-P in water and particulate matter had a positive correlation with chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), which indicated their potential bioavailability for algal activity. pH was a crucial parameter to control Di-P, pyrophosphate (Pyro-P) and polyphosphate (Poly-P) in water. Mono-P/PPs showed a positive correlation with Chl-a (R-2=0.459), total phosphorus (TP) (R-2=0.586) and the trophic status index (R-2=0.588), which suggested that particulate Mono-P can potentially contribute to lake eutrophication. Both Ortho-P and Mono-P were major contributors of P nutrients for algae, and therefore source control and new techniques are needed for reducing eutrophication.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Influencing factor analysis based on electrical-thermal-pyrolytic simulation of carbon fiber composites lightning damage. The damage of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminated composites under lightning strike is analyzed by coupled electrical-thermal-pyrolytic models, which is implemented by the ABAQUS/Standard finite element code coupled with user-defined subroutines USDFLD and HEATVAL. To clarify the effects of the lightning current waveform parameters and the thermal/electrical properties of CFRPs, the damages of CFRP laminated specimens under diverse lightning current waveforms are experimentally and numerically analyzed. The results reveal that the damage volume shows a strong logarithmic relationship with the action integral, and that the damage is strongly governed by the electrical properties of CFRPs, though thermal conductivity variation barely affects the damage volume. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "The communist successor parties and party organizational development in post-communist politics. The emergence of competitive parry politics in the countries of post communist Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union has offered a unique opportunity to test some long-held propositions in parry organization theory. What factors may promote certain types of organizations over others? To address this question, I develop a theoretical framework which identifies a set of party organizational types and the factors which might lead to the development of certain types over others. Second, I test these in light of I:he evidence from the communist successor parties from ten Eastern European and former Soviet countries. It was found that, among several independent variables, the previous communist regime type, the strength of the constitutional presidency and the features of the electoral system were the best predictors of party organizational type among the communist successor parties.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Enhanced cell survival and diminished apoptotic response to simulated ischemia-reperfusion in H9c2 cells by magnetic field preconditioning. The potential for 60 Hz magnetic field (MF) preconditioning to protect heart-derived, H9c2 cultures from damage by simulated ischemia and reperfusion (I-R) was examined. The most effective MF exposure conditions (120 mu T, 4-8 h) increased cell survival by 40-50 % over that seen with I-R alone. Potential targets of MF preconditioning were assessed by investigating the apoptosis-related drop in Bcl-2 levels and elevation of the specific activities of caspases 3, 8 and 9 produced by I-R. In response to MF exposure Bcl-2 levels rose 2 to 2.6-fold, and caspase specific activities fell 51-72 % from the values seen after I-R alone. Levels of Hsp's 25, 32 and 72 were examined in response to the MF, but showed little-to-no elevation beyond that produced by I-R. However, MF preconditioning produced a 77 % decrease in the I-R-induced translocation of phosphorylated Hsp25 (Hsp25-P) from the cytosolic to the nuclear-cytoskeletal cell fraction. This might protect by maintaining active Hsp25-P in the cytosol to function as a chaperone or to bind cytochrome c. Blocking Hsp25 phosphorylation with SB203580, an inhibitor of p38 MAPK, resulted in increases of 64 and 80 % in the respective specific activities of caspases 3 and 9 in cells subjected to I-R, and eliminated the MF-induced reduction in caspase 3 activity.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "A novel way to synthesize calcium sulfate whiskers with high aspect ratios from concentrated calcium nitrate solution. An innovative approach was developed to synthesize calcium sulfate whiskers by dropwise adding sulfuric acid solution into abundant concentrated calcium nitrate solution under atmospheric pressure. The effect of mixing styles of reactants on product morphology was determined by SEM. Combined with SEM, XRD, TG-DSC were used to characterize products. Dihydrate CaSO4 whiskers with high aspect ratios (approximate 93.5) could be directly synthesized at room temperature. Then, the whiskers transformed to hemi-hydrate and anhydrous CaSO4 whiskers after heat treatment using microwave at 140 degrees C and 180 degrees C, respectively. The latter whiskers also own high aspect ratios. In addition, nitric acid (concentration, 170 g/L) was regenerated in the same process of three single-phase and well crystallized CaSO4 whiskers synthesis. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Medium- and Long-Term Conservation of Ornamental Plants Using Synthetic Seed Technology. Synthetic seed (synseed) describes artificially encapsulated plant tissues, usually somatic embryos but also other vegetative parts that can be propagated into complete plants under in vivo or in vitro conditions. Synseed technology can be utilised for medium-term storage and long-term conservation of valuable ornamental plant germplasm. Synseeds can be conserved in vitro for several years through maintenance of encapsulated propagules at low temperatures (slow growth storage technique) or they can be preserved theoretically ad infinitum at the ultra-low temperatures of liquid nitrogen. In this chapter, we review recent studies in the conservation of various ornamental plant species using synseeds developed from different plant explants (i.e. somatic embryos, protocorm-like bodies, shoot tips, bulblets and axillary buds).", "label": [0, 4, 42, 39, 9]}
+{"token": "Simultaneous dyeing and functionalization of silk with three natural yellow dyes. Three natural yellow dyes, namely Rheum emodi, Gardenia yellow and curcumin, were applied to the simultaneous dyeing and functionalization of silk. Their dyeing properties and functionalities as well as the effects of post-mordanting on the hue, color fastness and functionalities of dyeings were compared, and the correlations between the chemical structures and application characteristics of dyes were revealed. The three dyes exhibited large variations in dyeing and mordanting properties, and functionalities. Curcumin displayed the greatest coloring power. The uptake of Gardenia yellow was most sensitive to the pH of dyebath. Gardenia yellow and curcumin had much higher building-up ability than R. emodi with anthraquinone structures. Gardenia yellow possessed the highest fastness ratings, while curcumin and R. emodi showed poor wet rub fastness and wash fastness for staining. Curcumin imparted the highest antioxidant activity to silk because of its high adsorption and two phenolic hydroxyl groups in its structure and also gave the highest UV protection ability. Curcumin and R. emodi provided higher antibacterial activities than Gardenia yellow. The post-mordanting with ferrous and ferric salts exerted great influence on the color parameters, color fastness and UV protection ability of dyeings. This study points out that the common dyeing process of three natural yellow dyes can impart the color and functional properties to silk. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
+{"token": "Air gasification of biomass in a downdraft fixed bed: A comparative study of the inorganic and organic products distribution. This paper deals with the gasification of agricultural residues such as almond shells and wood at high temperature (850 degrees C) in a small-scale gasification plant coupled with a reciprocated internal combustion engine. Detailed investigation of both organic (tar) and inorganic (NH3, HCN, metals, etc.) products distribution in the process streams are provided. This research aims to assess the existence of certain relations between feedstock composition and the observed products distribution in the steady state. Biomass feedstock is characterized for its elemental. composition, its content of metallic species, and lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose fractions. A different feedstock composition was found to be associated with some important variations in the process monitored parameters such as the gasification rate, the tar content, and the char yield in the flue gas. Also a relation was found between the relative amount of ammonia and cyanide species in the flue gas at the operating conditions of the gasifier (oxygen-to-biomass ratio and activated carbon support). Spectroscopic features of the sludgy condensate formed in the upper part of the gasifier during the early stage of the process together with the characterization of char, fly ash, and acidic species in the flue gas shed light on some mechanistic aspects of the gasification process.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "On Correlation Properties of Boolean Functions. The relationship among cross-correlation of arbitrary four Boolean functions is presented. Several known cross-correlation properties of Boolean functions are generalized, and some properties of cross-correlation and auto-correlation are given. Then the relationship between cross-correlation function and the order of resiliency, and the relationship among the sum-of-squares indicator, algebraic degree and the order of resiliency are studied.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Relationship between changes in thymic emigrants and cell-associated HIV-1 DNA in HIV-1-infected children initiating antiretroviral therapy. Objectives and methods: To investigate the relationship between cell-associated HIV-1 dynamics and recent thymic T-cell emigrants, HIV-1 DNA and T-cell receptor rearrangement excision circles (TREC, a marker of recent thymic emigrants) were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 181 samples from 33 HIV-1-infected children followed for 96 weeks after antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation.Conclusions: Overall, these findings indicate that TREC levels predict HIV-1 DNA response to ART and suggest that immune repopulation by thymic emigrants adversely affects HIV-1 DNA decline in the absence of persistent viral suppression, possibly by providing a cellular source for viral infection and replication.Results: At baseline, HIV-1 DNA was higher in children with higher TREC (P = 0.02) and was not related to age, CD4 or HIV-1 RNA in multivariate analyses (P > 0.3). Overall, TREC increased and HIV-1 DNA decreased significantly after ART initiation, with faster HIV-1 DNA declines in children with higher baseline TREC (P = .009). The greatest decreases in HIV-1 DNA occurred in children with the smallest increases in TREC levels during ART (P = 0.002). However, this inverse relationship between changes in HIV-1 DNA and TREC tended to vary according to the phase of HIV-1 RNA decline (P = 0.13); for the same increase in TREC, HIV-1 DNA decline was much smaller during persistent or transient viraemia compared with stable HIV-1 RNA suppression.", "label": [2, 22, 25, 21]}
+{"token": "International perspectives on suboptimal patient-reported outcome trial design and reporting in cancer clinical trials: A qualitative study. Purpose Evidence suggests that the patient-reported outcome (PRO) content of cancer trial protocols is frequently inadequate and non-reporting of PRO findings is widespread. This qualitative study examined the factors influencing suboptimal PRO protocol content, implementation, and reporting, and use of PRO data during clinical interactions. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with four stakeholder groups: (1) trialists and chief investigators; (2) people with lived experience of cancer; (3) international experts in PRO cancer trial design; (4) journal editors, funding panelists, and regulatory agencies. Data were analyzed using directed thematic analysis with an iterative coding frame. Results Forty-four interviews were undertaken. Several factors were identified that could influenced effective integration of PROs into trials and subsequent findings. Participants described (1) late inclusion of PROs in trial design; (2) PROs being considered a lower priority outcome compared to survival; (3) trialists' reluctance to collect or report PROs due to participant burden, missing data, and perceived reticence of journals to publish; (4) lack of staff training. Strategies to address these included training research personnel and improved communication with site staff and patients regarding the value of PROs. Examples of good practice were identified. Conclusion Misconceptions relating to PRO methodology and its use may undermine their planning, collection, and reporting. There is a role for funding, regulatory, methodological, and journalistic institutions to address perceptions around the value of PROs, their position within the trial outcomes hierarchy, that PRO training and guidance is available, signposted, and readily accessible, with accompanying measures to ensure compliance with international best practice guidelines.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "The Schumacher Affair: Reconfiguring Academic Expertise across Dynasties in Eighteenth-Century Russia. This essay examines the career of Johann Daniel Schumacher, secretary to the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences from 1725 to 1759, in order to illustrate the flexible nature of expertise in an early scientific academy and the ways in which that expertise needed to be negotiated to suit different demands from the court, government, and academy across several changes of regime. Schumacher, whose activities have often been vilified by historians, is shown to have been an astute administrator, whose activities demonstrate the importance of mediating roles in shaping academic expertise in the eighteenth century.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "CD8(+), alpha beta-TCR+, and gamma delta-TCR+ cells in the recipient hematopoietic environment mediate resistance to engraftment of allogeneic donor bone marrow. Historically, conditioning for engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells has been nonspecific. In the present study, we characterized which cells in the recipient hematopoietic microenvironment prevent allogeneic marrow engraftment. Mice defective in production of a alphabeta-TCR+, gammadelta-TCR+, alphabeta- plus gammadelta-TCR+, CD8(+), or CD4(+) cells were transplanted with MHC-disparate allogeneic bone marrow. Conditioning with 500 cGy total body irradiation (TBI) plus a single dose of cyclophosphamide (CyP) on day +2 establishes chimerism in normal recipients. When mice were conditioned with 300 cGy TBI plus a single dose of CyP on day, +2, all engrafted, except wild-type controls and those defective in production of CD4(+) T cells. Mice lacking both alphabeta- and gammadelta-TCR+ cells engrafted without conditioning, suggesting that both alphabeta- and gammadelta-TCR T cells in the host play critical and nonredundant roles in preventing engraftment of allogeneic bone marrow. CD8 knockout (KO) mice engrafted without TBI, but only if they, received CyP on day +2 relative to the marrow infusion, showing that a CD8(-) cell was targeted by the CyP conditioning. The CD8(+) cell effector function is mechanistically different from that for conventional T cells, and independent of CD4(+) T helper cells because CD4 KO mice require substantially higher levels of conditioning than the other KO phenotypes. These results suggest that a number of cell populations with different mechanisms of action mediate resistance to engraftment of allogeneic marrow. Targeting of specific recipient cellular populations may permit conditioning approaches to allow, mixed chimerism with minimal morbidity and could potentially avoid the requirement for myelotoxic agents altogether.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "The Chilingirian Murder: A Case Study from the 1915 Roundup of Armenian Intellectuals. Scholarship on the destruction of the Armenian community of the Ottoman Empire has tended to focus on the genocide's broad historical, political, and sociological aspects. The gradual opening of the Prime Ministerial Ottoman Archive in Istanbul has made it possible to shed light on micro-aspects of the planning and implementation of the Armenian Genocide. On the basis of documents and eyewitness accounts related to the murder of Dr. Rupen Sevag Chilingirian, the author provides important insight into the central authorities' involvement in the murder of Armenian intellectuals.(1)", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "The sculptor Francesco Bordoni, a collaborator of the Francini. Arriving in Paris around 1601 in the retinue of his master, the sculptor Pierre de Francqueville, the Florentine artist Francesco Bordoni was one of the main collaborators of Tommaso Francini in France in the making ornamental fountains. The article outlines the education of the two men in Florence and their knowledge of the great Tuscan gardens at the end of the 16th century in which sculptures and fountains already occupied a fundamental place. It then traces the first steps of the sculptor at the court of Henri IV. He works with Francini in the royal residences, and seems to have conceived not only the vases and ewers for the Grand Jardin at Fontainebleau, but also a certain number of bronze ornaments and figures for the fountains and the grottos at Saint-Germain. He also appears to be the author of five bronze masks that are still at Fontainebleau (the fountains of the Cour du Cheval bland and the Cour des Offices). Lastly, and before 1617, Bordoni would have worked for Leonora Galigai, with Francini, on the fountains of the Chateau de Lesigny-en-Brie.", "label": [1, 3, 17, 30]}
+{"token": "Calibration of manganin gauges for shock wave studies. In 1993 Russian (Institute of Technical Physics, RITP) and Chinese (Academy of Engineering Physics, CAIP) researchers jointly calibrated manganin pressure gauges manufactured in RITP using shock waves generated with the aid of a gas gun. The following calibration equation P-mang = 0.2332 + 35.512(Delta R/R-0) + 0.4780(Delta R/R-0)(2) + 3.2402(Delta R/R-0)(3) was obtained; the root mean square error of this equation at pressures 1.2 - 47.1 Gao is sigma(r) = +/- 1.33 %. Most of the calibration tests were sponsored by CAIP at the expense of funds allotted for fundamental studies.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Quorum sensing controls persistence, resuscitation, and virulence ofLegionellasubpopulations in biofilms. The water-borne bacteriumLegionella pneumophilais the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease. In the environment, the opportunistic pathogen colonizes different niches, including free-living protozoa and biofilms. The physiological state(s) of sessileLegionellain biofilms and their functional consequences are not well understood. Using single-cell techniques and fluorescent growth rate probes as well as promoter reporters, we show here that sessileL. pneumophilaexhibits phenotypic heterogeneity and adopts growing and nongrowing (\\\\'dormant\\\\') states in biofilms and microcolonies. Phenotypic heterogeneity is controlled by theLegionellaquorum sensing (Lqs) system, the transcription factor LvbR, and the temperature. The Lqs system and LvbR determine the ratio between growing and nongrowing sessile subpopulations, as well as the frequency of growth resumption (\\\\'resuscitation\\\\') and microcolony formation of individual bacteria. NongrowingL. pneumophilacells are metabolically active, express virulence genes and show tolerance toward antibiotics. Therefore, these sessile nongrowers are persisters. Taken together, the Lqs system, LvbR and the temperature control the phenotypic heterogeneity of sessileL. pneumophila, and these factors regulate the formation of a distinct subpopulation of nongrowing, antibiotic tolerant, virulent persisters. Hence, the biofilm niche ofL. pneumophilahas a profound impact on the ecology and virulence of this opportunistic pathogen.", "label": [4, 37, 43]}
+{"token": "Dependent Types for Pragmatics. In this paper, we present an extension to Martin-Lof's Intuitionistic Type Theory which gives natural solutions to problems in pragmatics, such as pronominal reference and presupposition. Our approach also gives a simple account of donkey anaphora without resorting to exotic scope extension of the sort used in Discourse Representation Theory and Dynamic Semantics, thanks to the proof-relevant nature of type theory.", "label": [3, 4, 41, 30, 32]}
+{"token": "Molecular Survey of Rickettsial Agents in Feral Raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Hokkaido, Japan. Rickettsial infection in feral raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Hokkaido, Japan was analyzed by molecular methods. Genus-specific nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis based on the Rickettsia citrate synthase (gltA) gene showed that 13 of 699 raccoons (1.9%) examined were positive for Rickettsia. Twelve of the 13 partial gltA sequence amplicons were successfully analyzed. The nucleotide sequence of one amplicon was identical to both Rickettsia heilongjiangensis and R. japonica, one was identical to R. felis, and the rest to R. helvetica. This is the first report on the detection of rickettsial agents in peripheral blood of raccoons.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "Reconstitution of Plant Alkane Biosynthesis in Yeast Demonstrates That Arabidopsis ECERIFERUM1 and ECERIFERUM3 Are Core Components of a Very-Long-Chain Alkane Synthesis Complex. In land plants, very-long-chain (VLC) alkanes are major components of cuticular waxes that cover aerial organs, mainly acting as a waterproof barrier to prevent nonstomatal water loss. Although thoroughly investigated, plant alkane synthesis remains largely undiscovered. The Arabidopsis thaliana ECERIFERUM1 (CER1) protein has been recognized as an essential element of wax alkane synthesis; nevertheless, its function remains elusive. In this study, a screen for CER1 physical interaction partners was performed. The screen revealed that CER1 interacts with the wax-associated protein ECERIFERUM3 (CER3) and endoplasmic reticulum-localized cytochrome b5 isoforms (CYTB5s). The functional relevance of these interactions was assayed through an iterative approach using yeast as a heterologous expression system. In a yeast strain manipulated to produce VLC acyl-CoAs, a strict CER1 and CER3 coexpression resulted in VLC alkane synthesis. The additional presence of CYTB5s was found to enhance CER1/CER3 alkane production. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that CER1 His clusters are essential for alkane synthesis, whereas those of CER3 are not, suggesting that CYTB5s are specific CER1 cofactors. Collectively, our study reports the identification of plant alkane synthesis enzymatic components and supports a new model for alkane production in which CER1 interacts with both CER3 and CYTB5 to catalyze the redox-dependent synthesis of VLC alkanes from VLC acyl-CoAs.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
+{"token": "Multiple criteria-based screening of Trichoderma isolates for biological control of Botrytis cinerea on tomato. Seventy-two Trichoderma isolates were obtained from Hubei Province of China and identified to 11 species based on rDNA-ITS. The isolates were initially tested for invasive growth on Botrytis cinerea colony in dual cultures with B. cinerea on potato dextrose agar at 20 degrees C. The resulting 28 isolates were further determined for biocontrol potential using three criteria: invasive growth on Botrytis cinerea colonies at 15 degrees C, antifungal activity and promotion of tomato seed germination. Performance of the Trichoderma isolates was scored and the total scores were used to select isolates with the highest biocontrol potential. Four selected isolates (T. harzianum: T-21 and T-68; T. koningiopsis: T-35 and T-51) were evaluated for growth-promoting and resistance-inducing effects on tomato seedlings, and for sporulation-suppressing effect on B. cinerea on dead tomato leaves. All the four isolates significantly (P < 0.05) promoted tomato growth possibly through producing gibberellins and indole-3-acetic acid, and induced systemic resistance against B. cinerea. Isolates T-21, T-51 and T-68 suppressed B. cinerea sporulation by 62.8, 66.1 and 63.7%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. This study suggests that the multiple criteria-based procedure is rational for screening of Trichoderma isolates against B. cinerea, and T. koningiopsis T-51 is a promising biocontrol agent. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 44]}
+{"token": "Adopting stick spawn reduced the spawn running time and improved mushroom yield and biological efficiency of Pleurotus eryngii. Pleurotus eryngii is a commercially important edible mushroom cultivated widely in Asia, Europe, and North America. We developed a new type of solid spawn (stick spawn) to cultivate P. eryngii. Adopting stick spawn in P. eryngii cultivation reduced spawn running time and improved the yield and biological efficiency (BE). The spawn running time of artificial logs inoculated with stick spawn was only 29.9 days, whereas that of the artificial logs inoculated with sawdust spawn was 53.2 days. The use of stick spawn reduced the spawn running time by 23.3 days (43.8%) compared with the use of sawdust spawn. In addition, adopting stick spawn increased the mushroom yield by 11.5% compared with the use of sawdust spawn. In conclusion, the use of stick spawn resulted in shorter spawn running time and higher mushroom yield and BE. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Susceptibility to Repeated, Low-Dose, Rectal SHIVSF162P3 Challenge Is Independent of TRIM5 Genotype in Rhesus Macaques. Infections following repeated, low-dose (RLD), mucal S(H)IV exposures of macaques are used to model sexual HIV exposures for biomedical prevention testing. Different susceptibilities among animals can complicate study designs. In rhesus macaques, TRIM5 alleles Q, CypA, and TFP are resistance factors for infection with some S(H) IV strains, but not for SIVmac239 due to its capsid properties. SIVmac239-derived SHIVSF162P3 has been demonstrated to reproducibly infect mucosally in vaginal and rectal RLD models. To further test the suitability of SHIVSF162P3 for RLD models, we studied the influence of the TRIM5 genotype on susceptibility to rectal RLD infection and on plasma viremia by analyzing 43 male Indian rhesus macaques from control arms of completed studies. The median number of exposures required for infection was three (Q/Q, n = 4) (TRIM5 alleles, number of macaques, respectively), four (Q/CypA, n = 7), three (TFP/Q, n = 15), three (TFP/TFP, n = 15), and two (TFP/CypA, n = 2); TRIM5(CypA/CypA) was not represented in our study. Median peak viremia (log(10) viral copies/ml) in infected animals was 7.4 (Q/Q, n = 4), 7.2 (Q/CypA, n = 6), 7.3 (TFP/Q, n = 13), 7.1 (TFP/TFP, n = 15), and 6.5 (TFP/CypA; n = 2). Neither susceptibility nor peak viremia was significantly different (log rank test, Kruskal-Wallis test, respectively). Rhesus macaques' susceptibility to RLD SHIVSF162P3 is independent of the TRIM5 TFP, CypA, and Q alleles, with the limitation that the power to detect any impact of CypA/CypA and TFP/CypA genotypes was nonexistent or low, due to absence or infrequency, respectively. The finding that TRIM5 alleles do not restrict mucosal infection or ensuing replication rates suggests that SHIVSF162P3 is indeed suitable for RLD experimentation.", "label": [2, 18, 25, 21]}
+{"token": "First report of a 'Candidatus Phytoplasma cynodontis'-related strain (group 16SrXIV) associated with Huanglongbing disease on Citrus grandis. Association of phytoplasma with Huanglongbing (HLB) disease is reported here for the first time in Citrus grandis from India. Molecular investigation of the pathogen reveals that it belongs to 16SrXIV Group of phytoplasma, Candidatus Phytoplasma cynodontis'. The association of phytoplasma with HLB accentuates that there is need to broaden the disease management strategies.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "A general equation for calculating the 'true' height of transfer unit in extraction columns. Based on single drop mass transfer models and two phase flow equation, a general equation for calculating the 'true' height of transfer unit of extraction columns was derived and tested with four types of extraction columns with some different working systems. The calculated results fitted well with those obtained by experiments.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "The Wheel Model of humor: Humor events and affect in organizations. In this article we develop the Wheel Model of humor, which addresses the theme of this special issue by casting humor events as an important driver of employee happiness and well-being through their influence on positive affect. Drawing on theories of humor and emotion, the Wheel Model suggests that humor-induced positive affect results in transmission of emotion to social groups, which in turn creates a climate that supports humor use and subsequent humor events. This model is depicted in a circular pattern to highlight the cumulative and escalatory process through which individual humor events can impact individuals and groups over repeated cycles of the wheel. We also describe individual and environmental variables that are likely to have an impact on relationships within the Wheel Model. Finally, we discuss specific research contexts to which the Wheel Model can be applied (mentoring, leadership, groups/teams), as well as other future research directions.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "Mindful of their Bellies and gullets: Anatomical imagery in English Colonization. This essay examines the anatomical language that appears in 16th- and 17th-century English travel narratives, which authors used to portray efforts to colonize North America as a series of encounters between an American continental body and the English nation. Imagery related to the digestive tract marked struggling or failed efforts, while reproductive and marital imagery described successful ventures or encouraged new ones. The imprecision of early modern anatomical terms left them versatile enough to appear in relation to both digestive and reproductive images, allowing English observers contrasting colonial projects to provide lessons about proper modes of colonization. Anatomical language thus provided English authors with a mechanism for representing the changing nature of England's encounter with the American continental body, redirecting anxieties about the dangers America posed into confidence about the continent's productive potential, and England's future on its lands.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Implications of supermarket expansion on urban food security in Cape Town, South Africa. The rapid rise in supermarkets in developing countries over the last several decades resulted in radical transformations of food retail systems. In Cape Town, supermarket expansion has coincided with rapid urbanization and food insecurity. In this context, retail modernization has become a powerful market-driven process impacting food access for the poor. The introduction of formal food retail formats is viewed simultaneously as a driver of food accessibility and as a detriment to informal food economies established in lower income neighborhoods. Through a mixed-methods approach, this article assesses the spatial distribution of supermarkets within Cape Town and whether this geography of food retail combats or perpetuates food insecurity, particularly in lower income neighborhoods. Spatial analysis using geographic information systems at a city-wide scale is combined with a qualitative case study utilizing semi-structured interviews and observational analysis in the Philippi township in order to illuminate the limitations of supermarket expansion as a marketoriented alleviation strategy for food insecurity. While supermarkets have been successful in penetrating some low-income communities, they are often incompatible with the consumption strategies of the poorest households, revealing the significance of the informal economy in Cape Town and the limitations of a food desert approach toward understanding urban food security.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "RESTRICTIONS ON HUMAN RIGHTS DUE TO THE COVID-19 OUTBREAK. The need to prevent the rapid spread of Covid-19 has led to restrictive measures. Such trends require proper scientific and legal analysis, rethinking existing approaches to realising rights. At the same time, the legal nature and essence of such restrictions should be clarified. This is due to the nature of the Covid-19 pandemic, as such restrictions have a positive effect on curbing the spread of the viral disease. Currently, the vector of major human rights violations is related to compulsory vaccination. It is necessary to continue this research and follow the practice of the European Court of Human Rights. The study used general and special scientific methods of scientific research of legal phenomena, namely: comparative, formal-logical, system-structural, dialectical, and other methods. The dialectical method of cognition allowed us to study the national civil legislation, taking into account the international standards. The public interest in the form of preserving safety, health, and human life determines the establishment of restrictions in connection with the Covid-19 pandemic. Here, the goal of the state to ensure the security of the nation and the public interest are closely related. The comparative legal method was used to determine the common and distinctive features. The formal-logical method contributed to establishing the conceptual apparatus and content of current legislation, highlighting the contradictions in current legislation. The system of human rights was studied by system -structural analysis. The aim was to solve complex problems of restrictions on human rights due to Covid-19.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Prediction of Triple-Point Temperature of Pure Components Using their Chemical Structures. A quantitative Structure property relationship study was performed to develop a model for the prediction of triple-point temperature of pure components. For developing this model, 638 Pure components were used, and, for whichever, 1664 molecular descriptors were determined. As a standard tool for Subset variable selection, genetic algorithm-based multivariate linear regression (GA-MLR) technique was used. The obtained model is a seven parameters multilinear equation that has a squared correlation coefficient of 0.9410 (R-2 = 0.9410).", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "A MAXENT MODEL FOR MACROSCENARIO ANALYSIS. In this paper, starting from Jaynes' MaxEnt methodology [10, 11], we follow the original idea of Aoki [1] to implement a canonical MaxEnt inference model for the replication of industrial firms' dynamics over a space of economic states. We develop an aggregate model to infer the distributions of agents at meso level using representative states. In particular, we estimate the access probability for agents in different states consistently with macroscopic economic constraints. The model is calibrated on the basis of a sample of firms, drawn from the AMADEUS database, within the manufacturing industry made up of nine sectors of economic activity from 1995 to 2004, and results come to experimental proof at aggregate macroscopic level.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Large scale survey of yeasts in frozen concentrated orange juice (FCOJ): Occurrence, diversity, and resistance to peracetic acid. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence and diversity of yeasts in frozen concentrated orange juice (FCOJ) and assess the resistance of yeasts to peracetic acid. One thousand five hundred (n = 1500) samples of frozen concentrated orange juice (FCOJ) were analyzed, and 280 yeast strains were isolated and identified. Candida represented 37% of all isolates, and the main species identified were Candida pseudointermedia and C. orthopsilosis. Other yeasts identified were Starmerella, Wickerhamiella, Wickerhamiella, Clavispora, Kodamaea, Meyerozyma, Rhodotorula, Trichosporon, Wickerhamomyces, Kluyveromyces, Hanseniaspora, Saccharomyces, Torulaspora, and Zygosaccharomyces. The exogenous origin of the contamination in FCOJ samples analyzed was shown by the high diversity, corroborated by the Simpson (D) and Shannon (H & PRIME;) indices. From a total of 227 yeasts strains tested, more than 20% were able to withstand peracetic acid concentrations > 200 ppm, with emphasis on W. anomalus (300 ppm), W. sergipensis (350 ppm), C. rugopelliculosa (350 ppm), K. marxianus (450 ppm), C. parapsilosis (500 ppm), C. pseudointermedia (500 ppm), W. sorbosivorans (500 ppm), C. boleticola (600 ppm), S. cerevisiae (700 ppm) and C. orthopsilosis (750 ppm). This study adds novel data regarding the occurrence and diversity of yeasts present in FCOJ and their resistance to a chemical compound commonly employed in the sanitization of processing and distribution premises and vehicles. These findings are essential to support the development of measures for proper mitigation of contamination of orange juice towards reducing the risks of spoilage by yeasts during FCOJ transportation/storage or when FCOJ is used as an ingredient.", "label": [0, 4, 8, 43]}
+{"token": "Settling the identity and phylogenetic position of the psychrotolerant green algal genus Coleochlamys (Trebouxiophyceae). Despite significant recent advances, our understanding of the diversity and phylogeny of coccoid green algae remains incomplete, partly because of the existence of numerous previously described taxa that are yet to be reinvestigated to clarify their identity and phylogenetic position. An essentially forgotten taxon is the genus Coleochlamys Korshikov, presently classified in the class Chlorophyceae. Here we present the results of our investigations of one new and four previously available strains identified as Coleochlamys. Based on morphological features and molecular evidence, the strains represented two clearly differentiated species: Co. apoda, the type species of the genus, and Co. oleifera, which are both epitypified in this study. The two species differ in cell shape and presence or absence of a cell wall extension resembling a papilla. They are also differentiated by multiple compensatory base changes (CBCs) in the ITS2 region. Our data support the previous proposal that the genera Rhopalocystis and Fusochloris are later synonyms of Coleochlamys, and additionally suggest that the algae originally described as Characium perforatum K.W. Lee & H.C. Bold and Rhopalocystis cucumis are conspecific with Co. apoda. Phylogenies of both 18S rRNA and rbcL genes place Coleochlamys in the class Trebouxiophyceae, in a clade with Microthamnion. Analysis of environmental DNA data has revealed the existence of at least one additional Coleochlamys species, and of a closely related sister lineage (potentially a separate genus) encountered in an Alaskan glacier. The occurrence data on Coleochlamys indicate that the genus includes psychrotolerant algae that may be common in cold environments worldwide.", "label": [0, 4, 45, 9]}
+{"token": "Application of nitrogen fertilizer to a boreal pine forest has a negative impact on the respiration of ectomycorrhizal hyphae. Conclusion Significant impacts on soil C cycling may be caused by reduced plant C allocation to ECM fungi in response to increased N inputs to boreal forests; ecosystem models so far lack this detail.Aims There is evidence that increased N inputs to boreal forests, via atmospheric deposition or intentional fertilization, may impact negatively on ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi leading to a reduced flux of plant-derived carbon (C) back to the atmosphere via ECM. Our aim was to investigate the impact of N fertilization of a Pinus sylvestris (L.) forest stand on the return of recently photoassimilated C via the ECM component of soil respiration.Results The impact of N fertilization was to significantly reduce R-A, particularly respiration via extramatrical ECM hyphae. ECM hyphal flux in control plots showed substantial spatial variability, resulting in mean flux estimates exceeding estimates of total R-A, while ECM contributions to R-A in N treated plots were estimated at around 30%.Methods We used an in situ, large-scale, C-13-CO2 isotopic pulse labelling approach and monitored the C-13 label return using soil gas efflux chambers placed over three different types of soil collar to distinguish between heterotrophic (R-H), autotrophic (R-A; partitioned further into contributions from ECM hyphae and total R-A) and total (R-S) soil respiration.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Carbonic anhydrase generates a pH gradient in Bombyx mori silk glands. B. mori silk glands have four different epithelial cell types, one of which produces carbonic anhydrase. Carbonic anhydrase is necessary for the mechanism that generates an intraluminal pH gradient, which likely regulates the assembly of silk proteins and then the formation of fibers from soluble silk proteins. These new insights into native silk formation may lead to a more efficient production of artificial or regenerated silkworm silk fibers. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Silk is a protein of interest to both biological and industrial sciences. The silkworm, Bombyx mori, forms this protein into strong threads starting from soluble silk proteins using a number of biochemical and physical cues to allow the transition from liquid to fibrous silk. A pH gradient has been measured along the gland, but the methodology employed was not able to precisely determine the pH at specific regions of interest in the silk gland. Furthermore, the physiological mechanisms responsible for the generation of this pH gradient are unknown.In this study, concentric ion selective microelectrodes were used to determine the luminal pH of B. mori silk glands. A gradient from pH 8.2 to 7.2 was measured in the posterior silk gland, with a pH 7 throughout the middle silk gland, and a gradient from pH 6.8 to 6.2 in the beginning of the anterior silk gland where silk processing into fibers occurs. The small diameter of the most anterior region of the anterior silk gland prevented microelectrode access in this region. Using a histochemical method, the presence of active carbonic anhydrase was identified in the funnel and anterior silk gland of fifth instar larvae. The observed pH gradient collapsed upon addition of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor methazolamide, confirming an essential role for this enzyme in pH regulation in the B. mori silk gland. Plastic embedding of whole silk glands allowed clear visualization of the morphology, including the identification of four distinct epithelial cell types in the gland and allowed correlations between silk gland morphology and silk stages of assembly related to the pH gradient.", "label": [4, 44, 42]}
+{"token": "Betti numbers of fat forests and their Alexander dual. Let k be a field and R = k[x(1), ..., x(n)]/I = S/I a graded ring. Then R has a t-linear resolution if I is generated by homogeneous elements of degree t, and all higher syzygies are linear. Thus, R has a t-linear resolution if Tor(i,j)(S )(S/I, k) = 0 if j not equal i + t - 1. Fora graph G on {1, ..., n}, the edge algebra is k[x(1), ..., x(n)]/I, where I is generated by those x(i)x(j) for which {i, j} is an edge in G. We want to determine the Betti numbers of edge rings with 2-linear resolution. But we want to do that by looking at the edge ring as a Stanley-Reisner ring. For a simplicial complex Delta on [n] = (1, ..., n) and a field k, the Stanley-Reisner ring k[Delta] is k[x(1), ..., x(n)]/I, where I is generated by the squarefree monomials x(i)(1) ... x(ik) for which (i(1), ..., i(k)) does not belong to Delta. Which Stanley-Reisner rings that are edge rings with 2-linear resolution are known. Their associated complexes has had different names in the literature. We call them fat forests here. We determine the Betti numbers of many fat forests and compare our result with what is known. We also consider Betti numbers of Alexander duals of fat forests.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Psychoanalytical disorders in the Foucault's thought. The article focuses on how Michel Foucault made use of psychoanalysis, of which he was a great reader in the 1950s, mainly Freud. If the psychoanalysis is sometimes enrolled in a \\\\'psyfunction\\\\' and is not the subject of a specific course at the College de France like psychiatry, it nevertheless appears as a long-standing problem, a reference that persists throughout Foucault's work, even if it is approached in a very pointillist way. In this sense, it has a separate status within this function, sometimes contradictory, sometimes quite obscure, sometimes the matrix of all disciplinary institutions, sometimes the form of depsychiatrization outside asylum. Alongside an \\\\'instrumental\\\\' use that is bound to the problem of knowledge-power, there are some quite singular uses. Foucault thus manipulates the concept of the unconscious to the point of making it completely heterogeneous to the knowledge developed by Freud and revised by Lacan.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Quantitative aspects of synaptogenesis in the rat barrel field cortex with special reference to GABA circuitry. The postnatal establishment of cortical connectivity was studied by estimating the number (numerical density, synapse-to-neuron ratio, and total number) of the overall synaptic population and its distribution into gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-immunopositive and GABA-immunonegative synaptic contacts in the developing rat somatosensory cortex. These numerical data were obtained using the unbiased disector method in combination with GABA postembedding immunocytochemistry. The numerical density of both synaptic populations was low in the early postnatal period (postnatal days 5 and 10, P5, P10) after which it abruptly increased between P10 and P15 to approach adult values. However, since cortical volume continues to increase after this age, the number of synapses per neuron and the total number of synapses reached adult values only by P30. There was no evidence of overproduction of either GABA or non-GABA synapses. Direct comparison between the two synaptic populations revealed a similar developmental pattern with the exception of the period around P20 when the production of GABA synapses slowed down. Thus, while the formation of non-GABA synapses proceeded in a continuous manner throughout the first month of life, GABA synapse production was accomplished in two consecutive waves. We suggest that the second delayed wave of GABA synapse formation is related to the great developmental plasticity of the cortical inhibitory system. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 47]}
+{"token": "Satan is Black' - Frantz Fanon's Juridico-Theology of Racialisation and Damnation. Recent critical legal scholarship has shown the significance of colonialism for emergence of modem international law.(1) Paralleling, sometimes interweaving, with this post-colonial/decolonial raiding has been a \\\\'religious turn\\\\' in which scholars highlight the persistence of the theological-political within the ostensible secularity of law.(2) Frantz Fanon has much to offer both lines of scholarship. This article revisits the work of Fanon so as to illuminate the significance of his understanding of colonized/racialized identities as \\\\'damned\\\\' for contemporary juridical scholarship. Fanon's Les Damnes de la Terre, when read alongside the canonical literary account of the \\\\'fall,\\\\' John Milton's Paradise Lost, offers an account of the juridico-theological process constructing an ideal of \\\\'humanity\\\\' through turning particular subjects into deific surrogates and others into the \\\\'damned.\\\\' This article develops understandings of postcolonial/decolonial international law, international law and political/juridical theology as well as critiquing the \\\\'humanitarianism\\\\' of contemporary international legal discourse. Moreover, it helps to establish the necessity of reading Fanon as a thinker of cross-disciplinary significance.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Understanding Information Exchange During Disaster Response: Methodological Insights From Infocentric Analysis. We leverage economic theory, network theory, and social network analytical techniques to bring greater conceptual and methodological rigor to understand how information is exchanged during disasters. We ask, \\\\'How can information relationships be evaluated more systematically during a disaster response?\\\\' \\\\'Infocentric analysis\\\\'-a term and approach we develop here-can (a) define an information market and information needs, (b) identify suppliers of information and mechanisms for information exchange, (c) map the information exchange network, and (d) diagnose information exchange failures. These steps are essential for describing how information flows, diagnosing complications, and positing solutions to rectify information problems during a disaster.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Improvements of TPS-Porous Asphalt Using Wax- Based Additives for the Application on Malaysian Expressway. Porous asphalt provides a sustainable approach to reduce traffic noise at source, while at the same time offering storm-water management systems which promote infiltration and often reduce the need for a detention pool. However, porous asphalt is prone to premature deteriorations, in terms of ravelling, and air voids clogging, rendering its unpopularity as the road surfacing material for expressways construction. In this research, the comparative influences of Tough Fix (TF) and Tough Fix Hyper (TFH) additives incorporation were evaluated on the performance of Tafpack-Super modified porous asphalt mixtures (TPS-PA). The Tafpack-Super (TPS) as a modifier at 20%, and anti-stripping additives (TF and TFH) with dosages used in this study were 0.3%, and 0.15% based on the weight of asphalt binder, respectively. Initially, the PA mixtures were prepared according to a predetermined mix design, and verified based on the percentage of air voids, permeability, and connected air voids. Comprehensive experimental tests of Marshall stability, permeability, Cantabro loss, rutting resistance, and moisture induced damage resistance were performed to assess the mechanical performance of the TPS-PA mixtures. Moreover, the Texas boiling test was employed to assess the stripping potential of loose TPS-PA mixtures. The experimental results revealed that both TF and TFH are capable of improving the PA resistance against rutting, ravelling, and moisture damage. In addition, the porous asphalt with TFH anti-stripping agent incorporation exhibited a superior overall performance as compared to the PA with TF.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Early Sensory Contributions to Contextual Encoding Deficits in Schizophrenia. Results: Patients showed reduced amplitude of both early sensory (P1, N1) and later cognitive (N2, CNV) ERP components. Deficits in sensory (N1) and cognitive (N2) component activation to cue stimuli contributed independently to impaired behavioral performance. In addition, sensory deficits predicted impaired cognitive ERP generation. Finally, deficits in performance correlated with impairments in contrast sensitivity to low, but not high, spatial frequency stimuli.Context: The AX version of the visual continuous performance task (AX-CPT) is widely used for investigating visual working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia. Event-related potentials (ERP) provide an objective index of brain function and can be used to evaluate brain substrates underlying impaired cognition in schizophrenia.Design: Case-control study.Conclusions: Working memory deficits in schizophrenia have increasingly been attributed to impairments in stimulus encoding rather than to failures in memory retention. This study provides objective physiological support for encoding hypotheses. Further, deficits in sensory processing contribute significantly to impaired working memory performance, consistent with generalized neurochemical models of schizophrenia.Setting: Inpatient and outpatient facilities associated with the Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research.Participants: A total of 30 individuals with schizophrenia and 17 healthy comparison subjects.Objective: To assess the mechanisms that underlie visual working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia relative to impairment of early visual processing.Interventions: Three versions of the AX-CPT, with parametric variations in the proportions of trial types, were used to test performance and underlying neural activity during differential challenge situations. Contrast sensitivity measures were obtained from most subjects.Main Outcome Measures: Behavioral performance was assessed using d' context scores. Integrity of stimulus- and task-related cortical activation to both cue and probe stimuli was assessed using sensory (C1, P1, N1) and cognitive (N2, contingent negative variation [CNV]) ERP components. Early magnocellular/parvocellular function was assessed using contrast sensitivity. Linear regression and path analyses were used to assess relations between physiological and behavioral parameters.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Thuja occidentalis: identification of volatiles and electroantennographic response by the invasive cedar bark beetle, Phloeosinus aubei. Recently, the distribution of the Mediterranean cedar bark beetle, Phloeosinus aubei Perris (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), has expanded to Central Europe. Reported mostly on cypress in the Mediterranean area, potential host plants in the invaded range include other scale-leafed conifers, such as cultivars of arborvitae, Thuja occidentalis L. To reveal potential kairomonal cues for P.aubei, volatiles of T.occidentalis were collected and analysed by gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD). Assignments of chemical structures of antennally active components were carried out by gas chromatography linked to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using authentic reference samples. Antennal responses to synthetic samples of the identified compounds were studied by electroantennography (EAG), with antennae of female and male P.aubei. GC-EAD analysis of head space volatiles of T.occidentalis revealed 22 antennally active compounds, of which 21 were identified. The most abundant components were - and -thujone, fenchone, camphor, terpinen-4-ol, bornyl acetate and -terpinyl acetate, all of which are oxygenated monoterpenes. When EAG activities of synthetic samples were compared, the most intensive responses from female antennae were elicited by a mixture of - and -thujone, followed by (-)-terpinen-4-ol, (+)-camphor, cis-4-thujanol, (+)-sabina ketone, (+)-terpinen-4-ol, isopulegone, (-)-fenchone, borneol, (3Z)-hexen-1-ol, (-)-1-octen-3-ol and (+)-sulcatol. Male antennae responded the most to (-)-terpinen-4-ol and cis-4-thujanol followed by the mixture of - and -thujone. The next highest responses were elicited by (+)-camphor, borneol, (+)-terpinen-4-ol, (+)-sulcatol and (+)-sabina ketone. Striking differences were found between responses to the enantiomers of fenchone, sulcatol and 1-octen-3-ol, whereas responses to the enantiomers of terpinen-4-ol did not differ significantly from each other. Several antennally active volatiles of T.occidentalis have also been reported from cypress and various other members of the Cupressaceae, suggesting that the sensory apparatus of P.aubei may recognize the shared components, which may enable rapid adaptation to new hosts in the invaded areas.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Family formation and dissolution in an Aegean island. This paper explores family formation and dissolution in the Aegean island of Paros over the period 1894-1998. The examined issues are: trends in age at marriage, age gap between spouses, age differentials among different occupational groups, age at widowhood, remarriage, illegitimacy and bridal pregnancy. The main findings confirmed that certain characteristics of the 'Mediterranean' marriage pattern, such as low age at marriage for females, high for males and large age gap between spouses, were present in the study population up until the 1980s. The feature of the family cycle that has changed most dramatically over the examined period is age at widowhood, which has increased spectacularly owing to the impressive progress in adult, and especially maternal, mortality that took place in Greece in the post-war years.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24, 57]}
+{"token": "Sperm function during incubation with oestrus oviductal fluid differs in bulls with different fertility. Spermatozoa undergo several modifications in the oviduct before acquiring fertilising capacity. Although spermatozoa are exposed to similar conditions in the oviduct, the speed of the response varies with the male and the state of the spermatozoa. We hypothesised that spermatozoa from bulls with different fertility may differ in their ability to respond to oviductal fluid (ODF). Frozen-thawed spermatozoa from four bulls were incubated with oestrus oviductal fluid (OODF) for 6h. Sperm kinematics, tyrosine phosphorylation, phosphorylation patterns, capacitation and acrosome reaction were analysed at hourly intervals. The amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH) and straightness coefficient (STR) were higher (P < 0.05) in bulls with higher fertility compared with those with lower fertility, at 1-4h of incubation. At 4h of incubation and onwards, spermatozoa from bulls with higher fertility showed a lower degree (P < 0.05) of tyrosine phosphorylation and higher degree of capacitation and acrosome reaction. At least five tyrosine-phosphorylated sperm proteins were detected in all bulls. However, the expression of two phosphorylated sperm proteins (183 and 109 kDa) was upregulated in bulls with lower fertility. It may be concluded that cryopreserved spermatozoa from high- and low-fertile bulls differ in their ability to respond to OODF. This may help in developing tools for assessing fertility of bulls, once validated in more animals.", "label": [4, 42, 47]}
+{"token": "Cellular host transcriptional responses to influenza A virus in chicken tracheal organ cultures differ from responses in in vivo infected trachea. In this study a viral infection of a tissue culture model system was compared to an in vivo infection, which is of importance to gauge the utility of the model system. The aim was to characterize early immune responses induced by avian influenza virus using tracheal organ cultures (TOC) as a model system. First, the in vitro system was optimized to ensure that the host transcription responses were only influenced by virus infection and not by differences in viral load. Upper and lower trachea both could be used in the cultures because the virus load was the same. Cilia motility was not affected in non-infected TOC and only slightly in infected TOC at 24 h post-inoculation. Gene expression profiles of early immune responses were analyzed in in vitro infected TOC, and were compared to the responses found in in vivo infected trachea. The gene expression profile in infected TOC suggested the up regulation of innate anti-viral responses that were triggered by attachment, entry and uptake of virus leading to several signalling cascades including NF-kappa B regulation. Genes associated with IFN mediated responses were mainly type I IFN related. Overlapping gene expression profiles between non-infected and infected TOC suggested that tissue damage during excision induced wound healing responses that masked early host responses to the virus. These responses were confirmed by real-time quantitative RT-PCR showing up regulation of IL-1 beta and IL-6. Microarray analysis showed that gene expression profiles of infected and non-infected TOC had a large overlap. This overlap contained many immune-related genes associated with inflammatory responses, apoptosis and immune system process and development. Infected TOC and in vivo infected trachea shared few significantly differentially expressed genes. The gene expression profile of infected TOC contained fewer genes which were expressed at reduced amplitude of change. Genes that were common between TOC and trachea were associated with early immune responses likely triggered by virus attachment and entry. Most of the genes were associated with IFN-mediated responses, mainly type I IFN related. Our study implicates that although the TOC model is suitable for culturing of virus and lectin or virus binding studies, it is not suitable for measuring early immune responses upon viral infection at host transcriptional level. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 10]}
+{"token": "Politicised enforcement in China: evidence from the enforcement of land laws and regulations. Politically motivated interference by politicians, or \\\\'politicised enforcement\\\\', is a common cause of enforcement failure in many countries. Existing research on politicised enforcement has focused largely on incentives driven by electoral competition, while fewer studies analysed its mechanisms in an authoritarian context. Drawing on the case of China, this article develops the argument that politicised enforcement can be a consequence of the strategies adopted by authoritarian ruling elites to maintain political survival. Using a panel data set on the enforcement of land laws and regulations, the empirical analysis suggests that the intensity of enforcement correlates with economic performance and patron-client ties between central leaders and local officials, suggesting that political imperatives faced by ruling elites to promote economic growth and carry out clientelistic exchanges affect government decisions on enforcement. Moreover, these correlations remain robust after the implementation of reforms that promoted administrative centralisation within the enforcement agency, suggesting that politicised enforcement reflects the strategic behaviour of the ruling elites of the Party. These findings contribute to the literature on enforcement in authoritarian regimes broadly and in China specifically.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "Comparison between the BACTEC MGIT 960 system and the agar proportion method for susceptibility testing of multidrug resistant tuberculosis strains in a high burden setting of South Africa. Method: Consecutive M. tuberculosis isolates identified as MDR-TB during August 2007 to January 2008 using the BACTEC MGIT 960 systems and the agar proportion method were included in this study. Susceptibility testing of MDR-TB isolates against ethambutol (EMB) and streptomycin (STR) as well as two second-line anti-TB drugs, kanamycin (KAN) and ofloxacin (OFX) was performed using the BACTEC MGIT 960 systems at a routine diagnostic laboratory. The results were compared to those obtained by the agar proportion method.Result: The agreement between the BACTEC MGIT 960 system and the agar proportion method was 44% for EMB, 61% for STR and 89% for both KAN and OFX. The sensitivity and specificity of the BACTEC MGIT 960 system using the agar proportion method as a gold standard was 92% and 37% for EMB, 95% and 37% for STR, 27% and 97% for KAN and 84% and 90% for OFX, respectively.Conclusions: The BACTEC MGIT 960 system showed acceptable sensitivity for EMB, STR, and OFX; however, the BACTEC MGIT 960 system was less specific for EMB and STR and demonstrated a low sensitivity for KAN. The lower agreement found between the two methods suggests the unreliability of the BACTEC MGIT 960 system for the drugs tested. The reasons for the lower agreement between the two methods need to be investigated and further studies are needed in this setting to confirm the study finding.Background: The increasing problem of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) [ie resistant to at least isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF)] is becoming a global problem. Successful treatment outcome for MDR-TB depends on reliable and accurate drug susceptibility testing of first-line and second-line anti-TB drugs.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "Performance Evaluation of Concrete Pavement Slab Considering Creep Effect by Finite Element Analysis. Creep, as an intrinsic property of concrete material, will inevitably affect the performance of concrete pavement slabs in the field. However, the creep effect on the performances of concrete pavement slabs is far from being fully investigated. In this study, a test set-up is designed to measure the flexural creep of concrete beams exposed to both sealed and drying conditions. The measured flexural creep results are then modeled by the microprestress-solidification theory-based creep model which is incorporated into finite element analysis to evaluate numerically the creep effect on the moisture warping deformation, warping stress, and the total stress under traffic load in concrete slabs. Parameters including slab size, slab thickness, and subgrade modulus are considered. It is found that concrete creep has a significant effect on slab performance. Based on the measured creep properties in this study, the warping deformation of slabs can be reduced by 8-62%, and the warping stress and the total stress can be relaxed by at least 50%. Therefore, it is of importance to incorporate creep effect in analyzing warping deformation and stress generated in concrete pavement slabs. This study also provides a numerical methodology to the current performance evaluation of concrete slabs in the field.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 52]}
+{"token": "The Classical Galois Closure for Universal Algebras. We study the Galois correspondence between subgroups of groups of universal algebras automorphisms and subalgebras of fixed points of these automorphisms.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Two Fish in a Pod. Mislabelling on Board Threatens Sustainability in Mixed Fisheries. Accuracy in reporting captures is a key element to achieve fisheries sustainability. However, identification of the catches might be a challenge when two or more species are morphologically similar and caught jointly, like the mixed fisheries of black hakes in East Atlantic African waters. Black hakes (Merluccius senegalensis and M. polli) are tough to differentiate without previous training due to their high morphological resemblance. The two species are managed as a single stock, although the biological differences between them suggest the need of a separate management. In this study, a total of 806 black hakes were visually identified by fishers on deck of fishing vessels operating in Mauritania and Senegal waters, then assigned to a species by sequencing 450bp of the Mitochondrial Control Region. Comparing the results with visual identification we found 31.4% of the total catch were incorrectly labelled on board by the fishermen. The accuracy of the fishers' identification depended on the depth of capture and on fish size, larger individuals caught from deeper waters being more correctly assigned to M. polli. Mislabelling biased to M. polli suggests that M. senegalensis, already catalogued as endangered, is being underreported, which could endanger the conservation of this species and threaten the sustainability of black hake fisheries. Our results highlight the need for separate evaluation of the stocks in mixed fisheries for morphologically similar fish. Thus, monitoring through DNA barcoding in the very first step of the seafood chain surveys would improve accurate species delimitation and reduce its impact on the correct assessment of the stocks.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
+{"token": "Pulmonary disposition of tilmicosin in foals and in vitro activity against Rhodococcus equi and other common equine bacterial pathogens. The objectives of this study were to determine the serum and pulmonary disposition of tilmicosin in foals and to investigate the in vitro activity of the drug against Rhodococcus equi and other common bacterial pathogens of horses. A single dose of a new fatty acid salt formulation of tilmicosin (10 mg/kg of body weight) was administered to seven healthy 5- to 8-week-old foals by the intramuscular route. Concentrations of tilmicosin were measured in serum, lung tissue, pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells, and blood neutrophils. Mean peak tilmicosin concentrations were significantly different between sampling sites with highest concentrations measured in blood neutrophils (66.01 +/- 15.97 mu g/mL) followed by BAL cells (20.1 +/- 5.1 mu g/mL), PELF (2.91 +/- 1.15 mu g/mL), lung tissue (1.90 +/- 0.65 mu g/mL), and serum (0.19 +/- 0.09 mu g/mL). Harmonic mean terminal half-life in lung tissue (193.3 h) was significantly longer than that of PELF (73.3 h), bronchoalveolar cells (62.2 h), neutrophils (47.9 h), and serum (18.4 h). The MIC90 of 56 R. equi isolates was 32 mu g/mL. Tilmicosin was active in vitro against most streptococci, Staphylococcus spp., Actinobacillus spp., and Pasteurella spp. The drug was not active against Enterococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Enterobacteriaceae.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 10]}
+{"token": "Stable isoperimetric surfaces in superextreme Reissner-Nordstrom. We study isoperimetric surfaces in the Reissner-Nordstrom spacetime, with emphasis on the cuasilocal inequality between area and charge. We analyze the stability of the isoperimetric spheres and we found that there is a lower bound on the area in terms of the charge, and that the inequality is saturated in the transition from the superextremal to the subextremal case. We also derive a general inequality between area and charge for stable isoperimetric surfaces in maximal electro-vacuum initial data.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "Biocide-Containing Varnish for the Protection of Sandstone: Comparison of Formulations and Laboratory Test Methods. Two formulations of acrylic varnish, with and without either of two dry film biocides-one a mixture of isothiazolinones and benzimidazole derivatives, and the other a carbamate-were tested in vitro for their activity against mixtures of filamentous fungi and cyanobacteria found on sandstone buildings. Growth on filter-paper squares coated with the varnishes was assessed semi-quantitatively by naked eye, quantitatively by image analysis and chemically by measurement of ergosterol and chlorophyll a. The lower solvent content (higher resin) varnish was more inhibitory to cyanobacteria than the higher varnish content, whilst the opposite was true for the fungal inoculum. The carbamate biocide was effective against cyanobacteria, unlike the isothiazolinone mixture, but the latter produced more inhibition of fungal growth. The three assay methods produced generally similar results, although visual observation was obviously the most imprecise. There was an anomaly in the ergosterol measurements, which was considered to be caused by the varying ergosterol content and unequal inhibition of the three fungal genera used in the inoculum. Fusarium sp. was shown to contain higher levels of this membrane component than Cladosporium sp. and Penicillium sp. For this reason, the most appropriate method overall, giving reliable quantitative results, was deemed to be the image analysis.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Reliable placement of beetle fossils via phylogenetic analyses - Triassic Leehermania as a case study (Staphylinidae or Myxophaga?). Triassic fossils are rare but crucial for understanding the early evolution of large insect clades including beetles (Coleoptera). Their phylogenetic assignment is problematic because of fragmentary preservation, yet crucial for the correct use of the information they provide. Here an analysis is presented of the phylogenetic position of Leehermania prorova, the Late Triassic compressed fossil which was described and hitherto widely used as the oldest representative of Staphylinidae (rove beetles) in the suborder Polyphaga. By contrast with the intuitive character assessment made in the original description, a phylogenetic analysis of Leehermania is performed using an extensive morphological matrix of extant Coleoptera provided by the Beetle Tree of Life project, constrained in view of the latest relevant molecular phylogenies. As a result, Leehermania is identified as an extinct lineage within the beetle suborder Myxophaga, closest to the modern family Hydroscaphidae. Excluding Leehermania from Staphylinidae and placing it in Myxophaga amends erroneous assumptions about early diversification of rove beetles and enhances our views of the evolutionary history of Coleoptera.", "label": [4, 44, 42]}
+{"token": "How can two biological variables have opposing secular trends, yet be positively related? A demonstration using timing of puberty and adult height. Timing of puberty and adult height have opposing secular trends yet are positively associated in individuals. We demonstrate this using data from a single sample and discuss possible statistical and epidemiological reasons behind it. The sample comprised 365 females from Fels Longitudinal Study born 1929-1992. We used Super-Imposition by Translation and Rotation (SITAR) to estimate individual age at peak height velocity (PHV) and PHV from serial height data (8149 observations between 5 and 24 years). General linear regression was used to investigate the association between height and age at PHV, and secular trends in height, age at PHV and PHV. Although adult height increased 0.42 (95% CI: 0.08, 0.77) cm per decade, and age at PHV decreased 1.14 (-3.74, 1.45) weeks per decade, adult height increased by 2.44 (1.78, 3.10) cm per year higher age at PHV. We found tentative evidence of the positive association between age at PHV and adult height strengthened 0.25 (-0.09, 0.59) cm each decade. Secular trends in related variables may differ if the between-individual and between-cohort associations are different. To understand if a secular trend in one variable has contributed to a trend in another, each needs to be modelled over time, together with the changing association between them.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 56, 42, 24]}
+{"token": "Children with learning disabilities. Children with learning disabilities can present numerous challenges in the acute hospital setting. This review article examines the causes and presentations of learning disability, and considers some of the management strategies employed when these children present for surgery.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "How the Men's Shed idea travels to Scandinavia. Australia has around 1,000 Men's Sheds informal community based workshops offering men beyond paid work somewhere to go, something to do and someone to talk to. They have proven to be of great benefit for older men's learning, health and wellbeing, social integration, and for developing a positive male identity focusing on community responsibility and care. A Men's Shed is typically self organized and 'bottom-up', which is also a key success factor, since it provides participants with a sense of ownership and empowerment. Men's Sheds are now spreading rapidly internationally, but the uptake of the idea varies with the local and national context, and so too may the consequences. Our paper describes how the Men's Shed travelled to Denmark, a country with considerably.more 'social engineering' than in Australia, where Sheds were opened in 2015, via a 'top-down' initiative sponsored by the Danish Ministry of Health. Using data from the study of the web pages of the Danish 'Shed' organizations, from interviews with the central organizer, and from visits and interviews with participants and local organizers at two Danish Men's sheds, we describe how the idea of the Men's Shed on the Australian model was interpreted and translated at central and local levels. Preliminary data indicate that similar positive benefits as exist in Australia may result, provided that local ownership is emphasized.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Comparative study on uncertainty quantification for flow in randomly heterogeneous media using Monte Carlo simulations and conventional and KL-based moment-equation approaches. Geological formations are ubiquitously heterogeneous, and the equations that govern flow and transport in such formations can be treated as stochastic partial differential equations. The Monte Carlo method is a straightforward approach for simulating flow in heterogeneous porous media; an alternative based on the moment-equation approach has been developed in the last two decades to reduce the high computational expense required by the Monte Carlo method. However, the computational cost of the moment-equation approach is still high. For example, to solve head covariance up to first order in terms of sigma(Y)(2), the variance of log hydraulic conductivity Y = ln K-s, it is required to solve sets of linear algebraic equations with N unknowns for 2N times ( N being the number of grid nodes). The cost is even higher if higher-order approximations are needed. Zhang and Lu [J. Comput. Phys., 194 (2004), pp. 773-794] developed a new approach to evaluate high-order moments (fourth order for mean head in terms of sigma(Y), and third order for head variances in terms of sigma(Y)(2)) of flow quantities based on the combination of Karhunen-Loeve decomposition and perturbation methods. In this study, we systematically investigate the computational efficiency and solution accuracy of three approaches: Monte Carlo simulations, the conventional moment-equation (CME) approach, and the moment-equation approach based on Karhunen-Loeve decomposition (KLME). It is evident that the computational cost for the KLME approach is significantly lower than those required by the Monte Carlo and CME approaches. More importantly, while the computational costs ( in terms of the number of times for solving linear algebraic equations with N unknowns) for the CME approach depend on the number of grid nodes, the cost for the KLME approach is independent of the number of grid nodes. This makes it possible to apply the KLME method to solve more realistic large-scale flow problems.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Crack trajectory near a weld: Modeling and simulation. A 2D computational model of ductile fracture, in which arbitrary crack extension through the mesh is accommodated without mesh bias, is used to study ductile fracture near the weld line in welded aluminum plates. Comparisons of the calculated toughness behavior and crack trajectory are made with results found in the literature. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "How Do Consumer Characteristics Affect the Bias in Measuring Willingness to Pay for Innovative Products?. Getting the price right is essential for successful new product introductions. An accurate estimate of consumers' willingness to pay is a crucial part of this task. Measurement of willingness to pay for innovations, however, often yields biased results. In this paper, we investigate consumer-related characteristics and motives that might underlie this bias. Drawing on the elaboration likelihood model, we develop a conceptual model to identify consumer characteristics relevant for preference measurement for innovative products. In doing so, two main factors that potentially influence hypothetical bias are distinguished: ability and motivation. Our conceptual discussion and empirical results demonstrate that the validity of willingness to pay statements is higher among consumers who show a high ability to assess the new product's utility and who are truly interested in purchasing the new product. Counter to intuition, willingness to pay statements from innovators, consumers with good product category knowledge, or consumers who perceive the new product to be highly innovative are relatively more biased and should be interpreted with caution.This research is among the first to look at consumer characteristics rather than methodological issues when it comes to measuring consumer willingness to pay for innovative products. Our conceptual discussion and empirical examination of the drivers of hypothetical bias can be used to refine the validity of the results of the direct willingness to pay approach. These findings should help improve new product pricing surveys and open new avenues for research in measuring consumer preferences.", "label": [1, 5, 48, 15, 50]}
+{"token": "An Important Resource For The Turkish Folk Culture Researches: Center for Information and Documentation of Folk Culture. Folk culture constitutes one of the life sources of a nation and shows the civil abilities if that nation in the world. For this reason, it is important to safeguard the folk culture heritage and to ensure that it is passed on to the next generations. The archives of folk culture plays one of the most important roles in this regard. That is to say, \\\\'The UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage\\\\', to which Republic of Turkey became officially a party in 2008 in order to safeguard its intangible cultural heritage which is concerned with practice, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills-as well as the instruments, objects, artifacts and cultural spaces associated therewith-that communities, groups, and in some cases, individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage has also highlighted and influenced the studies on this issue. The Convention, which exhibits a universal stance against the danger of extinction of the cultural diversity and richness through the social transition process that comes with the phenomena of urbanization, industrialization and globalization, has led the states that are party to the Convention to take some measures in order to ensure that the Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) is safeguarded and handed on to future generations. Thus, the Convention has brought up keeping the permanent record of the said cultural heritage as its primary goal and has prioritized the activities towards establishing \\\\'Documentation Centers\\\\' which will store the information, documents and materials pertaining to the ICH. The most competent and well equipped institution operating in Turkey for these purposes is Center for Information and Documentation of Folk Culture which continues its activities under the supervision of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Directorate General for Research and Education. In this regard, another way to safeguard the cultural structure in Turkey together with all its richness and diversity is closely linked with this Center. In this context, this article has been written in order to introduce the Center for Information and Documentation of Folk Culture to the world of science and art, and to create awareness in the society on this matter as it is quite significant to pass on the elements of the Turkish folk culture to the current and next generations.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Energy and protein requirements of 3/4 Zebu x 1/4 Holstein crossbreds fed different calcium and phosphorus levels in the diet. The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional requirements of energy and protein for maintenance and weight gain of crossbred cattle, as well as their efficiencies. Fifty 3/4 Zebu x 1/4 Holstein crossbred bulls with initial weights of 214 +/- 4kg and aged 11 +/- 0.2 months on average were used in this experiment. Four animals were used in the reference group; ten bulls were fed at the maintenance level; and the remaining 36 bulls were fed ad libitum and distributed in a completely randomized design in a 3x3 factorial arrangement, which had three feedlot periods (56, 112 or 168 days) and three calcium and phosphorus levels (low, medium and normal) in the diet. Four of the maintenance animals had their heat production measured by respirometry at the Laboratory of Metabolism and Calorimetry of UFMG. After slaughter, composite samples, referred to as carcass and noncarcass samples were obtained from each animal. The net energy requirements for maintenance (NEm) and metabolizable energy for maintenance (MEm) were 68.9 and 90.1 kcal/EBW0.75/day, respectively. The efficiency (k(m)) was 76.41%. The NEm requirement determined in the respirometry chamber was 85.5 kcal/kg(0.75). The following equations were obtained for net energy for gain (NEg) and net protein for gain (NPg): NEg (Mcal/day) = 0.0505(+/- 0.000986) x EBW0.75 x EBWG(1.095) and NPg (g/day) = 162.79(+/- 18.2546) x EBWG -1.30(+/- 5.3010) x RE. The efficiencies of fat and protein deposition were 70.04 and 15.12%, respectively. In conclusion, the requirements of NEm for growing and finishing non-castrated 3/4 Zebu x 1/4 Holstein crossbred cattle are 68.9 kcal/EBW0.75/day. Requirements of NEg and NPg can be obtained by the following equations: NEg (Mcal/day) = 0.0505(0.000986) x EBW0.75 x EBWG(1.095) and NPg (g/day) = 162.79(+/- 18.2546) x EBWG - 1.30(+/- 5.3010) x RE.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Superiority of External Attentional Focus for Motor Performance and Learning: Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Considerable literature on the role of attentional focus in motor performance and learning has accumulated for over two decades. We report the results of comprehensive meta-analyses that address the impact of an external focus (EF, on intended movement effects) versus internal focus (IF, on movements of body parts) of attention on the performance and learning of motor skills. Values of effect sins (ES) from 73 studies with 1,824 participants and 40 studies with 1,274 participants were used for examining the effects of EF versus IF on behavioral outcomes of motor performance and learning (separately for retention and transfer phases) respectively. The EF condition was more effective than the IF condition for performance, Hedges' g value = 0.264 (95% CI [0.217, 0.310]), retention learning. Hedges' g value = 0.583 (95% CI [0.425, 0.741]), and transfer learning, Hedges' g value = 0.584 (95% CI [0.315, 0.842]). Multivariable metaregression analyses on behavioral measures further indicated that neither age group, health status, or skill level, nor their two-way interactions, moderated the ES differences between EF and IF in performance, retention, and transfer models (all p > .100). A secondary analysis on 12 studies with 216 participants that examined the effects of EF versus IF on electromyographic outcomes of motor performance also indicated that EF was associated with more efficient neuromuscular processing, Hedges' g value = 0.833 (95% CI [0.453, 1.213]). From nine studies with 272 participants. performance measured by behavioral outcomes was found to be more effective when a more distal, rather than proximal, EF was used. Hedges' g value = 0.224 (95% CI [0.019, 0.429]). Overall. the meta-analytic results are consistent with prior narrative reviews and indicate that an external focus is superior to an internal focus whether considering tests of motor performance or learning. and regardless of age, health condition, and level of skill expertise.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Impact of Telemedicine on Severity of Illness and Outcomes Among Children Transferred From Referring Emergency Departments to a Children's Hospital PICU. Measurements: Demographic factors, severity of illness, and clinical outcomes among children receiving care in emergency departments with and without access to pediatric telemedicine, as well as a subcohort of children admitted from emergency departments before and after the implementation of telemedicine.Main Results: Five hundred eighty-two patients from 15 emergency departments with telemedicine and 524 patients from 60 emergency departments without telemedicine were transferred and admitted to the PICU. Children admitted from emergency departments using telemedicine were younger (5.6 vs 6.9 yr; p < 0.001) and less sick (Pediatric Risk of Mortality III score, 3.2 vs 4.0; p < 0.05) at admission to the PICU compared with children admitted from emergency departments without telemedicine. Among transfers from emergency departments that established telemedicine programs during the study period, children arrived significantly less sick (mean Pediatric Risk of Mortality III scores, 1.2 units lower; p = 0.03) after the implementation of telemedicine (n = 43) than before the implementation of telemedicine (n = 95). The observed-to-expected mortality ratios of posttelemedicine, pretelemedicine, and no-telemedicine cohorts were 0.81 (95% CI, 0.53-1.09), 1.07 (95% CI, 0.53-1.60), and 1.02 (95% CI, 0.71-1.33), respectively.Patients: Pediatric patients admitted directly to the PICU from referring emergency departments between 2010 and 2014.Conclusions: The implementation of a telemedicine program designed to assist in the care of seriously ill children receiving care in referring emergency departments was associated with lower illness severity at admission to the PICU. This study contributes to the body of evidence that pediatric critical care telemedicine programs assist referring emergency departments in the care of critically ill children and could result in improved clinical outcomes.Objectives: To compare the severity of illness and outcomes among children admitted to a children's hospital PICU from referring emergency departments with and without access to a pediatric critical care telemedicine program.Setting: Tertiary academic children's hospital PICU.Design: Retrospective cohort study.Interventions: None.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Thermodynamics and in-situ absorption of Langmuir monolayers of selected copper phthalocyanine substituted with different peripheral groups. The paper deals with thermodynamic and spectroscopic characterization of Langmuir layers of phthalocyanines substituted with different peripheral groups copper(II) 2 9 16 23-tetra-tert-butyl-29H 31H-phthalocyanine copper(II) 2 3 9 10 16 17 23 24-octakis(octyloxy)-29H 31H-phthalocyanine copper(II) tetrakis(4-cumylphenoxy)phthalocyanine The Isotherms compressibility and stability of the Langmuir layers are investigated Molecular arrangement of the molecular skeleton on water substrate is also evaluated The essential influence of the substituents attached to the phthalocyanine macroring on dye thermodynamic properties is shown The in-situ absorption of the phthalocyanine monolayers and electronic absorption spectra of dye solution in chloroform support existence of aggregates which architecture depends on the dye molecular structure (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36, 11]}
+{"token": "Assessment of Neonatal Nurse Practitioner Workload in a Level IV Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Satisfaction. There are limited evidence-based standards for determining workload assignments of the neonatal nurse practitioner (NNP) in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The purpose of this project was to describe the assignment pattern of the NNP, based on workload. The aim was to identify the level of satisfaction reported by the NNP relative to performance, patient outcome, and safety. During the project period, the NNPs responded to an electronic survey at the end of each worked shift. The following objective measures were utilized to describe workload: (a) number of NNPs assigned to the shift, (b) caseload, (c) patient acuity, (d) experience and competence of the NNP, (e) perception of safety, and (f) level of satisfaction of the NNP in relation to assignment factors. The implication of this project for NNP practice was to design a process to monitor a baseline of activity from which change can be implemented. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "The potential role of small depressions as water storage features in the Central Maya Lowlands. Small depressions are a frequent landscape feature in the northeast Peten and northwestern Belize. Although generally considered the remains of seasonal ancient Maya water cisterns, they have not been subject to systematic study. Excavation of 16 depressions in northwestern Belize showed that these features are either natural sinkholes (dolines) or quarried cavities. In three depressions, quarrying for construction materials and mining for clay was evident and two depressions are the remains of collapsed chultuns. Depressions probably also served as areas where household activities were carried out, they may have played a role as gardens, and were used as trash dumps. For one quarter of the sample, a water storage function was established. Water input-output calculations showed that these features could have held water year round and thus theoretically could have played a much more important role in supplying water than commonly assumed. The study indicates that Classic Maya population could have relied on decentralized water sources and suggests that hypotheses of centralized water management in the central Maya lowland should be critically reviewed.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30]}
+{"token": "Preparing Postbaccalaureates for Entry and Success in Biomedical PhD Programs. Certain racial and ethnic groups, individuals with disabilities, and those from low socioeconomic backgrounds remain underrepresented (UR) in the biomedical sciences. This underrepresentation becomes more extreme at each higher education stage. To support UR scholars during the critical transition from baccalaureate to PhD, we established an intensive, 1-yr postbaccalaureate training program. We hypothesized that this intervention would strengthen each participant's competitiveness for leading PhD programs and build a foundation of skills and self-efficacy important for success during and after graduate school. Scholar critical analysis skills, lab technique knowledge, and Graduate Record Examination scores all improved significantly during the program. Scholars reported significant confidence growth in 21 of 24 categories related to success in research careers. In 5 yr, 91% (41/45) of scholars transitioned directly into PhD programs. Importantly, 40% (18/45) of participating postbaccalaureate scholars had previously been declined acceptance into graduate school; however, 17/18 of these scholars directly entered competitive PhD programs following our training program. Alumni reported they were \\\\'extremely well\\\\' prepared for graduate school, and 95% (39/41) are currently making progress to graduation with a PhD. In conclusion, we report a model for postbaccalaureate training that could be replicated to increase participation and success among UR scholars in the biomedical sciences.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Primal-dual interior-point algorithms for second-order cone optimization based on kernel functions. We present primal-dual interior-point algorithms for second-order cone optimization based on a wide variety of kernel functions. This class of kernel functions has been investigated earlier for the case of linear optimization. In this paper we derive the iteration bounds O(root N log N) log N/epsilon for large- and O(root N) log N/epsilon for small-update methods, respectively. Here N denotes the number of second-order cones in the problem formulation and epsilon the desired accuracy. These iteration bounds are currently the best known bounds for Such methods. Numerical results show that the algorithms are efficient. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Denouncing European integration: Euroscepticism as polity contestation. The spreading phenomenon of Euroscepticism is manifested in critical practices in discourse that oppose European integration. This paper explores Euroscepticism as an element of discourse, which cannot only be measured as party positions or individual attitudes. Based on this understanding, our argument is twofold. Firstly, Euroscepticism relates to the unsettled and principally contested character of the European Union (EU) as a political entity: its basic purpose and rationale, its institutional design and its future trajectory. It correlates with pro-European discourse and the attempts to promote the (democratic) legitimacy of the EU. Secondly, we argue that Euroscepticism unfolds primarily through mass media. As such, it is given public expression through general news values, drama and narratives that are targeted to draw the attention of the wider audience. Understanding this responsive and public nature of Euroscepticism leads us, in the end, to a comprehensive typology of six forms of polity evaluation of the EU.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Pulsao proposes the clash between modes of adherence. This article discusses about the performance Pulsao taking the involved creative procedures as elements of the analysis in the proposed accession mode to the spectator and its effects on receptive activity.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Experimental study of the sound field in an underground shopping street. Soundscape and sound preference are important in underground shopping streets. In this study, the basic characteristics of the sound field in underground shopping streets have been examined, through a series of measurements of sound level distribution and reverberation. It has been found that in the underground shopping street the sound level attenuates over 30dBA at about 150 m from the source, and the reverberation time RT30 is mostly around 0.6-1.3 s. Along the length the sound level decreases continuously and the RT30 increases systematically, at all frequencies, which are of the long space characteristics, so that long space theories, rather than classic room acoustic theories, should be applied as design tools for underground shopping streets. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "Chemical safety of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens), knowledge gaps and recommendations for future research: a critical review. Black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) (BSFL) are a promising protein source for the feed industry. They can be used to convert organic waste into valuable biomass, and due to their chemical composition, they are a valuable ingredient for several industrial sectors. To use BSFL as a feed ingredient, their chemical safety must be guaranteed. The composition of their rearing substrate is one of the crucial factors for safety, since it might introduce safety risks by bioaccumulation of various (in)organic compounds (e.g. toxic metals, mycotoxins, pesticides, etc.) in BSFL. Though several organic waste streams are potential and valuable rearing substrates for BSFL, the European Union currently does not allow their use due to safety knowledge gaps. This has prompted researchers to conduct several exposure experiments by artificially spiking chemicals to the rearing substrate of BSFL to investigate such risks. Here, we present a critical overview of the current body of literature on this topic and discuss the main findings, gaps, and recommendations for future research. Overall, BSFL do not seem to accumulate contaminants above the European feed legislation limits, except for certain metals (i.e. cadmium, lead, and zinc), which can jeopardise the chemical safety of the BSFL. For all compounds explored to date, except for cyromazine and pyriproxyfen, their presence in the substrate has no effect on the larval growth or survival rate. However, the remaining knowledge gaps concerning other potential hazardous chemicals (e.g. plasticisers, flame retardants, etc.) and their degradation pathways in BSFL still warrant an appropriate chemical safety assessment and can be a reason why several organic waste streams are not yet allowed to grow BSFL. The risks induced by the potential presence and accumulation of other chemical compounds requires further research to enable the safe exploitation of BSFL.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 44, 8]}
+{"token": "Inter-population mating success in Australian dengue vector mosquitoes: effects of laboratory colonization and implications for the spread of transgenics. Variability between Aedes aegypti populations in north Queensland, Australia, has the potential to impact the successful implementation of new population replacement mosquito releases for dengue control. Four Ae. aegypti colonies originating from different locations (Cairns, Mareeba, Innisfail, and Charters Towers), along with one F1 field-derived population from Cairns, were inter-crossed to determine any incompatibilities in copulation, insemination, and production of viable offspring. Greater copulation and insemination rates were observed when males recently introduced from the wild (Cairns-Wild' population) were mated with long-term laboratory females. Egg viability rates for all crosses ranged from 90.298.2%, with no significant differences observed between crosses. Greater egg production was seen in some populations, and when corrected for wing-length, egg production was greatest in a Mareeba x Innisfail cross (19.55 eggs/mm wing length) and lowest for the Charters Towers intra-population cross (14.35 eggs/mm). Additionally, behavioral differences were observed between laboratory and wild mosquitoes from the Cairns location, suggesting possible laboratory conditioning. Finally, despite controlled larval rearing conditions, size differences between populations existed with Charters Towers mosquitoes consistently smaller than the other populations. The spread of genes or bacterial symbionts between these populations is unlikely to be hindered by pre-existing reproductive barriers.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Non-existence of local integrals of motion in the multi-deformed Ising model. We confirm the non-integrability of the multi-deformed Ising model - an already expected result. After deforming with the energy operator phi(1,3), we use the Majorana free fermionic representation for the massive theory to show that, besides the trivial one, no local integrals of motion can be built in the theory arising from perturbing with both energy and spin operators.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "Auditory and olfactory findings in patients with USH2A-related retinal degeneration-Findings at baseline from the rate of progression in USH2A-related retinal degeneration natural history study (RUSH2A). Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is characteristic of Usher syndrome type 2 (USH2), but less is known about SNHL in nonsyndromic autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (ARRP) and olfaction in USH2A-associated retinal degeneration. The Rate of Progression of USH2A-related Retinal Degeneration (RUSH2A) is a natural history study that enrolled 127 participants, 80 with USH2 and 47 with ARRP. Hearing was measured by pure-tone thresholds and word recognition scores, and olfaction by the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). SNHL was moderate in 72% of USH2 participants and severe or profound in 25%, while 9% of ARRP participants had moderate adult-onset SNHL. Pure-tone thresholds worsened with age in ARRP but not in USH2 participants. The degree of SNHL was not associated with other participant characteristics in either USH2 or ARRP. Median pure-tone thresholds in ARRP participants were significantly higher than the normative population (p < 0.001). Among 14 USH2 participants reporting newborn hearing screening results, 7 reported passing. Among RUSH2A participants, 7% had mild microsmia and 5% had moderate or severe microsmia. Their mean (+/- SD) UPSIT score was 35 (+/- 3), similar to healthy controls (34 [+/- 3]; p = 0.39). Olfaction differed by country (p = 0.02), but was not significantly associated with clinical diagnosis, age, gender, race/ethnicity, smoking status, visual measures, or hearing. Hearing loss in USH2A-related USH2 did not progress with age. ARRP patients had higher pure-tone thresholds than normal. Newborn hearing screening did not identify all USH2A-related hearing loss. Olfaction was not significantly worse than normal in participants with USH2A-related retinal degeneration.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "ESAT-6-Like Protein Secretion in Bacillus anthracis. Proteins of the WXG100 family represent the prototypical substrates of bacterial type VII secretion systems that typically encompass 100 residues, lack canonical signal peptides, and form helix-turn-helix hairpin structures with WXG positioned in the turn element. Bacillus anthracis encodes six WXG100 proteins, herein referred to as EsxB, EsxL, EsxP, EsxQ, EsxV, and EsxW. With the exception of EsxB, B. anthracis proteins harbor C-terminal extensions that are appended to canonical WXG domains. When cultured in liquid broth, B. anthracis secretes two substrates, EsxB and EsxW, into the extracellular environment. EsxB is required for the stability and secretion of EsxW; however, EsxW is dispensable for EsxB secretion. In agreement with the hypothesis that EsxB binding to substrates promotes recognition and secretion by the type VII pathway, EsxB is reported to interact with EsxB and EsxW. Unlike deletions in mycobacterial EsxB, deletion of five N- or C-terminal residues does not affect the ability of mutant B. anthracis EsxB to travel the type VII pathway and initiate secretion of EsxW. Translational fusion of ubiquitin to the N or C terminus of EsxB also had no effect, while ubiquitin insertion into the center turn abrogated secretion. Anthrax-infected guinea pigs mounted humoral immune responses to EsxB, EsxP, and EsxW, which suggests that B. anthracis activates the type VII secretion pathway during infection.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Bi-fractal and bi-Gaussian theories to evaluate impact of polythiophene-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles on asphaltene precipitation and surface topography. Use of nanoparticles can effectively inhibit asphaltene precipitation. The present study aims to explore the role of polythiophene-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles in both asphaltene precipitation and surface topography alteration. Topography information of the surface is obtained through employing atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging technique. Fractal theory, Gaussian theory, and statistical parameters (e.g., skewness and kurtosis parameters) are used to analyze the surface topography in the presence and absence of nanoparticles. The mono-fractal theory does not adequately describe the irregularity of the surface. Thus, the bi-fractal approach is utilized for investigating the topography alteration of the glass substrate as a result of asphaltene precipitation in the presence and absence of nanoparticles in both light and heavy oil samples. In this theory, the asperity of the surface is divided into two categories: micro- and macro-asperity; the fractal dimensions are calculated for each surface separately. Also, this work employs the bi-Gaussian theory for the first time to study characteristics of a surface that consists of summits. The results of the bi-Gaussian theory are in acceptable agreement with those obtained using the bi-fractal theory. It is found that nanoparticles greatly affect the surface topography. The results also confirm that asphaltene can be adsorbed more on nanoparticles in heavy synthetic oil, compared to light synthetic oil. The fractal theory is more accurate than the bi-Gaussian and statistical approaches as the fractal theory considers all scales/dimensions while other methods take into account only the height of asperity. According to the modeling results, the nanoparticles have potential to considerably lower asphaltene precipitation. This study can provide useful guidelines/tips for inhibiting the wettability alteration of the surface upon asphaltene precipitation over production and transportation processes while using nanoparticles.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Asymptomatic Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: Extent and implications for infection control: A systematic review. Method: The MEDLINE/PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for relevant papers published till August 2018 describing asymptomatic MERS-CoV infection.Background: The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in 2012 and attracted an international attention as the virus caused multiple healthcare associated outbreaks. There are reports of the role of asymptomatic individuals in the transmission of MERS-CoV, however, the exact role is not known.Results: A total of 10 papers were retrieved and included in the final analysis and review. The extent of asymptomatic MERS infection had increased with change in the policy of testing asymptomatic contacts. In early cases in April 2012-October 2013, 12.5% were asymptomatic among 144 PCR laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases while in 2014 the proportion rose to 25.1% among 255 confirmed cases. The proportion of asymptomatic cases reported among pediatric confirmed MERS-CoV cases were higher (41.9%-81.8%). Overall, the detection rate of MERS infection among asymptomatic contacts was 1-3.9% in studies included in this review. Asymptomatic individuals were less likely to have underlying condition compared to fatal cases. Of particular interest is that most of the identified pediatric cases were asymptomatic with no clear explanation.Conclusions: The proportion of asymptomatic MERS cases were detected with increasing frequency as the disease progressed overtime. Those patients were less likely to have comorbid disease and may contribute to the transmission of the virus.", "label": [2, 25, 24]}
+{"token": "Influence of fungal endophyte infection on plant-soil feedback and community interactions. Interactions between plants and soil affect plant-plant interactions and community composition. Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue) is often infected with the mutualistic fungal endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum. Infected (E+) F. arundinacea has been reported to inhibit soil pathogens; nematodes, and mycorrhizal fungi, and to have greater mineral uptake from the soil relative to uninfected (E-) F. arundinacea. In addition, endophyte presence may indirectly influence the soil by altering the plant-plant interactions and the composition of communities. Recent studies have shown that local plant species diversity was reduced in experimental field plots with E+ F. arundinacea compared to plots with E- plants. Endophyte-induced changes, direct or indirect, in biotic or abiotic soil properties could therefore affect subsequent plant growth. We investigated soil-mediated effects of E+ F. arundinacea on ES and E- F. arundinacea. Trifolium repens, and Plantago lanceolata by growing each in soil collected from the aforementioned field plots seeded with either E+ or E- F. arundinacea. Infection status of F. arundinacea plots had no direct effect on any measured characteristic of plants grown in soil from those plots. However, responses of experimental plants suggest that, by inducing changes in plant community composition, E+ F. arundinacea may indirectly affect the soil. Most notable was an increase in E+ F. arundinacea total biomass when grown in soil previously dominated by Pea pratensis and other grass species compared to biomass when grown in soil previously dominated by E+ F. arundinacea, indicative of an indirect negative feedback on E+ F. arundinacea growth. In addition, Plantago and Trifolium root biomass was significantly higher when grown in soil that previously supported a high proportion of P. pratensis relative to other plant species. Such plant-soil dynamics may have important community-level implications in areas dominated by F. arundinacea.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Reduced ADAMTS13 Activity in Correlation with Pathophysiology, Severity, and Outcome of COVID-19: A Retrospective Observational Study. Background: Low ADAMTS13 activity has been suggested to be an interplaying factor in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, considering that it is a thromboinflammatory disease with high risk of microthrombosis.Objectives: The study aimed to explore the correlation between ADAMTS13 activity and the pathophysiological pathway of COVID-19.Methods: We carried out a retrospective observational study of 87 patients with COVID-19 in NMC Royal Hospital, Abu Dhabi, UAE. ADAMTS13 activity was measured and compared with patients' characteristics and clinical outcomes.Results: Low ADAMTS13 activity was associated with pneumonia (p = 0.007), severity of COVID-19 (p < 0.001), and mechanical ventilation rates (p = 0.018). Death was more frequently observed among patients (5 patients) with low ADAMTS13 activity compared with normal activity (1 patient), as well as inflammatory markers. Decreased ADAMTS13 activity increased with the risk of pneumonia, severity of COVID-19, need for mechanical ventilation, and use of anticoagulants ([OR = 4.75, 95% CI 1.54- 18.02, p = 0.011], [OR = 6.50, 95% CI 2.57-17.74; p < 0.001], [OR = 4.10, 95% CI 1.29-15.82; p = 0.024], [OR = 8.00, 95% CI 3.13-22.16; p < 0.001], respectively). The low ADAMTS13 activity group had a slightly longer time to viral clearance than the normal ADAMTS13 activity group, but it was not statistically significant (20 days, 95% CI 16-27 days vs 17 days, 95% CI 13-22 days; p = 0.08; Log rank = 3.1).Conclusions: Low ADAMTS13 activity has been linked to pneumonia, COVID-19 severity, use of anticoagulants, and need for mechanical ventilation but not to mortality. We propose rADAMTS13 as a novel treatment for severe COVID-19.(c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "Approaches to a constitutional function on theory of crime. After presenting assumptions of neo constitutionalism impact in criminal law, this article raises the possibilities of rebuild contents of categories on crime's theory towards fundamental principles and rights recognized (explicitly or implicitly) in the Constitution.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Effects of several FiO(2) on the echocardiographic parameters in dogs undergoing continuous infusion of propofol. The effects of several inspired oxygen fractions (FiO(2)) on the echocardiographic parameters by M-mode were evaluated in eight adult spontaneously breathing mongrel dogs anesthetized with continuous infusion of propofol. Each animal underwent five anesthesia procedures. In each procedure, the patient was allowed to breath a different FiO(2), thereby resulting in five groups, namely: G100 (FiO(2) = 1), G80 (FiO(2) = 0.8), G60 (FiO(2) = 0.6), G40 (FiO(2) = 0.4), and G20 (FiO(2) = 0.21). To induce anesthesia, propofol was given until the animals allowed orotracheal intubation, followed by immediate continuous infusion of propofol. The initial measurement (M0) was performed before any drug administration, the second was recorded 30 minutes after the infusion of propofol (M30), and additional recordings were performed at 15-minute intervals (M45, M60, M75, and M90), during 60 minutes. At M60, for the end-systolic interventricular septum thickness (IVSs), the mean of G100 was greater than G60 and G20. Regarding left ventricular wall fractional thickness (LVWF) at M30, G100 was lower than G80; and at M75, G80 was greater than G40. In relation to left ventricular end-systolic volume index (ESVI), at M45, G40 was greater than G80. In conclusion, different FiO(2) does not impair echocardiographic parameters.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Production of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from beta-lactoglobulin- and casein-derived peptides: An integrative approach. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition is one of the mechanisms by which reduction in blood pressure is exerted. Whey proteins are a rich source of ACE inhibitory peptides and have shown a blood pressure reduction effect i.e. antihypertensive activity. The aim of this work was to develop a simplified process using a combination of adsorption and microfiltration steps for the production of hydrolysates from whey with high ACE inhibitory activity and potency; the latter was measured as the IC50, which is the peptide concentration required to reduce ACE activity by half. This process integrates the selective separation of beta-lactoglobulin- and casein-derived peptides (CDP) from rennet whey and their hydrolysis, which results in partially pure, less complex hydrolysates with high bioactive potency. Hydrolysis was carried out with protease N Amano in a thermostatically controlled membrane reactor operated in a batch mode. By applying the integrative approach it was possible to produce from the same feedstock two different hydrolysates that exhibited high ACE inhibition. One hydrolysate was mainly composed of casein-derived peptides with IC50 = 285 mu g/mL. In this hydrolysate we identified the well-known potent ACE-inhibitor and antihypertensive tripeptide Ile-Pro-Pro (IPP) and another novel octapeptide Gln-Asp-Lys-Thr-Glu-Ile-Pro-Thr (QDKTEIPT). The second hydrolysate was mainly composed of beta-lactoglobulin derived peptides with IC50 =128 mu g/mL. This hydrolysate contained a tetrapeptide (Ile-Ile-Ala-Glu) IIAE as one of the two major peptides. A further advantage to this process is that enzyme activity was substantially increased as enzyme product inhibition was reduced. (C) 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012", "label": [0, 2, 19, 8]}
+{"token": "Warm-Mix Asphalt Moisture Susceptibility Evaluation for Mix Design and Quality Assurance. Guidelines for the evaluation of warm-mix asphalt (WMA) moisture susceptibility, including a flowchart and several thresholds for laboratory tests, were developed in a previous study on the basis of a limited number of WMA mixtures. In this study, 64 WMA mixtures were identified from a literature review and web survey with moisture susceptibility data available from mix design or quality assurance as well as field pavement performance. A desirable correspondence was achieved when the moisture susceptibility laboratory test parameters for those WMA mixtures were compared against the proposed thresholds and their field pavement performance, which showed the effectiveness of the guidelines in identifying moisture-susceptible WMA mixtures. In addition, a laboratory experiment was completed to evaluate the effect of various moisture conditioning protocols and specimen drying methods on moisture susceptibility laboratory test parameters. The 1,000-cycle moisture induced stress tester at 140 degrees F (60 degrees C) and 40 psi and the 3-day hot water bath at 140 degrees F (60 degrees C) produced an equivalent level of moisture damage as the modified Lottman protocol per AASHTO T 283 and, thus, are suggested as alternative moisture conditioning protocols in the guidelines. The testing of saturated surface dry specimens was problematic, possibly because of the incompressibility and flow resistance of water remaining inside the pore structure of the specimens, which yielded higher mixture stiffness and strength. Therefore, drying of the moisture-conditioned specimens with the CoreDry 48-h air dry at 77 degrees F (25 degrees C) or the 24-h oven dry at 140 degrees F (60 degrees C) method before testing is recommended. Finally, a revised flowchart including the findings from this study is proposed.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 52]}
+{"token": "Lack of spatial genetic structure among nesting and wintering King Eiders. The King Eider (Somateria spectabilis) has been delineated into two broadly distributed breeding populations in North America (the western and eastern Arctic) on the basis of banding data and their use of widely separated Pacific and Atlantic wintering areas. Little is known about the level of gene flow between these two populations. Also unknown is whether behavioral patterns common among migratory waterfowl, such as site fidelity to wintering areas and pair formation at these sites, have existed for sufficient time to create a population structure defined by philopatry to wintering rather than to nesting locations. We used six nuclear microsatellite DNA loci and cytochrome b mitochondrial DNA sequence data to estimate the extent of spatial genetic differentiation among nesting and wintering areas of King Eiders across North America and adjacent regions. Estimates of interpopulation variance in microsatellite allele and mtDNA haplotype frequency were both low and nonsignificant based on samples from three wintering and four nesting areas. Results from nested clade analysis, mismatch distributions, and coalescent-based analyses suggest historical population growth and gene flow that collectively may have homogenized gene frequencies. The presence of several unique mtDNA haplotypes among birds wintering near Greenland suggests that gene flow may now be more limited between the western and eastern Arctic, which is consistent with banding data.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Experiments with deterministic omega-automata for formulas of linear temporal logic. This paper addresses the problem of generating deterministic omega-automata for formulas of linear temporal logic, which can be solved by applying well-known algorithms to construct a nondeterministic Buchi automaton for the given formula on which we then apply a determinization algorithm. We study here in detail Safra's determinization algorithm, present several heuristics that attempt to decrease the size of the resulting automata and report on experimental results.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Ethics Ex Machina: popular culture and the plural futures of politics. The articulation of ethical responsibility can be conceived as a condition of ethical practice that brings into being a human subject to whom we owe consideration, and the reverse must also hold: we are brought into being ? subjectified ? through these relational connections. But can these connections exist between human and non-human subjects? In this short paper, we analyse the representation of artificially intelligent machines in the popular television series Westworld and the movie Ex Machina and elaborate on the boundary between human and non-human as a complex and contested ethical space. We argue that taking popular cultural representations of machine learning seriously can offer significant insight into how futures of human subjectivity and ethicopolitical responsibility might unfold. (117 words)", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of Landslide Susceptibility Based on CF-SVM in Nujiang Prefecture. At present, landslide susceptibility assessment (LSA) based on landslide characteristics in different areas is an effective measure for landslide management. Nujiang Prefecture in China has steep mountain slopes, a large amount of water and loose soil, and frequent landslide disasters, which have caused a large number of casualties and economic losses. This paper aims to understand the characteristics and formation mechanism of regional landslides through the evaluation of landslide susceptibility so as to provide relevant references and suggestions for spatial planning and disaster prevention and mitigation in Nujiang Prefecture. Based on the grid cell, this study selected 10 parameters, namely elevation, slope, aspect, lithology, proximity to faults, proximity to road, proximity to rivers, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), land-use type, and precipitation. Support vector machine (SVM), certainty factor method (CF), and deterministic coefficient method-support vector machine (CF-SVM) were used to evaluate the landslide susceptibility in Nujiang Prefecture. According to these three models, the study area was divided into five landslide susceptibility grades, including extremely high susceptibility, high susceptibility, moderate susceptibility, low susceptibility, and very low susceptibility. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was applied to verify the accuracy of the model. The results showed that CF model (ROC = 0.865), SVM model (ROC = 0.892), CF-SVM model (ROC = 0.925), and CF-SVM model showed better performance. Therefore, CF-SVM model results were selected for analysis. The study found that the characteristics of high and extremely high landslide-prone areas in Nujiang Prefecture have the following characteristics: intense human activities, large density of buildings and arable land, rich water resources, good economic development, perfect transportation facilities, and complex topography and landform. In addition, there is a finding inconsistent with our common sense that the distribution of landslide disasters in the study area does not decrease with the increase of NDVI value. This is because the Nujiang River basin is a high mountain canyon area with low rock strength, barren soil, and underdeveloped vegetation and root system. In an area with large slope, the probability of landslide disaster will increase with the increase of NDVI. The CF-SVM coupling model adopted in this study is a good first attempt in the study of landslide hazard susceptibility in Nujiang Prefecture.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "INDUCTION OF PNEUMONIA IN RABBITS BY USE OF A PURIFIED PROTEIN TOXIN FROM PASTEURELLA-MULTOCIDA. Heat-labile toxin from a cell sonicate of a virulent type-D strain of Pasteurella multocida was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Toxic activity was assayed during toxin purification by cytopathic effect in Vero or bovine embryonic lung cell cultures. Toxicity for cells correlated with dermonecrosis in guinea pig skin. Toxicity was accounted for by a single protein with a molecular weight of 149,000, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Rabbits were inoculated intranasally with pruified toxin to determine whether toxin had a role in the induction of pneumonia in rabbits infected with P multocida. Pneumonia, pleuritis, acute hepatic necrosis, and splenic lymphoid atrophy were found in 4 of 5 rabbits. One of 5 rabbits had bilateral turbinate atrophy. Western blotting with monoclonal antibodies to toxin from a P multocida isolate causing atrophic rhinitis in pigs revealed the toxin that induces pleuritis and pneumonia in rabbits to be the same or a closely related toxin.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Freedom - a Special Sign of Youth Modern Education. The author of the article struggles with a paradox: the post-modern age which views itself as pluralistic nonetheless appears to yearn for upbringing. At the beginning of XXI century, the dissonance between human development, full participation in a wide range of spiritual culture and a tendency to strictly technical education, oriented mainly on efficiency and profits appears in a full range. In this context it is important to educate young people in the responsible use of the gift of freedom. The author of this article presents freedom as a characteristic sign of youth education in the present century. He also shows the pluralism of values and upbringing aimed towards freedom. The author also underlines the Christian approach to freedom, understood as both a gift and a task received from God. Pedagogy of freedom is not a question of transmitting human knowledge, even of the highest kind; it is rather a question of responsibly communicating with God and people. God Himself used a pedagogy that must continue to be a model for the pedagogy of freedom.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Performance of wavelet denoising in vibration analysis: highlighting. This paper proposes to highlight two aspects of denoising in vibration analysis. The first aspect aims to reveal the singularities, and the second eliminates the noise in order to keep the useful signal. These two aspects are the cause of the surjection of denoising, especially due to the choice of the performance criteria. This paper highlights the use of denoising through these aspects, and then proposes a performance criterion suitable for vibration analysis as part of a noise suppression, to apply a processing method. This paper provides a reflection on the use of discrete wavelet transform through the various parameters which are used during processing.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "WOMEN, SUFFERING AND REDEMPTION IN THREE FILMS OF LARS VON TRIER. In Breaking the Waves and Dancer in the Dark director Lars von Trier experiments with the limits of sacrificial notions of atonement by gendering his Christ figures as females who sacrifice their lives for the men they love. Many feminist critics find in this formulation a reinscription of patriarchal hegemony. While posing the same scenario initially, Dogville ultimately offers a justice-oriented, rather than sacrificial, model of redemption. An intertextual reading of all three films results in an appropriately complex understanding of Judeo-Christian models of salvation that may bridge the critical divide between von Trier's sceptics and 'believers'.", "label": [3, 28, 33]}
+{"token": "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve reestablishment of Leymus chinensis in bare saline-alkaline soil: Implication on vegetation restoration of extremely degraded land. Salinization and alkalinization are increasing problems in the world. Some land has been degraded to bare saline-alkaline soil where vegetation restoration is difficult because high toxic ionic content and pH are harmful to the survival of introduced plants. We grew Leymus chinensis with and without arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseue and G. geosporum) in either pots filled with soil from bare saline-alkaline land, or transplanted seedlings into field plots, to determine the influence of AM fungi on the reestablishment of this dominant grass species in bare degraded land. Association with AM fungi increased the absorption of N, P, K+, Ca2+, but decreased Mg2+, Na+ and Cl- uptake under saline-alkaline stress. Therefore, higher K/Na, Ca/Na, P/Na, and P/Cl ratios were found in the inoculated plants. Plants inoculated with AM fungi accumulated significantly higher biomass, root/shoot ratio and tiller number than non-inoculated plants. AM fungi also significantly increased the survival of seedlings when they were transplanted into a bare saline-alkaline land in the field. The improvement of survival, growth and asexual reproduction of inoculated plants indicated that the plant-AM fungi mutualism could improve the reestablishment of vegetation in bare saline-alkaline soil, drive the vegetation restoration to a community dominated by original species. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 52]}
+{"token": "The Seven Ages of the Written Word. The Attitudes and Pratices towards Literacy in the Douaisis (1St c. BC - 12th c. AD). In the 12th and the 13th centuries, like other parts of Western Europe, the town of Douai, which is situated in the French-speaking area of the county of Flanders, went through a \\\\'documentary revolution\\\\'. Local society developed new attitudes to the written word which could be described as a \\\\'system of attitudes and pratices towards literacy\\\\' (regime de scripturalite). Through a case study on the local scale of the Douaisis (the little country around Douai), this paper identifies and characterizes seven successive systems of attitudes and pratices towards literacy between the Iron Age and the last decades of the 12th century. (1) The first is perceptible in the use of pseudo-literacy on Gallic coinage in the 1st century BC. (2) The Latin literacy system of the Roman High Empire (1St-3rd centuries AD) appears to have been more complex and socially more extended (including the tile maker Titica), though local literacy seems to have been less dynamic in that area than in other parts of the Roman world. (3) Late Antiquity (4th-6th centuries) proved a time of crisis : local society was affected by the settlement of Frankish groups and evidence of literacy practices rarifies, though administrative literacy could have survived. (4) During the 7th-8th centuries, a kind of Christian restricted literacy can be observed, clerks and monks were apparently the last users of the Latin written word while pseudo-literacy coinage seems to reappear. (5) However, the Scarpe river valley scriptoria from the 9th to the mid-10th centuries were very active in the Carolingian Renaissance with masters like Hucbald of Saint-Amand and lay people were sometimes involved in pragmatic literacy. The first attempts of vernacular literacy can be noticed as the split between Latin and Romance language became effective. (6) Between c. 950 and c. 1050, with the withdrawal of the cultural and administrative networks of post-Carolingian times, a new type of clerical restricted literacy appeared. The Church apparently exercised a monopoly on the written word. (7) At least, from the 1060s to the 1170s, the rise in the production of charters and other pragmatic documents, the local presence of heresy (and thus of \\\\'textual communities\\\\') and the reputation of the grammar school of Douai signal the first stages of the local \\\\'documentary revolution\\\\'. The thousandyear-old history of literacy in the Douaisis was neither cyclic, nor linear. Despite the disappearance or the transformation of some elements, and without adopting a teleological view, a cumulative logic does prove at work, allowing us to identify these successive systems of attitudes and pratices towards literacy. Ancient literacy ended between the 4th and the 6th century. It was followed by First Medieval Literacy, itself replaced by Second Medieval literacy in the 12th century.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Time Construction in Insurance Society. This article deals with the social meaning of insurance contracts in the late medieval and modern society. Starting from the empirical analysis of one of the early marine insurance contracts which were stipulated in the second half of the 14(th) century, the hypothesis is suggested that the premium rate coincides with the estimated average frequency of sea accidents. By means of a proto-probability calculus, rate was used by the early insurers for trading risks. Therefore the main thesis arises that insurance premium is a way of giving a certain price to the uncertainty of the future and that it indeed represents the cost of such observation. A comparison with the original function of money in primitive societies based on reciprocity is finally developed in order to explain how time construction is contingent on social structures.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 31, 57]}
+{"token": "The Marriage of Univalence and Parametricity. Reasoning modulo equivalences is natural for everyone, including mathematicians. Unfortunately, in proof assistants based on type theory, which are frequently used to mechanize mathematical results and carry out program verification efforts, equality is appallingly syntactic, and as a result, exploiting equivalences is cumbersome at best. Parametricity and univalence are two major concepts that have been explored in the literature to transport programs and proofs across type equivalences, but they fall short of achieving seamless, automatic transport. This work first clarifies the limitations of these two concepts when considered in isolation and then devises a fruitful marriage between both. The resulting concept, called univalent parametricity, is an extension of parametricity strengthened with univalence that fully realizes programming and proving modulo equivalences. Our approach handles both type and term dependency, as well as type-level computation. In addition to the theory of univalent parametricity, we present a lightweight framework implemented in the Coq proof assistant that allows the user to transparently transfer definitions and theorems for a type to an equivalent one, as if they were equal. For instance, this makes it possible to conveniently switch between an easy-to-reason-about representation and a computationally efficient representation as soon as they are proven equivalent. The combination of parametricity and univalence supports transport a la carte: basic univalent transport, which stems from a type equivalence, can be complemented with additional proofs of equivalences between functions over these types, in order to be able to transport more programs and proofs, as well as to yield more efficient terms. We illustrate the use of univalent parametricity on several examples, including a recent integration of native integers in Coq. This work paves the way to easier-to-use proof assistants by supporting seamless programming and proving modulo equivalences.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "CONVERSION OF PROPANOL OVER THE NANOSTRUCTURED NiNaX ZEOLITE CATALYST. Catalyst samples were synthesized on the basis of NaX zeolite and Ni metal by absorption and their activity was studied in the process of oxidation of n-propanol in the temperature range 150-450 C-0. It was found that the conversion rate of alcohols and the yield of reaction products on the modified samples increased significantly compared to the original NaX sample. Provided studies have shown that while intramolecular and intermolecular dehydration reactions of alcohol predominate at relatively low temperatures, complete oxidation reactions of alcohol accelerate at high temperatures. It was found that nano-sized NiO-particles, which contain active oxygen, play a key role in the synthesized samples as the active phase.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11]}
+{"token": "Synergies between texture features: an abstract feature based framework for meningioma subtypes classification. Histopathology is the gold standard for accurate diagnosis of cancer, tumors and similar diseases. Real-world pathological images, due to non-homogeneous nature and unorganized spatial intensity variations, are complex to analyze and classify. The major challenge in classifying pathological images is the complexity due to high intra-class variability and low inter-class variation in texture. Accuracy of histopathological image classification is highly dependent on the relevancy of the selected features to the problem. This paper is an effort in the same direction and presents an abstract feature based framework called abstract feature framework (AFF) to select optimal set of the most relevant features to classify pathological images. An abstract feature is created by identifying interlinked run-length texture features and grouping them. AFF is comprised of a new data structure called Abstract Feature Tree (AFT) and an algorithm for manipulating it. AFT is a tree structure in which nodes are abstract features. The Linkage Learning Algorithm for manipulating AFT is the brain of this framework and inspired by genetic algorithm. It creates better abstract features by first identifying interlinked abstract features and then combining them. This process is repeated until no improvement is found. On termination, the final list of abstract features is used for classifying pathological images. The proposed framework was tested on real-world histopathological meningioma dataset. Results obtained proved that the proposed framework outperformed the best-known rank-based feature selection techniques by using, on average, approximately three times less features to achieve 22% higher classification accuracy.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "An energy approach to predict electromigration induced grain rotation under high current density. An energy approach is proposed to describe the electromigration induced grain rotation under high current density. The driving force is assumed to arise from the grain-boundary energy reduction and increase of the inner energy from the joule heating. Energy dissipates by the grain boundary diffusion under electromigration and viscous boundary sliding is considered. Based on the conservation of energy production and dissipation, an equilibrium equation is developed to predict the grain rotation rate analytically. It is recognized that the grain rotates with the reducing of electrical resistivity and inversely proportional to the grain length. The theoretical prediction is compared with the experimental data, which shows good accuracy on the rotation trend and the specific rotation rate. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Chinese Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Social exclusion in Britain 1991-1995. The purpose of this paper is to offer a working definition of social exclusion and to operationalize it in such a way that an initial empirical analysis of social exclusion in Britain today can be undertaken. After a brief review of conceptions of social exclusion and some of the key controversies, we operationalize one definition based on the notion of participation in five types of activity-consumption, savings, production, political and social. Using the British Household Panel Survey, indicators for participation on these dimensions are developed and analysed both cross-sectionally and longitudinally for the period 1991-5 We find strong associations between an individual's participation (or lack of it) on the five different dimensions, and on each dimension over time. However, there is no distinct group of socially excluded individuals: few are excluded on all dimensions in any one year and even fewer experience multiple exclusion for the whole period. The results support the view that treating different dimensions of exclusion separately is preferable to thinking about social exclusion in terms of one homogeneous group.", "label": [5, 52, 51, 57]}
+{"token": "The In-House Lawyer: A Deskilled Professional. Unlike lawyers who work in law firms, in-house lawyers belong to the organizations they advise. Based on the case of the legal department of a large retailer, I show how lawyers cope with the tension between their aspiration for professional autonomy and the inherent constraints of white-collar work in large organizations. To be able to formulate effective prescriptions affecting laypeople, the legal department I studied chose to routinize its practices. This work organization, which is coupled with a strong hierarchy, causes junior lawyers to feel deskilled. However, this feeling varies according to their professional trajectory.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "All the books of the year: distant reading and the research of literary collections.. This article analyses the body of novels that was registered for the 2013 edition of the \\\\'Premio Passo Fundo Zafarri & Bourbon de Literatura\\\\'. We apply Franco Moretti's distant reading method in order to discuss the quantitative distribution of the books among different novel subgenres, with special attention to some connections suggested by the analysis and to the reception of these literary works according to their genres. Moreover, we build on Moretti's insights on narrative and narrative space in order to chart and examine the novels in question.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Improving Genomic Prediction in Cassava Field Experiments Using Spatial Analysis. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important staple food in sub-Saharan Africa. Breeding experiments were conducted at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture in cassava to select elite parents. Taking into account the heterogeneity in the field while evaluating these trials can increase the accuracy in estimation of breeding values. We used an exploratory approach using the parametric spatial kernels Power, Spherical, and Gaussian to determine the best kernel for a given scenario. The spatial kernel was fit simultaneously with a genomic kernel in a genomic selection model. Predictability of these models was tested through a 10-fold cross-validation method repeated five times. The best model was chosen as the one with the lowest prediction root mean squared error compared to that of the base model having no spatial kernel. Results from our real and simulated data studies indicated that predictability can be increased by accounting for spatial variation irrespective of the heritability of the trait. In real data scenarios we observed that the accuracy can be increased by a median value of 3.4%. Through simulations, we showed that a 21% increase in accuracy can be achieved. We also found that Range (row) directional spatial kernels, mostly Gaussian, explained the spatial variance in 71% of the scenarios when spatial correlation was significant.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Rebel with a cause Structural problems underlying the Umbrella Movement of Hong Kong and the role of the youth. Design/methodology/approach - This paper analyzes the relationship between the serious social and economic problems in Hong Kong, of which the youth often feel the greatest impact, and the demands for a real democratic system made by the Umbrella Movement. It examines the structural roots of the Movement and the role of youths in it.Findings - The Umbrella Movement is not simply a movement of anger and frustration, but also a movement reflecting some of the serious and legitimate concerns of the people of Hong Kong, especially the youth, who have a high and growing sense of local identity and citizenship. The movement links the major policy and social problems of the post-Handover era to its root cause, which is an undemocratic political system combined with crony capitalism. Unfortunately, the approach taken by the government toward the Movement has been to emphasize its illegal nature and to attempt to divide the opposition by adopting \\\\'united front\\\\' strategies that pay no serious attention to the problems the Movement has raised. Eventually, this approach will only lead to an outcome of \\\\'strong government, weak society\\\\' where strong government action in opposition to reformers will weaken the cohesion of society and expose the actual weakness of the state that has no popular legitimacy, going on to create more chaos as a result of its weak governance.Originality/value - This paper will help both scholars and policymakers to understand the structural and root causes of the Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong and explain why Hong Kong is suffering from a serious problem of weak governance.Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the cause and nature of the 2014 Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong and the role of the youth in the movement.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "The increasing dynamics between consumers, social groups and brands. Originality/value - The paper provides innovative knowledge on a new quality, even new paradigm, of consumer-brand-social group relations leading to newly arising segmentation patterns and socially responsible marketing.Design/methodology/approach - The paper is based on an extensive interdisciplinary literature review in areas such as sociology, management, and marketing. Three interrelated and consecutively developed conceptualizations resulting from a co-operation of the researchers over the last three years are presented to explain the influence of the evolution of current social trends on the relationship between consumers and brands in different contexts (socio-demographic aspects and culture). The conceptualizations have been applied to a qualitative case study on Cypriot consumers, which conducted in-depth expert interviews and focus groups. The research project has been designed in three stages: the first stage elicited thenature of relationships between consumer, brands and social groups; the second stage was concerned with differentiating consumer behaviour and segmentation patterns in the various stages; finally, the last one conceptualized the influence of culture on the brand-consumer relationship and benefited from a progressive knowledge of the researchers in the field of embedded learning and human branding.Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to provide a contribution to advancing knowledge on the more recent phenomenon of social brand community.Findings - The first conceptualization (Siano and Basile) explains the various stages of the evolution of the relationship between the consumer and the brand. The second conceptualization proposes a new segmentation and categorization pattern of brand consumers and their respective behaviors derived from the different stages of the consumer-brand relationship development (Siano and Basile; Siano, Kaufmann and Basile). The third conceptualization has been developed from the findings of an exploratory study on Cypriot brand related consumer behavior (Kitsios and Kaufmann), which had expanded the previous two conceptualizations by integrating cultural aspects. Beyond that, the third conceptualization integrates the influence of embedded learning and stimulant experience on the consumer-brand relationship.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "EVALUATION OF THE DETECTION OF BORRELIA-BURGDORFERI DNA IN URINE SAMPLES BY POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION. It is difficult in some cases to identify an infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi and to monitor the effect of therapy. Seropositivity will persist even after successful treatment and therefore may suggest ongoing infection, For direct detection of B, burgdorferi DNA in human urine samples, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was evaluated, A published primer system was selected, which amplifies a 259 bp fragment from the gene encoding the 23S rRNA. The lower detection limit of the primer system was 10 fg of extracted B, burgdorferi DNA, Several methods for the pretreatment of urine samples were tested, Of these, the Geneclean(R) kit (Bio 101, USA) showed the best results; A total of 114 urine samples from 74 patients belonging to three clinical groups was investigated: (i) 51 samples from 26 patients with active Lyme disease, (ii) 36 samples from 27 patients with previous infection but no symptoms at the time the urine was collected, and (iii) 27 samples from 21 seronegative control patients without Lyme disease, B, burgdorferi DNA was detected in 25 urine samples of 17 patients with active disease, whereas 26 samples from this group of patients were negative, Only one asymptomatic case with previous infection showed a positive result, and the urine samples of the patients without Lyme disease were uniformly negative, Two of four patients from whom samples before and directly after onset of therapy were available converted from negative to positive PCR results after initiation of therapy, accompanied by the symptoms of a Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, It can be concluded from these results that a positive PCR from urine is,vith high probability an indicator of active Lyme disease, On the other hand, as only 17 of the 26 patients with active infection were positive, a negative PCR result does not exclude active infection.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "Free Q-algebras. The main purpose of this paper is to consider some methods for constructing Q-algebras and to give the concrete form of a free (unital) Q-algebra over a set (a semigroup, an ordered semigroup). (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 40, 41]}
+{"token": "Tailoring the properties of Ni-Zn-Co ferrites by Gd3+ substitution. Structural, magnetic and electrical properties of Ni0.7Zn0.2Co0.1Fe2-xGdxO4 (x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.05, 0.07, 0.1 and 0.12) ferrites, prepared by the standard solid-state reaction technique have been studied. The single phase of cubic spinel structure was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The lattice constant, bulk density and porosity were calculated. The FE-SEM examined the surface morphology of the prepared samples. Real and imaginary parts of the complex permeability and magnetic properties of the samples were measured using Impedance Analyzer and VSM respectively. Initial permeability decreases with increasing of Gd content up to x = 0.05 and then increases with Gd. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent of the studied samples decreased with the increase of Gd concentration. The eddy current loss of the prepared samples is expected to decrease with the increase of Gd content due to increase in ac resistivity. Complex impedance plots were studied to understand the contribution of grains and grain boundary resistances.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Reconciling with Minoaywin: First Nations Elders' Advice to Promote Healing from Forced Displacement. Ojibwe translation: Ki kitchi mooska-ung 2011 interlake. Ninsowisi midawsi Anishinaabe skooniganan ki moosko wigigug. Kinains ima kii tu si pimatisigwun Anishinaabek. Aymitikoosi iki pu kitinan nibi tu mooska-ung. Anishinaabek ki ni shi wani chiginawa nibi: ki ni boowug, ki aku siwug, tugu ki mazaynd amuk. Ninzi kodok awushimay kitchi anishinaabek ki mama woobiwak Winnipeg 2015 tu duzinda moowad aniin Anishinaabek tu izi minoyad nzhi kaki mooska-ung. Kii itapinikatay niwun ikii kitow inowa. Ninzi miidathoku nizwi kitchi anishinaabek ki muzinatay simawuk. Kii anishinaabe mowak tugu kii zshaganashii mowak. Ikii kitow inowa iizshibe katayniiwun tugu wabun jikadayniwun. Kitchi anishinaabek kii tibachumowak aniin anishanabek tudotumoowad tu minoayad: tupoonayndumagayad, tuwiichitiwat, tuanu kanidisiwat, ayab tu-itapinumuwad, udisito-ini-wan tukikayndamoowat, tugu u-dukiiwa a-yab tu-i-ta-pinum-uwad.In 2011, in the Interlake region of Manitoba, a human-made flood displaced 17 First Nation communities whose peoples have deep ancestral ties to their land. The human-made flood and forced displacement created devastating effects such as premature death, worsening chronic illnesses, depression, and loneliness. In 2015, a First Nations Elders gathering was held in Winnipeg to discuss ways to heal from the human-made flood with more than 200 attendees. A qualitative approach within a participatory framework was used to document Elders' perspectives. Twenty-three Elders participated in video-recorded, semi-structured interviews in Ojibway and English. Small group discussions were documented and transcripts were transcribed verbatim. Elders' recommendations towards reconciliation with minoayawin (well-being) were shared via a healing booklet and website. Elders shared their insights about their peoples' and communities' need to heal and offered these strategies to move forward: forgive, stand united, promote self-determination, reclaim cultural identity, and connect with the land.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Studying Electrical Conductivity Using a 3D Printed Four-Point Probe Station. The design and fabrication of functional scientific instrumentation allows students to forge a link between commonly reported numbers and physical material properties. Here, a two-point and four-point probe station for measuring electrical properties of solid materials is fabricated via 3D printing utilizing an inexpensive benchtop fused-deposition modeling system and designed by standard computer-aided design software. Stainless steel tapestry needles serve as probes for contacting a sample; these are also electroplated in order to study their electrical performance, and provide a framework for discussion of electrical charge transport, contact resistance, and conductivity in materials. A microcontroller board is integrated into the probe and controlled using open-source software. Our robust and simple design provides an instrument that is easily fabricated by students and readily applied to a wide range classroom settings focused on materials science, mechanical and electrical engineering, as well as solid-state physics and chemistry. This 3D printed probe station costs less than $100 US in materials per unit excluding source meter. We demonstrate that two-and four-point resistance measurements carried out on a solid-state semiconductor differ only by less than 5% in magnitude when compared to data collected using a standard and expensive commercial probe station. Two- and four-point resistance measurements carried out on gold deposited on silicon and on the soft nanostructured organic semiconductor poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) result in reproducible and accurate current versus voltage (I-V) curves.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 53]}
+{"token": "Consensus statement on enzyme replacement therapy for mucopolysaccharidosis IVA in Central and South-Eastern European countries. Background Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (MPS IVA), or Morquio A syndrome, is a rare inherited metabolic disorder caused by deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase. A progressive systemic skeletal chondrodysplasia, leading to significant morbidity and reduced life expectancy is the main clinical feature of this multisystemic disease. Although enzyme replacement therapy with elosulfase alfa is established in Europe, the rarity of disease and other factors still set hurdles in having patients treated in some countries. Aim of this statement is to provide evidence-based guidance for the enzyme replacement treatment of Morquio A patients, harmonizing recommendations from published guidelines with the real-life clinical practice in the Central and South-Eastern European region. Participants The Consensus Group, convened by 8 Steering Committee (SC) members from 7 Central and South-Eastern European countries, consisted of a multidisciplinary group of 17 experts in the management of MPS in Central and South-Eastern Europe. Consensus process The SC met in a first virtual meeting with an external scientific coordinator, to discuss on clinical issues to be analyzed in guidance statements. Statements were developed by the scientific coordinator, evaluated by the SC members in a first modified-Delphi voting and adapted accordingly, to be submitted to the widest audience in the Consensus Conference. Following discussion and further modifications, all participants contributed to a second round of modified-Delphi voting. Results Nine of ten statements, concerning general guidelines for management of MPS IVA patients and specific recommendations for treatment, received final consensus. Conclusions European guidelines and evidence-based recommendations for Morquio A patients should be considered in the real life of Central and South-Eastern European countries and adapted to unique clinical practice approaches and criteria for patients' access to treatment and reimbursement in the region.", "label": [2, 18, 20]}
+{"token": "An Unnoticed Jacob-Esau Allusion in Acts. A suggestion is made about a possible but hitherto unnoticed Jacob-Esau allusion in the Petrine vision of Acts 10. This not only fits well with the dense scriptural intertexture already observed for the passage but may further illuminate the tense issues involved, both in the impending Cornelius visit and in the related Acts 15 conference. Besides offering a close match to Acts 10:13 in the fateful meal invitation of Gen 27:19, the Jacob-Esau story was not only widely used in relation to the Jew-gentile divide but also displays a strong connection to food and the capture and slaughter of animals. Jewish traditions about the source of Esau's power over \\\\'all the beasts of the field and birds of the air\\\\' may lie behind the otherwise curious image in the vision. The story's brooding sense of conflict and deception and the vulnerability of the ailing Isaac, whose persona Peter is invited to assume, all contribute to the destabilisation the vision seeks to achieve.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Development and functional characteristics of novel foam concrete. Sustainable and multi-functional development of lightweight concrete is vital for building construction in the background of global climate change. In this study, a novel inorganic bubble (IB) with a core-shell structure was synthesized by fly ash coating on the surface of the sodium alginate beads. And then the IB was used as fine aggregates to replace the river sand with varied ratios for fabricating the foam concrete with different density levels, the performance of which was evaluated in terms of mechanical properties, thermal conductivity, acoustic characteristics and fire resistance. The results indicated that the introduction of IB could form the cellular structure and achieve the specified density (1200, 1400 and 1600 kg/m(3)) of the concrete with the alginate dehydration. The 28-day compressive strength and elastic modulus of IB foam concrete increased 53.8% and 81.1% compared with the referenced common foam concrete at the same density level. Double roles of IB (forming agents and fine aggregates) may be the essence for the improvement of mechanical properties. The thermal conductivity of the IB foam concrete reduced 51.8 % compared to the common concrete and is similar to foam concrete. Also, IB foam concrete represents excellent fire resistance in terms of longer fire endurance and multiple partial cracks. Furthermore, the sound absorption was enhanced in the medium frequency (700-1600 Hz) and no obvious promotion was observed in the high and low frequency (50-400 Hz, 1600-3000 Hz). Robust shell and isolation of IB are the keys for the improvement of functional properties of foam concrete.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Evidence of oral toxicity of Photorhabdus temperata strain K122 against Prays oleae and its improvement by heterologous expression of Bacillus thuringiensis cry1Aa and cry1Ia genes. Photorhabdus temperata strain K122 exhibited oral toxicity against Prays oleae with an LC50 of 58.1 X 10(6) cells ml(-1). Recombinant P. temperata strains expressing the cry1Aa and/or cry1Ia genes of Bacillus thuringiensis have been constructed. The two cry genes, encoding delta-endotoxins, were placed under the control of the lac promoter and IPTG dependent expression in P. temperata was demonstrated. The presence of the cry genes in K122 resulted in a clear improvement of oral toxicity. This improvement was of 6.2-, 6.6-, and 14.6-fold for the strains K122(pBCcry1Aa), K122(pBScrylIa), and K122(pBCcrylAa+pBScryIIa), respectively. Furthermore, determination of the Synergistic Factor between Cry1Aa and Cry1Ia showed that they act synergistically. This work demonstrates that the heterologous expression of B. thuringiensis cry genes in P. temperata can be used to improve and broaden its host range for insect control. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Modelling market dynamics of multi-brand and multi-generational products. This research develops a new product diffusion model for a product category that involves multiple brands and multiple generations. We examine our proposed model's validity through the case of Japanese mobile telecommunications services. In this product category, the model and its results give evidence of the coexistence of brand competition and generation substitution and show the importance of considering the two influences simultaneously. It also enables the analysis of both these influences to the end of gaining additional insights into the process of new product growth. The model proves reliable in forecasting both the overall market dynamics of a product category and the market performance of the individual brands and generations that belong to it. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
+{"token": "Comparative investigation of methods for the numerical prediction of motion of asteroids that approach the Earth: Example of the 99942 Apophis asteroid. Using the 99942 Apophis asteroid (currently known as one of the most dangerous asteroids that is approaching the Earth) as an example, we estimate the error of predicting its motion with the use of several integrators over the time interval from 2012 to 2029. The minimum distance (and its error) between the Earth's center and Apophis was estimated for the rendezvous moment on April 13, 2029. It is shown that this error for various integrators is comparable in the order of magnitude with the influence of certain components of the dynamic model of motion, such as, for example, the influence of harmonics of the Earth's gravitational filed, solar-light pressure, the Jarkowski effect, etc.", "label": [1, 4, 34, 15]}
+{"token": "Safety and tolerability of inhaled budesonide in children in the Steroid Treatment As Regular Therapy in early asthma (START) trial. The safety and tolerability of asthma medications are still a concern to many asthma patients receiving long-term treatment. Therefore, more safety data from long-term, controlled trials are needed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of long-term treatment with once-daily budesonide in children aged 5-10 yrs with mild persistent asthma of recent onset in the inhaled Steroid Treatment As Regular Therapy in early asthma (START) study. Children aged 5-10 yrs with early asthma were randomized to double-blind treatment with budesonide 200 mu g or placebo once daily via Turbuhaler (TM) in addition to usual asthma therapy, for 3 yrs. Adverse events were recorded from both spontaneous reports and responses to standard questions, and asthma-related events and asthma control were recorded between visits and subsequently graded by the blinded investigators. Of the study population of 1981 children (1004 budesonide and 977 usual care), 81% (812 of 1004) in the budesonide group and 82% (797 of 977) in the usual care group experienced a total of 6414 events listed by preferred term (3209 budesonide plus usual care and 3205 placebo plus usual care). The most commonly reported events included respiratory infection, pharyngitis, rhinitis, viral infection and bronchitis, and there were no clinically relevant differences in incidence between treatments. There were no reports of tuberculosis or aspergillosis, and no evidence of increased risk of systemic or ocular adverse events with budesonide relative to placebo. There were 106 serious adverse events in the budesonide group and 128 with usual care. The most frequent, aggravated asthma, was more common with usual care than with budesonide. There were no deaths among children participating in START. In conclusion, the addition of once-daily inhaled budesonide 200 mu g via Turbuhaler (TM) to usual care is safe and well tolerated in children with recent-onset mild persistent asthma.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "A glimpse of the genetics of young-onset Parkinson's disease in Central Asia. Background Knowledge of the genetic background of many human diseases is currently lacking from genetically undiscovered regions, including Central Asia. Kazakhstan is the first Central Asian country where the genetic studies of Parkinson's disease (PD) have been emerging since it had become a member of the International Parkinson Disease Genomics Consortium. Here we report on the results of whole-exome sequencing (WES) in 50 young-onset PD (YOPD) cases from Kazakhstan.Results Only three cases (6%) were found to be positive for known PD genes including two unrelated familial PD cases with LRRK2 p.(Arg1441Cys) and one case with a homozygous pathogenic PRKN p.(Arg84Trp) variant. Four cases had novel and ultra-rare variants of uncertain significance in LRRK2, DNAJC13, and VPS35. Novel deleterious variants were found in candidate Mendelian PD genes including CSMD1, TNR, EIF4G1, and ATP13A3. Eight cases harbored the East Asian-specific LRRK2 p.(Ala419Val) variant.Methodology WES was performed on 50 unrelated individuals with YOPD from Kazakhstan. Exome data were screened for novel/ultra-rare deleterious variants in known and candidate PD genes. Copy number variants and small indels were also called.Conclusions The low diagnostic yield in our study might imply that a significant proportion of YOPD cases in Central Asia remains unresolved. Therefore, a better understanding of the genetic architecture of PD among populations of Central Asian ancestry and the pathogenicity of numerous rare variants should be further investigated. WES is a valuable technique for large-scale YOPD genetic studies in Central Asia.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Electrokinetic Treatment for Model Caissons with Increasing Dimensions. Electrokinetic treatment has been known in geotechnical engineering for over six decades, yet, the technique is rarely used. This stems from the absence of design guidelines and specifications for electrokinetic treatment systems. An important issue that need to be investigated and understood in order to devise guidelines from experimental results is the effect of the foundation element size on the outcome of the treatment. Also important is determining the optimum distance between the electrodes and estimating the energy consumption prior to treatment. This experimental study is a preliminary step in understanding some of the issues critical for the guidelines and specifications. Four model caissons with surface areas between 16000 and 128000 mm(2) were embedded in soft clayey soil under water and treated for 168 hr with a dc voltage of 6V. From the results, a distance between the anode (model caisson) and the cathode equal 0.25 times the outside diameter of the model caisson was identified as optimum. Relationships between the surface area and axial capacity of the model caisson and the surface area and energy consumption were presented. The equations can be used to preliminary estimate the load capacity and the energy consumption for full-scale applications.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "Extraction columns in hydrometallurgy. Extraction columns are highly efficient and can be used in hydrometallurgy with modem liquid ion exchangers exhibiting fast chemical kinetics. Zinc extraction with di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid refers as an example for a basic design involving mass transfer and reactive equilibria. In respect to column hydrodynamics the usage of physically more reliable models, like the droplet population balance model, DPBM, is recommended and case studies are given. The problems involved in deriving the necessary simulation parameters from data banks, correlations or lab-scale experiments are discussed. As could be shown, column behaviour, even from literature sources, could be well predicted without usage of any efficiency or other fit parameter. In that respect, DPBM calculations should be the future standard when simulating extraction columns performance. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "The Smart Panoramic Optical Sensor Head (SPOSH)-A camera for observations of transient luminous events on planetary night sides. We have developed a camera dedicated to imaging faint transient noctilucent phenomena, such as aurorae, electric discharges, meteors or impact flashes, on dark planetary hemispheres. The Smart Panoramic Optical Sensor Head (SPOSH) is equipped with a back-illuminated 1024 x 1024 CCD chip E2V 47-20 with up to 90% quantum efficiency and has a custom-made optical system of high light-gathering power with a wide field of view of 120 degrees x 120 degrees. Images can be obtained over extended periods at high rate to make monitoring for transient events possible. To reduce the data transmission rate, only those images (or relevant portions thereof) that contain events are returned to the user. The camera has a sophisticated processing unit prepared to interface with a spacecraft system, for image processing and event detection at rates of up to 3 images per second at full resolution. While software optimized for detection of any noctilucent phenomenon can be implemented, the software is currently optimized for the detection of meteors. Over the past years, we have routinely carried out outdoor tests with 4 camera breadboard units that demonstrate that the camera has excellent radiometric performance and geometric resolution at low light levels over its large field of view. The camera has been demonstrated to capture meteors of magnitudes as faint as +6(m) moving at angular speeds of 5 degrees/s. The camera opens up new science opportunities for planetary missions. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "New species of Adapterops (Coleoptera: Anthribidae) from east Madagascar with a key to species and notes on sexual dimorphism and biodiversity of the family. A new species, Adapterops hankae Tryzna sp. nov. (Anthribidae: Choraginae: Araecerini), from east Madagascar is described and illustrated. Key to the genus Adapterops Frieser, 2010 is given including notes on sexual dimorphism ofA. nasalis Frieser, 2010 and A. festivus Frieser, 2010. The microhabitat of Adapterops hankae Tryzna sp. nov. is described and list of 29 co-occurring anthribid species is given, and diversity of Madagascan Anthribidae is briefly discussed.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Mood and Case: with special reference to genitive Case conversion in Kansai Japanese. This paper shows that, contrary to preceding studies, a dialect spoken in a western region of Japan (Kansai dialect) allows not only nominative Case, as is widely known in literature, but also accusative Case, to convert into genitive Case in a prenominal clause. We will call this phenomenon Accusative-Genitive conversion. This phenomenon has been little known in theoretical literature because of its limited occurrence. As our detailed survey reveals, this less-known Case conversion is possible only if some conditions on the clause in which the conversion appears are satisfied. We also demonstrate that those necessary conditions for Accusative-Genitive conversion are, indeed, deduced by some independently supported hypotheses under the Agree/Phase theory. Thus, Accusative-Genitive conversion is within the realm of the Agree/Phase theory, and the characteristic conditions on its occurrence, in turn, lend support to the recent syntactic theory. Our theory of this phenomenon further predicts that, if our mechanism serves as an independent mechanism for genitive-Case valuation, it will also function as converting nominative Case into genitive Case. It will be shown that this is indeed the Case, which strongly supports the validity of our mechanism in Kansai Japanese.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Design criteria for diagrid tall buildings: Stiffness versus strength. The procedures and formulations suggested in literature for the design of diagrid structures start from the assumption that diagonal sizing process is governed by the stiffness requirements, as usually occurs for other, less efficient, structural types, and that member strength demand is automatically satisfied by the cross section resulting from the stiffness requirements. However, thanks to the high rigidity of the diagonalized facade, strength requirements can be of paramount importance and even be the governing design criterion. In this paper, stiffness and strength design criteria for diagrid structures are examined and translated in simplified formulae for quick member sizing. The application of the two approaches for the design of a 100-storey building model, carried out for different diagrid geometrical patterns, gives the opportunity of discussing the relative influence of stiffness and strength on the design outcomes, in terms of resulting diagonal cross sections and steel weight, as well as on the structural performance. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "The impact of demand parameter uncertainty on the bullwhip effect. The bullwhip effect is a very important issue for supply chains, impacting on costs and effectiveness. Academic researchers have studied this phenomenon and modelled it analytically, showing that it affects many real world industries. The analytical models generally assume that the final demand process and its parameters are known. This paper studies a two-echelon single-product supply chain with final demand distributed according to a known AR(1) process but with unknown parameters. The results show that the bullwhip effect is affected by unknown parameters and is influenced by the frequency with which parameter estimates are updated. For unknown parameters, the strength of the bullwhip effect is also influenced by the number of demand observations available to estimate the parameters. Furthermore, a negative autoregressive parameter does not always imply an anti-bullwhip effect when the parameters are unknown. An analytical approximation is proposed to mitigate the poor accuracy of existing models when the parameters of an AR(1) process are unknown, forecasts are updated but parameter estimates remain unchanged. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
+{"token": "Joint estimation and compression of correlated nonbinary sources using punctured turbo codes. We propose a system to perform data compression of correlated nonbinary sources when the correlation between sources is not known, either at the encoder or the decoder. The sequences of nonbinary symbols are transformed into sequences of bits, and then source coded using punctured turbo codes, with the puncturing adjusted to achieve the desired compression rate. Each source is compressed without knowledge about the other source, and the correlation model is not assumed to be known at the encoder. The source decoder uses iterative schemes over the compressed binary sequences, and recovers the nonbinary symbol sequences from both sources. The correlation model between sources does not need to be known at the decoder, since it can be estimated jointly with the iterative decoding process. Compared with the case in which the correlation is known at the decoder, no significant performance loss is observed. The performance of the proposed scheme is close to the Slepian-Wolf theoretical limit.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "mgpB and mgpC sequence diversity in Mycoplasma genitalium is generated by segmental reciprocal recombination with repetitive chromosomal sequences. Mycoplasma genitalium is associated with sexually transmitted infections in men and women that, if untreated, can persist, suggesting that mechanism(s) exist to facilitate immune evasion. Approximately 4% of the limited M. genitalium genome contains repeat sequences termed MgPar regions that have homology to mgpB and mgpC, which encode antigenic proteins associated with attachment. We have previously shown that mgpB sequences vary within a single strain of M. genitalium in a pattern consistent with recombination between mgpB and MgPar sequences (Iverson-Cabral et al.). In the current study, we show that mgpC heterogeneity similarly occurs within the type strain, G-37(T), cultured in vitro and among cervical specimens collected from a persistently infected woman. In all cases, alternative mgpC sequences are indicative of recombination with MgPar regions. Additionally, the isolation of single-colony M. genitalium clonal variants containing alternative mgpB or mgpC sequences allowed us to demonstrate that mgpB and mgpC heterogeneity is associated with corresponding changes within donor MgPar regions, consistent with reciprocal recombination. Better-defined systems of antigenic variation are typically mediated by unidirectional gene conversion, so the generation of genetic diversity observed in M. genitalium by the mutual exchange of sequences makes this organism unique among bacterial pathogens.", "label": [4, 43, 42]}
+{"token": "Forming issues and publics: participatory design things and uncertain rural futures. Through a case of civic action in relation to rural development in Denmark, this paper contributes its deliberations on rural participatory policy by shedding light on the unordered site of controversy where participatory-oriented policy meets public involvement practices that happen beyond procedural limits. Danish rural planning is marked by economic and population decline and by economic pressure on the municipal sector. In this uncertain situation, rural livelihood and development increasingly rely on citizens. Drawing on perspectives from participatory design, public involvement, and Science and Technology Studies, and mobilizing the concept of design Thing, the paper attempts to understand a citizen-initiated participatory design (PD) process as an experimental means of public involvement in a rural setting. It analyses the intersection between the micro-level activities of the PD process and national and municipal plans, policies and procedures. In doing so, it traces how the socio-material PD process was a civic attempt to contest institutional definitions and to move the power to define issues from the authorities to the community. It analyses the role of the PD process in the articulation of shared issues, and how this process was one event in the ongoing community practices of public-ization of issues and of forming publics, so as to define local trajectories for an uncertain future. Continuing the analysis, the paper considers that the process of issue and public formation is neither linear nor uncontested; there is no single public, but rather multiple and porous configurations of difference and change.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Evolution of twins and substructures during low strain rate hot deformation and contribution to dynamic recrystallization in alloy 617B. Substructure and twin boundary evolution of alloy 617B during dynamic recrystallization (DRX) was investigated by optical microscope, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) technique. Simulated compression tests were carried out at different true strains in the temperature range of 1120-1210 degrees C with a strain rate of 0.001 s(-1). The results show that discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) featured by original grain boundary bulging is the dominant nucleation mechanism for alloy 617B. The progressive subgrain rotation, which is a characterization of continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) can be detected at the early stage of hot deformation at lower temperature, which can just be considered as an assistant mechanism. The evolution of substructure and twin boundaries have a significant effect on DRX process of alloy 617B. Twinning formation can active the DRX process by accelerating original grain boundary bulging and separation of bulging grain boundaries. The formation of twin steps resulting from twin slipping provide additional DRX nucleation locations. The effort of twins gets weaker with the increase of temperature as the DRX grain growth process associated with grain boundary area reduction gradually becomes a preferential mechanism for energy minimization. Different from previous study, the fraction of twin boundaries decrease with the increase of temperature, which can be attributed to the twin boundary accelerated prior grain growth process. Such process also results in the serious bulging of grain boundaries into adjacent grains. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Corrective Control As Training Quality Improving Factor In University. The relevance of the article is due to the fact that currently the improvement of the educational system is associated with the need to improve its quality, which determines the importance of developing pedagogical control providing information on the degree of its functioning's effectiveness. The purpose of the article is the development of corrective control, defined as a purposeful information-ascertaining, diagnostic-teaching and reflexive interaction of entities of the educational process. The content of the corrective control is presented in the article: goals, tasks, methods, means, principles of its design. The technology of corrective control is described, which realizes its teaching, educating and developing functions in teaching humanitarian subjects in the university on the basis of a bank of didactic means, including: thematic technological cards for teachers, information cards of trainees, tests, pseudo tests, educational material prospectuses. The article is intended for researchers, teachers involved in the development of pedagogical control as an integral component of the educational process in order to obtain information on the degree of improvement in the quality of the higher education system.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Utilization of riverine organic matter by macrobenthic communities in a temperate prodelta. Macrobenthos is an important component of organic carbon storage and energy flow in marine systems, including these impacted by riverine discharge and high share of allochthonous organic matter (OM). Changing environmental conditions, such as lower precipitation and snow cover duration, may affect patterns of riverine input, therefore it is crucial to know how benthic communities utilize different OM sources in areas affected by rivers. Using Bayesian stable isotope mixing models, we assessed the diet composition of common macroinvertebrates forming benthic communities in the transition zone of one of the largest river outlets in the Baltic Sea region, the Vistula River prodelta. Furthermore, we analyzed the spatial and temporal variability in the biomass-weighted resource utilization by those communities. Contribution of riverine OM to the particulate OM in Vistula prodelta decreased with increasing depth. Despite similar distances to the river mouth, the relative contribution of riverine OM to the diet of all studied taxa also decreased with increasing depth, which corresponded to organic matter composition in prodelta waters. Nevertheless, due to synchronous structural changes in benthic communities, and changes in the feeding modes of dominant species, particularly Macoma balthica and Hediste diversicolor, the riverine organic carbon share in the biomass of benthic communities often remained the highest in the deepest prodelta parts. Our study corroborates that benthic primary consumers act as a gateway for riverine organic matter into the marine food web and illustrates that sediment properties and resource partitioning affects spatial structure of benthic communities and their abilities to utilize allochthonous OM.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
+{"token": "Acute ethanol ingestion produces dose-dependent effects on motor behavior in the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Ethanol consumption produces characteristic behavioral states in animals that include sedation, disorientation, and disruption of motor function. Using individual honey bees, we assessed the effects of ethanol ingestion on motor function via continuous observations of their behavior. Consumption of I M sucrose solutions containing a range of ethanol doses led to hemolymph ethanol levels of approximately 40-100 mM. Using ethanol doses in this range, we observed time and dose-dependent effects of ethanol on the percent of time our subjects spent walking, stopped, or upside down, and on the duration and frequency of bouts of behavior. The effects oil grooming and flying behavior were more complex. Behavioral recovery from ethanol treatment was both time and ethanol dose dependent. occurring between 12 and 24 h post-ingestion for low doses and at 24-48 h for higher doses. Furthermore, the amount of ethanol measured in honey bee hemolymph appeared to correlate with recovery. We predict that the honey bee will prove to be an excellent model system for studying the influence of ethanol on the neural mechanisms underlying behavior. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 44, 47]}
+{"token": "Government Information Policy in the Era of Big Data. Reliable public sector information serves as a pivotal source for big data. Government postal codes, for instance, have been crucial for predicting demographics. Confidentiality, however, may be at risk when combined with other sources. Public sector information not only describes government activity but contains material, such as campaign finance filings, produced by outside sources. How does information production impact policy concerns if material is reused for big data projects? Information production is analyzed using a framework of five methods of production. The framework considers information that the public sector writes, publishes, manages, produces through research, and compiles through legal mandates. This paper examines the policy implications of using U. S. federal public sector information in big data projects.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "Primary Hyperparathyroidism: An Analysis of Failure of Parathyroidectomy. Methods We analysed outcomes of all patients who underwent first-time surgery for PHPT in two centres over a 5-year period to determine an association with demographic characteristics and findings on preoperative imaging. Records of patients not cured by initial surgery were reviewed to explore factors underlying failure to cure.Results The failure rate (persistent disease) in the entire cohort was 5 % (25/541) (bilateral neck explorations, 5 %; unilateral exploration, 7 %; targeted approach, 4 %), while two patients developed recurrent disease. In patients who had undergone dual imaging with an ultrasound scan and (99)m Tc-sestamibi scintigraphy, failure rates with \\\\'lateralised and concordant'' imaging, \\\\'nonconcordant'' imaging, and \\\\'dual-negative'' imaging were 2, 9, and 11 %, respectively (p = 0.01). Of the 25 patients with persistent disease, multigland disease (MGD) was present in 52 % (13/25) and ectopic adenoma in 24 % (6/12).Conclusions Patients with PHPT who do not have lateralised and concordant dual imaging are at higher risk of persistent disease. A significant proportion of failures are due to the inability to recognise the presence and/or extent of MGD.Background Preoperative imaging in patients undergoing surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is used primarily to facilitate targeted parathyroidectomy. Failure of preoperative localisation mandates a bilateral exploration. It is thought that the results of imaging may also predict the success of surgery. The aims of this study were to assess whether the findings on preoperative localisation influenced outcomes following parathyroidectomy for PHPT and to explore factors underlying failure to cure at surgery.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "BIODEGRADATION OF OIL PRODUCTS IN POLLUTED SOIL BY USING THE MIXTURE OF THE POLYMER COMPLEX [CHITOSAN LACTOSERUM PROTEIN]-ACTIVE SILT. Biodegradation processes of oil products in the polluted soil were studied by using the mixture of the polymer complex [chitosan - lactoserum protein]-active silt. It is shown that all these processes take place due to the synergism of the components which form part of the mixture; the use of the developed biomixture ensures the effective biodegradation of compound oil hydrocarbons, a high degree of cleaning soil from pollutions, except the possible secondary pollution of environment. As a result of biocomposting the cleaned ground containing biogenic substances fits in natural cycle and can he used for realization agricultural work.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Sudden death from superior mesenteric artery thrombosis in a cocaine user. Cocaine-mediated tissue injury is well established, particularly myocardial ischemia and infarction. Gastrointestinal complications including mesenteric ischemia, ischemic colitis and intestinal perforation occur less frequently. Cocaine-induced visceral arterial thrombosis is a rare finding. We report a case of a 49-year-old chronic cocaine user with superior mesenteric artery (SMA) thrombosis. The patient presented with a 24-h history of abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Physical examination documented tachycardia and a soft, non-rigid abdomen with voluntary guarding. Abdominal X-ray did not show any evidence of peritoneal free air or bowel obstruction. Laboratory investigations revealed elevated white blood cells and a high anion gap; a blood gas analysis was not done. Three hours after initial presentation, the patient had a cardiac arrest and died. At autopsy, the jejunum was ischemic, without obvious infarction. The SMA was occluded at its origin by significant atherosclerosis with superimposed thrombus. The myocardium had fibrosis, without acute infarction, and severe triple coronary artery atherosclerosis. Toxicological blood analysis confirmed cocaine use. This report emphasizes the need to consider chronic stimulant drug abuse in accelerated atheroma and thrombosis of visceral arteries.", "label": [2, 3, 18, 29]}
+{"token": "Influence of the lubricant on the endurance of steel ropes operating in corrosive environments. The paper compares the results of endurance tests of steel ropes manufactured in accordance with GOST 2688-80, according to the standard method (GOST 2387-80 \\\\'Steel ropes. Endurance test method\\\\') without exposure to an aggressive environment and the test results according to the developed extended method, taking into account operating conditions in corrosive environments, in particular marine and freshwater environments. It was found that the periodic impact of sea water on the rope many times (from 2.5 to 9.5 times) reduces the wear resistance of the rope, depending on the lubricant used, when compared with tests according to the standard method and proportionally reduces its technical resource. It is shown that the impact of fresh water, as well as sea water, greatly reduces the wear resistance of the rope, but in somewhat smaller limits. On the basis of experimental studies, it has been shown that the compositions of lubricants, which ensured the maximum wear resistance of the rope according to the tests according to the standard method, showed the worst results when tested with the action of sea water. In this regard, it can be stated that the standard technique does not allow accurately predict the durability of ropes under special operating conditions (in sea and fresh water), which can lead to unreasonable, more than 9 times, reduction of the life of the rope. The complex of the studies carried out showed that when testing steel ropes for endurance, as well as when choosing the most effective rope lubricant, one should give preference to the test results according to the method proposed in the work, which takes into account the effect of a corrosive environment.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Recreational ecosystem services in European cities: Sociocultural and geographical contexts matter for park use. The role of urban parks in delivering cultural ecosystem services related to outdoor recreation is widely acknowledged. Yet, the question remains as to whether the recreational opportunities of parks meet the demands of increasingly multicultural societies and whether recreational patterns vary at spatial scales. In a pan-European survey, we assessed how people use urban parks (in five cities, N= 3814) and how recreational patterns relate to respondents' sociocultural and geographical contexts (using 19 explanatory variables). Our results show that across Europe (i) respondents share a general pattern in their recreational activities with a prevalence for the physical uses of parks, especially taking a walk; (ii) the geographic context matters, demonstrating a high variety of uses across the cities; and that (iii) the sociocultural context is also important; e.g., the occupation and biodiversity valuations of respondents are significantly associated with the uses performed. The sociocultural context matters particularly for physical park uses and is associated to a lesser extent with nature-related uses. Given that our results attest to a high variety of park uses between sociocultural groups and the geographical context, we conclude that it is important to consider the specific backgrounds of people to enhance recreational ecosystem services in greenspace development. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 52]}
+{"token": "Identification of the minimum effective dose for normally distributed data using a Bayesian variable selection approach. The identification of the minimum effective dose is of high importance in the drug development process. In early stage screening experiments, establishing the minimum effective dose can be translated into a model selection based on information criteria. The presented alternative, Bayesian variable selection approach, allows for selection of the minimum effective dose, while taking into account model uncertainty. The performance of Bayesian variable selection is compared with the generalized order restricted information criterion on two dose-response experiments and through the simulations study. Which method has performed better depends on the complexity of the underlying model and the effect size relative to noise.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 41]}
+{"token": "The relationship between energy and equity markets: Evidence from volatility impulse response functions. This paper examines the relationship between the energy and equity markets by estimating volatility impulse response functions from a multivariate BEKK model of the Goldman Sach's Energy Index and the S&P 500; in addition, we also calculate the time varying conditional correlations and time varying dynamic hedge ratios. From volatility impulse response functions, we find that low S&P 500 returns cause substantial increases in the volatility of the energy index; however, we find only a weak response from S&P 500 volatility to energy price shocks. Moreover, our dynamic hedge ratio analysis suggests that the energy index is generally a poor hedging instrument. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Maternal Risk Factors and Perinatal Characteristics for Hirschsprung Disease. RESULTS: The study population comprised 600 HSCR cases and 3000 controls with a male-to-female ratio of 3.7:1. The birth prevalence of HSCR was 1.91/10 000. Maternal obesity was associated with an increased risk for the child to have HSCR (OR 1.74; CI 1.25-2.44). Children with HSCR were born at an earlier gestational age (OR 1.60; CI 1.18-2.17) than control children. Associated malformations were identified in 34.5% of the cases.CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the Swedish birth prevalence of HSCR was 1.91/10 000. Children with HSCR disease were born at a lower gestational age than controls. Maternal obesity may increase the risk for the child to have HSCR.METHODS: This was a nationwide, population-based, case-control study of all children born in Sweden between 1982 and 2012 and registered in the Swedish Medical Birth Register. Cases were identified in the Swedish National Patient Register and data on potential maternal risk factors and patient characteristics were collected from the Swedish National Patient Register and the Swedish Medical Birth Register. Five age-and sex-matched controls were randomly selected for each case. The association between studied risk factors and HSCR was analyzed using conditional logistic regression to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a congenital defect of the enteric nervous system characterized by a lack of ganglion cells in the distal hindgut. The aim of this study was to assess the birth prevalence, perinatal characteristics, and maternal risk factors in HSCR patients in Sweden.", "label": [2, 27]}
+{"token": "Reproductive ecology of the Concho water snake, Nerodia harteri paucimaculata. The reproductive biology of the Concho water snake (Nerodia harteri paucimaculata) was studied from 1988 to 1992 in central Texas. Minimum snout-vent lengths (SVL) at maturity were 380 mm in males and 460 mm in females. Mating occurred primarily in late April and early May although rye observed some evidence of fall mating. Gestation was approximately three months. Parturition occurred predominantly in mid-August, ranging from 29 July to 22 September. Approximately 85% (range 79.5-88.8) of adult females were gravid each year with the proportion of reproductive females varying as a function of body size. Litter size averaged 11.1 (range 4-29) and varied both among and within study sites. Maternal SVL was correlated with litter size and mass but not offspring SVL or mass with litter size held constant. Litter size had no effect on offspring SVL or mass when female SVL was held constant. Relative clutch mass averaged 0.46 and was independent of female size. Mean offspring length and mass were 175 mm SVL and 3.8 g, respectively, showing no overall sexual differences. However, mean SVL was typically greater far females within litters.", "label": [4, 47]}
+{"token": "Formation of a ternary oxide barrier layer and its role in switching characteristic of ZnO-based conductive bridge random access memory devices. The insertion of a metal layer between an active electrode and a switching layer leads to the formation of a ternary oxide at the interface. The properties of this self-formed oxide are found to be dependent on the Gibbs free energy of oxide formation of the metal (Delta G degrees(f)). We investigated the role of various ternary oxides in the switching behavior of conductive bridge random access memory (CBRAM) devices. The ternary oxide acts as a barrier layer that can limit the mobility of metal cations in the cell, promoting stable switching. However, too low (higher negative value) Delta G degrees(f) leads to severe trade-offs; the devices require high operation current and voltages to exhibit switching behavior and low memory window (on/off) ratio. We propose that choosing a metal layer having appropriate Delta G degrees(f) is crucial in achieving reliable CBRAM devices. (C) 2022 Author(s).", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Simultaneous estimation of spatially-dependent mass and heat transfer coefficients of drying bodies. In this article, the conjugate gradient method with adjoint problem is applied for the identification of the heat and mass transfer coefficients at the surface of drying capillary-porous bodies. The unknown functions are supposed to vary along the surface open to the surrounding environment. The effects of temperature and moisture content measurements on the inverse analysis are examined. The inverse problem is solved by considering either the heat or the mass transfer coefficients as unknown, as well as by considering simultaneously both functions as unknown.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 41]}
+{"token": "The Legionella pneumophila LetA/LetS Two-Component System Exhibits Rheostat-Like Behavior. When confronted with metabolic stress, replicative Legionella pneumophila bacteria convert to resilient, infectious cells equipped for transmission. Differentiation is promoted by the LetA/LetS two-component system, which belongs to a family of signal-transducing proteins that employ a four-step phosphorelay to regulate gene expression. Histidine 307 of LetS was essential to switch on the transmission profile, but a threonine substitution at position 311 (T311M) suggested a rheostat-like function. The letS(T311M) bacteria resembled the wild type (WT) for some traits and letS null mutants for others, whereas they displayed intermediate levels of infectivity, cytotoxicity, and lysosome evasion. Although only 30 to 50% of letS(T311M) mutants became motile, flow cytometry determined that every cell eventually activated the flagellin promoter to WT levels, but expression was delayed. Likewise, letS(T311M) mutants exhibited delayed induction of RsmY and RsmZ, regulatory RNAs that relieve CsrA repression of transmission traits. Transcriptional profile analysis revealed that letS(T311M) mutants expressed the flagellar regulon and multiple other transmissive-phase loci at a higher cell density than the WT. Accordingly, we postulate that the letS(T311M) mutant may relay phosphate less efficiently than the WT LetS sensor protein, leading to sluggish gene expression and a variety of phenotypic profiles. Thus, as first described for BvgA/BvgS, rather than acting as on/off switches, this family of two-component systems exhibit rheostat activity that likely confers versatility as microbes adapt to fluctuating environments.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
+{"token": "Using common household thermal storages to support the PV- and battery system in nearly zero energy buildings in off-grid mode. This paper investigates the use of common thermal storage systems for demand side management in off-grid situations for nearly zero energy buildings. Typical parameters and characteristics were analyzed to develop mathematical models for freezers, water heaters and space heating/cooling. The models used in this work are based on simplified equations derived from differential equations. Simplified models of a battery storage and a PV-system have been added. Models for the thermal storages, PV-system and battery storage were merged to one system model. All models and simulations were designed and conducted with Matlab. Various pre-defined price based set point calculation algorithms were modified to work with the off-grid system based on the system's voltage and available PV-power. Voltage and battery's state of charge based algorithms are developed in this work. In a system with a freezer, water heater and space heating/cooling that is powered by a PV-system only, a possible battery storage capacity reduction of up to 50% with PV-power based and up to 36% with SOC based algorithms compared to the same system with fixed set point thermostatic control could be achieved. Additionally, the capacity could even be reduced by up to 18% by solely reacting to voltage drops.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 39]}
+{"token": "Rethinking Federalism for More Effective Governance. For common reasons the federal government and most state governments face rising structural deficits even as the economy recovers. An aging population requires retirement income and increasingly expensive health care, while a prosperous economy requires public investment in skills, technology, and infrastructure. However, stressed federal and state tax systems are increasingly inadequate. The author revisits proposals, made twenty years ago, for substantial changes in fiscal federalism designed to help both levels function more effectively. She argues that the case for dividing the governmental job more sharply between the two levels is stronger than ever and explores the pros and cons of devolving elementary and secondary education to the states. She argues for common shared taxes, especially a broad-based federal consumption tax shared with the states.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Garnet Electrolyte Surface Degradation and Recovery. Ceramic materials based on the garnet structure Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) show great promise as lithium-ion conducting electrolytes for solid-state lithium batteries. However, these materials exhibit surface degradation when exposed to air and moisture, which adversely impacts their functioning in operating devices. In this work, we use several depth-profiling and in situ techniques to probe the nature of the surface reactions that occur when aluminum (Al)-substituted LLZO is exposed to air. These experiments show that a proton exchange reaction occurs near the surface of the LLZO and leads to change in its chemistry and structure, concomitant with the formation of Li2CO3. But these reactions can be readily reversed by heating samples at 250 degrees C under an inert atmosphere to recover LLZO surface chemistry and structure. Symmetrical cells containing samples treated this way exhibited much lower area specific impedances than those containing air-exposed LLZO without the treatment, confirming the reversal of the degradation process. Our results show a process to rejuvenate LLZO surface, and this opens the possibility of integrating this material in solid-state devices.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "The actions of sodium nitroprusside and the phosphodiesterase inhibitor dipyridamole on phasic activity in the isolated guinea-pig bladder. These data show an excitatory role for NO/cGMP in the integrated regulation of phasic bladder activity. One population of cells which may be involved may be in the suburothelial layer and within the muscles. The differential sensitivity to PDE inhibitors affecting cGMP suggests that the cells responsible express specific isoforms of these regulatory enzymes. The importance of these observations, their possible role in the integrated physiology of the bladder and origins of bladder pathology, are discussed.To investigate the actions of the nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, which purport to affect intracellular cGMP levels, on the phasic activity generated by agonist stimulation of the isolated whole bladder of the guinea pig.Isolated whole bladders from female guinea pigs (270-300 g) were used in all experiments. Each bladder was cannulated via the urethra and suspended in a chamber containing oxygenated solution at 33-35 degreesC. Bladder pressure was recorded and pharmacological agents added to the solution bathing the abluminal surface of the bladder.In the unstimulated bladder, SNP at up to 300 mumol/L caused only small (<2 cmH(2)O) rises in intravesical pressure. In the presence of phasic activity induced by either muscarinic or nicotinic stimulation, SNP at > 30 mumol/L, produced a dose-dependent increase in the frequency of the transients. The cells responding to SNP with an increase in intracellular cGMP were identified by immunofluorescence, and were in the suburothelial layer and within the muscle bundles. Smooth muscle cells of the detrusor body did not show a rise in cGMP. Exposure to the cGMP/PDE inhibitor zaprinast had no effect on phasic activity, but exposure to dipyridamole produced a transient rise in frequency, followed by an inhibition. Dipyridamole also significantly increased the amplitude of the phasic activity.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "It's Not in the Curriculum Adult English Language Teachers and LGBQ Topics. For adult English language learners, the English language classroom provides a space for students to examine cultural as well other identities. However, discussions often center on racial, rather than sexual identities. In addition, attention to how adult English language instructors engage in classroom practices that focus on sexual identities is often limited. This article examines how adult educators in English language classrooms feel regarding the inclusion of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Queer (LGBQ) topics and materials into their curriculum and instruction. Through a web-based survey, teachers described their beliefs, practices, and challenges in creating lessons and responding to student questions in ways that broke down heteronormativity in the adult English language classroom. Findings add to the limited knowledge of how teachers in post-secondary, English language classrooms create and support a culturally responsive learning environment regarding sexual identities.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Looking Beyond Demographics: Panel Attrition in the ANES and GSS. Longitudinal or panel surveys offer unique benefits for social science research, but they typically suffer from attrition, which reduces sample size and can result in biased inferences. Previous research tends to focus on the demographic predictors of attrition, conceptualizing attrition propensity as a stable, individual-level characteristic-some individuals (e.g., young, poor, residentially mobile) are more likely to drop out of a study than others. We argue that panel attrition reflects both the characteristics of the individual respondent as well as her survey experience, a factor shaped by the design and implementation features of the study. In this article, we examine and compare the predictors of panel attrition in the 2008-2009 American National Election Study, an online panel, and the 2006-2010 General Social Survey, a face-to-face panel. In both cases, survey experience variables are predictive of panel attrition above and beyond the standard demographic predictors, but the particular measures of relevance differ across the two surveys. The findings inform statistical corrections for panel attrition bias and provide study design insights for future panel data collections.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Reproducibility of Free Energy Calculations across Different Molecular Simulation Software Packages. Alchemical free energy calculations are an increasingly important modern simulation technique to calculate free energy changes on binding or solvation. Contemporary molecular simulation software such as AMBER, CHARMM, GROMACS, and SOMD include support for the method. Implementation details vary among those codes, but users expect reliability and reproducibility, i.e., for a given molecular model and set of force field parameters, comparable free energy differences should be obtained within statistical bounds regardless of the code used. Relative alchemical free energy (RAFE) simulation is increasingly used to support molecule discovery projects, yet the reproducibility of the methodology has been less well tested than its absolute counterpart. Here we present RAFE calculations of hydration free energies for a set of small organic molecules and demonstrate that free energies can be reproduced to within about 0.2 kcal/mol with the aforementioned codes. Absolute alchemical free energy simulations have been carried out as a reference. Achieving this level of reproducibility requires considerable attention to detail and package-specific simulation protocols, and no universally applicable protocol emerges. The benchmarks and protocols reported here should be useful for the community to validate new and future versions of software for free energy calculations.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
+{"token": "An implicit-gradient-enhanced incremental-secant mean-field homogenization scheme for elasto-plastic composites with damage. This paper presents an incremental-secant mean-field homogenization (MFH) procedure for composites made of elasto-plastic constituents exhibiting damage. During the damaging process of one phase, the proposed method can account for the resulting unloading of the other phase, ensuring an accurate prediction of the scheme. When strain softening of materials is involved, classical finite element formulations lose solution uniqueness and face the strain localization problem. To avoid this issue the model is formulated in a so-called implicit gradient-enhanced approach, with a view toward macro-scale simulations. The method is then used to predict the behavior of composites whose matrix phases exhibit strain softening, and is shown to be accurate compared to unit cell simulations and experimental results. Then the convergence of the method upon strain softening, with respect to the mesh size, is demonstrated on a notched composite ply. Finally, applications consisting in a stacking plate, successively without and with a hole, are given as illustrations of the possibility of the method to be used in a multiscale framework. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Floating Isogeometric Analysis. We propose Floating Isogeometric Analysis (FLIGA), which extends IGA to extreme deformation analysis. The method is based on a novel tensor-product construction of B-Splines for the update of the basis functions in one direction of the parametric space. With basis functions \\\\'floating\\\\' deformation-dependently in this direction, mesh distortion is overcome for problems in which extreme deformations occur predominantly along the associated (possibly curved) physical axis. In doing so, we preserve the numerical advantages of splines over many meshless basis functions, while avoiding remeshing. We employ material point integration for numerical quadrature, thus attributing a Lagrangian character to our technique. The paper introduces the method and reviews the fundamental properties of the FLIGA basis functions, including a numerical patch test. The performance of FLIGA is then numerically investigated on the benchmark of Newtonian and viscoelastic Taylor-Couette flow. Finally, we simulate a viscoelastic extrusion-based additive manufacturing process, which served as the original motivation for the new approach. (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 41, 12]}
+{"token": "Canopy structure in savannas along a moisture gradient on Kalahari sands. Measurements of tree canopy architecture were made at six savanna sites on deep, sandy soils, along a gradient of increasing aridity. There was substantial variation in the leaf area estimated within each site, using the same sample frame, but different measurement techniques. The trends in canopy properties in relation to the aridity gradient were consistent, regardless of the technique used for estimating the properties. The effective plant area index for the tree canopy (the sum of the stem area index and the leaf area index (LAI)) declined from around 2 to around 0.8 m(2) m(-2) over a gradient of mean annual rainfall from 1000 to 350 mm. Stems contributed 2-5% of the tree canopy plant area index. Since the tree canopy cover decreased from 50% to 20% over this aridity range, the leaf area index within the area covered by tree canopies remained fairly constant at 3-4 m(2) m(-2). Tree leaves tended from a horizontal orientation to a more random orientation as the aridity increased. On the same gradient, the leaf minor axis dimension decreased from around 30 mm to around 3 mm, and the mean specific leaf area decreased from 14 to 5 m(2) kgha(-1). There was good agreement between LAI observed in the field using a line ceptometer and the LAI inferred by the MODIS sensor on the Terra satellite platform, 2 months later in the same season.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "POTTIES, PITS AND PIPES - EXPLAINING HYGIENE BEHAVIOR IN BURKINA-FASO. Stool disposal practices have been shown to be associated with childhood diarrhoea. However, efforts to promote improved hygiene behaviour are hampered by a lack of understanding of what determines those behaviours. Data from 2793 household interviews with mothers of children from the town of Bobo-Dioulasso in Burkina Faso were analyzed to examine what differentiated mothers who reported using safer stool disposal practices from those who did not. Three 'outcomes' were considered: where the child was reported to defaecate; where the mother reported disposing of the child stools; and whether excreta were observed in the compound. Regression models were developed to identify those factors with the strongest independent associations with the outcomes. There was a consistent association between the source of water and the outcomes. Mothers with access to a tap in the yard reported using safe hygiene practices three times more often than mothers using wells outside the compound and twice as often as mothers who used public standpipes or wells within the yard. The source of water showed a similar pattern of association with observations of faecal matter in the environment. Improved sources of water may contribute to safer stool hygiene by reducing the time spent on water collection or by encouraging mothers to conform to higher standards of hygiene. Other factors which played a role in predicting the hygiene behaviour of mothers were the husbands' occupation, the number of health education sessions that she had attended, her zone of residence and family ownership of certain valuable objects. These factors are likely to be related and to be, to some extent, proxies for the real determinants of her behaviour. A model of the cultural, psycho-social and infrastructural proximate determinants of hygiene behaviour is proposed. Data from focus group discussions suggested that the main purpose of hygienic behaviour is to conform to existing norms of social etiquette. Trials of interventions based on changing such norms are needed to test whether this is an effective means of promoting of safer hygiene practices.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "Aza-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Saruma henryi. A new azafluoranthene alkaloid, named sarumine (1), along with six known N-containing derivatives of phenanthrenes, 2-7, were isolated from the whole herb of Saruma henryi. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. Moreover, antimicrobial activities of all compounds were evaluated.", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
+{"token": "High-mass dijet cross sections in photoproduction at HERA. Dijet differential cross sections for the reaction e(-)p --> e(+) jet + jet + X in the photoproduction regime have been measured with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 42.7 pb(-1), The cross sections are given for photon-proton centre-of-mass energies in the range 134 < W < 277 GeV The differential cross sections as a function of the dijet mass, M-jj, and of the dijet angular variables have been measured for 47 < M-jj < 160 GeV and compared to next-to-leading-order QCD calculations. The dijet events in the region 75 < M-jj < 100 GeV have been used to derive a 95% C.L. upper limit on the cross section for Z(0) photoproduction of sigma(e+ p --> e+ Z0X) < 5.9 pb. Upper limits on the photoproduction of new heavy resonances decaying into two jets are also presented for masses in the range between 60 GeV and 155 GeV (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "'The Seim Anew': Joyce Studies in the Twenty-First Century. Like few other writers James Joyce is likely to keep his critics 'busy for centuries arguing over what [he] meant' (Ellmann 521). This article on Joyce studies in the twenty-first century surveys the most significant trends in Joyce criticism - such as genetic, historicist, inter-textual, and comparative approaches - that have emerged in the last decades, and it suggests which areas and aspects of Joyce scholarship will be of interest for future generations of Joyce scholars.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Chemical changes in stored toasted crude canola and sesame seed oils. 'Alto' canola seed and sesame seed were roasted at 180, 200, 220, 240, and 260C, for 8 min or 10 min. As temperature increased, minor changes in fatty acid composition were observed Darkness and blueness in canola oil increased with toasting temperatures up to 240C, and then decreased. The darkness, greenness and yellowness of sesame seed oil increased with increasing toasting temperature. The overall color of canola oil was significantly darker than that of sesame seed oil (alpha less than or equal to 0.05). 2-Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) numbers for both oils increased as toasting temperature increased. TBA numbers of the canola oil increased with extended storage time up to 4 weeks and then decreased. For sesame seed oil, TBA numbers also were influenced by storage rime, but less change was observed than for canola oil. 2-Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content of canola oil was significantly higher than that for sesame seed oil when TBA numbers were compared to the same treatment.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Atomistic mechanism of elastic softening in metallic glass under cyclic loading revealed by molecular dynamics simulations. Metallic glasses (MGs) have a great potential for structural applications due to their high strength; however, they soften under cyclic loadings and exhibit low fatigue endurance limits. To understand the softening mechanism, molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to study the Cu50Zr50 MG within the nominal elastic regime, which clearly show that the quasi-static elastic modulus of the MG softens with either the decreasing cyclic frequency or increasing stress amplitude. Through the extensive analysis of the atomic trajectories, we found the complex elastic softening behavior is related to the activation of string-like liquid-like sites and atomic bond breaking in the cyclically deformed amorphous structure. Our current finding provides a quantitative insight into the atomistic mechanism of damage in MGs under cyclic loadings, also shedding light on the important mechanisms for fatigue damage initiation in amorphous solids. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "CONTENDING FOR THE CROSS: BLACK THEOLOGY AND THE GHOSTS OF MODERNITY. This article raises the question of what in the context of its practice in the United States lends the central symbol of the Christian faith for use by groups such as the Ku Klux Klan. This essay explores the ways that Black theology has exposed these \\\\'conditions of use,\\\\' and been a ground for the reconstruction of the faith in the face of this demonic idolatry.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "The singer of pain: Suffering and subversion in the poetry of Sando Marteau. Sando Marteau is a Swahiliphone performing artist who lives in Lubumbashi, DRC. This article places the artist within the tradition of Swahili poetry, yet outside of what it calls 'strung-pearl aesthetics', on which much so-called traditional Swahili poetry is predicated. This aesthetics projects a rigid prosodic structure upon poetic speech, whereby the formal arrangement of language corresponds to an equally harmonious and pleasing ordering of tropes and ideas. Swahili poetry that does not form part of the classical canon challenges these poetic norms and the intellectual frameworks embedded in such poetry. Congolese Swahili poetry, in particular, invariably falls outside of its poetic and philosophical rhythms. Here, the subversive tendencies in the lyrics of Sando Marteau are exposed. The intellectual attitude that informs the subversive potential of artist Sando Marteau's poetry is his existentialist orientation. Instrumental to subversion are the poet's troubling depictions of suffering. Suffering is the force that opposes culture's inherently totalizing tendencies. Suffering also reminds us to question dominant paradigms of thought and political organization. Conversely, the act of subversion keeps suffering raw and live, and prevents its easy subsumption under an essentialist notion that might render it tolerable, numbed or perhaps even commendable (heroic).", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Personality-based selection of entrepreneurial borrowers to reduce credit risk: Two studies on prediction models in low- and high-stakes settings in developing countries. Small business growth is critical for economic development and poverty reduction in emerging markets, yet there remains an over $2 trillion gap in financing these entrepreneurs. This study explores the potential of personality assessments to help lenders solve this problem and lend to more entrepreneurs and contributes to psychological selection research by examining the effect of high versus low stakes on response distortions and predictive validity in a new areaentrepreneurship with a new dependent variablepaying back credit. Results of Study 1 show that personality assessments are indeed related to credit risk, but response patterns depend significantly on whether or not the assessment is taken as a mandatory part of the credit application (high stakes) or as an optional research survey after the credit has already been provided (low stakes), and predictive relationships do not generalize between these situations. In Study 2, the distributions of personality dimensions relevant for entrepreneurs applying for a creditconscientiousness, extraversion, and integrityare shown to be different for applicants when in high- versus low-stakes settings. These findings convey several implications for the research on and practice of lending to entrepreneurs in emerging markets and offer new directions for future research.", "label": [5, 48, 50, 55]}
+{"token": "Laccase-aided protein modification: Effects on the structural properties of acidified sodium caseinate gels. Trametes hirsuta laccase (EC 1.10.32) alone was not able to cross-link proteins effectively unless high dosages were used. Incorporation of ferulic acid enhanced the formation of intermolecular cross-links. Cross-linking was more effective when the reaction was carried out at 45 degrees C rather than at room temperature. Size exclusion chromatography showed that ferulic acid monomers disappeared from the solution in the presence of laccase. Force at rupture point of the caseinate gels treated with laccase without ferulic acid was not significantly different from the control, while stronger gels were achieved when ferulic acid was present. Rheological measurements showed that laccase treatment together with ferulic acid resulted in higher G, values than the control. Gels were analyzed with confocal laser scanning microscope. A finer network was observed when the enzyme was used together with ferulic acid. Slight proteolytic activity resulted in a negative effect on the gel firmness and microstructure when laccase was used without ferulic acid. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Contingent Professionalism: Bureaucratic Mobility and the Adoption of Water Conservation Rates. Professional networks are widely recognized as important sources of environmental protection policy innovation. I argue that innovations are most likely to diffuse from professions to governments under conditions of bureaucratic job mobility. When an agency head arrives from outside the government he serves, she carries both a reputation and mandate for innovation. The incentives for innovation are less potent when an agency head is promoted from within. The result is mobility-contingent professionalism, for the priorities of an administrator's profession are more likely to become manifest in policy when she arrives from outside than when she is promoted from within an agency. Analysis of data from an original survey of water utility executives tests the effect of career path and professional involvement on utilities' adoption of conservation-oriented water rate structures. I find that executive career path is a strong predictor of an agency's adoption of conservation rates, even after accounting for climatic and institutional conditions. Further, the effect of professional involvement is contingent on career path: Professionalism is strongly associated with adoption of conservation rates for diagonally mobile executives but not for executives promoted from within.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "Coping with a fast-changing world: Towards new systems of future-oriented technology analysis. Transformations linked to disruptive events are causing a shift in future-oriented technology analysis (FTA) activities from individual large-scale foresight actions to smaller in-house exercises and capacity building. The reasons are manifold relating to the need for an even tighter embedding of FTA in policy-making in a fast-changing complex environment as well as to internal drivers for novel forms of future intelligence to support coordinated and coherent decisions within and across organisations. This paper identifies three ideal types: external FTA services, the institutionalisation of FTA, and FTA networks, whilst recognising that in practice these types are complementary. In empirical terms this requires further investigation, in order to understand how different combinations of activities actually operate in their respective decision-making contexts. It is important to improve our understanding of how far institutionalised FTA can form part of customised solutions for building capacity to handle disruptions.", "label": [5, 50, 52, 51]}
+{"token": "An Analytical Approach for Nonlinear Buckling Analysis of Torsionally Loaded Sandwich Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Cylindrical Shells with Auxetic Core. The main aim of this paper is to present an analytical approach on the post-buckling for torsionally loaded sandwich carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced cylindri-cal shells with the auxetic core. The considered shells consist of three layers, external and internal CNT reinforced layers, and the auxetic lattice core made by isotropic ma-terial. The homogenization model for honeycomb auxetic lattice core is utilized, and the equilibrium equations are formulated based on the nonlinear Donnell???s thin shell theory with von Ka??rma??n geometrical nonlinearities. The three terms of deflection are considered, the Airy???s stress function and Galerkin???s method are utilized, the explicit expression of critical buckling of torsionally loaded shells and load-deflection expres-sion of postbuckling states are achieved. The effects of two carbon nanotube reinforced layers, the auxetic core layer, the volume fraction of carbon nanotube on the torsional buckling behavior are examined and remarked.", "label": [1, 4, 41, 12]}
+{"token": "Stability of alcohol oxidase entrapped into AOT-isooctane reverse micelles. Stability of alcohol oxidase from Hansenula polymorpha, during and after the process of entrapment in AOT-isooctane reverse micelles, has been investigated. The study of relationship between pre-micellar components of reverse micelles and catalytic activity/stability of enzyme has revealed a major influence of the apolar solvent upon enzyme stability in time. Even the decrease of enzyme relative activity has been up to about 50% after 2 days of incubation in the presence of isooctane, a prolonged incubation time of 7 days didn't totally inactivate the enzyme. An insignificant influence of the anionic surfactant AOT has been detected, either in aqueous media or apolar media, for the experimental concentrations (maximum 0.7mM, respectively 50 mM). After the complete entrapment of enzyme in reverse micelles, as global system, it has been determined a similar stability profile of alcohol oxidase as in pre-micellar experimental conditions, suggesting a partial inclusion of large octameric molecule of alcohol oxidase in the AOT-consisting micellar interface. For the experimental conditions, solubilization of enzyme molecule in the aggregates of RMs was possible in the range of w(0) -10-30, but a proper enzyme stability has been obtained at the relative high w(0)-values of the range, w(0) =20-30.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Charcoal analyses as an environmental tool for the study of Early Medieval sunken houses infills in Roztoky near Prague, Czech Republic. The research was focused on the testing of possible information value of charcoal analysis from infills of archaeological objects, when methodologically different approaches are used in the combination with the micromorphological and pollen-analytical approach. The case study site chosen for this type of study is the unique Early Medieval settlement at Roztoky, Czech Republic. The comparative study includes the infills of 20 pithouses from the extensive settlement comprising about 750 (323 excavated) such archaeological structures situated along the left bank of Vltava River close to what today is the city of Prague. A combination of three anthracological outcomes (the number of charcoal fragments, the anthracomass, and the qualitative frequency of charcoal species) proves to be a powerful tool in determining the vegetation pattern in the surrounding landscape. The study revealed a major effect of post-depositional processes and quantification methods on the final anthracological interpretation. A modification of the anthracological record in different layers was traced in order to assess the applicability of sedimentology and micromorphology in the interpreting of the primary use and ending of the objects found. The reliability of anthracological interpretations are then compared with the results of micromorphological analyses and with regional vegetation patterns interpreted from pollen analyses of an off-site pollen profile. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
+{"token": "Water Externalities: Tragedy of the Common Canal. Laboratory experiments are used to investigate alternative solutions to the allocation problem of a common-pool resource with unidirectional flow. Focus is on the comparative economic efficiency of nonbinding communications, bilateral \\\\'Coasian\\\\' bargaining, allocation by auction, and allocation by exogenous usage fee. All solutions improve allocative efficiency, but communication and bilateral bargaining are not generally as effective as market allocations. An exogenously imposed optimal fee results in the greatest allocative efficiency, closely followed by an auction allocation that determines the usage fee endogenously.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Psychometric properties of DAPonDEN: Definitions, attitudes and practices in relation to diarrhea during enteral nutrition questionnaire. Conclusion. The items in each of the underlying dimensions seem to measure the respective concepts for definition, attitude and practices adequately. The 18-items DAPonDEN instrument can be a suitable education tool to be used in relation to diarrhea during EN. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Results. In the final model, three items in DAPonDEN were dropped. In the exploratory factor analysis, five factors were extracted that explained a total of 55% of the variation in the remaining 18 items. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value was 0.723. For definition, there were two underlying factors: 'Key items in defining diarrhea' and 'non-key items in defining diarrhea'. For attitude there was a single factor. For practice, there were two underlying factors: 'enteral nutrition (EN) related' and 'awareness related'.Methods. Data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis from a cross sectional study of 102 nurses aged 18 and over, conducted from December 2011 to February 2012 in Malaysia. Face and content validity of DAPonDEN were first evaluated by few expert panels and patients. For this study, adult nurses were recruited from the adult wards.Objectives. To investigate the psychometric properties of the developed 21 item questionnaire to measure definitions, attitudes and management practices in relation to diarrhea during enteral nutrition (DAPonDEN).", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Cryphonectria parasitica vegetative compatibility type analysis of populations in south-western France and northern Spain. A comprehensive study of the population biology of Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight, is required to understand the spread of the epidemic in Europe and its natural regulation by the Cryphonectria hypovirus-1 (CHV-1). With this objective in mind, the diversity in vegetative compatibility (vc) types and mating types of C. parasitica populations was assessed in 43 chestnut sites in western France and northern Spain. Isolates were sampled in three regions along the Pyrenees mountains (Hautes Pyrenees, Pyrenees Atlantiques and Navarra) and in two regions north of the Pyrenees (Landes and Dordogne). There were 61 vc types observed in 682 isolates sampled. Ninety-five isolates (14%) could not be assigned to any one of the previously known European vc types. The finding of 47 incompatible vc types confirmed that the genetics of vegetative compatibility could not be totally accounted for by six diallelic vic genes. The two idiomorphs of the mating type gene were detected in all regions, indicating that sexual reproduction could occur within and between vc types. In all regions except Dordogne, C. parasitica populations were dominated either by the vc type EU-66 or EU-72. Neither vc type has been reported elsewhere in Europe, which suggests that two different introductions of C. parasitica have occurred in the study area. In Dordogne, populations were dominated by EU-33 and EU-2, and to a lesser extent EU-66 and EU-72. The low diversity in vc types for most of the C. parasitica populations provides good opportunities for natural regulation in forest coppices and for biocontrol with CHV-1 in orchards.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Government Funding for Faith-Based International Development: Empirical Evidence from a U.S. Survey. In a move that some equate with a \\\\'turn to religion,\\\\' state, regional, and international donors now all seek to partner with religious organizations to deliver international humanitarian aid. Evidence indicates, however, that this invitation is not always accepted. The United States serves as a prominent example. Although the United States went so far as to establish an office in USAID to facilitate coordination with faith-based organizations in 2002, the number of religious organizations receiving USAID funds remains low. My research suggests that this is also true of faith-based aid applications. An online survey of over 400 U.S.-based nonprofits with international operations reveals that perceptions of government bias likely deter many religious NGOs in the United States from applying for government funds. While this explanation may be unique to the United States, it may also provide a testable hypothesis to scholars studying similar dynamics in other donor countries and organizations.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Effects of lorazepam on deductive reasoning. Methods This was a double-blind, crossover design study of acute oral doses of lorazepam (2 mg) and placebo, using young healthy volunteers. We focused on response delay of three separable phases of deductive reasoning and matched working memory tasks (that involved only maintenance of information) the premise processing phase, the premise integration phase, and the validation phase, in which reasoners decide whether a conclusion logically follows from the premises (reasoning task) or is identical to one of the premises (maintenance task). Type of relations in the premises was also manipulated. We employed material that was difficult to envisage visually and visuospatially (\\\\'subiconic\\\\') and material easy to envisage visually or visuospatially.Rationale Benzodiazepines slow reasoning performance, but it is still unknown which phase of reasoning is affected and whether this effect is present for different types of relations between entities in reasoning problems.Objectives We investigated which phases of deductive reasoning are affected by lorazepam and whether this effect varies according to the type of relations in deductive reasoning problems.Results Lorazepam slowed response as memory load increased, irrespective of type of relations. It also specifically slowed validation in reasoning problems with visual relations, an effect that disappeared after subtraction of maintenance scores, and increased validation time in problems with subiconic relations, which remained after this subtraction.Conclusion Acute lorazepam administration affected reasoning in two ways: it slowed processing nonspecifically when working memory demands increased and augmented validation time depending on the difficulty in generating and/or manipulating mental representations by the central executive.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 23]}
+{"token": "KiDoQ: using docking based energy scores to develop ligand based model for predicting antibacterials. Results: This paper describes a methodology for predicting novel/potent inhibitors against DHDPS. Here, quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) models were trained and tested on experimentally verified 23 enzyme's inhibitors having inhibitory value (K-i) in the range of 0.005-22(mM). These inhibitors were docked at the active site of DHDPS (1YXD) using AutoDock software, which resulted in 11 energy-based descriptors. For QSAR modeling, Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) model was engendered using best four energy-based descriptors yielding correlation values R/q(2) of 0.82/0.67 and MAE of 2.43. Additionally, Support Vector Machine (SVM) based model was developed with three crucial descriptors selected using F-stepping remove-one approach, which enhanced the performance by attaining R/q(2) values of 0.93/0.80 and MAE of 1.89. To validate the performance of QSAR models, external cross-validation procedure was adopted which accomplished high training/testing correlation values (q(2)/r(2)) in the range of 0.78-0.83/0.93-0.95.Conclusions: Our results suggests that ligand-receptor binding interactions for DHDPS employing QSAR modeling seems to be a promising approach for prediction of antibacterial agents. To serve the experimentalist to develop novel/potent inhibitors, a webserver \\\\'KiDoQ\\\\' has been developed http://crdd.osdd.net/raghava/kidoq, which allows the prediction of Ki value of a new ligand molecule against DHDPS.Background: Identification of novel drug targets and their inhibitors is a major challenge in the field of drug designing and development. Diaminopimelic acid (DAP) pathway is a unique lysine biosynthetic pathway present in bacteria, however absent in mammals. This pathway is vital for bacteria due to its critical role in cell wall biosynthesis. One of the essential enzymes of this pathway is dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS), considered to be crucial for the bacterial survival. In view of its importance, the development and prediction of potent inhibitors against DHDPS may be valuable to design effective drugs against bacteria, in general.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42]}
+{"token": "Competitiveness of Price in International Road Freight Transport. Over the last 30 years, the competition in road transport has increased significantly. For a transport company to maintain its position in the road freight transport market, the knowledge of the accurate costs arising from the transportation process is an important tool in the current competitive struggle. Carriers quantify the transportation costs in the process of price creation using the routes utilization coefficient, also taking into account routes with an empty vehicle. The value is usually set as a constant in the range from 0 to 1. The purpose of this paper is to show that it is more appropriate and economically feasible to consider this as a variable which depends on the direction as well as on the time of the transportation. In this analysis, a two-factor ANOVA model was applied to actual data of transport offers to Slovakia from 18 different countries recorded on a daily basis in a period of one year. The analysis shows that the direction of transportation is a significant factor in the offer, and therefore it is appropriate to include this factor in the price creation. The results of this analysis are in practice directly applicable to modify the calculation procedures and thus gain a competitive advantage for the transport operator in calculating the transportation price. Using this methodology, the carrier can determine the price more accurately and achieve greater price competitiveness in road transport in the common EU market.", "label": [5, 48, 49, 50]}
+{"token": "Tracing and periodizing China's food safety regulation: A study on China's food safety regime change. How has China's food safety administrative system changed since it was founded in 1949? How can we periodize the process of this historical transformation in terms of regulators, regulatees, and regulatory tools? This review article offers an analytical framework that distinguishes three regimes in the history of China's food safety governance: an old regime of command and control (1949-1977), an intermediate regime of mixed instruments (1978-1992), and a new regime of regulatory governance (1993-ongoing). In the article the regimes' features, advantages, disadvantages, and development tracks are discussed, and the groundwork is laid for an analysis of China's emerging regulatory state. Finally, a new notion of \\\\'transitional regulatory state\\\\' is used to define the current Chinese regulatory state based on its food safety regulation.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "Smoking Behavior Among 84 315 Open-University Students in Thailand. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of smoking among students in an open university in Thailand and to describe smoking patterns in relation to the personal and social characteristics of the sample. A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted in 2005 with 87 134 open-university students in Thailand; the respondents aged 15 to 60 years (N = 84 315) are the participants in this study. We found a substantial difference in smoking prevalence by sex, with a much higher proportion of smoking male (20.9%) than female (1.0%) students in all sociodemographic categories. Smoking decreased among men with a higher level of education or income; in contrast, among women, higher incomes were associated with more smoking. Most of the smokers started smoking in high school. The findings provide evidence that future policy making should aim to reduce smoking among the younger population in Thailand, and in particular, they point to the need to preserve low smoking rates among women.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Organosulphide profile and hydrogen sulphide-releasing activity of garlic fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum. Blanched and unblanched garlic were fermented using L. plantarum for investigation of organosulphide profiles, hydrogen sulphide-releasing activity, pH, titratable activity and microbial growth. Both raw and blanched garlic preparations allowed growth of L plantarum with corresponding lowering of pH below 4.0 and an increase in titratable acidity from an initial value of less 0.05% to 0.3 and 0.5%, respectively. Fermentation, alone, decreased allicin and vinyl dithiins, but increased the concentration of DATS. The H2S-releasing activity, expressed as DATS-E (mmol DATS/g oil), of raw-fermented (2.91) garlic was not significantly different to that of raw (4.74) garlic, but values in blanched (0.41) and blanched fermented (0.71) samples significantly decreased. Reductions in DATS-E values in blanched and blanched-fermented garlic corresponded well with the negative effect of blanching on the organosulphide concentrations of the products. Fermentati on with L. plantarum retains H2S-releasing activity by increasing DATS, despite notable losses in allicin and allicin transformation products. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
+{"token": "Performance of ternary double circulant, double twistulant, and self-dual codes. We study the performance of ternary isodual codes which are not self-dual and ternary self-dual codes, as measured by the decoding error probability with bounded distance decoding. We compare the performance of ternary double circulant and double twistulant codes which are not self-dual with ternary extremal self-dual codes. We also investigate the performance of ternary self-dual codes having large minimum weights.", "label": [4, 40, 41]}
+{"token": "Mathematics and Thought of the Purpose of the Intelligible in Plato's Work. The paper considers Plato's exposition of the teaching on the Good itself in the Republic, and the teaching about first principles in Timaeus and Phaedo. The starting point is to take Plato's proposition that the Good itself can be observed in its own place, that is, in its chora (Resp. 516b4-7). Such an observation is the observation of the Good itself by itself, and not in the image or in the illusion. The escape into logoi in Phaedo is not only the escape into language that presupposes ideas, but rather the escape into logoi which participate in the continuous analogy. The analogy dominates throughout the exposition of the first principles in Timaeus. Applied to the line in the Republic, it transforms that line from a mere analogy with a geometric example into the line on which the place chora differs from the place topos. Such a line enables watching the Good itself in its own chora. It belongs to a different mathematics which we can call noetic.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Determinants of Online Local Budget Transparency in Croatia and Slovenia. As a part of the public governance, transparency started to come forward during the New Public Management reforms, mostly for the evaluation of public sector efficiency. This article focuses on online local budget transparency (OLBT) in two neighbouring countries - Croatia and Slovenia. The article is pioneering in a comparative study of the determinants of budget transparency in the Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, based on a unique database and measure of transparency. The article tests the determinants of OLBT that reflect the accountability of local authorities and a cornerstone for public participation in the budget process. The following methodology was applied: using a data set of 768 Slovenian and Croatian local governments over the 2015-2017 period and testing it against several financial and socio-economic variables, and a random effects panel logistic regression, separately for Croatia, Slovenia, and a pooled sample. The results indicate that greater size of the population, higher administrative capacity and lower unemployment rate in individual local governments significantly contribute to higher levels of OLBT. This study demonstrates the possibility of developing a standardised measure of local budget transparency and using it to investigate the reasons for different levels of transparency in the two - and potentially other - CEE countries. The results of this and similar studies can serve as a basis for establishing cohesive local budget transparency policies for different countries and creating a combination of policy instruments to enhance transparency.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Care of the self in the daily living of nurses: an integrative review. Objectives: to identify if nurses care for themselves and describe such practices. Methods: this is an integrative review of the literature published between 2006 and 2018 and indexed in the Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciencias da Saude, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online and Web of Science databases. Results: the sample totaled 20 articles, grouped by content similarity in the thematic categories \\\\'limits and possibilities for the care of the self\\\\', \\\\'knowledge about practices on the care of the self\\\\' and \\\\'implications of care of the self in professional practice\\\\'. Final considerations: the knowledge about techniques on caring for the self allows nurses to develop themselves personally and professionally. We suggest to managers and administrators a redirection of the nursing practice that contemplates the strengthening of the nurse as the manager of care and leader of the team, as well as the inclusion of the concept of care of the self in the curricula of undergraduate and graduate nursing courses.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of the structures of polysaccharides from two New Zealand members of the Ceramiaceae. The structures of the polysaccharides extracted from Griffithsia antarctica and Ceramium uncinatum, both from the family Ceramiaceae (order Ceramiales) were evaluated. Both were based on the agar structure with a high level of precursors. The polysaccharide from Griffithsia antarctica was almost completely sulfated at the 4-position, with approximately half the 4-linked units either anhydrogalactose or its precursor (in about equal amounts comparing the sugar analysis with the linkage analysis), and the other half sulfated at the 3-position and, additionally, with 2-xylosyl, 2-sulfate or 6-sulfate ester as substituents. The polysaccharide from Ceramium uncinatum was somewhat different in nature. One in four of the 3-linked units was sulfated at the 6-position, while half of the 4-linked units were in the anhydrogalactosyl form, with approximately equal amounts of galactose, galactose 6-sulfate (anhydrogalactose precursor) and galactose substituted with xylose making up the remaining 4-linked units. Both polysaccharides showed low levels of 6-O-methylgalactose and 2-O-methyl-3,6-anhydrogalactose.", "label": [0, 4, 45, 9]}
+{"token": "The Late Permian herbivore Suminia and the early evolution of arboreality in terrestrial vertebrate ecosystems. Vertebrates have repeatedly filled and partitioned the terrestrial ecosystem, and have been able to occupy new, previously unexplored habitats throughout their history on land. The arboreal ecospace is particularly important in vertebrate evolution because it provides new food resources and protection from large ground-dwelling predators. We investigated the skeletal anatomy of the Late Permian (approx. 260 Ma) herbivorous synapsid Suminia getmanovi and performed a morphometric analysis of the phalangeal proportions of a great variety of extant and extinct terrestrial and arboreal tetrapods to discern locomotor function and habitat preference in fossil taxa, with special reference to Suminia. The postcranial anatomy of Suminia provides the earliest skeletal evidence for prehensile abilities and arboreality in vertebrates, as indicated by its elongate limbs, intrinsic phalangeal proportions, a divergent first digit and potentially prehensile tail. The morphometric analysis further suggests a differentiation between grasping and clinging morphotypes among arboreal vertebrates, the former displaying elongated proximal phalanges and the latter showing an elongation of the penultimate phalanges. The fossil assemblage that includes Suminia demonstrates that arboreality and resource partitioning occurred shortly after the initial establishment of the modern type of terrestrial vertebrate ecosystems, with a large number of primary consumers and few top predators.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
+{"token": "ANALYSIS OF A SQUARE NATURAL CONVECTIVE LOOP. The dynamic behaviour of a one-dimensional model of a natural convective loop of square geometry is studied. Steady states are obtained, and linear stability analysed. Two specific heat flux cases are studied, one with sinusoidal and the other with a piecewise uniform distribution of heating. In the first case, three ordinary differential equations decouple from an infinite set. Transition to chaos is similar to that for a toroidal geometry, that is through subharmonic cascade. In the second case a coupled infinite set of differential equations governs the systems. The stability region in parametric space decreases continuously as the number of modes considered is increased, showing that the system in this case is intrinsically unstable. Onset of chaos is through quasi-periodicity.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Postpartum doulas: Motivations and perceptions of practice. Design: a qualitative, longitudinal study using ethnographic methods; participant observation and semi-structured interviews.Setting: midwestern, urban, US; postpartum home care over three months.Participants: four postpartum doulas; 13 families.Measurements: participant observation during six postpartum home visits per family; 13 semi-structured interviews with doulas at the completion of each family's care; four summative interviews with doulas at the end of the study.Key conclusions and implications for practice: in the US, new mothers see midwives and doctors sporadically after discharge from the hospital. Postpartum doulas fill this gap in continuity of care by providing support for families as they transition to life with their new infant. Understanding the beliefs, values and practices of these important paraprofessionals will help midwives effectively integrate postpartum doula care into the care of women and infants. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Findings: when describing their postpartum practice, four themes emerged: supporting women, taking the mother's perspective, empowering women and empowering families. When speaking of the motivations, three themes emerged: being 'called' to practice, interest in preventing negative experiences, and career development.Objective: to describe the perceptions of a US cohort of experienced birth doulas who were among the first in the country to be trained to provide postpartum support.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Prediction of mesothelioma and lung cancer in a cohort of asbestos exposed workers. Background Several papers have reported state-wide projections of mesothelioma deaths, but few have computed these predictions in selected exposed groups. Objective To predict the future deaths attributable to asbestos in a cohort of railway rolling stock workers. Methods The future mortality of the 1,146 living workers has been computed in term of individual probability of dying for three different risks: baseline mortality, lung cancer excess, mesothelioma mortality. Lung cancer mortality attributable to asbestos was calculated assuming the excess risk as stable or with a decrease after a period of time since first exposure. Mesothelioma mortality was based on cumulative exposure and time since first exposure, with the inclusion of a term for clearance of asbestos fibres from the lung. Results The most likely range of the number of deaths attributable to asbestos in the period 2005-2050 was 15-30 for excess of lung cancer, and 23-35 for mesothelioma. Conclusion This study provides predictions of asbestos-related mortality even in a selected cohort of exposed subjects, using previous knowledge about exposure-response relationship. The inclusion of individual information in the projection model helps reduce misclassification and improves the results. The method could be extended in other selected cohorts.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Alphonse Louis Pinart in Alaska. In the late 1800s European exploration of the \\\\'unknown\\\\' parts of the world was being conducted in attempts to obtain lands for their various empires but especially lands that produced wealth. The rush was on to acquire valuable resources. This included the Northwest Coast of North America. As Europeans arrived, native cultures began to disappear. Scholars became interested in saving the remaining vestiges of native cultures. France was represented by Alphonse Louis Pinart, who traveled twice to Alaska and published several articles on his findings. Below are translations of three of his works.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Pathways to aggression: A factorial survey of ''routine conflict''. Based on data collected in 1994 from a factorial survey of 2052 respondents, this paper examines how routine conflict may escalate into aggression taking into account social context and characteristics of the victim and offender. Following Luckenbill and Doyle's (1989) suggestion, we developed a series of scenarios to examine the influence of structural position on the emergence of disputes and the legitimation of aggression. The analysis reveals a direct relationship between the intensity of an attack with the emergence of a dispute and the legitimation of aggression. Results indicate that situational aspects of structural position do not extend beyond sex differences. This emphasizes the generalizing effect of male on male confrontation in the legitimation of aggression. The strengths and limitations of scenario-based research for understanding violence in society are discussed.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Wide-Sense Stationarity in Generalized Graph Signal Processing. We consider statistical graph signal processing (GSP) in a generalized framework where each vertex of a graph is associated with an element from a Hilbert space. This general model encompasses various signals such as the traditional scalar-valued graph signal, multichannel graph signal, and discrete- and continuous-time graph signals, allowing us to build a unified theory of graph random processes. We introduce the notion of joint wide-sense stationarity in this generalized GSP framework, which allows us to characterize a graph random process as a combination of uncorrelated oscillation modes across both the vertex and Hilbert space domains. We elucidate the relationship between the notions of wide-sense stationarity in different domains, and derive the Wiener filters for denoising and signal completion under this framework. Numerical experiments on both real and synthetic datasets demonstrate the utility of our generalized approach in achieving better estimation performance compared to traditional GSP or the time-vertex framework.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Evidence that plumage bacteria influence feather coloration and body condition of eastern bluebirds Sialia sialis. Parasites influence the expression of secondary sexual traits and the health of infected individuals. We set out to test the influence of reputed exogenous parasites, plumage bacteria, including feather-degrading bacteria (FDB), on secondary sexual characteristics and body condition of wild adult eastern bluebirds Sialia sialis. Previous work has shown that FDB alter the coloration of structurally-colored bluebird feathers in vitro (Shawkey et al. 2007). In a correlational study of how bacteria affect birds in the wild, we found that female plumage got duller with increasing FDB intensity. Males tended to get brighter with increasing FDB intensity, but the relationship was not significant. We also found significant associations between plumage bacteria intensity and body condition, but, again, with gender-based differences. Female body condition was negatively associated with plumage bacteria intensity, while male body condition was positively associated with plumage bacteria intensity. Interestingly, plumage bacteria intensity of males and females in nesting pairs was significantly positively correlated. We also report the highest prevalence of FDB measured in a wild bird population, with FDB detected on 67/68 (99%) of individuals. Further work is needed to fully understand the relationships between plumage bacteria and birds, but our data indicate that plumage bacteria may have sex-dependent effects on multiple phenotypic traits.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Trace Monitoring of Goitrin and Thiouracil in Milk and Cheese. Goitrin and thiouracil belong to the thyreostats, a group of compounds that inhibit the thyroid function; thyreostats can be divided into two main groups: naturally occurring compounds, mainly originated from glucosinolates, and xenobiotic (thyreostatic drugs) compounds, used as growth-promoting agents and performance enhancers in food-producing animals. Recently, thiouracil was detected at low levels in urine and cow milk samples and a natural origin due to ingestion of Brassicaceae-rich feed was demonstrated. Considering that the natural occurrence of both goitrin and thiouracil can be due to the same type of feeding for cattle, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for their simultaneous determination at trace levels in milk and cheese was developed. Then, a limited survey and a study to evaluate their carry-over from milk to curd and ripened cheese were carried out. For both compounds, the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.07 and 0.20 mu g L-1 in milk, and 0.05 and 0.16 mu g kg(-1) in cheese; the average recovery values were above 80 %. In milk, their incidence was very high (aeyen95 %); the maximum value was 3.6 and 8.7 mu g L-1 for goitrin and thiouracil, respectively. In cheese, only thiouracil was detected at levels close to those in milk. During cheese-making, both compounds remained mainly in the whey; during ageing, goitrin content decreased quickly and it was never detected after 2 months of ripening.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "A Rare Complication of the Postpartum Period in a Dog: Vaginal Evisceration. Transvaginal intestinal evisceration was observed in a 4-year-old bitch had given birth to four puppies ten days ago, normally. For treatment, median laparotomy was performed and intestinal loops were reduced via intra-abdominal traction. Intestinal anastomosis was performed on the necrotic part of bowel and the vaginal tear was sutured. According to owner's request, the bitch underwent ovariohysterectomy. The dog was recovered without any complications. The absence of the main etiological factors in this case, suggests the presence of different factors that need to be investigated in the aetiology of the disease. To our knowledge, this case represents the first report of the successful management of transvaginal evisceration in pet practice.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Comparison of the renal dynamic scan performed with Tc-99m-L, L-EC and Tc-99m-MAG3 in children with pelviureteric junction obstruction. The aim was to compare the renal dynamic scan (RDS) performed with technetium-(99)-L, L-ethylene dicysteine (Tc-99m-L, L-EC) and technetium-(99)-mercaptoacetyltriglycine (Tc-99m-MAG3) in children with pelviureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction. A retrospective study was carried out and children with PUJ obstruction who had RDS performed with both Tc-99m-L, L-EC and Tc-99m-MAG3. Children with any intervention in between the two scans or a gap of more than 2 months in between renal scans were excluded. The dose of each radiotracer used was 0.1 mCi/kg (3.7 MBq/kg), with a minimum dose of 1 mCi (37MBq). RDS was performed using the F+0 protocol. The differential renal function, Tmax, T1/2, drainage pattern, and hepatic uptake of the radiotracer were recorded and compared. A Bland-Altman plot was used to assess agreement between the two radiotracers. Sixteen children were included in the study. A total of 18 obstructed and 14 normal renal units were available to us for study. The values of differential renal function as well as Tmax and T1/2 of the two radiotracers were in agreement. In three obstructed kidneys in which T1/2 on Tc-99m-MAG3 was greater than 20 min, 99mTc-L, L-EC showed T1/2 values of 13.3 min or less. Tc-99m-L, L-EC showed nonobstructive drainage in three patients who had shown partial obstruction on Tc-99m-MAG3 scan. The hepatic uptake of Tc-99m-L, L-EC was also lower compared with Tc-99m-MAG3. To conclude Tc-99m-L, L-EC is a useful radiotracer for the evaluation of children with PUJ obstruction, with better assessment of drainage and lower hepatic uptake compared with Tc-99m-MAG3. Copyright (C) 2018 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Parent Guidance of Young Children's Scientific and Mathematical Reasoning in a Science Museum. Despite increased attention to math and science education in the United States, relatively few studies have explored parent guidance of young children's mathematical and scientific reasoning in everyday activities. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of providing explicit guidance instructions on parent guidance and young children's reasoning during joint exploration in a science museum exhibit. Participating families were randomly assigned to an instruction group provided with specific guidance suggestions related to conservation of volume, or a control group who received no additional information but were reminded to read posted instructional signs. Findings indicated that all parents incorporated math talk into their conversations and fostered scientific reasoning by encouraging children to predict and evaluate, though the nature of their explanations and the amount of guidance provided differed widely. Parents in the instruction group provided more total guidance, asked significantly more why and how questions, and discussed the complexity of the size of the containers more frequently than parents in the control group. Children in the instruction group had a greater percentage of correct responses to explaining and reasoning prompts as compared with control group children. The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of the ways that parent-child conversations in informal settings support children's developing mathematical and scientific reasoning. Implications for museums are considered.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "The Euthyphro, Divine Command Theory and Moral Realism. Divine command theories of metaethics are commonly rejected on the basis of the Euthyphro problem. In this paper, I argue that the Euthyphro can be raised for all forms of moral realism. I go on to argue that this does not matter as the Euthyphro is not really a problem after all. I then briefly outline some of the attractions of a divine command theory of metaethics. I suggest that given one of the major reasons for rejecting such an analysis has been found to be unsound divine command theories deserve to be taken more seriously in contemporary metaethics.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "The influence of pH and bath composition on the properties of Ni-Co coatings synthesized by electrodeposition. Ni-Co coatings were produced on Cu substrates by electrodeposition from electrolytes with different pH values and different Co(2+) concentration. The current efficiency increases from 52.1% to 81.2% with the pH increasing from 2.0 to 5.4. It is clearly observed that the content of cobalt in the deposited coatings gradually increases from 9.4% to 19.6% as the pH value varies from 2.0 to 5.4. The Co content in the deposited coatings increases from 16.5% to 72.7% as the molar ratio of CoSO(4)/NiSO(4) varying from 1:5 to 1:2 in electrolyte. XRD patterns reveal that the structure of the coatings strongly depends on the Co content in the binary coatings. Both granular and dendritic crystals were investigated by SEM and the different crystallization behaviors were illustrated. The saturation magnetization of the coatings goes up from 96.36 kAm(-1) to 136.08 kAm(-1) with the pH value increasing from 2.0 to 5.4. The saturation magnetization (M(s)) and coercivity (H(c)) move up from 144.84 kAm(-1) and 15.27 kAm(-1) to 175.13 kAm(-1) and 125.20 kAm(-1) with the increase of Co in the electrolyte, respectively. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Classifying states: instrumental rhetoric or a compelling normative theory?. Many states use a classificatory approach to foreign policy: they put other states into particular categories and structure their engagement and relations partly as a result. There is one prominent modern international political theory - Rawls' Law of Peoples - that seems to adopt this approach as an account of justified state behaviour. But should we expect this type of theory ultimately to prove attractive, justified and philosophically distinct compared to more instrumentalist rivals? This paper explores the challenges generic to any such account, not merely those relating to Rawls' specific version, and surveys possible responses and their shortcomings.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 54]}
+{"token": "Flow Stress of bcc Metals over a Wide Range of Temperature and Strain Rates. A physical-based model for the flow stress of bcc metals is presented. Here, thermally activated and viscous drag regimes are considered. For the thermally activated component of the flow stress, the diffusion-controlled regime at elevated temperature is also taken into account assuming the non-linear dependence of the activation volume on temperature. The model was applied to A508 (16MND5) steel showing the possibility to accurately describe the variation of the flow stress over the entire temperature range (from 0 K to T-m) and over a wide strain-rate range.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Hymenopteran Parasitoids Associated With Frugivorous Larvae in a Brazilian Caatinga-Cerrado Ecotone. The purpose of this study was to investigate native species of parasitoids of frugivorous larvae and their associations with host plants in commercial guava orchards and in typical native dry forests of a caatinga-cerrado ecotone in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Nine species of parasitoids were associated with larvae of Anastrepha (Tephritidae) and Neosilba (Lonchaeidae) in fruit of Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae), Ziziphus joazeiro Mart. (Rhamnaceae), Spondias tuberosa Arruda (Anacardiaceae), Spondias dulcis Forst. (Anacardiaceae), Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae), and Randia armata (Sw.) DC. (Rubiaceae). Doryctobracon areolatus was the most abundant species, obtained from puparia of Anastrepha zenildae, An. sororcula, An. fraterculus, An. obliqua, and An. turpiniae. This is the first report of Asobara obliqua in Brazil and of As. anastrephae and Tropideucoila weldi in dry forests of Minas Gerais State. The number of species of parasitoids was higher in areas with greater diversity of cultivated species and lower pesticide use. The forest fragments adjacent to the orchards served as shelter for parasitoids of frugivorous larvae.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Child poverty in Britain and the new labour government. The new Labour government in Britain has made the reduction of child poverty one of its central objectives. This article analyses the circumstances of children in poverty and describes the specific initiatives involved in Labour's approach and weighs them up in terms of their potential impact. The impact on child poverty of policies designed to raise incomes directly is analysed using micro-simulation modelling, A major emphasis of current policy is on the promotion of paid work, and we explore the potential for poverty reduction of increasing the employment of parents. The policies that address long-term disadvantage are also discussed and finally the whole programme is assessed and future strategy is considered.", "label": [5, 52, 51, 57]}
+{"token": "Helmholtz theorem and the v-gauge in the problem of superluminal and instantaneous signals in classical electrodynamics. In this work we substantiate the applying of the Helmholtz vector decomposition theorem (H-theorem) to vector fields in classical electrodynamics. Using the H-theorem, within the framework of the two-parameter Lorentz-like gauge (so called v-gauge), we show that two kinds of magnetic vector potentials exist: one of them (solenoidal) can act exclusively with the velocity of light c and the other one (irrotational) with an arbitrary finite velocity v (including a velocity more than c). We show also that the irrotational component of the electric field has a physical meaning and can propagate exclusively instantaneously.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Exact Vlasov-Maxwell equilibria for asymmetric current sheets. The NASA Magnetospheric Multiscale mission has made in situ diffusion region and kinetic-scale resolution measurements of asymmetric magnetic reconnection for the first time, in the Earth's magnetopause. The principal theoretical tool currently used to model collisionless asymmetric reconnection is particle-in-cell simulations. Many particle-in-cell simulations of asymmetric collisionless reconnection start from an asymmetric Harris-type magnetic field but with distribution functions that are not exact equilibrium solutions of the Vlasov equation. We present new and exact equilibrium solutions of the Vlasov-Maxwell system that are self-consistent with one-dimensional asymmetric current sheets, with an asymmetric Harris-type magnetic field profile, plus a constant nonzero guide field. The distribution functions can be represented as a combination of four shifted Maxwellian distribution functions. This equilibrium describes a magnetic field configuration with more freedom than the previously known exact solution and has different bulk flow properties.Plain Language Summary Magnetic reconnection is a fundamental phenomenon in space science and is currently a subject of intense study. During a reconnection event, stored energy that had been bound up in stressed electromagnetic fields is released in the form of heat and the kinetic energy of particles. The NASA MMS mission is currently making measurements of these phenomena in the Earth's Magnetosphere, with unprecedented levels of accuracy and resolution. Our work presents a theoretical model of a structure in space known as an asymmetric current sheet such as the MMS mission encounters during a reconnection event. The model can be implemented into computer simulations, with which to compare to the results from MMS satellite data. This will help us understand the fundamental physics of asymmetric magnetic reconnection.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Studying protein fold evolution with hybrids of differently folded homologs. To study the sequence determinants governing protein fold evolution, we generated hybrid sequences from two homologous proteins with 40% identity but different folds: Pfl 6 Cro, which has a mixed alpha + beta structure, and Xfaso 1 Cro, which has an all a-helical structure. First, we first examined eight chimeric hybrids in which the more structurally conserved N-terminal half of one protein was fused to the more structurally divergent C-terminal half of the other. None of these chimeras folded, as judged by circular dichroism spectra and thermal melts, suggesting that both halves have strong intrinsic preferences for the native global fold pattern, and/or that the interfaces between the halves are not readily interchangeable. Second, we examined 10 hybrids in which blocks of the structurally divergent C-terminal region were exchanged. These hybrids showed varying levels of thermal stability and suggested that the key residues in the Xfaso 1 C terminus specifying the all-alpha fold were concentrated near the end of helix 4 in Xfaso 1, which aligns to the end of strand 2 in Pfl 6. Finally, we generated hybrid substitutions for each individual residue in this critical region and measured thermal stabilities. The results suggested that R47 and V48 were the strongest factors that excluded formation of the alpha + beta fold in the C-terminal region of Xfaso 1. In support of this idea, we found that the folding stability of one of the original eight chimeras could be rescued by back-substituting these two residues. Overall, the results show not only that the key factors for Cro fold specificity and evolution are global and multifarious, but also that some all-alpha Cro proteins have a C-terminal subdomain sequence within a few substitutions of switching to the alpha + beta fold.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42]}
+{"token": "A new technique for compacting ciphertext in multi-channel broadcast encryption and attribute-based encryption. Standard Broadcast Encryption (BE) and Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE) aim at sending a content to a large arbitrary group of users at once. Regarding Broadcast Encryption, currently, the most efficient schemes provide constant-size headers, that encapsulate ephemeral session keys under which the payload is encrypted. However, in practice, and namely for pay-TV, providers have to send various contents to different groups of users. Headers are thus specific to each group, one for each channel: as a consequence, the global overhead is linear in the number of channels. Furthermore, when one wants to zap to and watch another channel, one has to get the new header and decrypt it to learn the new session key: either the headers are sent quite frequently or one has to store all the headers, even if one watches one channel only. Otherwise, the zapping time becomes unacceptably long. We consider the encapsulation of several ephemeral keys, for various groups and thus various channels, in one header only, and we call this new primitive Multi-Channel Broadcast Encryption or MCBE: one can hope for a much shorter global overhead and a much shorter zapping time since the decoder already has the information to decrypt any available channel at once. Regarding Attribute-Based Encryption, a scheme with constant-size ciphertext is still a challenging task.In this paper, we introduce a new technique of optimizing the ciphertext-size for both MCBE and ABE schemes. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Discovering new technology opportunities based on patents: Text-mining and F-term analysis. Discovering new technology opportunities has long been a significant issue in both practice and academia. Among various approaches to search for opportunities, one of the most frequently used is to identify emerging or vacant technologies from patent documents. In line with it, this study aims to suggest a novel approach for the development of new technology ideas based on the F-term, which classifies patent documents according to the technical attributes of the inventions described within them. Since the technical attributes are analyzed according to various perspectives through the application of the F-term, which generates detailed and systematic information about technologies, the F-term can provide effective guidelines for generating new technology ideas, if utilized well.In the approach, we first choose a target technology for seeking new opportunities. Then, from the text mining results of the F-term data, we identify other technologies with technical attributes similar to the target technology, called reference technologies. The next step is to extract technical attributes that are commonly used in the reference technologies but have not been used in the target technology. Finally, we can obtain new technology ideas by applying these technical attributes to the target technologies. This is one of the earliest attempts to adopt the F-term for patent analysis; the proposed methodology can show how to best take advantage of the F-term and the wealth of available technical information in patents, and also can be useful in the idea-creation process for major and minor innovation.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
+{"token": "Understanding healthcare professionals' self-efficacy to resolve interprofessional conflict. Conflict within interprofessional healthcare teams, when not effectively resolved, has been linked to detrimental consequences; however, effective conflict resolution has been shown to enhance team performance, increase patient safety, and improve patient outcomes. Alarmingly, knowledge of healthcare professionals' ability to resolve conflict has been limited, largely due to the challenges that arise when researchers attempt to observe a conflict occurring in real time. Research literature has identified three central components that seem to influence healthcare professional's perceived ability to resolve conflict: communication competence, problem-solving ability, and conflict resolution education and training. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of communication competence, problem-solving ability, and conflict resolution education and training on healthcare professionals' perceived ability to resolve conflicts. This study employed a cross-sectional survey design. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that two of the three central components-conflict resolution education and training and communication competence-were found to be statistically significant predictors of healthcare professionals' perceived ability to resolve conflict. Implications include a call to action for clinicians and academicians to recognize the importance of communication competence and conflict resolution education and training as a vital area in interprofessional pre- and post-licensure education and collaborative practice.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Behavior of immunologically castrated barrows in comparison to gilts, physically castrated barrows, and intact male pigs. The behavior of immunologically castrated barrows (IC; with Improvest; Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ) was compared with that of intact males (IM), physically castrated barrows (PC), and gilts (G). The study used 160 commercial crossbred pigs in a randomized complete block design (blocking factor was start date of study) and was performed over an 8-wk period from 16 wk of age (67.2 +/- 2.50 kg BW) to a final BW of 126.5 +/- 6.05 kg. The first Improvest dose was given to IC at the start of the study (d 0), and the second dose was given 28 d later. Pigs were housed in single-gender groups of 4 and had ad libitum access to feed and water. General, aggressive, and sexual behaviors were observed over a 12-h period from 0600 to 1800 h by the same trained investigators on d -1 (d prior to first dose), 13, 27 (day prior to second dose), 34, 41, and 55 of study (end of test). General behaviors (number of pigs lying, sitting, standing, at feeder, and at drinker) were recorded every 10 min in all pens (10 pens/gender), and aggressive (bites, head butts, and fights) and sexual (mounts) behaviors were recorded continuously over the 12-h period on a sub-sample of 4 pens/gender. There was no difference (P > 0.05) between the genders for lying, sitting, or drinkerrelated behavior. For the 4-wk period prior to second dose, a greater percentage of PC and G were at the feeder (P < 0.05) than IC or IM (8.0%, 7.4%, 10.2%, and 9.3% for IC, IM, PC, and G, respectively; SEM = 0.44). However, after the second dose, the percentage of pigs at the feeder was similar (P > 0.05) for IC, PC, and G and was greater (P < 0.05) for those genders than IM (10.1%, 7.1%, 10.0%, and 8.8%, respectively; SEM = 0.50). Prior to the second dose, the incidence of aggressive behaviors was generally greater for IC and IM compared with PC and G; however, after the second dose, the incidence of aggressive behaviors was similar for IC and PC and lower (P < 0.05) for those genders than for IM. The frequency of mounts for IC was greater (P < 0.05) than for PC before (25.5, 27.3, 2.5, and 1.5 total mounts/pen, respectively; SEM = 4.37) but not after (P > 0.05; 3.3, 33.3, 0.25, and 0.25 total mounts/pen, respectively; SEM = 1.15) the second dose. These results suggest that prior to the second Improvest dose, the behavior of IC was similar to that of IM and transitioned to become more similar to the behavior of PC after the second dose.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "NDT approach for characterization of subsurface cracks in concrete. A combination of nondestructive testing techniques is applied in this paper for the detection and characterization of subsurface damage in concrete. Thermography is initially used to locate the defects, in the form of vertical cracks beneath the surface, due to the variation of the temperature field as monitored by an infrared camera. Additionally, cooling down curves enhance the characterization by the different rate of heat exchange between cracked and sound areas. Consequently ultrasound propagation is used to estimate the depth, by the firm correlation between wave transmission and damage characteristics. The complementary use of the two techniques is discussed as a potential robust methodology for evaluation of difficult damage in concrete before it is visible. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "From the avant-garde: Re-conceptualizing cultural origins in the digital media art of Japan. Misconceptions concerning digital artists in Japan make them out to be mere followers, savvy with technology but not necessarily the conceptual originators of their work. Examining the aesthetic and philosophical content of their work, however, reveals that their attitudes toward the exploration of process, performance a the inherent nature of mate come from innovative and avant-garde groups of the 1960s and 1970s in Japan, including the Gutai and Mono-ha groups, whose ideas predate those of the New York avant-garde schools, even outside of the technological milieu.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Effects of Hot Air Temperature on Drying Properties of Biomass Brick during Heat Treatment. The effects of hot air temperature on the drying properties of biomass brick during heat treatment were examined. Biomass brick was dried for 156 h at 30 degrees C to 80 degrees C and 50% relative humidity. The results showed that the moisture content and density of the brick during heat treatment were affected greatly by the hot air temperature. The moisture content was affected remarkably by the drying time. Drying shrinkage extents were affected noticeably by the drying time and air temperature. The moisture content and density after drying were decreased with increased time. The compression strength increased with the increased air temperature from 30 degrees C to 70 degrees C.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Better forecasts, better plans, better results. value that decision makers place on formal forecasts-and the extent to which they act on those forecasts-depends on their conviction that the forecast is supported by credible data, treated in a logical manner. Structuring forecasts in accordance with the different ways that people view the future can enhance both the validity and credibility of the forecasts. These viewpoints can be classified into five categories: extrapolators, pattern analysts, goal analysts, counter punchers, and extrapolators. Although there are circumstances under which each of the different ways of viewing the future is most appropriate, the likelihood of a successful forecast is greatly increased when techniques from several of these viewpoints are used in concert.", "label": [1, 5, 48, 15, 50]}
+{"token": "Radiative shock experiments at LULI. We present the set-up and the results of a supercritical radiative shock experiment performed with the LULI nanosecond laser facility. Using specific designed targets filled with xenon gaz at low pressure, the propagation of a strong shock with a radiative precursor is evidenced. The main measured quantities related to the shock (electronic density, propagation velocities, temperature, radial dimension) are presented and compared with various numerical simulations.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Teaching computer vision to computer scientists: Issues and a comparative textbook review. Computer vision is a broad-based field of computer science that requires students to understand and integrate knowledge from numerous disciplines. Computer science (CS) majors, however, do not necessarily have an interdisciplinary background. In the rush to integrate, we can forget, or fail to plan for the fact that our students may not possess a broad undergraduate education. To explore the appropriateness of our education materials, this paper begins with a discussion of what we can expect CS majors to know and how we can use that knowledge to make a computer vision course a more enriching experience. The paper then provides a review of a number of the currently available computer vision textbooks. These texts differ significantly in their coverage, scope, approach, and audience. This comparative review shows that, while there are an increasing number of good textbooks available, there is still a need for new educational materials. In particular, the field would benefit from both an undergraduate computer vision text aimed at computer scientists and from a text with a stronger focus on color computer vision and its applications.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Digital supply chain model in Industry 4.0. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a conceptual model that defines the essential components shaping the new Digital Supply Chains (DSCs) through the implementation and acceleration of Industry 4.0. Design/methodology/approach The scope of the present work exposes a conceptual approach and review of the key literature from 1989 to 2019, concerning the evolution and transformation of the actors and constructs in logistics and Supply Chain Management (SCM) by means of examining different conceptual models and a state-of-the-art review of Industry 4.0's concepts and elements, with a focus on digitization in supply chain (SC) processes. A detailed study of the constructs and components of SCM, as defined by their authors, resulted in the development of a referential and systematic model that fuses the inherent concepts and roles of SCM, with the new technological trends directed toward digitization, automation, and the increasing use of information and communication technologies across logistics global value chains. Findings Having achieved an exploration of the different conceptual frameworks, there is no compelling evidence of the existence of a conceptual SCM that incorporates the basic theoretical constructs and the new roles and elements of Industry 4.0. Therefore, the main components of Industry 4.0 and their impact on DSC Management are described, driving the proposal for a new conceptual model which addresses and accelerates a vision of the future of the interconnectivity between different DSCs, grouped in clusters in order to add value, through new forms of cooperation and digital integration. Originality/value This research explores the gap in the current SCM models leading into Industry 4.0. The proposed model provides a novel and comprehensive overview of the new concepts and components driving the nascent and current DSCs. This conceptual framework will further aid researchers in the exploration of knowledge regarding the variables and components presented, as well as the verification of the newly revealed roles and constructs to understand the new forms of cooperation and implementation of Industry 4.0 in digitalized SCs.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
+{"token": "Simulation for position determination of distal and proximal edges for SOBP irradiation in hadron therapy by using the maximum likelihood estimation method. In radiation therapy with hadron beams, conformal irradiation to a tumour can be achieved by using the properties of incident ions such as the high dose concentration around the Bragg peak. For the effective utilization of such properties, it is necessary to evaluate the volume irradiated with hadron beams and the deposited dose distribution in a patient's body. Several methods have been proposed for this purpose, one of which uses the positron emitters generated through fragmentation reactions between incident ions and target nuclei. In the previous paper, we showed that the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method could be applicable to the estimation of beam end-point from the measured positron emitting activity distribution for mono-energetic beam irradiations. In a practical treatment, a spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) beam is used to achieve a uniform biological dose distribution in the whole target volume. Therefore, in the present paper, we proposed to extend the MLE method to estimations of the position of the distal and proximal edges of the SOBP from the detected annihilation gamma ray distribution. We confirmed the effectiveness of the method by means of simulations. Although polyethylene was adopted as a substitute for a soft tissue target in validating the method, the proposed method is equally applicable to general cases, provided that the reaction cross sections between the incident ions and the target nuclei are known. The relative advantage of incident beam species to determine the position of the distal and the proximal edges was compared. Furthermore, we ascertained the validity of applying the MLE method to determinations of the position of the distal and the proximal edges of an SOBP by simulations and we gave a physical explanation of the distal and the proximal information.", "label": [1, 2, 22, 15]}
+{"token": "Food Chemistry: a Kazakhstan Perspective on the Maillard Reaction and Acrylamide Formation in Common Foods. The Maillard reaction is largely responsible for the colour, flavour, aroma and texture of fried, baked and roasted foods, including bread, biscuits, breakfast cereals and other foods made from wheat grain, French fries and crisps made from potato and a wide range of other popular foods. However, it also results in the formation of undesirable products, including the neurotoxin and probable carcinogen, acrylamide, and furans. Kazakhstan is a major wheat producer and exports wheat grain to many countries, including countries within the European Union. The European Commission has already issued \\\\'indicator levels\\\\' for the presence of acrylamide in food products. Although these are not regulatory limits, food producers strive to keep the levels of acrylamide in their products beneath the indicator levels in order to avoid intervention from food safety authorities and the associated bad publicity. Sourcing raw material with low acrylamide forming potential would enable food producers to achieve this without expensive changes to processesand this is likely to be an increasingly important issue for suppliers. This review describes the Maillard reaction, the evolving regulatory scenarios in Europe and the USA and the implications for Kazakhstan as a grain exporter.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "What determines subjective socio-economic insecurity? Context and class in comparative perspective. The phenomenon of socio-economic insecurity is widely discussed in contemporary public and academic discourse. However, it is unclear how objective socio-economic and institutional conditions affect subjective feelings of insecurity. Based on a review of the relevant literature, we hypothesize that objective contextual factors of labour market characteristics, levels of social protection and levels of internationalization and globalization exacerbate or mitigate subjective feelings of insecurity. We derive and test specific hypotheses using data from the fourth round of the European Social Survey (fielded 2008/2009). Based on our multilevel analysis of 18 412 individuals in 19 countries, we find that socio-economic (GDP) and institutional (welfare state effort) factors are relevant to subjective socio-economic insecurity, whereas the degree of internationalization (economic globalization, share of foreign-born population) plays a surprisingly negligible role. Moreover, significant cross-level interactions among social class and income inequality, unemployment, labour market regulation and economic globalization indicate that these country-level factors have a class-specific impact.", "label": [5, 49, 54, 57]}
+{"token": "Patterns and controls on island-wide aboveground biomass accumulation in second-growth forests of Puerto Rico. Understanding the heterogeneity of biomass accumulation in second-growth tropical forests following land use abandonment is important for informing ecosystem carbon models and forest restoration efforts. There is an urgent need for a broad sample of second-growth forests to enhance our knowledge of carbon accumulation in human-dominated landscapes, especially for older forests. Puerto Rico has predominantly second-growth forests, ranging in age from approximately 25 to more than 80years. We used an island-wide sample of airborne lidar from the NASA Goddard Lidar, Hyperspectral, and Thermal (G-LiHT) Airborne Imager collected on March 2017, forest inventory data, and data on forest age, precipitation, soils, and land use to estimate aboveground biomass stocks in moist and wet, second-growth tropical forests. Biomass accumulation rates in Puerto Rico were lower, on average, than in other Neotropical forests. Median biomass across >16,700 ha of older second-growth forests was 105 Mg ha(-1), and sampled biomass rarely surpassed 250 Mg ha(-1). Differences in biomass by age were large and persistent across different substrates and land uses, with a plateau in the pattern of island-wide biomass accumulation after about 33years. A spatial regression model showed that multiple factors were related to biomass accumulation, including time since abandonment, geologic substrate, past land use as coffee or pasture, precipitation, topographic wetness index, and slope. Our findings have important consequences for the total carbon storage and expected climate mitigation benefits of large-scale reforestation efforts, and highlight the value of airborne lidar for quantifying biomass variability in complex tropical landscapes.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Novel Stable Ebola Virus Minigenome Replicon Reveals Remarkable Stability of the Viral Genome. Ebola virus (EBOV) causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates with a high case fatality rate. No approved drug or vaccine of EBOV is available, which necessitates better understanding of the virus life cycle. Studies on EBOV have been hampered because experimentations involving live virus are restricted to biosafety level 4 (BSL4) laboratories. The EBOV minigenome system has provided researchers with the opportunity to study EBOV under BSL2 conditions. Here, we developed a novel EBOV minigenome replicon which, to our knowledge, is the first EBOV cell culture system that can stably replicate and transcribe the EBOV minigenome. The minigenomic RNA harboring a Gaussia luciferase and hygromycin-resistant marker can replicate for months in a helper cell stably expressing viral nucleoprotein (NP), viral protein 35 (VP35), VP30, and L proteins. Quantification of viral RNA (vRNA), cRNA, and mRNA levels of the EBOV minigenome demonstrated that the stable EBOV replicon had much-more-active minigenome replication than previously developed transient-transfection-based EBOV minigenome systems, which recapitulate viral primary transcription more than genome replication. Interestingly, minigenome replication in the stable EBOV replicon cells was insensitive to interferon treatment or RNA interference. Moreover, RNase digestion of the replicon cell lysates revealed the remarkably stable nature of the EBOV minigenomic vRNA ribonucleoprotein complex, which may help improve understanding of EBOV persistence in convalescent patients.IMPORTANCE The scope and severity of the recent Ebola outbreak in Western Africa justified a more comprehensive investigation of the causative risk group 4 agent Ebola virus (EBOV). Study of EBOV replication and antiviral development can be facilitated by developing a cell culture system that allows experimentation under biosafety level 2 conditions. Here, we developed a novel stable EBOV minigenome replicon which, to our knowledge, is the first EBOV cell culture system that can stably replicate and transcribe the EBOV minigenome. The replicon system had more-active genome replication than previously developed transient-transfection-based EBOV minigenome systems, providing a convenient surrogate system to study EBOV replication. Furthermore, self-replicating minigenomic vRNA in the replicon cells displayed strong stability in response to interferon treatment, RNA silencing, and RNase digestion, which may provide an explanation for the persistence of EBOV in survivors.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Structure and mechanism of inhibition of plant acetohydroxyacid synthase. Plants and microorganisms synthesize valine, leucine and isoleucine via a common pathway in which the first reaction is catalysed by acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS, EC 2.2.1.6). This enzyme is of substantial importance because it is the target of several herbicides, including all members of the popular sulfonylurea and imidazolinone families. However, the emergence of resistant weeds due to mutations that interfere with the inhibition of AHAS is now a worldwide problem. Here we summarize recent ideas on the way in which these herbicides inhibit the enzyme, based on the 3D structure of Arabidopsis thaliana AHAS. This structure also reveals important clues for understanding how various mutations can lead to herbicide resistance. (c) 2007 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Odor Localization and Sniffing. For humans, the localization of an odorant seems only possible if the odorant also stimulates the trigeminal nerve. There is, however, some evidence that active sniffing may affect this ability and facilitate the localization of pure odorants. Therefore, we tested the ability of 40 subjects to localize a pure odorant and a mixed olfactory/trigeminal stimulus under 2 stimulation conditions: either odors were blown into the subjects' nostrils (passive) or subjects had to actively sniff the odors (active). Subjects could only reliably localize the mixed olfactory/trigeminal stimulus. However, we found a significant interaction between stimulation condition and nature of the odorant. So, the mixed olfactory/trigeminal stimulus was more localizable in the passive condition, whereas the pure odorant was better localized in the active condition. Interestingly, subjects had more correct answers after stimulation of the right nostril than of the left nostril (where subjects performed significantly below chance when stimulated with the pure odorant), suggesting possible laterality effects. These results suggest that active sniffing may affect our ability to localize odors. Other than mixed olfactory trigeminal stimuli, pure odorants are, however, not localizable even in active condition of sniffing.", "label": [0, 2, 5, 18, 8, 55]}
+{"token": "Ligand-Bound GeneSwitch Causes Developmental Aberrations in Drosophila that Are Alleviated by the Alternative Oxidase. Culture of Drosophila expressing the steroid-dependent GeneSwitch transcriptional activator under the control of the ubiquitous -tubulin promoter was found to produce extensive pupal lethality, as well as a range of dysmorphic adult phenotypes, in the presence of high concentrations of the inducing drug RU486. Prominent among these was cleft thorax, seen previously in flies bearing mutant alleles of the nuclear receptor Ultraspiracle and many other mutants, as well as notched wings, leg malformations, and bristle abnormalities. Neither the -tubulin-GeneSwitch driver nor the inducing drug on their own produced any of these effects. A second GeneSwitch driver, under the control of the daughterless promoter, which gave much lower and more tissue-restricted transgene expression, exhibited only mild bristle abnormalities in the presence of high levels of RU486. Coexpression of the alternative oxidase (AOX) from Ciona intestinalis produced a substantial shift in the developmental outcome toward a wild-type phenotype, which was dependent on the AOX expression level. Neither an enzymatically inactivated variant of AOX, nor GFP, or the alternative NADH dehydrogenase Ndi1 from yeast gave any such rescue. Users of the GeneSwitch system should be aware of the potential confounding effects of its application in developmental studies.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "A Role for Taiman in Insect Metamorphosis. Recent studies in vitro have reported that the Methoprene-tolerant (Met) and Taiman (Tai) complex is the functional receptor of juvenile hormone (JH). Experiments in vivo of Met depletion have confirmed this factor's role in JH signal transduction, however, there is no equivalent data regarding Tai because its depletion in larval or nymphal stages of the beetle Tribolium castaneum and the bug Pyrrhocoris apterus results in 100% mortality. We have discovered that the cockroach Blattella germanica possesses four Tai isoforms resulting from the combination of two indels in the C-terminal region of the sequence. The presence of one equivalent indel-1 in Tai sequences in T. castaneum and other species suggests that Tai isoforms may be common in insects. Concomitant depletion of all four Tai isoforms in B. germanica resulted in 100% mortality, but when only the insertion 1 (IN-1) isoforms were depleted, mortality was significantly reduced and about half of the specimens experienced precocious adult development. This shows that Tai isoforms containing IN-1 are involved in transducing the JH signal that represses metamorphosis. Reporter assays indicated that both T. castaneum Tai isoforms, one that contains the IN-1 and another that does not (DEL-1) activated a JH response element (kJHRE) in Kruppel homolog 1 in conjunction with Met and JH. The results indicate that Tai is involved in the molecular mechanisms that repress metamorphosis, at least in B. germanica, and highlight the importance of distinguishing Tai isoforms when studying the functions of this transcription factor in development and other processes.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Impact of Leaf Removal, Applied Before and After Flowering, on Anthocyanin, Tannin, and Methoxypyrazine Concentrations in 'Merlot' (Vitis vinifera L.) Grapes and Wines. The development and accumulation of secondary metabolites in grapes determine wine color, taste, and aroma. This study aimed to investigate the effect of leaf removal before flowering, a practice,recently introduced to reduce cluster compactness and Botrytis rot, on anthocyanin, tannin, and methoxypyrazine concentrations in 'Merlot' grapes and wines. Leaf removal before flowering was compared with leaf removal after flowering and an untreated control. No-effects on tannin and anthocyanin concentrations in grapes were observed. Both treatments reduced levels of 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine (IBMP) in the grapes and the derived wines, although the after-flowering treatment did so to a greater degree in the fruit specifically: Leaf removal before flowering can be used to reduce cluster compactness, Botrytis rot, and grape and wine IBMP concentration and to improve wine color intensity but at the expense of cluster weight and vine yield. Leaf removal after flowering accomplishes essentially the, same results without loss of yield.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 36, 8]}
+{"token": "Synthesis of Grafted Nanofibrillated Cellulose-Based Hydrogel and Study of Its Thermodynamic, Kinetic, and Electronic Properties. Hydrogels were synthesized by a copolymerization reaction of nanofibrillated cellulose (CNF) with acrylic acid (AA) and acrylamide (AM) and N,N-methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA) as a cross-linker and their absorption performance as a function of composition was determined. Hydrogels with 4% by weight CNF had swelling of about 250 g/g and with 7% CNF about 200 g/g for water. Thermodynamic and kinetic studies of the reaction pathways and the electronic properties of the cellulose and monomers were investigated through density functional theory calculations. Thermodynamic investigations revealed that the radical formation of cellulose that initiates the hydrogel process can occur through the breaking of the homolytic covalent bonds C6-OH and C3-OH. The results show that the reaction of CNF with monomers is thermodynamically favorable in the decreasing order of AM, AA, and MBA. The kinetic study also indicates that the reaction kinetics of CNF with AM is faster than with AA which is much faster than with MBA Overall, this study has elucidated some of the key chemical characteristics that impact the derivatization of nanocellulose structures to produce advanced renewable bioproducts.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 36, 8]}
+{"token": "Internalized homophobia, mental health, sexual behaviors, and outness of gay/bisexual men from Southwest China. Background: Social attitudes toward male homosexuality in China so far are still not optimistic. Sexual minorities in China have reported high levels of internalized homophobia.Results: This descriptive study found the Internalized Homophobia Scale to be suitable for use in China. The sample demonstrated a high prevalence of internalized homophobia. Latent profile analysis suggested a 2-class solution as optimal, and a high level of internalized homophobia was significantly associated with greater psychological distress (Wald = 6.49, AOR = 1.66), transactional sex during the previous 6 months (Wald = 5.23, AOR = 2.77), more sexual compulsions (Wald = 14.05, AOR = 2.12), and the concealment of sexual identity from others (Wald = 30.70, AOR = 0.30) and parents (Wald = 6.72, AOR = 0.49).Conclusions: These findings contribute to our understanding of internalized homophobia in China, and highlight the need to decrease gay-related psychological stress/distress and improve public health services.Methods: This Internet-based study examined the associations among internalized homophobia, mental health, sexual behaviors, and outness among 435 gay/bisexual men in Southwest China from 2014 to 2015. Latent profile analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, univariate logistic regression, and separate multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Unmasking complex migration syndromes and seasonal plumage colouration in the White-naped Xenopsaris (Xenopsaris albinucha). The White-naped Xenopsaris Xenopsaris albinucha is an uncommon suboscine passerine with a disjunct distribution extending from Venezuela to the Southern Cone of South America. The ornithological literature concerning this species contains contradictory claims about potential migratory movements, although most authors consider it to be sedentary. In addition, observations of the species exhibiting a mix of male- and female-like plumage during the non-breeding season have raised the hypothesis that it may undergo seasonal colour changes - a trait often associated with migratory behaviour and seemingly uncommon in Neotropical birds. Here we use citizen science and museum specimen data to interrogate the hypotheses of migratory behaviour and seasonal phenotypic variation in the species. We found evidence for three disjunct breeding populations, of which one is resident, one is apparently partially migratory and one is fully migratory, with birds from the last two populations coming into contact during the non-breeding season. We also found evidence for seasonal variation in the species' plumage colouration. Our results suggest that the White-naped Xenopsaris has both resident and migratory populations and exhibits an eclipse plumage, and highlight the value of citizen science data to study seasonal variation in plumage colouration.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Nulling interferometry: performance comparison between Antarctica and other ground-based sites. Conclusions. The perspectives for high dynamic range, high angular resolution infrared astronomy on the high Antarctic plateau look very promising.Aims. We investigate the performance of a nulling interferometer optimised for the detection of exozodiacal discs at Dome C, on the high Antarctic plateau, and compare it to the expected performance of similar instruments at temperate sites.Context. Detecting the presence of circumstellar dust around nearby solar-type main sequence stars is an important pre-requisite for the design of future life-finding space missions such as ESA's Darwin or NASA's Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF). The high Antarctic plateau may provide appropriate conditions to perform such a survey from the ground.Methods. Based on the currently available measurements of the atmospheric turbulence characteristics at Dome C, we adapt the GENIEsim software (Absil et al. 2006, A& A, 448, 787) to simulate the performance of a nulling interferometer on the high Antarctic plateau. To feed a realistic instrumental configuration into the simulator, we propose a conceptual design for ALADDIN, the Antarctic L-band Astrophysics Discovery Demonstrator for Interferometric Nulling. We assume that this instrument can be placed above the 30-m thick boundary layer, where most of the atmospheric turbulence originates.Results. We show that an optimised nulling interferometer operating on a pair of 1-m class telescopes located 30 m above the ground could achieve a better sensitivity than a similar instrument working with two 8-m class telescopes at a temperate site such as Cerro Paranal. The detection of circumstellar discs about 20 times as dense as our local zodiacal cloud seems within reach for typical Darwin/TPF targets in an integration time of a few hours. Moreover, the exceptional turbulence conditions significantly relax the requirements on real-time control loops, which has favourable consequences on the feasibility of the nulling instrument.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "SACRIFICE, MIMETIC RIVALRY AND 'SCAPEGOAT' IN R. GIRARD. Taking as starting point the work of Rene Girard this article aims to present the anthropological dimension present in the work of this author, highlighting its originality and novelty when thinking man as a social desiring animal. The mimetic theory, as Girard formules, intended to be a theory, placing in the center of its reflection desire and imitation. To understand how to structure the current and archaic societies, starting from anthropological mechanisms to assert that societies structure from the desire of the sacrifices, and the necessity of always being the mechanism of the scapegoat It is from this premise that sacrifice is the first human institution, with the ability to preserve the pharmacological society and enable their subsistence over time. Culture, in turn, is created from the mimetic desire, and the mechanism of the scapegoat mechanism victimizer par excellence that structure society. Considering these three concepts - sacrifice, mimetic desire and the scapegoat mechanism - the article shows how these concepts are related and how they can enrich previous studies on these topics. Unlike other ideas about mimesis, Girard recognizes her role essentially harmful and assigns it along with the desire, the main motive of the subject to violence. That said, let us ask ourselves, how to protect man from his own violence?", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Vapour extraction from a water-saturated geothermal reservoir. We examine the decompression and associated flow of water through a high-pressure permeable rock towards a well of low pressure. Using a series of new analytical similarity solutions., and some asymptotic simplifications, we explore the controls on the vaporization as a function of (i) the pressure jump from the far field to the well; (ii) the initial Superheat of the reservoir and (iii) the permeability of the system. We find that for a sufficiently large pressure decrease, the liquid becomes superheated and boils, leading to venting of vapour into the well. For a low-permeability system, the flux of liquid from the far field is rate limiting and a sharp boiling interface develops ahead of the well. However, in higher-permeability rock, the flux of water from the far field increases and there is insufficient heat conducted from the far field in order to boil this water. The boiling front is then located at the well, while the fluid ahead of the boiling front may become superheated leading to formation of a two-phase zone which spreads outwards from the well.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "This Feminine Scholar': Belle da Costa Greene and the Shaping of J.P. Morgan's Legacy. During the 1910s, Belle da Costa Greene (1879-1950), the personal librarian of John Pierpont Morgan (1835-1913), and later the major force behind the establishment of the Morgan Library as a public institution, became a key player in the international art world. Her personal history was rather extraordinary: she was an African American woman who refashioned her identity as a white person and while still in her twenties she became the closest advisor and confidante of Morgan, one of the world's most powerful men. In my article, I analyze the role that Greene played in the complex web of people and interests that revolved around Morgan's collecting enterprise. The dominant historical perspective on the art world has favored individual figures rather than the webs of players and mediators whose role was to create these networks. By focusing on Greene's professional practices and strategies, my goal is to shed light on the mediator as a prominent actor of the early twentieth-century art world.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Density dependence, lifespan and the evolutionary dynamics of longevity. Longevity is a life-history trait that is shaped by natural selection. Evolution will shape mortality trajectories and lifespans, but until now the evolutionary analysis of longevity is based principally on a density-independent (Euler-Lotka) framework. The effects of density dependence on the evolution of lifespan and mortality remain largely unexplored. We investigate the influence of different population demographies on the evolution of longevity, and show how these can be linked to adaptive radiations. We present a range of models to explore the intraspecific and interspecific density effects on longevity and, consequently, diversification. We show how the magnitude, type, and timing of mutation can also affect fitness, invasion and diversification. We argue that fitness of alternative strategies under a range of different demographic structures leads to flat, as opposed to rugged, landscapes and that these flat fitness surfaces are important in the evolution of lifespan and senescence. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 37, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "Impact of penicillin allergy records on antibiotic costs and length of hospital stay: a single-centre observational retrospective cohort. Introduction: Patients with a penicillin allergy record are usually prescribed non-penicillin antibiotics and have worse health outcomes. This study explored the impact of penicillin allergy records on antibiotic treatment costs and patient length of stay.Conclusion: Delabelling patients with a self-reported allergy record has potential to reduce antibiotic costs, but its biggest cost impact is via a reduction in excess bed-days. (C) 2020 The Healthcare Infection Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Methods: Patients prescribed a systemic antibacterial agent between April 2016 and March 2018 in a 750-bed English hospital were included in this study. The following data were extracted for each patient: age, sex, comorbidities, infection treated, antibiotic usage (defined daily dose), hospital length of stay and penicillin allergy status. Multi-variable log-linear modelling was used to determine associations between patients labelled as penicillin allergic and total antibiotic costs and length of stay. Using the above models, the potential reductions in total cost and hospital bed-days of 'delabelling' patients with a penicillin allergy record were estimated.Results: Penicillin allergy records were present in 14.3% of hospital admissions and were associated with an increase in non-penicillin antibiotic prescribing, a 28.4% increase in antibiotic costs and 5.5% longer length of hospital stay compared with patients without a penicillin allergy record. Patients with a penicillin allergy record accounted for an excess antibiotic spend of 10,637 pound (2.61% of annual antibiotic drug spend) and 3522 excess bed-days (3.87% of annual bed-days). Delabelling 50% of patients with a self-reported penicillin allergy record would save an estimated 5501 pound in antibiotic costs and 503,932 pound through reduced excess bed-days.", "label": [2, 25, 24]}
+{"token": "Feeding methanol in an FCC unit. The feasibility analysis of integrating methanol to olefins (MTO) with fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) process is based on their similarities and compatibility. Feeding methanol in FCC is proposed to produce more light olefins. According to the characters of FCC, the effects of reaction temperature, water co-feed, and the coke content of catalyst in methanol conversion were studied systematically. It is concluded that high light olefins yields from methanol conversion were obtained on the FCC condition. Feeding methanol in FCC at the bottom of riser as the proper position was suggested on the ground of comparison with MGD process of FCC. The research proved the feasibility of feeding methanol in FCC and provided important reference for its commercial application in a certain degree.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Influence of hen age on chemical and physical changes of egg components during storage. The influence of hen age upon chemical and physical changes of egg components during storage was investigated by means of low resolution H-1 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy which is a non-destructive method for the determination of the inner egg quality. For studying these changes eggs of Lohmann Brown hens were stored under various conditions. The age of the laying hens is significantly influencing the relaxation times T2(1) and T2(2). It can be shown, that there is a much higher influence of storage time and temperature on relaxation times T2(2) in comparison to hen age. Under defined conditions relaxation time T2(2) is varying from egg to egg and it is not possible to use the measured data as absolute indicators for inner egg quality. However, the method can be applied for this purpose if relaxation times of larger egg collectives are taken into consideration. In contrast no significant changes in lysozyme and conalbumin content of the egg white were detected. This was also true for the VMOI and VMOII content of the vitelline membrane.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Niemann-Pick disease type B: An unusual clinical presentation with multiple vertebral fractures. We report here a unique case of a 55-year-old woman presenting with a clinical picture of Parkinson disease, severe back pain, splenomegaly, and pronounced dyspnea. Radiographic examination of the spine showed multiple vertebral fractures. Niemann-Pick disease type B was diagnosed by findings of lipid-loaded histiocytes and a strongly reduced sphingomyelinase enzyme activity. She was homozygous for the deletion of codon 608 (delR608), which encodes an arginine residue in the Acid Sphingomyelinase gene. To investigate the cause of the unusual vertebral fractures, we screened for polymorphisms previously described as possibly associated with increased risk for osteoporosis and fractures. Our patient was heterozygous for the polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor gene, the estrogen receptor gene, and the collagen 1A1gene. Increased physical activity after Parkinson treatment, a genetic predisposition, together with worsening disease due to interfering medications could explain the dramatic presentation of this patient. She was treated with cholesterol lowering drugs such as statins to decrease sphingomyelin synthesis, avoidance of drugs that inhibit sphingomyelinase, and bisphosphonates. No new fractures have occurred, but the interstitial lung disease has progressed. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Aboriginal social housing in remote Australia: crowded, unrepaired and raising the risk of infectious diseases. Sufficient, well-maintained housing infrastructure can support healthy living practices for hygiene, safety and nutrition. This article focuses on the relationship between housing and health through a case study in the remote Barkly region in the Northern Thrritory, Australia. A research partnership between Anyinginyi Health Aboriginal Corporation and academic researchers employed a mixed methodological approach, involving interviews with residents, clinical and outreach staff, and clinical database analysis. The results revealed much higher levels of crowding in remote communities and in Thnnant Creek than officially recorded, with up to 22 residents in surveyed households. Interviews with clinicians and public health staff highlighted the impact of crowding on infection transmission, poor sleep and reduced personal safety, and damage to health hardware. The database analysis detailed the types of preventable, hygiene-related infectious diseases that dominated, with over half of the total infectious disease diagnoses being skin, respiratory and ear, nose and throat infections. Repeated infection likely contributes to increased rates of chronic kidney and rheumatic heart diseases. The combined overall findings highlight the parallel conditions of the prevalence of hygiene-related infectious diseases, crowding and environmental health issues (including health hardware). No objective evidence of direct causal relationships was obtained due to the small scale and methodological limitations of the study. More complex future research is outlined in order to understand how to further investigate the burden of disease that the affects morbidity and mortality of Aboriginal Australians, and underlies the urgency for housing policy reform and funding to upgrade housing.", "label": [5, 52, 54, 57]}
+{"token": "Intranasal Localizability of Odorants: Influence of Stimulus Volume. When an odorant is presented to one side of the nose and air to the other, the ability to localize which side received the odorant depends upon trigeminal nerve stimulation. It has been shown that performance on this lateralization task increases as stimulus concentration increases. In this study, we determined the influences of stimulus volume and sex on the ability to localize each of 8 odorants presented at neat concentrations: anethole, geraniol, limonene, linalool, menthol, methyl salicyclate, phenyl ethanol, and vanillin. At a low stimulus volume (11 mL), only menthol was localized at an above-chance level. At a high stimulus volume (21 mL), above-chance localization occurred for all odorants except vanillin. Women were significantly better than men in localizing menthol. Stimuli rated as most intense were those that were most readily localized. The detection performance measures, as well as rated intensity values, significantly correlated with earlier findings of the trigeminal detectability of odorants presented to anosmic and normosmic subjects. This study suggests that differences in stimulus volume may explain some discrepant findings within the trigeminal chemosensory literature and supports the concept that vanillin may be a \\\\'relatively pure\\\\' olfactory stimulus.", "label": [0, 2, 5, 18, 8, 55]}
+{"token": "The Mosaic of Belief in the Fourth Gospel. The Fourth Evangelist communicates the aim of the Fourth Gospel as belief and life among its audience (John 20:30-31). Moreover, what has become one of the most quoted verses in the Bible, John 3:16, identifies the one who believes as the one having eternal life. Understanding the action of believing is thus no marginal concern for the Johannine audience. This article surveys the evangelist's use of this concept and demonstrates that the Fourth Gospel provides no summative definition of belief, but rather illustrates fragments of contextually-and situationally-defined ethoi which form part of a participatory and performative immersion into belief and life, only translatable into the contemporary context if considered as parts of a whole: the mosaic of belief.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Simultaneous virus-specific detection of the two cassava brown streak-associated viruses by RT-PCR reveals wide distribution in East Africa, mixed infections, and infections in Manihot glaziovii. The expanding cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) epidemic in East Africa is caused by two ipomoviruses (genus Ipomovirus; Potyviridae), namely, Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV), and Ugandan cassava brown streak virus (UCBSV) that was described recently. A reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) based diagnostic method was developed in this study for simultaneous virus-specific detection of the two viruses. Results showed that CBSV and UCBSV are distributed widely in the highlands (>1000 m above the sea level) of the Lake Victoria zone in Uganda and Tanzania and also in the Indian Ocean costal lowlands of Tanzania. Isolates of UCBSV from the Lake Victoria zone were placed to two phylogenetic clusters in accordance with their origin in Uganda or Tanzania, respectively. Mixed infections with CBSV and UCBSV were detected in many cassava plants in the areas surveyed. CBSV was also detected in the perennial species Manihot glaziovii (DNA-barcoded in this study) in Tanzania, which revealed the first virus reservoir other than cassava. The method for detection of CBSV and UCBSV described in this study has important applications for plant quarantine, resistance breeding of cassava, and studies on epidemiology and control of CBSD in East Africa. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42, 21]}
+{"token": "Analysis of the conditions of pedestrian mobility due to territorial fragmentation. Case: Las Lajas neighborhood, Atlixcayotl Territorial Unit, Puebla, Mexico. The inhabitants of marginalized neighborhoods in the Atlixcayotl Territorial Unit face various mobility conditions when making long journeys to evade the barriers caused by the avenues and infrastructure built by implementing urban planning instruments in recent decades, which caused a territorial fragmentation in this area. The objective is to carry out an analysis of the conditions of pedestrian mobility of the inhabitants of Las Lajas by the implementation of urban planning instruments to generate recommendations that can lead to public policies. The methodology used was based on a theoretical review arid analysis of legal instruments, techniques such as field trips and measurements of time and distance, as well as the application of questionnaires and interviews. The results obtained show how the urban planning instruments prioritized the construction of projects and roads that fragmented the territory, conditioning the modes of pedestrian mobility in the neighborhoods of this area.", "label": [1, 17]}
+{"token": "Factors controlling mycotoxin contamination in maize and food in the Hebei province, China. Mycotoxins contaminate maize and thus pose a serious economic and health risk. Despite the prevalence of mycotoxins in maize and other crops, the agricultural management system has not yet been fully implemented in China. Thereby, there is an urgent need to implement management programs to control mycotoxin contamination in maize and maize-based feed. Here, we conducted a survey on the traditional maize production and feed processing practices in the Hebei province. We analyzed the factors of fungal infection and subsequent mycotoxin contamination in maize and feed supply chain and management systems. Our results show that the stored maize samples from local feed mills were heavily contaminated with fumonisin, at 9638 mu g/kg on the average, and deoxynivalenol, at 996.3 mu g/kg on the average. We also found that more than 75.0 % of the farmers followed good agricultural practices, whereas only 38.1 % of the farmers cared for storage conditions. The main factors for mycotoxin contamination included less strict receiving and inspection criteria, inappropriate storage conditions, and poor processing practices. The critical control points were feed mill receiving, storage, and feed processing. Visual quality, moisture contents, and mycotoxin levels in maize and feed were used as monitoring parameters at critical control points. This is the first study to thoroughly explore traditional maize and feed manufacturing practices adopted by farmers.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 39]}
+{"token": "The Role of Hatching Asynchrony in a Seabird Species Exhibiting Obligate Brood Reduction. Brood reduction is a within-brood partial mortality due to sibling rivalry, and, in some species, the death of at least one sibling in the brood is almost guaranteed (obligate brood-reducers). Imperial Cormorants (Phalacrocorax atriceps) usually lay three-egg clutches that hatch asynchronously over 4-5 days. This species exhibits obligate brood reduction, and last-laid (marginal) eggs serve as insurance against early failure of elder (core) members. Within-brood sibling asymmetries were manipulated to analyze their effects on breeding success, brood reduction, parental body condition and chick growth. Two types of symmetrical broods containing three similar-sized chicks at the beginning of chick-rearing (3-days old) and close to the peak in brood reduction (8-days old) were generated to contrast the natural asymmetrical brood. Breeding success and parental condition were unrelated to sibling asymmetry levels. Asymptotic mass of fledglings from 8-day old broods was lower than those for natural and 3-day old broods. Our results suggest that hatching asynchrony favors early brood reduction and improves fledging condition. Regardless of asymmetry levels, Imperial Cormorants were obligate reducers, and the insurance value provided by the marginal chick was negligible. Therefore, the insurance value of the marginal offspring appears to serve mainly at the egg stage.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "A new connection between wood saprobism and beetle endosymbiosis: the rarely reported saprobic discomycete Tromeropsis is congeneric with the symbiotic yeast Symbiotaphrina (Symbiotaphrinales, Xylonomycetes) and two asexual morphs misplaced in Hyphozyma. The only hitherto known species of the monotypic genus Tromeropsis, the rarely reported T. microtheca, is redescribed from recent collections on mostly little decayed, grayed, xeric, sun-exposed wood of decorticated trunks and branches of different gymnosperms, exceptionally angiosperms, from different humid regions of central Europe and a dry area in Macaronesia. Two further, very similar species are here newly described from decayed xeric wood of different angiosperm trees and shrubs from dry to arid regions of North America, Australia, and Macaronesia. Characteristics of the genus are: black sessile apothecia, dark olivaceous exudate, fissitunicate multi-spored asci, minute, cylindrical to ellipsoid, hyaline ascospores, a yeast-like asexual morph, and, in some species, a synanamorph with allantoid conidia formed on integrated conidiogenous cells reminiscent of the genus Lecythophora but with holoblastic conidiogenesis. A lectotype is designated for the type species of the likewise sexually typified, monotypic, illegitimate genus Microspora, M. dura, which was re-examined from the original material and found to be a later synonym of T. microtheca. Nuclear rDNA data were obtained from two collections of T. microtheca and four collections of the two new species. DNA sequences of T. microtheca match those from asexual morph isolates or environmental samples in public databases. Different misapplied names attributed to sequences from asexual morph isolates gained from coniferous wood from northern Europe, North America, and eastern Asia were re-identified as T. microtheca. A very close relationship between Tromeropsis and the type species of the asexually typified genus Symbiotaphrina, S. buchneri, was observed. Independent molecular phylogenetic analyses of three rDNA regions (partial SSU, ITS, partial LSU) each place Tromeropsis and the type species of Symbiotaphrina in a single supported clade without showing clear limits between the two genera. Based on multigene analysis, Symbiotaphrina was recently placed together with the small order Xylonales in the new class Xylonomycetes. We here validate the order Symbiotaphrinales previously published as nom. nud. and describe the family Symbiotaphrinaceae. Since the name Symbiotaphrina was validated one year before Tromeropsis was published, and is more widely used, it is adopted here and T. microtheca combined into Symbiotaphrina. rDNA data further suggest that two members of the asexually typified genus Hyphozyma, H. lignicola and H. sanguinea, belong to Symbiotaphrina, whereas the type species of Hyphozyma, H. variabilis, clusters in the Thelebolales (Leotiomycetes), where it is a later synonym of Cleistothelebolus nipigonensis, the type species of Cleistothelebolus. The new combinations S. lignicola and S. sanguinea are proposed, to which the newly described species S. desertorum and S. larreae are added. Based on their close relationship and a similar yeast-like asexual morph in pure culture, we hypothesize that the life cycles of all these wood-inhabiting taxa include a symbiotic phase in the gut of arthropods and, conversely, we suppose that the life cycles of S. buchneri and S. kochii include unknown sexual morphs growing on plant substrate.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "MIND/BODY/SPIRIT COMPLEX IN QUANTUM MECHANICS. Prevailing theories of consciousness may be characterized as either a physicalist view of mind with material building blocks that grow in complexity unto an emergent conscious experience, or as a dualistic model in which mind- body interaction is taken as the interface of conscious intent and unconscious bodily processing. Roger Penrose supports a model of consciousness that goes beyond dualism by adding a third domain [19]. The Three World model describes interconnected yet independent aspects of consciousness: Physical, Mental & Platonic. These three worlds are grounded in the three axioms of quantum mechanics: measurement, superposition and entanglement. The Mental World corresponds to the superposition principle in which all possible future realities are superposed as potentials before a choice is made. The superposition is analogous to the choices we make everyday. In the Physical World, the measurement principles states that the quantum system must collapse the superposed possibilities into a single actuality. The most peculiar phenomenon in quantum mechanics is entanglement. Quantum systems may be entangled in a timeless and spaceless way such that they will still be connected despite separation in space or time. The Platonic World is akin to entanglement, because mathematics and conceptual forms are unchanging regardless of space or time. Finally, a new model called Fractal Trialism is proposed which describes how there is a nested trialism within each of the three worlds in order to elaborate their interconnectedness. This model describes digital computers, quantum computers and shared experience.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Lederach's Peacebuilding Framework. The gender-sensitive methodologies, together with the three-tier peacebuilding model by Lederach, constituted the theoretical framework within which the study was conducted. Lederach's model was modified to include peacemaking. Although gender-sensitive approaches to peacemaking and peacebuilding have increased in recent years, especially among scholars, in practice these processes often still fail to adequately address the countless needs of women and understand the complex interplay between gender, conflict, peacemaking and post-conflict rebuilding. The study was qualitative and field-based. Individual interviews and Focus Group Discussions were conducted from August 2009 to July 2011 and involved 100 key participants. Prior to the publication of the book follow-up interviews were also conducted in 2016 to ascertain new developments of events. The majority of interviews took place in the northern districts of Gulu, Kitgum and Pader, with additional interviews in Kampala with key stakeholders. In the north, a wide variety of individuals were interviewed from government and non-governmental organisations, civilian communities and the returnees trying to resettle after many years in captivity and the experience of living in the IDP camps for more than two decades.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "A computational constitutive model for concrete subjected to dynamic loadings. A computational constitutive model for concrete subjected to dynamic loadings is proposed in this paper. The equation of state is described by P similar to alpha relationship. The strength model is first proposed for concrete under uniaxial unconfined compression/tension by taking account of strain hardening and softening, dynamic enhancement excluding inertial effect, and then extended to total stress space by taking into consideration the pressure dependency and Lode effect. The newly developed constitutive model is compared with the HJC, RHT and K&C models by employing single element simulation approach and numerical SHPB tests. It transpires that the newly-developed constitutive model for concrete is advantageous over the existing models. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Expected prevalence of the facultative parasitoid Megaselia scalaris of honey bees in Africa and the Mediterranean region under climate change conditions. The biological invasion with new pests and pest status are highly impacted by future climate change conditions. There are a number of parasitic flies that can infect honey bees causing some economic damages. The information related to the geographical distribution of such parasitic pests is very limited under current and future climate conditions. The facultative parasitoid Megaselia scalaris is the focus of this study. Ecological modeling approach was used to model current and potential future distribution of this fly in Africa and the Mediterranean region. Occurrence records from five countries, six temperature variables, future models for 2050 and 2070, and maximum entropy algorithm in Maxent were used during the analysis. The highest contribution in the model was to annual mean temperature, mean diurnal range, minimum temperature of the coldest month, and the mean temperature of the warmest quarter representing 92.4% of the total percentage. The performance of the model was perfect according to the evaluation analysis. The study maps showed the suitability of current conditions for the prevalence of this fly in various regions in Africa and Europe. Maps for all time points confirmed the occurrence of this pest in North Africa especially Northern parts from Egypt to Morocco, Sub-Saharan Africa, and countries in South Europe. The implications of such prevalence of M. scalaris on beekeeping were discussed.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Using Novel Technology within a School-Based Setting to Increase Physical Activity: A Pilot Study in School-Age Children from a Low-Income, Urban Community. Background. Less than half of American children meet national physical activity (PA) recommendations. This study tested the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of using wearable PA monitors to increase PA in school-age children. Methods. In Phase 1 of this study, conducted in 2014, 32 fifth-grade students enrolled in a low-resource middle school were given a waist-worn Fitbit Zip monitor for 4 weeks to test its feasibility (adherence) and acceptability. Adherence, wear time of >= 8 hours per day, was examined. Feedback was solicited from parents through structured interviews. In Phase 2, conducted in 2015, 42 sixth-grade students were assigned, by classroom, to one of three conditions (Fitbit + goal and incentive-based intervention, Fitbit only, or control) to test the feasibility of the wrist-worn Fitbit Charge and its preliminary effectiveness in increasing PA over 6 weeks. Results. In Phase 1, average adherence was 64.1%. In Phase 2, it was 73.4% and 80.2% for participants in the Fitbit + intervention and Fitbit only groups, respectively (p = .07). After controlling for baseline values, weight status, and sex, there were no significant group differences in changes in MVPA or steps from baseline to follow-up. Conclusions. While moderately acceptable, wearable PA monitors did not increase PA levels in this sample. They may be more effective within a coordinated school-based physical activity program.", "label": [2, 18, 19]}
+{"token": "The effect of different precooling rates and cold storage on milk microbiological quality and composition. The objective of this study was to measure the effect of different milk cooling rates, before entering the bulk tank, on the microbiological load and composition of the milk, as well as on energy usage. Three milk pre-cooling treatments were applied before milk entered 3 identical bulk milk tanks: no plate cooler (NP), single-stage plate cooler (SP), and double-stage plate cooler (DP). These precooling treatments cooled the milk to 32.0 +/- 1.4 degrees C, 17.0 +/- 2.8 degrees C, and 6.0 +/- 1.1 degrees C, respectively. Milk was added to the bulk tank twice daily for 72 h, and the tank refrigeration temperature was set at 3 degrees C. The blend temperature within each bulk tank was reduced after each milking event as the volume of milk at 3 degrees C increased simultaneously. The bacterial counts of the milk volumes precooled at different rates did not differ significantly at 0 h of storage or at 24-h intervals thereafter. After 72 h of storage, the total bacterial count of the NP milk was 3.90 +/- 0.09 log(10) cfu/mL, whereas that of the precooled milk volumes were 3.77 +/- 0.09 (SP) and 3.71 +/- 0.09 (DP) log10 cfu/mL. The constant storage temperature (3 degrees C) over 72 h helped to reduce bacterial growth rates in milk; consequently, milk composition was not affected and minimal, if any, proteolysis occurred. The DP treatment had the highest energy consumption (17.6 +/- 0.5 Wh/L), followed by the NP (16.8 +/- 2.7 Wh/L) and SP (10.6 +/- 1.3 Wh/L) treatments. This study suggests that bacterial count and composition of milk are minimally affected when milk is stored at 3 degrees C for 72 h, regardless of whether the milk is precooled; however, milk entering the tank should have good initial microbiological quality. Considering the numerical differences between bacterial counts, however, the use of the SP or DP precooling systems is recommended to maintain low levels of bacterial counts and reduce energy consumption.", "label": [0, 6, 8]}
+{"token": "Clinical and oncologic findings of extraprostatic extension on needle biopsy in de novo metastatic prostate cancer. This study aimed to explore the clinical and oncologic findings in patients with de novo metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) and extraprostatic extension (EPE) on biopsy. We retrospectively evaluated data on 630 patients with de novo mPCa between January 2009 and December 2017 in the West China Hospital (Chengdu, China), including evaluating the relationships between EPE and other variables and the association of EPE with survival outcomes by the Chi-square test, Kaplan-Meier curves, and the Cox proportional-hazards model. EPE was found in 70/630 patients, making a prevalence of 11.1%. The presence of EPE on biopsy was associated with higher Gleason scores and higher incidence of neuroendocrine differentiation (NED), intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P), and perineural invasion (PNI). Compared with those without EPE, patients with EPE had shorter castration-resistant prostate cancer-free survival (CFS; median: 14.1 vs 17.1 months, P = 0.015) and overall survival (OS; median: 43.7 vs 68.3 months, P = 0.032). According to multivariate analysis, EPE was not an independent predictor for survival. Subgroup analyses demonstrated that patients with favorable characteristics, including negative NED or IDC-P status, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score <2, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) <50 ng ml-1, had worse prognoses if EPE was detected. In patients with PSA <50 ng ml-1, EPE was a negative independent predictor for OS (hazard ratio [HR]: 4.239, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.218-14.756, P = 0.023). EPE was strongly associated with other aggressive clinicopathological features and poorer CFS and OS. These data suggest that EPE may be an indicator of poor prognosis, particularly in patients, otherwise considered likely to have favorable survival outcomes.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "The antimicrobial peptide, human beta-defensin-1, potentiates in vitro osteoclastogenesis via activation of the p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinases. Previous studies have demonstrated increased expression and raised levels of human beta-defensin (hBD)-1 in gingival tissue and crevicular fluid of patients with chronic periodontitis and peri-implantitis, oral bone-resorbing diseases caused by enhanced osteoclastogenesis. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of hBD-1 on osteoclast formation and function and to elucidate the involved signaling pathway in vitro. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were first incubated with various doses of hBD-1 and cell viability was assayed by MTT. PBMCs were treated with macrophage-colony stimulating factor and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) in the presence or absence of non-toxic doses of hBD-1. In vitro osteoclastogenesis was analyzed by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, osteoclast-specific gene expression, and a resorption pit assay. Involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was studied by immunoblotting and specific MAPK inhibitors. HBD-1 potentiated induption of in vitro osteoclastogenesis by RANKL, as shown by significantly increased number of TRAP-positive multinuclear cells and resorption areas on the dentin slices, and further up-regulated expressions of osteoclast-specific genes compared to those by RANKL treatment (p < 0.05). However, hBD-1 treatment without RANKL failed to induce formation of osteoclast-like cells. A significant and further increase in transient phosphorylation of the p44/42 MAPKs was demonstrated by hBD-1 co-treatment (p < 0.05), consistent with the inhibitory effect by pretreatment with U0126 or PD98059 on hBD-1-enhanced osteoclastogenesis. Collectively, hBD-1 potentiates the induction of in vitro osteoclastogenesis by RANKL via enhanced phosphorylation of the p44/42 MAPKs.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 42]}
+{"token": "Influence of pre-graduation international experiences on early career internationalization: The mediation effect of career capital. This study proposes a model to examine whether changes in career capital (knowing-why, knowing-how, knowing-whom) of graduates mediated the relationship between pre-graduation international activities and career internationalization. Results of a study conducted on a sample of business graduates show that the mediation effect of career capital is partial: only knowing-why is a significant mediator, suggesting the key role played by individual self-awareness over and beyond knowledge/skills and personal relationships in decisions related to early career internationalization. Further, only the more intense pre-graduation international (\\\\'immersion\\\\') activities directly affect the degree of career internationalization. Implications for firms interested in hiring young professionals oriented toward international careers are discussed. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
+{"token": "Introgression of multiple disease resistance into a maintainer of Basmati rice CMS line by marker assisted backcross breeding. Globally, blast incited by Magnaporthe oryzae and sheath blight (ShB) by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn forms two major fungal diseases that cause significant yield loss in rice. Pusa 6B, the Basmati quality maintainer line of the popular superfine grain aromatic rice hybrid Pusa RH10, is highly susceptible to both the diseases. The rice cultivar Tetep was used as the donor for transferring a major blast resistant gene, Pi54 and three ShB resistant quantitative trait loci (QTLs) namely, qSBR11-1, qSBR11-2 and qSBR7-1 into Pusa 6B using a marker assisted backcross breeding scheme with restricted number of backcrosses. Plants heterozygous for the alleles of interest and phenotypic similarity to the recurrent parent were used for generating BC1F2 population by selfing selected BC1F1 plants. Selected BC1F2 plants homozygous for Pi54 were selfed to generate BC1F3 families that were subjected to a step-wise reductive screening for the three ShB resistant QTLs. Final selections were advanced to BC1F5 generation through selfing while subjecting to stringent phenotypic selection. The advanced selections carrying blast and ShB resistant genes (Pi54, qSBR11-1, qSBR11-2, qSBR7-1) in the background of Pusa 6B were resistant to highly virulent strains of rice blast as well as ShB isolates without compromising the grain and cooking quality of Pusa 6B. Marker assisted transfer of blast and ShB resistance into Pusa 6B will aid in developing CMS lines with inbuilt resistance to these diseases. When combined with restorer lines possessing resistant genes/QTLs for these diseases, the improved Pusa6A lines will aid in development of improved Pusa RH10 and other novel aromatic hybrids with resistance to blast and ShB diseases. The present study demonstrates successful use of a restricted backcrossing strategy for introgression of multiple loci conferring resistance to two important fungal diseases in rice.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Analysis of Using Mixed Reality Simulations for Incremental Development of Multi-UAV Systems. Developing complex robotic systems requires expensive and time-consuming verification and testing which, especially in a case of multi-robot unmanned aerial systems (UASs), aggregates risk of hardware failures and may pose legal issues in experiments where operating more than one unmanned aircraft simultaneously is required. Thus, it is highly favorable to find and resolve most of the eventual design flaws and system bugs in a simulation, where their impacts are significantly lower. On the other hand, as the system development process approaches the final stages, the fidelity of the simulation needs to rise. However, since some phenomena that can significantly influence the system behavior are difficult to be modeled precisely, a partial embodiment of the simulation in the physical world is necessary. In this paper, we present a method for incremental development of complex unmanned aerial systems with the help of mixed reality simulations. The presented methodology is accompanied with a cost analysis to further show its benefits. The generality and versatility of the method is demonstrated in three practical use cases of various aviation systems development: (i) an unmanned system consisting of heterogeneous team of autonomous unmanned aircraft; (ii) a system for verification of collision avoidance methods among fixed wing unmanned aerial vehicles; and (iii) a system for planning collision-free paths for light-sport aircraft.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Surgical therapy for pulmonary hydatidosis. Surgical treatment of pulmonary hydatidosis varies from one country to another. Whereas some reports describe marsupialization of the residual cavity others favor capitonnage (imbrication) to decrease complications and hospital stay. Post operative complications and hospital stay were compared in a retrospective study of 53 patients treated surgically at the American University Hospital over a period of 10 years. Forty eight cysts were treated by evacuation after chemical sterilization, Fifteen were marsupialized and 33 were imbricated. Five were excised with lung parenchyma, 5 were delivered intact and one cyst was treated by lobectomy. There was no postoperative mortality There was no statistical difference in the hospital stay or the complication rate between the marsupialized and imbricated cases. Both imbrication and marsupialization are equally effective methods of treatment of pulmonary hydatid cysts. Anatomic resection is rarely required.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Yuan-Sheng dialectical holism and systems thinking: A systemism research tradition that integrated Chinese and Western holism. From the perspective of Laudan's 'research traditions', this paper attempts to propose the 'systemism research tradition' (SRT) that integrates Chinese and Western holisms based on complex systems science. First, we establish Yuan-Sheng dialectical holism as the ontological assumption of the SRT, emphasising that the world is a 'relation-centric' system. Yuan refers to specific time-space relations, and the becoming of the world (Sheng) from Yuan manifests as a dialectical holistic relationship in which 'contrary is complementary'. Second, we argue that the ontological assumption of SRT implies three methodological principles: systemhood thinking, synergistic thinking and emergent thinking. These principles focus on relations, openness, synergy, adaptation and emergence. Last but not the least, we argue that the SRT is a kind of applied systems thinking. The context-dependent multi-causation methodology, dealing with the sustainability of social-ecological systems, has been successfully applied in explaining the resilience governance of Guangzhou Haizhu Wetland in China.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "DEFORMATIONS OF ISOTROPIC SUBMANIFOLDS IN KAHLER-MANIFOLDS. We study the first and second variations of isotropic submanifolds which preserve the isotropy. In order to do so, we introduce the notions of harmonic, exact and isotropic variations and investigate basic properties of isotropic submanifolds which are minimal under such deformations. Many results in this respect are then obtained. In particular, we obtain a new characterization of Maslov class in terms of such deformations.", "label": [4, 35, 41]}
+{"token": "Photobiomodulation effects on active brain networks during a spatial memory task. Photobiomodulation (PBM) or the use of red to near-infrared irradiation spectrum, is a non-invasive intervention that produces neurostimulatory effects and reaches benefits in several pathologies as well as in healthy subjects. The main objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of PBM in a rat brain network on basal state and functional activity during the execution of a reversal task. Twenty-eight rats were divided into four groups: control group (n = 7), control photobiomodulation group (n = 8), behavioural group (n = 6) and behavioural photobiomodulation group (n = 7). Reversal memory was assessed using a Morris water maze and cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) was used as a brain metabolic activity marker. After five days of PBM, the control photobiomodulation group showed a decrease of CCO levels in the striatum, medial septum, entorhinal, hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, mammillary nuclei and VTA. Both behavioural groups performed the task correctly, however, the behavioural photobiomodulation group displayed CCO reduction in some regions involved in the execution of the reversal task: septum, entorhinal, CA1, CA3, central amygdala and supramammilar, along with higher levels in accumbens. These results could show the effect of PBM on active brain networks. Further studies will be necessary to elucidate its effects in different brain networks that are involved in the execution of other memory tasks.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Regulation of expression of the Epstein-Barr virus BamHI-A rightward transcripts. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BamHI-A rightward transcripts, or BARTs, are a family of mRNAs expressed in all EBV latency programs, including EBV-infected B cells in healthy carriers. Despite their ubiquitous expression, the regulation and biological function of BARTs are still unclear. In this study, the BART 5' termini were characterized by using a procedure that selects capped, full-length mRNAs. Two TATA-less promoter regions, designated P1 and P2, were mapped. PI had relatively high basal activity in both epithelial and B cells, whereas P2 exhibited higher activity in epithelial cells. Upon EBV infection of B cells, transcription from PI was detected soon after infection, while expression from P2 was delayed. Promoter-reporter assays in transiently transfected cells revealed that P1 and P2 were differentially regulated. Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) and IRF5 negatively regulated P1 activity. c-Myc and C/EBP family members positively regulated P2. Regulation of P2 by C/EBPs was characterized by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and reporter assays. More-abundant BART expression in epithelial cells correlated with the relative expression of positive and negative regulators in these cells.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "THE CENTRAL SLOPE OF DARK MATTER CORES IN DWARF GALAXIES: SIMULATIONS VERSUS THINGS. We make a direct comparison of the derived dark matter (DM) distributions between hydrodynamical simulations of dwarf galaxies assuming ACDM cosmology and the observed dwarf galaxies sample from the THINGS survey in terms of (1) the rotation curve shape and (2) the logarithmic inner density slope a of mass density profiles. The simulations, which include the effect of baryonic feedback processes, such as gas cooling, star formation, cosmic UV background heating, and most importantly, physically motivated gas outflows driven by supernovae, form bulgeless galaxies with DM cores. We show that the stellar and baryonic mass is similar to that inferred from photometric and kinematic methods for galaxies of similar circular velocity. Analyzing the simulations in exactly the same way as the observational sample allows us to address directly the so-called cusp/core problem in the ACDM model. We show that the rotation curves of the simulated dwarf galaxies rise less steeply than cold dark matter rotation curves and are consistent with those of the THINGS dwarf galaxies. The mean value of the logarithmic inner density slopes alpha of the simulated galaxies' DM density profiles is similar to-0.4 +/- 0.1, which shows good agreement with alpha = -0.29 +/- 0.07 of the THINGS dwarf galaxies. The effect of non-circular motions is not significant enough to affect the results. This confirms that the baryonic feedback processes included in the simulations are efficiently able to make the initial cusps with alpha similar to-1.0 to -1.5 predicted by DM-only simulations shallower and induce DM halos with a central mass distribution similar to that observed in nearby dwarf galaxies.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "ON THE NOTION OF SOVEREIGNTY ONCE AGAIN: REFLECTION ON ERNESTO GARZON VALDES CONTRIBUTION. The concept of sovereignty, theoretically made independent of problems of political justification, was used by legal theory as an appropriate instrument to explain law aside a normative notion of validity. The well-known Garzon Valdes's distinction between a sovereign-0 and a sovereign-1 is a necessary conceptual tool to reconcile such legal analysis to the reality of a constitutional State. However, as Garzon Valdes has also had the opportunity to express, the doctrine of sovereignty has significant normative connotations that end up by frustrating the aim of neutrality with which it was used. Such is the case when the theory questions the basis of the social phenomenon power consists of or when it tries to fit to constitutional States transforming itself into constituent power.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Pertinent Knowledge Storage Processes for Central Repository Design in Domain of Interlocking Institutional Worlds. Designing a Central Repository (CR) for supporting the domain of Interlocking Institutional Worlds (IWs) requires a theory or model from Knowledge Storage Process (KSP) literature to govern the stakeholders' participation in the CR platform. However, current KSP theories or models have limited capabilities, so there are clear gaps in the context of designing a CR for the domain of IWs. Therefore, this paper suggests processes which include Identification, Standard, Service, and Maintain (ISSM) as a new KSP model to fill these gaps. To understand the stakeholders' participation, the authors use the case study of Flood Management (FM) to make sense of the proposed ISSM model. This gives us better understanding towards CR design using the KSP model.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Sense and Difference. A reflection on the meaning of human life in the techno-scientific era. Modernity has given us powerful tools, but has plunged us into a certain ignorance of the sense (section 1). To investigate on the sense or meaning I propose recover two ancient maxims: \\\\'become who you are\\\\' and \\\\'know thyself\\\\' (section 2). In fact, self-knowledge and self-realization are simultaneous. Therefore, we will need an understanding of our human nature as well as of our personal constitution. We will present a theory of human nature close to common sense and to the Aristotelian tradition, according to which we are rational social animals (section 3). This gives us some guidance for life. However, my life has to be conducted depending on the person I am. Can we get knowledge about this? The answer comes through the notion of difference (section 4). The constitutive difference is unique to each person, and is formal, then, in principle, knowable. But in order to know it, one need to meet many resources, including science and more.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Effect of hospital waste pyrolysis hydrocarbon (HWPHC) on fracture behavior of Warm Mix asphalt (WMA) under freeze-thaw damage (FTD). Warm mix asphalt (WMA) is more susceptible to macroscopic cracks than other mixtures due to insufficient aggregate-bitumen adhesion, especially at low temperatures. In this study, the behavior of low-temperature cracking (LTC) and intermediate temperature cracking (ITC) of WMA mixture with and without the environmentally friendly additive called hospital waste pyrolysis hydrocarbon (HWPHC) was evaluated at -15 and +15 degrees C under mode I loading conditions using three geometries: symmetric specimen SCB, classical-modified specimen SCB-1, and symmetric specimen ENDB. In order to determine the effect of freeze-thaw damage (FTD) on the mixtures, samples with and without the HWPHC additives were subjected to 0 and 3 FTD cycles. The results showed that adding 3 % and 6 % of HWPHC additive increased the fracture resistance of the samples, i.e., fracture energy (GF) and fracture toughness (KIC) at temperatures of +/- 15 degrees C using all three mentioned geometries under 0 and 3 FTD cycles. At temperatures of +/- 15 degrees C and for all mixtures with and without additives, the average GF and KIC for symmetric specimen ENDB (vertical crack) are lower and higher than for symmetric specimen SCB (vertical crack) and classical-modified specimen SCB-1 (angular crack), respectively. Therefore, the complete fracture potential and crack initiation for the ENDB geometry were higher and lower than the other two geometries (under 0 and 3 FTD cycles). Also, at temperatures of +/- 15 degrees C and under 0 and 3 FTD cycles, the flexibility indices showed that adding HWPHC reduced the flexibility of the WMA mixture slightly. Finally, the increase in the fracture resistance and resistance to elastic deformation of the mixtures modified with HWPHC additive was achieved using two Tensile Stiffness Index (TSI) and Tensile Strength (TS) indices. Therefore, in addition to helping to reduce the amount of environmental waste and increase cleaner production, the mentioned mixtures can be used to improve the LTC and ITC fracture performance of the WMA mixture under mode I and FTD conditions.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Understanding Political Conversion and Mimetic Rivalry. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the French nouvelle droite under its doyen Alain de Benoist claimed that it had made a political 'conversion' from the revolutionary Right (or conservative revolutionary) milieu to 'democracy' and that it had created a 'post-fascist' political synthesis. The paper under consideration will argue that the nouvelle droite's political 'conversion' process was only exoteric in nature by mimicking the ideas of the New Left and that its esoteric orientation was of 'true believers' who never left a political pantheon of conservative revolutionary ideas with roots largely in the 1920s and 1930s. Using the model of the nouvelle droite, as well as the ideas of Rene Girard and Emilio Gentile in respect of mimetic rivalry between Right and Left and 'political religion' respectively, I examine other intellectual political conversions of the twentieth century from Benito Mussolini to Christopher Hitchens. Using these aforementioned examples, I trace a model of political conversion for the twentieth century and new millennium, with particular emphasis on conversionary prerequisites and processes, as well as the mimetic symbiosis and rivalry between Right and Left. I conclude that even in a secular age our political conversions involve both mimicry and syncretism vis-a-vis traditional religious conversion experiences, but they are generally short-lived due to crises, collapse, generational change or ideological attrition.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 54, 33]}
+{"token": "Quantifying Controls on Threshold Pressure during CO2 Injection in Tight Gas Reservoir Rocks. The simultaneous flow of gas and water is controlled by a threshold pressure gradient (TPG) effect during CO2 injection of tight gas reservoirs. The TPG effect is dynamic because it varies with both the effective stress and the water saturation. The sensitivity of TPG to effective stress and mobile water is affected by the pore-throat microstructure. In this paper, we report the results of dynamic TPG tests on six cores with similar permeability. The influence of the pore-throat microstructure on the sensitivity of the TPG to stress and to mobile water was also quantitatively studied using a fractal method, and the distribution of the threshold pressure and corresponding gas production loss were calculated during CO2 injection in tight gas reservoirs. The test results show that TPG decreases logarithmically with the increase of the pore fluid pressure during CO2 injection, a change of 0.1-50 MPa in the pore fluid pressure corresponding to a 1.8-3.5 times increase of the TPG variation. The TPG increases exponentially by 3.5-6.7 times from irreducible water saturation to a mobile water saturation of 30%. The fractal dimension (D) of the heterogeneity of the rock pore-throat microstructure has a linear relationship with both the stress sensitivity coefficient (lambda) and mobile water sensitivity coefficient (eta), with the larger values of lambda and eta being associated with more heterogeneous pore-throat microstructures. The reservoir threshold pressure showed a significant nonlinear distribution in near-well reservoirs at low bottom-hole flow pressures of the production well during CO2 injection. The calculated gas well production loss as a result of a dynamic threshold pressure is 7-16% higher than that of the fixed threshold pressure, and the difference is larger at low pressures.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Adaptation of a CCR5-using, primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolate for CD4-independent replication. The gp120 envelope glycoprotein of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-I) promotes virus entry by sequentially binding CD4 and chemokine receptors on the target cell. Primary, clinical HIV-1 isolates require interaction with CD4 to allow gp120 to bind the CCR5 chemokine receptor efficiently. We adapted a primary HIV-1 isolate, ADA, to replicate in CD4-negative canine cells expressing human CCR5. The gp120 changes responsible for the adaptation were limited to alteration of glycosylation addition sites in the V2 loop-V1-V2 stem. The gp120 glycoproteins of the adapted viruses bound CCR5 directly, without prior interaction with CD4. Thus, a major function of CD4 binding in the entry of primary HN-I isolates can be bypassed by changes in I-he gp120 V1-V2 elements, which allow the envelope glycoproteins to assume a conformation competent for CCR5 binding.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Use of Traditional Healing Practices in Two Ontario First Nations. Colonization has negatively impacted Canada's Aboriginal people, with one of the consequences being loss of traditional knowledge, beliefs and practices, including traditional healing practices. In a study of two Ontario First Nations, the objectives of this research were to examine: (1) the extent of use of traditional healing practices, including traditional medicines and healers; (2) factors associated with their use and people's desire to use them; and (3) reasons for not using them among those who want to use them, but currently do not. Registered Band Members and volunteers from two First Nations communities (N = 613) participated in a well-being survey. About 15% of participants used both traditional medicines and healers, 15% used traditional medicines only, 3% used a traditional healer only, and 63% did not use either. Of those who did not use traditional healing practices, 51% reported that they would like to use them. Use was more common among men, older people, and those with more than high school education. Those who used traditional healing practices were found to have a stronger First Nations identity, better self-reported spiritual health, higher scores on historical loss and historical loss symptoms and higher levels of anxiety compared with people who did not use them. Common reasons for not using traditional practices were: not knowing enough about them, not knowing how to access or where to access them. These findings may be useful for promoting the use of traditional healing practices for the purpose of improving the health of First Nations people.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "Mapping a lithologically complex terrain using Sentinel-2A data: a case study of Suriyan area, southwestern Iran. The Suriyan area, southwestern Iran, possesses a variety of sedimentary, volcanic, and metamorphic rocks. This paper investigates the potential of Sentinel-2A multispectral data for lithological mapping of this geologically complex terrain using the principal component analysis (PCA), band ratio, and spectral information divergence (SID) methods. Spectral features of lithological units were analysed by surveying the laboratory spectra of hand samples, the resampled spectra of rock types to spectra from Sentinel-2A wavelength ranges, and the spectra extracted directly from applied imagery. The absorption features dominantly attributed to Fe2+, Fe3+, and Al-OH electronic and vibrational modes were observable in Sentinel-2A bands; however, the main absorption feature of Mg-OH and C-O near 2.33 mu m is not collected in a distinct band by this satellite. Data processing results revealed that PCA was more successful in discriminating vegetation, greenschist, and shale, whereas it could not differentiate various types of limestone. The proposed Band Ratios, (46)/(78), (2 + 11 + 6)/(3 + 4), 12/8, and 2/5, enhanced sandstone, shale, basaltic dyke, greenschist, mica schist, meta-tuff, and various types of limestone. However, the SID algorithm discriminated few lithological units including greenschist, mica schist, shale, and Fe-bearing limestone. Considering output results, it was suggested that proposed band ratios as well as the PCA method were more successful in discriminating various lithological units, while the SID algorithm was advantageous in enhancing the metamorphic units. Field observations and microscopic studies verified the occurrences of rock units and their spatial compatibility with differentiated lithologies. It was concluded that Sentinel-2A data were successful in enhancement and discrimination of various rock types in a lithologically complex terrain.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 39]}
+{"token": "Ease of Handling and Physiological Parameters of Stress, Carcasses, and Pork Quality of Pigs Handled in Different Group Sizes. Abstract The effect of different group sizes of pigs (3, 5, and 10 pigs) during handling on physiological parameters, carcasses, and pork quality traits at the farm and slaughterhouse were evaluated in 360 pigs from five farms (four repetitions or group/treatment/farms). Data was analyzed as a factorial of 3 x 5 (3 treatments x 5 farms) to check effects of treatments by analysis of variance in ANOVA. Ease of handling decreased as the group size increased. However, time taken in handling was not influenced by the group size (p > 0.10). Moving pigs in groups of five animals reduced effects on blood cortisol levels (p < 0.05). Fighting and handling lesions in the carcasses increased for bigger handling groups (p < 0.05). Pigs handled in groups of three and ten animals had a higher pHu and initial temperature in Longissimus thoracis and Semimembranosus (p < 0.05) and lower drip loss in Semimembranosus (p < 0.05). However, meat quality classifications of the carcasses were not affected by treatments. Based on the results, moving groups of five pigs seems to be the best strategy to improve animal welfare, carcasses and pork quality.Simple Summary The effect of different group sizes of pigs (3, 5, and 10 pigs) during handling on physiological parameters, carcasses, and pork quality traits at the farm and slaughterhouse were evaluated in 360 pigs. Ease of handling decreased as the group size increased. Moving pigs in smaller groups improve animal welfare parameters and carcass quality. However, meat quality classifications of the carcasses were not affected by the groups size used in preslaughter handling. Based on the results, moving groups of five pigs seems to be the best strategy to improve animal welfare and carcass quality.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 10, 47]}
+{"token": "Dynamic response of square recycled aggregate concrete-filled steel tube columns subjected to close-range blast loads. To study the dynamic response of square recycled aggregate concrete-filled steel tube (RACFST) columns under explosion loads, explosion examinations and numerical analyses were performed. Based on the measured longitudinal strain and residual displacement of the columns, the effects of recycled aggregate replacement percentage, steel tube thickness, explosive charge weight, blast center distance, and explosion height on the dynamic response of square RACFST columns are analyzed, and the failure modes are investigated. Then, the established numerical model was verified through test results, and further explore the dynamic response of square RACFST columns. It indicates that square RACFST columns suffer localized damage after detonation, and no obvious global deformation occurs. The localized failures, including blast pit, steel tube bulge or rupture, and weld fracture, could be observed on these columns. The square RACFST columns strain and displacement values are positively correlated with TNT equivalent and RA content, while negatively correlated with steel tube thickness and blast center distance. Furthermore, the concrete absorbs most of the total energy, implying the important role of core concrete in the explosion resistance of RACFST columns.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "Replacement of soybean cake by Hermetia illucens meal in diets for layers. Insects will likely play an important role as protein sources for livestock in the future. Many insect species are able to convert materials not suitable for human nutrition - or even waste - into valuable protein with a favourable amino acid composition for poultry and other livestock. A feeding trial with partly de-fatted meal of dried Hermetia illucens larvae (Hermetia meal) reared on vegetarian by-products of the pasta and convenience food industry was carried out in small groups of Lohmann Selected Leghorn laying hens (four rounds, 10 hens/round). Experimental diets H12 and H24 contained 12 and 24 g/100 g Hermetia meal replacing 50 or 100% of soybean cake used in the control feed, respectively. After three weeks of feeding experimental diets, there were no significant differences between feeding groups with regard to performance (egg production, feed intake). There was a tendency (P=0.06) for lower albumen weight in the H24 group; yolk and shell weights did not differ. No mortality and no sign of health disorders occurred. Plumage as well as wound scores remained stable during the feeding period and did not differ between treatments. Dry matter of faeces increased with increasing proportions of Hermetia meal in the diet, with a significant difference between H24 and the control (P=0.03). An increase of black faecal pads was observed in the H12 and H24 groups. Overall, these results suggest Hermetia meal can be a valuable component of layer diets. However, insect meal production still has to become economically more viable through upscaling production and, especially, legislative issues have to be solved.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 44, 8]}
+{"token": "Double Star/Cluster observation of neutral sheet oscillations on 5 August 2004. Previous Cluster observations have shown that the flapping motions of the Earth's magnetotail are of internal origin and that kink-like waves are emitted from the central part of the tail and propagate toward the tail flanks. The newly launched Double Star Program (DSP) TC-1 satellite allows us to investigate neutral sheet at 10-13 Re in the tail. Using conjunctions with Cluster we will have simultaneous observations at 10-13 and 16-19 Re of these flapping motions. In this paper, we present the first results of neutral sheet oscillations observed by the Cluster and Double Star satellites on 5 August 2004.", "label": [4, 34, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "FUNGICIDE SPRAY COVERAGE AND DEPOSITION IN SOYBEAN ASIAN RUST MANAGEMENT. At maximum vegetative growth, sprays with fungicide to control Asian rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow and P. Sydow) should reach high canopy penetration and plant coverage. Therefore, the central objective of this study was to determine leaf area, spray deposition, and plant coverage by fungicides sprayed on soybeans as a function of sowing seasons and plant population densities with reduced doses of tebuconazole and azoxystrobin + cyproconazole. Field experiments were conducted in the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 crop years, using a medium-cycle soybean cultivar MG/BR-46 (Conquista) under a natural infestation of Asian soybean rust. Leaf area (LA) and leaf area index (LAI) were measured at three developmental stages (V8, R2, and R4). Spray deposition and coverage were evaluated during the first fungicide spraying. As results, LAI decreased as plant population decreased. Despite the lower LAIs, smaller plant populations had no effect on spray deposition and plant coverage. Both fungicides presented similar depositions on all thirds when plants had lower development.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 7, 42]}
+{"token": "Light transport and localization in disordered aperiodic Mathieu lattices. Complex optical systems such as deterministic aperiodic Mathieu lattices are known to hinder light diffraction in a manner comparable to randomized optical systems. We systematically incorporate randomness in our complex optical system, measuring its relative contribution of randomness, to understand the relationship between randomness and complexity. We introduce an experimental method for the realization of disordered aperiodic Mathieu lattices with numerically controlled disorder degree. Added disorder always enhances light transport. For lower disorder degrees, we observe diffusive-like transport, and in the range of highest light transport, we detect Anderson localization. With further increase of disorder degree, light transport is slowly decreasing and localization length decreases indicating more pronounced Anderson localization. Numerical investigation at longer propagation distances indicates that the threshold of Anderson localization detection is shifted to lower disorder degrees. (C) 2022 Optica Publishing Group", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Egypt and the Nile Basin. The following paper examines the Nile question from an Egyptian perspective. The Nile is Egypt's main source of water, and 96% of this water originates from outside of its territory. This explains why water is a key security issue for Egypt, and why, from Egypt's point of view, cooperation with the upstream Nile countries is the only way forward. Egypt's water policy focuses on demand management, environmental protection and international joint projects to increase the water supply (e.g. Jonglei canal).", "label": [4, 5, 45, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "New country and host records for Lithuanian Tachinidae (Diptera). Lutovinovas, E. 2012: New country and host records for Lithuanian Tachinidae (Diptera).-Entomol. Fennica 23: 231-238. This paper updates the knowledge on the family Tachinidae (Diptera) in the Lithuanian fauna. As the result, 68 species are first records from the country and eight species are deleted from the previous list. Among species listed in this paper, 54 represent first records for the Baltic States and 16 are new for all of Eastern Europe. Parasitoid-host associations for 13 species of Tachinidae with 15 host taxa that comprise 17 couples are recorded for Lithuania for the first time. Among these, Meigenia uncinatata is a new parasitoid of the leaf beetle Gonioctena quinquepunctata (Chrysomelidae).", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Synthesis and luminescent properties of near-UV excited NaLa(MoO4)(2):Er3+ phosphors for multifunctional applications. Luminescent and temperature sensing properties of single EP3+ ions doped NaLa(MoO4)(2) phosphors were prepared by a high-temperature solid-state reaction technique. Under 380 nm of light illumination, all the prepared compounds exhibited the characteristic emission properties of Er3+ ions and the optimum doping concentration was 0.02 mol while the color coordinate was found to be (0.253, 0.721). The mechanism of concentration quenching was dominated by the electric dipole-dipole interaction which was confirmed by Dexter theory owing to the overstepped critical distance value of 25.14 angstrom. The fabricated white light-emitting diode device exhibited color rendering index and correlated color temperature values of 79.86 and 5236 K based on 385 nm near-ultraviolet chip. Additionally, the thermal stability of the NaLa(MoO4)(2):0.02Er(3+) phosphor was studied and the activation energy was estimated to be 0.28 eV. The optical temperature sensing sensitivity of the obtained sample was also investigated by the fluorescence intensity ratio technique to analyze the two thermally-coupled levels (H-2(11)/2, S-4(3/2)) and the maximum sensor sensitivity was demonstrated to be about 0.0138 K-1 at 483 K. Eventually, the soft polydimethylsiloxane film with optimum doping concentration was fabricated and emitted a green-emitting glow. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Redistribution and the Abolishment of Historical Entitlements in the CAP Strategic Plans: The Case of Greece. A key issue in CAP strategic planning in Greece is the treatment of historical entitlements. An unequal level of payments per hectare is difficult to justify in terms of the CAP's rationale, and so the abolishment of these entitlements seems to be the most reasonable option. However, for historical reasons, this abolishment may result in a transfer of payments from smaller to larger farms and between different agricultural sub-sectors which could in turn lead to negative effects on the incomes of small farms and lead to farmers leaving the sector. We simulate the change to a flat rate payment in order to quantify these effects, then explore the possibility of employing the new obligatory redistribution measure, termed complementary income support, to mitigate any negative effects. We conclude that redistribution is, indeed, a powerful tool for fine-tuning decoupled payments if historical entitlements are to be abolished.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "DIANE: A matchmaking-centered framework for automated service discovery, composition, binding, and invocation on the web. Service-oriented computing will allow for the automatic discovery, composition, binding, and invocation of Web services. The single most important component of this goal is appropriate matchmaking. This paper presents a service-description language and its associated matchmaking algorithms. Together they precisely capture requester preferences through fuzzy sets, express and use instance information for matchmaking, and deal efficiently with multiple effects. The approach described here has been extensively evaluated both in experiments and in the 2006 Semantic Web Services Challenge.", "label": [4, 5, 48, 40]}
+{"token": "The contribution of alternative types of care on life satisfaction among disabled older persons in China. Long-term care given to disabled older adults takes many forms, with each impacting life satisfaction through different ways. Drawing data from the 2011-2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey, this article explores the effects of various care types on life satisfaction, with a particular focus on disabled older persons. Estimates derived from a fixed effects model with propensity score matching show that compared with formal care, informal care has significant positive effects on life satisfaction for disabled older adults. In addition, informal care has its greatest positive effect on life satisfaction on those who are mildly disabled, men and rural residents compared to their counterparts, while formal care addresses the needs of individuals with severe disability. We find that the main channels of effect occur through reduced loneliness and unhappiness, increased participation in social activities and improved physical health. This work contributes to the existing literature by demonstrating how various care types affect life satisfaction in China where filial piety, the central pillar of the Confucian ethics, is one of the common shared values among residents. These findings highlight the benefits derived from policies that promote and support the provision of informal care for older individuals. Moreover, there is a pressing need to buttress the formal care provision as a supplement to support severely disabled older adults in China.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Synthesis and characterization of mechanical properties of boron-carbon-based superhard composites. In this work, we investigated a modern combined processing technique for the synthesis of lightweight superhard composites based on boron-carbon. We used traditional B4C with precipitates of free graphite and Al powder as initial materials. In the first stage, the composites were fabricated by the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) with the subsequent hot pressing of the compound. Further, by the disintegration and attrition milling, the ultrafine-grained powder was obtained. We used HCl and HNO3 acids for the chemical leaching of the powder to remove various impure compounds. At the last stage, a solid composite was obtained by the spark plasma sintering (SPS) method under nitrogen pressure. The main feature of this approach is to implement different synthesis techniques and chemical leaching to eliminate soft phases and to obtain superhard compounds from low-cost materials. The phases were studied by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron micros-copy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The composites compacted by the SPS method contained superhard compounds such as B13C2, B11.7C3.3, and c-BN. The fabricated composite has an ultrafine-grained microstructure. Using a Berkovich indenter, the following nanohardness results were achieved: B13C2 similar to 43 GPa, c-BN similar to 65 GPa (all in Vickers scale) along with a modulus of elasticity ranging between similar to 400 GPa and similar to 450 GPa.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11]}
+{"token": "Optimal sample sizes for Welch's test under various allocation and cost considerations. The issue of the sample size necessary to ensure adequate statistical power has been the focus of considerableattention in scientific research. Conventional presentations of sample size determination do not consider budgetary and participant allocation scheme constraints, although there is some discussion in the literature. The introduction of additional allocation and cost concerns complicates study design, although the resulting procedure permits a practical treatment of sample size planning. This article presents exact techniques for optimizing sample size determinations in the context of Welch (Biometrika, 29, 350-362, 1938) test of the difference between two means under various design and cost considerations. The allocation schemes include cases in which (1) the ratio of group sizes is given and (2) one sample size is specified. The cost implications suggest optimally assigning subjects (1) to attain maximum power performance for a fixed cost and (2) to meet adesignated power level for the least cost. The proposed methods provide useful alternatives to the conventional procedures and can be readily implemented with the developed R and SAS programs that are available as supplemental materials from brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "SEGMENTATION AND SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF HERITAGE TOURIST. Approach - A high cultural level and a medium-high income level characterise most tourists. The attributes that a patrimonial tourist destination must have were analysed in order to make it a sustainable site, where both culture and tourism come together.Purpose - Heritage tourism has been greatly developed in recent years, especially in cities declared the World Heritage Sites. This kind of research comes from the need of understanding the demands of tourists in destinations.Methodology - The fieldwork consisted of conducting 529 personal surveys. The field work was carried out via personal interviews with the tourists in Sucre. The conducted period was between November 2017 and March 2018.Design - This research studies the sociodemographic profile of tourists and their perceptions about the attributes of the city of Sucre, which has been declared the World Heritage Site. This research is based on two previous theoretical models.Findings - The main results of the investigation show a segmentation of the tourists that visit this city into four types: alternative, cultural, emotional, and patrimonial tourists.Originality of the research - The results of this research determine the most highly valued attributes of the city and those that should be improved.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Assessing recreational benefits as an economic indicator for an industrial harbour report card. This paper is focused on the assessment of recreational benefits as an indicator of economic value in the report card for Gladstone Harbour in Queensland, Australia. It is the first aquatic health report card to include an assessment of the nonmarket value of recreation which makes it a more comprehensive indicator of economic value compared to other report cards based on measures of employment, participation or expenditure. There have now been three consecutive years of reporting (2014-2016) of the Gladstone Harbour report card, and the results indicate that the recreation index appears to be effective in monitoring changes over time.Industrial harbours are a complex interface between environmental, economic and social systems. Trying to manage the social and economic needs of the community while maintaining the integrity of environmental ecosystems is complicated, as is the identification and evaluation of the various factors that underpin the drivers of economic, community and resource condition. An increasingly popular strategy to deal with the identification and evaluation challenges in complex human-environmental systems is to use a report card system which can be used as a summary assessment tool to monitor the health of aquatic ecosystems. To date though these have largely focused on environmental factors, and it is only very recently that attempts are being made to include social, cultural and economic indicators. There has been limited consensus in the selection of social and economic indicators applied in different aquatic report cards but as recreation is such an important activity, typically some measure of recreation benefit is included. However, there has been no commonality in the measures applied to assess its performance as an economic indicator.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Intrauterine Copper Device (CuT380A) as a Contraceptive Method in the Indian Context: Acceptability, Safety and Efficacy Depending on the Timing of Insertion. Majority of women were between 20 and 35 years of age group, literate, multiparous, unemployed and belonged to middle/lower socio-economic strata in both postpartum and interval groups. Spontaneous expulsion rates were 1.84, 0.84, 2.83 and 1.63%; proportions of patients not able to feel thread were 3.07, 8.73, 4.45 and 1.63%; and removal rates were 7.99, 6.48, 7.69 and 3.47% in immediate vaginal, intra-caesarean, delayed postpartum and interval insertion groups, respectively. Failure was seen in only one case of delayed postpartum insertion.Ideal time of Intrauterine copper device (IUCD) insertion either to space or limit births in Indian women should be known to check fertility effectively and safely. We therefore aimed to compare various IUCD related clinical factors to assess its acceptability, safety and efficacy in immediate postpartum vaginal insertion, intra-caesarean insertion, delayed postpartum insertion and interval insertion at a tertiary-care centre in India.IUCD was more acceptable among young, literate and multiparous women as a contraceptive method. Immediate postpartum period was the safest and most efficacious time for IUCD insertion with least expulsion rate, maximum continuation rate and no failure and, therefore, should be encouraged by adequate counseling of mothers.It was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from July 2013 to July 2014. Data was reviewed about maternal age, socioeconomic status, education, occupation and parity of a total of 1631 eligible mothers and was compared between postpartum group and interval group. Data about spontaneous expulsion rate of IUCD, proportion of patients not able to feel thread, reasons for removal and failure rate of IUCD up to a follow-up period of 6 months was also collected in these women and compared among immediate vaginal insertion, intra-caesarean insertion, delayed postpartum insertion and interval insertion.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Spillover Effects: Immigrant Policing and Government Skepticism in Matters of Health for Latinos. To what extent do people become less trusting of the government under threatening policy contexts? The authors find evidence that Secure Communities, a bureaucratic program that enhances immigrant policing through collaboration between local law and immigration enforcement agencies, spurs mistrust among Latinos but not non-Latinos. This article focuses on the politics of immigration and health, two issue areas marked by large-scale bureaucratic developments over the last 50 years. The authors argue that a major consequence of expanding immigrant policing is its trickle-down effect on how individuals view public institutions charged with the provision of public goods, such as health information. The results indicate that Latinos in locales where immigrant policing is most intense express lower levels of trust in government as a source of health information. Through a policy feedback lens, the findings suggest that the state's deployment of immigrant policing conveys more widespread lessons about the trustworthiness of government.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "A 5-YEAR PROSPECTIVE-STUDY OF SEPTICEMIA IN HOSPITALIZED CHILDREN IN HONG-KONG. In a 5-year prospective study in a Hong Kong teaching hospital there were 344 clinically significant episodes of paediatric septicaemia.  Many of the microbiological and clinical features were similar to those reported in Japanese and Western studies but there were some important differences.  Half of the episodes (or 70% if neonatal infections are excluded) were community-acquired.  The commonest organisms found were Salmonella spp (15% of all and 27% of community-acquired infections); this was related to the high local incidence of salmonellosis and typhoid fever.  Salmonella typhi, which was responsible for one-third of the salmonella septicaemias, was usually seen in school-age children, while non-typhoid salmonellae were common in infants.  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, which are now endemic in Hong Kong hospitals, was a common cause of hospital-acquired septicaemia.  Pneumococcal septicaemia accounted for 22% of episodes in infants and pre-school children, but Haemophilus influenzae was uncommon (2% of all episodes) and there was no case of meningococcal septicaemia.  The rarity of invasive infection with H. influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis in Hong Kong children is unexplained.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "Passions and interests revisited: the psychological foundations of economics and politics. Homo Politicus, Homo Oeconomicus. Can these two abstract human types meaningfully be distinguished? Is there a characteristic set of motivations that drive human beings in so far as they are political actors and a different set that drive their economic lives? What are the psychological foundations of economics and politics? The answers to these questions have significant implications both for the study and the practice of economics and politics. If homo politicus is essentially identical to homo oeconomicus, it is safe to generalize from the study of economic behavior to political phenomena. If not, such a procedure will distort our understanding of politics. Similarly, if we design political institutions and public policies assuming that people will behave as they do when they confront economic choices, we may find our intentions thwarted if we have neglected the distinctive motivations characteristic of political action.", "label": [5, 49, 54]}
+{"token": "Marathon Theater as Anti-Monument: The Curious Case of Gatz. The most critically acclaimed production of New York's 2010 theater season was Gatz, a seven-hour-long adaptation of F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel The Great Gatsby by the experimental company Elevator Repair Service. Gatz was an anomaly in the wave of marathon-length theater events that has occurred in Europe and America in recent decades. Most theatrical marathons are monumental, made in the venerable romantic spirit of sweeping magisterial statement that dates back to Goethe's Faust and includes contemporary works such as Tony Kushner's Angels in America and Robert Wilson and Philip Glass' Einstein on the Beach. Gatz, in contrast, was deliberately anti-monumental, pointedly questioning the values of epic grandeur and heroic stature that magisterial theatrical marathons propound. Moreover, the work was anti-monumental as that concept is understood in the art world: referring to reactions against monumentalism in public spaces that question representations of power and elite points of view. As the first adaptation of The Great Gatsby to include ordinary theatergoers as its subject and adopt interpretive openness as its grounding tenet, Gatz implicitly critiqued the iconic status of its celebrated source novel.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Synthesis of ferroelectric K1-xNaxNb1-yTayO3 nanoparticles using a supercritical water flow system. Ta doped alkali niobate, K(1-x)Na(x)Nb(1-y)TayO(3) (KNNT) nanoparticles (ca. 60-80 nm) were continuously synthesized from Nb/Ta-sol with polyacrylic acid as a dispersant and NaOH/KOH solutions using a super-critical water flow system. The syntheses were carried out at temperatures from 400 to 480 degrees C, at pressures from 25 to 30 MPa, and at reaction times from 0.5 to 8 s. Single phase KNNT was obtained at 480 degrees C and 25 MPa for which the Na/(Na + K) and Ta/(Ta + Nb) molar ratios of the products increased with an increase in the precursor molar ratios with slopes of 2.7 and 1.0 for Na/(Na+ K) and Ta/(Ta +Nb), respectively. Single phase K0.5Na0.5Nb0.7Ta0.3O3 was obtained from the precursor composition with initial Nal(Na + K) and Ta/(Ta + Nb) molar ratios of 0.19 and 0.3, respectively. Crystallinity increased with an increase in the reaction time and the particles formed at 0.5 s were spherical-shaped and they were cube-shaped at the longer reaction times. Single KNNT phase was predominantly produced at high temperatures (ca. 420-480 degrees C) and moderate pressures (ca. 25-30 MPa), and was formed at 420 degrees C, 25 MPa where the density of water was less than 150 kg m(-3). The ferroelectric property of KNNT particles sintered at 1085 degrees C was determined to be 96.0 pC/N. 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
+{"token": "Observation by atomic force microscope of corrosion product during pitting corrosion on SUS304 stainless steel. Using in situ observation by atomic force microscope, it was found that the corrosion product plays an important role on the growth of corrosion pits on SUS304 steel in NaCl solution and the current density for pit growth was much higher than that applied on the entire surface. (C) 2004 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Joinville stroke biobank: study protocol and first year's results. Aiming to contribute to studies that use detailed clinical and genomic information of biobanks, we present the initial results of the first Latin American Stroke Biobank. Methods: Blood samples were collected from patients included in the Joinville Stroke Registry and four Brazilian cities. Demographic socio-economic data, cardiovascular risk factors, Causative Classification System for Ischemic Stroke, Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment and National Institutes of Health scores, functional stroke status (modified Rankin) and brain images were recorded. Additionally, controls from both geographic regions were recruited. High-molecular-weight genomic DNA was obtained from all participants. Results: A total of 2,688 patients and 3,282 controls were included. Among the patients, 76% had ischemic stroke, 12% transient ischemic attacks, 9% hemorrhagic stroke and 3% subarachnoid hemorrhage. Patients with undetermined ischemic stroke were most common according the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (40%) and Causative Classification System for Ischemic Stroke (47%) criteria. A quarter of the patients were under 55 years of age at the first-ever episode. Conclusions: We established the Joinville Stroke Biobank and discuss its potential for contributing to the understanding of the risk factors leading to stroke.", "label": [2, 18, 23]}
+{"token": "Efficient incorporation of large (> 2 kb) heterologies into heteroduplex DNA: Pms1/Msh2-dependent and -independent large loop mismatch repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair in yeast is effected primarily by gene conversion. Conversion call conceivably result from gap repair or from mismatch repair of heteroduplex DNA (hDNA) in recombination intermediates. Mismatch repair is normally very efficient, but unrepaired mismatches segregate in the next cell division, producing sectored colonies. Conversion of small heterologies (single-base differences or insertions < 15 bp) in meiosis and mitosis involves mismatch repair of hDNA. The repair of larger loop mismatches in plasmid substrates or arising by replication slippage is inefficient and/or independent of Pms1p/Msh2p-dependent mismatch repair. However, large insertions convert readily (without sectoring) during meiotic recombination, raising the question of whether large insertions convert by repair of large loop mismatches or by gap repair. Wt show that insertions of 2.2 and 2.6 l;bp convert efficiently during DSB-induced mitotic recombination, primarily: by Msh2p- and Pms1p-dependent repair of large loop mismatches. These results support models in which Rad51p readily incorporates large heterologies into hDNA. We also show that large heterologies convert more frequently than small heterologies located the same distance from an initiating DSB and propose that this reflects Msh2-independent large loop-specific mismatch repair biased toward loop loss.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Polymorphisms of the IGFIR gene and their genetic effects on chicken early growth and carcass traits. Results: The tree generated from the amino acid sequences of 15 species showed that the IGFIR gene was conservative in the whole evolution among the mammalian animals and chickens. In a total of 10,818 bp of sequence, 70 single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in the chicken IGFIR gene. The allelic and genotypic frequency distribution, genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium of 18 single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs) in the Xinghua and White Recessive Rock chickens showed that six of them were possibly associated with growth traits. Association analyses showed that the A17299834G SNP was significantly associated with chicken carcass body weight, eviscerated weight with giblets, eviscerated weight, body weights at 28, 35, and 56 d of age, leg length at 56 d of age, and daily weight gain at 0-4 weeks. The haplotypes of the A17307750G and A17307494G were associated with early growth traits. The haplotypes of the A17299834G and C17293932T were significantly associated with most of the early growth traits and carcass traits.Background: The insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGFIR) has an important effect on growth, carcass, and meat quality traits in many species. However, few studies on associations of the IGFIR gene with growth and carcass traits have been reported in chickens. The objectives of the present study were to study the associations of the IGFIR gene with chicken early growth and carcass traits using a neutral test, variation scan of the gene, genetic diversity, linkage disequilibrium and association analyses.Conclusion: There were rich polymorphisms in the chicken IGFIR gene. Several SNPs associated with chicken early growth traits and carcass traits were identified in the IGFIR gene by genetic diversity, linkage disequilibrium, and association analyses in the present study.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Rewriting the Salem Witchcraft Trials in Contemporary Popular Literature. The Salem Witchcraft Trials (1692) have received a lot of attention from history and literature, although there are very few critical analysis of how this historical event has entered the literary field. Many works of historical fiction - considered the most suitable literary genre to talk about an historical event - have used it in their storylines; however, popular genres such as romance, crime fiction, fantasy and science fiction have also shown an interest in this witch hunt. The main reason for this interest can be found in the lack of final conclusions as regards what really happened in Salem. The main objective of this paper is to show how what happened in Salem has entered contemporary popular fiction with the aim of showing the interest that it still arises and to vindicate the production of more critical works about the literary construction of one of the events that most dramatically has affected the configuration of the American mind.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "The D3cpv Cameleon reports Ca2+ dynamics in plant mitochondria with similar kinetics of the YC3.6 Cameleon, but with a lower sensitivity. Mitochondria are key organelles involved in many aspects of plant physiology and, their ability to generate specific Ca2+ signatures in response to abiotic and biotic stimuli has been reported as one of their roles. The recent identification of the mammalian mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter opens a new research area in plant biology. To study the mitochondrial Ca2+ handling, it is essential to have a reliable probe. Here we have reported the generation of an Arabidopsis transgenic line expressing thegenetically encodedprobe Cameleon D3 cpv targeted to mitochondria, and compared its properties with the already known Cameleon YC3.6.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Acoustic focussing for sedimentation-free high-throughput imaging of microalgae. Microalgae play a key role in aquatic ecology, and methods providing species determination and enumeration can provide critical information about-for instance-harmful algae blooms (HABs) or spreading of invasive species. A crucial step in current methods is the use of sedimentation. This provides the enrichment needed to achieve statistical counts of sometimes rare species within reasonable timeframes, but it comes with the drawback of aggregating the sample. This is a real challenge for computer-aided identification as particle aggregates can often be erroneously classified. In this paper, we propose an alternative method based on flow-through imaging aided by acoustic-focussing, as this provides better input-data for automated counting-methods while simultaneously removing the need for manual sample preparation. We demonstrate that by acoustically focussing microalgae and other particulates in a fast-flowing water sample, it is possible to analyse up to 8 mL sample per minute with sufficient image quality to discriminate the invasive species Ostreopsis ovata from other particulates in samples taken directly from the Mediterranean. We also showcase the ability to achieve sharp images in flow-through at magnifications up to x 50.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 45]}
+{"token": "Evidence and Proportionality in Free Movement Cases: The Impact of the Scotch Whisky Case. Market interventions to protect public health are likely to be subject to EU law challenge as contrary to the rules on free movement. In the Scotch Whisky case the CJEU stressed the importance of defined public health objectives and supporting evidence in the analysis of whether interventions are justified as \\\\'appropriate\\\\' and \\\\'necessary\\\\'. This article considers the wider implications of this judgment for the application of the proportionality test in free movement cases and in the case of innovative interventions that are adopted on a complex evidence base. The article argues that the unusual development that Scotch Whisky made to the CJEU's wider trend towards greater engagement with evidence should be treated with caution, and that it is possible for national courts to apply the new guidance on the role of evidence in the proportionality analysis with sensitivity. The article also argues that policymakers must now be more aware of how they frame innovative interventions and the evidence supporting them.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Invasive Ureaplasma Infection in Patients Receiving Rituximab and Other Humoral Immunodeficiencies-A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Ureaplasma species are small, fastidious bacteria that frequently colonize the lower reproductive tract of asymptomatic hosts. These organisms have been well described to cause chorioamnionitis, neonatal infection, and urethritis, and to a lesser degree surgical site infection and infection in transplant recipients. Outside of these settings, invasive Ureaplasma infections are rare. We describe the case of a young woman receiving rituximab for multiple sclerosis who presented with fever and bilateral renal abscesses due to Ureaplasma spp., which was successfully treated with oral doxycycline. We searched the literature for cases of invasive Ureaplasma infection and found a patient population that predominates with humoral immunodeficiency, either congenital or iatrogenic. Diagnostic and therapeutic interventions are discussed.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "Electric pulse induced resistance change effect in manganites due to polaron localization at the metal-oxide interfacial region. Combining pulse-probe measurements as well as local transport measurements in an electron microscope system by a simultaneous monitoring of the structural changes, we show that the nonvolatile electric pulse induced resistance change in Ca-doped praseodymium manganite is related to a polaron order-disorder transition, modified by electronic band bending in the vicinity of an interface to a metallic electrode. A pronounced resistance change requires a critical distance between the two electrode and/or oxide interfaces to form an insulating incommensurate polaron-ordered phase during the initialization of the device. Based on these observations, a qualitative model for the electronic structure of the metal-oxide interface is developed.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Use of antivenoms for the treatment of envenomation by Elapidae snakes in Guinea, Sub-Saharan Africa. Background: In Guinea Elapids are responsible for 20% of envenomations. The associated case fatality rate (CFR) ranged 15-27%, irrespective of treatment.Results: We studied 77 neurotoxic envenomations divided in 3 groups: a set of patients that received only traditional or symptomatic treatments, and two other groups that received either 2 or 4 initial vials of Antivipmyn (R) Africa renewed as necessary. CFR was 27.3%, 15.4% and 17.6%, respectively. Although antivenom treatment was likely to reduce CFR, it didn't seem to have an obvious clinical benefit for the patients, suggesting a low treatment efficacy. Mean delay to treatment or clinical stages were not significantly different between the patients who recovered and the patients who died, or between groups. Interpretation of these results is complicated by the lack of systematic studies under comparable conditions. Of particular importance is the absence of assisted ventilation, available to patients in all the other clinical studies of neurotoxic envenomation.Conclusion: The apparent lack of clinical benefit may have several causes. The hypothesis of a limited therapeutic window, i.e. an insufficient formation of antigen-antibody complexes once toxins are bound to their targets and/or distributed beyond the reach of antivenom, should be explored.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 47]}
+{"token": "Comparing Soil Nitrous Oxide and Methane Fluxes From Oil Palm Plantations and Adjacent Riparian Forests in Malaysian Borneo. Riparian forests are often kept as buffers between rivers and oil palm plantations. Many benefits of riparian forests, such as increasing biodiversity and providing a travel corridor for wildlife have been documented. Conversely, data on fluxes of the greenhouse gases nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) from riparian forests are sparse. Nitrogen (N) from fertilizer applied in the oil palm plantations leached to the adjacent riparian forests, may increase emissions of N2O. Methane (CH4) fluxes might also differ between oil palm plantations and riparian forests due to carbon (C) availability. In this scoping study, we installed transects from three mature oil palm plantations to adjacent riparian forests within the SAFE project landscape in Sabah, Malaysia () for measurements of greenhouse gases and associated parameters every 2 months for 13 months. Emissions of N2O were higher from riparian forests with 40.4 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 35.7-44.6] mu g N2O-N m(-2) h(-1) than from an equivalent area of oil palm plantation 27.6 (CI: 23.1-32.3) mu g N2O-N m(-2) h(-1). Methane uptake was significantly higher from the riparian forest with -14.7 (CI: -21.1 to -8.3) mu g CH4-C m(-2) h(-1) compared to slight positive emission in the oil palm plantations of 6.3 (CI: 1.1-11.4) mu g CH4-C m(-2) h(-1). We are contributing urgently needed flux data for less well studied riparian forests in the Tropics, however, additional long-term studies are needed to be able to draw wider conclusions than possible from this scoping study alone.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 37]}
+{"token": "Discordance of cardiovascular abnormalities in a monozygotic twin pair carrying a class II 1q21.1 microdeletion. Conclusion: Discordant cardiovascular abnormalities may occur in MZ twins carrying the same class II 1q21.1 microdeletion. Further studies involving discordant MZ twins are needed to determine the modifying factors of the phenotypic heterogeneity of the microdeletion. (C) 2020 Taiwan Association of Obstetrics & Gynecology. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V.Case report: A monochorionic diamniotic twin pair presented with discordant ultrasound anomalies; twin A had cardiovascular abnormalities, while twin B did not. No specific complications were noted in the twins during pregnancy. A single nucleotide polymorphism array revealed an identical class II 1q21.1 microdeletion inherited from a phenotypically normal mother and identified the twins as MZ. The deleted region encompassed both the proximal 1q21.1 thrombocytopenia absent radius syndrome region and the distal 1q21.1 recurrent microdeletion region. No other rare copy number variants (CNVs) were identified, and concordance was observed in the CNVs between the twins.Objective: We present the prenatal diagnosis of a class II 1q21.1 microdeletion in monozygotic (MZ) twins with discordant phenotypes.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "A Loyal Heart to God and the Governor': Missions and Colonial Policy in the Surinamese Saramaccan Mission (c.1750-1813). This article argues that the idea of political neutrality did not work in the mission of the eighteenth-century Maroons in Surinam. The author outlines the extent to which the missionaries acted politically, made political decisions, used political quarrels for their own interests, and, for the main part, were used for the political interests of the different groups in Surinam. Colonial politics in Surinam were shaped by many different agents and networks: by the Dutch Society of Surinam and the colonial government, but also by indigenous tribes, Sararnaccans, slaves, planters, merchants, officials, soldiers, and missionaries. Every daily practice could be read as a political act, as a representation of rebellion or imperialism. Under such circumstances, the idea of neutrality had to fail.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Increase of resistance of alfalfa to Sclerotinia crown and stem rot through recurrent selection. Breeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) for resistance to Sclerotinia crown and stem rot (SCR; causal agent Sclerotinia trifoliorum Eriks.), which is a serious disease in Japan, was started in 1983. Increase of resistance to this disease has been examined following repeated selection of surviving plants from artificially inoculated field plots to the 9th generation. The strains selected for SCR resistance showed a higher resistance than Natsuwakaba and Tachiwakaba which were used as breeding materials and control cultivars. The effectiveness of selection based on the survival rate of progenies increased gradually as generations in which the recurrent selection was performed advanced, Realized heritability was low (h(2)=0.078) in the 1st and the 2nd generations in which selection was performed but was high (h(2)=0.364) in the 3rd to 9th generations. It is considered that the selection effect on SCR resistance became higher in the later generations, probably due to the accumulation of genes which have minor or polygenic effects on resistance.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Rural raised granaries in Roman Spain: materials and construction techniques. The present work analyses the building techniques used in the raised granaries from Hispania. It is paid specific attention to the constructive materials and techniques to store grain in good environmental conditions of temperature and humidity.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Point Discharge Current During a Solar Eclipse. The effect of solar eclipse of July 22, 2009, obscuring up to 91 %, upon the value of point discharge current (PDC) has been reported in this paper. The observation had been taken from Kolkata (Lat. 22.56A degrees N, Long. 88.5A degrees E). During the eclipse period, significant variations in the magnitude of PDC were observed than their average value for the same period in other days. The average value of the PDC for the successive +/- 10 days adjacent to the solar eclipse day was about 2.253 A.U. (Arbitrary Unit), while the minimum value showed about 2.242 A.U. at the time of greatest phase at 06:26.4 IST (Indian Standard Time). The results are mainly interpreted in terms of changes of the conductivity of the medium during the solar eclipse.", "label": [4, 34, 38]}
+{"token": "Low Power Laser Therapy: A Strategy to Promote the Osteogenic Differentiation of Deciduous Dental Pulp Stem Cells from Cleft Lip and Palate Patients. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) can undergo several types of differentiation, including osteogenic differentiation. One osteogenesis-inducing factor that has been previously described is in vitro low-power laser irradiation of cells. Laser irradiation promotes the acceleration of bone matrix mineralization of the cell strain. However, no consensus exists regarding the dose and treatment time. We used DPSC strains from cleft lip and palate patients because new bone tissue engineering strategies have used DPSCs in preclinical and clinical trials for the rehabilitation of alveolar bone clefts. Optimizing bone tissue engineering techniques for cleft and lip palate patients by applying low-power laser therapy (LPLT) to DPSCs obtained from these patients can help improve current strategies to quickly close large alveolar clefts. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of LPLT at different energy densities in DPSC strains obtained from cleft lip and palate patients during in vitro osteogenic differentiation. Ten DPSC strains were obtained from cleft lip and palate patients and then used in the following study groups: group 1: control, the strains underwent osteogenic differentiation for 21 days; and groups 2, 3, and 4: the strains were irradiated each day with a low-power red laser (660nm) (5, 10, and 20J) during 21 days of osteogenic differentiation. Using Bonferroni's test, a statistically significant difference in the mean values was found between the irradiated groups (2, 3, and 4) and the control group (p<0.001). However, no significant difference in osteogenic potential was found among the irradiated groups. Our findings showed that the osteogenic potential of DPSCs increases with red laser irradiation at 5, 10, and 20J, and this treatment could be considered a new approach for preconditioning these cells to be used in bone tissue engineering.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 11, 42]}
+{"token": "Boards of Directors' Contribution to Strategy: A Literature Review and Research Agenda. The increasing interest in boards of directors' contribution to strategy echoes a movement towards more strategic involvement of boards of directors. However, best governance practices and the emphasis on board independence and control may hinder the board contribution to the strategic decision making. Our study invites investors and policy-makers to consider the requirements for an effective strategic task when they nominate board members and develop new regulations.ReviewOver the last four decades, research on the relationship between boards of directors and strategy has proliferated. Yet to date there is little theoretical and empirical agreement regarding the question of how boards of directors contribute to strategy. This review assesses the extant literature by highlighting emerging trends and identifying several avenues for future research.Our study illustrates that research on boards of directors and strategy evolved from normative and structural approaches to behavioral and cognitive approaches. Our results encourage future studies to examine the impact of institutional and context-specific factors on the (expected) contribution of boards to strategy, and to apply alternative methods to fully capture the impact of board processes and dynamics on strategy making.Using a content-analysis of 150 articles published in 23 management journals up to 2007, we describe and analyze how research on boards of directors and strategy has evolved over time. We illustrate how topics, theories, settings, and sources of data interact and influence insights about board-strategy relationships during three specific periods.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
+{"token": "A viscoplastic model for rate-dependent hardening for asphalt concrete in compression. This paper presents a new type of viscoplastic model based on viscoelastic convolution integrals for explaining the behavior of asphalt concrete in compression under repeated loading. Triaxial compression cyclic tests carried out for long rest periods, with different loading times and two different pulse shapes, square and haversine, were used in developing and validating the model. These tests demonstrate that the evolution of permanent deformation depends on load history. This history-dependent behavior is not captured accurately by some of the existing Perzyna-type viscoplastic models in which permanent deformation evolution depends on the current values of stress and viscoplastic strain. Therefore, in this study, viscoelastic-like convolution integrals were used in the model to capture the effect of history. The proposed model is applicable to compressive creep and recovery experiments at 54 degrees C with (1) several hundreds of cycles of loading including the secondary creep region, (2) haversine loading shapes at three different peak deviatoric stress levels, 620 kPa, 827 kPa, and 1034 kPa, and square loading shapes at 827 kPa peak deviatoric stress, and (3) long rest periods that allow complete viscoelastic recovery. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
+{"token": "The Role of Social Media in Financial Risk Prediction: Evidence from China. In this paper, we develop an intelligent approach to detect default risk of FinTech lending platforms. Using China's peer-to-peer (P2P) lending market as an empirical application, we assemble a unique dataset of matched default and non-default platforms. We apply state-of-art techniques to extract sentiment and topic features from several stakeholders' social media data, which are used as supportive soft information. Our approach exhibits better predictive abilities than those with hard information only, where the value of dynamic soft information is demonstrated. Our approach serves as a proof of concept to complement traditional methods of financial risk prediction.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Acculturation preferences and behavioural tendencies between majority and minority groups: The mediating role of emotions. The main goal of this research was twofold. First, we aimed at determining how acculturation preferences and emotions were related to specific intergroup behavioural tendencies towards majority and minority groups. Second, we aimed at developing an intergroup behavioural tendencies scale that differentiates between valence ( facilitation and harm) and intensity ( active and passive). The role of intergroup contact was also examined, as it is a known predictor of intergroup prejudice. In order to fulfil these goals, we carried out two studies. In Study 1, Spanish participants ( N=279) answered a questionnaire about Moroccans ( a devalued group) or Ecuadorians ( a valued group) by reporting their acculturation preferences for immigrants, their positive and negative emotions, quantity of contact with them and behavioural tendencies towards them. In Study 2, Moroccans ( N=92) and Ecuadorians ( N=87) assessed Spaniards on these measures. Results confirmed the structure of the new behavioural tendencies scale across four groups of participants. Overall, findings also showed that acculturation preferences and quantity of contact indirectly predicted behavioural tendencies through positive emotions. This research contributes to knowledge on how the majority and minority's acculturation preferences are related to their emotions and specific dimensions of intergroup behavioural tendencies, confirming the predominant mediating role of positive emotions in this process.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Current findings on distance caregiving. What do we know and what do we not (yet) know?. Material and methods. Systematic literature review.Background. Demographic change, increasing work mobility as well as changed family patterns lead to social relationships over long distances; however, support from relatives from a distance is hardly debated in the German-speaking region. The project \\\\'DiCa\\\\' (2016-2019) studies various dimensions of long-distance caregiving.Objective. This article presents the state of the art in research on specific characteristics of care arrangements from a distance. In addition, it presents the underlying challenges, strategies, and supportive as well as hindering conditions.Conclusion. In the German-speaking region, pertinent studies on long-distance caregiving are missing. Internationally, the numbers of cases are not always clear and there is a lack of sound knowledge on the assessment of the care arrangements on the part of the distance caregiver, the actual role of the distance, specific barriers, conflicts, effective strategies and solution options. This applies to people in family homecare as well primary care facilities and employers.Results. These studies, conducted largely in the Anglo-American region, draw a clear picture of who distance caregivers are (in general well-educated daughters or daughters-in-law) and that they make a substantial contribution to care in terms of organization, coordination, and emotional support in addition to visits. Distance impedes the flow of information about the health condition of the person in need of care and limits the possibilities to react to the needs at short notice or in crisis situations. Distance caregivers are often faced by financial as well as emotional burdens due to the care situation and lack of control even if there are some support strategies and compatibility between care and occupation, e.g. emergency management, local support networks, flexible working arrangements.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 57]}
+{"token": "Framework for Developing Fragility and Consequence Models for Local Personal Risk. For the estimation of \\\\'local personal risk,\\\\' i.e., the annual probability of fatality for a hypothetical person continuously present in or near a building, an analyticalmethodology based on the probability of partial and complete collapse mechanisms (fragility models) and the probability of death given those collapse mechanisms (consequence models) for a building stock exposed to induced seismicity ground shaking is presented.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Bhattoji Diksita's 'Small Step' for a grammarian and 'Giant Leap' for Sanskrit grammar. This paper is devoted to theoretical and methodical considerations on our study and understanding of macroscopic transitions in the world of Sanskrit intellectuals from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century (cf. Pollock, Indian Economic and Social History Review 38(1):3-31, 2001). It is argued that compared to his immediate predecessors Bhattoji Diksita's contribution to Prakriya grammars was modest. It was to a large extent on account of changed circumstances - over the centuries mainly a slow but steady decline -in the position of Sanskrit and the general public's need for a simple definition of authoritatively correct Sanskrit that Bhattoji's grammar met with success so quickly, so widely, and so solidly.", "label": [3, 5, 52, 32]}
+{"token": "Relationship between balance and dual task walking in the very elderly. ConclusionsRecognizing the influence of dual task walking on balance and fall risk could help health professionals to prevent falls in older adults, as well as optimize assessment and intervention planning. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 16: 89-94.AimTo investigate the relationship between balance and dual task performance in adults aged over 80 years, and to analyze possible differences between fallers and non-fallers in dual task performance.MethodsAn observational cross-sectional study was carried out at the Federal University of SAo Carlos (Brazil). We assessed 67 community-dwelling older adults aged over 80 years who were able to walk. The volunteers were divided into groups of fallers and non-fallers. The one-leg standing and tandem tests were used to assess balance. Dual task was assessed by the Timed Up and Go test, associated with a motor task (TUGT-motor) and a cognitive task (TUGT-cognitive). Statistical analyses were carried out, and the significance level was set at =5%.ResultsSignificant correlations were found between balance and dual task variables. Fallers took significantly more time and steps on both the TUGT-motor and the TUGT-cognitive, with no significant differences on balance tests between groups.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 57]}
+{"token": "Infanticide by males in a spider with suicidal maternal care, Stegodyphus lineatus (Eresidae). Infanticide by males in species with high maternal investment may be the most extreme example of a reproductive conflict of interests between males and females. The subsocial spider Stegodyphus lineatus is semelparous, and the offspring eat their mother. Male and female maturation overlap, such that late maturing males encounter females that are already guarding the single clutch. A late male may try to remove the existing egg sac, thereby forcing the female to replace the clutch and use his sperm to fertilize at least some of the eggs. Males were responsible for 33% of all the egg losses in a population of 278 females with eggs. By losing her clutch, the female loses time equivalent to the age of the lost clutch plus the time it takes to replace it. The earlier in the season a female lost a clutch and the younger the eggs were, the longer was the interval between clutch loss and clutch replacement. Females that lost their egg sacs by infanticide replaced them after a significantly longer time than females that lost their egg sacs from other causes. The time loss of 18.5 days on average corresponds to a 23% reduction in female survival probability. In addition to reduced survival, females suffered a fecundity cost: replacement clutches were smaller than the original clutches and the reduction in egg number was greater with increasing intervals between the first and second clutch. Females defended their egg sacs aggressively against males. In field tests, the outcome of fights between males and females was determined by the relative size difference of the contestants. The mating system of S. lineatus provides an example of a male mating strategy that evolved despite being very costly for the females. (C) 1997 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.", "label": [4, 5, 55, 47]}
+{"token": "Chrysanthemum species used as food and medicine: Understanding quality differences on the global market. Background: Chrysanthemum flowers [Ch. x morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl. and Ch. indicum L.] are a globally used and pharmacologically interesting botanical drug, however, with variable product quality.Results: The: HPTLC fingerprints of C. indicum samples are clearly distinguishable from C. x morifolium. Fingerprints of samples from the same cultivars collected from markets in different countries (USA and China) show different patterns. Large variance of fingerprints within each cultivar group was observed. The heavy metal analysis showed excessive amounts of some harmful heavy metal in some commercial products with excessive cadmium being the most frequent problem.Conclusions: The Chinese medicinal cultivars vary. Differences between samples sourced from the USA and China might be ascribable to geographical factors (e.g. soil composition), degradation during transport/storage or adulteration, but geographical differences should also be taken into account. Importantly, a much more detailed definition of the drug are needed for better quality control. In addition, with continuous contamination problem observed, a more widespread regulation is an essential requirement for better quality. (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of SAAB.Objective: We aim at understanding the chemical variability of primary material available commercially based on different origins and associated quality problems like contamination with heavy metals. This needs to be assessed in the context of the current regulations for this botanical drug and associated problems.Material and Methods: 15 C. indicum L. and 50 C. x morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl., including a range of geographical cultivars recognized in China, samples from the USA, Europe and China were analyzed using High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) to compare their general chemical profile. Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was used to quantify heavy metal contamination.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Choices in Context: How Case-Level Factors Influence the Magnitude of Ideological Voting on the U.S. Supreme Court. Most scholarship on Supreme Court decision making assumes that justices' ideological preferences exhibit a uniform impact on their choices across a variety of situations. I develop a theoretical framework positing the importance of case-level context in shaping the magnitude of ideological voting on the Court. I hypothesize how issue-related factors influence this magnitude. I test the hypotheses using a multilevel modeling framework on data from the 1953-2004 terms. The results provide support for several of the hypotheses; issue salience, issue attention, the authority for the decision (statutory interpretation versus constitutionality of federal or state laws), intercourt conflict, the presence of a lower court dissent, and mandatory versus discretionary jurisdiction all significantly influence ideological voting. Overall, the article adds significant qualifications to extant theories of judicial decision making by showing how ideological voting on the Court is shaped by the varying situations that confront the justices from case to case.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Magnesium-Doped MAPbI(3) Perovskite Layers for Enhanced Photovoltaic Performance in Humid Air Atmosphere. Despite the high efficiency of MAPbI(3) perovskite solar cells, the long term stability and degradation in humid atmosphere are issues that still needed to be addressed. In this work, magnesium iodide (MgI2) was first successfully used as a dopant into MAPbI(3) perovskite prepared in humid air atmosphere. Mg doping decreased the valence band level, which was determined from photoelectron yield spectroscopy. Compared to the pristine MAPbI(3) perovskite film, the 1.0% Mg-doped perovskite film showed increased crystal grain size and formation of pinhole-free perovskite film. Performance of the solar cell was increased from 14.2% of the doping-free solar cell to 17.8% of 1.0% Mg-doped device. Moreover, 90% of the original power conversion efficiency was still retained after storage in 30-40% relative humidity for 600 h.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "The psychological consequences of source isolation: a review of the literature. Source isolation can be an extremely frightening and anxiety provoking experience. With the many epidemiological changes that are prevalent in the UK today the need to care for individuals in source isolation is becoming increasingly important to prevent the spread of infection in hospitals.This review defines and examines the historical developments of source isolation and then discusses related research which suggests possible effects of source isolation on an individual's psychological well-being.This review highlights: the lack of research on the psychological effects of source isolation. Furthermore, literature and research on related aspects of isolation suggests very serious effects are noted on the psychological well-being of individuals.Whilst a cessation of source isolation is not an option, urgent research is required to examine what nurse interventions can be implemented to ameliorate these negative effects.Research which has determined the effects of sensory deprivation and social isolation are discussed, together with literature on the intensive care syndrome.However, the psychological effects of source isolation are not well understood or researched.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "A preliminary assessment of the habitat selection of two Palaearctic migrant passerine species in West Africa. We investigated the habitat selected by two Palaearctic migrants (Pied Flycatcher, Ficedula hypoleuca, Willow Warbler, Phylloscopus trochilus) in a patchy landscape in Ivory Coast and compared it with the habitat selection of Afrotropical species in the same foraging guilds. Transect counts were used to test the hypothesis that migrants use more open and more seasonal habitats and have a broader use of habitats compared with resident species. Habitats compared were, in order of decreasing tree density, gallery forest, an isolated forest and bush/tree savanna. The isolated forest had the most pronounced seasonal changes (deciduous trees) and was the one with the most diverse vegetation structure. The habitat where both migrants were most frequent was the isolated forest, and thus occurred in the habitat with the most pronounced seasonal change. Diversity of habitats selected was highest in migrants but in the Pied Flycatcher this was possibly an artefact due to subdominant individuals being excluded from the preferred habitat by territorial birds. Potential competition for habitat with Afrotropical species was found to be low.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Effect of L-Arginine Supplementation on Immune Responsiveness in Patients With Sickle Cell Disease. Background. L-arginine (L-Arg) is deficient in sickle cell disease (SSD) during vasoocclusion. We investigated possible causal relationship between L-Arg deficiency and immune dysfunction in SSD in steady-state. Procedure. Fifteen patients with SSD in steady-state and 13 controls were studied. Plasma L-Arg levels were measured using liquid chromatography. T cell subsets and CD3zeta (CD3 zeta) chain expression were analyzed using flow cytometry. Lymphocyte proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and production of IL-6 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were evaluated with and without L-Arg. Results. SSD patients had significantly lower L-Arg levels than controls. CD3 and CD19 cell populations were comparable for both groups, but SSD patients had above normal numbers of natural killer cells (P = 0.06). Patients and controls exhibited significantly increased lymphocyte blastogenesis to PHA after introduction of L-Arg to cultures; response of patients was significantly greater than values for control individuals. Proliferative response to candida in SSD patients was significantly lower than in controls; L-Arg supplementation did not increase this response. L-Arg had no effect on blastogenic response to PPD and candida albicans. No effect was likewise seen in production of IL-6 and IFN-gamma after addition of L-Arg. CD3 zeta chain expression increased after addition of L-Arg in both groups; differences were insignificant. Conclusion. L-Arg levels in steady-state SSD are significantly lower than in controls. L-Arg supplementation enhanced lymphocyte blastogenesis to PHA for both controls and patients, but not in response to antigen. There were no significant differences in CD3 zeta chain expression although upregulation of expression occurred after L-Arg supplementation for both groups. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55:318-323. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Treehopper (Membracidae, Auchenorrhyncha) assemblages in four semi-arid areas of caatinga of Northeast Brazil. Treehopper assemblages were sampled in four semi-arid areas of caatinga in Northeast Brazil during the rainy seasons of 2016 and 2017, using three different capture methods. The areas are located in two Ecoregions of the Caatinga: \\\\'Depressno Sertaneja Setentrional\\\\' (Northern Sertaneja Depression) and \\\\'Planalto da Borborema\\\\' (Borborema Plateau). A total of 2,394 individuals of 43 species were sampled, corresponding to approximately 87% of the mean estimated species richness for all four areas. The species richness varied among the areas from 14 to 21, while the abundance of individuals ranged from 129 to 1860. Eighteen species were shared among areas, of which only Enchenopa eunicea, Sundarion sp. 1, Ceresa vitulus and Erosne parvula occurred in all four due to the general behavior of the first three and the wide distribution of host plant of Erosne parvula - Mimosa tenuiflora. Twenty-five species occurred only in one area, of which 23 were categorized as rare with a maximum of eight individuals sampled, and seven with only one individual collected (singletons). Considering that the Caatinga Domain possesses at least nine Ecoregions with different climates, geomorphology and vegetation, along with marked endemism of plants, it is expected that the species richness of treehoppers will increase substantially on a regional scale.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Withdrawal from clozapine: The 'rebound phenomenon. Clozapine is an \\\\'atypical\\\\' antipsychotic agent for treating previously resistant schizophrenic patients. Its main advantages over \\\\'typical\\\\' neuroleptics are low incidence of extrapyramidal side effects and its capacity to induce therapeutic response in previously treated refractory patients. However, withdrawal from clozapine has been observed to lead to \\\\'atypical\\\\' clinical characteristics or a \\\\'rebound phenomenon,\\\\' manifested in two interwoven clinical forms: (1) psychotic exacerbation, and (2) cholinergic rebound. The underlying pathophysiological mechanism of this phenomenon is postulated to be a result of cholinergic supersensitivity. In this paper, the \\\\'rebound phenomenon\\\\' will be discussed and exemplified by three case histories in which abrupt cessation of clozapine led to serious deterioration and psychotic exacerbation, and one case in which gradual titration from the drug was employed in order to preempt this hazardous occurrence.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "An IPv6-based mobility framework for urban vehicular networks. This paper proposes an IPv6-based mobility framework for urban vehicular networks. In this framework, the architecture for urban vehicular networks is presented, and based on this architecture, the IPv6 address structure for urban vehicular networks is proposed. In this framework, a vehicle is always identified by its home address and does not need to be configured with a care-of address. Based on this architecture, the pre-handover algorithm is presented. In this algorithm, the third-layer (L3) mobility handover is performed before the second-layer (L2) one. When a vehicle finishes the L3 handover but does not perform the L2 handover, the corresponding access router or border router reserves the messages destined for the vehicle. After the vehicle completes the L2 handover, the access router or border router transmits the reserved messages to the vehicle. The performance of this framework is evaluated, and the results show that this framework reduces the handover cost and delay and lowers the packet loss. Copyright (c) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Construction of internal electric field to suppress oxygen evolution of Ni-rich cathode materials at a high cutoff voltage. The Nickel-rich layered cathode materials have been considered as promising cathode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which due to it can achieve a high capacity of than 200 mAh g_1 under a high cutoff voltage of 4.5 V. However, the nickel-rich layered cathode materials show severely capacity fading at high voltage cycling, induced by the hybrid O anion and cation redox promote Oa_ (a< 2) migration in the crystal lattice under high charge voltage, lead to the instability of the oxygen skeleton and oxygen evolution, promote the phase transition and electrolyte decomposition. Here, Li1_xTMO2_y/Li2SO4 hybrid layer is designed by a simple pyrolysis method to enhance the high voltage cycle stability of NCM. In such constructed hybrid layer, the inner spinel structure of Li1_xTMO2_y layer is the electron-rich state, which could form an electron cloud coupling with the NCM with surface oxygen vacancies, while Li2SO4 is p-type semiconductors, thus constructing a heterojunction interface of Li1_xTMO2_y//Li2SO4 and Li1_xTMO2_y//NCM, thereby generating internal self-built electric fields to inhibit the outward migration of bulk oxygen anions. Moreover, the internal self-built electric fields could not only strengthen the bonding force between the Li1_xTMO2_y/Li2SO4 hybrid layer and host NCM material, but also boost the charge transfer. As consequence, the modified NCM materials show excellent electrochemical performance with capacity retention of 97.7% and 90.1% after 200 cycles at 4.3 V and 4.5 V, respectively. This work provides a new idea for the development of high energy density applications of Nickel-rich layered cathode materials.(c) 2022 Science Press and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. and Science Press All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36, 15]}
+{"token": "Construction output modelling: a systematic review. Purpose Construction economics scholars have emphasised the importance of construction output forecasting and have called for increased investment in infrastructure projects due to the positive relationship between construction output and economic growth. However, construction output tends to fluctuate over time. Excessive changes in the volume of construction output have a negative impact upon the construction sector, such as liquidation of construction companies and job losses. Information gleaned from extant literature suggests that fluctuation in construction output is a global problem. Evidence indicates that modelling of construction output provides information for understanding the factors responsible for these changes. Methodology An interpretivist epistemological lens is adopted to conduct a systematic review of published studies on modelling of construction output. A thematic analysis is then presented, and the trends and gaps in current knowledge are highlighted. Findings It is observed that interest rate is the most common determinant of construction output. Also revealed is that very little is known about the underlying factors stimulating growth in the volume of investment in maintenance construction works. Further work is required to investigate the efficacy of using non-linear techniques for construction output modelling. Originality This study provides a contemporary mapping of existing knowledge relating to construction output and provides insights into gaps in current understanding that can be explored by future researchers.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
+{"token": "Modal identification based on Hilbert-Huang Transform of structural response with SVD preprocessing. In recent years, Empirical mode decomposition and Hilbert spectral analysis have been combined to identify system parameters. Singular-Value Decomposition is proposed as a signal preprocessing technique of Hilbert-Huang Transform to extract modal parameters for closely spaced modes and low-energy components. The proposed method is applied to a simulated airplane model built in Automatic Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems software. The results demonstrate that the identified modal parameters are in good agreement with the baseline model.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "White matter integrity, suicidal ideation, and cognitive dysfunction in combat-exposed Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans. White matter alterations in frontolimbic circuits and poorer cognitive functioning have been observed in individuals endorsing suicidality across numerous psychiatric conditions. However, relationships between white matter integrity, cognition, and suicidality in Veterans are poorly understood, particularly for those at increased risk for suicide due to mental health conditions (e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder, depression) and traumatic brain injury history. We (1) examined white matter alterations in combat-exposed Iraq/Afghanistan Veterans with and without suicidal ideation (SI) and (2) investigated relationships between white matter integrity and neuropsychological functioning in regions that differed between SI groups. No group differences were found regarding psychiatric diagnoses. Participants with SI had lower fractional anisotropy (FA) in the posterior corona radiata, superior corona radiata, and superior longitudinal fasciculus relative to those without SI. Worse processing speed/attention performance was associated with lower FA in the superior longitudinal fasciculus, while worse executive functioning performance was associated with lower FA in the superior corona radiata and superior longitudinal fasciculus. Memory performance was not associated with FA. These findings suggest that white matter integrity may be involved in cognitive dysfunction and increased risk for SI. Interventions that target cognitive dysfunction may ameliorate SI, and in turn, reduce risk for suicide among Veterans.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 23]}
+{"token": "Do sample size calculations in longitudinal orthodontic trials use the advantages of this study design? A meta-epidemiological study. Objectives: To examine whether optimal calculations of the sample size are being used in longitudinal orthodontic trials.Materials and Methods: Longitudinal orthodontic trials with a minimum of three time points of outcome assessment published between January 1, 2017, and December 30, 2020, were sourced from a single electronic database. Study characteristics at the level of each trial were undertaken independently and in duplicate. Descriptive statistics and summary values were calculated. Inferential statistics (Fisher's exact test and logistic regression) were applied to detect associations between reporting of a sample size calculation and the study characteristics.Results: A total of 147 trials were analyzed; 75.5% of these trials reported a sample size calculation with none reporting optimal sample size calculation for longitudinal trials. Most of the longitudinal orthodontic trials did not report the correlation and the number of longitudinal measurements in calculating the sample size. An association between reporting of a sample size calculation (yes or no) and the type of journal (orthodontic and non-orthodontic) was detected with higher odds of reporting a sample size calculation in orthodontic journals than in non-orthodontic journals (3.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-6.59; P < .01).Conclusions: The findings of this study highlighted that the undertaking of optimal sample size calculations in longitudinal orthodontic trials is being underused. Greater awareness of the variables required for undertaking the correct sample size calculation in these trials is required to reduce suboptimal research practices.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "The effect of spatial truncation error on variance of gravity anomalies derived from inversion of satellite orbital and gradiometric data. The spatial truncation error (STE) is a significant systematic error in the integral inversion of satellite gradiometric and orbital data to gravity anomalies at sea level. In order to reduce the effect of STE, a larger area than the desired one is considered in the inversion process, but the anomalies located in its central part are selected as the final results. The STE influences the variance of the results as well because the residual vector, which is contaminated with STE, is used for its estimation. The situation is even more complicated in variance component estimation because of its iterative nature. In this paper, we present a strategy to reduce the effect of STE on the a posteriori variance factor and the variance components for inversion of satellite orbital and gradiometric data to gravity anomalies at sea level. The idea is to define two windowing matrices for reducing this error from the estimated residuals and anomalies. Our simulation studies over Fennoscandia show that the differences between the 0.5 degrees x 0.5 degrees gravity anomalies obtained from orbital data and an existing gravity model have standard deviation (STD) and root mean squared error (RMSE) of 10.9 and 12.1 mGal, respectively, and those obtained from gradiometric data have 7.9 and 10.1 in the same units. In the case that they are combined using windowed variance components the STD and RMSE become 6.1 and 8.4 mGal. Also, the mean value of the estimated RMSE after using the windowed variances is in agreement with the RMSE of the differences between the estimated anomalies and those obtained from the gravity model. (C) 2014 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 34, 15, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "CLINICAL AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING CHARACTERISTICS OF THORACOLUMBAR INTERVERTEBRAL DISK EXTRUSIONS AND PROTRUSIONS IN LARGE BREED DOGS. Treatment recommendations differ for dogs with intervertebral disk extrusion vs. intervertebral disk protrusion. The aim of this retrospective, cross-sectional study was to determine whether clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) variables could be used to predict a diagnosis of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusion or protrusion in dogs. Dogs were included if they were large breed dogs, had an MRI study of the thoracolumbar or lumbar vertebral column, had undergone spinal surgery, and had the type of intervertebral disk herniation (intervertebral disk extrusion or protrusion) clearly stated in surgical reports. A veterinary neurologist unaware of surgical findings reviewed MRI studies and recorded number, location, degree of degeneration and morphology of intervertebral disks, presence of nuclear clefts, disk space narrowing, extent, localization and lateralization of herniated disk material, degree of spinal cord compression, intraparenchymal intensity changes, spondylosis deformans, spinal cord swelling, spinal cord atrophy, vertebral endplate changes, and presence of extradural hemorrhage. Ninety-five dogs were included in the sample. Multivariable statistical models indicated that longer duration of clinical signs (P = 0.01), midline instead of lateralized disk herniation (P = 0.007), and partial instead of complete disk degeneration (P = 0.01) were associated with a diagnosis of intervertebral disk protrusion. The presence of a single intervertebral herniation (P = 0.023) and dispersed intervertebral disk material not confined to the disk space (P = 0.06) made a diagnosis of intervertebral disk extrusion more likely. Findings from this study identified one clinical and four MRI variables that could potentially facilitate differentiating intervertebral disk extrusions from protrusions in dogs. (C) 2016 American College of Veterinary Radiology.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Using 'warm handoffs' to link hospitalized smokers with tobacco treatment after discharge: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. Discussion: If successful, this project offers a low-cost solution for more efficiently linking millions of hospitalized smokers with effective outpatient treatment-smokers that might otherwise be lost in the transition to outpatient care.Methods: The aim of this study-\\\\'EQUIP\\\\' (Enhancing Quitline Utilization among In-Patients)-is to determine the effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness, of warm handoff versus fax referral for linking hospitalized smokers with tobacco quitlines. This study employs a two-arm, individually randomized design. It is set in two large Kansas hospitals that have dedicated tobacco treatment interventionists on staff. At each site, smokers who wish to remain abstinent after discharge will be randomly assigned to groups. For patients in the fax group, staff will provide standard in-hospital intervention and will fax-refer patients to the state tobacco quitline for counseling post-discharge. For patients in the warm handoff group, staff will provide brief in-hospital intervention and immediate warm handoff: staff will call the state quitline, notify them that a warm handoff inpatient from Kansas is on the line, then transfer the call to the patients' mobile or bedside hospital phone for quitline enrollment and an initial counseling session. Following the quitline session, hospital staff provides a brief check-back visit. Outcome measures will be assessed at 1, 6, and 12 months post enrollment. Costs are measured to support cost-effectiveness analyses. We hypothesize that warm handoff, compared to fax referral, will improve care transitions for tobacco treatment, enroll more participants in quitline services, and lead to higher quit rates. We also hypothesize that warm handoff will be more cost-effective from a societal perspective.Background: Post-discharge support is a key component of effective treatment for hospitalized smokers, but few hospitals provide it. Many hospitals and care settings fax-refer smokers to quitlines for follow-up; however, less than half of fax-referred smokers are successfully contacted and enrolled in quitline services. \\\\'Warm handoff\\\\' is a novel approach to care transitions in which health care providers directly link patients with substance abuse problems with specialists, using face-to-face or phone transfer. Warm handoff achieves very high rates of treatment enrollment for these vulnerable groups.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Field assessment and genetic stability of Sinorhizobium fredii strain SMH12 for commercial soybean inoculants. The fast-grower Sinorhizobium fredii SMH12 has been evaluated as a soybean inoculant in alkaline soils (pH 8.2) of the Guadalquivir Valley. We also have investigated S. fredii SMH12 for the occurrence of changes after prolonged subculturing in tryptone-yeast extract media. Field experiments over three different seasons showed that soybean inoculated with S. fredii SMH12 produced seed yields that were not different from those produced by soybeans inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110, a highly effective soybean inoculant. Soybeans inoculated with a mixture of S. fredii SMH12 and B. japonicum USDA110 formed nodules that only contained the S. fredii co-inoculant. All the analysed bacterial traits remained unmodified after 500 bacterial generations. These results indicate that S. fredii SMH12 appears to be genetically stable and that, at least in the soils tested, is a valuable soybean inoculant. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "PATENTING EVERYTHING UNDER THE SUN: INVOKING THE FIRST AMENDMENT TO LIMIT THE USE OF GENE PATENTS. This Comment argues that the First Amendment should be used as a lens for determining whether something is a \\\\'natural phenomenon\\\\' for purposes of patent law. Patent law does not permit patents over natural phenomena; yet the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) has allowed patents over items that appear to be natural phenomena. Gene patents are one example. This Comment argues that genomic sequences should be considered natural phenomena. It also argues that because the current standards of the USPTO permit patents over these and other-natural phenomena, there is a problem with the current patent standards. The problem is that the USPTO has upset the balance between preserving the rights of the patent holder and the public's \\\\'right to know\\\\' about the information disclosed in patent applications. There currently exists no consistent standard for delineating which items are natural phenomena and which are not, and this permits many items that should be considered natural phenomena to obtain patents. This Comment argues that the First Amendment could offer a solution. Because First Amendment theory shares a focus on the public's \\\\'right to know,\\\\' standards of First Amendment law can serve as a lens for determining whether an item is a natural phenomenon.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Cytochrome c oxidase mRNA as an internal control for detection of Potato virus Y and Potato leafroll virus from single aphids by a co-amplification RT-PCR assay. Using cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1) mRNA as the internal control, a triplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) for detection of Potato virus Y (PVY) and Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) with co-amplification of COX1 from single specimens of various aphid species has been developed. Partial length cDNA of COX1 from green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), buckthorn aphid, Aphis nasturtii (Kaltenbach), and pea aphid, Acyrthosiphom pisum (Harris), was cloned and sequenced. These sequences, together with existing COX1 sequences from other aphid species capable or suspected to be capable of transmitting PVY and/or PLRV, were analyzed. The sequence identity between any two aphid species ranged from 97 to 100% at the putative protein level, and 89 to 94% at the nucleic acid level. Two highly conserved COX1 nucleotide sequence. stretches were selected to design universal primers Aph F and Aph R. This primer pair, together with two existing universal primer pairs (C1-J-2183 and C1-N-2329; Favret F and Favret R), were evaluated at the optimal annealing temperature using RNA from M. persicase, M. euphorbiae, and A. nasturtii. The Aph primer pair performed well in the monoplex RT-PCR but poorly in the triplex RT-PCR in the presence of the PVY- and PLRV-specific primers. On the other hand, the Favret and C I primer pairs performed well in both monoplex and triplex RT-PCR formats using single aphids of M. persicase, M. euphorbiae and A. nasturtii, demonstrating their suitability to indicate the successfulness of RT-PCR assays for PVY and PLRV. Using the Favret, PVY and PLRV primer sets, single aphids of M. persicase, M. euphorbiae and A. nasturtii that had been exposed to PLRV-infected and/or PVY-infected potato plants were assessed for their acquisition of the viruses by the triplex RT-PCR assay. Although majority (175/180) of the aphid samples produced the COX1 fragment, five aphid samples failed to produce either the COX1- or the virus-specific band, indicating failed RT-PCR in these samples. This method offers a sensitive tool for detection of viruliferous aphids combined to an effective quality control measure. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42, 21]}
+{"token": "Puerarin prevents epithelial tight junction dysfunction induced by ethanol in Caco-2 cell model. Increasing functional food ingredients such as flavonoids have been confirmed to exhibit significant effects on improving the function of intestinal barrier. Puerarin, an isoflavone extracted from Pueraria, was reported to play an active role in many diseases. Our previous research found that puerarin can improve enteritis by increasing mucin secretion and increase intestinal tight connectivity in mice. In this study, Caco-2 cell model was utilized to investigate the protective effects of puerarin on ethanol-induced intestinal tight junction injury. Results exhibited that puerarin could protect the integrity of the Caco-2 monolayer and inhibit the down-regulation of tight junction proteins (Z0-1, Claudin-1 and Occludin) expression induced by ethanol. Moreover, the puerarin administration exerted antagonistic function in regulating the alterations of tight junction related signalling pathways (NF-kappa B, ERK1 and ERK2) induced by ethanol, which may pave the way for puerarin might function as a candidate supplement to enhance intestinal barrier function.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
+{"token": "Electromagnetic moments of scandium isotopes and N =28 isotones in the distinctive 0 f(7/2) orbit. The electric quadrupole moment of Sc-49 was measured by collinear laser spectroscopy at CERNISOLDE to be Q(s) = -0.159(8) eb, and a nearly tenfold improvement in precision was reached for the electromagnetic moments of Sc-47,Sc-49. The single-particle behavior and nucleon-nucleon correlations are investigated with the electromagnetic moments of Z = 21 isotopes and N = 28 isotones as valence neutrons and protons fill the distinctive 0 f(7/2) orbit, respectively, located between magic numbers, 20 and 28. The experimental data are interpreted with shell-model calculations using an effective interaction, and ab-initio valence-space in-medium similarity renormalization group calculations based on chiral interactions. These results highlight the sensitivity of nuclear electromagnetic moments to different types of nucleon-nucleon correlations, and establish an important benchmark for further developments of theoretical calculations. (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "Combined effects of structural, stratigraphic and well controls on production variability in faulted shallow-marine reservoirs. The variability of the production data is decomposed into its explanatory factors in order to see the relative importance of the chosen parameters. The production data include the total production, the discounted production and the recovery factor. The sedimentological parameters dominate both the production and the discounted production variability, especially the aggradation angle and progradation direction, whereas the fault pattern is equally significant for the recovery factor. Continuity of sedimentological barriers were found to contribute less than expected to the production variability for these reservoir models, and the well placements also showed a low effect.Several key parameters that describe a prograding shallow-marine reservoir are investigated for their relative importance on hydrocarbon production variability. Sedimentological parameters are aggradation angle, progradation direction relative to the waterflood, continuity of cemented surfaces and shoreline curvature. Structural parameters are the fault pattern, the density (throw) of the faults and the fault-rock permeability. The last component investigated is the effect of well placements. Having three distinct levels for all sedimentological and structural parameters in addition to a non-faulted case gives a dataset of 2268 reservoir models. Four different sets of well locations produce 9072 production datasets.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Assessing the impact of pesticides on lumbricid populations: An individual-based modelling approach. 4. The models are individual-based and complementary. A deterministic partial differential equation model is used to derive equilibrium properties of the system analytically and to investigate the general dynamic behaviour. An individual-by-individual model shows how this behaviour is influenced by demographic and environmental stochasticity.1. In an ecological approach to risk assessment, population models may play an important role. Our population dynamical models take into account the complex life history of earthworms, as well as a particular ecological interaction (predation).2. Sublethal impact of pesticides is quantified at the individual level in terms of impaired vital rates, i.e. growth, maturation and reproduction. A simple model for the energetic relationships underlying these vital rates quantifies toxic stress mechanistically through proportionality constants relating size to energetic costs of maintenance, growth, food intake and production of offspring.3. Risk is defined at the population level. Risk resulting from chronic exposure relates to reductions in (equilibrium) density, changes in population size- and age-structure, and probability of surpassing an extinction threshold. Risk posed by a single or intermittent application of a highly degradable pesticide is defined in terms of extinction probabilities and recovery times, and related to pesticide decay and initial applied dose.5. Results obtained for two species, Lumbricus rubellus and L. terrestris, indicate that both are sensitive to pesticides affecting the energy available for individual growth, as opposed to the amount of energy available for reproduction. Retarded growth impedes individuals in reaching adulthood. This juvenile delay regulation translates from individual performance to population demography.6. Life-history characteristics appear to make L. terrestris more sensitive to toxic stress than L. rubellus, resulting in longer population recovery times.7. The insights obtained from the models and the way results depend on model assumptions, are discussed, and compared to the little available observational and experimental evidence. Extensions enabling a full ecological risk assessment for pesticide use are identified. Establishing an explicit relationship between ambient concentration and individual performance seems mandatory prior to use of the models as predictive tools.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
+{"token": "Subtleties with Young's double-slit experiment: Investigation of spatial coherence and fringe visibility. We discuss Young's double-slit experiment using a partially coherent light source consisting of a helium-neon laser incident on a rotating piece of white paper. Such an experiment is appropriate for undergraduate students as an independent project or as part of an advanced lab course. As is well known, the resulting interference pattern is observed to disappear and return, depending on the angular size of the source. Interestingly, while the standard theoretical prediction for the light intensity agrees quite well with experimental data when the fringe visibility is high, the prediction is noticeably off when the visibility is low. A first-principles calculation of the light intensity is performed and shown to agree extremely well with the experimental results for all visibilities. (C) 2018 American Association of Physics Teachers.", "label": [4, 5, 53, 35]}
+{"token": "On scatteredly continuous maps between topological spaces. A map f : X --> Y between topological spaces is defined to be scatteredly continuous if for each subspace A subset of X the restriction f|A has a point of continuity. We show that for a function f : X --> Y from a perfectly paracompact hereditarily Baire Preiss-Simon space X into a regular space Y the scattered continuity of f is equivalent to (i) the weak discontinuity (for each subset A subset of X the set D(f|A) of discontinuity points of f|A is nowhere dense in A), (ii) the piecewise continuity (X can be written as a countable union of closed subsets on which f is continuous), (iii) the G(delta)-measurability (the preimage of each open set is of type G(delta)). Also under Martin Axiom, we construct a G(delta)-measurable map f : X Y between metrizable separable spaces, which is not piecewise continuous. This answers an old question of V. Vinokurov. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Population densities of curassows, guans, and chachalacas (Cracidae): Effects of body size, habitat, season, and hunting. Understanding the factors that determine population densities is critical for conserving viable populations of threatened species. Half of the 50 species in the family Cracidae have experienced population declines. We conducted a literature review to explore the relations of population densities of cracids with body size, habitat, season, and hunting. We compiled 103 density data points for 27 species in 37 localities from Mexico to Argentina. There was no correlation between body mass and density. The larger cracines tended to have lower densities than penelopines, but densities in both subfamilies spanned a similar range of values. Intraspecific and interspecific densities varied among sites over 2 orders of magnitude (1-100 birds km(-2)). Some cracids exhibited plasticity in habitat use, with variable densities among habitats. There is evidence that some species performed local movements related to seasonality in rainfall or resource availability, leading to aggregations around water sources during the dry season or around seasonally abundant food sources. Hunting had a negative effect on population densities, but in some cases low to moderate hunting did not cause a decrease in density in comparison to nonhunted sites. Despite having similar ecologies, densities of cracid species are very variable, and each population seems to respond idiosyncratically to local factors, which requires care if data are extrapolated across populations or species. Future studies that aim to characterize cracid populations for conservation purposes should take into account possible intraspecific density variations related to seasonality, local movements, and habitat heterogeneity.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Persistent endometrial cups in the same mare in two successive pregnancies. We report upon an ageing Thoroughbred mare which showed remarkably similar and abnormally prolonged profiles of equine Chorionic Gonadotrophin (eCG) in her bloodstream during successive pregnancies sired by the same stallion. The first pregnancy was aborted at Day 75 after ovulation in conjunction with a precipitous decline in eCG concentrations which occurred immediately after the peak level had been reached. The second pregnancy, which proceeded safely to term, also involved a similar sharp fall in eCG concentrations after attainment of the peak values. Possible causes of the extended lifespan of the eCG-secreting endometrial cups in this animal are discussed.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Two memetic algorithms for heterogeneous fleet vehicle routing problems. The vehicle routing problem (VRP) plays an important role in the distribution step of supply chains. From a depot with identical vehicles of limited capacity, it consists in determining a set of vehicle trips of minimum total length, to satisfy the demands of a set of customers. in general, the number of vehicles used is a decision variable. The heterogeneous fleet VRP (HFVRP or HVRP) is a natural generalization with several vehicle types, each type being defined by a capacity, a fixed cost, a cost per distance unit and a number of vehicles available. The vehicle fleet mix problem (VFMP) is a variant with an unlimited number of vehicles per type. This paper presents two memetic algorithms (genetic algorithms hybridized with a local search) able to solve both the VFMP and the HVRP. They are based on chromosomes encoded as giant tours, without trip delimiters, and on an optimal evaluation procedure which splits these tours into feasible trips and assigns vehicles to them. The second algorithm uses a distance measure in solution space to diversify the search. Numerical tests on standard VFMP and HFVRP instances show that the two methods, especially the one with distance measure, compete with published metaheuristics and improve several best-known solutions. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "GROWTH OF MACROPHAGE-TROPIC AND PRIMARY HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1 (HIV-1) ISOLATES IN A UNIQUE CD4(+) T-CELL CLONE (PM1) - FAILURE TO DOWN-REGULATE CD4 AND TO INTERFERE WITH CELL-LINE-TROPIC HIV-1. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates derived directly from clinical samples are usually unable to grow in cytokine-independent continuous cell lines, thus hindering the study of their biological features and their sensitivity to humoral and cellular protective immunity. To overcome these limitations, we have derived from the Hut78 T-cell line a CD4(+) clone (PM1) characterized by a unique susceptibility to a wide range of HIV-1 isolates, including primary and biologically pure macrophage (M phi)-tropic isolates (e.g., HIV-1(BaL), which are unable to infect other human T- or promonocytic cell lines, Both primary and M phi-tropic HIV-1 establish persistent infection in PM1, with sustained levels of virus replication for prolonged periods, Experiments with chimeric viruses containing envelope fragments of HIV-1(BaL) inserted into the genetic framework of HXB2, a molecular clone derived from the cell-line-tropic isolate HIV-1(IIIB), showed the third hypervariable domain (V3) of gp 120 to be a critical determinant of the cell line tropism of HIV-1. Nevertheless, the V3 loop of HIV-(BaL), was not sufficient to confer on the chimeras a bona fide M phi tropism. The biological characteristics of HIV-1(BaL) and of a primary isolate (HIV-1(573)) were investigated by using the PM1 clone. Infection of PM1 by HIV-1(BaL) was critically dependent on the CD4 receptor, as shown by competition experiments with an anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (OKT4a) or with soluble CD4. However, the amount of soluble CD4 required for inhibition of HIV-1(BaL) was approximately 100-fold higher than for HIV-1(IIIB), suggesting that the affinity of HIV-1(BaL) for CD4 is significantly lower, Infection of PM1 with either HIV-1(BaL) or HIV-1(573) failed to induce downregulation of surface CD4 expression and syncytium formation. Analogous results were obtained with a chimeric virus (HXB2[BaLPvuII-BamHI]) encompassing a large portion of gp120 and gp41 of HIV-1(BaL) indicating that the env genes contain critical determinants for CD4 downregulation and syncytium formation. Consistent with the lack of CD4 downregulation, persistent infection of PM1 by HIV-1(BaL) or HIV-1(573) failed to interfere with HIV-1(IIIB) superinfection, as revealed by the expression of a type-specific V3 loop epitope (M77) and by the induction of extensive syncytium formation. This lack of interference suggests that a direct viral interaction may occur in vivo between biologically diverse HIV-1 strains. The PM1 clone represents a reproducible and efficient cellular system for the in vitro propagation of primary and M phi-tropic isolates of HIV-1 and may therefore provide a precious tool for studies aimed at developing broadly active vaccines against HIV-1.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Effects of mulberry leaf and white kidney bean extract mix on postprandial glycaemic control in pre-diabetic subjects aged 45-65 years: a randomized controlled trial. Mulberry leaves and white kidney beans may improve postprandial glycaemic control. However, data are lacking on the combined anti-diabetic effect of these two plant extracts among pre-diabetic individuals. This randomized controlled study aimed to evaluate the acute and chronic effects of mulberry leaf and white kidney bean extract mix (MWEM) on postprandial glycaemic control in 66 pre-diabetic subjects. In the acute effect test, ingestion of MWEM led to a significant decrease in the postprandial glucose, insulin, and C-peptide, as well as the incremental area under the curves from 0 to 120 min (iAUCs(0-120min)) for glucose, insulin, and C-peptide. In the chronic effect test, no significant treatment x time interactions were observed in the iAUCs(0-120min), as well as the homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and glycated serum protein (GSP) levels. The consumption of MWEM with a meal could potentially help to improve post-prandial glycaemic control in pre-diabetic individuals.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
+{"token": "The Case for Symmetry in Creditors' Rights. Using an original framework for evaluating bankruptcy rules, this Article casts doubt on the efficiency of legal arrangements that give some creditors an absolute advantage over others in the division of a debtor's assets. Such arrangements, which I classify as asymmetrical, are widely used in the modern economy, and include the secured loan, American general partnership, and guaranty contract. In contrast, symmetrical arrangements, which include the corporation and common law partnership, confer no absolute advantage, because they give each creditor group a prior claim to a distinct debtor asset pool. I demonstrate that symmetrical arrangements produce lower debt appraisal costs, more efficient creditor monitoring, and speedier bankruptcy proceedings; they also are less conducive to exploitation of creditors such as tort victims who do not adjust to subordination of their claims. These results indicate that lawmakers could create social wealth by reforming asymmetrical arrangements to be symmetrical. The Article concludes by showing how symmetry is superior to previous proposals for reforming the Secured loan.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "How mechanistic in silico modelling can improve our understanding of TB disease and treatment. TB is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide and the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent. Decreasing the length of time for TB treatment is an important step towards the goal of reducing mortality. Mechanistic in silico modelling can provide us with the tools to explore gaps in our knowledge, with the opportunity to model the complicated within-host dynamics of the infection, and simulate new treatment strategies. Significant insight has been gained using this form of modelling when applied to other diseases - much can be learned in infection research from these advances.", "label": [2, 22, 25]}
+{"token": "Extended-Spectrum beta-Lactamases among Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Urinary Tract Infections in Gaza Strip, Palestine. Background. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing organisms causing urinary tract infections are increasing in incidence and pose a major impendence to health-care facility, having limited therapeutic options. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of ESBLs in Enterobacteriaceae isolates causing urinary tract infections in Gaza strip, Palestine, and to characterize beta-lactamase types and associated resistance genes. Methods. Eighty-five Enterobacteriaceae isolates were recovered from urinary tract infections within three months in Gaza Strip hospitals. The characterization of beta-lactamase genes and the genetic environments of CTX-M, the identification of associated resistance genes, and the presence and characterization of integrons were tested by PCR and sequencing. Results. The occurrence rate of ESBL among tested isolates was 30 (35.3%), and among ESBL-positive isolates, bla(CTX-M) was the highest followed by bla(TEM). ESBL-CTX-M-1 group was confirmed in 93.3%, and the remaining carried CTX-M-9 group. CTX-M-15, CTX-M-3, CTX-M-1, CTX-M-14, CTX-M-27, and CTX-M-37 enzymes were demonstrated among the isolates with the majority (73%) being CTX-M-15. ISEcp-1 was demonstrated in 27 (90%, high incidence) of ESBL isolates. Class 1 integrons have been detected in higher rates (53.3%) in ESBL-positive isolates in comparison with non-ESBL isolates (6, 33.3%). Cassettes of integron-1 contain (aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12, and dfrA17) genes. The aac(6')-Ib-cr gene was demonstrated in 36.7% of ESBL-positive isolates. Conclusions. This study indicates that bla(CTX-M-15) was the most prevalent beta-lactamase in this region. Our study demonstrates for the first time in Palestine the identification of bla(CTX-M-15) in P. rettgeri and S. liquefaciens, also bla(CTX-M-37) in E. cloacae. The coexpression of multiple beta-lactamase genes with aac(6')-Ib-cr and qnr in the presence of ISEcp-1 and integrons in individual strains will increase the dissemination of highly resistant strains. ESBL producers were more resistant than non-ESBLs producers for almost all tested antibiotics.", "label": [2, 18, 19]}
+{"token": "Development and Characterization of an Inclined Air-Curtain (IAC) Fume Hood. An inclined air-curtain (IAC) fume hood was developed and characterized using the laser-assisted smoke flow visualization technique and tracer-gas (sulphur hexafluoride) concentration detection method. The IAC fume hood features four innovative design elements: (i) an elongated suction slot installed at the hood roof with an offset towards the rear wall, (ii) an elongated up-blowing planar jet issued from the work surface near the hood inlet, (iii) two deflection plates installed at the left and right side walls, and (iv) a boundary-layer separation controller installed at the sash bottom. Baffles employed in conventional hoods were not used. The suction slot and the up-blowing planar jet formed a rearward-inclined push-pull air curtain. The deflection plates worked with the inclined air curtain to induce four rearward-inclined counter-rotating 'tornados.' The fumes generated in the hood were isolated behind the rearward-inclined air curtain, entrained by the low pressure within the vortical flows, moved up spirally, and finally exhausted through the suction slot. The risk of containment leakage due to the large recirculation vortex that usually exists behind the sash of conventional hoods was reduced by the boundary-layer separation controller. The results of the tracer-gas concentration detection method based on the EN-14175 method showed that the flow field created by the geometric configurations of the IAC hood presented characteristics of low leakage and high resistance to dynamic disturbances at low face velocities. The leakage levels measured by the static, sash movement, and walk-by tests were negligible at a face velocity of 0.26 m s(-1).", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "Personality traits of teenagers with boundary neuropsychic disorders evacuated out of the 30-km zone of the Chernobyl accident. The personality traits of teenagers with boundary neuropsychic disorders evacuated out of the 30-km zone of Chernobyl accident are analized. It was shown that the development of the post-traumatic stress in migrant teenagers resulted in specific personality disorders. These resultes were shown to use in working out of differential approach to the prophylaxy of the neuropsychic disorders in this sample.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Construction of three-gene-based prognostic signature and analysis of immune cells infiltration in children and young adults with B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Conclusion: We constructed a novel three-gene signature with independent prognostic factor for predicting 5-year OS of CAYAs with B-ALL. Additionally, we discovered the difference of immune cells composition between high-risk and low-risk groups. This study may help to customize individual treatment and improve prognosis of CAYAs with B-ALL.Results: One hundred and twelve DEGs between normal B cells and B-ALL cells were identified based on GSE datasets. They were mainly participated in protein binding and HIF-1 signaling pathway. One hundred and eighty-nine clinical samples were enrolled in the study, both Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis and univariate Cox regression analysis showed that CYBB, BCL2A1, IFI30, and EFNB1 were associated with prognosis, CYBB, BCL2A1, and EFNB1 were used to construct prognostic risk model. Moreover, compared to clinical indicators, the three-gene signature was an independent prognostic factor for CAYAs with B-ALL. Finally, the mRNA levels of CYBB, BCL2A1, and EFNB1 were significantly lower in B-ALL group as compared to controls. The high-risk group had a significantly higher percentage of infiltrated immune cells.Background: Although B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) patients' survival has been improved dramatically, some cases still relapse. This study aimed to explore the prognosis-related novel differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for predicting the overall survival (OS) of children and young adults (CAYAs) with B-ALL and analyze the immune-related factors contributing to poor prognosis.Methods: GSE48558 and GSE79533 from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and clinical sample information and mRNA-seq from Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET) database were retrieved. Prognosis-related key genes were enrolled to build a Cox proportional model using multivariate Cox regression. Five-year OS of patients, clinical characteristic relevance and clinical independence were assessed based on the model. The mRNA levels of prognosis-related genes were validated in our samples and the difference of immune cells composition between high-risk and low-risk patients were compared.", "label": [2, 20]}
+{"token": "Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of the thymidine kinase of ACV-resistant HSV-1 derived from an acyclovirsensitive herpes simplex virus type 1 strain. Twenty-four strains of acyclovir (ACV)-resistant (ACV(r)) herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) were generated from the HSV-1 TAS strain by exposure to ACV, and the genotype and phenotype of the thymidine kinase (TK) from these mutants were analyzed. The TK polypeptide of the ACV(r) HSV-1 strains was examined by Western blot using an anti-HSV-1 TK rabbit serum. The sensitivity of each strain to ACV, foscarnet and cidofovir (CDV) was also determined. A single guanine (G) insertion or a single cytosine (C) deletion was detected in 12 of the 24 ACV(r) strains at the G or C homopolymer stretches within the TK gene. Genotypic analysis predicted that two thirds of the ACV(r) HSV-1 strains expressed truncated TK polypeptides. while one third expressed viral TK polypeptide with a single amino acid substitution at various sites. Western blot abnormalities in the viral TK polypeptides were identified in 21 ACVr strains. There was an inverse correlation between the susceptibility of the HSV-1 mutant strains to ACV and that to CDV. Nucleotide sequencing of the TK gene and Western blot analysis of the viral TK polypeptides are considered to be one of the methods for predicting virus sensitivity to ACV and CDV. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 21]}
+{"token": "In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Infestation Deterrents Against Lice. The human head louse is a cosmopolitan ectoparasite and frequently infests many people, particularly school-age children. Due to widespread pyrethroid resistance and the lack of efficient resistance management, there has been a considerable interest in the protection of uninfested people and prevention of reinfestation by disrupting lice transfer. In this study, two nonclinical model systems (in vitro and in vivo) were used to determine the efficacy of the infestation deterrents, Elimax lotion and Elimax shampoo, against human head lice or poultry chewing lice, respectively. With in vitro assessments, female head lice exhibited significantly higher avoidance responses to hair tufts treated with either of the test formulations, which led to significantly higher ovipositional avoidance when compared with female lice on control hair tufts. Additionally, both formulations were determined to be competent infestation deterrents in a competitive avoidance test in the presence of a known attractant (head louse feces extract). In in vivo assessments using a previously validated poultry model, Elimax shampoo was determined to be an efficacious deterrent against poultry chewing lice within Menopon spp. and Menacanthus spp.", "label": [0, 4, 44, 10]}
+{"token": "On binary-driven hypernovae and their nested late X-ray emission. Methods. We compare and contrast the late X-ray luminosity of the above three BdHNe. We examine correlations between the time at the starting point of the constant late power-law decay t(a)*, the average prompt luminosity < L-iso >, and the luminosity at the end of the plateau L-a. We analyze a thermal emission (similar to 0.97-0.29 keV), observed during the X-ray steep decay phase of GRB 090618.Context. The induced gravitational collapse (IGC) paradigm addresses the very energetic (10(52)-10(54) erg) long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) associated to supernovae (SNe). Unlike the traditional \\\\'collapsar\\\\' model, an evolved FeCO core with a companion neutron star (NS) in a tight binary system is considered as the progenitor. This special class of sources, here named \\\\'binary-driven hypernovae\\\\' (BdHNe), presents a composite sequence composed of four different episodes with precise spectral and luminosity features.Conclusions. We confirm a constant slope power-law behavior for the late X-ray luminosity in the source rest frame, which may lead to a new distance indicator for BdHNe. These results, as well as the emitter size and Lorentz factor, appear to be inconsistent with the traditional afterglow model based on synchrotron emission from an ultra-relativistic (Gamma similar to 10(2)-10(3)) collimated jet outflow. We argue, instead, for the possible role of r-process, originating in the binary system, to power the mildly relativistic X-ray source.Results. The late X-ray luminosities of the three BdHNe, in the rest-frame energy band 0.3-10 keV, show a precisely constrained \\\\'nested\\\\' structure. In a space-time diagram, we illustrate the different sizes and Lorentz factors of the emitting regions of the three episodes. For GRB 090618, we infer an initial dimension of the thermal emitter of similar to 7 x 10(12) cm, expanding at Gamma approximate to 2. We find tighter correlations than the Dainotti-Willingale ones.Aims. We first compare and contrast the steep decay, the plateau, and the power-law decay of the X-ray luminosities of three selected BdHNe (GRB 060729, GRB 061121, and GRB 130427A). Second, to explain the different sizes and Lorentz factors of the emitting regions of the four episodes, for definiteness, we use the most complete set of data of GRB 090618. Finally, we show the possible role of r-process, which originates in the binary system of the progenitor.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "COMPLEX BIOGEOGRAPHIC HISTORY OF LANIUS SHRIKES AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF DEFENSES AGAINST AVIAN BROOD PARASITISM. Using portions of three mitochondrial genes to resolve the uncertain systematic relationships, we constructed a phylogeny of the \\\\'gray shrikes\\\\' in the genus Lanius. We used the tree and estimates of the rate of evolution of passeriform mtDNA genes to project the nodes' ages and to assess the pattern and age of egg-rejection behavior in shrikes. Our results suggest that Lanius excubitor and L. m. meridionalis are sister taxa and that this clade is sister to L. ludovicianus, then L. sphenocercus is sister to this clade. Lanius excubitor from the Old World was considerably diverged from both New World species and part of a clade also containing four other subspecies of L. meridionalis. The paraphyly and sequence divergence between New World and Old World L. excubitor suggest that these populations represent distinct species. Mapping egg rejection onto the phylogeny suggests that rejection is deeply rooted in shrikes, as it is present as deep as two species, L. collurio and L. bucephalus, that are outgroups to the gray shrikes and in the derived L. ludovicianus. Rejection in L. ludovicianus may have been retained as long as 1.1-1.8 million years, since its clade split from the Old World L. sphenocercus, providing more evidence that once hosts evolve rejection they retain it for long periods of time. These results suggest hosts are becoming increasingly resistant to brood parasitism, which will force parasites to specialize on a few host species.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "GDOES analysis of niobium de-hydrogenation after electropolishing processes. Niobium, as pure metal and alloying element, is used in a variety of applications, among them in nuclear industries. Niobium is incorporated into nuclear fission reactors due to its enormous strength and relatively low density. Surface finishing of niobium is often performed in electrochemical polishing processes in view of improving its smoothness, corrosion resistance and its surface cleanability. However, the presently used electropolishing process (EP) is intrinsically linked to the subsurface hydrogenation of niobium, which measurably degrades its properties. The annealing operation, which is used to remove hydrogen from electropolished niobium, is quite a costly and time-consuming process. The traditional electrolyte consisting of a mixture of 96% H2SO4/49% HF acids by volume in a 9: 1 ratio has been substituted for the new one, being a mixture of 70% methanesulfonic acid with 49% hydrofluoric acid by volume in a 3: 1 ratio. The additional imposition of a magnetic field during the electropolishing process-magnetoelectropolishing (MEP) further increases hydrogen removal, when compared to the hydrogen content achieved by the electropolishing process (EP) alone. The aim of the study is to reveal a methodic approach and showing decreasing hydrogenation of niobium samples after consecutive steps of electrochemical polishing. Glow-Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy (GDOES) measurements were used to measure the hydrogen content in the surface layer of as-received (AR) niobium and in the samples after EP and MEP processes, and prove its close-tozero content after MEP.(c) 2018 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Dutch Inlaid Aventurine Decoration: Study, Analysis, and Conservation. A small group of seventeenth-century furniture comprised of four cabinets and one table distinguishes itself from contemporary furniture decorated with lacquer imitation techniques. Sumptuous patterns in European aventurine lacquer are inlaid into a background of ebony, thus creating a rich contrast. Inspired by the technique of Japanese nashi-ji lacquer, European motives are paired with the exotic effect of shimmering metal particles. Tying into previous research, one of the cabinets which was so far only known from photographs in early twentieth-century literature, was studied in-depth. A fragment from the table's decoration could also be included into the technical study. The materials and techniques employed for the creation of these inlaid aventurine lacquer pieces were studied and compared to the hitherto studied three cabinets. The most recent treatment involving consolidating delaminated areas and replacing losses in the aventurine lacquer is briefly outlined.", "label": [3, 4, 36, 35, 30]}
+{"token": "Indices system design of distribution logistics, transport logistics and materials flow as parts of controlling in enterprise's logistics. This contribution deals with markers system proposal of distribution logistics, transport logistics and materials flow control. System of markers is designed with regard to basic facilities and specifications, who has to copy character and disposition remembered subsystems enterprise's logistics system.There is necessary to think about two aspects while applying controlling in logistics. The main aim of the logistics in relation to business economics is assessing support to the invested financial capital resources - it is the first aspect. The second one is based on the target of controlling - continuous monitoring of company's economy. In order to make a logistics controlling successful and with required results it is necessary to utilize any logistics controlling tools. One of the tools in logistics controlling is a set of indicators.Important part of controlling logistics system is monitoring and evaluation of logistics markers. Logistic markers represent synthetic view to logistic performance and logistic costs by the means of interaction rate so that it can evaluate logistic activities area, cost economy and final productivity of logistics activities in company.", "label": [1, 4, 38, 13]}
+{"token": "A DNA machine-based fluorescence amplification strategy for sensitive detection of uracil-DNA glycosylase activity. Sensitive detection of uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) activity is critical for function study of UDG and clinical diagnosis. Here, we developed a novel fluorescent strategy for sensitive detection of UDG activity based on the signal amplification by a label-free and enzyme-free DNA machine. A double-strand DNA (dsDNA) probe P1-P2 with uracil bases and trigger sequence was designed for UDG recognition and signal transduction. Two hairpin probes H1 and H2 which were partially complementary were employed to construct the label-free and enzyme-free DNA machine. Under the action of UDG, uracil bases were removed from the P1-P2 dsDNA probe, and then a strand P2' with abasic sites was released. Subsequently, the liberated P2' activated the DNA machine and generated numerous H1-H2 complexes containing G-quadruplex (G4) structures in the end. Finally, the G4 structures could bind with N-methylmesoporphyrin IX (NMM) to form G4-NMM complexes with the enhanced fluorescence responses. This strategy could detect UDG activity as low as 0.00044 U/mL. In addition, the strategy was also applied for the analysis of UDG activity in HeLa cells lysate with low effect of cellular components. Moreover, this strategy was successfully applied for assaying the inhibition of UDG using uracil glycosylase inhibitor (UGI). This strategy provided a potential tool for sensitive quantification of UDG activity in UDG functional study and clinical diagnosis. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 2, 4, 19, 36, 15, 42]}
+{"token": "Placental chorionic plate-derived mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate severe acute pancreatitis by regulating macrophage polarization via secreting TSG-6. Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold promising potential to treat systemic inflammatory diseases including severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). In our previous study, placental chorionic plate-derived MSCs (CP-MSCs) were found to possess superior immunoregulatory capability. However, the therapeutic efficacy of CP-MSCs on SAP and their underlying mechanism remain unclear. Methods The survival and colonization of exogenous CP-MSCs were observed by bioluminescence imaging and CM-Dil labeling in rodent animal models of SAP. The therapeutic efficacy of CP-MSCs on SAP rats was evaluated by pathology scores, the levels of pancreatitis biomarkers as well as the levels of inflammatory factors in the pancreas and serum. The potential protective mechanism of CP-MSCs in SAP rats was explored by selectively depleting M1 or M2 phenotype macrophages and knocking down the expression of TSG-6. Results Exogenous CP-MSCs could survive and colonize in the injured tissue of SAP such as the lung, pancreas, intestine, and liver. Meanwhile, we found that CP-MSCs alleviated pancreatic injury and systemic inflammation by inducing macrophages to polarize from M1 to M2 in SAP rats. Furthermore, our data suggested that CP-MSCs induced M2 polarization of macrophages by secreting TSG-6, and TSG-6 played a vital role in alleviating pancreatic injury and systemic inflammation in SAP rats. Notably, we found that a high inflammation environment could stimulate CP-MSCs to secrete TSG-6. Conclusion Exogenous CP-MSCs tended to colonize in the injured tissue and reduced pancreatic injury and systemic inflammation in SAP rats through inducing M2 polarization of macrophages by secreting TSG-6. Our study provides a new treatment strategy for SAP and initially explains the potential protective mechanism of CP-MSCs on SAP rats.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42]}
+{"token": "The Europe 2020 Project Bond Initiative. The new instrument of the Project Bond Initiative (PBI) developed jointly by the EU and FIB was established with the aim of relaunching and revitalizing the project bond market in Europe, which reached a standstill in the aftermath of the financial crisis. Looking at its funding experience in transactions coming from Western Europe projects achieving the financial close during the initial pilot phase, we try to extract from the available case histories the main features and the best practices that have triggered the success for financing these projects so far.", "label": [5, 48, 49]}
+{"token": "Interaction between the flagellar pocket collar and the hook complex via a novel microtubule-binding protein in Trypanosoma brucei. Trypanosoma brucei belongs to a group of unicellular, flagellated parasites that are responsible for human African trypanosomiasis. An essential aspect of parasite pathogenicity is cytoskeleton remodelling, which occurs during the life cycle of the parasite and is accompanied by major changes in morphology and organelle positioning. The flagellum originates from the basal bodies and exits the cell body through the flagellar pocket (FP) but remains attached to the cell body via the flagellum attachment zone (FAZ). The FP is an invagination of the pellicular membrane and is the sole site for endo-and exocytosis. The FAZ is a large complex of cytoskeletal proteins, plus an intracellular set of four specialised microtubules (MtQ) that elongate from the basal bodies to the anterior end of the cell. At the distal end of the FP, an essential, intracellular, cytoskeletal structure called the flagellar pocket collar (FPC) circumvents the flagellum. Overlapping the FPC is the hook complex (HC) (a substructure of the previously named bilobe) that is also essential and is thought to be involved in protein FP entry. BILBO1 is the only functionally characterised FPC protein and is necessary for FPC and FP biogenesis. Here, we used a combination of in vitro and in vivo approaches to identify and characterize a new BILBO1 partner protein-FPC4. We demonstrate that FPC4 localises to the FPC, the HC, and possibly to a proximal portion of the MtQ. We found that the C-terminal domain of FPC4 interacts with the BILBO1 N-terminal domain, and we identified the key amino acids required for this interaction. Interestingly, the FPC4 N-terminal domain was found to bind microtubules. Over-expression studies highlight the role of FPC4 in its association with the FPC, HC and FPC segregation. Our data suggest a tripartite association between the FPC, the HC and the MtQ.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 43, 21]}
+{"token": "A phantom study evaluating the quantitative aspect of 3D PET imaging of the brain. Phantom studies are used to develop a reliable quantitative data processing protocol for 3D PET brain scanning for conditions typically encountered in FDG and neuroreceptor brain imaging. These protocols often span several half-lives of the injected radiotracer thus resulting in a greatly varying statistical content of the acquired data over the study duration. Detector normalization, scatter correction and their interplay over a wide range of statistical content of acquired data were evaluated. Overall sensitivity calibration factors were determined after all other quantification corrections were applied to the data. The result is an optimum data processing protocol that includes an iterative convolution subtraction scatter correction method, a normalization procedure that takes into account the geometric properties of the scanner and a region of interest based calibration procedure, applied in this order. This protocol yields a 3D PET quantification accuracy within approximately 3% of independently measured concentration values for scanning conditions that include variation in the number of acquired counts from one million to several hundred millions and variation in size and shape from a 20 cm diameter phantom to a tapered phantom with minimum cross section of 3.7 x 14.5 cm(2). This performance is comparable with that of the 2D acquisition mode.", "label": [1, 2, 22, 15]}
+{"token": "GALICH, WAS IT A REAL (PART OF) RUS'?. Historical Galician land during the 10th - 14th centuries remained the permanent intersection of civilizational influences that determined the ethnic background of the region, political orientations of the elites and local identity. For a long time since the end of the 11th century the local thrones were occupied by various branches of the Rurikids (the Rostislavovids and the Romanids), the bearers (with an official Orthodox Church support) of the concepts of \\\\'Rus'\\\\' and the \\\\'Rusyns\\\\' in the politics and language. The presence of the Ruthenian princes in Galich (Halych) consolidated the perception of the region at the inter-dynasty level as a part of the \\\\'Ruthenian world\\\\'. However, the local definition of the inhabitants as the Galicians (it is known as a separate term terminus post quem 1138) and their homeland as Galicia (Galician land), which had been known since 1152, allowed to coexist, periodically to conflict and systematically to \\\\'fight\\\\' with \\\\'Ruthenian\\\\' definition in the ideological and often military-political spheres. Only before the final inclusion of Galicia to the possessions of the Romanids dynasty, \\\\'Russification\\\\' (\\\\'Ruthenization\\\\') of this region (included to the uninstitutionalizated Kingdom of Rus' - Regnum Russiae) began after 1253. Hence, the Ruthenian identifications became stronger than Galician, influencing the perception of the Galician past and historical research during the 19th - beginning of the 20th century.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "How entrepreneurs recognise entrepreneurial opportunity and its gaps: a cognitive theory perspective. Previous studies have verified the relationship between entrepreneurial opportunity recognition and performance. However, the influences of a perceived gap between entrepreneurial opportunities before and after launching a new venture have been neglected. This study applied the partial least square method to analyse the entrepreneurial behaviours and performance of 214 Taiwanese new ventures, and adapted the bootstrap re-sampling method for estimating the variables. The empirical results showed that entrepreneurial resource and entrepreneurial alertness significantly influence the perceived opportunity, while the entrepreneurial resource significantly affects the actual opportunity. The results further demonstrated that both the perceived opportunity and actual opportunity considerably influence new venture performance. This study offered a research framework to better understand the cognition path of entrepreneurial opportunity, and suggested the factors affecting the recognition of perceived opportunity by longitudinal method can be further evaluated. To improve performance, entrepreneurs should enrich entrepreneurial resources and allocate them appropriately, and heighten and maintain their alertness to reduce the perceived gap arising from recognising entrepreneurial opportunities.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Anti-tarnish treatment of brass for coinage (II) color analysis, adsorption model, and quantum chemical calculations. The color and gloss of brass before and after anti-tarnish treatment were analyzed with color difference meter, and the inhibition effect of 1-phenyl-5-mercapto-tetrazole (PMTA) film on brass was investigated by means of electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It was found that the treatment with PMTA brought few changes to the original color and gloss of brass. The adsorption of PMTA on brass surface obeyed Langmuir adsorption isotherm, it was a spontaneous and exothermic process accompanied by an increase in entropy. Further, quantum chemical calculation was applied to elucidate the corrosion inhibition mechanism of PMTA on brass surface.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Cysteine-Mediated Cyclic Metabolism Drives the Microbial Degradation of Keratin. Keratinase is a key enzyme to degrade keratin. However, the extremely low efficiency of keratinase hydrolyzing keratin after being separated from living cells is still the bottleneck of its application. Living cells seem to provide synergistic factors for the efficient catalysis of keratinase. To this end, we analyzed the role of the metabolic activity of living cells in the hydrolysis of feather keratin by keratinase. Here, studies have shown that sulfite is the key to switch on the catalytic procedure of keratinase, and cysteine is the bridge for living cells to control this process. Cysteine catabolism mediated by an intracellular detoxification mechanism produces sulfite and is secreted to promote the hydrolysis of keratin by keratinase. Then, the cysteine released by keratin hydrolysis will enter the cell and continue to be converted into sulfite through catabolism. These two processes form a perpetual chain reaction for the adequate hydrolysis of keratin. Furthermore, we confirmed that loading this self-circulation synergistic catalysis system into keratinase-secreting cells can significantly enhance their keratin hydrolysis capacity. This work demonstrated the missing link of keratinase-catalyzed keratin hydrolysis and obtained engineered strains with improved hydrolysis capacity.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36, 39]}
+{"token": "A Novel Fast-Tracking D-Estimation Method for Single-Phase Signals. The phase, frequency, and amplitude of single-phase voltages are the most important and basic information required for single-phase microgrid connected applications. This paper proposes a new \\\\'D-estimation method\\\\' for instantly estimating the phase, frequency, and amplitude of frequency-varying single-phase signals in such applications. The D-estimation method has the following attractive features: 1) it is a new filtering method using the D-filters; 2) it involves the use of only filters and can be easily designed; 3) it is inherently stable and robust in hostile envelopments caused by a frequency variation, a phase jump, amplitude sag/swell, harmonic distortion, and/or contaminated noise; 4) even in the hostile envelopments, good instant estimates of the phase, frequency, and amplitude can be obtained; 5) it is simple, but can exhibit fast-tracking performance comparable to the \\\\'robust PLL method.\\\\' This paper presents the D-estimation method together with the design rules in detail; the usefulness of the method is verified by performing extensive numerical experiments.", "label": [1, 14]}
+{"token": "Soho observations relating to the association between flares and coronal mass ejections. Campaigns to investigate the solar coronal mass ejection (CME) onset have been run using the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) since 1996. These have included coronagraph and extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) disc imaging, along with magnetic mapping of the photosphere, in concert with EUV and UV spectroscopic observations. These campaigns have included co-ordination with ground-based observatories, and with other spacecraft, especially Yohkoh and the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE). This multi-instrument, multi-spacecraft effort has provided many rewards, with some spectacular observations of countless eruptions. It has included the discovery of unexpected phenomena such as EUV waves and ground-breaking work on coronal dimming, and the development of sigmoidal shaped structures. Much has been learnt about the CME onset yet the most basic questions still remain. We have an unprecedented view of CME eruptions, yet we are still unable to identify clearly the onset process and we do not fully understand the CME-flare relationship. With all of the campaigns producing excellent multi-wavelength observations of CMEs, how far have we progressed in the understanding of the CME onset and, in particular, the CME-flare relationship? Can we identify lines of research using the SOHO data, which will provide the answers we seek - or do we need fundamentally different observation scenarios? It is the author's opinion that we actually have the observational tools required to understand much about the onset process and the CME/flare links, and the emphasis should be on understanding the limitations of our instrumentation and on removing any preconceived ideas from our interpretations. (C) 2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 34, 15, 35, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "CMS at 13: a retrospective of the journey. This study offers an objective view of the CMS publication structure. The study's findings can help the journal readers obtain a quick snapshot of the leading trends occurring in the journal. Furthermore, this study provides future research directions for the journals by underscoring important themes.As the journal's first retrospective, this study not only educates and enriches CMS' global readers and aspiring contributors but can also be useful to its editorial board, as it provides several inputs in the form of future research directions to guide the journal's progress.Originality/valuePractical implicationsThis analysis is based on 486 publications between 2007 and 2019. Results show that there is a rising trend in the number of citations to CMS. The researchers from China were the most frequent contributors to the journal, whereas researchers from the USA, Taiwan, Singapore and Australia were well represented. In addition, the results show that innovation, leadership, human resource management and corporate social responsibility have been the most important research themes in the journal.FindingsThe study uses the data extracted from the Scopus database to present an overview; besides, it also uses VOSviewer and Bibliometrix software packages to visualize the intellectual network of CMS.Design/methodology/approachTo commemorate the 13th anniversary of the Chinese Management Studies (CMS) and suggest future research directions, this study aims to present an overview of the CMS through a systematic bibliometric analysis from 2007 to 2019. The analysis emphasizes the trend of themes, structure of publications and citations, the most cited publications, the most productive authors, universities, countries and regions.Purpose", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Effect of smear layer thickness and acidity of self-etching solutions on early and long-term bond strength to dentin. Results. The SL thickness was not significant (p=0.64). BS values were reduced after 6M, except for the SBMP. TY provided the lowest BS mean white SB and SBMP the highest BS. The UTS of the SBMP was the highest. TY yielded the Lowest UTS. Regression analysis revealed a linear and significant relationship between the UTS of self-etch systems and the mean BS (R=0.95, p=0.02).Conclusions. The performance of a self-etching system does not seem to be dependent on the SL thickness. The total-etch, three-step system provided the highest BS to dentin and maintained the BS stable over 6 months. The performance of the self-etching systems can be envisaged by their UTS. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Methods. Clearfil SE Bond; Optibond Soto Plus Self-Etch Primer; Tyrian Self Priming Etchant (TY) and as controls, Single Bond (SB) and Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus (SBMP) were applied on flat superficial dentin surface with thick and thin SL thicknesses. After adhesive's application (n=6) a resin build-up was made. After 24 h, resin-dentin beams (0.8 mm(2)) were prepared to be tested immediately and after 6-month (6M) at 0.5 mm/min. For the UTS measurement, hour-glass specimens were prepared with the bonding resin alone or after mixing (1:1). BS values were analyzed by three-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison tests. Two-way ANOVA (bonding resin and bonding resin + self-etching primer) and Tukey's test were used for the UTS values. The bonding resins were re-evaluated separately by a one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test, since Single Bond is a one-bottle adhesive (alpha=0.05).Objectives. To evaluate the effect of smear layer thickness (SL) on early and 6-month bond strength (BS) of self-etching adhesives to dentin and to measure the ultimate microtensite strength (UTS) of the adhesives.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Evidence for a large surface ablation zone in central East Antarctica during the last Ice Age. Internal isochronous ice sheet layers, recorded by airborne ice-penetrating radar, were measured along an ice flowline across a large (> I km high) subglacial hill in the foreground of the Transantarctic Mountains. The layers, dated through an existing stratigraphic link with the Vostok ice core, converge with the ice surface as ice flows over the hill without noticeable change to their separation with each other or the ice base. A two-dimensional ice flow model that calculates isochrons and particle flowpaths and accounts for ice flow over the hill under steady-state conditions requires net ablation (via sublimation) over the stoss face for the predicted isochrons to match the measured internal layers. Satellite remote sensing data show no sign of exposed ancient ice at this site, however. Given the lack of exposed glacial ice, surface balance conditions must have changed recently from the net ablation that is predicted at this site for the last 85,000 years to accumulation. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Growth and Collapse Dynamics of a Vapor Bubble near or at a Wall. This study investigated the dynamics of vapor bubble growth and collapse for a laser-induced bubble. The smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method was utilized, considering the liquid and vapor phases as the van der Waals (VDW) fluid and the solid wall as a boundary. We compared our numerical results with analytical solutions of bubble density distribution and radius curve slope near a wall and the experimental bubble shape at a wall, which all obtained a fairly good agreement. After validation, nine cases with varying heating distances (L2 to L4) or liquid heights (h2 to h10) were simulated to reproduce bubbles near or at a wall. Average bubble radius, density, vapor mass, velocity, pressure, and temperature during growth and collapse were tracked. A new recognition method based on bubble density was recommended to distinguish the three substages of bubble growth: (a) inertia-controlled, (b) transition, and (c) thermally controlled. A new precollapse substage (Stage (d)) was revealed between the three growth stages and collapse stage (Stage (e)). These five stages were explained from the out-sync between the bubble radius change rate and vapor mass change rate. Further discussions focused on the occurrence of secondary bubbles, shockwave impact on the wall, system entropy change, and energy conversion. The main differences between bubbles near and at the wall were finally concluded.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Evaluation of the Residential Facades in Tehran from the Neuro-Aesthetics Approach. | In recent years, the study of apartment buildings is important because of their growth in Iran. This issue has been neglected in contemporary architecture and landscape research. Previous studies show that one of the factors affecting the mood of apartment dwellers is aesthetic criteria. The purpose of this study is to redefine the aesthetic criteria in evaluating the residential facade of Tehran to improve the quality of experience of residents. To this end, in the first step, the aesthetics criteria of the facade were extracted from the literature on neuro-architectural research. In the second step, according to the mentioned criteria, the residents of the apartments were interviewed. This research is an applied study and its method is qualitative. Sixteen articles were content analyzed in a systematic review. Eleven physical criteria and 8 semantic criteria for the aesthetic of residential facades were extracted. Classification between criteria was done through open-ended interviews with 14 apartment residents in Tehran. Findings showed that among the physical and semantical criteria of the facade, \\\\'vegetation \\\\', \\\\'color and materials \\\\', and \\\\'surface of the openings \\\\' have a positive impact on the perception of the aesthetics of the facade. The results show that the residential facades of Tehran are at a low level in terms of semantic and symbolic aesthetic. At the same time, these facades are not acceptable in terms of emotional aesthetic and are only visually enhanced.", "label": [1, 17]}
+{"token": "A new species of bushcricket (Orthoptera : Tettigoniidae) of the palaearctic genus Isophya (Phaneropterinae) from Turkey. The new bushcricket species Isophya rizeensis is described from montane forest and subalpine zones of Mt. Kackar, Turkey. Its relation with other related members of the genus is discussed on the basis of morphological and bioacoustical traits. Data on the song and stridulatory organs of the new species are also presented.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Resonant Raman studies of tetrahedral amorphous carbon films. Resonant Raman scattering has been used to study the tetrahedral amorphous carbon films deposited by the filtered cathodic vacuum are technique. The excitation wavelengths were 244, 488, 514 and 633 nm, corresponding to photon energies of 5.08, 2.54, 2.41 and 1.96 eV, respectively. In the visible Raman spectra only vibrational modes of sp(2)-bonded carbon (G and D peaks) are observed, while a wide peak (called the T peak) can be observed at approximately 1100 cm(-1) by UV-Raman spectra which is associated with the vibrational mode of sp(3)-bonded carbon. Both the position and the width of the G peak decrease almost linearly with increasing excitation wavelength, which is interpreted in terms of the selective pi-pi* resonant Raman scattering of sp(2)-bonded carbon dusters with various sizes. The G peak position in the UV-Raman spectra, the T peak position and the intensity ratios of I-D/I-G and I-T/I-G all exhibit maximum or minimum values at the carbon ion energy of 100 eV. The changes of these spectral parameters are discussed and correlated with the sp(3) fraction of carbon atoms in the films. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Genetic and paleomodelling evidence of the population expansion of the cattle egret Bubulcus ibis in Africa during the climatic oscillations of the Late Pleistocene. Increasing aridity during glacial periods produced the retraction of forests and the expansion of arid and semi-arid environments in Africa, with consequences for birds. Cattle egret Bubulcus ibis is a dispersive species that prefers semi-arid environments and requires proximity to bodies of water. We expected that climatic oscillations led to the expansion of the range of the cattle egret during arid periods, such as the Last Maximum Glacial (LGM) and contraction of distribution during the Last Interglacial (LIG) period, resulting in contact of populations previously isolated. We investigated this hypothesis by evaluating the genetic structure and population history of 15 cattle egret breeding colonies located in west and South Africa using the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region, mtDNA ATPase 8 and 6, and an intron of nuclear gene transforming growth factor-beta 2. Occurrence data and bioclimatic information were used to generate ecological niche models of three periods (present, LGM and LIG). We used the genetic and paleomodelling data to assess the responses of the cattle egret from Africa to the climatic oscillations during the late Pleistocene. Genetic data revealed low levels of genetic differentiation, signs of isolation-by-distance, as well as recent increases in effective population size that started during the LGM. The observed low genetic structure may be explained by recent colonization events due to the demographic expansion following the last glacial period and by dispersal capacity of this species. The paleomodels corroborated the expansion during the LGM, and a more restricted potential distribution during the LIG. Our findinds supports the hypothesis that the species range of the cattle egret expanded during arid periods and contracted during wet periods.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Contested etiology: Cancer risk among two Anatolian populations in Turkey and Europe. This paper discusses the different explanatory models and the contested perceptions of cancer etiology among residents of two Anatolian villages and migrants from these villages in Turkey, Sweden, and Germany. These communities suffer from an endemic, deadly cancer called mesothelioma, the cause of which is associated with exposure to an environmental carcinogenic substance, erionite, which is present in large deposits in the ground, in the stones, and white stucco that the villagers used to build their homes, and in the air in the form of dust. However, an examination of patients' disease trends, experiences, and local explanations has led to new investigations of possible familial risk cofactors. This paper selectively focuses on different aspects of cancer risk and its manifested metaphors, aesthetics, and perceptions. The different categories of cancer risk freely interact, derive an important part of their meaning from the context of the doctor-cancer patient relationship, and are created and navigated by the cancer narrative.", "label": [2, 5, 56, 52, 23]}
+{"token": "OZONE IS NOT MUTAGENIC IN THE TRADESCANTIA AND TOBACCO MUTAGENICITY ASSAYS. Ozone fumigation of a double heterozygous chlorophyll mutant Nicotiana tabacum var. xanthi n.c. with concentrations up to 300 nl/l and of a heterozygous Tradescantia clone 4430 with concentrations up to 800 nl/l did not increase the frequency of somatic mutations above the spontaneous levels.  However, ozone fumigation at these concentrations led to distinct physiological damage to plant tissues.", "label": [2, 22, 20]}
+{"token": "Electron precipitation coincident with ELF/VLF wave bursts. On 15 October 1999, charged particle and plasma wave detectors on the Polar satellite observed an enhancement in precipitating energetic electrons coincident with an ELF/VLF electromagnetic emission. Assuming that the electromagnetic wave was field aligned and scattered trapped electrons by first-order cyclotron resonance near the equatorial plane, the resulting pitch angle distribution of precipitating electrons was calculated. For reasonable values of the cold plasma density and the wave intensity at the equatorial plane, the calculated precipitation agrees with measurements for an equatorial interaction region approximately 1000 km in length.", "label": [4, 34]}
+{"token": "Reliability evaluation index for the integrated supply chain utilising BIM and lean approaches. Originality/value The BIM-LSC reliability evaluation and prediction presented in this study provides a theoretical foundation to enhance understanding of the BIM-LSC in the construction project context.Practical implications - The research offers a model to evaluate the reliability of the BIM-LSC approach. The accuracy of BIM supply chain reliability analysis and prediction in an uncertain environment is improved.Purpose This research aims to develop an approach to assess the reliability of integrated construction supply chains via an integrated model of building information modelling (BIM) and the lean supply chain (LSC). It reflects the synergistic workflow between BIM and LSC as a novel approach to improve the reliability of construction projects. Design/methodology/approach This research evaluates the reliability of the BIM-LSC approach through a combination of entropy theory, set pair analysis (SPA), and Markov chains (EESM). An exploratory survey was conducted to collect data from 316 industry professionals experienced in BIM and LSC. Subsequently, multiple cycles of calculations were performed with indirect data inputs. Finally, a reliability evaluation index is established for the BIM-LSC approach and potential applications are identified. Findings The results show that the EESM model of BIM-LSC developed in this study can handle not only supply chain reliability evaluation at a given state but also the prediction of reliability in supply chain state transitions due to changing project conditions. This is particularly relevant to the current environment of the construction project, which is characterised by an increasing level of complexity in terms of labour, technology, and resource interactions.Research limitations/implications - Future research could consider the accuracy and validity of the proposed model in real-life scenarios with by considering both quantitative and qualitative data across the entire lifecycle of projects.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
+{"token": "Sea water for reactive dyeing of cotton fabrics. In this research work, trials have been taken up with sea water, as an alternative, for dyeing of cotton with different shades of reactive dye and different salt level contents. Dyeing has been carried out with hot brand reactive dye Red H8B using normal water, RO water and sea water (with and without salt). It is inferred that the exhaustion and fixation of the dye are better in case of sea water dyeing. The wash, rub and perspiration fastness are good for sea water dyeing and in some cases the ratings are comparable and in most case the ratings are similar to that of the ground water and RO water dyeing.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Polarimetric SAR Despeckling by Integrating Stochastic Sampling and Contextual Patch Dissimilarity Exploration. Speckle reduction has been the longstanding task since the invention of synthetic aperture radar (SAR). For further image analysis and interpretation, it usually demands better speckle suppression to preserve spatial and polarimetric information of the polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) images. In this paper, a new PolSAR filtering algorithm which combines stochastic sampling based on nonlocal mean, random walk model, and contextual patch dissimilarity is proposed. The nonlocal mean suppresses the speckle effectively while preserving the details and polarimetric information well. However, the size of nonlocal search window is fixed without taking the homogeneous and heterogeneous areas into consideration. Thus, it usually leads to computational redundancy. Correspondingly, we propose to apply the random walk to reduce the search domain. Contextual patch is also proposed to represent the large surroundings of a patch in a compact fashion. More precisely, the random walk model is utilized to determine the sampling path. Then, the traditional center patch dissimilarity and contextual patch dissimilarity are employed to measure the transition probability of the random walk sequence. Finally, the denoised estimation of PolSAR image is obtained by weight function derived from the transition probability. Since the stochastic sampling combines spatial random walk and the polarimetric dissimilarity measurements, the proposed algorithm fully exploits both the spatial and polarimetric information. Experimental results on synthetic and real PolSAR data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in terms of spatial and polarimetric information maintenance.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "Children's adjustment in non-traditional families in Israel: the effect of parental sexual orientation and the number of parents on children's development. Objectives This study examined differences in children's psychological and social indicators in non-traditional families in Israel, focusing on fatherless families headed by lesbian mothers and single mothers by choice. Although Israel is considered an industrialized westernized country, centrality of the traditional nuclear family predominates this country. Methods This factorial design study included four family types: lesbian and heterosexual mothers, each in both single and coupled parenthood. Children's measures included the Child Behavior Checklist, perception of peer relations and perceived self-competence. Results Children from single parent as opposed to two-parent families exhibited more externalizing behaviour problems and aggressiveness. Children of lesbian mothers reported more prosocial behaviours and less loneliness than children from heterosexual families. No differences emerged for perceived self-competence across family types. Conclusion Mother's sexual orientation did not affect children's adjustment negatively, whereas single parenthood placed children at greater risk for some difficulties. Implications include the need for apprising health professionals of effects of family types on children's development.", "label": [2, 5, 27, 55]}
+{"token": "Selenoneine, total selenium, and total mercury content in the muscle of fishes. Levels of the selenium-containing imidazole compound selenoneine and overall organic selenium were measured in the muscle of fishes by speciation analysis. The method involves monitoring Se-82 levels by liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy using a gel filtration column. Selenoneine levels were found to be highest in swordfish muscle (concentration 2.8 nmol/g tissue). The selenoneine contents of bigeye tuna, Pacific bluefin tuna, albacore, yellowfin tuna, and alfonsino muscle were 1.3-2.6 nmol/g tissue. In muscle of these fishes, most organic selenium (9-42%) was present as selenoneine. In other fish species, such as Pacific sardine, greeneye, skipjack, Pacific mackerel, horse mackerel, red sea bream, and Japanese barracuda, selenoneine levels were 0.1-1.4 nmol/g tissue, accounting for 3-34% of organic selenium. In contrast, muscle of Japanese conger, Japanese anchovy, chum salmon, Pacific saury, white croaker, and marbled sole contained levels of selenoneine below the level of detection (< 0.05 nmol/g tissue). Mercury and selenium contents were 0.01-5.12 nmol/g tissue and 1.4-19.1 nmol/g tissue. The Se-to-Hg molar ratio varied from species to species, ranging from 1 for swordfish to 217 for marbled sole.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "The true hanging columella: Simplified diagnosis and treatment using a modified direct approach. An imbalance between the alar rim and the columella border can be a disturbing aesthetic deformity. Lf the cause is a pseudohanging columella, the therapy should be directed to the alar rims. When the deformity is a true hanging columella with unusually wide medial crural cartilages, balance can be rester-ed by excising a C-shaped crescent of cartilage from the cranial border of the medial crura of the alar cartilages in a direct approach. This condition was present in approximately 15 percent of the patients reviewed. The treatment of a true hanging columella adds a subtle beneficial enhancement to the results of a rhinoplasty. The authors describe a simplified diagnostic method and present their experience treating the true hanging columella using a modified \\\\'direct approach\\\\' through a closed endonasal rhinoplasty.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Secondary analysis of qualitative interview data (in Germany) - problems and open issues of a new research strategy. Qualitative data are a rich and often not fully exploited source of research material. Nonetheless they are seldom reanalysed. The analysis of a nationwide German survey of qualitative researchers shows that there are some concerns and open issues associated with this new and unfamiliar research strategy of secondary analysis. On the methodological side specificity and context sensitivity of qualitative research are raised as objections against secondary analysis. On the ethical side concerns relate to an assumed breach of the confidential relationship to the research subject constituted within an interview. Furthermore, considerations concerning competition also play a role when researchers are asked to provide their data for reuse by others. This article provides a first step for a discussion about qualitative secondary analysis (in Germany), by pointing out the critical aspects of secondary analysis based on a dataset of expert interviews. But the experience of the expert researchers who were interviewed suggests that the problems associated with secondary analysis do not necessarily constitute unsolvable obstacles.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 52, 57]}
+{"token": "The Effect of Organizational Reputation on Public Employees' Retention: How to Win the 'War for Talent' in Constitutional Autonomous Agencies in Mexico. Retaining valuable employees is a critical task for public organizations to present themselves as competent and efficient to their multiple audiences. However, despite the importance of staff mobility dynamics for public organizations, retention is an issue that has not been thoroughly studied in human resource management research. In the case of Mexico, retaining the most valuable staff is becoming more difficult because its public administration is characterized by corruption and patronage. The article argues that reputation sustains a reciprocity exchange between employees and employers, which is reflected in longterm labor relationships. Using a survey of employees of five Constitutional Autonomous Agencies in Mexico, the article shows that having a positive reputation is a crucial factor for public employees when deciding whether to stay or leave their jobs. The findings imply that building and maintaining a positive reputation must be relevant for public managers because of its implications for HRM.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "CAROTENOID COMPOSITION OF MANGO (MANGIFERA INDICA L.) WINE AND ITS ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY. Wine samples from seven mango cultivars were prepared and major carotenoids compounds were investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in order to follow carotenoid content from puree to wine during wine fermentation. Carotenoids were identified and quantified in puree and wine. Results showed that the percentage decrease in xanthophylls levels in wine were in the range of 69.3-89.7%, and >80% degradation was noted in Banginapalli, Neelam, Sindhura and Totapuri and 15.3-26.5% for beta-carotene. However, significant degradation of beta-carotene was observed in only Totapuri wine, indicating that lutein was more sensitive to degradation than beta-carotene during fermentation. Antioxidant activity of mango wine was evaluated using in vitro models. The highest radical-scavenging activity was shown by Alphonso (91), Sindhura (90) and Banginapalli (88%), respectively, whereas Alphonso (71), Banginapalli (69) and Sindhura (68.5%) had shown higher inhibitory effect on low-density lipoprotein oxidation. The Hunter color values of the mango wines were also evaluated and the results are presented.", "label": [0, 4, 8, 42]}
+{"token": "Epidemiology of Second Primary Tumors in Women With Ovarian Cancer. Methods Ovarian cancer patients with a diagnosis of an ovarian malignancy between 1992 and 2012 were identified and characterized from 13 registries of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database.Objective The last large study of second primary tumors (SPTs) in women with ovarian cancer was published in 1996, prior to major changes in the differential diagnosis and treatment. The present study reports on the incidence of SPTs in a contemporary cohort of patients with a diagnosis of ovarian cancer.Results Of 41,073 women with a diagnosis of an ovarian malignancy between 1992 and 2012, 1831 (4.5%) developed a microscopically confirmed SPT. There was no significant difference in the risk of developing an SPT at all sites between women with an ovarian cancer and the general population. There was an elevated risk of site-specific SPTs of the small intestine, vagina, thyroid gland, and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in ovarian cancer patients compared with the general Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results population. Conversely, the risk of lung and non-Hodgkin lymphoma was significantly decreased in women with ovarian cancer. An elevated risk of SPTs was observed in women with mucinous, endometrioid, and germ cell tumors. White women had an overall decreased risk of developing a second primary solid tumor, whereas American Indian and Asian/Pacific Islander women had an overall increased risk of an SPT at any site.Conclusions The incidence of SPTs in women with ovarian cancer was not significantly different as compared with the general population. However, divergent rates of SPTs in relation to histology, latency, age, and race were observed.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Court-annexed and judge-led mediation in civil cases: The Malaysian experience. The rising backlog of civil court cases in Malaysia has led to calls for court-connected mediation and the development of a draft mediation Bill. In the absence of a national stance on the issue, regional courts have progressed their own solutions with some implementing court-annexed mediation and others utilising judge mediators. Reactions to court-connected mediation have been mixed in the country. This article examines the current challenges to mediation as an alternative to litigation in Malaysia.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Approximating an Analytic Solution for the Optima Design of Asphalt Pavement: Limited Example. This paper considers how the expected service life of asphalt pavement can be modeled taking into consideration different climates, different amounts of traffic, and an opportunity for optimal design, namely, the choice of the bitumen's softening point. A methodology was employed for the derivation that is standard in the economics literature but is not standard in the pavement design literature. The current work achieves a limited goal, which is to demonstrate the feasibility of the methodology and give four examples of the potential benefits that can result. The model includes only two damage mechanisms: thermal cracking and rutting. Even so, the standard steps followed in the economics literature are mathematically infeasible. Infeasibility is in the practical sense, as in many functions are invertible in theory but not in practice. Various approximation techniques were used to circumvent these difficulties so that, in the end, it was possible to present a closed-form expression for the expected service life in which the variables describing the climate, traffic, and quality requirement remain variables. This is a qualitatively different result than what arises from current design procedures. As a second step, it was possible to derive a design function that expresses the optimal choice of the asphalt's softening point. Together, the two functions provided a third closed-form function for the optimal service life. The optimal service life function can be used to derive further results. Four examples of potential applications are given: for benchmarking, for estimating expected renewal cost, for calculating cost shares for heavy vehicles, and for empirically testing mechanistic models of asphalt behavior on in situ condition state data. A demonstration of the latter confirms the empirical success of the example model in predicting differential rates of deterioration across environments despite its limitation to two damage processes. (C) 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.", "label": [1, 15]}
+{"token": "Winter use of wet pine savannas by Yellow Rail (Coturnicops noveboracensis) along coastal Alabama and Mississippi. With the exception of sites along coastal Texas, southeast Oklahoma, and coastal South Carolina, the winter distribution and abundance of Yellow Rail (Coturnicops noveboracensis) is poorly understood. Along the northern Gulf Coast region, winter occurrence is suspected based on a scattered collection of museum specimens and anecdotal observations, although the extent of this species' distribution is uncertain. To address this lack of information, we performed systematic rope-dragging surveys at night targeting Yellow Rails at 17 wet pine savanna patches (size range 1.9-83.3 ha) and one high salt marsh site (13.1 ha) located along coastal Alabama and Mississippi during the winter/spring seasons (Dec-Apr) of 2011-2013. For all sites combined, we flushed 123 Yellow Rails over 117.4 survey hours, yielding 1.0 rail/h. Of these, we captured and banded 61 rails (50%). The sex ratio for birds, discemable through morphometric measurements (n = 40 ind.), was similar to 1:1 male-to-female. The relative abundance of Yellow Rails increased in relation to the size of the area surveyed and was higher at sites burned within 3 years. Across sites, each additional hour of survey effort increased the number of birds detected by 0.66 rails/h. Our findings indicate Yellow Rails overwinter in wet pine savanna habitats along the northern Gulf Coast region, providing additional information supporting the ecological importance of these dynamic coastal communities for this and other imperiled grassland obligate species.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "HIV antiretroviral therapy drugs induce premature senescence and altered physiology in HUVECs. Developments in medicine have led to a significant increase in the average human lifespan. This increase in aging is most readily apparent in the case of HIV where antiretroviral therapy has shifted infection from a terminal to a chronic but manageable disease. Despite this advance, patients suffer from co-morbidities best described as an accelerated aging phenotype. A potential contributor is cellular senescence, an aging-associated growth arrest, which has already been linked to other HIV co-morbidities such as lipodystrophies and osteoporosis in response to antiretroviral drugs. We have previously demonstrated that astrocytes senescence in response to antiretroviral drugs. As endothelial cells play a critical role regulating the blood brain barrier (BBB) and senescence could severely impact barrier permeability, we investigate the role of a commonly used combination of HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors on the senescence program of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Our studies indicate that HUVECs underwent premature senescence associated with inflammation, oxidative stress and altered eNOS activation. Treated cells had detrimental paracrine effects on astrocytes including paracrine senescence, suggesting that senescent HUVECs could influence astrocytes, which line the other side of the BBB. These results may have implications for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), a set of neurological deficits.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 42]}
+{"token": "Subpixel Mapping of Surface Water in the Tibetan Plateau with MODIS Data. This article presents a comprehensive subpixel water mapping algorithm to automatically produce routinely open water fraction maps in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). A multi-index threshold endmember extraction method was applied to select the endmembers from MODIS images. To incorporate endmember variability, an endmember selection strategy, called the combined use of typical and neighboring endmembers, was adopted in multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA), which can assure a robust subpixel water fractions estimation. The accuracy of the algorithm was assessed at both the local scale and regional scale. At the local scale, a comparison using the eight pairs of MODIS/Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) water maps demonstrated that subpixels water fractions were well retrieved with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 7.86% and determination coefficient (R-2) of 0.98. At the regional scale, the MODIS water fraction map in October 2014 matches well with the TP lake data set and the Global Lake and Wetland Database (GLWD) in both latitudinal and longitudinal distribution. The lake area estimation is more consistent with the reference TP lake data set (difference of -3.15%) than the MODIS Land Water Mask (MOD44W) (difference of -6.39%).", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 38, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Electric field-induced phase transition and energy storage performance of highly-textured PbZrO3 antiferroelectric films with a deposition temperature dependence. Thin PbZrO3 (PZO) antiferroelectric films with (001)-preferred orientation were deposited on SrRuO3/Ca2Nb3O10-nanosheet/Si substrates using pulsed laser deposition. Variation of the deposition temperature was found to play a key role in the control of the microstructure and strongly influence the energy storage performance of the thin film. The critical phase switching field, where the aligned antiferroelectric (AFE) domains start to transform into the ferroelectric (FE) state, decreased with increasing temperature. On the other hand, the content of the FE phase in the AFE PZO thin films increased with increasing deposition temperature. A large recoverable energy-storage density of 16.8 J/cm(3) and high energy-storage efficiency of 69.2% under an electric field of 1000 kV/cm were achieved in the films deposited at 525 degrees C. This performance was due to the high forward switching field and backward switching field values and the low difference between these two fields. Moreover, the PZO thin films showed great charge-discharge cycling life with fatigue-free performance up to 10(10) cycles and good thermal stability from room temperature to 100 degrees C.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Pachnobium dreuxi, n. g., n. sp discovered as a fossil and still living in the Crozet Islands (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Ectemnorrhininae). Pachnobium dreuxi, n. g., n. sp. discovered as a fossil and still living in the Crozet Islands (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Ectemnorrhininae). Pachnobium dreuxi, a new genus and species of Ectemnorrhininae weevil, was first discovered as a fossil in a Holocene sedimentary sequence at lie de la Possession (Crozet Islands, southern Indian Ocean). Two modern specimens were subsequently found in the collections of the Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (Paris). Pachnobium dreuxi n. g., n. sp. differs readily from all other species of the subfamily by its rostrum deeply emarginated at the apex, massive head, reduced sclerotinization, straight and flattened foretibiae, etc. Its biology and ecology are almost completely unknown, although some aspects of its morphology such as its reduced sclerotinization and relatively small eyes argue for a hidden life among vegetal debris or in cavities of the ground like petrel nests. The paleoenvironmental reconstruction suggests that this species lives in densely vegetated habitats. The two modern specimens were collected in two widely separated islands, Ile de l'Est and Ile des Pingouins, but the lack of modern captures on Possession Island raises the question of its continued presence there.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Walter Benjamin and the Law: a theoretical introduction to the dossier. This article makes a theoretical presentation to the texts presented in this special issue on Walter Benjamin and Law. Initially, we sought to briefly reconstruct the recent emphasis on Benjamin's texts that address law. Subsequently, we made brief comments on the texts that tries to introduce some of the theoretical debates in which they are inserted, some of its important aspects, or even discuss some editorial choices.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Impact of temperament on depression and anxiety symptoms and depressive disorder in a population-based birth cohort. Conclusions: Personality characteristics of Pessimism and Harm avoidance, in particular its dimensions Anticipatory worry and Fatigability, are strongly related to symptoms of depression and anxiety as well as to depressive disorder in this population. These temperamental features may be used as dimensional susceptibility factors in etiological studies of depression, which may aid in the development of improved clinical practice. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Background: The aim of this study was to characterize at the population level how innate features of temperament relate to experience of depressive mood and anxiety, and whether these symptoms have separable temperamental backgrounds.Limitations: Although Harm avoidance and Pessimism appear to be important endophenotype candidates for depression and anxiety, their potential usefulness as endophenotypes, and whether they meet all the suggested criteria for endophenotypes will remain to be confirmed in future studies.Results: High levels of Harm avoidance and Pessimism were related to both depressive mood (effect sizes: d=0.84 and d=1.25, respectively) and depressive disorder (d=0.68 and d=0.68, respectively). Of the dimensions of Harm avoidance, Anticipatory worry and Fatigability had the strongest effects. Symptoms of depression and anxiety showed very similar underlying temperament patterns.Methods: The study subjects were 4773 members of the population-based Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966, a culturally and genetically homogeneous study sample. Temperament was measured at age 31 using the temperament items of the Temperament and Character Inventory and a separate Pessimism score. Depressive mood was assessed based on a previous diagnosis of depressive disorder or symptoms of depression according to the Hopkins Symptom Check List - 25. Anxiety was assessed analogously.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
+{"token": "Healing with Plant Intelligence: A Report from Ayahuasca. Numerous and diverse reports indicate the efficacy of shamanic plant adjuncts (e.g., iboga, ayahuasca, psilocybin) for the care and treatment of addiction, post-traumatic stress disorder, cancer, cluster headaches, and depression. This article reports on a first-person healing of lifelong asthma and atopic dermatitis in the shamanic context of the contemporary Peruvian Amazon and the sometimes digital ontology of online communities. The article suggests that emerging language, concepts, and data drawn from the sciences of plant signaling and behavior regarding \\\\'plant intelligence\\\\' provide a useful heuristic framework for comprehending and actualizing the healing potentials of visionary plant \\\\'entheogens\\\\' (Wasson 1971) as represented both through first-person experience and online reports. Together with the paradigms and practices of plant signaling, biosemiotics provides a robust and coherent map for contextualizing the often reported experience of plant communication with ayahuasca and other entheogenic plants. The archetype of the \\\\'plant teachers\\\\' (called Doctores in the upper Amazon) is explored as a means for organizing and interacting with this data within an epistemology of the \\\\'hallucination/perception continuum (Fischer 1975). \\\\'Ecodelic\\\\' is offered as a new linguistic interface alongside \\\\'entheogen\\\\' (Wasson 1971).", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Complex coacervation of ?-lactalbumin with gum arabic: Effect of environmental condition, mass ratio, and biopolymer concentration. The coacervate formation and interaction between alpha-lactalbumin (ALA) and gum arabic (GA) was investigated with turbidimetric analysis, fluorescence spectroscopy, atom force microscopy (AFM), and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Critical pH values (pHc, pH phi 1, pHopt and pH phi 2) of phase transitions for ALA-GA complexes (1:1, 0.1%, w/v) without NaCl, representing the formation of soluble and insoluble complexes, were 4.95, 3.85, 3.70, and 2.30, respectively. pH and NaCl concentrations are dominant in influencing the formation of ALA-GA complexes. AFM graphs evidently indicated the formation, association, and dissociation of ALA-GA complex. ITC results confirmed that the formation of soluble ALA/GA complex was a spontaneous exothermic process, and the electrostatic interaction between ALA and GA was stronger at pH 3.0 than that at pH 4.9 and 5.6. The obtained information of this study provides insights into the interaction between ALA and GA and expands the application of ALA-based formulations in food systems with desirable functionality.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Structural and electronic properties of the mu-phase Fe-Mo compounds. Structural (lattice parameters and sub lattice occupancies) and electronic (charge-density and electric field gradient) properties in a series of mu-Fe100-xMox (37.5 <= x <= 44.5) compounds were studied experimentally (X-ray diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy) and theoretically (charge and spin self-consistent Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker Green's function method). The lattice parameters a and c showed a linear increase with x while all five lattice sites were found to be populated by both alloying elements: A(1a) and B(6h) predominantly by Fe atoms whereas C(2c) and D(2c ') by Mo atoms hardly depending on the composition. The population of Fe atoms on the site E(2c '') was ranging between similar to 50% at x = 37.5 and similar to 20% at x = 44.5. Fe-site charge-density (isomer shift) and the electric field gradient (quadrupole splitting, QS) were revealed to be characteristic of the lattice site and both of them were almost x-independent. The difference in the charge-density at Fe-atoms at the sites B (the highest value) and those at the sites D (the lowest value) was estimated as high as 0.18 e. The average charge-density increases linearly with x. The largest QS-values were those at the sites A and C, while the smallest ones at the site D. The average QS-value was 0.25 mm/s. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "A COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS OF LEADERSHIP USING THE SOCIAL RELATIONS MODEL. The social relations model (SRM; Kenny, 1994) explicitly proposes that leadership simultaneously operates at three levels of analysis: group, dyad, and individual (perceiver and target). With this model, researchers can empirically determine the amount of variance at each level as well as those factors that explain variance at these different levels. This chapter shows how the SRM can be used to address many theoretically important questions in the study of leadership and can be used to advance both the theory of and research in leadership. First, based on analysis of leadership ratings from seven studies, we find that there is substantial agreement (i.e., target variance) about who in the group is the leader and little or no reciprocity in the perceptions of leadership. We then consider correlations of leadership perceptions. In one analysis, we examine the correlations between task-oriented and socioemotional leadership. In another analysis, we examine the effect of gender and gender composition on the perception of leadership. We also explore how self-ratings of leadership differ from member perceptions of leadership. Finally, we discuss how the model can be estimated using conventional software.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Open access to nursing journals: an audit of the 2010 ERA journal list. The proportion of nursing journals with unrestricted online open access as of October 2011.ResultsObjectiveTo determine the proportion of nursing journals that are fully open access or have some elements of openness, and hence are readily accessible by nurses in clinical settings.DesignA descriptive study, with interpretive analysis of existing data sources.SettingAccess to online journals from the perspective of a nurse as a consumer.Subjects Nursing specific journals from the 2010 Excellence in Research for Australia (ERA) list of publications.Approximately half (51%) of nursing journals surveyed have all or some articles that are open access. This is higher than other studies of open access research articles globally. However, barriers at an institutional level may need to be addressed to ensure nurses can be informed in their care of patients.ConclusionOf the 224 journals included in this research, 12% (27/224) had unrestricted open access to all published manuscripts, 39% (88/224) had partial or conditional access and 49% (109/224) had no elements of open access, and required the consumer to have access to a paid subscription.Main outcome measure", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Complexity, coupling and policy effectiveness: the European response to the Greek sovereign debt crisis. What is the impact of Greece's fiscal meltdown on the effectiveness of Europe's response? Using Perrow's normal accidents theory, I argue that efforts to reduce the likelihood of a Greek default activated conflicting centripetal and centrifugal modes of governance. Greater centralisation in decision-making at the European Union level improves policy effectiveness because it addresses problems of contagion but it simultaneously raises the risk of overall failure by increasing diagnosis, coordination and compliance costs. Three episodes are explored: the first bailout in May 2010, the mid-term fiscal strategy in June-July 2011 and the second bailout in February 2012. Implications are drawn for theories of delegation, intergovernmentalism and the future of EU crisis management.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "Fabrication of 3D SiOx structures using patterned PMMA sacrificial layer. Three-dimensional (3D) nanofabrication based on electron-beam lithography (EBL) has drawn wide attention for various applications with its high patterning resolution and design flexibility. In this work, we present a bilayer EBL process to obtain 3D freestanding SiOx structures via the release of the bottom sacrificial layer. This new kind of bilayer process enables us to define various 3D freestanding SiOx structures with high resolution and low edge roughness. As a proof of concept for applications, metal-coated freestanding SiOx microplates with an underlying air gap were fabricated to form asymmetric Fabry-Perot resonators, which can be utilized for colorimetric refractive index sensing and thus also have application potential for biochemical detection, anti-counterfeiting and smart active nano-optical devices.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35]}
+{"token": "Impaired Mucosal Barrier Function in the Small Intestine of the Cystic Fibrosis Mouse. Results: CF mice had 40% Akp3 mRNA expression and 30% TAP enzyme activity, as compared with wild-type mice. Oral antibiotics and laxative treatments normalized Akp3 expression and IAP enzyme activity in the CF intestine. CF mice had a 5-fold greater transfer of rhodamine-dextran from gut lumen to blood. Antibiotic and laxative treatments reduced intestinal permeability in CF mice. Administration of exogenous purified IAP to CF mice reduced intestinal permeability to wild-type levels and reduced small intestinal bacterial overgrowth by >80%.Materials and Methods: The Cftr(im1UNC) mouse was used. TAP expression (encoded by the murine Akp3 gene) was measured by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme activity. Intestinal permeability was assessed by measuring rhodamine-dextran plasma levels following gavage.Objectives: The intestinal mucosal barrier protects the body from the large numbers of microbes that inhabit the intestines and the molecules they release. Intestinal barrier function is impaired in humans with cystic fibrosis (CF), including reduced activity of the lipopolysaccharide-detoxifying enzyme intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) and increased permeability. The objective of this study was to determine the suitability of using the CF mouse to investigate intestinal barrier function, and whether interventions that are beneficial for the CF mouse intestinal phenotype (antibiotics or laxative), would improve barrier function. Also tested were the effects of exogenous IAP administration.Conclusions: The CF mouse intestine has impaired mucosal barrier function, similar to human CF. Interventions that improve other aspects of the CF intestinal phenotype (antibiotics and laxative) also increase IAP activity and decrease intestinal permeability in CF mice. Exogenous IAP improve permeability and strongly reduce bacterial overgrowth in CF mice, suggesting this may be a useful therapy for CF.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Evolution of circulating thyroid hormone levels in preterm infants during the first week of life: perinatal influences and impact on neurodevelopment. Methods: This single-center prospective observational study analyzed the plasma levels of total thyroxine (T4) and free thyroxine (fT4), total triiodothyronine (T3), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and T4-binding globulin (TBG) in cord blood and at the end of the first week of life in 120 preterm infants (gestational age [GA] <37 weeks). The change over time was calculated (delta, Delta). The impact of perinatal and subsequently postnatal variables on Delta was studied by hierarchical multiple regression. The impact of Delta on the neurodevelopmental outcome at the corrected ages of 9 and 24 months, measured by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID)-II, was assessed by logistic regression.Background: For several decades, transient hypothyroxinemia of prematurity (THOP) has been a topic of debate. The pathophysiology is incompletely understood and consensus on the therapeutic approach is lacking. This study aimed at gaining a better insight into the pathogenesis by studying the trends in thyroid hormone (TH) levels during the first week of life.Results: Delta fT4 levels were negatively affected by GA and use of dopamine, whereas only GA was associated with low Delta T3 levels. Negative Delta fT4 levels were present in 75% of the extremely low-for-gestational-age infants, whereas 23.5% had a negative Delta T3 level. There was an increased risk for an abnormal mental developmental score (<85) with decreasing Delta T3 at 9 months, corrected age, but not at 24 months.Conclusions: A negative evolution in circulating TH levels is principally an immaturity phenomenon, whereas dopamine can further suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. There is at least a temporary negative effect of this evolution on the infants' neurodevelopment.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "An actin-binding protein is involved in pestivirus entry into bovine cells. Infection of bovine cells with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) can be blocked by the monoclonal antibody (mab) BVD/CA 26, which is directed against a cellular membrane protein. To characterize this molecule, it was isolated and purified by column chromatography. It was found to be an acidic, glycosylated membrane protein consisting of two polypeptide chains of about 28 and 56 kDa. Under non-reducing conditions the chains formed multimers of about 200 kDa. In an actin binding assay the 56 kDa polypeptide chain bound to F-actin as judged by co-sedimentation with actin filaments. Since the target molecule of BVD/CA 26 is localized on the surface of living cells and additionally binds to F-actin, a possible biological function may be to connect the cortical actin filaments with the cellular plasma membrane. The blocking effect of BVD/CA 26 indicates that this cellular plasma membrane protein is involved in the endocytic pathway of BVDV particles. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Literacy Enhancement Program among Older People Receiving Hemodialysis: Feasibility and Acceptability. Results revealed that the program was feasible and acceptable. A significant improvement in outcomes, including health literacy scores, overall self-care behavior scores, and all seven dimensions of self-care behavior scores, occurred after the intervention (30 minutes per session, for four consecutive weeks). Findings suggest that the program is feasible and acceptable. However, whilst this program needs to be further tested using a randomized controlled trial, it has potential for nurses to promote health literacy and self-care behaviors of older people with chronic kidney disease receiving hemodialysis.The prevalence of chronic kidney disease is higher in older people. Hemodialysis helps reduce complications and extends life for people with chronic kidney disease, however several adverse effects occur frequently, varying from discomfort to life-threatening events. Though these effects can be reduced with appropriate self-care, older people receiving hemodialysis have limited self-care behaviors and health literacy. This study used a one-group pretest-posttest design aimed to examine the feasibility and acceptability of a health literacy enhancement program and the effects of the program on health literacy and self-care behaviors in older people with chronic kidney disease receiving hemodialysis. Eighteen participants receiving hemodialysis at a district hospital in Thailand were recruited. The program was developed based on the Model of Health Literacy. Data were collected from April to July 2020. The feasibility and acceptability of the program were determined by retention of study participants and improvement of outcomes. Comparisons of dependent variables, before and after the intervention, were analyzed using Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "The role of education on the adoption of chemical fertiliser under different socioeconomic environments in Ethiopia. Studies on input adoption consider education as one of the most important factors that affect adoption decisions. However, very little is known about the spill-over effect of intra-household education on the adoption process and about the impact of education on adoption decisions under different socioeconomic conditions. We investigate these two issues using a discrete choice model. The results indicate that the decision making process is a decentralised one in which educated adult members of the household actively participate in the decision making process. This casts doubt on the traditional assumption that the household head is the sole decision maker. The results reveal that there is a substantial and statistically significant intra-household spill-over effect of education on the adoption decision of households. The results of the study also show that the coefficient of the education and the environment interaction variable is negative and statistically significant. This demonstrates that education and socioeconomic environments could be substitutes in modern environments and complementary in traditional ones. This implies that the expansion of education in traditional areas may be more attractive than in modern areas since education is usually the only means to enhance the ability of farmers to acquire, synthesise and respond to innovations such as chemical fertiliser. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 5, 6, 49]}
+{"token": "Developer constraints on housing supply in urban Ghana. Purpose This study aims to document the major underlying forces prohibiting housing development in urban Ghana. Previous studies in Ghana have not empirically examined these constraints, but an empirical examination of these factors would help to formulate proper policies to address the housing shortage problems in Ghana. This paper fills this gap. Design/methodology/approach Using a purposive sampling technique, the authors surveyed the chief executive officers (CEOs) of private real estate development companies within Accra and Tema with a Likert scale questionnaire to measure the severity of the factors hindering housing development in these areas. Findings The results show that real estate developers consider the supply problems in housing to be driven mainly by formal and informal institutional factors. A large percentage of the CEOs reported that land tenure arrangements, lengthy procedure involved in securing building permits and process of land acquisition and registration in Ghana were the major factors that significantly affected housing supply. The difficulty in accessing development funds, underdeveloped mortgage market and high interest rates were some of the market-based factors constraining housing development. Originality/value This study empirically examines the factors that hinder housing development in Ghana, making a clear distinction between the market and institutional forces. The paper proposes policy recommendations for a more effective and direct government intervention to improve urban housing supply.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "An immunohistochemical analysis of the effects of androgen receptor knock out on gubernacular differentiation in the mouse. Aim: Cryptorchidism affects 2%-4% of newborn boys and causes infertility and cancer. While normal androgen function is required for successful inguinoscrotal descent, its exact role on gubemacular morphology remains unidentified. We aimed to decipher the effect of androgen blockade on the gubemaculum and surrounding structures.Conclusion: Gubemacular eversion in rodents prior to inguinoscrotal migration was androgen dependent, as well as maintenance of gubernacular cord length. This study shows that androgen blockade causes cryptorchidism in mice by preventing gubernacular eversion and possibly by preventing shortening of the gubernacular cord. Altering the morphology of the gubemaculum in response to androgen clearly contributes to the clinical problem of cryptorchidism. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Methods: Genetically modified mice with androgen receptor knock out (ARKO) were sectioned at ages E17, D0, and D2 for immunohistochemical analysis and D4 for morphological analysis (with ethical approval; A644). Mutants and control littermates were labeled with Ki67, Desmin, and Pax7 to identify the degree of gubernaculuar eversion and the composition of the growth center in the gubernaculum, using light or confocal microscopy.Results: Androgen blockade prevented gubernacular eversion in all animals aged between E17 and D2 when compared to wild types. Furthermore, a growth center was visible, as indicated by a 'swirl' of immature fibroblasts, in D2 animals but was absent in ARKO mice. Moreover, the gubernacular cord was seen to increase in ARKO mice when compared to wild types and increased in size with age. There were no labeling differences in the antibodies tested for gubemacular differentiation.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Daily short covering activity and the weekend effect: Evidence from Taiwan. By using a unique dataset of daily short covering volumes obtained from the Taiwan Stock Exchange, we first examine, in general, what drives daily short covering activity in the cross-section and its return predictability; we then investigate, in specific, the relation between short covering and the weekend effect. In general, we find that short covering activity is positively related to short selling activity; and short sellers on average are contemporaneous contrarians. Large-cap stocks, growth stocks, high-price stocks and stocks with high institutional ownership generally have greater short-selling and short-covering activities. We present evidence that regardless of firm characteristics, short-sellers are capable of identifying stocks whose prices tend to decline when they initiate short positions. However, the ability of short sellers to successfully cover their positions is less clear. In specific tests of the weekend effect, we find that when short covering activity is relatively high, Friday returns are more negative. Furthermore, firms with high short selling activity have a larger Monday return compared to firms with low short selling activity. Our findings are contrary to the hypothesis proposed by Chen and Singal (2003), but consistent with the notion that short sellers are contrarian in contemporaneous stock returns. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48]}
+{"token": "Ratio of free or complexed prostate-specific antigen (PSA) to total PSA: Which ratio improves differentiation between benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer?. Conclusions: Compared with tPSA, the fPSA/tPSA and cPSA/tPSA ratios both improve the differentiation between BPH and PCa comparably and are similarly effective in reducing the rate of unnecessary biopsies, whereas cPSA alone does not have any effect.Background: The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic utility of a new assay that measures all forms of prostate-specific antigen complexed (cPSA) to serum proteins except alpha(2)-macroglobulin with the assay of free PSA (fPSA) and the corresponding ratios to total PSA (tPSA) to improve the differentiation between benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa).(C) 2000 American Association for Clinical Chemistry.Methods: Serum samples were collected from 91 men without prostate disease and with normal digital rectal examination (controls), 144 untreated patients with PCa, and 89 patients with BPH. tPSA and cPSA were measured using the Bayer Immune 1 system; fPSA and the additional tPSA were measured with the Roche Elecsys system.Results: The median cPSA/tPSA, fPSA/tPSA, and fFSA/cPSA ratios were significantly different between patients with BPH and PCa (78.7% vs 90.7%, 25.5% vs 12.1%, and 36.8% vs 14.3%, respectively; P < 0.001). No correlations of cPSA and its ratios to tumor stage and grade were found. RC analysis showed that cPSA was not different from tPSA (areas under the curve, 0.632 vs 0.568), whereas the cPSA/tPSA ratio was similar to the fPSA/tPSA ratio in increasing discrimination between BPH and PCa patients with tPSA concentrations in the tPSA gray zone between 2 and 10 mu g/L (areas under the curve, 0.851 vs 0.838).", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Experimental and finite element analysis of the shear speed effects on the Sn-Ag and Sn-Ag-CuBGA solder joints. An experimental investigation was combined with a non-linear finite element analysis using an elastic-viscoplastic constitutive model to study the effect of ball shear speed on the shear forces of BGA solder joints. Two solder compositions were examined in this work: Sn-3.5Ag and Sn-3.5A.-0.75Cu. The Cu substrates had been surface finished electrolytically with a 7 mum thick Ni diffusion barrier followed by an 0.5 mum thick An layer to enhance solderability. Ag3Sn and a few AuSn4 intermetallic compound (IMC) particles were found inside the two solders. Only a continuous Ni3Sn4 layer was observed at the interface between the Au/Ni plated layer and the Sn-3.5Ag, while a continuous (Ni1-xCux)(3)Sn-4 layer and a small amount of discontinuous (Cu1-y-Ni-y)(6)Sn-5 particles were formed at the interface between the substrate and the Sn-3.5Ag-0.75Cu. The IMC was identified using energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and electron probe micro analysis (EPMA). Shear tests were carried out over a shear speed range from 10 to 700 mum/s at a shear ram height of 50 mum. The shear force was observed to linearly increase with shear speed and reach a maximum value at the highest shear speed in both the experimental and the computational results. All test specimens fractured in a ductile mode. The failure mechanisms were discussed in terms of von Mises stresses and plastic strain energy density distributions. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Traumatic myiasis by Wohlfahrtia magnifica in Italy. Seven farms, two in Central Italy and five in Southern Italy, were visited for the presence of larvae-infested wounds. Ninety-six (3%) out of 3129 sheep examined had a traumatic myiasis with a very high percentage of infested animals found only in a farm (10.5%). Wounds were mainly localized on the vulva and prepuce. Infested animals were restless, anxious, and reluctant to graze. None of the 10 goats in one infested flock had wounds, whereas a shepherd dog from another flock presented a wound on the ear. All the larvae and adults reared from them in the laboratory were identified as Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Schiner, 1862) (Diptera, Sarcophagidae). The cases presented here are the first clinical cases of wohlfahrtiosis in sheep and dogs reported in Italy, and indicate that this myiasis is endemic in this country. A wider epidemiological investigation on the prevalence, incidence and seasonality of W. magnifica infestation of Italian W. magnifica population/s would be useful to understand its geographical provenience and the likely risk for its spreading throughout Italy and other non-endemic areas. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 10]}
+{"token": "Fragmentation as an agent of integration: Subnational authorities in EU law. This article draws on the theory of \\\\'federalism as the new nationalism\\\\' to illustrate that regulatory fragmentation is not necessarily synonymous with disintegration. Regulatory fragmentation can rather be conceptualized as a tool assisting European integration. Looking at the status of subnational authorities (SNAs) in EU law, the article identifies decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in free movement law that illustrate that SNAs can be conceived as valuable insiders, rather than threatening outsiders, of European law. This account, which indicates that SNAs' contribution to European legal integration is in many ways analogous to that of the Member States, stands in contrast with the European Treaties that recognize only two levels of public authority as SNAs are seen as a predominantly domestic phenomenon of little relevance for the supranational project. My analysis underscores that SNAs and their norms do not exist in a sphere separate from that of EU law. It highlights diverse interactions between the subnational and the supranational and suggests that the influence of levels of public authority can best be captured by a paradigm of interconnection rather than separation. Indeed, contrary to commonplace assumptions, it is not actors' formal status, anchored in notions such as independence, sovereignty, and autonomous competences but the manifold functional interactions between them that shape the polycentric Union. Through this functional lens we confirm what federalism scholars have observed in the USA, namely, that \\\\'decentralization can serve rather than undermine the project of integration.\\\\'", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Resolving intergenerational conflict over the environment under the Pareto criterion. Climate change policies create intergenerational winners and losers because the costs come first and the benefits later. In such cases, Kaldor-Hicks cost-benefit analysis seeks potential Pareto-improvements by showing the hypothetical potential for the winners to compensate the losers via lump-sum transfers. In their absence, once a costly climate policy is actually implemented, it unleashes distortions and general-equilibrium effects rendering unclear whether Kaldor-Hicks potential improvements lead to actual improvements. We study policies which, once implemented, would pass the Pareto test that no generation subsequent to policy action be made worse off than before. We develop a stylized climate-economy model in which production by the current generation generates pollution which \\\\'damages\\\\' production for future generations. Over time, the business-as-usual (BAU) economy gets increasingly polluted, consumption falls, and generational welfare levels decline. A government introduces costly pollution abatement and finances it via distorting taxes and the sale of debt (\\\\'green bonds\\\\'). Pollution levels start to decline, generating downstream welfare gains which may be taxed - without hurting anyone, in a Pareto sense - to help finance the policy and pay off the debt. Along the transition, every generation faces less pollution, consumes more and is happier than if life had continued in the BAU world. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48, 49, 52]}
+{"token": "Recent advances in production of hydrogen from biomass. The aim of this paper is to highlight various processes for the conversion of biomass into hydrogen gas. Biomass energy has the potential to be \\\\'modernized\\\\' worldwide, i.e., produced and used efficiently and cost competitively, generally in the more convenient forms of gases, liquids, or electricity. Biomass will play an important role in the future global energy infrastructure for the generation of power and heat, but also for the production of chemicals and fuels. Biomass and biomass-derived fuels are can be used to produce hydrogen sustainably. The methods available for the hydrogen production from biomass can be divided into two main categories: thermochemical and biological routes. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Risk factors for canine echinococcosis in an endemic area of Peru. An epidemiological study was conducted in a highland rural community in Peru to determine risk factors for canine echinococcosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus. Dogs were diagnosed using a coproantigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Dog owners were interviewed prior to stool collection and asked for attitudes, practices and beliefs likely to be associated with local patterns of E. granulosus transmission. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to determine odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). The main risk factors found to be significantly associated with canine echinococcosis by univariate analysis were dog age (3-25 months) (OR, 5.14; CI), 1.7-15.7), female sex (OR, 4.3; CI, 1.4-13.3) and having been fed hydatid infected offal (OR, 2.9; 95% CI), 1.0-8.6). There was complete lack of knowledge about echinococcosis transmission. In addition to periodic dog treatment, control programs need to emphasize education of the human population to increase knowledge of parasite transmission and to change human practices associated with high rates of infection. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 10]}
+{"token": "LACTIC FERMENTATION OF NON-TANNIN AND HIGH-TANNIN CEREALS - EFFECTS ON IN-VITRO ESTIMATION OF IRON AVAILABILITY AND PHYTATE HYDROLYSIS. The effect on iron availability estimated in vitro and phytate hydrolysis was investigated in non-tannin and high-tannin cereals, lactic fermented as flour/water slurries or gruels. A natural starter culture initiated fermentation and addition of germinated flour and phytase in the fermentation process was tested. Lactic fermentation of nontannin cereals with added flour germinated sorghum seeds or wheat phytase increased iron solubility from about 4% up to 9 and 50%, respectively. Soaking flour in water before adding starter culture had a similar effect. The increase in soluble iron was strongly related to enzymatic degradation of phytate (p < 0.001). The reduction of inositol hexa- and pentaphosphates was about 50% with added germinated flour. Reduction was > 90% after soaking the flour prior to fermentation and almost complete with 50 mg phytase added. High-tannin cereals showed a minor increase in soluble iron after fermentation, ascribed to the inhibitory effect of tannins (both on iron solubility and on enzymatic hydrolysis of phytate). Lactic-fermented cereal foods have a potential in developing countries to improve iron nutrition.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Influence of ZIF-8 particle size in the performance of polybenzimidazole mixed matrix membranes for pre-combustion CO2 capture and its validation through interlaboratory test. The preparation and performance of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) based on polybenzimidazole (PBI) and ZIF-8 nanoparticles of different average sizes (50, 70 and 150 nm) as filler are reported. MMMs containing 10 and 20 wt% of ZIF-8 were tested for H-2/CO2 separation (pre-combustion CO2 capture) at 150 degrees C and feed pressures from 3 to 6 bar. The addition of ZIF-8 resulted in a clear improvement in membrane performance. Embedding 20 wt% of ZIF-8 resulted in a H-2 permeability increase of six times and the H-2/CO2 selectivity increased nearly by 55% compared to the bare PBI polymer membrane. Both permeability and selectivity improved as the filler size increased, due to the lower degree of agglomeration of the largest particles, that may be less active owing to their smaller external surface area. MMMs synthesized using dry 150 nm ZIF-8 filler showed a better performance than those containing wet filler. Apart from agglomeration concerns favoring wet filler handling as evidenced by infrared characterization, the MMM preparation with wet filler is simpler than with dry filler. Finally, the reproducibility of the membranes was confirmed by a European interlaboratory Round Robin test involving three different institutions. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
+{"token": "Mentoring The Retention Factor in the Acute Care Setting. The most difficult time to retain staff nurses can be the first year after hire. Because of the high costs of recruitment and orientation, retention of these new employees is essential. Mentoring is a viable retention tool for the new employee and for existing experienced nurses. Mentoring also provides professional growth benefits that appeal to existing employees and increase their job enjoyment and satisfaction.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Convivial Labour and the 'Joking Relationship': Humour and Everyday Multiculturalism at Work. Humorous joking, teasing, and banter are fundamental forms of social intercourse. This paper is about the role and effect of 'humour' in multiethnic blue-collar workplaces. Humour delineates boundaries of group membership, establishes insiders and outsiders, and offers a ritual solution to ambiguity and liminality, tension and social unease. Humour is Janus faced though. Historically, it has been a central tool of the racist; a way of expressing disgust and hatred with an exit strategy: 'just joking'. This paper draws on these themes to consider findings from a large comparative study of 'Everyday Multiculturalism at Work' which compares workplaces in Singapore and Australia. The essay focuses on blue-collar male-dominated Australian workplaces and explores the role and function of interactional humour in mediating, reinforcing, and overcoming boundaries of racial and ethnic difference in a context of forced 'encounter'. I consider both the positive, ludic qualities of humour as well as its negative dimensions and further situate the discussion in terms of certain forms of Australian working class masculinity. I offer the concept of 'convivial labour' to describe the work that goes into negotiating interactional humour frames in multi-ethnic settings of forced encounter.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "The Exclusion of Early Modern Women Philosophers from the Canon: Causes and Counteractive Strategies from the Digital Humanities. Whether it be in universities' curricula or in traditional accounts of the history of philosophy, early modern women philosophers have frequently been treated as secondary, inconsequential characters. Although many valuable efforts are being made to counter this state of affairs, a generalized tendency to focus on well-known male philosophers and to establish them as representative figures of the early modern period still seems to exist. But does this strategy produce an accurate historical account of early modern philosophy? This essay explores diverse causes of the exclusion of early modern women philosophers from the canon, reflecting on the historical and political aspects of this phenomenon. This piece also intends to highlight the importance of the innovative projects that have been recently created in the field of the digital humanities, which aim to mitigate and to counter said exclusion.", "label": [3, 5, 52, 32]}
+{"token": "Enhancing foresight between multiple agencies: Issues in the use of scenario thinking to overcome fragmentation. We critically compare two illustrative cases where local government and partner organisations sought substantive grounds for collaboration on e-government, by gaining foresight from the application of the scenario methodology. On the basis of our case analyses, we show that inter-organisational fragmentation may be attenuated by the application of scenario method-which acts to enhance inter-organisational foresight. We demonstrate that the scenario method achieves this by promoting a non-adversarial, strategic conversation that can enable new and creative insights to be gained across the participant agencies. However, on the basis of one of the cases, we propose the need for early critical consideration of the influencing role of the project sponsor/leader within such a collaborative network. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
+{"token": "Polymerase Chain Reaction in Cerebrospinal Fluid for the Diagnosis of Congenital Toxoplasmosis. Methods: For this purpose, we studied both congenitally infected (diagnosed clinically and serologically) and noninfected infants born to untreated mothers.Results: The infants ranged in age from 0 to 180 days. CSF PCR was positive in 27 of the 58 (46.5%) congenitally infected infants and was negative in each of the 103 infants without congenital toxoplasmosis. The frequency of positive CSF PCR varied according to whether infants had major clinical signs of the disease; PCR was positive in 70.9%, 53.3% and 50.9% of those with hydrocephalus, cerebral calcifications and/or eye disease, respectively. Of 6 infants who were negative for both IgM and IgA antibodies, 3 had a positive PCR in their CSF as the confirmatory test for diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. IgM and IgA antibodies and CSF PCR, when combined, yielded a higher sensitivity for diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis when compared with the performance of each test alone.Conclusions: Our findings reveal that in infants with clinical and serologic findings suggestive of congenital toxoplasmosis and born to untreated mothers, CSF PCR has the potential to increase the frequency of cases in which the diagnosis is confirmed.Background: Congenital toxoplasmosis can result in visual impairment, hearing loss, serious neurologic sequelae and death in the infant. We studied the potential of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis.", "label": [2, 18, 25, 27]}
+{"token": "Regulation of Muscle Growth in Early Postnatal Life in a Swine Model. Skeletal muscle growth during the early postnatal period is rapid in the pig and dependent on the capacity of muscle to respond to anabolic and catabolic stimuli. Muscle mass is driven by the balance between protein synthesis and degradation. Among these processes, muscle protein synthesis in the piglet is exceptionally sensitive to the feeding-induced postprandial changes in insulin and amino acids, whereas muscle protein degradation is affected only during specific catabolic states. The developmental decline in the response of muscle to feeding is associated with changes in the signaling pathways located upstream and downstream of the mechanistic target of rapamycin protein complex. Additionally, muscle growth is supported by an accretion of nuclei derived from satellite cells. Activated satellite cells undergo proliferation, differentiation, and fusion with adjacent growing muscle fibers. Enhancing early muscle growth through modifying protein synthesis, degradation, and satellite cell activity is key to maximizing performance, productivity, and lifelong pig health.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 6, 19, 10, 47]}
+{"token": "Solid waste management by composting: State of the art. One of the most versatile and remunerative techniques for handling biodegradable solid wastes is composting. A large variety of such wastes of plant, animal, and synthetic origins can be gainfully composted, at scales varying from a household bin to a large industry. Compost also has an inexhaustible market as a soil conditioner and fertilizer. Apart from being a source of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other nutrients for plants, compost is also believed to suppress soil-borne diseases in plants. These virtues make composting an ideal option for processing the enormous quantities of biodegradable solid wastes that are generated in the world. In this article, a review of the state of the art of compost science is presented, encompassing the history, the mechanism, the production, the characteristics, and the effects of composting. It is hoped that this effort would stimulate further interest in composting and in the appreciation of its benefits.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Transcription profiles of oocytes during maturation and embryos during preimplantation development in vivo in the goat. RNA sequencing performed on goat matured oocytes and preimplantation embryos generated in vivo enabled us to define the transcriptome for goat preimplantation embryo development. The largest proportion of changes in gene expression in goat was found at the 16-cell stage, not as previously defined at the 8-cell stage, and is later than in other mammalian species. In all, 6482 genes were identified to be significantly differentially expressed across all consecutive developmental stage comparisons, and the important signalling pathways involved in each development transition were determined. In addition, we identified genes that appear to be transcribed only at a specific stage of development. Using weighted gene coexpression network analysis, we found nine stage-specific modules of coexpressed genes that represent the corresponding stage of development. Furthermore, we identified conserved key members (or hub genes) of the goat transcriptional networks. Their association with other embryo genes suggests that they may have important regulatory roles in embryo development. Our cross-mammalian species transcriptomic comparisons demonstrate both conserved and goat-specific features of preimplantation development.", "label": [4, 42, 47]}
+{"token": "Combined Plasma Fibrinogen and Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio in Ovarian Cancer Prognosis May Play a Role?. Objectives In ovarian cancer (OC), approximately 70% will relapse within 12 months from diagnosis; inflammation plays an important role in cancer initiating and progression; thus, a combination of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and fibrinogen (F-NLR) has been proposed as prognostic marker in several tumors. The aim of our study was to investigate the correlation between NLR, fibrinogen, and F-NLR and survival in OC population.Methods Patients with diagnosis of OC admitted to our institute between 2011 and 2016 were included. Data about pretreatment complete blood count were collected. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was defined as the absolute neutrophil count divided by the absolute lymphocyte count; the F-NLR score was 0 for low NLR and fibrinogen, 1 for low NLR and high fibrinogen, or, conversely, 2 for both high markers. We correlated this index with progression-free survival.Results A total of 94 patients were enrolled. Median age at diagnosis was 55 (34-83) years; more than 80% of patients presented International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage III-IV at diagnosis, and 72 (77%) presented high-grade serous histology. Primary debulking surgery was performed in 57 women (60%), whereas 37 (40%) underwent interval debulking surgery. Mean serum NLR was 5.25 5.37, and mean serum fibrinogen value was 4.19 +/- 0.97 g/L. The median follow-up time was 27 months (range, 8-60 months). All patients with F-NLR value of 2 presented advanced disease compared with 64% of those with F-NLR of 0 (P < 0.031); these patients more frequently required neoadjuvant chemotherapy (P < 0.003) and more often had platinum-resistant disease (P < 0.022). Patients with high F-NLR presented worse progression-free survival than did patients with low F-NLR (12 vs 42 months, respectively, P = 0.023).Conclusions Combining NLR and fibrinogen levels could be used as a factor for prediction of prognosis and response to treatment in patients affected with OC.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Citrate utilization under anaerobic environment in Escherichia coli is under direct control of Fnr and indirect control of ArcA and Fnr via CitA-CitB system. Most Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains do not cause disease, naturally living in the lower intestine and is expelled into the environment within faecal matter. Escherichia coli can utilize citrate under anaerobic conditions but not aerobic conditions. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we explored regulatory mechanisms of citrate fermentation genes by global regulators ArcA and Fnr under anaerobic conditions. A gel mobility shift assay showed that the regulator proteins ArcA and Fnr binded to the promoter region localized between the citAB and citCDEFXGT operons. Subsequent assays confirmed that ArcA indirectly controled the expression of citrate fermentation genes via regulating CitA-CitB system, while Fnr directly regulated but also indirectly modulated citrate fermentation genes via controling CitA-CitB system. Deletions of arcA and fnr significantly reduced the growth of Escherichia coli in M9 medium with a citrate carbon source. We conclude that both ArcA and Fnr can indirectly control the citrate utilization via CitA-CitB system, while Fnr can also directly regulate the expression of citrate fermentation genes in E. coli under anaerobic conditions.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "ANALYSIS OF THERMAL-BEHAVIOR OF A SERIES OF CAMPHOR DERIVATIVES. Thermal analysis of a series of camphor derivatives has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Different behaviors with the appearance of glassy, amorphous, crystalline, polymorphous compounds and tautomeric mixture were detected.These results have been confirmed by infrared spectroscopy and by X-ray diffraction.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
+{"token": "Identities of Semigroups of Relations with an Operator of Reflexive Double Cylindrification. In the paper we find a basis of identities for the variety generated by semigroups of relations with an operation of reflexive double cylindrification.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Earthworms differentially modify the microbiome of arable soils varying in residue management. Earthworms are among the most important soil ecosystem engineers. Their effects on soil structure have been well documented, however, there is limited knowledge on how earthworms in the long term affect the soil microbiome, especially in arable soils. We investigated the soil microbiome of rice (cultivated under aerobic condition) and wheat fields in two consecutive seasons after manipulating earthworms and organic amendments for 14 years. Composition of soil prokaryotes and eukaryotes were analyzed by Illumina sequencing. Molecular network analysis suggest that in mulched rice fields earthworms foster species interlinked with many others and shift the dominance of prokaryotes from Planctomycetes to Proteobacteria. In contrast, In fields where residues were incorporated into the soil earthworms shifted the dominance of prokaryotes from Proteobacteria to Planctomycetes. Further, earthworms significantly increased the Proteobacteria-to-Acidobacteria ratio, a putative indicator of high nutrient turnover. Further, the ratio of prokaryote-to-eukaryote abundance was increased by earthworms when straw was incorporated into the soil. In conclusion, the results suggest that in the long term earthworms mainly modify the structure and functioning of prokaryote rather than eukaryote communities In arable fields. The effects of earthworms on the structure of microbial communities and microbial interactions are closely linked to resource management practices. The more pronounced effects of earthworms in treatments with residues mulched as compared to incorporated into the soil suggest that earthworm effects in part were due to bioturbation, i.e. mixing straw with mineral soil.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Invasive ticks: Introduction of Amblyomma kraneveldi (Anastos) and other exotic ticks (Acari : Ixodidae) into Florida on imported reptiles. Seven species of exotic ticks, Amblyomma flavomaculatum (Lucas), A. kraneveldi (Anastos), A. latum (Koch), A. nuttalli Donitz, A. scutatum Neumann, A. trimaculatum (Lucas) and A. varanense (Supino), were identified on reptiles imported into Florida in 2005. The report of the introduction of the Indonesian tick A. kraneveldi on an imported reticulated python (Python reticulatus) is the first recording of this exotic tick species in the United States. Information on the host range and geographical distribution of A. kraneveldi is described. The invasive tick species that have been introduced into the United States on imported reptiles since 1946 are reviewed.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Computational Calculation of Gas and Water Properties: Part 2. This is a second part of the series elaborating the programming process for in-house software generation using Visual Basic. The authors explain the state-of-the-art programming process for the estimation and predication of water (brine) properties. Coding has been done in order to estimate the properties with reference to prevailing conditions, showing the effectiveness of developed in-house software. This part of the article also particularly emphasizes on the significance of water formation volume factor, which is usually neglected in oil and gas industry, while highlighting the usefulness and utilization of the generated data (using developed software).", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
+{"token": "Support and safety features in preventing foot and ankle injuries in equestrian sports. Equestrian injuries are commonly seen at trauma centres, and they are usually severe, with between 15%-27% of injured patients hospitalised. Moreover, it is recognised that 1 rider in 10 000 is fatally injured per year. Proportionally, injuries to the ankle, foot and toes remain rare in equestrian trauma. According to the injuries recorded in the literature, ankle injuries represent 5.3% of all the injuries, foot injuries 4%, and toe injuries 1%. Most riders with ankle injuries are injured while mounted on a horse, whereas the injuries to the feet and the toes occur primarily when the rider is standing alongside the horse. The risk of severe foot injuries are as a result of when, after falling from the horse, the rider is dragged behind the horse with his/her foot hooked in the stirrup. In this situation, the injury will be consistent with a trauma in forced abduction of the forefoot. Effective protective equipment currently on the market includes reinforced riding boots and safety stirrups. Safety stirrups are designed so that the foot is released easily from the stirrup if the rider falls, thus preventing severe injury. Also, reinforced riding boots will protect the rider's ankle and feet from being accidentally crushed or kicked by the horse. In general, horse-related injuries to the ankle or the foot can often be prevented, or at least diminished in severity, through specific interventions, which are discussed in this article. Prevention programmes should promote complete protective equipment use, including the use of proper riding boots and safety stirrups. Moreover, the education and training of inexperienced riders by equestrian sports professionals regarding safe handling and riding of horses should be provided.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "First-Episode 'Coenesthetic' Schizophrenia Presenting with Alien Hand Syndrome and Partial Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum. We describe the case of a 23-year-old Caucasian woman who presented with alien hand syndrome and a first episode of the coenesthetic subtype of schizophrenia. 'Alienness' of her non-dominant hand was intimately phenomenologically associated with the onset of first-psychosis. Cerebral MRI revealed a partial agenesis of the corpus callosum with a complete absence of the rostrum, hypoplastic anterior and inferior genu, and a hypoplastic splenium. This case suggests that this syndrome can occur with the development of a functional disconnection syndrome involving the anterior callosum, and in this case the 'second hit' proposed to occur in early adulthood in schizophrenia may have interacted with her earlier neurodevelopmental lesion to result in a combination of psychosis and alien hand syndrome. Copyright (c) 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel", "label": [2, 5, 18, 23, 55]}
+{"token": "A sustainable enterprise content management technologies use framework supporting agile business processes. Organisations invest in a considerable number of resources towards implementing Enterprise Content Management Systems (ECMS), expecting productive outcomes from the ECMS utilisation. A well-designed ECMS is impressive and deserves admiration, but to the organisations the ECMS limited value is often a major highlight. This motivates this study to understand how sustainable investment in Enterprise Content Management (ECM) technologies could support organisational Agile Business Processes (ABP). In studying how different organisation types utilise ECMS, the research employs a cross-sectional multiple-case studies approach with participation of seven large-scaled organisations. An investigation and an exploration into how these organisations interacted with ECMS are pivotal to the research. Based on the qualitative data analysis, this study proposes a sustainable ECMS-use framework that explains how ABP could benefit from it. Essentially, the framework enlightens researchers and practitioners to leverage ECM technologies for different work practices supporting ABP and organisational structures.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
+{"token": "A Study of Australian Muslim Youth Identity: The Melbourne Case. Australia is the home of 340,393 Muslims and they constitute about 1.7% of the total national population of 19,855,287 million people. Muslims have migrated to Australia from several Muslim countries on their own will for a better life. The Australian government also welcomed the immigrants because it needed labor for a sustainable economy. However, in times of crisis, for example, after the 9/11 incident the media and some politicians positioned the Muslims as the \\\\'Other\\\\'. In December 2005 there was a riot at Sydney's Cronulla beach between some Lebanese-Australians and the mainstream Australians but the politicians and the media sided with the wider society. In September 2006, when the Egyptian-born Mufti al-Hilali presented a controversial sermon in Arabic in which he depicted scantily-dressed women as uncovered meat and blamed them for inciting men to rape, the rhetoric of \\\\'us\\\\' and \\\\'them\\\\' was final. The racial profiling of Muslims through the Australian Anti-Terrorism Act 2005 has also caused unease in the society. Against this backdrop I interviewed 14 Muslim youths of diverse backgrounds, 15-17 years in Melbourne and tried to gain an understanding of their identity. Overall, the participants appeared to be peaceful, and their bicultural skills strengthened their Australian citizenship.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "POSITIONING AND STATUS OF SPANISH NUMISMATIC MAGAZINES ON SCIENTIFIC DATA BASES. The following article captures the current situation of the Spanish scientific journals focused on numismatics and their positioning in the main international bibliographical (Latindex, Web of Science and Scopus) and Spanish databases (Dialnet and CIRC) through a comparative analysis of their distinctive characteristics and fundamental metrics (Google Scholar H5 index and their scores in MIAR). The results obtained determine that within this group has excelled in a prominent place the Revista Numismatica Hecate, the only Spanish publication on this subject that has managed to be indexed in high impact databases such as the Web of Science and Scopus.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "PERCEIVED BARRIERS TO ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS IN CRITICALLY ILL CHILDREN. Results Most of the 258 eligible respondents (46% ordering providers) were from North America (90%). Although 84% agreed that anthropometric measurements are important, only 3% knew if these measurements were obtained upon admission to their unit. Estimates of patients' measurements by parents or caregivers were commonly used (72%) when actual measurements were not obtained. Leading barriers were presence of medical devices (57%), use of extracorporeal life support (54%), and unstable hemodynamic status (52%). More ordering providers than nurses considered osteopenia/fragile bones as a barrier to weight measurement (46% vs 29%; P=.007) and traumatic brain injury a barrier to measurement of head circumference (42% vs 24%; P=.002). More nurses than ordering providers perceived dialysis (21% vs 9%; P=.01) and obesity (26% vs 15%; P=.04) as barriers to measurement of stature. Ordering providers more than nurses perceived nurses' workload (51% vs 33%; P<.001) and lack of importance (43% vs 20%; P<.001) as barriers.Conclusions Barriers to obtaining anthropometric measurements exist in pediatric intensive care units; ordering providers and nurses have different perceptions of what constitutes a barrier.Objective To identify barriers to anthropometric measurements and determine if perceptions of barriers differ between ordering providers and nurses.Background Anthropometric measurements are vital for safe care in pediatric intensive care units.Methods A 21-item survey to elicit perceptions of barriers to obtaining anthropometric measurements was distributed via e-mail to societies with members who provide care in pediatric intensive care units.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
+{"token": "Influence of weather and climate on cryptosporidiosis-A review. Studies have shown that climatic factors can significantly influence transmission of many waterborne diseases. However, knowledge of the impact of climate variability on cryptosporidiosis is much less certain. Associations between the incidence of cryptosporidiosis and climatic variables have been reported in several countries. Given that the identified relationships were not consistently reported across studies, it is not known whether these were country-specific observations or can be considered more globally. Variation in the disease risk in both low- and middle-income countries and high-income countries presents new challenges and opportunities to enact responsive changes in research and public health policies. Available epidemiological evidence of the influence of weather and climate on cryptosporidiosis is reviewed. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria, and most studies showed that the incidence of cryptosporidiosis is highly sensitive to climatic conditions, especially temperature, rainfall and relative humidity. The identified associations varied across studies, with different conditions of importance and lag times across different locations. Therefore, there is a need for countries at risk to assess Cryptosporidium transmission routes based on the spatiotemporal patterns of the disease and what role climate and other socio-ecological changes play in the transmission. Information gathering will then allow us to provide information for evidence-based control strategies and mitigation of transmission. This review offers new perspectives on the role of climate variability on Cryptosporidium transmission. It highlights different epidemiological approaches adopted and provides the potential for future research and surveillance to reduce the disease burden. By evaluating the epidemiological transmission of this organism in high-income countries, all mitigation strategies, for example filtration and water catchment management, can be used as exemplars of preventing infection in low- to middle-income countries.", "label": [0, 2, 25, 24, 10]}
+{"token": "Large momentum behavior of the ghost propagator in SU(3) lattice gauge theory. We study the large momentum behavior of the ghost propagator in the quenched SU(3) lattice gauge theory with Wilson action. The study is performed on lattices with a physical volume fixed around 1.6 fm and different lattice spacings: 0.100, 0.070, and 0.055 fm. We implement an efficient algorithm for computing the Faddeev-Popov operator on the lattice. We are able to extrapolate the lattice data for the ghost propagator towards the continuum and to show that the extrapolated data on each lattice can be described up to four-loop perturbation theory from 2.0 to 6.0 GeV. The three-loop values are consistent with those extracted from previous perturbative studies of the gluon propagator. However the effective Lambda((MS) over bar) scale which reproduces the data depends strongly upon the order of perturbation theory and on the renormalization scheme used in the parametrization. We show how the truncation of the perturbative series can account for the magnitude of the dependency in this energy range. The contribution of nonperturbative corrections will be discussed elsewhere.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "THE SUBSTANTIATION OF THE PRICE STRATEGIES ACCORDING TO THE CONSUMERS' BUYING BEHAVIOUR. To ensure the fact that the pricing strategy be a long-term success we must define in the early stage of development-research the value-price ratio, having in view that it's possible for a product with an increased perceived value not to be introduced on the market with a competitive price, an aspect that can be approached using the target costs and target value method, a method that allows to define the production costs limits and fixing the target price to avoid the launching errors.The firm's position on the market is determined by the value offered by selling its products or offering its services, the public relations depending on the customers' perception of the value of the product or service offered to them, and the position occupied in relation to the competitors is determined by the level of the product's prices and advantages offered by the competition. The price and the value-price ratio are two fundamental variables of which the firm's survival depends in the competitive environment.", "label": [5, 50]}
+{"token": "Improved dual promotor-driven reverse genetics system for influenza viruses. Reverse genetic systems for influenza A virus (IAV) allow the generation of genetically manipulated infectious virus from a set of transfected plasmid DNAs encoding the eight genomic viral RNA segments (vRNA). For this purpose, cDNAs representing these eight vRNA segments are cloned into specific plasmid vectors that allow the generation of vRNA-like transcripts using polymerase I (Poll). In addition, these plasmids support the transcription of viral mRNA by polymerase II (Pol II), leading to the expression of viral protein(s) encoded by the respective transcripts. In an effort to develop this system further, we constructed the bi-directional vector pMPccdB. It is based on pHW2000 (Hoffmann et al., 2000b) but contains additionally (i) the ccdB gene whose expression is lethal for most Escherichia coli strains and therefore used as a negative selection marker and (ii) more efficient AarI cloning sites that flank the ccdB gene on either side. Furthermore, we used a modified one-step restriction/ligation protocol to insert the desired cDNA into the respective pMPccdB vector DNA. Both the use of a negative selection marker and an improved cloning protocol were shown to facilitate the generation of genetically engineered IAV as illustrated in this study by the cloning and rescue of the 2009 pandemic isolate A/Giessen/6/2009 (Gi-H1N1). (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42, 21]}
+{"token": "Insomnia severity and its relationship with demographics, pain features, anxiety, and depression in older adults with and without pain: cross-sectional population-based results from the PainS65+cohort. Conclusions: This study confirms that insomnia is not associated with chronological aging per se within the elderly population. Although the possible associations of insomnia with pain are complex, ensuing from pain intensity, pain spreading, anxiety, and depression, our results highlighted that anxiety was more strongly associated with insomnia in all groups than the depression and pain characteristics. Therapeutic plans should consider these relations during the course of pain, and a comprehensive assessment including both pain and psychological features is essential when older people are seeking primary health care for insomnia complaints.Methods: A cross-sectional postal survey was completed by 6205 older individuals (53.8% women; mean age = 76.2 years; SD = 7.5). The participants also completed the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and questionnaires assessing pain intensity, pain spreading, anxiety, depression, and basic demographic information. The sample was divided into three groups based on the presence and duration of pain: chronic pain (CP; n = 2790), subacute pain (SP; n = 510), and no pain (NP; n = 2905).Results: A proportion of each of the groups had an ISI score of 15 or greater (i.e., clinical insomnia): CP = 24.6%; SP = 21.3%; and NP = 13.0%. The average scores of ISI differed significantly among CP, SP, and NP groups (p < 0.001). Stratified regression analyses showed that pain intensity, pain spreading, anxiety, and depression were independently related to insomnia in the CP group. Anxiety and depression were independently related to insomnia in the SP group, but only anxiety was significantly associated with insomnia in the NP group. Age and sex were not associated with insomnia.Background: Insomnia is a major cause of concern in the elderly with and without pain. This study set out to examine the insomnia and its correlates in a large sample of community adults aged >= 65 years.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Spatiotemporal dynamics: the need for an innovative approach in mountain hazard risk management. Starting with an overview on losses due to mountain hazards in the Russian Federation and the European Alps, the question is raised why a substantial number of events still are recorded-despite considerable efforts in hazard mitigation and risk reduction. The main reason for this paradox lies in a missing dynamic risk-based approach, and it is shown that these dynamics have different roots: firstly, neglecting climate change and systems dynamics, the development of hazard scenarios is based on the static approach of design events. Secondly, due to economic development and population dynamics, the elements at risk exposed are subject to spatial and temporal changes. These issues are discussed with respect to temporal and spatial demands. As a result, it is shown how risk is dynamic on a long-term and short-term scale, which has to be acknowledged in the risk concept if this concept is targeted at a sustainable development of mountain regions. A conceptual model is presented that can be used for dynamical risk assessment, and it is shown by different management strategies how this model may be converted into practice. Furthermore, the interconnectedness and interaction between hazard and risk are addressed in order to enhance prevention, the level of protection and the degree of preparedness.", "label": [4, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "Modeling the temporal evolution of cocoa black pod rot disease caused by Phytophthora megakarya. Black pod rot, caused by Phytophthora megakarya, is the main cause of cocoa losses in Cameroon. A few studies have focused on describing black pod epidemics in cocoa yet numerous questions remain. Here, an epidemiological model describing the temporal evolution of cocoa black pod, taking into account the development stages of pods, is developed and studied. In particular, the relative importance of primary and secondary infection in disease dynamics is investigated. Our theoretical study shows the existence of a disease free equilibrium and at least one endemic equilibrium. We highlight two threshold parameters, related to direct and indirect infections that summarize all possible dynamics of the system. Then, based on the literature, we define a periodic pod recruitment function and provide several numerical simulations to study the impact of phytosanitary pod removal on disease dynamics. We show that intense and regular sanitary harvest could lead to complete disease eradication. Our results also highlight the importance of the environmental spores reservoir in disease dynamics, such that future field experiments and observations should focus on it.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Methodological aspects of SANS and TOF neutron diffraction measurements on pottery: the case of Miseno and Cuma. Small angle neutron scattering and neutron phase analysis techniques have been for the first time jointly employed to extract microscopic parameters of ceramic samples prepared under controlled conditions, in an attempt to establish a protocol for deriving information on the firing process. Data have also been collected on two series of early medieval samples from the Italian regions of Cuma and Miseno. The variation of the microscopic features observed on these samples Could mirror some technological evolution in the period spanning from the 6th to the 12th century AD. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
+{"token": "Isolation and Characterization of Antagonistic Bacteria Paenibacillus jamilae HS-26 and Their Effects on Plant Growth. Soilborne pathogens affect plant growth and food production worldwide. The application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides to control plant diseases has harmful effects; fortunately, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria can be used as a potential alternative strategy. Here, Paenibacillus jamilae HS-26 was selected for its highly antagonistic activity against several soilborne pathogens. The bacterium synthesized hydrolytic enzymes and released extracellular antifungal metabolites and volatile organic compoundsprimarily, N, N-diethyl-1, 4-phenylenediamine, which was detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and shown to inhibit fungal mycelial growth. Furthermore, HS-26 was useful for nitrogen fixation, phosphate and potassium solubilization, and siderophore and indoleacetic acid production. In vitro tests and pot experiments revealed that HS-26 considerably increased plant biometric parameters. Illumina MiSeq sequencing data showed a significant reduction in soilborne pathogens and increase in beneficial bacteria in the wheat rhizosphere after treatment with strain HS-26.", "label": [2, 18, 19]}
+{"token": "Comparative Study of FDTD-Adopted Numerical Algorithms for Kerr Nonlinearities. Accurate finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) modeling of optical pulse propagation in nonlinear media usually implies the use of auxiliary differential equation (ADE) techniques. The updating of electric field in full-vectorial 3-D ADE FDTD modeling of the optical Kerr effect and two-photon absorption in optical media is proceeded conventionally through the iterative solution of nonlinear algebraic equations. Here, we study three approaches for the field update including simple noniterative explicit schemes. By comparing them to the analytical results for optical pulse propagation in long nonlinear media (nonlinear phase incursion for the pump wave of about pi radians), we demonstrate convincingly that simple noniterative FDTD updating schemes, which are commonly believed to be inaccurate and unstable, produce accurate results and drastically speed up the computation as compared to ADE approaches. Such schemes can significantly reduce the CPU time for nonlinear computations, especially in 3-D models.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
+{"token": "DEPENDENCE OF CO2-BAITED SUCTION TRAP CAPTURES ON TEMPERATURE-VARIATIONS. In order to provide better standardized CO2-baited trap samples, the relationship between sample size and evening temperatures was studied. Adult mosquitoes were collected for 3 h centered on sunset by an automatic interval suction trap baited with CO2 in the Upper Rhine Valley, Germany. Aedes vexans females were most abundant, and their blood-seeking activity showed a significant correlation with the evening's average temperature (r = 0.76, P less than or equal to 0.05). A higher degree of correlation was obtained when the number of specimens caught was related to temperature indices (r = 0.93-0.98, P less than or equal to 0.01). A regression equation indicates the lower temperature threshold for Aedes vexans was between 9 and 10 degrees C. For each degree of increase in the average temperature index, it was estimated that a 5.5% greater number of mosquitoes would be trapped. An upper temperature threshold for this species was not observed at average temperatures less than or equal to 23 degrees C. A relationship between catches of Aedes rossicus and Aedes cinereus and temperatures recorded at the site during the study was not found.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "The clean and copper-dosed two-fold surface of the icosahedral Al-Pd-Mn quasicrystal. The two-fold surface of the icosahedral quasicrystal Al70.2Pd21.5Mn8.3 prepared in UHV has been studied with LEED and STM. Two phases are observed: a quasiperiodic phase, in agreement with previous work, and a periodic phase tentatively identified as orthorhombic. Copper deposition on the two-fold surface leads to a multilayer exhibiting a quasiperiodic LEED pattern. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
+{"token": "Mite dispersal among the Southern Ocean Islands and Antarctica before the last glacial maximum. It has long been maintained that the majority of terrestrial Antarctic species are relatively recent, post last glacial maximum, arrivals with perhaps a few microbial or protozoan taxa being substantially older. Recent studies have questioned this 'recolonization hypothesis', though the range of taxa examined has been limited. Here, we present the first large-scale study for mites, one of two dominant terrestrial arthropod groups in the region. Specifically, we provide a broad-scale molecular phylogeny of a biologically significant group of ameronothroid mites from across the maritime and sub-Antarctic regions. Applying different dating approaches, we show that divergences among the ameronothroid mite genera Podacarus, Alaskozetes and Halozetes significantly predate the Pleistocene and provide evidence of independent dispersals across the Antarctic Polar Front. Our data add to a growing body of evidence demonstrating that many taxa have survived glaciation of the Antarctic continent and the sub-Antarctic islands. Moreover, they also provide evidence of a relatively uncommon trend of dispersals from islands to continental mainlands. Within the ameronothroid mites, two distinct clades with specific habitat preferences ( marine intertidal versus terrestrial/supralittoral) exist, supporting a model of within-habitat speciation rather than colonization from marine refugia to terrestrial habitats. The present results provide additional impetus for a search for terrestrial refugia in an area previously thought to have lacked ice-free ground during glacial maxima.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
+{"token": "Water management in raised bed systems: a case study from the Chao Phraya delta, Thailand. Agricultural diversification is a major trend in Asian rice-based systems. In lowlands, however, soil and water conditions are mostly suitable for rice cultivation and the development of raised beds is often required to accommodate vegetables or fruit trees. Raised bed systems go together with specific techniques of water management, both at the polder level (between the plots and the canals) and at the plot level (bed irrigation). Details of this management in the Chao Phraya Delta are given for three different crops: mango, grapes and asparagus and differences are explained. The water balance over 1 year is specified, showing the impact of seepage and estimating water requirements. Water quality is shown to be a major issue. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V, All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 39]}
+{"token": "Ethnobotanical Evidence for Cultivar Selection among the Tukanoans: Manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in the Northwest Amazaon. Manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a cyanide-containing root crop that is cultivated by many indigenous groups in Amazonia. Although the Tukanoans of the Northwest Amazon grow low cyanogenic-potential (CNP) manioc, high-CNP manioc, requiring detoxification prior to consumption, provides over 80 percent of the calories they consume. The purpose of this paper is to determine which characteristics of manioc are most important to the Tukanoans in their decision to plant more of some manioc cultivars than others. Given the apparent resistance of high-CNP manioc to pests and pathogens, we hypothesized that the Tukanoans' preference for high-CNP manioc would be explained by their perception of higher yields of high-CNP cultivars in comparison to low-CNP cultivars in their gardens. However, the results reported here indicate that while yield and damage suffered by the plant may be factors that influence cultivar selection, it is the foods which can be made from each cultivar which is the principal consideration.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Localization of the sequence-determined DNA bending center upstream of the streptokinase gene skc. DNA sequences upstream of the core promoter region of the streptokinase gene (skc) from Streptococcus equisimilis H46A increase skc transcription more than tenfold in vivo. This promoter upstream region contains a segment of intrinsically bent DNA, the precise location of which was determined experimentally by circular permutation analysis and theoretically by computer prediction. Electrophoretic analysis of circularly permuted upstream DNA fragments placed the bend center approximately at position-100 with respect to the major transcription initiation site of skc. This position was in excellent agreement with the center of maximum curvature predicted theoretically. Knowledge of the precise location of the bend center will be useful for future studies of the possible effect of DNA bending on skc transcription.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Signaling in the phytomicrobiome: breadth and potential. Higher plants have evolved intimate, complex, subtle, and relatively constant relationships with a suite of microbes, the phytomicrobiome. Over the last few decades we have learned that plants and microbes can use molecular signals to communicate. This is well-established for the legume-rhizobia nitrogen-fixing symbiosis, and reasonably elucidated for mycorrhizal associations. Bacteria within the phytomircobiome communicate among themselves through quorum sensing and other mechanisms. Plants also detect materials produced by potential pathogens and activate pathogen-response systems. This intercommunication dictates aspects of plant development, architecture, and productivity. Understanding this signaling via biochemical, genomics, proteomics, and metabolomic studies has added valuable knowledge regarding development of effective, low-cost, eco-friendly crop inputs that reduce fossil fuel intense inputs. This knowledge underpins phytomicrobiome engineering: manipulating the beneficial consortia that manufacture signals/products that improve the ability of the plant-phytomicrobiome community to deal with various soil and climatic conditions, leading to enhanced overall crop plant productivity.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "New diterpenes from the Caribbean sponge Epipolasis reiswigi. Two diterpenes, epipolone (1) and epipolol (3), produced by terpenoid pathways leading to a tricarbocyclic structure with an irregular \\\\'head to tail\\\\' isoprene configuration, have been isolated from the Caribbean marine sponge Epipolasis reiswigi collected in Puerto Rico. The structures of I and 3 were elucidated largely by ID and 2D NMR methods land chemical conversion.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Metabolomic Profiles and Sensory Attributes of Edamame under Various Storage Duration and Temperature Conditions. Its high nutritional content and sensory characteristics make edamame a popular vegetable bean. However, because of its short shelf-life, it is important to optimize the storage conditions to maintain its quality during distribution to consumers. We focused on storage conditions to investigate the temporal changes in the metabolic profiles and sensory characteristics of edamame during transportation from the site of harvest to the site of purchase/consumption. We conducted metabolomic analysis and sensory evaluation tests of edamame stored for different lengths and at different temperatures. Charged metabolites were profiled by capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry, and free sugars were quantified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. In comparison to the gradual decrease in its sensory characteristics over time, the changes in metabolite profiles manifested four different patterns. In particular, changes in amino acid levels were related to sensory attributes. The downstream metabolites of shikimate as well as phospholipids and y-aminobutyric acid increased with increasing storage temperatures.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 36, 8]}
+{"token": "Experience of Design and Industrial Application of Systems for the Driven Feed of Slag-Forming Mixtures into the Crystallizers of Slab CCM. We consider the structural schemes and the results of industrial application of the systems of driven feed of slag-forming mixtures in the crystallizers of slab CCM of the oxygen-converter shops of two integrated iron-and-steel works of the Donetsk region. We also discuss the prospects of introduction of jointly developed systems of new generation at the enterprises of Russian Federation.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Modeling of the ecological succession of encrusting organisms in recent coralline-algal frameworks from Atol das Rocas, Brazil. Models of the ecological succession of encrusting organisms in the Recent coralline-algal reefs from Atol das Rocas (South Atlantic, Brazil) are presented for a windward and a leeward transect. These models are constructed on probability calculations that use the relative frequencies of upward (overgrowing) transitions (succession) of observed pairings of reef- framework builders. These are taken from blocks excavated across a reef-front/ reef-crest/ reef-flat section in the windward transect, and a reef-crest / reef-flat section in the leeward transect. The main substrate available for encrustation is the dominant primary frameworking-building coralline alga Porolithon cf pachydermum. The diversity (number) and complexity of competitive interactions among encrusters increase from reef-front and reef-crest to reef-flat in both transects. Vermetid gastropods and homotrematid and acervulinid foraminiferans are the most important secondary framework builders in the surveyed reefs. The proposed successional models present an account of the operation of competitive processes over time and space, providing further evidence of a non-hierarchical pattern of competition for space. Changes in reef-framework succession along the reef transects are controlled by extrinsic factors. However, intrinsic factors are likely to be the main control of the succession when windward and Leeward reef-flat environments are compared. Finally, reef-framework successional models derived from transition-probability matrices can be used to investigate paleoenvironmental gradients (such as wave energy) in, preserved frameworks from ancient reefs and to understand reef-community structure based on the succession of encrusting epibionts.", "label": [4, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "Support for Traditional Female Roles across 32 Countries: Female Labour Market Participation, Policy Models and Gender Differences. In this research we study support for traditional female roles. We test individual and contextual explanations for differences in support for traditional female roles within and across 32 countries. Higher educated, employed people and those who do not adhere to a religion are least supportive. The higher the female labour market participation, the less traditional the average citizen is: this contextual effect is stronger for women than for men. Governmental child care expenditure does not affect average levels of support for traditional female roles. Yet, we do find a significant drop in traditional attitudes for men, when governments spend more on child care. This shows the importance of including the possibility of differences in contextual effects for men and women.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Electronic packaging materials prepared by powder injecting molding and pressure infiltration process. AlSiCp (65 vol.% SiC) electronic packaging materials were manufactured by powder injection molding (PIM) and pressure infiltration process in order to obtain near net-shaped parts. SiCp preformed compacts obtained by pre-sintering process at 1150 K have high strength and good appearance, and the ratio of open porosity to total porosity is nearly 98%. The relative density of composites is bigger than 99%. The thermal conductivity of AlSiCp composites fabricated by this method is 198 W center dot m(-1)center dot K-1, and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is 8.0 x 10(-6)/K (298 K).", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Development of High-Temperature Air Braze Filler Metals for Use in Two-Step Joining and Sealing Processes. Air brazing is a new method of joining in which a predominantly metallic joint is formed directly in air without need of an inert cover gas or the use of a surface reactive flux. Prior work has shown that the resulting bond displays excellent strength, is inherently resistant to oxidation during high-temperature application (T similar to 750 degrees C), and offers long-term hermeticity at high temperatures when employed as a gas- or liquid-tight sealant. Because of these properties, air brazing is being considered for use in fabricating a variety of high-temperature devices, including planar solid oxide fuel cells (pSOFCs), oxygen and hydrogen gas separators, and boiling water pH sensors. However, many of these devices require a two-step sealing process. For example, in pSOFCs, the ceramic electrolyte membrane is first sealed to a metallic frame/separator plate to form a cell or repeat unit. These are then joined together in a second sealing step to build the final pSOFC stack. In order to preserve the integrity of the membrane-to-frame seals formed during cell fabrication, it is important that the corresponding sealing material does not melt or soften during stack sealing. The goal of the study presented here was to investigate the addition of palladium as a melt point elevator for a series of silver-copper oxide air braze filler metals and thereby produce a composition that could conceivably be used in the first part of a two-step air brazing process, with a lower melt point binary air braze composition employed in the second.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Effects of Limited Irrigation and Nitrogen Rate on the Herbage Yield, Water Productivity, and Nutritive Value of Sorghum Silage. To evaluate the herbage yield and silage quality of sorghum as affected by nitrogen and irrigation levels, a 2-yr experiment (2017-2018) was conducted in a semi-arid region of Iran. Three irrigation levels (supply 100, 75, and 50% of soil moisture deficit as I-100, I-75, I-50) and three nitrogen levels (150, 300, and 450 kg urea ha(-1) as N-150, N-300, N-450) were evaluated. Increasing nitrogen levels increased green herbage yield (GHY), irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), lactic acid (LA), propionic acid (PA), digestible organic matter (DOM), crude protein (CP), and metabolizable energy (ME) but reduced the pH, dry matter content (DMC), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of silage. The I-100 compared to I-50 treatment, resulted in higher GHY (69%), ADF (4%), NDF (2%), DMC (5%), ash (4%), and LA (13%) but reduced the IWUE (14%), CP (15%), DOM (3%), GP (4%), and ME (3%). Overall, the I(75)x N-450 can be considered as the suitable treatment for sorghum silage production in semi-arid regions by saving 24% of irrigation water and producing high GHY (117.52 Mg ha(-1)) with the maximum IWUE (23.64 kg m(-3)) and high content of CP (88.5 g kg(-1)) and PA (0.34 g kg(-1)). In conclusion, the I(75)x N-450 is introduced as the superior treatment; however, in conditions of severe limitation of water resources, it is recommended to irrigate silage sorghum with the supply of 50% soil moisture deficit with the application of 150 kg urea ha(-1) (I(50)x N-150).", "label": [0, 4, 6, 7, 36, 9]}
+{"token": "Bidding behavior in competing auctions: Evidence from eBay. Much of the existing auction literature treats auctions as running independently of one another, with each bidder choosing to participate in only one auction. However, in many online auctions, a number of substitutable goods are auctioned concurrently and bidders can bid on several auctions at the same time. Recent theoretical research shows how bidders can gain from the existence of competing auctions, the current paper providing the first empirical evidence in support of competing auctions theory using online auctions data from eBay. Our results indicate that a significant proportion of bidders do bid across competing auctions and that bidders tend to submit bids on auctions with the lowest standing bid, as the theory predicts. The paper also shows that winning bidders who cross-bid pay lower prices on average than winning bidders who do not. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "Gaussian Mixture Models Implementation to Enhance Spectral Clustering. Nature variability has been studied for many years due to its importance in research areas such as Biology or Medicine. In order to characterize such variability, different methods have been used. Since shape is one of the most important features of human perception, it is natural to assess the variation using shape models. As well, one of the most important activities in data analysis is clustering, meaning the task of grouping a set of objects in such a way that objects in the same group are more similar than objects in different groups. This paper presents a new shape descriptor called Angular Magnitude that is used with in a spectral clustering methodology in order to improve the clustering of complex shapes such as fractals. In addition, we propose the use of Gaussian Mixture Models as a replacement for K-means in the aforementioned methodology. Results are presented over different sets of shapes from natural and artificial objects, along with two different measurements to evaluate them quantitatively.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
+{"token": "Productive aspects of pigs fed forage cactus silage associated with feed restriction. This study aimed to evaluate the use of silage of forage cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill) in diets for finishing pigs. Two experiments were conducted: the first for digestibility and the second for performance. In the performance trial, the quantitative levels of feed restriction (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) were evaluated, which were associated with the supply of forage cactus silage. Forage cactus silage presented 2463.59 and 2456 kcal/kg of digestible and metabolizable energy, respectively. The feed restriction levels associated with the supply of forage cactus silage influenced feed intake, weight gain and final weight negatively, but did not affect feed conversion. Carcass absolute weight was influenced negatively. However, the yield of carcass and cuts and the amount of meat in the carcass were not influenced. With the increase in feed restriction, there was a decrease in duodenal mucosa thickness, intestinal glands, liver glycogen storage and the occurrence of inflammation in the submucosa and intestinal mucosa. Forage cactus silage is not accepted well by animals. The restriction up to 30% of balanced feed did not affect feed conversion, yield of carcass and cuts and economic viability. However, levels over 10% affected intestinal health.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "IMCI indicators of childhood TBM at primary health care level in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis (TBM) in children is often delayed, with disastrous consequences. The Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy aims to ensure the accurate assessment of ill children using simple yet reliable clinical signs.CONCLUSION: Adequate implementation of IMCI clinical indicators is essential to ensure earlier diagnosis and prompt treatment initiation in children with TBM, as the majority of cases present with advanced disease. Recent contact with an adult TB source case is an important consideration.METHODS: We conducted a retrospective observational study of 30 consecutive children aged 3 months to 5 years diagnosed with TBM at Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. Clinical records were reviewed to assess diagnostic delay and identify IMCI indicators that were present at the time of initial presentation.RESULTS: Six patients (20%) presented with stage I, 6 (20%) with stage II and 18 (60%) with stage HE TBM. Recent contact with an adult TB source case was recorded in 21 (70%) cases. The median number of health care visits before hospital admission was 4.0 (range 1-6). At the first health care visit, 21 (70%) had potential TB features and recent contact with an adult household TB source case.", "label": [2, 22, 25]}
+{"token": "A discrete anisotropic damage constitutive law with an enhanced mixed-mode kinematics: Application to RC shear walls. The concept of displacement discontinuities embedded into standard finite elements allows efficient modeling of regions exhibiting localized strains, e.g. fracture of quasi-brittle materials. The present paper addresses the issue of fine cracking representation and the formulation of an enhanced anisotropic model to capture anisotropic cracking failure of reinforced concrete specimens. A damage-based constitutive law accounting, in a natural manner, for particular crack families orientation is used. This latter is enhanced with a mixed-mode strong discontinuity kinematics providing a discrete model expressed in terms of the displacement jump. The formulation and the finite element implementation are described. A shear wall under cyclic loading is studied. The results obtained are compared to the experimental ones. It is shown that the proposed model succeeds in reproducing accurately the anisotropic cracking and the unilateral effect. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "A call for a moratorium on the. health generic top-level domain: preventing the commercialization and exclusive control of online health information. In just a few weeks, the Internet could be expanded to include a new. health generic top-level domain name run by a for-profit company with virtually no public health credentials - unless the international community intervenes immediately. This matters to the future of global public health as the \\\\'Health Internet\\\\' has begun to emerge as the predominant source of health information for consumers and patients. Despite this increasing use and reliance on online health information that may have inadequate quality or reliability, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) recently announced it intends to move forward with an auction to award the exclusive, 10 year rights to the. health generic top-level domain name. This decision is being made over the protests of the World Medical Association, World Health Organization, and other stakeholders, who have called for a suspension or delay until key questions can be resolved. However, rather than engage in constructive dialogue with the public health community over its concerns, ICANN chose the International Chamber of Commerce-a business lobbying group for industries to adjudicate the. health concerns. This has resulted in a rejection of challenges filed by ICANN's own independent watchdog and others, such that ICANN's Board decided in June 2014 that there are \\\\'no noted objections to move forward\\\\' in auctioning the. health generic top-level domain name to the highest bidder before the end of the year. This follows ICANN's award of several other health-related generic top-level domain names that have been unsuccessfully contested. In response, we call for an immediate moratorium/suspension of the ICANN award/auction process in order to provide the international public health community time to ensure the proper management and governance of health information online.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "Outcomes for children with autism: Three case studies. The purpose of this article is to present case studies of three children with autism who received educational services in a public-school-affiliated early childhood program during their preschool and kindergarten years and have had positive outcomes. We used a combination of documents and archival records (e.g., assessment results) as data sources. All children made substantial developmental and academic progress. The three children have entered elementary school in inclusive settings and continue to thrive; one child exited special education. Our purposes in presenting these findings are to suggest that there are multiple means to achieve promising outcomes for young children with autism and to expand the discussion of appropriate early childhood services for children with autism.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "Investigating Interaural Frequency-Place Mismatches via Bimodal Vowel Integration. For patients having residual hearing in one ear and a cochlear implant (CI) in the opposite ear, interaural place-pitch mismatches might be partly responsible for the large variability in individual benefit. Behavioral pitch-matching between the two ears has been suggested as a way to individualize the fitting of the frequency-to-electrode map but is rather tedious and unreliable. Here, an alternative method using two-formant vowels was developed and tested. The interaural spectral shift was inferred by comparing vowel spaces, measured by presenting the first formant (F1) to the nonimplanted ear and the second (F2) on either side. The method was first evaluated with eight normal-hearing listeners and vocoder simulations, before being tested with 11 CI users. Average vowel distributions across subjects showed a similar pattern when presenting F2 on either side, suggesting acclimatization to the frequency map. However, individual vowel spaces with F2 presented to the implant did not allow a reliable estimation of the interaural mismatch. These results suggest that interaural frequency-place mismatches can be derived from such vowel spaces. However, the method remains limited by difficulties in bimodal fusion of the two formants.", "label": [2, 3, 22, 28]}
+{"token": "Relationships between lipase-treated wheat lipid classes and their functional effects in wheat breadmaking. Fractionation of lipase-treated wheat lipids showed that polar lipase-reaction products were responsible for their positive functional effects in breadmaking. The results allowed the conclusion that an optimal baking lipase preferably hydrolyzes monogalactosyl diglycerides and N-acyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine, but has only moderate activity towards digalactosyl diglycerides. Synergistic effects of digalactosyl di-glycerides and their products digalactosyl monoglycerides (molar proportion 1:1) provide even a greater bread volume increase. Reconstitution baking (defatted flour plus lipid or lipid fraction added) partly provided contradictory results. 100% polar lipase-treated lipids were less active than untreated polar dough lipids plus polar flour lipids. Combinations of non-polar and polar lipase-treated lipids were even more active than the polar ones alone. It appears that the polar reaction products of baking lipases need the presence of unmodified lipids or non-polar lipids to provide optimal functional effects. The present data suggests that synergistic effects between different lipid classes might play a key role in the mechanism of action of baking lipases. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "An automatic calibration method for stereo-based 3D distributed smart camera networks. Stereo-based 3D distributed smart camera networks are useful in a broad range of applications. Knowledge of the relative locations and orientations of nodes in the network is an essential prerequisite for true 3D sensing. A novel spatial calibration method for a network of pre-calibrated stereo smart cameras is presented, which obtains pose estimates suitable for collaborative 3D vision in a distributed fashion using two stages of registration on robust 3D point sets. The method is initially described in a geometrical sense, then presented in a practical implementation using existing vision and registration algorithms. Experiments using both software simulations and physical devices are designed and executed to demonstrate performance. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
+{"token": "New Interaction Solutions for a (2+1)-Dimensional Vakhnenko Equation. In this paper, we focus on the interaction solutions of a (2 + 1)-dimensional Vakhnenko equation. By using Hirota's transformation combined with the three-wave method and with symbolic computation, some interaction solutions which include interaction solutions between exponential and trigonometric functions and interaction solutions between exponential and trigonometric and hyperbolic functions are presented.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Ask the shark: blackmouth catshark (Galeus melastomus) as a sentinel of plastic waste on the seabed. The presence of plastic waste in the marine environment has driven the scientific community to make significant efforts to study and mitigate its possible effects. One of the critical aspects is to determine if and how an increase in ingestion events may occur as a result of the accumulation of plastic waste on the seabed. In this study, G. melastomus is examined for its ability to indirectly provide information on the amount of macroplastics accumulating on the seafloor. Plastic ingestion is explored by describing the feeding habits of the species, which have the potential to provide very useful information regarding biological or ecological issues. The diet of G. melastomus mainly consisted of cephalopods, bathypelagic fishes, and decapod crustaceans, increasing in diversity during growth. The generalist-opportunistic feeding behaviour of this species leads to the incidental ingestion of plastic particles (N = 47, with a mean (+/- SD) of 1.47 +/- 0.28 per specimen) which can be indirectly associated to the presence of macroplastics on the seafloor. Indeed, our results indicate a significant relationship between the amount of macroplastics present on the seabed and the frequency of ingestion of plastic particles by blackmouth catshark. We propose G. melastomus as an excellent candidate for developing a valid monitoring strategy for the presence of plastics on the seabed, as requested by the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive.", "label": [4, 45]}
+{"token": "Polyamine oxidase 5 loss-of-function mutations in Arabidopsis thaliana trigger metabolic and transcriptional reprogramming and promote salt stress tolerance. The family of polyamine oxidases (PAO) in Arabidopsis (AtPAO1-5) mediates polyamine (PA) back-conversion, which reverses the PA biosynthetic pathway from spermine and its structural isomer thermospermine (tSpm) into spermidine and then putrescine. Here, we have studied the involvement of PA back-conversion in Arabidopsis salinity tolerance. AtPAO5 is the Arabidopsis PAO gene member most transcriptionally induced by salt stress. Two independent loss-of-function mutants (atpao5-2 and atpao5-3) were found to exhibit constitutively higher tSpm levels, with associated increased salt tolerance. Using global transcriptional and metabolomic analyses, the underlying mechanisms were studied. Stimulation of abscisic acid and jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis and accumulation of important compatible solutes, such as sugars, polyols and proline, as well as TCA cycle intermediates were observed in atpao5 mutants under salt stress. Expression analyses indicate that tSpm modulates the transcript levels of several target genes, including many involved in the biosynthesis and signalling of JA, some of which are already known to promote salinity tolerance. Transcriptional modulation by tSpm is isomer-dependent, thus demonstrating the specificity of this response. Overall, we conclude that tSpm triggers metabolic and transcriptional reprogramming that promotes salt stress tolerance in Arabidopsis.Arabidopsis atpao5 loss-of-function mutants exhibit constitutive accumulation of thermospermine (tSpm) that associates with enhanced salt tolerance. tSpm triggers transcriptional and metabolic changes that involve promotion of ABA and JA pathways, accumulation of TCA cycle intermediates, compatible solutes along with other effects that additively contribute to salt tolerance. We provide evidence for the involvement of tSpm in plant abiotic stress tolerance.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Weber/Simmel/Du Bois Musical Thirds of Classical Sociology. Three classics of sociology are discussed for how they treat music as a social symptom of modernity's rationalization process, as a conceptual model of modern sociality, and as a generic resource for sociological writing. Where parts of Max Weber's The Rational and Social Foundations of Music focus on the distinctive 'ethos' of creative composition within the rise of modern music, passages in Georg Simmel's Schopenhauer and Nietzsche address the specific 'logos' of modern performance as an autonomous expression of metaphysical will, and the final chapters of W.E.B. Du Bois's The Souls of Black Folk are concerned with the 'pathos' of listening as a potential way of transcending social divisions. The social contexts, cultural contents, and personal motivations of these proto-sociologies of music are shown to articulate a contrapuntal or 'lyrical' sociology which is attentive to the production, distribution, and consumption of cultural forms along with the harmonic, melodic, and rhythmic aspects of social life itself.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "The United States under President Trump: Gravedigger of International Law. The United States' recognition of Israeli sovereignty over the Syrian Golan has been widely considered a flagrant breach of international law. This illegal act gives reason to examine the relationship between the United States under President Trump and international law more generally. Unlike its predecessors, the Trump administration has not just violated international law whenever U.S. economic, political, or strategic interests demanded it to do so, it has rather challenged international law and its institutions as such, and has actively undermined them. The attitude of the Trump administration towards international law and its institutions is marked by an unparalleled contempt or disdain. This article delivers a powerful \\\\'J'accuse\\\\' against this international law nihilism.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 52]}
+{"token": "AMATLAB-based control systems laboratory experience for undergraduate students: Toward standardization and shared resources. This paper seeks to begin a discussion with regard to developing computer aided control system design (CACSD) tools to promote undergraduate controls laboratory development. The advocated CACSD design tools are based on the popular, commercially available MATLAB environment, the Simulink toolbox, and the Real-Time Workshop toolbox. This paper describes how these tools can be utilized to address several issues that are confronted by control systems educators including: standardization, budget constraints, and limited resources. Specifically, by confronting the standardization issue, the following advantages will be realized for laboratory development: 1) the required computer hardware will be low cost; 2) commercially available plants from different manufacturers can be supported under the same CACSD environment with no hardware modifications; 3) both the Windows and Linux operating systems can be supported via the MATLAB based Real-Time Windows Target and the Quality Real-Time Systems (QRTS) based Real-Time Linux Target; and 4) the Simulink block diagram approach can be utilized to prototype control strategies, thereby, eliminating the need for low level programming skills. The advantages related to standardization of the CACSD design tools will enable educators to confront the additional budget constraint and limited teaching resources issue by facilitating: 1) the sharing of laboratory resources within each university (i.e., between departments); 2) the development of Internet laboratory experiences for students (i.e., between universities); and 3) the initiation of an Internet-based archive of laboratory tutorials and Simulink files for in-house developed plants and commercially available plants.", "label": [1, 5, 53, 14]}
+{"token": "The Sexuality of Two Generations of Andalusian Heterosexual Couples Social Reproduction and Arbitrary Biologisation of Gender Differences. This article deals with the sexuality of couples through a comparison of two generations men and women from an Andalusian village. It is based on an ethnographic study conducted over eleven years. We analyse and compare the pre- and post-marital sexual behaviours and representations of, first, the \\\\'old generation\\\\' and then the \\\\'young generation\\\\' in order to highlight what has changed and what remains stable. We conclude that, unlike in other areas of social life, in the area of sexuality men rather than women are associated with nature. This disparity leads us to demonstrate the arbitrary biologisation of gender differences. Finally, we attempt to explain the social reproduction of dominant male sexuality within a context of social change.", "label": [5, 56]}
+{"token": "Physical-biological interactions underlying the connectivity patterns of coral-dependent fishes around the Arabian Peninsula. Aim Distribution patterns of lineages alone do not explain the processes underlying phylogenetic differentiation in fishes observed around the Arabian Peninsula, whose hypotheses traditionally rely on (i) Pleistocene vicariance events, (ii) successive bottlenecks, (iii) recent founder effects (iv) and large spatial gradients in physical conditions. In this study, we test the hypothesis that phylogeographical patterns of coral-dependent fish species inhabiting the peninsula may be driven by a combination of ocean circulation, larval behaviour and seascape features. Location Arabian Peninsula. Taxa Coral reef fish. Methods A biophysical modelling system that relies on stochastic Lagrangian framework and Individual-Based Model was used to simulate larval dispersal through three putative barriers, by tracking three-dimensional movements of virtual particles in ocean circulation scenarios. We explored the range of dispersal capabilities across reef fish species by creating 72 hypothetical strategies, each representing a unique combination of five biological traits, namely pelagic larval duration, spawning periodicity, mortality rate, reproductive output and vertical migration. Results The strength of the barriers was highly variable as a function of all biological traits (except reproductive output) and indicated high asymmetry of connectivity, and hence gene flow, between adjacent areas. In addition, direction and distance travelled by the virtual larvae varied according to both the geographical position of releasing site and biannual monsoonal winds. On average, larvae released during the summer exhibited a higher potential for dispersal than larvae released during the winter. Main conclusions Our biophysical models showed that in the Arabian Peninsula, the combination of hydrodynamic, seascape features and larval traits likely affects the distribution of genetic lineages due to the interruption, reduction or asymmetry of larval movements through the putative barriers.", "label": [4, 37, 38]}
+{"token": "Studies on some Parasitoids of the Cowpea Aphid Aphis craccivora Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Egypt. Survey and population density of the aphid species Aphis craccivora (Koch) infesting broad bean plants and its parasitoids were studied at Zagazig district during the two successive seasons 2006-07 and 2007-08. Two primary parasitoids, Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh), Ephedrus sp. (Aphidiidae), and a hyperparasitoid, Aphidencyrtus sp. (Encyrtidae) were recorded. Highest rates of parasitism 12.73% were recorded in the 4(th) week of January 2006-07 and 11.09% in the 2(nd) week of February 2007-08. Seasonal means of parasitism rates of the primary parasitoids D. rapae and Ephedrus sp. were 8.17 and. 6.45% during the two seasons, respectively. Total developmental period of the two parasitoids was investigated at three temperatures (10, 15 and 28 degrees C). The duration of the two parasitoids was longest at 10 degrees C. Generally, developmental periods of different stages of the parasitoids shortened as the temperature increased from 10 to 28 degrees C. Total developmental periods of the two parasitoids ranged between 11.17-27.16 and 12.38-30.48 days for D. rapae and Ephedrus sp., respectively. Sex ratios were 1:1.1 and 1:1.07 (m:f) for D. rapae and Ephedrus sp., respectively. Temperature and relative humidity played an important role in the population changes of A. craccivora, D. rapae and Ephedrus sp. Temperature showed a highly significant effect on the population density of Ephedrus sp. in both seasons. The maximum temperature and the minimum relative humidity had a positive significant effects on the population density of D. rapae at both seasons.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Association between family economic hardship and university students' risky alcohol use: Mediating and moderating roles of perceived discrimination and impulsivity. Few studies have examined factors that might explain or affect the relation between family economic hardship and university students' risky alcohol use. To address this, the current study tested a moderated mediation model with perceived discrimination as the mediator and impulsivity as the moderator. A sample of 513 university students (48.6% males, 17-22 years old) completed anonymous questionnaires regarding family economic hardship, perceived discrimination, impulsivity and risky alcohol use. Gender, age and parents' education level were controlled for in the analyses. Structural equation models showed that perceived discrimination fully mediated the association between family economic hardship and risky alcohol use. Meanwhile, impulsivity moderated the second stage of the indirect effect (perceived discrimination-4. risky alcohol use); the association between perceived discrimination and risky alcohol use was only significant for university students with a higher (not lower) level of impulsivity. The findings suggest that perceived discrimination is one mechanism by which family economic hardship may be associated with university students' risky alcohol use, and impulsivity affects this mechanism.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Prison Climate and Its Role in Reducing Dynamic Risk Factors During Offender Treatment. Although several offender treatment experts have suggested that therapeutic relationships play an important role in offender treatment, empirical finding supporting those arguments are scarce. The present study has therefore examined the relationship between prison climate, treatment motivation, and their influence on changes in risk factors in N = 215 inmates and detainees in four correctional facilities in Berlin, Germany. The inmates' perception of prison climate significantly correlated with their attitudes towards treatment. More positive climate in terms of therapeutic hold and more positive treatment attitude in terms of trust in therapy were also the best predictors of stronger decreases in dynamic risk factors measured by the Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R). Our results support the importance of treatment relationship factors within the course of offender rehabilitation.", "label": [5, 55, 57]}
+{"token": "Academic Geriatrics in Singapore. Singapore is one of the fastest-aging countries in the world. The proportion of adults aged 65 and older is projected to increase from 8.7% to 20% over the next 20 years. The country has developed various strategies to meet the needs of this increase in older adults. There is an acute shortage of geriatricians and a need to train more healthcare workers to care for older adults. Geriatric medicine is a relatively new specialty, and a small number of geriatricians have been tasked with providing an increasing load of clinical service, education, and research. Hence, there is a need to develop a cohesive structure of support for faculty development and retention, advanced specialty trainee recruitment, leadership in medical education, research, and clinical service to care for the rapidly aging population. In addition, geriatric medicine is primarily a hospital-based specialty in Singapore. There is still opportunity to collaborate and improve the academic and practice integration of geriatric medicine into primary care and intermediate and long-term care where it is most needed. J Am Geriatr Soc 59:2145-2150, 2011.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 57]}
+{"token": "Multiple phosphorylable sites in the Zaire Ebolavirus nucleoprotein evidenced by high resolution tandem mass spectrometry. The 739-amino-acid nucleoprotein (NP) of Zaire Ebolavirus (ZEBOV) plays a key role in Ebola virion formation and replication. A stable HEK-293 cell line capable of producing an N-ter 6His-tagged recombinant form of NP - ZEBOV was created. Production of this protein was triggered in batch culture using microcarriers. Because NP Ebola phosphorylation has been shown to occur but localization of the modified residues remained to be established, the phosphorylation status of recombinant NP - ZEBOV was investigated through extensive characterization by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. The NP - ZEBOV sequence may well be covered by the use of multiple proteases. NP was found to be phosphorylated in two different amino acid stretches: [561-594] and [636-653] Furthermore, residues Thr(563), Ser(581), Ser(587) and Ser(647) were accurately identified as phosphorylated sites. These data highlight how high resolution tandem mass spectrometry is a method of choice for characterizing post-translational modifications of viral proteins. Because these four phosphorylable sites are conserved among Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus NPs, their modification may play a modulatory role in viral RNA synthesis. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42, 21]}
+{"token": "Race, Genomics and Chronic Disease: What Patients with African Ancestry Have to Say. Background. Variants of the APOL1 gene increase risk for kidney failure 10-fold, and are nearly exclusively found in people with African ancestry. To translate genomic discoveries into practice, we gathered information about effects and challenges incorporating genetic risk in clinical care. Methods. An academic-community-clinical team tested 26 adults with self-reported African ancestry for APOL1 variants, conducting in-depth interviews about patients' beliefs and attitudes toward genetic testing- before, immediately, and 30 days after receiving test results. We used constant comparative analysis of interview transcripts to identify themes. Results. Themes included: Knowledge of genetic risk for kidney failure may motivate providers and patients to take hypertension more seriously, rather than inspiring fatalism or anxiety. Having genetic risk for a disease may counter stereotypes of Blacks as non-adherent or low-literate, rather than exacerbate stereotypes. Conclusion. Populations most likely to benefit from genomic research can inform strategies for genetic testing and future research.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "Identification of Chronic Active Multiple Sclerosis Lesions on 3T MRI. MR imaging-pathologic studies have reported that paramagnetic rims on 7T susceptibility-based MR imaging identify, in vivo, a subset of MS lesions with compartmentalized inflammation at the lesion edge and associated remyelination failure. High-resolution T2* and phase MR imaging were collected in 20 patients with MS at 3T and 7T. Phase rims were seen in 34 lesions at 7T and in 36 lesions at 3T by consensus. Inter- and intra-rater reliability were substantial/good both at 3T and 7T analysis. Nearly all 7T paramagnetic rims can also be seen at 3T. Imaging at 3T opens the possibility of implementing paramagnetic rims as an outcome measure.RESULTS: Phase rims were seen in 34 lesions at 7T and in 36 lesions at 3T by consensus. Inter- and intrarater reliability were substantial/good both at 3T and 7T analysis (Cohen , >0.71). Based on consensus agreement, the reliability of rim visualization at 3T versus 7T was 0.78 () with a pair-wise agreement of 90%. More lesions were judged to be false-positive or false-negative at 3T than at 7T.CONCLUSIONS: Nearly all 7T paramagnetic rims can also be seen at 3T. Imaging at 3T opens the possibility of implementing paramagnetic rims as an outcome measure in multicenter, MR imaging-based clinical trials aimed at treating perilesional persistent inflammation and its potential effects on remyelination.MATERIALS AND METHODS: High-resolution T2* and phase MR imaging was collected in 20 patients with MS at 3T (3D segmented EPI, 0.65 mm(3)) and 7T (2D gradient-echo, 0.2 x 0.2 x 1 mm) MR imaging. In each case, 5 discrete chronic (nonenhancing) MS lesions were selected on T2 FLAIR images for rim evaluation. Five raters experienced in MS imaging contributed to the rim assessment, of whom 3 worked independently on 3T data, and 2, on 7T data. Consensus agreement was reached for both 3T and 7T rim evaluations. Discrepancies between 3T and 7T were discussed, and consensus was reached.BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: MR imaging-pathologic studies have reported that paramagnetic rims on 7T susceptibility-based MR imaging identify, in vivo, the subset of MS lesions with compartmentalized inflammation at the lesion edge and associated remyelination failure. Here, we assessed the reliability of detecting these rims on high-resolution 3T phase images.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "Effect of ECAP processing on microstructure evolution and dynamic compressive behavior at different temperatures in an Al-Zn-Mg alloy. An artificially aged Al-Zn-Mg alloy with a grain size of similar to 1.3 pm was processed by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) and then subjected to dynamic compression at a strain rate of 4000 s(-1) in the range from room temperature to 673 K. The results show the eta' phase is refined and a eta phase is formed during the first pass of ECAP and after further processing 8 passes the GP zones are removed. An ultrafine-grained (UFG) structure with an average grain size of similar to 200 nm was obtained after 4 passes. It is shown that dynamic compressive deformation assists the precipitation process through precipitate coalescence and by changing the precipitate orientations. The dynamic compressive yield strengths and flow stresses decrease gradually to different degrees with increasing temperature except after ECAP processing for 4 passes where there is thermal stability up to 473 K. The ECAP processing significantly improves the strength of the alloy at elevated temperatures by comparison with the as-received material.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Arthropod assemblages associated with wild and cultivated indigenous proteas in the Grabouw area, Cape Floristic Region. Control of arthropod pests on indigenous flower crops often has particular challenges. Here we investigate the arthropod species associated with indigenous cultivated Protea species and cultivars in the Cape Floristic Region (CFR), South Africa. Arthropod individuals were collected from various commercial varieties of protea as well as from wild protea plants. Arthropod individuals were recorded directly on plants in the field (for disturbance-sensitive species), as well as from specific plant parts carefully enclosed in plastic bags and taken to the laboratory. Of the arthropod morphospecies recorded, 95.9 % were insects, and the rest mostly mites. A total of 37 % of the individuals could be identified to species level, along with 33 new species records of arthropods on protea plants. Taxonomically, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera were the most abundant and speciose groups. Structurally complex plants and mixed stands of plant species harboured the most arthropod species. Morphospecies were sorted into guilds, as determined by previous studies. In general, guild structure reflected the complexity of structure of individual plants as well as the mixture of plant species and cultivars, with apparently strong natural enemy activity on complex plants and mixed groups. The free-living, flower visitor guild was the most abundant, with largely beetles contributing to this guild. Endophages were about equal in abundance across all cultivars but less on those with simple structures. From rank abundance curves, a total of 30 % of the arthropod species were categorized as abundant, with the rest (70 %) being rare. Most species were generalists on the various proteas, with some being species or cultivar specialists. A total of 7.26 % species recorded were major pests affecting commercial production of proteas in the CFR. This protea agroecosystem, being composed of plant types being grown in their general native area, resulted in about 93% of the arthropod species being restricted to the Proteaceae, with only 5.6% associated with other South African crops. Even though some of this arthropod assemblage is adverse for protea farming in the CFR, these commercial fields are nevertheless playing a role in biodiversity conservation in the fynbos. The wild proteas supported only intermediate arthropod abundance, suggesting strong, and probably complex, natural regulatory processes at work.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Conservation and Natural History around 1900: The Contribution of the Sarasin Cousins. Some basic concepts for the creation of the Swiss National Park were derived from observations made in Sri Lanka, Indonesia and New Caledonia. European researchers feared that the study of \\\\'virgin nature\\\\' would no longer be possible, as various species would soon become extinct under the combined influences of colonial practices and profit-oriented capitalism. While the motives for protecting nature originated from experiences made in the southern hemisphere, their scientific concept of conservation was based on European natural history and the related theories of evolution. In the light of this approach, endangered zoological and botanical species as well as \\\\'primitive\\\\' varieties of man were appreciated as \\\\'documents\\\\' to be preserved within their original environment for future scientific reference and research. Museum collections and reservations (parks) were two types of repositories connected to each other by the same objective.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Responsiveness of hospitals to inpatient and outpatient services in the low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Responsiveness is the ability of health system to satisfy non-clinical people's expectations. This review aimed at assessing responsiveness of hospitals' services in the low- and middle-income countries, and identifying the influencing factors. This systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and ProQuest were searched. Studies of all designs aiming to assess responsiveness of hospitals' services in the period from 2005 up to the end of 2018 were included. Quality was appraised based on McMaster University tool. Results were presented as a narrative review. Fifteen studies originated from five low-middle- income countries have been included. Results have been proposed under five subtopics; level and distribution of responsiveness and its domains at hospitals, rank of domains according to the participants, and factors affecting responsiveness and its related domains. Most studies have focused on responsiveness level, but not the distribution. Socioeconomic status, organisational, systemic, and contextual factors have led to varied responsiveness, consequently, policymakers would benefit from these valuable results while planning for improving health system in order to accomplish its intrinsic goals. Further research is required in the low- and middle-income countries other than the five included in this review. Using the World Health Organization questionnaires for measuring responsiveness is recommended, and the contextual variations should be considered.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "Human Health Impacts of Aviation Biofuel Production: Exploring the Application of Different Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) Methods for Biofuel Supply Chains. The life cycle human health (HH) impacts related to aviation biofuels have been understood in a limited way. Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods for assessing HH are often associated with a high level of uncertainty and a low level of consensus. As a result, it remains challenging to perform a robust assessment of HH impacts with a suitable LCIA method. This study aims to systematically compare six commonly used LCIA methods for quantifying HH impacts, in order to empirically understand the potential impacts of aviation biofuel production on HH and how the results are affected by the choice of methods. Three aviation biofuel production pathways based on different feedstocks (sugarcane, eucalyptus, and macauba) were analyzed and compared to fossil aviation biofuels, on the basis of a functional unit of 1 MJ aviation fuel. The majority of the LCIA methods suggest that, in respect to midpoint impacts, macauba-based biofuel is associated with the lowest impacts and eucalyptus-based biofuel the highest; whereas at endpoint level, the results are more scattered. The LCIA methods agree that biomass conversion into aviation biofuel, H2 production, and feedstock cultivation are major contributors to life cycle HH impacts. Additionally, we provide a guideline for determining an appropriate method for assessing HH impacts.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Religious and spiritual messages in folk songs: a study of women from rural India. It has been reported in various studies that music in general and satsang (singing folk sings in a group) in particular has a positive effect on well-being. The present paper focuses on an analysis of what the rural women sing in these songs that form the repertoire of a satsang. The study area is Haryana, a state in India. Sample songs have been analysed to present the religious/spiritual messages that these folk songs convey. Content analysis of these songs has been done after categorising them broadly into three categories: songs that sing praises of Gods and Goddesses, sing about the incidences from scriptures and songs that convey spiritual or religious messages. Through this, the paper has explored the ways to disseminate spiritual/religious knowledge through folk songs in the local rural community.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Prosocial behaviour in animals: the influence of social relationships, communication and rewards. Researchers have struggled to obtain a clear account of the evolution of prosocial behaviour despite a great deal of recent effort. The aim of this review is to take a brief step back from addressing the question of evolutionary origins of prosocial behaviour in order to identify contextual factors that are contributing to variation in the expression of prosocial behaviour and hindering progress towards identifying phylogenetic patterns. Most available data come from the Primate Order, and the choice of contextual factors to consider was informed by theory and practice, including the nature of the relationship between the potential donor and recipient, the communicative behaviour of the recipients, and features of the prosocial task including whether rewards are visible and whether the prosocial choice creates an inequity between actors. Conclusions are drawn about the facilitating or inhibiting impact of each of these factors on the expression of prosocial behaviour, and areas for future research are highlighted. Acknowledging the impact of these contextual features on the expression of prosocial behaviours should stimulate new research into the proximate mechanisms that drive these effects, yield experimental designs that better control for potential influences on prosocial expression, and ultimately allow progress towards reconstructing the evolutionary origins of prosocial behaviour. (C) 2012 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 55, 47]}
+{"token": "Memory and democracy. This article reconstructs and evaluates prevalent assumptions in the literature about links between collective memory and democracy. There are widespread assertions that memory is important for democratic community to achieve its potential, avoid dangers of past crimes, and secure its continuation. These assertions assume collective memory as a condition for freedom, justice, and the stability of democratic order This article considers these assumptions with equally popular counterpropositions, arguing that memory presents a threat to democratic community because it can undermine cohesion, increase the costs of cooperation, and cause moral damage to civil society by conflating political and ethnic or cultural boundaries. The relationship between memory and democracy is discussed. along with the intermediate notions of identity, trauma, and ritual. The article concludes that what matters for democracy's health is not social remembering per se but the way in which the past is called up and made present.", "label": [5, 52, 55]}
+{"token": "A review of simulation-based urban form generation and optimization for energy-driven urban design. This paper first defines the concept of energy-driven urban design. It aims to reveal synergies and trade-offs that may arise while designing urban areas for better energy performance. To facilitate urban planners and designers tackle these problems at the early stage of their work, this paper proposes the idea of simulation-based urban form generation and optimization modeling. It connects parametric models of urban form generation to an optimization engine coupled with a widely available program of energy systems.To build up the model of simulation-based urban form generation and optimization modeling, this paper reviews the state-of-the-art of simulation-based design generation and optimization modeling and discusses its application on energy-driven urban design at the district scale. The paper compares the main generative methods and presents their limitations and advantages to aid energy-driven urban design. For the urban form generation modeling, the paper also reviews the most relevant approaches to urban morphology. These approaches help to define the urban elements for the urban form generation.Most of the existing design generation and optimization models are observed to consist of a workflow, a generative method, and a series of generation constraints. Based on this, the paper proposes a model of simulation-based urban form generation and optimization modeling for energy-driven urban design. The model consists of a workflow with three steps, a collection step, the generation step, and the optimization step. The constraints yet need to be defined. At the district scale, the model also has to work at an appropriate resolution and precision. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
+{"token": "Kinetics of Corrosion Film Growth on Copper in Neutral Chloride Solutions Containing Small Concentrations of Sulfide. The corrosion behavior of oxygen-free copper in an anoxic 0.1 M NaCl + 5 x 10(-4) M Na(2)S solution was studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy equipped with a focused ion beam, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and micro X-ray diffraction. The corrosion film grew as a coherent, compact crystalline layer with a nonuniform thickness. The growth kinetics obeyed a parabolic law consistent with control by a diffusion process. Once a coherent layer was established, film growth kinetics appeared to be controlled by Cu(+) ion diffusion through the film. At shorter times before a coherent film was established, SH(-) diffusion in solution exhibited a considerable influence on the growth rate. (C) 2010 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/1.3478570] All rights reserved. 2", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11]}
+{"token": "Potato Y potyvirus detection by immunological and molecular techniques in plants and aphids. An antiserum against potato Y potyvirus (PVY) was produced and the double antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA technique with a detection sensitivity of 10 ng/ml purified virus, was applied. One-step immunocapture (IC) - reverse transcription (RT) - polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was assessed using published primers; a gain in sensitivity of 1000-fold over ELISA was achieved. Furthermore, the use of PCR-ELISA to detect the produced amplicons after their direct adsorption on a microplate offered a supplementary 100-fold gain in sensitivity. Thus, 100 fg/ml purified virus in healthy tobacco extract became readily detectable, as did an infected potato sample at a dilution end point of 10(-7), equivalent to 1 ng tissue. This highly sensitive procedure coupled with the print-capture (PC) modification to avoid specific sample preparation, offered a most handy and useful tool for effective PVY detection in single aphids (Myzus persicae).", "label": [0, 4, 7, 44, 9]}
+{"token": "Succession of digital assets (pecuniary loss and non-pecuniary-loss). The increase in the use of technology has led a large part of the world's population to become accustomed to consulting, collecting and handling large amounts of data, which are used for very different purposes. This study analyses what happens to all those data and digital content after the death of the person. To this end, the regulation of personal data in the European context is examined and that leads us to address the jurisprudential and legislative antecedents that lead us to the current Spanish Organic Act 3/2018 of 5 December on the protection of personal data and guarantee of digital rights, which has dealt with the issue of the data of deceased persons.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Resistance to Change in the Corporate Elite: Female Directors' Appointments onto Nordic Boards. In this empirical study, we investigate the variation in firms' response to institutional pressure for gender-balanced boards, focusing specifically on the preservation of prevailing practices of director selection and its impact on the representation of women on the board of directors. Using 8 years of data from publicly listed Nordic corporations, we show societal pressure to be one of the determinants of female directorship. Moreover, in some corporations, the director selection process may work to maintain \\\\'a traditional type of board''. In such boards, demographic diversity among male members appears to be associated with a lower share of female directors, although we cannot establish wether this reflects discrimination or a desire to maintain critical competencies. With this paper we add to the theoretical understanding of the factors underlying female board appointments by adopting an institutional theory lens to study female board representation. Viewing the demands for gender-balanced boards in terms of societal pressure for the de-institutionalization of the prevailing norms and practices, we highlight preferences for maintaining established practices as a potentially important barrier to institutional change. On these grounds, we conjecture on the relationship between the gender diversity of boards and other diversity dimensions. We suggest that a board room gender quota ( if implemented) is supplemented by policies to ensure the transparency of board changes, in order to prevent the crowding out of other diversity dimensions.", "label": [3, 5, 48, 30]}
+{"token": "Beyond peak emission transfers: historical impacts of globalization and future impacts of climate policies on international emission transfers. Globalization of supply chains has resulted in rapid increases in emission transfers from the developing to the developed world. As outsourcing has risen, developed countries have been able to decarbonize domestically, at the expense of increased emissions in developing countries. However, the rapid improvement of carbon efficiency in developing regions together with the post-2008 deceleration in international trade raises the question of whether such embodied emission transfers have peaked. Here we update historical analysis, finding that emission transfers between OECD and non-OECD countries peaked in 2006, and have been declining since. The reversal is principally due to the reduction in the emissions intensity of traded goods, rather than the volume of trade. A more recent decline in embodied emissions transfers is also observed in trade between developing countries. We analyse whether these trends are likely to continue, by exploring a baseline and a Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) scenario with the Macro-ejconometric Energy-Environment-Economy Model (E3ME) model. The results suggest that absolute embodied emissions will plateau at current levels or slowly return to pre-2008- crisis levels, and differences between the NDC and baseline scenarios imply that NDC policies will not result in significant carbon leakage. However, the share of national footprint embodied in imports, at least for countries with ambitious decarbonization policies, will likely increase. This suggests that, despite the world-wide stabilization of emissions transfers, addressing emissions embodied in imports will become increasingly important for reducing carbon footprints. Key policy insights Emissions embodied in imports have plateaued since 2006, and are unlikely to return to the peak of the mid-2000s. For developed countries, as domestic decarbonization occurs, the share of emissions embodied in imports as a percentage of the total national carbon footprint will increase. The Paris NDCs in themselves are unlikely to cause significant carbon leakage. Climate policy will ideally focus on reducing both production and consumption emissions, through a variety of mechanisms, especially centred around international assistance.", "label": [5, 52, 51]}
+{"token": "Child poverty in the American states: The impact of welfare reform, economics, and demographics. This article identifies the predictors of child poverty rates at the state level before and after the adoption and implementation of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996. The analysis shows that the most important state-level factors that influence child poverty rates are demographics, the health and viability of the state economy, and often the generosity, inclusiveness, and quality of state welfare programs. States with large numbers of black citizens, and those that score highest on infant mortality, teen births, births to unmarried women, children living with a parent without a high school degree, and children living with a single parent have the highest rates of child poverty. Child poverty rates are lowest in states that suffer less unemployment, and in wealthier states. States that score higher on per capita personal income, tax revenues, and taxable resources have lower child poverty rates. While specific \\\\'tough\\\\' welfare policies adopted by some states seem to have no impact on child poverty rates, we tested for the first time a sophisticated measure of the overall quality of state welfare programs. The analysis reveals that the global quality of a state's welfare programs is often an independent predictor of child poverty. States with the most generous, inclusive, and supportive welfare programs have done the best job of lowering and containing child poverty.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
+{"token": "Diel Patterns of Activity for Insect Pollinators of Two Oil Palm Species (Arecales : Arecaceae). The pollination of two oil palm species, Elaeis guineensis Jacquin and Elaeis oleifera Cortes (Arecales: Arecaceae), depends on a mutualistic relation with insects, which use male inflorescences as a brood site, and visits female inflorescences lured by the emitted odor, which is similar to that of males. Although the activity of visiting the inflorescences by these insects is critical for the adequate natural pollination of the host plant, their activity is poorly documented. In the present study, we determine the diel activity of two specialized pollinator weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on inflorescences of their respective host-palm: Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust specialized on E. guineensis, and Grasidius hybridus O'Brien and Beserra specialized on E. oleifera. The average timing of activity was studied by using passive interception traps. Then the pattern and the duration were refined by using aspiration trapping within the active period for each insect species at the male and female inflorescences. All the experiments were conducted in an Ecuadorian oil palm plantation, located close to Amazonian forest. El. kamerunicus and G. hybridus were found to be the pollinators of E. guineensis and E. oleifera, respectively. The two species differed in their diel pattern of activity: E. kamerunicus was active in the morning and G. hybridus during a short period at dusk. For both palm species, insect visits were synchronous on both male and female inflorescences. The synchronicity is discussed as a strategy to maintain the relation mutualistic between partners. These findings increase our understanding of the oil palm pollination system.", "label": [4, 44]}
+{"token": "Great Tits build shallower nests than Blue Tits in an insular oak-dominated habitat mosaic. Longitudinal multi-plot studies of nest architecture in non-domesticated birds are rare. Here we report the results of an 18-year multi-plot study that compared heights of fresh female-built nests in Corsican Great Tits (Parus major) and Blue Tits (Cyanistes caeruleus ogliastrae). Boxes with relatively small nest-chambers were erected in a landscape with habitat patches that were either dominated by food-rich broad-leaved deciduous oaks (Quercus humilis) or food-poor evergreen oaks (Quercus ilex). Nest height tended to change with oak habitat type in a species-specific manner. Great Tits built shallower nests than Blue Tits supporting the published findings from other geographic regions (Poland, UK, southern mainland France). Potential impacts of local climate factors and risks related to nest predation on the species-specific expression of the size of nests are discussed.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 46, 47]}
+{"token": "Egalitarian equivalence under asymmetric information. We propose a definition of egalitarian equivalence that extends Pazner and Schmeidler's (1978) concept to environments with incomplete information. If every feasible allocation rule can be implemented by an incentive compatible mechanism (as, for instance, in the case of non-exclusive information), then interim egalitarian equivalence and interim incentive efficiency remain compatible, as they were under complete information. When incentive constraints are more restrictive, on the other hand, the two criteria may become incompatible. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Inc.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "TAKIN' CARE OF SMALL BUSINESS: THE RISE OF STAKEHOLDER INFLUENCE. In this Exchange, we consider three crucial boundary conditions that Barnett, Henriques, and Husted (2020) overlooked in theirmodel of diminished stakeholder influence. Although we agree that socialmedia platforms haveweakened stakeholder influence in certain conditions, such is not the case for all firms, all stakeholders, or all situations. Drawing from sociocognitive and self-determination theories, we contend that (a) independent, owner-managed small firms present a context wherein information overload is rendered less of an issue because the information about the firmismore salient to locals; (b) stakeholders can bemotivated to influence firms via social media platforms, which facilitate the collective engagement of local community members; and (c) uncertain economic circumstances (e.g., COVID-19) activate stakeholder information searches, which often occur through social media. Together, these three conditions enhance stakeholder power and influence. We also contemplate how, even under these conditions, stakeholder influence may change over time vis-a-vis the issue-attention cycle and societalization. We conclude our Exchange with a call formore research on stakeholder influence over independent, owner-manager small businesses.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
+{"token": "Possible implication of satellite cells in regenerative motoneuritogenesis: HGF upregulates neural chemorepellent Sema3A during myogenic differentiation. Tatsumi R, Sankoda Y, Anderson JE, Sato Y, Mizunoya W, Shimizu N, Suzuki T, Yamada M, Rhoads RP Jr, Ikeuchi Y, Allen RE. Possible implication of satellite cells in regenerative motoneuritogenesis: HGF upregulates neural chemorepellent Sema3A during myogenic differentiation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 297: C238-C252, 2009. First published June 10, 2009; doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00161.2009.-Regenerative coordination and remodeling of the intramuscular motoneuron network and neuromuscular connections are critical for restoring skeletal muscle function and physiological properties. The regulatory mechanisms of such coordination remain unclear, although both attractive and repulsive axon guidance molecules may be involved in the signaling pathway. Here we show that expression of a neural secreted chemorepellent semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) is remarkably upregulated in satellite cells of resident myogenic stem cells that are positioned beneath the basal lamina of mature muscle fibers, when treated with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), established as an essential cue in muscle fiber growth and regeneration. When satellite cells were treated with HGF in primary cultures of cells or muscle fibers, Sema3A message and protein were upregulated as revealed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunochemical studies. Other growth factors had no inductive effect except for a slight effect of epidermal growth factor treatment. Sema3A upregulation was HGF dose dependent with a maximum (about 7-to 8-fold units relative to the control) at 10-25 ng/ml and occurred exclusively at the early-differentiation stage, as characterized by the level of myogenin expression and proliferation (bromodeoxyuridine incorporation) of the cells. Neutralizing antibody to the HGF-specific receptor, c-met, did not abolish the HGF response, indicating that c-met may not mediate the Sema3A expression signaling. Finally, in vivo Sema3A was upregulated in the differentiation phase of satellite cells isolated from muscle regenerating following crush injury. Overall, the data highlight a heretofore unexplored and active role for satellite cells as a key source of Sema3A expression triggered by HGF, hence suggesting that regenerative activity toward motor innervation may importantly reside in satellite cells and could be a crucial contributor during postnatal myogenesis.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42]}
+{"token": "Experimental assessment of Athabasca River cohesive sediment deposition dynamics. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) originating from natural sources, and potentially from the Athabasca Oil Sands development, are of concern for the Athabasca River and Lake Athabasca delta ecosystems. In order to model the transport of fine sediments (and associated PAHs), it is important to describe the sediment dynamics within the river system. Flocs possess different settling characteristics compared to individual particles. A key aspect in modelling floc settling behaviour is the mathematical linkage of the floc density to floc size. In this paper, a rotating annular flume is used to determine the settling characteristics of Muskeg River (a tributary of the Athabasca River) sediments under different shear conditions. Simulations of the settling and flocculation behaviour of these sediments were used to calibrate a density vs. floc size model. A relationship of the parameters relating floc size and density with the fractal dimension F shows that as diameter increases flocs become weaker. Recommendations for the practical application of the model are further formulated in this paper. The deposition tests offer a quantitative measure of the relative amount of sediment that is likely to be transported through the river for given flow conditions.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Multi-method Approach to Trace the Geographical Origin of Alpine Milk: a Case Study of Tyrol Region. This work aims to discriminate milk samples according to their geographical origin, heat treatment, and season of production. This was achieved by combining different techniques, such as isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), mid- (MIRS) and near-infrared spectroscopies (NIRS), and gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Milk samples were from North Tyrol (raw milk), South Tyrol (raw milk and high-temperature short time (HTST)), both collected in different seasons. Ultra-high-temperature (UHT) milk samples were from other European regions. These techniques, when used alone, showed limited discrimination capacity. Instead, when such techniques were combined in a multi-variate classification method (PLS-DA), then, milk samples were discriminated according to their geographical origin with an error lower than 5 %. The type of processing and the season were also discriminated. The combination of different techniques compensated their inherent limits and provided a good potential for determining the geographic origin of milk.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Teaching Formulaic Sequences in an English-Language Class: The Effects of Explicit Instruction Versus Coursebook Instruction. This study investigates the relative effectiveness of different teaching approaches on the learning of formulaic sequences. Three comparisons were made in this study: the effects of explicit teaching of formulaic sequences versus teaching embedded in traditional coursebook instruction, the effects of the degree of salience of the sequences in the coursebook on learning, and the effects of explicit teaching of formulaic sequences with context versus teaching without context. Sixty-nine formulaic sequences occurring in an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) coursebook were selected for the study. The participants were 60 low-proficiency university students majoring in technology in Vietnam. Participants were quasi-randomly assigned to one of three groups: control, no-context learning, and sentence-context learning. Learning was measured by two multiple-choice tests of receptive knowledge of form and meaning. Findings indicated that although explicit instruction was effective, the degree of salience in traditional coursebook instruction had no significant effects on learning formulaic sequences. Explicit teaching combined with incidental exposure to formulaic sequences in the coursebook was superior to the traditional coursebook instruction approach in the classroom setting. Furthermore, the results from explicit instruction with context sentences did not differ significantly from those of instruction without context. Explanations for the findings and pedagogical applications are offered.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "How Lysenkoism Became Pseudoscience: Dobzhansky to Velikovsky. At some point in America in the 1940s, T. D. Lysenko's neo-Lamarckian hereditary theories transformed from a set of disputed doctrines into a prime exemplar of \\\\'pseudoscience.\\\\' This paper explores the context in which this theory acquired this pejorative status by examining American efforts to refute Lysenkoism both before and after the famous August 1948 endorsement of Lysenko's doctrines by the Stalinist state, with particular attention to the translation efforts of Theodosius Dobzhansky. After enumerating numerous tactics for combating perceived pseudoscience, the Lysenko case is then juxtaposed with another American case of alleged pseudoscience: the notorious 1950 scandal surrounding Immanuel Velikovsky's Worlds in Collision (1950, Worlds in Collision. New York: Macmillan). On several levels, the characterization of Lysenkoism as pseudoscientific served as a template for casting other rejected theories, including Velikovsky's, in the same light.", "label": [3, 4, 42, 30]}
+{"token": "Richness and structure of plant communities in temporary pools from western Morocco: influence of human activities. Temporary pools are numerous in coastal plains of Atlantic Morocco and have a rich and diverse flora. These habitats are increasingly under pressure by man impact through grazing by domestic livestock and the development of annual crops in their catchments. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the species richness and the species composition of the vegetation of a sample of 30 pools in this region, in order to assess the structure of the vegetation within pools and to evaluate the role of environmental and anthropogenic factors in their richness and species composition. The results highlighted the species richness of the pools with 300 species found among which annual species were heavily dominant. The structure of the vegetation varied within pools according to a topographical/flooding gradient and between pools in relation with the land use in the surrounding areas. Three vegetation belts were recognized from the centre to the periphery of the pool. The total species richness per pool was not found significantly related to environmental or anthropogenic factors. The species characteristics of the pools were found mostly in the centre and their number affected by hydrological factors and land use in the pool and in the surrounding areas. The species characteristics of woodland habitats and of agriculture crops were found mostly in the peripheral zone. Temporary pools maintain specific communities of both aquatic and amphibious species, probably because of the selection induced by water level variations. The peripheral zone, although often dominated by terrestrial species, is clearly interpreted as part of the pool. It contains amphibious species highly characteristic of the pool for which the irregular flooding is a key environmental factor which decreases competition.", "label": [4, 45]}
+{"token": "THE SUPREME COURT AS BAD TEACHER. This Article aims to revive and recast the notion that the Supreme Court educates by approaching the matter from a fresh vantage point. Rather than proceeding from the standard premise that the Supreme Court teaches good lessons, this Article inverts the inquiry by identifying and examining three opinions where the Supreme Court has taught bad lessons: Buck v. Bell's validation of compulsory sterilization statutes; Minersville School District v. Gobitis's validation of requirements that students salute the American flag; and New York v. Belton's validation of police officers conducting warrantless searches of vehicles when they arrest motorists. Instead of simply asserting that the Supreme Court taught bad lessons in these three opinions, the Article offers specific evidence to defend that claim and also addresses the two primary criticisms of the view contending that the Court can educate. First, rather than suggesting that the Court taught citizens generally throughout the nation when it issued these opinions, this Article narrows the focus to identify particular subsets of the population that the opinions reached and influenced. Second, instead of offering merely abstract interpretations of how these opinions taught, this Article provides detailed historical accounts that identify and examine three particular mechanisms through which students responded to the Court's bad teaching. Building on work exploring the phenomenon that political scientists refer to as \\\\'policy diffusion,\\\\' this Article demonstrates that the Supreme Court's bad teachings led policymakers around the country to learn, emulate, and extrapolate from those opinions. Examining the Supreme Court's bad lessons also better positions scholars to appreciate how the Supreme Court has taught well, both by helping desirable policies become more widespread and by suppressing undesirable policies. This reconceptualization of the Supreme Court's teaching role challenges ascendant theories in legal scholarship asserting that the judiciary interprets the Constitution merely to ratify the nation's consensus values and that it lacks the ability to implement significant social reform.Since the 1950s, prominent constitutional law professors have often invoked the notion that the Supreme Court acts as an educational institution in American society. On this view, legal scholarship portrays the Supreme Court as a beneficent and inspirational teacher, one who is responsible for imparting unusually enlightened values on the nation. Despite this uplifting analogy's prevalence within constitutional discourse, two persistent criticisms have unsettled the notion that the Supreme Court in fact teaches any lessons at all through its written opinions. First, critics observe that citizens are generally unaware of even highly salient Supreme Court opinions, and it is hard for people to obtain a lesson from something they do not know. Second, critics note that claims extolling the Court's educational capacities unfold almost exclusively on an abstract level, rendering it virtually impossible to determine whether anyone has absorbed the Court's ostensible lessons and how that absorption occurred.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Character of Substitution and Its Significance for Letter Demand: The Finnish Case. While this article considers letter demand in general, it concentrates on the substitution effect, and its characteristics and prerequisites for realization. The purpose of the paper is to determine the differences in substitution carried out in different letter-sender and -receiver groups or between different countries, and what the reasons for this are.", "label": [5, 48, 49, 51]}
+{"token": "Kerosene resistance of asphalt binders modified with crumb rubber: solubility and rheological aspects. Due to the abandonment of coal-tar, the development of special asphalt binders is required to obtain flexible pavement with enhanced fuel resistance for use in airport systems, filling stations and industrial areas where the risk of fuel spilling exists. Considering that recent studies showed that the solubility of a bitumen in jet fuel A-1 can be significantly reduced through its modification with an appropriate polymer, the effect of crumb rubber modifier (CRM) on the fuel resistance of bitumen was investigated in this work. A simple procedure to evaluate the solubility of bitumen in kerosene was developed and used to compare the properties of CRM-based binders with those of the starting base bitumen. The obtained results showed that CRM significantly reduces the bitumen solubility in jet fuel A-1 and that complex interactions, including swelling and kerosene absorption, occur. The rheological properties of fuel processed samples were then investigated in order to outline the effects of kerosene on the binder.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "2-Mercaptomethyl Thiazolidines (MMTZs) Inhibit All Metallo-beta-Lactamase Classes by Maintaining a Conserved Binding Mode. Metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) production in Gram-negative bacteria is an important contributor to beta-lactam antibiotic resistance. Combining beta-lactams with beta-lactamase inhibitors (BLIs) is a validated route to overcoming resistance, but MBL inhibitors are not available in the clinic. On the basis of zinc utilization and sequence, MBLs are divided into three subclasses, B1, B2, and B3, whose differing active-site architectures hinder development of BLIs capable of \\\\'crossclass\\\\' MBL inhibition. We previously described 2-mercaptomethyl thiazolidines (MMTZs) as B1 MBL inhibitors (e.g., NDM-1) and here show that inhibition extends to the clinically relevant B2 (Sfh-I) and B3 (L1) enzymes. MMTZs inhibit purified MBLs in vitro (e.g., Sfh-I, K-i 0.16 mu M) and potentiate beta-lactam activity against producer strains. X-ray crystallography reveals that inhibition involves direct interaction of the MMTZ thiol with the mono- or dizinc centers of Sfh-I/L1, respectively. This is further enhanced by sulfur-pi interactions with a conserved active site tryptophan. Computational studies reveal that the stereochemistry at chiral centers is critical, showing less potent MMTZ stereoisomers (up to 800-fold) as unable to replicate sulfur-pi interactions in Sfh-I, largely through steric constraints in a compact active site. Furthermore, in silico replacement of the thiazolidine sulfur with oxygen (forming an oxazolidine) resulted in less favorable aromatic interactions with B2 MBLs, though the effect is less than that previously observed for the subclass B1 enzyme NDM-1. In the B3 enzyme L1, these effects are offset by additional MMTZ interactions with the protein main chain. MMTZs can therefore inhibit all MBL classes by maintaining conserved binding modes through different routes.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
+{"token": "Parallel markets in school choice. When applying to schools, students often submit applications to distinct school systems that operate independently, which leads to waste and distortions of stability due to miscoordination. To alleviate this issue, Manjunath and Turhan (2016) introduce the Iterative Deferred Acceptance mechanism (IDA). We design an experiment to compare the performance of this mechanism under parallel markets (DecDA2) to the classic Deferred Acceptance mechanism with both divided (DecDA) and unified markets (DA). Consistent with the theory, we find that both stability and efficiency are highest under DA, intermediate under DecDA2, and lowest under DecDA. While IDA is not strategy-proof, we show theoretically that strategic reporting can only lead to improved efficiency for all market participants. The experimental results are consistent with this prediction. Our findings cast doubt on whether strategy-proofness should be perceived as a universal constraint to market mechanisms. (C) 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "A prototype cost model of functional check decisions in reliability-centred maintenance. In this paper, the functional check task specified in reliability-centred maintenance (RCM) is discussed and a general cost model under the assumption of a non-decreasing degradation process is established to jointly optimise the threshold of potential failure and inspection intervals to minimise the expected operating cost per unit time. A gamma process is used to describe a random wear degradation process and illustrate the model.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
+{"token": "Chinese Conceptions of 'Rights': From Mencius to Mao-and Now. The recent explosion of popular protest in China, often framed as a demand for the fulfillment of \\\\'rights,\\\\' has captured widespread attention. Some observers interpret the protests as signs of a \\\\' moral vacuum.\\\\' Others see the unrest as signaling a powerful new \\\\' rights consciousness.\\\\' In either case, the protests are often regarded as a major challenge to the stability of the political system. In this article, an examination of Chinese conceptions of \\\\' rights,\\\\' as reflected in the ethical discourses of philosophers, political leaders, and protesters (and as contrasted with American understandings of rights), provides the basis for questioning prevailing assumptions about the fragility of the Chinese political order. For over two millennia, Chinese political thought, policy, and protest have assigned central priority to the attainment of socioeconomic security. As a result, the meaning of \\\\'rights\\\\' in Chinese political discourse differs significantly from the Anglo-American tradition. Viewed in historical context, China's contemporary \\\\' rights\\\\' protests seem less politically threatening. The Chinese polity appears neither as vacuous nor as vulnerable as it is sometimes assumed to be.", "label": [5, 54]}
+{"token": "Efficient Algorithms for the Partial Sum Dispersion Problem. The dispersion problem is a variant of the facility location problem. Given a set P of n points and an integer k, we intend to find a subset S of P with vertical bar S vertical bar = k such that the cost min(p is an element of S) {cost(p)} is maximized, where cost(p) is the sum of the distances from p to the nearest c points in S. We call the problem the dispersion problem with partial c sum cost, or the PcS-dispersion problem. In this paper we present two algorithms to solve the P2S-dispersion problem(c = 2) if all points of P are on a line. The running times of the algorithms are O(kn(2) log n) and O(n log n), respectively. We also present an algorithm to solve the PcS-dispersion problem if all points of P are on a line. The running time of the algorithm is O(kn(c +1)).", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
+{"token": "The value of parenting: gendered time expectations among the Spanish middle class. This paper analyses the gendered expectations of time of Spanish middle-class parents. The main goal is to understand how parents value their parenting time. Parents embody a specific social structuring of the everyday that is both gendered and individualist. The claim of this paper is that the value of parenting time, despite being expressed in individual terms, is shaped by gendered social expectations. The methodological strategy includes the conduction of semi-structured interviews and participatory photography. The qualitative sample is composed of 28 professional parents with children under three living in Barcelona. The results reveal gendered time expectations happen outside negotiation. They are not a strategic outcome, but the relational consequence of the structured value of time in capitalist societies.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Discovery of the Large Blue Flycatcher Cyornis [banyumas] magnirostris breeding in northern Kachin State (Burma/Myanmar) and taxonomic implications for the Cyornis-group. The little-known taxon Cyornis [banyumas] magnirostris has long been treated as a race of the widespread Hill Blue Flycatcher C. banyumas, with which it was thought to be allopatric during the breeding season. On the basis of morphology, magnirostris has lately been considered a full species, endemic as a breeder to northeastern India. Our recent field work during migration and the breeding season (September 2005 and June-July 2006) has, however, resulted in the first records of magnirostris from northern Burma/Myanmar, establishing that its breeding range broadly overlaps the range of C. banyumas whitei. We demonstrate how historical factors, sources of error, including fraud, errors of omission and commission, and inferences based on lack of data have all negatively affected assessment of species limits and conservation status in this speciose group of flycatchers. We also provide evidence that the taxon C. [banyumas] lemprieri is highly distinct and should be treated as a full species.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "Endoscope Reprocessing Methods A Prospective Study on the Impact of Human Factors and Automation. The main cause of endoscopy-associated infections is failure to adhere to reprocessing guidelines. More information about factors impacting compliance is needed to support the development of effective interventions. The purpose of this multisite, observational study was to evaluate reprocessing practices, employee perceptions, and occupational health issues. Data were collected utilizing interviews, surveys, and direct observation. Written reprocessing policies and procedures were in place at all five sites, and employees affirmed the importance of most recommended steps. Nevertheless, observers documented guideline adherence, with only 1.4% of endoscopes reprocessed using manual cleaning methods with automated high-level disinfection versus 75.4% of those reprocessed using an automated endoscope cleaner and reprocessor. The majority reported health problems (i.e., pain, decreased flexibility, numbness, or tingling). Physical discomfort was associated with time spent reprocessing (p = .041). Discomfort diminished after installation of automated endoscope cleaners and reprocessors (p = .001). Enhanced training and accountability, combined with increased automation, may ensure guideline adherence and patient safety while improving employee satisfaction and health.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
+{"token": "ABO and Rh (D) Blood Group Distribution among Rangrez of North Coastal Andhra Pradesh. A total number of 327 Rangrez individuals of Srikakulam and Vizianagaram Districts were studied for the distribution of ABO and Rh (D) blood groups. It is observed that the allele frequencies of blood group ABO are A=0.1884, B=0.2913, O=0.5203 and for Rhesus system D=0.7466, d= 0.2534. The present study when compared to other caste groups reported from Andhra Pradesh fall closer to these groups.", "label": [5, 56, 52]}
+{"token": "Malignant transformation of a putative eyelid papilloma to squamous cell carcinoma in a dog. A 6-year-old female spayed Chihuahua was presented for the evaluation of generalized pigmented cutaneous masses, one of which was present on the lower right eyelid. The dog was not on immunosuppressive medications and did not have historical or laboratory evidence of underlying endocrine disease, including hypothyroidism and hyperadrenocorticism. Histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and polymerase chain reaction of a cutaneous biopsy from the left antebrachium containing representative lesions confirmed viral papillomatosis. Additionally, histopathology of the antebrachial mass revealed regions of epithelial dysplasia suggestive of possible early transformation to malignancy. Over the course of 5months, the mass on the right lower eyelid progressed to encompass and efface the majority of the eyelid margin. Additionally, the eyelid tumor had changed from an ovoid, brown pigmented mass to an irregular, flesh-colored mass. At the dog's last recheck examination, a corneal ulcer had developed beneath the irregular dorsal margin of the tumor. Histopathology of the eyelid mass was consistent with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and was positive for the presence of papillomavirus using polymerase chain reaction. This report describes the transformation of a putative viral eyelid papilloma into a malignant SCC in an adult dog.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Localized Amyloid-like Accumulation in a Zebrafish (Danio rerio): A Case Report. Amyloidosis is described as collection of extracellular proteins with a characteristic fibrillar form with electron microscopy, a typical X-ray diffraction pattern and a green reflection with Congo red affinity. Zebrafish is an appropriate model organism for studying developmental immunology for modeling many infectious disorders. We observed that localized amyloid-like deposition was in the peritoneal membrane which is showing greenish reflection in the polarized filter with Congo red staining and immuno-positive staining with primary antibody of amyloid precursor protein. Consequently, in this case report, we demonstrated that incidentally detected and rarely seen localized amyloid-like accumulation in a zebrafish.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
+{"token": "Factors in the Balancing Exercise. Under Article 69(7) of the ICC Statute, not all legal violations committed during investigations lead to the exclusion of thereby tainted evidence. Instead, evidence is only excluded where such a violation has a specific negative impact on the proceedings of the ICC, namely because either the evidence lacks reliability or because its admission \\\\'would be antithetical to and would seriously damage the integrity of the proceedings\\\\'. We have seen in Chap. 4 that the wording of Article 69(7) of the ICC Statute, while indicating a mandatory exclusionary rule at first sight, is ultimately a discretionary rule due to fact that these additional requirements were included in the provision. We have also seen in Chap. 4 that the exclusion of illicitly obtained evidence should be guided by the integrity theory, meaning the idea that the exclusion of evidence should serve the maintenance of the integrity of the Court. Under this theory, the exercise of the discretion granted under Article 69(7) of the ICC Statute requires the Court to strike a balance between the interests of 'due process' and 'effective law enforcement'. In order to guide this balance, this chapter will discuss a number of factors that may militate in favour of either one of these two poles.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Can good science be logically inconsistent?. Some philosophers have recently argued that contrary to the traditional view, good scientific theories can in fact be logically inconsistent. The literature is now full of case-studies that are taken to support this claim. I will argue however that as of yet no-one has managed to articulate a philosophically interesting view about the role of logically inconsistent theories in science that genuinely goes against tradition, is plausibly true, and is supported by any of the case studies usually given.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
+{"token": "Effect of the capping agent on the photocatalytic performance of ZnS nanostructures. Photo-catalysis is an advanced oxidation process that includes fast oxidation of pollutants. This technology is based on the activation of semiconductors in the presence of light and subsequent generation of radicals to oxidize contaminants. Based on the above considerations, this research use Zn-based nanomaterials (i.e., bare, and TGA-covered ZnS NPs) to degrade pollutants from aqueous matrices. The specific goals of this work were: (i) generate Zn-based nanomaterials with photoactive properties in an aqueous phase, (ii) characterize photoactive nanomaterials, and (iii) demonstrate the degradation of environmental pollutants in the presence of Zn-based nanomaterials. Optical properties evidenced luminescent peaks at 442 nm and 420 nm for bare and TGA-covered ZnS NPs, respectively. Absorbance studies showed shoulder peaks at 307 nm and 270 nm in the presence of bare and TGA-covered ZnS NPs, respectively. Nanoparticles evidenced broad fluorescent peaks in the blue range. Face centered cubic structures with high crystallinity were observed on the electron diffraction analysis. The quantum dot size was estimated between 4 and 6 nm, chemical composition studies confirmed zinc and sulphur as main components. Bare ZnS nanomaterials at 250 ppm degraded Acid Red 14 successfully (almost 80%) after 180 min of treatment.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Monolayer Janus Te2Se-based gas sensor to detect SO2 and NOx: a first-principles study. In this study, the adsorption of gas molecules, such as O-2, NH3, CO, CO2, H2O, NOx (x = 1, 2) and SO2, on Janus Te2Se monolayer has been investigated by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We show that Janus Te2Se monolayer is preferable for SO2 and NOx molecules with suitable adsorption strength and apparent charge transfers. We further calculated the current-voltage (I-V) curves using the nonequilibrium Green's function (NEGF) method. The transport feature exhibits distinct responses with a dramatic change of I-V curves before and after NOx (SO2) adsorption on Janus Te2Se. Thus, we predict that Janus Te2Se could be a promising candidate for SO2 and NOx sensors with high selectivity and sensitivity. Moreover, the effect of strain on the gas/substrate adsorption systems was also studied, implying that the strained Janus Te2Se monolayer could enhance the sensitivity and selectivity to SO2 and NO2. The adsorbed SO2 and NO2 on Janus Te2Se could escape by releasing the applied strain, which indicates that the capture process is reversible. Our study widens the application of Janus Te2Se not only as piezoelectric materials, but also as a potential gas sensor or capturer of SO2 and NOx with high sensitivity and selectivity.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
+{"token": "Stability and stabilization of hydroxynitrile lyase in organic solvents. The stability of hydroxynitrile lyase from Hevea brasiliensis has been studied in organic solvents. In dry solvents, the enzyme had half-lives in the range 1400-2500 hours. The enzyme half-life was one order of magnitude lower if the medium was water saturated. The substrates, aldehyde and hydrogen cyanide, were found to promote enzyme deactivation. The deactivation increased with substrate concentration, but was reduced in hydrophilic solvent. At high substrate concentration (2 M) in tert-butyl methyl ether, the enzyme half-life was 1.7 h when incubated with hydrogen cyanide while it was 1.0 h with 3-phenylpropionaldehyde. The addition of polyethylenimine, 125 mg per g of enzyme preparation, increased the enzyme half-life to 110 h when incubated with hydrogen cyanide and to 3.2 h with 3-phenylpropanaldehyde in tert-butyl methyl ether. Albumin and poly(ethylene glycol) gave similar stabilization effect.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42]}
+{"token": "Study of the effect of curing treatment in fabrication of SMA/polymer composites on deformational behavior of NiTi-5at.%Cu SMA wires. NiTi-5at.%Cu wires were strained up to various strain levels at various temperatures with the aim to gather data required for the optimization of the curing treatment of the shape memory hybrid composites. The prestrained NiTiCu wires may potentially be exposed to curing temperatures as high as 413 K. (C) 2002 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Persistence of Helicobacter pylori in heterotrophic drinking-water biofilms. Although the route of transmission of Helicobacter pylori remains unknown, drinking water has been considered a possible transmission vector. It has been shown previously that, in water, biofilms are a protective niche for several pathogens, protecting them from stressful conditions, such as low carbon concentration, shear stress, and less-than-optimal temperatures. In this work, the influence of these three parameters on the persistence and cultivability of H. pylori in drinking-water biofilms was studied. Autochthonous biofilm consortia were formed in a two-stage chemostat system and then inoculated with the pathogen. Total numbers of H. pylori cells were determined by microscopy using a specific H. pylori 16S rRNA peptide nucleic acid probe, whereas cultivable cells were assessed by standard plating onto selective H. pylori medium. Cultivable H. pylori could not be detected at any time point, but the ability of H. pylori cells to incorporate, undergo morphological transformations, persist, and even agglomerate in biofilms for at least 31 days without a noticeable decrease in the total cell number (on average, the concentration was between 1.54 x 10(6) and 2.25 x 10(6) cells cm(-2)) or in the intracellular rRNA content may indicate that the loss of cultivability was due to entry into a viable but noncultivable state. Unlike previous results obtained for pure-culture H. pylori biofilms, shear stress did not negatively influence the numbers of H. pylori cells attached, suggesting that the autochthonous aquatic bacteria have an important role in retaining this pathogen in the sessile state, possibly by providing suitable microaerophilic environments or linking biomolecules to which the pathogen adheres. Therefore, biofilms appear to provide not only a safe haven for H. pylori but also a concentration mechanism so that subsequent sloughing releases a concentrated bolus of cells that might be infectious and that could escape routine grab sample microbiological analyses and be a cause of concern for public health.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 43]}
+{"token": "LEBSCO: Lean-Based Simulation Game for Construction Management Classrooms. Simulations and classroom games are effective hands-on learning tools for construction management students and practitioners. This paper presents the background, methods and results of a new simulation management game called LEBSCO, which simulates aspects of the Last Planner System (LPS) and Lean Production principles. LPS is central to the implementation of Lean Construction, an increasingly popular management approach based on the Toyota Production System and Lean Production. LPS requires continuous and collaborative effort from all stakeholders for the planning and control of a construction project, making it especially appropriate for the experiential learning allowed by simulation. LEBSCO consists of the assembly of Lego pieces to form a schematic house, and it is played by teams meeting in rounds simulating weeks of work. Each team is composed of stakeholders, such as a planner, resource suppliers and trade foremen, mirroring the planning and control process of a typical construction project. Participants build the Lego houses first using a Traditional management approach and then using Lean-based approach. A graduate course in construction management at The University of Auckland, New Zealand, is used as a case study to test the effectiveness of LEBSCO as a teaching method. The implementation results of LESBCO demonstrated its capability to transfer and disseminate Lean-based knowledge into construction. (C) 2015 American Society of Civil Engineers.", "label": [1, 5, 53, 15]}
+{"token": "Study of a Large Square Baler with Innovative Technological Systems that Optimize the Baling Effectiveness. The employment of bales is of considerable interest in the agricultural sector due to the mechanization of the production chain, the ease of their manipulation and transport, the low requirements for, and flexibility of, their storage and the low manpower requirements. Forage bales are mainly employed in zootechny, which albeit with important changes, is today still an essential economic sector for our society. The optimization of results in the zootechnical field depends largely on the feeding of the animals; in this regard, fodder-crops play a fundamental role in the European agricultural and economic sector. The soil inside the fodder is often the vehicle for a large number of CFUs (colony forming units) of bacteria of the Clostridium genus, with consequent repercussions for the welfare of the cows as well as for the quality of the milk products. The purpose of this work was to assess the performance of the large square baler HD 1270, made by the Italian manufacturer Cicoria Square Bales, whose main characteristic is the high cleanliness level of the dried fodder. The experimental tests carried out seem to confirm the efficacy of the technical solutions adopted for this machine. However, in order to better understand the reliability of the machine in lowering the amount of impurities and soil present in the built square bales, further tests in different working conditions should be carried out in order to statistically evaluate the influence and the mutual interaction of the operating parameters.", "label": [0, 7]}
+{"token": "Remain or Resign? Jewish Leaders' Dilemmas in the Netherlands and Belgium under Nazi Occupation. Why did the chairman of the \\\\'Jewish Council\\\\' in Belgium decide to resign from his position in late 1942 while his counterparts in the Netherlands, operating in a seemingly similar context, decided to remain in place until the council was dissolved? The choices and motivations of Jewish leaders during Nazi rule have been a persistent subject of discussion in Holocaust historiography for decades. To this day, research has overwhelmingly been conducted in national contexts, which has obscured a thorough understanding of the distinctive circumstances in which Jewish leaders operated. By exploring the different socio-historical premises on which the Jewish organizations in the Netherlands and Belgium were built, this article argues that the level of (dis)continuation with prewar communal structures played a significant role in the posture and choices of Jewish functionaries under Nazi occupation in these two countries.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "Advanced method for measuring asphalt viscosity: Rotational plate viscosity method and its application to asphalt construction temperature prediction. The traditional method for determining mixing and compaction temperatures of asphalt binders, such as Brookfield viscosity test, often yields excessively high temperatures when used in many modified asphalts, and underestimates the temperature decreasing effect of the additives when used in warm-mixing asphalts. This study proposed a new viscosity measurement method, namely rotational plate viscosity (RPV) testing, to overcome these issues. The new method uses a Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) with a 25-mm-diameter parallel plate geometry and a fixed shear rate 40 s-1 to measure the viscosity-temperature curve of modified asphalts, which minimizes the effect of the shear-thinning behavior. In addition, there are two main advantages of this new method. First, it can be carried out using an existing standard DSR machine typically used in most asphalt binder laboratories. Second, it can greatly improve the accuracy and efficiency of testing with sophisticated sensors and programmed settings.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Urodynamic and imaging findings in infants with myelomeningocele may predict need for future augmentation cystoplasty. IntroductionIn this context, the authors studied whether unfavorable urodynamic or imaging findings in patients with myelomeningocele during infancy could predict future AC. The authors hypothesized that infants born with elevated bladder pressures, vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), and/or hydronephrosis would be more likely to undergo AC.ResultsStudy designInfants with myelomeningocele and elevated bladder pressures and VUR should be closely monitored by urodynamic testing and imaging studies. Parents can be counseled regarding the potentially higher risk for future AC in these patients. Nonetheless, the majority of high-risk infants will safely avoid AC with conservative management.The authors retrospectively identified patients with myelomeningocele at their institution who were followed-up since infancy (<1 year of age), with a minimum of eight continuous years of follow-up. Standard care protocol included cystometrogram, voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG), and renal ultrasound during infancy. The primary outcome was AC for elevated bladder pressures despite attempts at more conservative management with medical therapy and CIC. Specifically, the authors evaluated for differences in augmentation rates based on gender, level of lesion, presence of detrusor leak point pressure (DLPP) or end-fill pressure (EFP) greater than 40 cm H2O, presence of hydronephrosis, VUR, initiation of CIC, and initiation of antimuscarinics in infancy. The authors excluded patients who underwent surgical intervention for urinary incontinence.DiscussionA total of 97 patients met the inclusion criteria. The median follow-up time was 13.8 years. Augmentation cystoplasty was performed for 17 patients (17.5%) at a median age of 114 months (9.5 years). Detrusor leak point pressure/EFP was greater than 40 cm H2O in 34.0% (33/97) of infant cystometrogram studies, while 30.9% (30/97) had VUR on infant VCUG and 20.6% (20/97) had hydronephrosis on infant renal ultrasound. Patients with DLPP/EFP greater than 40 cm H2O or VUR during infancy were more likely to undergo AC (P = 0.02 and P = 0.03, respectively). Binomial logistic regression revealed that DLPP/EFP greater than 40 cm H2O (odds ratio [OR]: 4.28, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.34-13.62) and VUR (OR: 3.73, 95% CI: 1.18-11.77) were independent risk factors for future AC.Urologic issues are persistent and important causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with myelomeningocele. Classically, patients with elevated bladder pressures despite adherence to clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) and pharmacotherapy undergo augmentation cystoplasty (AC). Currently, there is little understanding of which infants are more likely to require AC later.Objective", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "The Vita Christi of Isabel de Villena, restorative mercy and profitable doctrine in the service of meditation. This article focuses on the intentionality of the Vita Christi of Isabel de Villena, based on the controversial aspects that have been the subject of comments by literary criticism, such as the constant presence of women surrounding the life of Jesus Christ, as well as the resource in the emotional, pious and emotional style that is evident, and that has been considered as exponents of prophecy or gender literature. These pages provide a reading of the Vita Christi based on the influence of the spiritual current of the devotio moderna, as ars meditandi, while reflecting on the doctrinal and didactic purpose of the work, in which the The presence of the feminine images, which are now redeemed, as well as the masculine images, to which recognition is granted for virtuous acts or forgiveness for the offenses committed, is justified from restorative mercy and divine mercy, as an example of continue for the nuns, who are the first recipients of the work.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "HIV-associated brain pathology: a comparative international study. Little is known about the frequency and variation of HIV-associated brain pathology in different geographical centres. To assess whether there is an association between the frequency of disease and demographic factors we examined the neuropathological findings in four European and two American cities. The cities included London, Edinburgh, Paris, Budapest, Baltimore and Newark. Information was collected on a total of 1144 cases. HIV encephalitis was the most common observation in all the centres, although its frequency varied between them (P < 0.01). Furthermore, there were significant differences (P < 0.001) between the various categories of exposure and the frequency of HIV encephalitis in Edinburgh and other centres. The occurrence of toxoplasmosis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalolpathy (PML) and cryptococcal infection also differed between the various centres (P < 0.01), None of the findings was attributable to age, sex, or ethnic origin, but the introduction of anti-retroviral treatment, such as Zidovudine, may have been important, Overall, this study highlights geographical variability and the potential importance for group of exposure and anti-retroviral medication as factors affecting the development of various HIV-associated brain lesions.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "Enhanced ablative resistance of C/C composites with densified ZrB2-based ceramics by incorporation of Mo as interface layer. ZrB2-ZrC-SiC-Mo-C/C (ZZS-Mo-C/C) composites with dense composite ceramic coating and excellent interfacial bonding are synthesised using reaction spark plasma sintering (RSPS). Furthermore, the densification process, interfacial bonding, ablative properties and underlying mechanism of ZZS-Mo-C/C composites are investigated. Before and after ablation, the composite exhibits excellent interfacial bonding, indicating that the presence of Mo-foil transition layer enables an optimal connection between ZZS and C/C. Additionally, SEM analysis reveals that the ZZS ceramics have a dense structure, thereby preventing oxygen from diffusing further into the matrix. And the ablation results indicate that ZZS-Mo-C/C exhibits superior oxidation resistance when exposed to an oxygen-acetylene flame.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Structural mechanisms of high-temperature shape changes in titanium-nickel alloys after low-temperature thermomechanical treatment. High-Temperature Shape Memory Effect (HTSME) in Ti-Ni alloys and corresponding structural and internal stress changes were studied using dilatometry, in situ electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry. The HTSME induced by the Low Temperature Thermomechanical Treatment (LTMT) consists of two stages. The temperature range of the first stage is limited to 250 degrees C, while the second stage extends to 400-500 degrees C. The first stage is caused by the oriented reverse martensite transformation. The heterogeneous residual stress field causes a different thermal stability for the different martensite orientations. During the reverse transformation an anisotropic shift of martensite and austenite X-ray lines is observed that can be due to a relaxation of the orientated stresses and to changes in the martensite lattice. The second stage of HTSME is caused by internal stress relaxation during recovery and polygonization of austenite that are not typical shape memory mechanisms. The possible reasons for the martensite stabilization induced by LTMT will be discussed.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "THE ROLE OF THE 'ORDINARY READER' IN GERALD O WEST'S HERMENEUTICS. This essay explores the role of the \\\\'ordinary reader\\\\' in Gerald O West's hermeneutics. Firstly, it offers a brief overview of the background context of liberation from which West developed his hermeneutics. Secondly, West's hermeneutics of liberation in its South African context is explored. Thirdly, the role of the so-called \\\\'ordinary reader\\\\', especially in the interpretive process, in West's hermeneutics of liberation, is examined. The essay argues that the voices of the \\\\'ordinary readers\\\\' in the collaborative reading need to be clearly evident, so that it does not seem as though the socially engaged biblical scholar is simply reading through the \\\\'ordinary readers\\\\'.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Rights in Action: The Impact of Chinese Migrant Workers' Resistances on Citizenship Rights. There have been some debates on Chinese migrant workers' resistances and their rising rights consciousness in the academia. This paper aims to understand the debates and their problems. This paper investigates the extent to which the forms of Chinese migrant workers' resistance have diverse impact on their citizenship rights. The conception of citizenship rights can be analytically understood in the individual/collective form and with the passive/active nature; such a dichotomy is also applicable for that of resistance according to the action theory. Both conceptualizations and their linkages constitute an analytical framework in this paper. Within it, the various cases of migrant workers' resistances and their connections with attainment of rights are discussed comparatively. A main finding in this paper is that the individual resistance, whether passive or active, is almost independent of rights; individuals with the PC model only wait passively for the government's help; and the AC model (e.g. strike) is much more prospective for the attainment of collective rights, which creates a new power to balance those of state and capital in China.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "Assessing the quality ranking of the Journal of Advertising, 1986-1997. Recent attention has been paid to the use of citation analysis as an approach to examining relative journal quality and prestige, as well as the relative scholarly status of academic communities and disciplines. The fundamental notion is that citations are objective indicators of knowledge use by scholars and knowledge flows among academic communities. In that context, the authors examine the journal quality ranking of the Journal of Advertising in relation to 33 marketing, advertising, and business journals over the 1986-1997 time period. They find evidence that JA ranks respectably among specialty marketing, advertising, and business journals, but, as expected, generally below the general marketing,and business journals.", "label": [5, 48, 52]}
+{"token": "The Expression of Cultural Identities in Hong Kong's Anti-Extradition Law Amendment Bill Movement: A Semantic Network Analysis of Tweets. Building upon the theories of nested identity and optimal distinctiveness, this study examines the identity structure of Hong Kong Twitter users as reflected in their tweets and how their structure changed over time during the Anti-Extradition Movement. By employing semantic network analysis and discursive historical analysis, we found that the identity structure expressed by Hong Kong Twitter users manifested a composite mesh of a sense of victimization, democratic values, sense of autonomy, and sense of helplessness. Moreover, the way Hong Kong Twitter users distinguished themselves from others was hybrid and miscible, justified by an affirmation for morality. The identity expression changed its emphasis regarding different identity concepts as the movement evolved. Implications on how social movement impacts identity politics, and vice versa, are also discussed.", "label": [4, 5, 40, 52]}
+{"token": "Molecular, biochemical and structural characterization of osmotin-like protein from black nightshade (Solanum nigrum). A full-length 910bp cDNA encoding osmotin-like protein with an open reading frame of 744 bp encoding a protein of 247 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 26.8 kDa was cloned from Solanum nigrum (SniOLP). Phylogenetic analysis revealed the evolutionary conservation of this protein among diverse taxa. The genomic DNA get blot showed that SniOLP belongs to a small multigene family and it showed organ-specific expression. Time-course studies revealed that the expression of SniOLP was upregulated by treatment with various signaling molecules, osmotic and oxidative stress inducers. Recombinant protein purified from overexpressed Escherichia coli cells showed hyphal growth inhibition in Rhizoctonia batiticola and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum but without any endo-beta-1,3-glucanase activity. Model built by homology modeling showed that the protein consists of an acidic cleft region that is capable of interacting with the carbohydrate components of the fungal cell watts. Analysis of the structure and functional relationship was carried out by docking of the beta-(1,3)-glucan onto the acidic cleft region on the surface of the protein (SniOLP). (c) 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Numerical and experimental investigations on a friction ring damper for a flywheel. A damping strategy using a friction ring damper for an industrial flywheel was numerically and experimentally investigated. The friction ring damper, located on the arms of the flywheel, was experimentally found to effectively reduce the vibration amplitude of the flywheel. The vibration energy was dissipated when relative motions occur at the friction contact interfaces. Nonlinear dynamic analysis based on a lumped-parameter model of a flywheel equipped with a friction ring damper was conducted. The normal load, N, was used to evaluate the damping performance of the friction ring damper. For several values of N, steady-state responses under harmonic excitation and nonlinear modes were obtained using the harmonic balance method combined with the alternating frequency-time domain method. The forced response analysis proved the existence of an optimal value of N, which could minimize the vibration amplitude of the flywheel. The nonlinear modal analysis showed that all the damping ratio-frequency curves were completely coincident even for different values of N, and the frequency corresponding to the maximum damping ratio was equal to the frequency at the intersection of the forced response curves under the fully slip state and the fully stick state of the friction contact interface. By analyzing the behaviors of the friction contact interface, it was shown that the friction contact interface provides damping in the combined stick-slip state. The forced response under random excitation was calculated using the Runge-Kutta method, and the friction interface behaviors were analyzed. Finally, spectral testing was conducted to verify the numerical results.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Wonderful Models for Toric Arrangements. We build a wonderful model for toric arrangements. We develop the \\\\'toric analog\\\\' of the combinatorics of nested sets, which allows us to define a family of smooth open sets covering the model. In this way, we prove that the model is smooth, and we give a precise geometric and combinatorial description of the normal crossing divisor.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Inside sacrificial cakes: plant components and production processes of food offerings at the Demeter and Persephone sanctuary of Monte Papalucio (Oria, southern Italy). Well-preserved finds of sacrificial cakes from the Sanctuary of Demeter at Monte Papalucio (Oria, southern Italy, VI-III cent. B.C.) are among the most famous bread-like remains from the ancient Mediterranean region. These unusual finds represent direct and rare evidence of the food products offered as part of religious practice by the indigenous (Messapian people) inside a particular place of encounter', a place of worship closely related to the south Italian colonial Greek world (Magna Graecia). This paper offers for the first time a detailed analysis of the internal structure of these bread-like remains using Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope and Image Analysis in order to detect plant-based ingredients and the techniques employed in the production and cooking processes. Moreover, considering the cultural context, the sacrificial cakes from Oria Sanctuary offer a rare opportunity to directly compare the cake' finds and ancient written Greek sources, allowing for a deeper understanding of the chaines operatoires of cereal processing in the past as well as the perception and role of these products among the ancient societies of the region. The contribution presents and discusses the results of these analyses and offers valuable, integrated information hidden inside the ancient cakes. A better understanding of the reciprocal influences and possible divergences between native and Greek culture is achieved by taking into consideration ancient Greek tradition on bread and cakes in sacred contexts and the interplay.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
+{"token": "Adherence of Fusobacterium necrophorum subsp necrophorum to ruminal cells derived from bovine rumenitis. Fusobacterium necrophorum subsp. necrophorum strain VPI 2891 was shown to adhere to the surfaces of ruminal cells derived from bovine rumenitis. The strain also attached to bovine type 1 collagen. Treatment of the bacterium with antiserum to bacterial cells reduced attachment. The bacterial attachment was also markedly reduced when the ruminal cells had been pretreated with anticollagen serum. Fluorescence specific for the collagen was demonstrated on the surface of bovine tissue affected with rumenitis. These findings suggest that F. necrophorum subsp. necrophorum strain VPI 2891 adheres to the ruminal cells derived from rumenitis tissue and that the attachment may be mediated by cellular collagen.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 43]}
+{"token": "Efficient query processing for streamed XML fragments. Unlike in traditional databases, queries on XML streams are bounded not only by memory but also by real time processing. Recently proposed Hole-Filler model is promising for information transmission and publication, by slicing XML data into low consuming, easy synchronized fragments. However, XPath queries evaluate the elements in streamed XML data, not the XML fragments, and operation dependence caused by fragments decelerates processing efficiency. By taking advantage of schema information for XML, this paper proposes a model of tid tree to optimize queries over XML fragments by removing \\\\'redundant\\\\' operations. It then proposes XFPro for processing XPath queries on XML fragments to achieve processing and memory efficiency. Our performance study shows that XFPro performs well both on execution time and memory metrics.", "label": [4, 40]}
+{"token": "Asymmetric coupling in multi-channel simple exclusion processes. In this paper, we investigate N-channel simple exclusion processes in which particles can move across N parallel lattices and jump fully asymmetrically between the channels. Monte Carlo simulations are carried out to investigate the phase diagrams and density profiles of the system. It is shown that the phase diagram structure changes with increase of N. Moreover, how the phase diagram depends on N is obtained. A vertical cluster mean-field analysis is carried out; it shows good agreement with simulations.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Safety, tolerability, and feasibility of antifungal prophylaxis with micafungin at 2 mg/kg daily in pediatric patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Prophylaxis with MCFG at 2 mg/kg once daily may be safe, tolerable, and feasible in pediatric HSCT-patients.We prophylactically administered MCFG at 2 mg/kg once daily to 38 children and adolescents undergoing allogeneic HSCT.Micafungin (MCFG) is used for the prophylaxis of invasive fungal disease (IFD) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). However, the safety, efficacy, or optimal dosage/blood levels as prophylaxis is uncertain in pediatric HSCT-patients.During MCFG prophylaxis, infusion reactions or adverse events (grades 2-5) related to MCFG use were not found in all the patients. Thus, MCFG prophylaxis was not discontinued and other antifungal agents were not added except for 2 patients in whom probable or possible IFDs developed (completion rate, 94.7 %). To elucidate the influence of HSCT-related complications/drugs on blood concentration of MCFG, we determined the plasma trough and peak levels in 13 and 10 among 38 patients, respectively. The mean trough and peak levels were 3.04 +/- A 1.21 mu g/mL (569 samples) and 9.63 +/- A 3.62 mu g/mL (44 samples), respectively. The peak levels were moderately correlated to the trough levels (R (2) = 0.466). In a patient, the trough level of MCFG transiently increased up to 10.21 mu g/mL during hepatic dysfunction due to acute graft-versus-host disease. The MCFG trough levels strongly correlated with T-Bil value (R (2) = 0.894). There was no relationship between the trough levels of MCFG and the circulating concentrations of tacrolimus (R (2) = 0.040). Additionally, MCFG levels were not influenced by treatment with cyclophosphamide or corticosteroids.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "A Useful Guide to Lectin Binding: Machine-Learning Directed Annotation of 57 Unique Lectin Specificities. Glycans are critical to every facet of biology and medicine, from viral infections to embryogenesis. Tools to study glycans are rapidly evolving; however, the majority of our knowledge is deeply dependent on binding by glycan binding proteins (e.g., lectins). The specificities of lectins, which are often naturally isolated proteins, have not been well-defined, making it difficult to leverage their full potential for glycan analysis. Herein, we use a combination of machine learning algorithms and expert annotation to define lectin specificity for this important probe set. Our analysis uses comprehensive glycan microarray analysis of commercially available lectins we obtained using version 5.0 of the Consortium for Functional Glycomics glycan microarray (CFGv5). This data set was made public in 2011. We report the creation of this data set and its use in large-scale evaluation of lectin-glycan binding behaviors. Our motif analysis was performed by integrating 68 manually defined glycan features with systematic probing of computational rules for significant binding motifs using mono- and disaccharides and linkages. Combining machine learning with manual annotation, we create a detailed interpretation of glycan-binding specificity for 57 unique lectins, categorized by their major binding motifs: mannose, complex-type N-glycan, O-glycan, fucose, sialic acid and sulfate, GlcNAc and chitin, Gal and LacNAc, and GalNAc. Our work provides fresh insights into the complex binding features of commercially available lectins in current use, providing a critical guide to these important reagents.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "The Meaning of Mount McKay: Anemki-waucheau and Settler Colonial Reterritorialization in Thunder Bay, Ontario. This article interrogates the settler colonial history of Thunder Bay through place names and argues that gendered forms of anti-Indigenous violence are part of the city's social architecture. Between 1860 and 1910, settlers produced vast amounts of wealth and built a local industrial economy founded upon land-based resources such as silver, timber, and shale; at the same time, settlers forcefully relocated Anishnaabe peoples to multiple reserve sites, prevented them from participating in the emergent industrial economy, and used their sacred mountain as a quarry for brick-making and as a stop-butt for a settler rifle range. The article deploys the concept of settler colonial reterritorialization to critique the ways in which this history has been sanctioned and celebrated through local place names such as Mount McKay, Fort William, Port Arthur, and Simpson Street. Ultimately I show that the material violence of enfolding the land and its resources into an exploitative and exclusive settler colonial economy emerged in tandem with the power to name the land in honour of white men who played primary roles in that very violent historical process.", "label": [3, 31]}
+{"token": "The synergistic effect of probiotic and phytobiotic for improving growth performance and biological indices in broiler chickens. The use of phytobiotics and probiotics show positive effect on the performance in poultry production and can produce healthy protein sources for humans. In this study, the effects of both commercial probiotic and phytobiotic were evaluated on a chicken experimental model. A total of 300 chicks were divided into 4 groups that fed the basal diet, diet containing probiotic (Protexin (R)), phytobiotic (garlic extract and Tichoke (R)), and probiotic plus phytobiotic all over the growing period. The growth indices were measured weekly, analyzed at the 21 and 42 days of age. At 42 days of age, blood samples were collected from all chickens. The concentration of liver enzymes, lipid profiles and antioxidant status were measured in blood samples. Results showed that the weight gain was significantly higher and FCR significantly lower in chickens which received probiotic alone or probiotic plus phytobiotic complex in comparison with chickens which received phytobiotic alone or control chickens (p<0.05). Furthermore, the addition of phytobiotic plus probiotic showed a significantly increase of blood GPx and TAS level in comparison to chickens that received probiotic or phytobiotic, alone. The level of TG, CHL and LDL were lower and the HDL value was higher in chickens which received phytobiotic or probiotic plus phytobiotic in comparison to chickens fed with probiotic or control chickens (p<0.05). The level of AST, ALT and ALP showed a significant decrease in chickens fed with probiotic plus phytobiotic. In conclusion, the continuous administration of the studied probiotic and phytobiotic in broiler diets can induce a synergistic effect on growth improvement, increasing of antioxidant capacity, reducing of serum lipids, and improvement of liver function in broiler chickens.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Community response to noise: Research in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe and Newly Independent States. The systems of public complaints on environmental noise were reviewed in seven countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), South-East Europe (SEE), and Newly Independent States (NIS). Public complaints remain an important issue due to differences in public sensitivity to noise and due to several cases where a measurement of noise intensity does not give a satisfying solution to the problem. The unresolved problem remaining in the residential neighborhoods is the noise from pubs and restaurants that are open until late in the night. In our review, we compiled information on the institutions responsible for the implementation of environmental noise legislation and organizations that are responsible for dealing with public complaints. Information on activities for increasing public awareness on hazards rising from environmental noise and the role of civil initiative was explored. In seven countries, and among them, Slovenia, Lithuania, Latvia, Slovakia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, and Poland, the responsibilities and duties are shared among different institutions at national and regional levels, depending on the noise source. The problem of gathering information on complaints and using it for improving the wellbeing and health of citizens remains often difficult and unsolved.", "label": [2, 3, 28, 24]}
+{"token": "Gender-Related Differences in Outcomes on Acupuncture and Moxibustion Treatment Among Depression Patients. Objectives: This study sought to (1) assess the effectiveness of acupuncture and moxibustion with a method of soothing the liver and regulating the mind on the quality of life among patients with depression and (2) study the sex differences of acupuncture and moxibustion in the treatment of depression on the basis of patient-reported outcomes. Methods: In a single-blind, randomized, controlled trial conducted in Guangdong Province, China, in January and December 2010, 163 patients who met the criteria for depression were enrolled. Eligible patients were allocated to three treatment groups (soothing liver and regulating mind group, acupoint shallow puncturing group, and non-acupoint shallow puncturing group). In all three groups, the treatment was given twice a week for 12 weeks. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) and Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL90) were used to quantitatively assess patients before and 1 and 3 months after treatment. Results: Non-statistically significant differences in the acupuncture and moxibustion therapeutic effects of soothing liver and regulating mind treatment were found between men and women (p>0.05). An item-by-item analysis of the SCL90 and HAMD scores showed sex differences between the efficacy of the soothing liver and regulating mind group and the group receiving acupoint shallow puncturing. Women obtained lower scores in somatization, interpersonal relationship, anxiety, terror, and extremeness items and HAMD scores in the soothing liver and regulating mind group than in the acupoint shallow puncturing group (p<0.05), while men showed no significant differences between the soothing liver and regulating mind group and the acupoint shallow puncturing group (p>0.05). Conclusions: The therapeutic effect of soothing liver and regulating mind is similar for both sexes, but women were more sensitive to the efficacy of the soothing liver and regulating mind treatment compared with other methods. These findings could indicate an important issue to consider for the different acupuncture and moxibustion treatments for depression in men and women.", "label": [2, 22]}
+{"token": "Techniques for Irradiating Primate Brains with a Kr-78 Beam from the JINR-LHEP Nuclotron. Experimental techniques for irradiating primate and rat brains by a narrow Kr-78 beam with an energy of 2.58 GeV/n extracted from the JINR Nuclotron is described. The brain is irradiated near the F3 focal point located in the experimental hall of Building 1 of the JINR Laboratory of High-Energy Physics (LHEP). The beam profile is measured with multiwire ionization chambers and radiochromic films, and its quality is monitored using time-of-flight scintillation counters. The radiation dose absorbed by the irradiated object is measured using a dosimetric ionization chamber with tilted electrodes. This air-filled chamber has been designed so as to suppress the effect of ion column recombination in the tracks of high-Z nuclei. The extracted beam of Kr-78 ions is calibrated and monitored using nuclear photoemulsions and by comparing the readings from the standard ionization chamber at the beam extraction point with the ion counting rate in scintillation counters. The experiment benefits from Nuclotron's stable operation and from the high intensity of the Kr-78 beam reached in the 55th run (similar to 2 x 10(6) ions per beam impulse at the F3 focal point). In this unique radiobiological experiment, the effects of the heavy ions of galactic cosmic rays on cerebral cognitive functions of astronauts are emulated and investigated.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Lucky last? Intra-sibling allocation of child labor. This paper has two objectives. First, we construct a theoretical model which explains the empirical evidence that in developing countries, first-born children are more likely to be child laborers than later-born. Second, we explore the long-run consequences of child labor regulations within our framework. In our model, credit-constrained parents use the labor income from their first-born child to fund the schooling of later-born children. In the presence of such intra-sibling effects, child labor laws which decrease work opportunities for children may backfire, increasing child labor and reducing human capital in the long run.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "SOURCES OF VARIATION IN LOSS RATES OF COLOR BANDS APPLIED TO ADULT ROSEATE-TERNS (STERNA-DOUGALLII) IN THE WESTERN NORTH-ATLANTIC. A model-based analysis was done to test several hypotheses concerning the rates of loss of butt-ended color bands placed on adult Roseate Terns (Sterna dougallii) in the western North Atlantic. These birds were captured and color banded from 1987-1991 at four colony sites, and recaptured from 1989-1992 as part of a study of the population dynamics of this species. Two types of color bands, Darvic and celluloid, were used, but only one band type was used for each individual bird. Each bird was given three color bands. The estimated probability that a bird with all color bands present during one breeding season still had all color bands during the next breeding season was 0.87. The analysis provided no evidence that colony site, cohort, calendar year of banding, age of color band, or whether or not the bands were heat-sealed closed, were important sources of variation in band-retention probabilities.", "label": [4, 46]}
+{"token": "But I Will Tell of Their Deeds': Retelling a Hasidic Tale about the Power of Storytelling. A famous Hasidic tale that depicts the decline of mysticism in Hasidic circles also bespeaks the power of storytelling. This study tracks the metamorphosis of this classic tale over a century of its retelling by writers-including Martin Buber, S. Y. Agnon, Gershom Scholem, Walter Kaufmann, Elie Wiesel, and Abba Kovner-who each fashioned the tale in their own image. These authors affirmed but also challenged the tale's message about the efficacy of storytelling. The use of the tale in Passover celebrations and other contemporary trends are also considered. The question is raised as to whether transmitters have a duty of care not to corrupt the story.", "label": [3, 32]}
+{"token": "Reterritorialization and Whispers from the Walls. According to Kellie Jones, reterritorialization involves 'recapturing one's (combined and various) history, much of which has been dismissed as an insignificant footnote to the dominant culture'. In this essay, I bring artist and photography scholar Deborah Willis's use of Jones's concept of reterritorialization to bear on Whispers from the Walls, an installation that Whitfield Lovell created at the University of North Texas Art Gallery in 1999. Chiefly, I explore what kinds and whose histories Whispers from the Walls engaged. In particular, I emphasize contributions that the photographs Lovell studied to create the installation and the objects he included therein made to recovering histories.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30]}
+{"token": "The Number of Parties and Party System Nationalization in an Integrated Analytical Framework. This study develops a methodological tool for integration of research on party system fragmentation and party system nationalization. The method is built by decomposing a standard indicator of fragmentation, the effective number of parties, into individual-party components (effective size scores), and weighting them by nationalization scores, which allows for disaggregating the number of parties into two distinct components, the effective numbers of national and regional parties. As a result, it becomes possible to assess the influences of substantively important factors upon the components of the number of parties and the overall level of fragmentation in a methodologically consistent, quantifiable way. In addition, the proposed framework of analysis differentiates between direct and indirect effects upon party system fragmentation. A preliminary empirical test on a sample from 90 countries demonstrates that the proposed framework for analysis allows for achieving a rich and nuanced understanding of the factors of party system fragmentation.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Parenteral vaccination against influenza does not induce a local antigen-specific immune response in the nasal mucosa. The immune response in the nasal mucosa to influenza vaccination in 23 patients scheduled for tonsillectomy was studied. A statistically significant increase in influenza virus-specific serum and oral fluid antibodies was observed 7 days after vaccination. The numbers of influenza virus-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) in peripheral blood also increased significantly I week after vaccination. The numbers of ASCs in tonsils and nasal mucosa were compared with data from a recent study of nonvaccinated volunteers. The numbers of influenza virus-specific ASCs in tonsils were significantly higher in the vaccinated group, but, surprisingly, there was no significant difference between the groups in the numbers of ASCs in nasal mucosa. This suggests that the influenza virus-specific antibodies detected in oral fluid are not produced locally in the nasal mucosa and may originate from a systemic source, indicating that the vaccination may favor a systemic immune response.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
+{"token": "Refining abacavir hypersensitivity diagnoses using a structured clinical assessment and genetic testing in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Results: From 131 reassessed individuals, 27 (21%) were classified as likely, 43 (33%) as unlikely and 61 (47%) as uncertain ABC-HSR. Of the 131 individuals with suspected ABC-HSR, 31% were HLA-B*5701-positive compared with 1% of 140 ABC-tolerant controls (P<0.001). HLA-B*5701 carriage rate was higher in individuals with likely ABC-HSR compared with those with uncertain or unlikely ABC-HSR (78%, 30% and 5%, respectively, P<0.001). Only six (7%) HLA-B*5701-negative individuals were classified as likely HSR after reassessment.Conclusions: HLA-B*5701 carriage is highly predictive of clinically diagnosed ABC-HSR. The high proportion of HLA-B*5701-negative individuals with minor symptoms among individuals with suspected HSR indicates overdiagnosis of ABC-HSR in the era preceding genetic screening. A structured clinical assessment and genetic testing could reduce the rate of inappropriate ABC discontinuation and identify individuals at high risk for ABC-HSR.Background: We aimed to assess the value of a structured clinical assessment and genetic testing for refining the diagnosis of abacavir hypersensitivity reactions (ABC-HSRs) in a routine clinical setting.Methods: We performed a diagnostic reassessment using a structured patient chart review in individuals who had stopped ABC because of suspected HSR. Two HIV physicians blinded to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing results independently classified these individuals on a scale between 3 (ABC-HSR highly likely) and -3 (ABC-HSR highly unlikely). Scoring was based on symptoms, onset of symptoms and comedication use. Patients were classified as clinically likely (mean score >= 2), uncertain (mean score >=-1 and <= 1) and unlikely (mean score <=-2). HLA typing was performed using sequence-based methods.", "label": [2, 22, 25, 21]}
+{"token": "Adverse effects of psychedelics: From anecdotes and misinformation to systematic science. Background: Despite an increasing body of research highlighting their efficacy to treat a broad range of medical conditions, psychedelic drugs remain a controversial issue among the public and politicians, tainted by previous stigmatisation and perceptions of risk and danger. Objective: This narrative review examines the evidence for potential harms of the classic psychedelics by separating anecdotes and misinformation from systematic research. Methods: Taking a high-level perspective, we address both psychological and psychiatric risks, such as abuse liability and potential for dependence, as well as medical harms, including toxicity and overdose. We explore the evidence base for these adverse effects to elucidate which of these harms are based largely on anecdotes versus those that stand up to current scientific scrutiny. Results: Our review shows that medical risks are often minimal, and that many - albeit not all - of the persistent negative perceptions of psychological risks are unsupported by the currently available scientific evidence, with the majority of reported adverse effects not being observed in a regulated and/or medical context. Conclusions: This highlights the importance for clinicians and therapists to keep to the highest safety and ethical standards. It is imperative not to be overzealous and to ensure balanced media reporting to avoid future controversies, so that much needed research can continue.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 23]}
+{"token": "Adaptive responses of freshwater pearl mussels, Margaritifera margaritifera, to managed drawdowns. Alterations to water management practices, in response to a growing demand to maximize energy production from renewable sources, threaten to exacerbate anticipated future water shortages caused by severe drought episodes, brought on by climate change. Across Scotland, many highly managed systems are inhabited by some of the last remaining reproductively viable populations of the freshwater pearl mussel, Margaritifera margaritifera. A lack of empirical evidence concerning mussel responses to alterations in flow is inhibiting the development of effective conservation management practices to prolonged drought. This study addressed this knowledge gap by examining the response of M. margaritifera to controlled water level drawdowns in laboratory and field settings. Using a laboratory flume, the responses of M. margaritifera from two different populations (a regulated system versus an unregulated system) were compared across rates of drawdown and density treatments. An analogous field trial was undertaken to examine the responses of M. margaritifera in a regulated system, with a hydroelectric dam facilitating a controlled drawdown. The study showed that M. margaritifera can detect alterations in flow depth, which culminate in the emersion of mussel beds, and respond by undertaking vertical and horizontal movements to mitigate the risk of prolonged aerial exposure. Results from the field trial corroborated findings from the flume experiments, with 80% of mussels shown to avoid emersion successfully by tracking receding water levels. Findings from this study support the role of controlled drawdowns in regulated rivers to reduce mortalities associated with receding water levels during prolonged low-flow episodes. Differences between populations in response highlight a need to adopt a context-dependent approach to conservation efforts.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Ecological conservation through COREMAP program governance perspectives in empowering coastal communities in Bahari village. Purpose The purpose of the study is to reviewing community empowerment in ecological conservation through the Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program (COREMAP). This research is under a governance perspective, namely transparency, accountability and community participation in Bahari Village, South Buton District, Indonesia. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected in three ways: they are interviews, observation and documentation. Data were analyzed using qualitative descriptive methods. Findings The empowerment of coastal village communities through the COREMAP program is not fully managed properly referring to the principles of transparency, accountability and participatory. In addition, the role of stakeholders is not maximal, where the government and the companion are not able to provide solutions to the problem of community empowerment while the apathetic community in the implementation of empowerment program. So that empowerment does not fully have a positive impact on coastal communities. While the sustainability of the empowerment program is threatened with failure, which has an impact on COREMAP's environmental damage and coastal communities. Originality/value The originality of this research is that the study was conducted on coastal communities in ecological conservation through the COREMAP program in Bahari Village, South Buton Regency.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Coma measurement using a PSM and transmission image sensor. As feature size decreases, especially with the use of resolution enhancement technique, requirements for the coma aberrations in the projection lenses of the lithographic tools have become extremely severe. So, fast and accurate in situ measurement of coma is necessary. In the present paper, we present a new method for characterizing the coma aberrations in the projection lens using a phase-shifting mask and a transmission image sensor. By measuring the image positions at multiple NA and partial coherence settings, we are able to extract the coma aberration. The simulation results show that the accuracy of coma measurement increases approximately 20% compared to the previous straightforward measurement technique. (c) 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Race differences in acceptance of cremation: Religion, Durkheim, and death in the African American community. Research has demonstrated race differences in the acceptance and occurrence of cremation (International Cemetery and Funeral Association [ICFA], 2005). However, there has not been an attempt to explain these differences sociologically. Two phases of research were conducted to investigate race differences in the acceptance of cremation. In phase one, using a representative sample of university students at a university in the southern United States (N=510), racial differences in the acceptance of cremation were examined. Quantitative results suggest that African Americans are less accepting of cremation than whites, yet the specific mechanisms that produce this difference remain unclear. In the second phase of this study, qualitative interviews (N=17) were used to further investigate the robust race difference. African Americans report both social as well as religious reasons for greater adherence to traditional burial customs. Higher levels of cohesion and religiosity, combined with a history of oppression among African Americans, are considered within a Durkheimian framework as mechanisms that contribute to the difference in attitudes.", "label": [3, 5, 33, 57]}
+{"token": "Brain damage after neonatal tetanus in a rural Kenyan hospital. OUTCOME MEASURES NNT survivors underwent a neurological and developmental examination and a questionnaire was administered to the parents about the behaviour of the child. A verbal autopsy was used to determine the cause of death in children who had died after discharge.PARTICIPANTS A total of 123 patients were admitted with NNT between 1992 and 1996, of whom 68% died. Twenty-three (59%) of the 39 survivors were traced in the community, 10 had moved away, six had died.DESIGN In a retrospective study of children discharged from Kilifi District Hospital (KDH), Kenya with NNT, each child was linked with a comparative child (CC) in the community matched for age, sex and locality.OBJECTIVE Neonatal tetanus (NNT) is an important cause of mortality in resource poor countries, particularly sub-Saharan Africa. There are no reports of the long-term outcome of children who survive NNT in African hospitals.CONCLUSIONS Children who survive NNT have evidence of brain damage that manifests as microcephaly, mild neurological abnormalities, developmental impairment - particularly fine motor difficulties - and behaviour problems.RESULTS The head circumference of NNT survivors was significantly smaller than that of CC (P=0.037); eight children had microcephaly compared with one CC (P=0.011). NNT survivors had more problems with hand-eye co-ordination tasks (P=0.035), a lower summated developmental score (P=0.023) and more mild neurological abnormalities (P=0.008) than CC. Parents of NNT survivors reported more behavioural problems (P=0.02) than parents of CC.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "ROAD PROFILE IDENTIFICATION USING ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES: COMPARISON BETWEEN INDEPENDENT COMPONENT ANALYSIS AND KALMAN FILTER. This paper focuses on the identification of a road profile disturbance acting on vehicles. Vehicles are subjected to many kinds of excitation sources such as road profile irregularities, which constitute a major area of interest when designing suspension systems. Indeed, determining the road profile is important for passive suspension design on the one hand and for determining an appropriate control law for active suspensions on the other. Direct measurement techniques of the road profile are expensive, so solutions based on estimation theory are needed. The aim of this paper is to characterize the road excitation using the Independent Component Analysis (ICA). This proposed method can reconstruct original excitation sources by using physically measurable signals of the system under study. Here, the estimation of road disturbances is considered as output sources and identified from dynamic responses of the vehicle. These responses can be measured via sensors or can be numerically computed. In our case, they are numerically simulated using the Newmark method and consider different types of road profiles. The obtained results are validated after using a comparison with the Kalman filtering. The robustness of the ICA is confirmed via parametric study.", "label": [1, 12]}
+{"token": "Dynamic simulation of vegetation abundance in a reservoir riparian zone using a sub-pixel Markov model. Vegetation abundance is a significant indicator for measuring the coverage of plant community. It is also a fundamental data for the evaluation of a reservoir riparian zone eco-environment. In this study, a sub-pixel Markov model was introduced and applied to simulate dynamics of vegetation abundance in the Guanting Reservoir Riparian zone based on seven Landsat Thematic Mapper/Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus/Operational Land Imager data acquired between 2001 and 2013. Our study extended Markov model's application from a traditional regional scale to a sub-pixel scale. Firstly, Linear Spectral Mixture Analysis (LSMA) was used to obtain fractional images with a five-endmember model consisting of terrestrial plants, aquatic plants, high albedo, low albedo, and bare soil. Then, a sub-pixel transitive probability matrix was calculated. Based on the matrix, we simulated statuses of vegetation abundance in 2010 and 2013, which were compared with the results created by LSMA. Validations showed that there were only slight differences between the LSMA derived results and the simulated terrestrial plants fractional images for both 2010 and 2013, while obvious differences existed for aquatic plants fractional images, which might be attributed to a dramatically diversity of water level and water discharge between 2001 and 2013. Moreover, the sub-pixel Markov model could lead to an RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) of 0.105 and an R-2 of 0.808 for terrestrial plants, and an RMSE of 0.044 and an R-2 of 0.784 for aquatic plants in 2010. For the simulated results with the 2013 image, an RMSE of 0.126 and an R-2 of 0.768 could be achieved for terrestrial plants, and an RMSE of 0.086 and an R-2 of 0.779 could be yielded for aquatic plants. These results suggested that the sub-pixel Markov model could yield a reasonable result in a short period. Additionally, an analysis of dynamics of vegetation abundance from 2001 to 2020 indicated that there existed an increasing trend for the average fractional value of terrestrial plants and a decreasing trend for aquatic plants. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "JpgScraper: An Advanced Carver for JPEG Files. Orphaned file fragment carving is concerned with recovering contents of encoded data in the absence of any coding metadata. Constructing an orphaned file carver requires addressing three challenges: a specialized decoder to interpret partial file data; the ability to discriminate a specific type of encoded data from all other types of data; and comprehensive prior knowledge on possible encoding settings. In this work, we build on the ability to render a partial image contained within a segment of JPEG coded data to introduce a new carving tool that addresses all these challenges. Towards this goal, we first propose a new method that discriminates JPEG file data from among 993 file data types with 97.7% accuracy. We also introduce a method for robustly delimiting entropy coded data segments of JPEG files. This in turn allows us to identify partial JPEG file headers with zero false rejection and 0.1% of false alarm rate. Secondly, we examine a very diverse image set comprising more than 7 million images. This ensures comprehensive coverage of coding parameters used by 3,269 camera models and a wide variety of image editing tools. Further, we assess the potential impact of the developed tool on practice in terms of the amount of new evidence that it can recover. Recovery results on a set of used SD cards purchased online show that our carver is able to recover 24% more image data as compared to existing file carving tools. Evaluations performed on a standard dataset also show that JpgScraper improves the state-of-the-art significantly in carving JPEG file data.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
+{"token": "Paul's Defense: Masculinity and Authority in 2 Corinthians 10-13. In 2 Cor. 10-13, Paul tries to prove his authority as a reliable leader by using two different masculinity standards. Paul manifests his power and control over the Corinthian church members by using an image of paterfamilias (11.2-3; 12.14). Paternal control of others was an essential element of hegemonic masculinity in the Greco-Roman world. Moreover, Paul proves his manliness by revealing his endurance and submission to divine authority (11.21b-12.10) according to the Hellenistic Jewish masculinity. I argue that Paul is embedded in these different cultural assumptions regarding masculinity and that he refers to these assumptions to persuade Gentile and Jewish groups in the Corinthian church.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Multiple mortality modeling in Poisson Lee-Carter framework. The academic literature in longevity field has recently focused on models for detecting multiple population trends (D'Amato et al., 2012b; Njenga and Sherris, 2011; Russolillo et al., 2011, etc.). In particular, increasing interest has been shown about related population dynamics or parent populations characterized by similar socioeconomic conditions and eventually also by geographical proximity. These studies suggest dependence across multiple populations and common long-run relationships between countries (for instance, see Lazar et al., 2009). In order to investigate cross-country longevity common trends, we adopt a multiple population approach. The algorithm we propose retains the parametric structure of the Lee-Carter model, extending the basic framework to include some cross-dependence in the error term. As far as time dependence is concerned, we allow for all idiosyncratic components (both in the common stochastic trend and in the error term) to follow a linear process, thus considering a highly flexible specification for the serial dependence structure of our data. We also relax the assumption of normality, which is typical of early studies on mortality (Lee and Carter, 1992) and on factor models (see e.g., the textbook by Anderson, 1984). The empirical results show that the multiple Lee-Carter approach works well in the presence of dependence.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "SHS PROCESSING OF CYCLONE FERROSILICIUM DUST. The findings show that the high-grade dusts resultant from ferrosilicium crushing and screening operations and identified as FeSi65 and FeSi75 consist of iron and silicon disilicides, whereas the dust coming from a 45 % alloy consists of FeSi2 and FeSi. Interaction of the initial alloys with nitrogen in a high-pressure combustion mode results in the generation of high-nitrogen material with the beta-phase of silicon nitride at the basis. Such material can be used as unmolded refractory material for application in blast furnaces. Or it can be used to produce nitrogen containing steels, such as transformer steel. Thus, the dust grade PUD-75 would be optimum for application in refractories, and the dust grade PUD-65 - as an alloying component.This paper offers a review of waste disposal techniques for disposing of dust generated by ferrosilicium industry. The paper examines the possibility of nitriding cyclone ferrosilicium dust through application of a high-pressure infiltration combustion process. The authors describe the key regularities of the ferrosilicium nitride SH-synthesis and demonstrate the potential applicability of the new technique.The paper demonstrates that the composition of the cyclone ferrosilicium dust combustion products can be changed by changing the nitrogen pressure and the dispersity of the burden. Silicon nitride constitutes the main component in the composition of the combustion products (60-85%). It will be iron that will serve as a binder in this composite at the highest nitrogen saturation degree, whereas in the case of a lower nitrogen saturation degree it will iron silicides. It was found that nitrogen is absorbed in two stages during layer-by-layer combustion of ferrosilicium alloys. Passing of the combustion front is followed by the process of bulk post-reaction, during which the share of absorbed nitrogen can increase by 30%. This phenomenon explains why there exists no dependence between the concentration of nitrogen in the combustion products and the applied pressure.", "label": [1, 13]}
+{"token": "Effects of intermittent hypoxia on heart rate variability during rest and exercise. Changes in heart rate variability induced by an intermittent exposure to hypoxia were evaluated in athletes unacclimatized to altitude. Twenty national elite athletes trained for 13 days at 1200 m and either lived and slept at 1200 m (live low, train low, LLTL) or between 2500 and 3000 m (live high, train low, LHTL). Subjects were investigated at 1200 m prior to and at the end of the 13-day training camp. Exposure to acute hypoxia (11.5% 02) during exercise resulted in a significant decrease in spectral components of heart rate variability in comparison with exercise in normoxia: total power (p < 0.001), low-frequency component. LF (p < 0.001), high-frequency component, HF (p < 0.05). Following acclimatization, the LHTL group increased its LF component (p < 0.01) and LF/HF ratio during exercise in hypoxia after the training period. In parallel, exposure to intermittent hypoxia caused an increased ventilatory response to hypoxia. Acclimatization modified the correlation between the ventilatory response to hypoxia at rest and the difference in total power between normoxia and hypoxia (r(2) = 0.65, p < 0.001). The increase in total power, LF component, and LF/HF ratio suggests that intermittent hypoxic training increased the response of the autonomic nervous system mainly through increased sympathetic activity.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 42, 52, 24]}
+{"token": "Self-Patterned Stretchable Electrode Based on Silver Nanowire Bundle Mesh Developed by Liquid Bridge Evaporation. A new strategy is required to realize a low-cost stretchable electrode while realizing high stretchability, conductivity, and manufacturability. In this study, we fabricated a self-patterned stretchable electrode using a simple and scalable process. The stretchable electrode is composed of a bridged square-shaped (BSS) AgNW bundle mesh developed by liquid bridge evaporation and a stretchable polymer matrix patterned with a microcavity array. Owing to the BSS structure and microcavity array, which effectively concentrate the applied strain on the deformable square region of the BSS structure under tensile stretching, the stretchable electrode exhibits high stretchability with a low & UDelta;R/R-0 of 10.3 at a strain of 40%. Furthermore, by exploiting the self-patterning ability-attributable to the difference in the ability to form liquid bridges according to the distance between microstructures-we successfully demonstrated a stretchable AgNW bundle mesh with complex patterns without using additional patterning processes. In particular, stretchable electrodes were fabricated by spray coating and bar coating, which are widely used in industry for low-cost mass production. We believe that this study significantly contributes to the commercialization of stretchable electronics while achieving high performance and complex patterns, such as stretchable displays and electronic skin.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 35, 11]}
+{"token": "Fiscal Transparency and Government Credit Quality: Evidence from the US States. This article examines the effect of the U.S. state governments' fiscal transparency on their credit quality. Although government credit quality essentially measures the debt default risk, it can potentially be viewed as a proxy for government fiscal performance. We primarily argue that government fiscal transparency reduces information asymmetry in the municipal bond market and thus increases government credit quality. Data on credit quality (ratings) are collected from Standard & Poor's, and fiscal transparency is measured by a well-established index that captures multiple institutional and managerial features of state budgeting processes. To address the potential endogeneity problem of fiscal transparency, we use control functions and measures of political competition as instrumental variables. The empirical results show that fiscal transparency positively affects state credit quality. The findings enhance a deeper understanding of the consequences of fiscal transparency and the determinants of government credit quality.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Isolation and functional characterization of an Ethylene Response Factor (RhERF092) from rose (Rosa hybrida). Improper post-harvest handling results in significant losses to cut rose flowers. The phytohormone ethylene plays a key role in the growth of rose and flower opening. In this study we isolated and characterized an Ethylene Response Factor (RhERF092) from rose (Rosa hybrida) cv. \\\\'Samantha\\\\' and investigated its role in flower opening and development. RhERF092 was originally detected in a microarray experiment with a significant increase in its expression in rose petals after 1 h of ethylene treatment. Sequence analysis showed the presence of a canonical AP2/EREBP domain and a C-terminus trans-activation domain. Phylogenetic analysis showed that RhERF092 is an orthologue of the Arabidopsis ERF1 (AT3G23240) belonging to subgroup IX of the ERF gene family. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed RhERF092: GFP expression in the nucleus. Basal expression of RhERF092 is highest expression at stage 0 of flower opening which gradually decreases and remains constant till senescence. Ectopic expression of RhERF092 in Arabidopsis caused various ethylene-related aberrations in plant development including stunted growth, abortion of apical dominance, production of lateral tillers from rosette nodes, branches from the aerial nodes, and sterile inflorescence. Arabidopsis 35SRhERF092 plants were found to be sensitive to the ethylene precursor ACC with significantly reduced hypocotyl and root system with significant reduction in the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, cell expansion and cell cycle such as ARGOS, ARGOS-LIKE, SIM, JAGGED, AN3, CYCD3-1, and CYCD3-2as compared to WT plants. Taken together these results indicate that RhERF092 regulates ethylene-specific responses in rose and Arabidopsis.Key message The rose Ethylene Response Factor RhERF092 is a transcription factor that regulates essential ethylene-related development of rose flowers and mediates abiotic stress responses in Arabidopsis.", "label": [0, 2, 19, 9]}
+{"token": "Molecular evidence for the occurrence of beet western yellows virus on chickpea in Morocco. A luteovirus isolate infecting chickpea in Morocco was experimentally transmitted by Myzus persicae to Physalis floridana, on which it produced mild symptoms. When tested in western blots against antisera to known legume luteoviruses, this isolate reacted strongly to beet western yellows virus (BWYV) antiserum, moderately to bean leafroll virus antiserum, while no reaction was recorded with the antiserum against subterranean clover red leaf virus. In PCR, a fragment of ca. 950 bp was amplified, comprising the 3' end of the open reading frame (ORF) 3, the complete coat protein gene (ORF 4), and the non-translated region in between these ORFs. The nucleotide sequence of the amplified fragment showed high similarity with BWYV (approximately 96%), and lower (50-60%) with other luteoviruses reported to infect legumes. On the basis of these data, the Moroccan isolate was identified as BWYV. This is the first molecular evidence for the occurrence of BWYV on chickpea in Morocco, and on food legumes in general in North Africa.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "From the Ritter pile to the aluminum ion battery - Peter Paufler's academic genealogy. This article highlights Peter Paufler's academic genealogy on the occasion of his 80th birthday. We describe the academic background since 1776, which covers 11 generations of scientists: Ritter, Orsted, Han-steen, Keilhau, Kjerulf, Bragger, Goldschmidt, Schulze, Paufler, Meyer, and Leisegang. The biographies of these scientists are described in spotlight character and references to scientists such as Dehlinger, Ewald, Glocker, Rontgen, Vegard, Weiss, and Werner are given. A path is drawn that begins in the Romanticism with electrochemistry and the invention of what is probably the first accumulator. It leads through the industrialization and the modern geology, mineralogy, and crystallography to crystal chemistry, metal and crystal physics and eventually returns to electrochemistry and the aluminum-ion accumulator in the era of the energy transition. The academic genealogy exhibits one path of how crystallography develops and specializes over three centuries and how it contributes to the understanding of the genesis of the Earth and the Universe, the exploration of raw materials, and the development of modern materials and products during the industrialization and for the energy transition today. It is particularly characterized by the fields of physics and magnetism, X-ray analysis, and rare-earth compounds and has strong links to the scientific landscape of Germany (Freiberg) and Scandinavia, especially Norway (Oslo), as well as to Russia (Moscow, Samara, St. Petersburg). The article aims at contributing to the history of science, especially to the development of crystallography, which is the essential part of the structural science proposed by Peter Paufler.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "PROJECTION OF THE HUMAN CAPITAL OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC AND ITS REGIONS TO 2050. Classic population projections provide no information about the qualitative side of the population. A possible source of information about the skills and professional qualifications of a person is education level. This article contains a population projection for the Czech Republic as a whole and for its regions according to sex, age and education level to 2050 based on the latest demographic projection. The computations take into account differences in mortality according to education level. According to the projection, the proportion of tertiary educated people will grow very rapidly and the differences in education level between males and females will diminish.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Past or present? Differentiating California prehistoric native American remains from forensic cases: An empirical approach. The goal of this project is to provide additional data and statistical analyses for differentiating between prehistoric/historic Native American remains and modern forensic cases that may be potentially confusing. Forensic anthropologists often receive requests from local law enforcement to infer whether skeletal remains are of forensic or non-forensic significance. Skeletal remains of non-forensic significance are commonly of Native American ancestry, but the empirical methods common for determining Native American affinity from skeletal remains have not been established for California prehistoric/historic Native Americans. Therefore, forensic anthropologists working in California lack empirical methods for not only identifying prehistoric California Native American remains, but also differentiating them from modern/forensic populations whose skeletal attributes are similar. In particular, skeletal remains of Latin American US immigrants of indigenous origins are becoming more present in the forensic anthropological laboratory, and can exhibit the same suite of skeletal traits classically used to identify Native American affinity. In this article, we initiate an investigation into this issue by analyzing both craniometric and morphoscopic data using a range of statistical methods for differentiating prehistoric Northern California Native Americans from modern Guatemalan Maya. Our discriminant analyses results indicate that by using nine craniometric variables, group classification is 87% correct. In addition, seven morphoscopic variables can predict group classification correctly for 77% of the sample. The results suggest that it is possible to differentiate between our two samples. Such a method contributes to the efficient and empirical determination of temporal and geographic affinity, allowing for the repartriation of Native American remains to their tribes, as well as the accurate analysis of forensically significant remains. Copyright (c) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30]}
+{"token": "Steroid-induced Periorificial Dermatitis in Children-Clinical Features and Response to Azelaic Acid. Periorificial dermatitis, a common skin disease in young women, has been occasionally reported in children. This study elaborates the clinical features of periorificial dermatitis in children as well as possible pathogenetic factors and the response to 20% azelaic acid cream. A total of 10 children aged 3 to 12 (mean 7.7) years suffering from nongranulomatous periorificial dermatitis for 3 to 7 (mean 4.9) months were evaluated, and dermatologic examination was carried out. Pretreatment was documented. Skin prick tests with a panel of six common inhalative allergens and patch tests with the European Standard Series were performed. An association between atopy and periorificial dermatitis was evaluated, and patients were screened for skin colonization by fungi, bacteria, and Demodex mites. They were treated with 20% azelaic acid cream, which was topically applied twice daily on all affected areas, until complete resolution was achieved. Treatment period was followed by an individual observation period. Periorificial dermatitis had developed in typical distribution and morphology. In all patients, low-to high-potency topical corticosteroids had been used on the face prior to manifestation. Atopy was found in half of the patients. Allergological, bacteriological, and mycological examinations did not reveal pathologic results. Demodex mites could not be demonstrated by skin surface biopsy. Treatment with 20% azelaic acid cream led to complete resolution of skin lesions after 4 to 8 (mean 5.4) weeks in all patients. Transient exacerbation of skin condition with a peak between the 2nd and 6th day of treatment could be observed in three patients. Side effects of 20% azelaic acid cream were registered in six patients and were predominantly present in the first 2 weeks of treatment. Side effects were minimal and became rarer with ongoing treatment. No recurrences were seen within a follow-up period of 2 to 8 (mean 4.4) months. Treatment with 20% azelaic acid cream could provide an effective and safe alternative therapeutic option in children with nongranulomatous periorificial dermatitis.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
+{"token": "Life history and age-dependent mortality processes in tropical reptiles. Actuarial senescence appears to be a common process, and senescence patterns are highly variable across the tree of life. To date, studies on animal senescence have largely focused on model species, such as as fruit flies, humans and a few other endotherms. In contrast, our knowledge about ageing remains fragmentary in ectotherm vertebrates, such as reptiles. Here, we examined life history and age-dependent mortality patterns in three tropical tortoises (Kinixys erosa, Kinixys homeana and Kinixys nogueyi) and snakes (Bitis gabonica, Bitis nasicornis and Causus maculatus). Our study revealed that tortoises of the genus Kinixys had a higher survival and a lower recruitment than snakes of the genera Bitis and Causus, indicating a slower life history. Furthermore, we confirmed that survival decreased more slowly with age in tortoises than in snakes. In addition, we highlighted contrasting patterns of age-dependent mortality among the three genera. In Kinixys, the relationship between mortality rate and age was positive and linear, suggesting gradual senescence over tortoise lifetime. In contrast, the relationship between mortality rate and age was negative and sharp in Bitis and Causus, possibly owing to a `negative senescence'. Our study is one of the few to have examined and compared the demography and age-dependent mortality patterns of tropical reptiles. Among other things, our results suggest that although negative senescence has never been reported in endotherm vertebrates, it could be a common phenomenon in ectotherms.", "label": [4, 42]}
+{"token": "Development of the family nursing practice scale. This article describes the development and testing of the Family Nursing Practice Scale (FNPS). This self-report questionnaire is designed to measure perceived changes in family nursing practice including attitudes toward working with families, critical appraisal of their family nursing practice and reciprocity in the nurse-family relationship. Categories were derived from a needs assessment, competence as effective application of knowledge and skill and theoretical foundations for family assessment and intervention. Psychometric testing (content, construct validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability) was undertaken with 140 psychiatric nurses in Hong Kong. Practice appraisal and nurse-family relationships accounted for 56.4% of the variance. Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients were .88 and .73 for the two subscales, respectively, and .86 for the scale overall. Test-retest reliability ranged from .62 to .93 on the individual items. The results provide preliminary evidence of the reliability and validity of the FNPS. The instrument provides quantitative and qualitative evaluation components.", "label": [2, 5, 26, 52]}
+{"token": "Evolution of kleptoparasitism as a war of attrition. Previous models of kleptoparasitism (resource stealing) assume that contests over resource items are of fixed duration. Here we suggest that such contests will often be well represented as a war of attrition, with the winner being the individual who is prepared to contest for the longer time. Given that time spent in contests cannot be used to search for other resource items, we provide an analytical expression for the evolutionarily stable distribution of contest times. This can be used to investigate the circumstances under which we would expect kleptoparasitism to evolve. Ln particular, we focus on situations where searching for conspecifics to kleptoparasitize can only be achieved at a cost of reduced resource discovery by other means; under such circumstances we show that kleptoparasitism is not evolutionarily stable.", "label": [2, 4, 37, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "Reimagining leadership through lessons from the life of Aurelia Erskine Brazeal. Purpose The purpose of this study is to fill a gap in the literature by examining the import and impact of the generative leadership philosophy and praxis of Ambassador Aurelia Erskine Brazeal, an African American Female Foreign Service Officer. Design/methodology/approach This single subject case study, augmented by portraiture, employs an interdisciplinary methodological design also using polyvocal narrative, oral history and arts-based research. Findings The research revealed that a prosocial disposition, compassion, strategic vision, clarity of purpose, commitment to fair play, focus on balance, hearing everyone out and the practice of leadership as a potentiating art are the hallmarks of a generative leadership praxis. Research limitations/implications The research posits that to be effective in the 21st century, leaders would do well to incorporate generative leadership qualities and characteristics into their praxis. Practical implications This study found that listening, co-creating connections and safe spaces, promoting dialog, critical reflection and collective action are as important to diplomatic tradecraft as they are to generative leadership practice. Social implications The challenge of epistemic exclusion suggests that a well-conceived case study examining the life, leadership philosophy and praxis of Aurelia Erskine Brazeal - an individual of merit and distinction - can serve as an exemplar in efforts to reimagine public leadership in the 21st century. Originality/value The value of this research is found in its phenomenological approach which shares insights drawn from personal biography as well as key perspectives on public history.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "High Dose Transdermal Nicotine for Fast Metabolizers of Nicotine: A Proof of Concept Placebo-Controlled Trial. After 1 week of treatment, an intent-to-treat (ITT) analysis showed that participants treated with 42 mg nicotine had significantly higher expired-air carbon monoxide (CO)-confirmed 24-hr abstinence (75% vs. 58.1%; OR = 3.21; 95% CI: 1.12-9.24, p = .03) but not 7-day abstinence (50% vs. 34.9%; OR = 2.02; 95% CI: 0.82-4.94, p = .13). After 8 weeks of treatment, ITT analysis showed that participants treated with 42 mg nicotine had marginally higher rates of CO-confirmed 24-hr abstinence (45.5% vs. 30.2%; OR = 2.32; 95% CI: 0.92-5.92, p = .08) but not 7-day abstinence (29.6% vs. 23.3%; OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 0.57-4.07, p = .41). Percent nicotine and cotinine replacement were significantly greater for 42 mg nicotine versus 21 mg (p < .005). There were no significant differences between treatment arms in the frequency of severe side effects and serious adverse events or blood pressure during treatment (p > .10).This proof of concept randomized placebo-controlled trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of 8 weeks of 42 mg transdermal nicotine versus 21 mg, among 87 fast metabolizers of nicotine (3-HC/cotinine >= 0.18).Further examination of the efficacy of 42 mg nicotine patch therapy for fast metabolizers of nicotine is warranted.Smokers with a faster rate of nicotine metabolism, estimated using the ratio of 3'-hydroxycotinine (3-HC) to cotinine, have lower plasma nicotine levels and are more likely to relapse with 21 mg nicotine patch therapy, than smokers with slower rates of nicotine metabolism. Thus, faster metabolizers of nicotine may require a higher nicotine patch dose to achieve cessation.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "Characterization of fungal species associated with cladode brown spot on Nopalea cochenillifera in Brazil. Cladode brown spot (CBS) is an important disease of Nopalea cochenillifera in the semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil. It has been reported in several countries, but its etiology is controversial, attributed to a complex of pathogens. Fifty fungal isolates were obtained and identified based on morphology and phylogeny, through analysis of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-alpha), beta-tubulin (TUB-2), second largest subunit of RNA polymerase (RPB2), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and the mating type locus MAT1-2 (ApMAT) partial gene sequences. Seven fungal general and twenty species were identified - Alternaria sp., A. longipes and A. tenuissima; Colletotrichum fructicola and C. siamense; Fusarium lunatum, F. incarnatum, and F. verticillioides; Lasiodiplodia euphorbicola, L. iraniensis, L. pseutheobromae, L. theobromae and Lasiodiplodia sp.; Neofusicoccum batangarum; Neopestalotiopsis australis, N. protearum and Neopestalotiopsis sp.; and Nigrospora sphaerica, N. hainanensis and Nigrospora sp. Four of these species had already been reported on Cactaceae of the genus Opuntia, but only N. batangarum, C. fructicola and C. siamense have been reported to date on the genus Nopalea. All isolates were pathogenic to detached cladodes of N. cochenillifera 'Miuda'. Differences in aggressiveness were observed among the species, with L. iraniensis and F. lunatum characterized as the most aggressive species, whilst F. verticillioides as the least aggressive. This study provide important information on the fungi associated with cladode brown spot and improve the strategies for the management of disease on N. cochenillifera.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Optimization of an analytical method for detecting paraphenylenediamine (PPD) by GC/MS-iontrap in biological liquids. A method for qualitative and quantitative determination of paraphenylenediamine in biological fluids (blood, urine and gastric content) was developed. This analytical procedure involves deproteneisation or hydrolysis, liquid-liquid extraction, derivatization with TFA followed by GC-MS iontrap analysis. Benzidine was the internal standard used for quantification and the extraction recovery test was about 85%. The detection limit of paraphenylenediamine was determined at 0. 1 pg (S/N = 10). (C) 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "The Effect of Breathing Exercises on Preventing Postoperative Atelectasis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Results: The proportion of atelectasis development on the post-op 0th day was 71% in the experimental group and 92% in the control group. In terms of average peripheral oxygen saturation, the patients in the experimental group had higher oxygen saturation than the patients in the control group (p<0.05).Conclusion: Though not at significant levels, this study found that, performing breathing exercises before the operation decreased atelectasis development, duration of extubation, length of time in intensive care and hospital discharge; thus, pre-operative breathing exercises were found to have a positive effect on patients during the post-operative period.Method: This randomized controlled study was conducted with 48 patients hospitalized for open-heart surgery. Training was provided to the patients in the experimental group in the form of breathing exercises and spirometry and the instructed exercises were performed by the patients for 7 days before the operation. The patients in both groups were assessed in terms of atelectasis during post-operative days.Aim: This study aims to assess the effect of pre-operative breathing exercises provided to patients undergoing open-heart operation on atelectasis development during the post-operative period.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Dynamic Analysis of a Quarter Car Model with Semi-Active Seat Suspension Using a Novel Model for Magneto-Rheological (MR) Damper. Mathematical modeling of magneto-rheological damper has been an intriguing field of research ever since the invention of the device itself. An accurate magneto-rheological damper model results in development of an efficient current controller in a semi-active seat suspension system featuring magneto-rheological damper. Hence, a number of models have been put forward to accurately predict the magneto-rheological damper behavior. This paper presents another mathematical model for magneto-rheological dampers based on their equivalent damping. A commercially available magneto-rheological damper has been used for characterization in this study. The magneto-rheological damper behavior is characterized using two models, Bingham model and equivalent damping model. These models are then used to simulate the magneto-rheological damper in a quarter car model with four degree of freedom featuring semi-active seat suspension that is subjected to bump road input and random road input. The magneto-rheological damper model is supplied with current using two control logics, on-off Skyhook logic and Proportional Integral and Differential logic. The performance of the two models are compared based on driver mass response in each case of seat suspension model and computation time. The results show that equivalent damping model can represent the magneto-rheological damper behavior with sufficient accuracy while reducing computational time by 30% irrespective of type of road input or type of control logic implemented. The reduced computational time is an added advantage when magneto-rheological damper is used in real-time.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
+{"token": "Estimation of Errors in Two-Stream Approximations of the Solar Radiative Transfer Equation for Cloudy-Sky Conditions. Solar flux densities and heating rates predicted by a broadband, multilayer -Eddington two-stream approximation are compared to estimates from a Monte Carlo model that uses detailed descriptions of cloud particle phase functions and facilitates locally nonzero net horizontal flux densities. Results are presented as domain averages for 256-km sections of cloudy atmospheres inferred from A-Train satellite data: 32 632 samples for January 2007 between 70 degrees S and 70 degrees N with total cloud fraction C > 0.05. The domains are meant to represent grid cells of a conventional global climate model and consist of columns of infinite width across track and x approximate to 1 km along track. The -Eddington was applied in independent column approximation (ICA) mode, while the Monte Carlo was applied using both x (i.e., ICA) and x approximate to 1 km. Mean-bias errors due to the -Eddington's neglect of phase function details and horizontal transfer, as functions of cosine of solar zenith angle (0), are comparable in magnitude and have the same signs.With minor dependence on cloud particle sizes, the -Eddington over- and underestimates top-of-atmosphere reflected flux density for the cloudy portion of domains by similar to 10 W m(-2) for (0) > 0.9 and -3 W m(-2) for (0) < 0.2; full domain averages are similar to 8 and -2 W m(-2), respectively, given mean C > 0.75 for all (0). These errors are reversed in sign, but slightly larger, for net surface flux densities. The -Eddington underestimates total atmospheric absorption by similar to 2.5 W m(-2) on average. Hence, -Eddington mean-bias errors for domain-averaged layer heating rates are usually negative but can be positive. Rarely do they exceed +/- 10% of the mean heating rate; the largest errors are when the sides of liquid clouds are irradiated by direct beams.", "label": [4, 39]}
+{"token": "Down-regulation of cyclin B1 gene transcription in terminally differentiated skeletal muscle cells is associated with loss of functional CCAAT-binding NF-Y complex. The observation that cyclin B1 protein and mRNAs are down-regulated in terminally differentiated (TD) C2C12 cells, suggested us to investigate the transcriptional regulation of the cyclin B1 gene in these cells. Transfections of cyclin B1 promoter constructs indicate that two CCAAT boxes support ca clin BI promoter activity in proliferating cells. EMSAs demonstrate that both CCAAT boxes are recognized by the trimeric NF-Y complex in proliferating but not in TD cells. Transfecting a dominant-negative mutant of NF-YA me provide evidence that NF-Y is required for maximal promoter activity. Addition of recombinant NF-YA to TD C2C12 nuclear extracts restores binding activity in vitro, thus indicating that the loss of NF-YA in TD cells is responsible for the lack of the NF-Y binding to the CCAAT boxes, Consistent with this, we found that the IVF-YA protein is absent in TD C2C12 cells. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that NF-Y is required for cyclin B1 promoter activity. We also demonstrate that cyclin B1 expression is regulated at the transcriptional level in TD C2C12 cells and that the switch-off of cyclin B1 promoter activity in differentiated cells depends upon the loss of a functional NF-Y complex. In particular the loss of NF-YA protein is most likely responsible for its inactivation.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 20, 42]}
+{"token": "DEMOCRACY AND MUSEUM DIFFERENCE AND CONFLICT IN THE NARRATIVES OF THE MUSEO DE AMERICA IN MADRID. America has been a basic and permanent ingredient in the definition of spanish national identity during the Franco's Regimen: \\\\'Spain was considered mother of nations that brought language, religion and culture to that continent in the past and that was able to create a community that can recognize itself in that shared past and can aspire to a common future in the present\\\\'. This sort of naturalization of a historical event as a foundational element of the spanish national identity can be trace along the Franco's dictatorship in the political discourse and in the foreign relations as well. In fact America was not the point but a symbolic capital with which the Regimen could magnify his image and increase his impoverish bargaining power. America appeared as an excuse in order to glorify the spanish colonial past. But, What happened with the myth of America after the restoration of democracy? The new political system made any difference in the way the myth of America was organized? I will try to find out this in one public institution, the Museo de America in Madrid.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 54]}
+{"token": "EVALUATION OF HORIZONTAL PATTERNATORS ACCORDING TO INTERNATIONAL STANDARD REQUIREMENTS FOR BOOM SPRAYERS. Uniformity of spray volume distribution is one of the officially established measurements for the evaluation of horizontal boom sprayers according to ISO Standard 16119 and requirements established by ISO Standard 16122. Measurement of spray distribution patterns requires the use of specific devices such as horizontal patternators, which are included in the technical specifications for ISO Standards 5682-1 and 5682-2. Three such devices were tested, including two manual patternators (fixed and mobile) and one electronic patternator. According to information provided by the manufacturers, all three patternators align with ISO requirements. This study evaluated and compared the results obtained with the three patternators. Specifically, the horizontal distributions measured by the patternators were evaluated and compared using four nozzle types (XR 11003, AIXR 11003, TTJ60 11003, and AITTJ60 11003), three boom heights, and three operating pressures. Tests were conducted to quantify single-nozzle spray patterns, the coefficient of variation (CV) of the entire boom distribution, the liquid recovery capability of the three patternators, and the ability to simulate the entire boom spray distribution from a single-nozzle spray pattern. Results demonstrated correct functioning of all three patternators, resulting in identical conclusions considering the requirements established in the ISO standards. The CV values of the horizontal distributions were less than 10% for all cases. Moreover, the trends in values for all the evaluated factors (nozzle type, boom height, and operating pressure) were the same, independent of the patternator used.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Association of microbiota in the stomach ofSinanodonta woodianaand its cultured soil. The current study aimed to investigate the association of microbial characteristics in the stomach ofSinanodonta woodiana(S. woodiana) and its cultured soil.S. woodianastomach and its cultured soil were collected in winter 2019. The V3 + V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene were sequenced to detect microbial diversity. The differences in the dominant species betweenS. woodianaand soil were also discussed. The results showed that the diversity and richness indices inS. woodianawere significantly higher than those in cultured soil (P < 0.01). At the phylum level, the dominant bacterial community compositions in the two groups were similar and included Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Acidobacteria. However, the abundance of these phyla was significantly different between the two groups (P < 0.05 orP < 0.01), and Proteobacteria was the most abundant phylum. At the genus level, a total of 1001 genera were identified in the two groups, of which 890 genera were detected in the cultured soil and 549 were detected in theS. woodianastomach; 452 were unique to the cultured soil, and 111 were unique to theS. woodianastomach. This result indicated great differences in the bacterial genera between the two groups. Moreover, 17 out of the 20 dominant bacterial genera exhibited statistically significant differences between the two groups (P < 0.05 orP < 0.01).Cupriaviduswas the absolute dominant genus in the stomach ofS. woodiana, followed bySphingomonasandBurkholderia. The microorganisms in the stomach ofS. woodianaformed a certain inherent bacterial system and were affected by the environment, which is beneficial to nutrition and health. In conclusion, the bacterial compositions were mostly the same between the stomach ofS. woodianaand cultured soil, but the relative abundances of the bacterial communities were different. This study will greatly enhance the understanding of the microbial characteristics between the stomach ofS. woodianaand the cultured environment, and provide guidance for healthy aquaculture in freshwater.", "label": [2, 19]}
+{"token": "Hybrid non-parametric particle swarm optimization and its stability analysis. As a population-based random search optimization technique, particle swarm optimization (PSO) has become an important branch of swarm intelligence (SI). The tuning of parameters in PSO has attracted the attention of many researchers. This study proposes an alternative technology called hybrid non parametric PSO (HNPPSO) algorithm. Other SI operations, including a multi-crossover operation, a vertical crossover, and an exemplar-based learning strategy, are combined with the proposed algorithm to balance the global and local search capabilities. The first- and second-order stability analyses conducted for the present study showed that the particle positions are expected to converge at a fixed point in the search space and that the variance of the particle positions converges to zero. In the experiments, the proposed algorithm was compared with 10 other advanced PSO techniques using 40 widely used benchmark functions. The experimental results indicated that the proposed algorithm yields better solution accuracy and convergence speed than the other PSO techniques. The proposed algorithm significantly outperformed the other PSO approaches in terms of convergence speed. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 40]}
+{"token": "Intrinsic hydroquinone-functionalized aggregation-induced emission core shows redox and pH sensitivity. Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) is exploited for several optoelectronic applications, but synthesizing molecules that respond to multiple stimuli is challenging. Here, the authors report a hydroquinone bearing an AIE-active core that responds to both redox and pH changes.Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorophores exhibit strong fluorescence in an aggregated state but emit no or weak fluorescence in dilute solutions. This emerging class of AIE optical materials comprise a variety of functionalities. Here an AIE luminescence core, 1-hydroquinol-1,2,2-triphenylethene (HQTPE), has been designed and synthesized. This AIE core is simple but is fundamentally important to chemistry because of its intrinsic redox and pH activities. The incorporation of hydroquinone (HQ) moiety into a common AIE core tetraphenylethene (TPE) yields HQTPE with unique fluorescent properties like nonlinear self-quenching over most other AIE-active fluorophores (AIEgens) so far reported. There are differences of photochemical properties between HQTPE, 1-benzoquinol-1,2,2-triphenylethene (QTPE, the oxidized counterpart) and its anions. Interestingly, as the solution concentration is increased, AIEgen HQTPE shows stronger fluorescence but QTPE exhibits rapid quenching of fluorescence in a nonlinear fashion, which are in agreement with theoretical studies. The fluorescence of HQTPE is also highly dependent on the pH value of media. We have further explored HQTPE as an ultrasensitive redox probe and efficient deoxidizer, which could lead to potential applications in health care, food security, environmental monitoring, optic and electronic devices.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Drug use among street children and adolescents: what helps?. The aim of this study was to investigate factors associated to frequent and heavy drug use among street children and adolescents aged 10 to 18 years. A sample of 2,807 street children and adolescents from the 27 Brazilian state capital cities was analyzed. A World Health Organization questionnaire for non-students was adapted for use in Brazil. Data analysis was performed using logistic regression and decision tree models. Factors inversely associated with frequent and heavy drug use were: being age nine to 11 years (OR = 0.1); school attendance (OR = 0.3); daily time (one to five hours) spent on the streets (OR = 0.3 and 0.4); not sleeping on the streets (OR = 0.4); being on the streets for less than one year (OR = 0.4); maintenance of some family bonds (OR = 0.5); presence on the streets of a family member (OR = 0.6); not suffering domestic violence (OR = 0.6); being female (OR = 0.8). All of these variables were significant at the p < 0.05 level. The findings suggest that being younger, having family bonds and engagement in school are important protective factors that affect drug use among this population and should be considered in the formulation of public policies.", "label": [2, 24]}
+{"token": "PHOTOSED-PHOTOgrammetric Sediment Erosion Detection. This work presents a novel high-resolution photogrammetric measuring technique (PHOTOSED) to study in detail the erosion behavior of cohesive sediments, or cohesive/non-cohesive sediment mixtures. PHOTOSED uses a semiconductor laser to project a pseudo-random pattern of light points on a sediment surface and applies the Dense Optical Flow (DOF) algorithm to measure the erosion volume based on displacements of the projected light points during the sediment erosion process. Based on intensive calibration and verification experiments, the accuracy and applicability of the method has been validated for a wide range of erosion volumes, encompassing several orders of magnitude, which is required for investigations of natural sediment mixtures. The high spatial resolution of PHOTOSED is especially designed to detect the substantial variability of erosion rates during exemplary erosion experiments, which allows for further in-depth investigations of the erosion process of cohesive sediments and cohesive/non-cohesive sediment mixtures.", "label": [4, 38]}
+{"token": "Evaluating the association between climatic factors and sheep condemnations in the United States using cluster analysis and spatio-temporal modeling. Sheep in the United States are primarily raised and fed on pasture, making them particularly susceptible to the impacts of climatic factors. This study sought to evaluate the association between climate and whole carcass condemnations in the U.S. as a proxy to evaluate overall sheep health across the U.S. USDA FSIS inspection data was evaluated for whole carcass sheep condemnations between 2005-2016. The analysis focused on condemnations attributed to caseous lymphadenitis, the most frequent cause of sheep condemnations during this period. Data was analyzed on the climate division scale - 344 subdivisions of the contiguous United States that divide states into nearly homogenous climatic regions. Using space-time cluster analysis for high rates of condemnations, ten clusters were identified ranging across the United States. All but one of these clusters was confined to single climate division, with lengths ranging from 1 to 72 months. A zero-inflated Poisson regression found significant associations between condemnation counts and precipitation, cooling degree days (an indicator of higher temperatures), year, and division of the United States. The model had a marginal R-squared of 0.54. This study has identified high risk clusters where higher than expected condemnations are concentrated. The confirmation of an association between climatic factors and condemnation numbers suggests that management practices targeted at protecting pasture-raised small ruminants from weather extremes would improve overall animal health and welfare. Mitigation strategies should be considered as we face increasing frequency of extreme weather events and other environmental fluctuations associated with climate change.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "SOIL FUNCTIONING IN A TOPOSEQUENCE UNDER RAINFOREST IN SAO PAULO, BRAZIL. Studies of soil-water dynamics using toposequences are essential to improve the understanding of soil-water-vegetation relationships. This study assessed the hydro-physical and morphological characteristics of soils of Atlantic Rainforest in the Parque Estadual de Carlos Botelho, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The study area of 10.24 ha (320 x 320 m) was covered by dense tropical rainforest (Atlantic Rainforest). Based on soil maps and topographic maps of the area, a representative transect of the soil in this plot was chosen and five soil trenches were opened to determine morphological properties. To evaluate the soil hydro-physical functioning, soil particle size distribution, bulk density (rho), particle density (rho(s)), soil water retention curves (SWRC), field saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), macroporosity (macro), and microporosity (micro) and total porosity (TP) were determined. Undisturbed samples were collected for micromorphometric image analysis, to determine pore size, shape, and connectivity. The soils in the study area were predominantly Inceptisols, and secondly Entisols and Epiaquic Haplustult. In the soil hydro-physical characterization of the selected transect, a change was observed in Ks between the surface and subsurface layers, from high/intermediate to intermediate/low permeability. This variation in soil-water dynamics was also observed in the SWRC, with higher water retention in the subsurface horizons. The soil hydro-physical behavior was influenced by the morphogenetic characteristics of the soils.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Participatory art for navigating political capabilities and aspirations among rural youth in Zimbabwe. While exploring the everyday experiences of Tonga youth, this paper draws on a participatory graffiti-on-board project in Binga, a rural community in Zimbabwe. Focus is placed on what shapes and drives youth aspirations in precarious contexts marked by unemployment and poverty. Using graffiti to create participatory and artistic engagements, the research aims to stretch the limited boundaries of social and political space available to the youth for discussing issues that concern their development pathways and livelihoods. The article presents everyday narratives that impact on Tonga youths' aspirations, endeavouring to create a space where they can visualise their prospective futures. Additionally, exhibition spaces are seen as sites for the construction of a collective voice and political capabilities for the youth. We argue that aspirations among disadvantaged youth evidence the broader geopolitical conflict that exists in marginalised communities in Southern Africa. A lack of spaces to construct political voice among the youth curtails their capabilities and agency to choose from existing development opportunities in an uncertain future. We discuss the potential role of participatory art in relation to this in providing spaces for political voice, unsettling established power dynamics and developing a collective, unified voice that might influence governance processes in fragile contexts.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Land mine detection by infrared thermography: Reduction of size and duration of the experiments. The effectiveness of infrared thermography applied to the detection of abandoned land mines is not yet acceptable. It can probably be improved, however, by computerized processing of the thermal images. This requires reference data, which must be provided mainly by experiments. A method is presented here, by which the heating and cooling cycles of a soil with a buried land mine can be replicated with reduced size and duration. The reference data acquired in the laboratory can be associated to realistic on-field tests by simply stretching the space and time scales. This will permit to reproduce indoors, quickly and effortlessly, the outdoor conditions of any place where the detection of buried land mines must be performed. In this paper, the general thermal problem is described, and the proposed method is comprehensively explained. The results of computer simulations and some laboratory tests are finally reported for validation.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 38, 39]}
+{"token": "Online Participation Chaos: A Case Study of Chinese Government-Initiated E-Polity Square. The research examines a government-initiated online engagement program in China, mainly including its history, mechanism, and how netizens participated in it. To clearly address the participation scenario, a framework is proposed to further explore the quality of participation. The result shows that participation chaos is prevalent with poor-quality proposals. A government censorship exists all the time and changes with the popularity of the forum. It also implies that the purpose of a Chinese government-initiated online engagement forum may be varied, one for engagement and the other for maintaining stability, which partly attributes to the online participation chaos.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Mind the information gap: fertility rate and use of cesarean delivery and tocolytic hospitalizations in Taiwan. Results: Our results showed that a decline in fertility did not lead ob/gyns to supply more c-sections to less medically-informed pregnant women, and that during fertility decline ob/gyns may supply more tocolytic hospitalizations to compensate their income loss, regardless of pregnant women's access to health information.Methods: The primary data were obtained from the 1996 to 2004 National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. We hypothesized that a negative income shock to ob/gyns would cause them to provide more c-sections and tocolytic hospitalizations to less medically-informed pregnant women. Multinomial probit and probit models were estimated and the marginal effects of the interaction term were conducted to estimate the impacts of ob/gyn to birth ratio and the information gap.Background: Physician-induced demand (PID) is an important theory to test given the longstanding controversy surrounding it. Empirical health economists have been challenged to find natural experiments to test the theory because PID is tantamount to strong income effects. The data requirements are both a strong exogenous change in income and two types of treatment that are substitutes but have different net revenues. The theory implies that an exogenous fall in income would lead physicians to recoup their income by substituting a more expensive treatment for a less expensive treatment. This study takes advantages of the dramatic decline in the Taiwanese fertility rate to examine whether an exogenous and negative income shock to obstetricians and gynecologists (ob/gyns) affected the use of c-sections, which has a higher reimbursement rate than vaginal delivery under Taiwan's National Health Insurance system during the study period, and tocolytic hospitalizations.Conclusion: The exogenous decline in the Taiwanese fertility rate and the use of detailed medical information and demographic attributes of pregnant women allowed us to avoid the endogeneity problem that threatened the validity of prior research. They also provide more accurate estimates of PID.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 49]}
+{"token": "Role of hepatitis E virus antigen in confirming active viral replication in patients with acute viral hepatitis E infection. Background: Demonstration of active viral replication is important in serologically confirmed cases of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection to assess prognosis. Detection of HEV RNA by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) is the gold standard for demonstration of active viremia.Objectives: The present study was designed to compare the diagnostic utility of HEV antigen (Ag) with HEV IgM and HEV rtPCR in detecting the active viral replication.Study design: Blood samples from 156 probable cases of acute viral hepatitis (AVH) were collected. Screening for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti HCV), IgM anti-body to hepatitis A virus (HAV IgM) was done on the Architect platform (Abbott Laboratories, IL, USA). HEV IgM ELISA (Wantai Biological, Beijing, China), HEV-Ag ELISA (Wantai Biological, Beijing, China) and HEV rtPCR were done on all the samples.Results: Out of 156 AVH cases in 56(35.8%) a diagnosis of HEV was confirmed. Positivity being; anti-HEV IgM 44156, HEV RNA 20156, and HEV antigen 17156 in established cases. Male to female ratio was 3:1. The median age was 40 (range 14-71) years. HEV Ag showed a good concordance with HEV RNA (k=0.635, p<0.001). However HEV IgM did not show any concordance with HEV RNA (k=0.14).Conclusion: HEV antigen assay can be used as an additional diagnostic marker to confirm active viral replication in serologically positive samples. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "Pareto Efficiency and Allocative Efficiency. The article analyses the conceptual relation between Pareto efficiency (\\\\'at lease someone is better-off and no one is worse-off\\\\') and allocative efficiency (\\\\'consumer welfare is maximized\\\\'). In particular, it points out that voluntary exchanges are not always Pareto efficient for the contracting parties and that not all Pareto efficient exchanges are allocative efficient. The latter result highlights a tension in the conceptual foundations of mainstream economic analysis of law: on the one hand, Pareto efficiency is generally considered an unsustainably strict normative criterion and Kaldor-Hicks efficiency is preferred; on the other, the allocative efficiency of markets is praised.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "Hope and spiritual well-being in adolescents with cancer. This study examines the relationships of hope and spiritual well-being (SWB) and its dimensions, religious well-being (RWB) and existential well-being (EWB)-to time since diagnosis among adolescents with cancer. A descriptive cross-sectional design was used. The sample of 78 adolescents diagnosed with cancer was recruited from two pediatric oncology clinics. Adolescents in the first two time periods reported significantly higher levels of SWB, RWB, and EWB than those in subsequent time periods. Hope did not significantly vary over time. Hence, time since diagnosis may influence adolescents' levels of SWB and its dimensions during the cancer experience. Adolescents' use of SWB, RWB, and EWB as coping resources should be examined in longitudinal studies from diagnosis through survivorship.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Clinical, microbiological, and therapeutic aspects of Nocardia sp infections in the Bordeaux hospital from 1993 to 2003. Conclusions. - The variability of clinical presentation and the lack of standard identification methods delayed the diagnostic. The treatment is not well defined. Clinical strains should be reported to the reference laboratory and prospective studies are necessary. (C) 2006 Elsevier SAS. Tous droits reserves..Results. - Twenty-four out of 30 Nocardia sp. strains identified during the study period were classified as colonizing strains. 19 patients presented with risk factors for nocardiosis. Nocardia asteroides were found in 22 samples, mainly from pulmonary samples. 11 cases of infection due to Nocardia sp. were reported during the study period. Immunosuppression was reported in 7 cases. The clinical forms were not specific. The species incriminated belonged to the N. asteroides complex in 8 cases. Treatment consisted in a combination of 2 or 3 molecules including cotrimoxazole for an average duration of 9 months. 9 patients recovered.Objective. - Our goal was to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological characteristics of nocardiosis in the Bordeaux teaching hospital, between January 1, 1993 and December 31, 2003.Designs. - The retrospective study included patients examined between January 1, 1993 and December 31, 2003 in whom a Nocardia bacterium had been identified from a biological sample.", "label": [2, 25]}
+{"token": "Personality Dimensions of the Captive California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus). Although the field of animal personality research is growing, information on sea lion personality is lacking. This is surprising as sea lions are charismatic, cognitively advanced, and relatively accessible for research. In addition, their presence in captivity and frequent interactions with humans allow for them to be closely observed in various contexts. These interactions provide a valuable and unique opportunity to assess dimensions of their personality. This study created a personality survey for captive California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) using a 3-step approach that balances comprehensiveness and comparability to other species. Zookeepers (N = 43) at 5 zoological parks rated sea lions (N = 16) on 52 personality traits and 7 training traits. A principal components analysis and regularized exploratory factor analysis revealed 3 dimensions (Extraversion/Impulsivity, Dominance/Confidence, and Reactivity/Undependability). Each dimension was significantly correlated with at least 1 training trait. Pups and juveniles scored significantly higher on Extraversion/Impulsivity than adults. No other age or sex effects were present on this or any other dimension. Sea lions are cognitively complex marine mammals that represent a valuable addition to the group of species in which personality structure and function have been studied. The unique behavioral and ecological characteristics of sea lions offer another vantage point for understanding how personality varies between disparate species.", "label": [4, 5, 55, 47]}
+{"token": "Changes in relationships with friends, husband and family after cancer diagnostic in the woman. The proposal of this research was to identify changes occurred in relationships after cancer diagnosis in the womam. As a theoretical-methodological strategy it was utilized respectively the Symbolic Interacionism and the Grounded Theory. Ten womam bearers of cancer and one familiar joined the research. We identify that occurred changes in the relationships with friends, the closest relations consolidated even more and the superficial ones did not exist. With the spouses, some of the relationship became better and others, that were already hard, faced a lot of problems even the separation. With the family, the relationships became stronger. The research allows us to understand a particular context of the womam with cancer and re-think some care strategies starting from these relations.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Study of the Effect of Thermal Dispersion on Internal Natural Convection in Porous Media Using Fourier Series. Natural convection in a porous enclosure in the presence of thermal dispersion is investigated. The Fourier-Galerkin (FG) spectral element method is adapted to solve the coupled equations of Darcy's flow and heat transfer with a full velocity-dependent dispersion tensor, employing the stream function formulation. A sound implementation of the FG method is developed to obtain accurate solutions within affordable computational costs. In the spectral space, the stream function is expressed analytically in terms of temperature, and the spectral system is solved using temperature as the primary unknown. The FG method is compared to finite element solutions obtained using an in-house code (TRACES), OpenGeoSys and COMSOL Multiphysics (R). These comparisons show the high accuracy of the FG solution which avoids numerical artifacts related to time and spatial discretization. Several examples having different dispersion coefficients and Rayleigh numbers are tested to analyze the solution behavior and to gain physical insight into the thermal dispersion processes. The effect of thermal dispersion coefficients on heat transfer and convective flow in a porous square cavity has not been investigated previously. Here, taking advantage of the developed FG solution, a detailed parameter sensitivity analysis is carried out to address this gap. In the presence of thermal dispersion, the Rayleigh number mainly affects the convective velocity and the heat flux to the domain. At high Rayleigh numbers, the temperature distribution is mainly controlled by the longitudinal dispersion coefficient. Longitudinal dispersion flux is important along the adiabatic walls while transverse dispersion dominates the heat flux toward the isothermal walls. Correlations between the average Nusselt number and dispersion coefficients are derived for three Rayleigh number regimes.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Feasibility of global-scale synthetic aperture communications. A recent paper [Higley , J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 118, 2365-2372 (2005)] investigated synthetic aperture communications in shallow water exploiting the relative motion between a source and a receiver. This letter presents a feasibility study of synthetic aperture communications at global distances using the 57 Hz acoustic data from the Heard Island Feasibility Test conducted in January 1991 [Baggeroer and Munk, Phys. Today 45, 22-30 (1992)]. Specifically, a reception at Ascension Island, about 9200 km from the source ship moving at about 3 kt near Heard Island, is analyzed by treating the 255-digit m-sequence tomography signal as a binary-phase shift-keying communication signal with an information rate of 11.4 bits/s. The performance using a single receiver combining three consecutive receptions spaced 5.2 min (similar to 470 m) apart indicates that synthetic aperture acoustic communications is feasible at global distances.", "label": [3, 4, 35, 28]}
+{"token": "Molecular cloning and preliminary functional analysis of six RING-between-ring (RBR) genes in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification of proteins that is widely present in eukaryotic cells. There is increasing evidence that ubiquitinated proteins play crucial roles in the immune response process. In mammals, RING-between-RING (RBR) proteins play a key role in regulating immune signaling as the important E3 ubiquitin ligases during ubiquitination. However, the function of RBR in fish is still unclear. In the present study, six RBR genes (RNF19A, RNF19B, RNF144AA, RNF144AB, RNF144B and RNF217) of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) were cloned and characterized. Similar to mammals, all six members of RBR family contained RING, inbetween-ring (IBR) and transmembrane (TM) domains. These genes were constitutively expressed in all studied tissues, but the relative expression level differed. Following grass carp reovirus(GCRV) infection, the expression of six RBR genes in liver, gill, spleen and intestine significantly altered. Additionally, their expression in Ctenopharyngodon idellus kidney (CIK) cells was significantly increased after GCRV infection. And deficiency of RNF144B in CIK with small interference RNA (siRNA) up-regulated polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid poly(I:C))- induced inflammatory cytokines production, including 1FN-I, TNF-alpha, IL-6, and transcription factor IRF3, which demonstrated that RNF144B was a negative regulator of inflammatory cytokines. Our results suggested that the RBR might play a vital role in regulating immune signaling and laid the foundation for the further mechanism research of RBR in fishes.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 6, 18, 45, 10]}
+{"token": "The Hardy-Littlewood-Chowla conjecture in the presence of a Siegel zero. Assuming that Siegel zeros exist, we prove a hybrid version of the Chowla and Hardy-Littlewood prime tuples conjectures. Thus, for an infinite sequence of natural numbers.., and any distinct integers h(1), ... , h(k), h'(1), ... , h'(l), we establish an asymptotic formula forSigma(n <= x) Lambda(n + h(1)) ... Lambda(n + h(k))lambda(n + h'(1)) ... lambda(n + h'(l))for any 0 <= k <= 2 and l >= 0. Specializing to either l = 0 or.. = 0, we deduce the previously known results on the Hardy-Littlewood (or twin primes) conjecture and the Chowla conjecture under the existence of Siegel zeros, due to Heath-Brown and Chinis, respectively. The range of validity of our asymptotic formula is wider than in these previous results.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Preimplantation factor modulates acute inflammatory responses of equine endometrium. Persistent mating-induced endometritis (PMIE) is a significant cause of mare infertility hence its treatment would advance the management of susceptible mares. Preimplantation factor (PIF) is secreted by viable embryos, including human, mouse and cattle, and is essential for maternal immune-tolerance without immune-suppression by modulating inflammation. This preliminary study aimed to test whether PIF exerts inflammatory-modulating properties upon equine endometrium challenged with Escherichia coli-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) using endometrial explant culture. Follicular (n = 3), luteal (n = 4), anoestrous (n = 4) and transitional (n = 4) stage endometrial explants were established and cultured in triplicate in either serum-free medium alone (control) or medium with; 50 or 100 nmol/L synthetic PIF (sPIF); 3 mu g/mL LPS; LPS and 50 or 100 nmol/L sPIF; or scrambled PIF (PIFscr; same amino acid composition arranged in a different order). Media samples were collected at 24 and 72 h, representing acute and chronic inflammatory response. Radioimmunoassay determined Prostaglandin F-2 alpha (PGF(2 alpha)) as an inflammatory marker. The only significant observation was the abrogation of PGF(2 alpha) response to LPS challenge by 100 nmol/L PIF for follicular stage tissue, 24 h after treatment. Further studies are therefore, warranted to realise PIF potential in managing PMIE.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Horizontal and vertical crossover of Harris hawk optimizer with Nelder-Mead simplex for parameter estimation of photovoltaic models. An improved Harris hawks optimization is proposed in this work to facilitate the simulation of an efficient photovoltaic system and extraction of unknown parameters, which combines horizontal and vertical crossover mechanism of the crisscross optimizer and Nelder-Mead simplex algorithm, named CCNMHHO. In CCNMHHO, the cores appeared in the crisscross optimizer are utilized to enrich the information exchange between the individuals and avoid the problem of dimensional stagnation of individuals all through the iterations. Hence, it enhances to change to improve the population quality and prevent the shortcoming of falling into a local optimum. In contrast, the Nelder-Mead simplex algorithm is employed in the proposed CCNMHHO methodology. Nelder-Mead simplex helps to improve individual searching capabilities in performing the local search phase and showing a faster convergence to optimal values. Compared to some algorithms that have a competitive performance in dealing with this type of problem, CCNMHHO has a faster convergence speed, and it shows high stability. In different environments, the experimental data obtained by this improved Harris hawks Optimization can reveal a high agreement with the measurement data. The experimental results show that the proposed method not only is very competitive in extracting the unknown parameters of different PV models compared to other state-of-the-art algorithms but also perform well in dealing with the complex outdoor environments such as different temperature and radiance. Therefore, we observed that the CCNMHHO could be considered as a reliable and efficient method in solving a class of cases for the assessment of unknown parameters of solar cells and photovoltaic models. For post-publication guidance, supports, and materials for this research, please refer to the supporting homepage: http://aliasgharheidari.com.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
+{"token": "Topography- and species-dependent growth responses of Sabina przewalskii and Picea crassifolia to climate on the northeast Tibetan Plateau. Dendroecological techniques were used to examine the relationships between topographic aspects, climatic variation and radial growth of Qilian juniper (Sabina przewalskii Kom.) and Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia Kom.) on the northeast Tibetan Plateau. Both tree species exhibit a lower growth rate, a larger interannual growth variability and a higher percentage of missing rings on the west- than east-facing slopes. The two tree-ring chronologies of the west-facing slope are positively correlated with monthly precipitation and relative air humidity, but negatively correlated with monthly maximum temperature in prior July-September and current May-June, suggesting a severe limitation of moisture availability on tree growth. On both topographic aspects, the two tree species show a significant and positive correlation with winter temperature. In comparison, the two tree-ring chronologies of the east-facing slope are positively related to July temperature. Interspecific differences in climatic responses can only be seen by a different strength of the climatic signal. Overall, the biophysical setting is critical in determining the nature of growth responses to climate. This study might provide useful information for looking forward in ecological forecasting of where and how possible future climate change will affect subalpine forests on the northeast Tibetan Plateau. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "Performance on visuospatial copying tasks in individuals with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. The ability to copy figures was evaluated in 41 subjects with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and 27 trauma-exposed. non-PTSD comparison subjects. Individuals with PTSD demonstrated significantly impaired performance. However, after adjusting for pre-trauma variables. there was only a marginally significant association between figure-copying performance and PTSD. These findings are consistent with pre-trauma visual-spatial impairment as being among the risk factors for chronic PTSD. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 23]}
+{"token": "Cross-resistance to bispyribac-sodium and bensulfuron-methyl in Echinochloa phyllopogon and Cyperus difformis. Water-seeded and continuously flooded rice in California is mostly grown as a continuous crop and weeds are the most serious rice production problem. Echinochloa phyllopogon (Stapf) Koss and Cyperus difformis L. are adapted to this aquatic system and compete with rice, causing heavy economic losses. Flooding cannot fully suppress these weeds. Heavy reliance on few available herbicides resulted in the evolution of herbicide resistance in populations of both weeds in California rice fields. Resistance to bensulfuron-methyl (ALS inhibitor) is widespread among C difformis populations. E phyllopogon has evolved resistance to several herbicides, including bispyribac-sodium (ALS inhibitor), which has not yet been commercially used. A resistant (R) E phyllopogon was also much more tolerant to bensulfuron-methyl than a susceptible (S) biotype. Understanding the patterns and mechanisms of cross-resistance in key weeds of rice to bensulfuron-methyl and bispyribac-sodium is relevant for the successful deployment of this new herbicide and for the management of herbicide resistance in California rice. Whole-plant bioassays were conducted to compare responses between E. phyllopogon and C. difformis to bispyribac-sodium and bensulfuron-methyl and to detect the involvement of cyt P-450 monooxygenases in E phyllopogon resistance to bensulfuron-methyl using the cyt P-450 inhibitors piperonyl butoxide and malathion (previous studies had already shown cyt P-450-mediated resistance to bispyribac-sodium). ALS activity was assayed on leaf extracts from young R and S plants of both species for a range of bispyribac-sodium and bensulfuron-methyl concentrations. The dose-response studies confirmed cross-resistance in R E phyllopogon; minimum and maximum ratios (R/S) of the GR(50) values of resistant to susceptible plants were 9 and >25.5 for bispyribac-sodium and bensulfuron-methyl, respectively. cyt P-450 contributed to bensulfuron-methyl resistance in R E phyllopogon. C difformis was also cross-resistant (R/S ratios: >10 for bispyribac-sodium and >26 for bensulfuron-methyl). ALS assays demonstrated that, unlike R E phyllopogon, cross-resistance in R C. difformis was due to reduced ALS sensitivity. C. difformis ALS was more sensitive to bispyribac-sodium (I-50 = 138.87nM) than to bensulfuron-methyl (I-50 = 6724.56nM). Also, ALS inhibition in R and S E. phyllopogon was higher with bispyribac-sodium. Thus, binding differences between both herbicides at the target site are suggested. This study reveals that cross-resistance between bensulfuron-methyl and bispyribac-sodium in both weeds involves degradation enhancement through monooxygenases and target-site alteration. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 44, 42]}
+{"token": "Distributed algorithms for weighted problems in sparse graphs. We study distributed algorithms for three graph-theoretic problems in weighted trees and weighted planar graphs. For trees, we present an efficient deterministic distributed algorithm which finds an almost exact approximation of a maximum-weight matching. In addition, in the case of trees, we show how to approximately solve the minimum-weight dominating set problem. For planar graphs, we present an almost exact approximation for the maximum-weight independent set problem. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Neospora caninum seroprevalence in dairy cattle in central Thailand. The seroprevalence, in dairy cattle, of antibodies to Neospora caninum, the relationship between seropositivity and age (heifer versus cow), the relationship of herd infection with herd size and the relationship of herd infection with the presence of dogs on the farm were studied. The study involved 549 cows and 82 dogs in 59 dairy herds in Nakhon Pathom, Thailand. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) with NC-specific monoclonal antibody was used to detect the NC antibodies in the sera. Individual and herd seroprevalence of NC were 5.5% (30/549) and 34% (20/59), respectively. No significant relationships between NC seropositivity with the age of the cows (heifer versus cow; P > 0.05) and between herd infection and the presence of dogs on the farm (P > 0.05) were found. Herd size significantly affected herd infection (P < 0.05) with higher infection in large than small herds (greater than or equal to21 versus less than or equal to20 cows). Of 12 cows with a history of abortion, one was seropositive to NC. The seroprevalence of NC antibodies in dogs was 1.2% (1/82). This is the first NC seroprevalence study in dogs in Thailand. It was concluded that Neospora infection was more common at the herd level rather than the individual level in Thailand and the presence of dogs on the farm was not related to the level of herd infection. Caution should be taken in the interpretation of serological tests from the farm dogs. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 10]}
+{"token": "Pseudorabies virus glycoprotein gD contains a functional endocytosis motif that acts in concert with an endocytosis motif in gB to drive internalization of antibody-antigen complexes from the surface of infected monocytes. Viral glycoproteins gB and gD of the swine alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV), which is closely related to human herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus, are able to drive internalization of antibody-antigen complexes that may form at the cell surface of infected monocytes, thereby protecting these cells from efficient antibody-mediated lysis. We found earlier that gB relies on an endocytosis motif in its cytoplasmic domain for its function during this internalization process. Here, we report that the PRV gD protein also contains a functional endocytosis motif (YRLL) in its cytoplasmic domain that drives spontaneous endocytosis of gD from the cell surface early in infection and that acts in concert with the endocytosis motif in gB to contribute to efficient internalization of antibody-antigen complexes in PRV-infected monocytes.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "The Subaltern Could Speak. (Dis-) Positions of Africans and Afro-Americans in and towards Germany and Austria in the Latter Nineteenth Century. This article analyses five rare voices of African and African American visitors to Germany and/or Austria between 1847 and 1897: Kwasi Boakye and Jaboley Domei from the Gold Coast, J.C. Nayo Bruce from Togo, Friedrich Maharero from former German Southwest Africa and W.E.B. Du Bois from the United States of America. Against the backdrop of Mary Louise Pratt's concept of contact zones between colonized and colonizers, Pierre Bourdieu's concept of social space and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's question \\\\'Can the subaltern speak?\\\\' this paper investigates how these travellers' short texts represent the speakers' experiences with and relationships to the visited German and/or Austrian Other; which positions in the shared social space they occupied; what traces of a subject position and agency we can find; and how the speakers' positions vis-a-vis existing power structures shaped their dispositions vis-a-vis the cultures they visited.", "label": [3, 28]}
+{"token": "Granulation characteristics of molten blast furnace slag by hybrid centrifugal-air blast technique. Of the molten blast furnace (BF) dry granulation techniques that are currently employed, the centrifugal granulation technique is very promising owing to its simple and compact structure, ease of control, and low energy consumption. To better understand the mechanism responsible for the centrifugal granulation of molten BF slag, and to achieve high granulation performance, in the present work, we propose a hybrid technique that combines centrifugal granulation with blast air. We visualize the granulation evolutions under various operating conditions using a high-speed camera. We discuss the effects of the blast air volume flow rate on the granulation characteristics under different granulator rotating speeds and different molten slag mass flow rate conditions. During the granulation process, products including slag particles, slag wool, and coked slag were yielded. The results show that the centrifugal granulation process was accelerated by blast air, and the average particle diameter decreased with an increasing blast air volume flow rate in most operating conditions, achieving a minimum value of 1.06 mm. We obtain a less slag block product when we employ blast air, and the greatest reduction reaches 33%. The effect of blast air on the slag wool mass fraction was negligible in most cases. This study highlights a feasible and promising industrial application of the proposed hybrid centrifugal-air blast granulation technique for molten BF slag. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
+{"token": "Structural and Electrical Response of Emerging Memories Exposed to Heavy Ion Radiation. Hafnium oxide- and GeSbTe-based functional layers are promising candidates in material systems for emerging memory technologies. They are also discussed as contenders for radiation-harsh environment applications. Testing the resilience against ion radiation is of high importance to identify materials that are feasible for future applications of emerging memory technologies like oxide-based, ferroelectric, and phase-change random-access memory. Induced changes of the crystalline and microscopic structure have to be considered as they are directly related to the memory states and failure mechanisms of the emerging memory technologies. Therefore, we present heavy ion irradiation-induced effects in emerging memories based on different memory materials, in particular, HfO2-, HfZrO2-, as well as GeSbTe-based thin films. This study reveals that the initial crystallinity, composition, and microstructure of the memory materials have a fundamental influence on their interaction with Au swift heavy ions. Wi t h this, we provide a test protocol for irradiation experiments of hafnium oxide- and GeSbTe-based emerging memories, combining structural investigations by X-ray diffraction on a macroscopic, scanning transmission electron microscopy on a microscopic scale, and electrical characterization of real devices. Such fundamental studies can be also of importance for future applications, considering the transition of digital to analog memories with a multitude of resistance states.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "A comprehensive assessment of neurocognition in middle-aged chronic cigarette smokers. Methods: Twenty-seven (44 +/- 9 years of age; 4 females) non-smoking and 30 smoking (49 +/- 8 years of age; 4 females) participants completed a comprehensive neurocognitive battery and measures of fine motor dexterity and postural stability. All participants were free of biomedical or psychiatric conditions that may have influenced neurocognitive and motor function.Background: The majority of studies investigating the neurocognitive consequences of chronic smoking have been conducted with adults 60 years and older. Therefore, the scope of neurocognitive dysfunction associated with chronic cigarette smoking in middle age (i.e., 30-60 age range) has not been fully delineated.Conclusions: Results from this middle-aged cohort replicated previous research and provides novel findings indicating that chronic smoking was associated with inferior performance on measures of general intelligence, visuospatial learning and memory and fine motor dexterity. Research that relates measures of neurobiological function/integrity to neurocognition is needed to better understand the mechanisms contributing to the poorer performance across multiple domains demonstrated by smokers. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.Results: Smokers performed significantly worse than non-smokers on the following domains: auditory-verbal and visuospatial learning, visuospatial memory, cognitive efficiency, executive skills, general intelligence, processing speed, fine motor dexterity and postural stability. The differences between smokers and non-smokers evidenced moderate to strong effect sizes and were not mediated by age, education, vocational level, estimated verbal intelligence or alcohol consumption. In smokers, a greater number of lifetime years of smoking was related to poorer performance on measures of cognitive efficiency, processing speed and visuospatial skills.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
+{"token": "FORTY EXCERPTS FROM THE GREEK OLD TESTAMENT IN CODEX ROSSANENSIS (ROSSANO, MUSEO DIOCESANO, S.N.), A SIXTH -CENTURY GOSPELS MANUSCRIPT. In a section of introductiory material preceding the text of the Gospels, Codex Rossanensis (Rossano, Museo Diocesano, s.n. [Z, 042]) contains 40 excerpts of the Greek Old Testament. These excerpts accompany miniatures depicting scenes from the Gospels and serve as a commentary, explaining the scenes they depict as fulfilling Old Testament prophecy, but what is their origin? Were they derived or copied from a pre-existing collection? Were they individually and intentionally selected for the production of Codex Rossanensis? In this article, the text of these 40 LXX excerpts is given, and possible clues to identify the source(s) of the excerpts are evaluated. In short, these 40 excerpts do not exhibit the tendencies characteristic of a pre-existing collection, and in many cases there is evidence that they were carefully selected, possibly for liturgical reasons, to accompany and to explain the miniatures in Codex Rossanensis.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "A Novel Single-Stranded RNA-Based Adjuvant Improves the Immunogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Protein Vaccine. The research and development (R&D) of novel adjuvants is an effective measure for improving the immunogenicity of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) recombinant protein vaccine. Toward this end, we designed a novel single-stranded RNA-based adjuvant, L2, from the SARS-CoV-2 prototype genome. L2 could initiate retinoic acid-inducible gene-I signaling pathways to effectively activate the innate immunity. ZF2001, an aluminum hydroxide (Al) adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 recombinant receptor binding domain (RBD) subunit vaccine with emergency use authorization in China, was used for comparison. L2, with adjuvant compatibility with RBD, elevated the antibody response to a level more than that achieved with Al, CpG 7909, or poly(I:C) as adjuvants in mice. L2 plus Al with composite adjuvant compatibility with RBD markedly improved the immunogenicity of ZF2001; in particular, neutralizing antibody titers increased by about 44-fold for Omicron, and the combination also induced higher levels of antibodies than CpG 7909/poly(I:C) plus Al in mice. Moreover, L2 and L2 plus Al effectively improved the Th1 immune response, rather than the Th2 immune response. Taken together, L2, used as an adjuvant, enhanced the immune response of the SARS-CoV-2 recombinant RBD protein vaccine in mice. These findings should provide a basis for the R&D of novel RNA-based adjuvants.", "label": [2, 21]}
+{"token": "The Rise of the International Commercial Court: A Threat to the Rule of Law?. Recent years have seen the meteoric rise of the concept of an 'international commercial court' in numerous jurisdictions: for example, Dubai established the Dubai International Finance Centre Courts in 2004, Qatar followed suit in 2009 and similar courts have been set up since in Singapore, Kazakhstan, China, Germany, France and the Netherlands. Much work has been done discussing the practicalities of such courts but little thought seems to have been given to the theoretical justification for, and theoretical problems posed by, such courts. In general, such courts are justified on the basis of party autonomy; however, it is not at all clear that party autonomy is the only, or even the main, consideration in international dispute resolution. States also have a clear interest in ensuring that disputes are decided in their jurisdiction to further the development and viability of their own legal system. Other theoretical issues which arise regarding such courts include whether justice is a commodity which can be bought and sold and the potential use of such courts to 'whitewash' the serious rule of law concerns that exist in the ordinary courts of certain jurisdictions.", "label": [3, 29]}
+{"token": "The accuracy and efficiency of the Consensus Forecasts: A further application and extension of the pooled approach. This paper analyses the performance of consensus forecasts, published by Consensus Economics, for 12 countries over the period from 1996 to 2006 regarding bias and information efficiency. A pooled approach is employed which permits the evaluation of all forecasts for each target variable over 24 horizons simultaneously. It is shown how the pooled approach needs to be set up in order to accommodate the forecasting scheme of the consensus forecasts. Furthermore, the pooled approach is extended by a sequential test for detecting the critical horizon after which the forecast should be regarded as biased. Moreover, heteroscedasticity in the form of target-year-specific variances of macroeconomic shocks is taken into account. The results show that in the analysed period, which was characterised by pronounced macroeconomic shocks, several countries show biased forecasts, especially with forecast horizons of more than 12 months. In addition, information efficiency has to be rejected in almost all cases. (C) 2008 International Institute of Forecasters. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49, 50]}
+{"token": "Toward the commoning of governance. Conventional political thought and practice continue to be stifled by a dilemma of choosing between the ideal imaginaries of State and/or Market solutions. Widely presupposed as the only valid possibilities in both theory and practice, this stale dilemma covers up a real multitude of actually existing alternative approaches to governance practiced in civil society. State/Market approaches are identical in the way that they construct a 'spectator' role for communities, who are left to choose between their preferred set of rules and norms developed elsewhere. The concept of commoning governance offers an opportunity to break free of this stalemate. It creates a new role for citizens and their communities as 'sparring partners'; who although they operate within the limits of current State/Market institutions, create new norms and rules against and beyond them. In the paper, we first expand on our understanding of commoning governance: re-designing governance arrangements to serve the common good. That is here understood in terms of (radical) democracy, solidarity and sustainable ecological relationships. Second, we illustrate how commoning efforts on the ground contribute to the reclaiming of the democratic imaginary as a political arena by zooming in to a case study of the three cities involved in civic-led network of German Food Policy Councils. Finally, we reflect on the empirical barriers that communities of commoning endure, and call on policymakers, planners and scholars to interrogate their own normative understandings of citizenship and democracy, and begin to recognize theoretical and latent possibilities by enabling commoning with new or re-designed institutions of governance.", "label": [5, 52, 51]}
+{"token": "Visibility & support for first generation college graduates in medicine. Of Being a First Generation (First Gen) college graduate is an important intersectionality which impacts the lens through which First Gen students learn to become physicians. In this Perspective, we define the First Gen identity and review some of the salient First Gen literature as it applies to the medical school experience. We discuss the conception, design and execution of First Gen initiatives and program development at our medical school as a call to action and model for other institutions to create communities for their First Gen populations, focusing on inclusion and tailored support. We describe the framework through which we envisioned our programming for First Gen medical students, trainees, staff, and faculty at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA.", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY OF SOME GIBBERELLINS AND GIBBERELLIN DERIVATIVES IN ALEURONE CELLS AND PROTOPLASTS OF AVENA-FATUA. The induction of alpha-amylase in aleurone cells and protoplasts of Avena fatua by a number of gibberellins (GAs) and GA-derivatives has been determined. GA1, GA4 and GA3 are of similar high activity in aleurone protoplasts, as are the more lipophilic synthetic GA4 derivatives, 2,2-dimethylGA4 and 2,2-diethylGA4. 3-epiGA4 and GA4 methyl ester have moderate activity. 3-epiGA4 methyl ester has low activity. The 2beta-hydroxylated GA8 and GA51 have very low activity in both aleurone cells and protoplasts. GA51 does not inhibit GA4-induction of alpha-amylase in aleurone protoplasts.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
+{"token": "SRPK2 Expression and Beta-Amyloid Accumulation Are Associated With BV2 Microglia Activation. IntroductionThe extracellular deposition of beta-amyloid (A beta) is a pathological hallmark in Alzheimer's disease (AD), which induces microglial activation in the pathology of AD. The expression of serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 (SRPK2) is increased in the brain tissues of patients with AD. In this study, we examined the effect of SRPK2 in the activation of microglia. MethodsMicroglia (BV2) cells were cultured and the expression of SRPK2 was enhanced by transfection of SRPK2 recombinant vectors or knockdown by SRPK2 small interfering RNA (siRNA). The cells were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) + interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) or A beta in vitro, generating inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-10, and IL-6], which were investigated by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and ELISA. The proliferation ability of the BV2 cells with/without SRPK2 expression was evaluated by WST-1 under pressure in the presence of A beta. The effects of SRPK2 on microglia polarization were evaluated by investigating the expression of CD16/32 and CD206 by western blot and the expression of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 (IBA-1) and arginase-1 (Arg-1) by immunofluorescence. Hippocampal cells HT-22 were cultured with a BV2 cell (with/without SRPK2 expression)-derived medium stimulated by A beta or LPS + IFN-gamma, prior to the evaluation of HT-22 cytotoxicity by assessment of cell viability. Possible relationships between Akt and SRPK2 in the BV2 cells were investigated by western blot. ResultsThe expression of SRPK2 was related to the phenotype polarization changes of microglia with increased expression of CD16/32 and IBA-1. The expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-alpha was increased, whereas the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was decreased in the BV2 cells with SRPK2 overexpression. Moreover, with the expression enhancement of SRPK2, the BV2 cells had a higher proliferation rate. A beta treatment can promote SRPK2 expression in BV2 cells. A beta or LPS + IFN-gamma promoted the production of cytokines IL-6 and TNF-alpha but decreased cytokine IL-10 in the BV2 cells. SRPK2 deficiency alleviated the cytotoxic effects of A beta or LPS + IFN-gamma exposed microglia on HT22 cells. In addition, the activated Akt pathway promoted the expression of SRPK2 in the BV2 cells. ConclusionOur data have found that enhanced SRPK2 expression contributed to the proinflammatory activation of microglia. Thus, SRPK2 may be a key modulating pathway of inflammatory mediators in AD pathology.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 55]}
+{"token": "Fatigue strength and fracture mechanism of different post-fused thermal spray-coated steels with a Co-based self-fluxing alloy coating. The characteristics and adhesive strength of thermal-sprayed coatings at the interface between the coating and substrate are affected by the post-fusing treatment process. We investigated the effect of the adhesive strength on the fatigue strength and fracture mechanism of post-fused specimens. Rotating bending fatigue tests were conducted on specimens with a Co-based self-fluxing alloy coating on a medium carbon steel substrate. The post-fusing treatment was performed using a vacuum furnace, an electric furnace, or an induction heating system. A diffusion layer formed at the interface of the specimens treated in either furnace at 1100 degrees C for 4 h. These conditions produced a strong adhesive strength; the fatigue strength of these specimens also increased remarkably compared to the substrate-only specimens. However, the specimens treated with an induction heating system at 1100 degrees C for 120 s had a much lower adhesive strength since a diffusion layer was not formed, leading to delamination of the entire coating from the substrate during the first stage of the fracture process. The fatigue strength of these specimens was almost equal to that of the substrate-only specimens. Thus, thermal-sprayed coatings treated in vacuum and electric furnaces were more effective due to the formation of a diffusion layer, which contributed to improving the fatigue strength of the steel specimens. The expected maximum pore size of the coatings treated in vacuum and electric furnaces were estimated using statistics of extreme value. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "Approximate controllability for a system of Schrodinger equations modeling a single trapped ion. In this article, we analyze the approximate controllability properties for a system of Schrodinger equations modeling a single trapped ion. The control we use has a special form, which takes its origin from practical limitations. Our approach is based on the controllability of an approximate finite dimensional system for which one can design explicitly exact controls. We then justify the approximations which link up the complete and approximate systems. This yields approximate controllability results in the natural space (L-2(R))(2) and also in stronger spaces corresponding to the domains of powers of the harmonic operator. (C) 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Resistance, acquiescence or incorporation? An introduction to land grabbing and political reactions 'from below'. Political reactions 'from below' to global land grabbing have been vastly more varied and complex than is usually assumed. This essay introduces a collection of ground-breaking studies that discuss responses that range from various types of organized and everyday resistance to demands for incorporation or for better terms of incorporation into land deals. Initiatives 'from below' in response to land deals have involved local and transnational alliances and the use of legal and extra-legal methods, and have brought victories and defeats. The relevance of political reactions to land grabbing is discussed in light of theories of social movements and critical agrarian studies. Future research on reactions 'from below' to land grabbing must include greater attention to gender and generational differences in both impacts and political agency.", "label": [5, 56, 57]}
+{"token": "Assessing subjectivity in environmental sensor data post processing via a controlled experiment. Collection of high resolution, in situ data using environmental sensors is common in hydrology and other environmental science domains. Sensors are subject to drift, fouling, and other factors that can affect the quality of the measurements and their subsequent use for scientific analyses. The process by which sensor data are reviewed to verify validity often requires making edits in post processing to generate approved datasets. This quality control process involves decisions by technicians, data managers, or data users on how to handle problematic data. In this study, an experiment was designed and conducted where multiple participants performed quality control post processing on the same datasets using consistent guidelines and tools to assess the effect of individual technician on the resulting datasets. The effect of technician experience and training was also assessed by conducting the same procedures with a group of novices unfamiliar with the data and compared results to those generated by a group of experienced technicians. Results showed greater variability between outcomes for experienced participants, which we attribute to novice participants' reluctance to implement unfamiliar procedures that change data. The greatest variability between participants' results was associated with calibration events for which users selected different methods and values by which to shift results. These corrections resulted in variability exceeding the range of manufacturer-reported sensor accuracy. To reduce quality control subjectivity and variability, we recommend that monitoring networks establish detailed quality control guidelines and consider a collaborative approach to quality control in which multiple technicians evaluate datasets prior to publication.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "Toscana virus induces interferon although its NSs protein reveals antagonistic activity. Toscana virus (TOSV) is a phlebotomus-transmitted virus that belongs to the family Bunyaviridae and causes widespread infections in humans; about 30% of these cases result in aseptic meninigitis. In the present study, it was shown that TOSV is an inducer of beta interferon (IFN-beta), although its non-structural protein (NSs) could inhibit the induction of IFN-beta if expressed in a heterologous context. A recombinant Rift Valley fever virus expressing the TOSV NSs could suppress IFN-beta expression in infected cells. Moreover, in cells expressing NSs protein from a cDNA plasmid, IFN-beta transcripts were not inducible by poly(I : C). Unlike other members of the family Bunyaviridae, TOSV appears to express an NSs protein that is a weak antagonist of wFN induction. Characterization of the interaction of TOSV with the IFN system will help our understanding of virus-host cell interactions and may explain why the pathogenesis of this disease is mostly mild in humans.", "label": [2, 19, 21]}
+{"token": "Spatially balanced designs that incorporate legacy sites. A robust scientific conclusion is the result of a rigorous scientific process. In observational ecology, this process involves making inferences about a population from a sample. The sample is crucial, and is the result of implementing a survey design. A good survey design ensures that the data from the survey are capable of answering the research question. Better designs, such as spatially balanced designs, will also be as precise as possible given the constraints of the budget.Simulation experiments indicate that incorporating the spatial location of legacy sites increases spatial balance and decreases uncertainty in inferences (smaller standard errors in mean estimates) when compared to designs that ignore legacy site locations. We illustrate the process of incorporating legacy sites using a proposed survey of a large marine reserve in South-Eastern Australia, although the method is applicable to all environments.Our approach allows for integration of legacy sites into a new spatially balanced design, increasing efficiency. Scientists, managers and funders alike will benefit from this methodology - it provides a tool to provide efficient survey designs around established ones, including in-the-field adjustments. In this way, it can aid integrated monitoring programmes. An R-package that implements these methods, called MBHdesign, is available from CRAN.Many study areas will have previously sampled legacy sites' that already have accumulated a time series of observations. For estimating trent, it is often beneficial to include these sites within a new survey. In this paper, we propose a method to incorporate the locations of legacy sites into new spatially balanced survey designs to ensure spatial balance among all sample locations.", "label": [4, 37]}
+{"token": "The decline and dispersion of marketing competence. For this article, the authors undertook a series of in-depth interviews with leading marketing executives and chief executive officers to clarify the root causes of the decline. Their research identifies eight distinct factors that contribute to marketing's waning influence among them a worrying \\\\'short-termism,\\\\' significant shifts in channel power and marketing's inability to document its contribution to business results. The consequences are not immediate, but they are far reaching: Absent a core of marketing competence, say the authors, the corporate brand will suffer, product innovation will weaken, and prices will be less robust.However, the fact that marketing does continue to influence corporate strategy in some companies suggests there are opportunities and viable approaches for building marketing competence as a source of competitive advantage. The article suggests four key issues facing marketing management, placing the focus not on restoration of the corporate marketing function but on the rebuilding of marketing competence across the organization.In many companies, there has been a marked fall-off in the influence, stature and significance of the corporate marketing department. Today, marketing is often less of a corporate function and more a diaspora of skills and capabilities spread across the organization. By itself, the disintegration of the marketing center is not a cause for concern, argue the authors, but the decline of core marketing competence certainly is.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
+{"token": "Molecular dynamics analysis of plastic deformation and mechanics of imprinted metallic glass films. The effects of mold cavity geometry and imprinting temperature on imprinted amorphous ZrCu films are studied using molecular dynamics simulations based on the many-body embedded-atom potential. The effects are investigated in terms of shear strain, flow field, loading force, relationship between pattern filling height and mold displacement, and pattern elastic recovery. The simulation results show that imprinting should be conducted at high temperatures (slightly above the glass transition temperature), followed by unloading at 300 K. Imprinting at higher temperatures shortens the pattern filling time, decreases the required loading force, and lowers the shear strain concentration inside the films. Unloading at 300 K leads to a low pattern elastic recovery, which increases with increasing temperature. Imprinting using a groove pattern on the mold requires a larger loading force and less filling time compared to those required when using a tip-like pattern on the mold. For imprinting using a tip-like pattern on the mold at temperatures of 300-475 K, shear transformation zones form inside the films in the form of a ring surrounding the mold. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11]}
+{"token": "Augmented reality in vocational training: A systematic review of research and applications. Augmented reality (AR) technology is widely used in various fields. However, there are few systematic reviews on the application of AR in vocational training. To fill this research gap, the current study reviewed the application of AR technology in the training of various industries over a 20 year period (2000-2021). Through crossreferencing and abstract reading, 80 relevant studies were selected for the final analysis from two perspectives: the improvement of vocational skills (including application area, target audience, training objectives, and effects) and AR training technology (including AR application, AR training system, and device). Furthermore, CiteSpaceV was employed to analyze the research hotspots and trends of AR vocational training. The results indicated that AR training is frequently applied in the industry, vocational education and medical fields. Among these industries, AR has been most frequently used in medical training, industrial maintenance, and assembly. Furthermore, AR glasses, simulators, the Unity3D game engine, 360 degrees panorama, AR systems and apps are becoming widely used for training tasks. The benefits of these systems have been identified. We also explored the impact of AR on vocational training results. Based on 17 empirical studies, this study summarized the results and advantages of AR vocational training. This verified that AR has a high promotion effect on vocational training when the meta-analysis method is used. Future researchers can study how vocational skills education can be combined with these new intelligent technologies to design more mature teaching practice cases.", "label": [5, 55]}
+{"token": "Gauss sum of index 4: (1) cyclic case. Let p be a prime, m >= 2, and (m, p(p - 1)) = 1. In this paper, we will calculate explicitly the Gauss sum G(chi) Sigma(x)epsilon(F*q)chi(x)zeta(T(x))(p) in the case of [(Z/mZ)(*) : < p >] = 4, and -1 is not an element of < p >, where q = p(f), f = (/phi(m))(4)(,)chi is a multiplicative character of Fq with order m, and T is the trace map for F-q/F-p. Under the assumptions [(Z/mZ)* : < p >= 4 and -1 is not an element of < p >, the decomposition field of p in the cyclotomic field Q(zeta(m)) is an imaginary quartic (abelian) field. And G(chi) is an integer in K. We deal with the case where K is cyclic in this paper and leave the non-cyclic case to the next paper.", "label": [4, 41]}
+{"token": "Tracing Transit (in)Tensions Between Settler Colonized ECE Contact Zones. Tracing the curiosity of dren, educators, and researchers at a childcare centre in Melbourne, Australia and Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, we wonder how we might connect digitally across continents while thinking with place-specific encounters and tensions, In this article we share stories and unexpected (in)tensions that arise during a FaceTiming inquiry to invite questions that unsettle sedimental notions of who and what belongs in the colonized places in which our settler educator practices take place, Provoked by Donna Haraways SF string figure method and situating our work within a common worlds framework, we seek new ways of connecting and transiting between our respective contact zones. In this article, we follow and pull at unsettling threads with the giving and receiving of two puppets, Bunjil and Waa, as they travel from their home in the Australian settler contact zone to the hands of those in the Canadian settler contact zone. These practices trace how these woven threads presence transit (in)tensions continue to stretch our thinking and modes of participating in our attempts at becoming accountable within the common worlds and our stories. How might this messy work make visible our accountabilities and inheritances in places of ongoing settler colonialism?", "label": [5, 53]}
+{"token": "New ECCO model documents for Material Deposit and Transfer Agreements in compliance with the Nagoya Protocol. The European Culture Collections' Organisation presents two new model documents for Material Deposit Agreement (MDA) and Material Transfer Agreement (MTA) designed to enable microbial culture collection leaders to draft appropriate agreement documents for, respectively, deposit and supply of materials from a public collection. These tools provide guidance to collections seeking to draft an MDA and MTA, and are available in open access to be used, modified, and shared. The MDA model consists of a set of core fields typically included in a 'deposit form' to collect relevant information to facilitate assessment of the status of the material under access and benefit sharing (ABS) legislation. It also includes a set of exemplary clauses to be included in 'terms and conditions of use' for culture collection management and third parties. The MTA model addresses key issues including intellectual property rights, quality, safety, security and traceability. Reference is made to other important tools such as best practices and code of conduct related to ABS issues. Besides public collections, the MDA and MTA model documents can also be useful for individual researchers and microbial laboratories that collect or receive microbial cultures, keep a working collection, and wish to share their material with others.", "label": [4, 43]}
+{"token": "Modification of the Extended UNIQUAC Model to Study the Phase Behavior of the [Bmim]Cl-K2HPO4 Aqueous Two Phase System at 298.15 K. Aqueous two phase systems (ATPS), consisting of two incompatible aqueous solutions, are widely used in biological extraction. In recent years, many experimental studies on the phase behavior of ionic liquid(IL)-inorganic salt ATPS systems have been reported but few investigations of the thermodynamics of the IL-based ATPS have been reported. In this work, the Extended UNIQUAC model is modified to calculate the equilibrium of [Bmim]Cl-K2HPO4-H2O ATPS at 298.15 K. All the interaction parameters of the model are salt specific. The results show that the experimental compositions of tie lines are correlated successfully using the proposed model. The root mean square deviation of the mass fraction is 0.0256.", "label": [4, 36]}
+{"token": "Attenuated phagocytic activity of monocytes in type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. The aim of this study was to determine whether phagocytic activity of leukocytes is altered in type 2 diabetes. Goto-Kakizaki (G-K) rats, a genetic model for type 2 diabetes, and Wistar rats (control) were used to analyze the immunological status of phagocytes. Direct analysis of phagocytes was performed using peripheral whole blood. Phagocytic activity of monocytes induced by Escherichia coli BioParticles was significantly lower in G-K rats than in the control rats, whereas no significant differences in phagocytic activity of granulocytes and lymphocytes were found between G-K and control rats. Monocytes of G-K rats showed significantly lower CD11b/c expression compared with that in monocytes of control rats. However, lipopolysaccharide-stimulated activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and nuclear factor-kappa B in monocytes was not significantly different between G-K and control rats. Restriction of diet in G-K rats greatly improved their hyperglycemic status, but did not restore the levels of phagocytic activity and CD11b/c expression in monocytes of G-K rats to the levels observed in control rats. The results suggest that the phagocytic activity of monocytes is attenuated in G-K rats and that this attenuation is independent of blood glucose levels and is partly explained by a decrease in CD11b/c expression in G-K rats. (c) 2011 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 18]}
+{"token": "Food safety and consumers: Constructions of choice and risk. This paper argues that food safety did not arise as a \\\\'new\\\\' obsession at the end of the twentieth century, but has been an intermittent object of public and policy concern over the last two hundred years in the UK. However, the nature of food policy has shifted over that period, from an orientation towards protecting a larger ignorant public from fraud, through controlling the risks potentials arising from negligence in food-handling, to informing rational consumers to enable them to \\\\'choose\\\\' the right foods. Most recently, the public have had a nominally more active role in food policy, as citizens consulted on the content of the policy agenda. Drawing on histories of food policy in the UK and social science research on consumers, this paper explores the links between the changing risks and publics addressed by British food policy.", "label": [5, 52, 51, 57]}
+{"token": "Infection with human herpesvirus-8 and its correlation with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus markers among rural populations in Cambodia. Among 164 individuals in a rural population of Cambodia, antibodies to human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) were found among 56.6% of the women and 50.6% of the men. Seropositivity for HHV-8 tended to decrease with age (P < 0.001) and was not associated with exposure to hepatitis B virus (HBV) or HCV. Human herpesvirus-8, which shows a high rate of infection during childhood, does not seem to have the same pattern of transmission as HBV. This suggests very early acquisition of infection with HHV-8 in Cambodia.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
+{"token": "Punishment, border crossings and the powers of horror. Gothicism, typified by gruesome injury and trauma, and menacing shadowy figures, is a prominent feature of the discourses of public protection and vengeful punishment. Historically the gothic has dramatized a modern preoccupation with boundaries and their collapse. Today an increasingly complex series of networks and flows cross, undermine and remake the borders and boundaries of old. Important contemporary reconfigurations include the erosion of traditional distinctions between public and private spheres, between information and entertainment and between legal and extra-legal. Understanding this profusion of different kinds of border crossings requires the scholar to depart from the Eliasian equation of interdependencies with a 'civilizing process' associated with restraint, sympathy and tolerance. To understand the complexity of border crossings, experimentation is required with concepts that directly theorize the breaching of established spatial entities and categories, and that focus attention on the potent effects of flows, new connections and the in-between. One such concept is the notion of abjection, through which the powers of horror invoked by popular' cultural representations, case law and penal practices are related to the horror of that which breaches borders. This article contributes an exploration of the visceral passions of contemporary penality in terms of Julia Kristeva's assertion that, 'according to the logic of separation, it is flow that is impure'.", "label": [5, 57]}
+{"token": "Becoming-urban, becoming-forest: a historical geography of urban forest projects in Australia. In recent times, local governments in Australia's major cities have embraced the idea that the trees in their streets, parks, and private gardens are parts of a collective urban forest that can be managed to address complex policy problems and create more liveable and sustainable cities. In light of this proposition, applied and critical urban forest researchers have typically focused on questions of quantity with regard to some of the factors that influence the density and distribution of urban tree cover. In a few cases, however, researchers have documented qualitative changes to the urban trees and woodlands that ostensibly constitute the urban forest, suggesting that it might be apprehended in a more mutable and dynamic way. Building on these accounts, we turn to Deleuze and Guattari's theory of becoming to read the urban forest in an active and malleable light, developing a historical geography of urban forestry in Australia that discerns three urban forest projects we call the forest in a city', the city forest', and a new but not yet realised, city in a forest'. This finding renders the urban forest in more contingent, multiple, and mutable terms, leading us to finish the paper with a consideration of what seeing the urban forest as becoming means for future research. There, we suggest that Deleuze and Guattari's becoming directs us to different kinds of empirical, political, and ethical concerns that haven't received significant interest in the current literature. These include asking how, why, and with what consequences do particular styles of urban forestry emerge at particular space-times. How is qualitative difference and urban forest multiplicity dealt with in practice, as well as focusing on affect and everyday embodied encounters between people and trees in different urban places.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "The Flight of the All-One to the All-One: The phi upsilon gamma eta mu o nu omicron upsilon pi rho o sigma mu o nu omicron nu as the Basis of Plotinian Altruism. It has become commonplace to contrast Plotinus's spirituality with Christian spirituality by portraying the former as solipsistic and the latter as communal. In particular, this critique has centred around Plotinus's description of mystical ascent as a \\\\'flight of the alone to the alone\\\\' and his presentation of Plato's Phaedrus as an exhortation to \\\\'work on your own statue.\\\\' Yet, should one understand the One as a supreme unity, it would appear that the Plotinian unio mystica renders the mystic supremely unified with the rest of being. Accordingly, this article emphasizes Plotinus's \\\\'inclusive monotheism\\\\' in order to argue that the \\\\'flight of the alone to the alone\\\\' should be understood as a movement towards the supreme unity that underlies reality. The unificatory effects of this ascent are emphasized by the way in which Plotinus, in both his life and works, depicts teaching as a common response to henosis. This didactic turn, it is argued, is a response to glimpsing the deep unity of reality, which expands the mystic's sphere of concern to include the \\\\'other\\\\' as another self.", "label": [3, 33]}
+{"token": "Transforming nursing curricula for a global community. With nurses and midwives providing the majority of health care globally, nursing education in all countries must prepare students for broader responsibilities to move the agenda forward for equitable care and universal health coverage. Columbia University School of Nursing developed and implemented a vibrant approach to curriculum transformation that included a new didactic course followed by a program of global clinical experiences to expand students learning environments in global health. Program planning included defining learning objectives, mobilizing support within the school, establishing new sites, recruiting and preparing students, overseeing of students with host institutions, and evaluating the program. A total of twenty-four students were placed over five sites for a six-week credit-bearing global clinical experience. Students had varied clinical experiences with new understandings of the reality of health disparities. Host sites expressed a commitment to have students return in the next year, and all students stated that they would chose a global experience again. This innovation provides a transformative addition to nursing education with a deepened understanding of health disparities and nursing roles in different health systems. It strengthens the school's network of nursing and midwifery educators and opens doors for new exchanges.", "label": [2, 26]}
+{"token": "Profiling Bioactivity of the ToxCast Chemical Library Using BioMAP Primary Human Cell Systems. The complexity of human biology has made prediction of health effects as a consequence of exposure to environmental chemicals especially challenging. Complex cell systems, such as the Biologically Multiplexed Activity Profiling (BioMAP) primary, human, cell-based disease models, leverage cellular regulatory networks to detect and distinguish chemicals with a broad range of target mechanisms and biological processes relevant to human toxicity. Here the authors use the BioMAP human cell systems to characterize effects relevant to human tissue and inflammatory disease biology following exposure to the 320 environmental chemicals in the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) ToxCast phase I library. The ToxCast chemicals were assayed at 4 concentrations in 8 BioMAP cell systems, with a total of 87 assay endpoints resulting in more than 100,000 data points. Within the context of the BioMAP database, ToxCast compounds could be classified based on their ability to cause overt cytotoxicity in primary human cell types or according to toxicity mechanism class derived from comparisons to activity profiles of BioMAP reference compounds. ToxCast chemicals with similarity to inducers of mitochondrial dysfunction, CAMP elevators, inhibitors of tubulin function, inducers of endoplasmic reticulum stress, or NF kappa B pathway inhibitors were identified based on this BioMAP analysis. This data set is being combined with additional ToxCast data sets for development of predictive toxicity models at the EPA. (Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2009:1054-1066)", "label": [2, 4, 19, 36, 42]}
+{"token": "Characterization of colorectal adenocarcinoma sections by spatially resolved FT-IR microspectroscopy. A combination of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and microscopy, FT-IR microspectroscopy, has been used to characterize sections of human colorectal adenocarcinoma. In this report, a database of 2601 high quality FT-IR point spectra from 26 patient samples and seven different histological structures was recorded and analyzed. The computer-based analysis of the IR spectra was carried out in four steps: (1) an initial test for spectral quality, (2) data pre-processing, (3) data reduction and feature selection, and (4) classification of the tissue spectra by multivariate pattern recognition techniques such as hierarchical clustering and artificial neural network analysis. Furthermore, an example of how spectral databases can be utilized to reassemble false color images of tissue samples is presented. The overall classification accuracy attained by optimized artificial neural networks reached 95%, highlighting the great potential of FT-IR microspectroscopy as a potentially valuable, reagent-free technique for the characterization of tissue specimens. However, technical improvements and the compilation of validated spectral databases are essential prerequisites to make the infrared technique applicable to routine and experimental clinical analysis.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35]}
+{"token": "Contextual victimization is associated with slower inhibition control: A pictorial violence-Stroop study carried out in Juarez, Mexico. Contextual victims are those individuals who are indirectly traumatized by the physical and sociocultural conditions of their violent communities through second-hand information. The purpose of this study was to examine the inhibitory control to violent stimuli in contextual victims from the city of Juarez, Mexico. A pictorial violence-Stroop was constructed with violent, positive, and neutral images. Forty-six university students with low (n = 22) and high (n = 24) scores on the Community Victimization by Community Violence Questionnaire participated. The study adopted a 2 (group = high contextual victims and low contextual victims) x 3 (stimulus type = violent, positive, and neutral) factorial design with repeated measures on the second factor. There were two significant effects which favored the low-context compared with the high-context victimization group, notably faster reaction times in the violent stimulus condition (968.93 vs. 1136.26 ms; H = 5.031; p = .024) and the neutral stimulus condition (899.68 vs. 1013 ms; H = 5.130; p = .025). Results suggest that individuals who are highly exposed to contextual violence may be more sensitive towards violent stimuli, and that their performance on inhibitory tasks that include violence as a distractor cue may be more cognitively demanding.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 55, 24]}
+{"token": "Power law Kohn anomalies and the excitonic transition in graphene. Dirac electrons in graphene in the presence of Coulomb interactions of strength beta have been shown to display power law behavior with beta dependent exponents in certain correlation functions, which we call the mass susceptibilities of the system. In this work, we first discuss how this phenomenon is intimately related to the excitonic insulator transition, showing the explicit relation between the gap equation and response function approaches to this problem. We then provide a general computation of these mass susceptibilities in the ladder approximation, and present an analytical computation of the static exponent within a simplified kernel model, obtaining eta(0) = root 1-beta/beta(c). Finally we emphasize that the behavior of these susceptibilities provides new experimental signatures of interactions, such as power law Kohn anomalies in the dispersion of several phonons, which could potentially be used as a measurement of beta. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Vanadium trapped by oblique nano-sheets to preserve the anisotropy in Co-V thin films at high temperature. In this study, oriented nano-sheets generated during the growth of cobalt-rich Co-V and Co-Zn thin films induced a large anisotropy in the magnetic and transport properties. The regular nano-sheets were tilted 52-54 deg. with respect to the substrate plane, approximate to 3.0-4.0 nm thick, approximate to 30-100 nm wide, and approximate to 200-300 nm long, with an inter-sheet distance of P, 0.9-1.2 nm. In spite of the different microstructures of the two kinds of samples where the Co-V films were amorphous, whereas the Co-Zn films showed a growth of Zn nanocrystals, the oblique nano-sheet morphology conferred noticeable shape anisotropy to both specimens. This anisotropy resulted in an in-plane uniaxial magnetic anisotropy. The changes in the nano-morphology caused by thermal treatments, and hence in their anisotropic properties, were studied. While the Co-V samples retained or increased their magnetic and transport anisotropies, this anisotropic behavior vanished for the annealed Co-Zn films. High resolution transmission electron microscopy, HRTEM, including chemical analysis at the nano-scale, and the dependence of the anisotropic resistance on temperature allowed to establish the nature and the activation energy spectra of the atomic relaxation processes during heating. These processes displayed a single peak at 1.63 eV for the Co-V and two peaks at 1.67 and 2.0 eV for the Co-Zn. These spectra and their singularities were associated to the changes induced in the nano-morphology of the films by thermal treatments. The Co-V films retained their nano-sheet morphology almost up to 500 (?)degrees C; the Co-Zn films lost their nano-sheets at 290 degrees C. The thermal stability exhibited by the Co-V films makes them useful for applications in ultra high frequency, optical, magnetostrictive and magneto electric devices. (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
+{"token": "Gleaning Signals About the Past From Cemetery Data. Cemetery headstones provide an easily accessible source of demographic data in human populations In common with other sources of demographic data, such as skeletal samples, cemetery data may not be representative of the populations from which they were derived in some circumstances they can be reasonably representative, however, and in such cases they may provide signals about demographic changes in the population that contributed to the cemetery We present here analyses of burials occurring between 1900 and 1990 at the Columbia Cemetery in Columbia, Missouri. Our analyses, in combination with archival materials relating to infrastructure improvements in Columbia and data on infectious disease mortality in the state of Missouri, show that patterns of death observed in the cemetery data provide evidence for the timing of changes in the health of Columbia's residents At the time that major improvements in sanitation and hygiene were implemented, burials of individuals dying under age 45 decreased significantly while burials of individuals older than 45 remained relatively high Furthermore, data on infectious disease mortality indicate significant declines in deaths from water- and milk-borne infections, but no change in mortality from respiratory Illnesses. These data also indicate that observed changes occurred about a decade later in Columbia than in large cities and more densely populated states elsewhere in the United States, Thus, this study illustrates the value of cemetery data in helping to fill gaps about how and when different events known to affect patterns of birth and death may have played out across time and space. Am J Phys Anthropol 142.7-21, 2010 (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc", "label": [4, 5, 56, 42]}
+{"token": "CMB B-mode polarization from Thomson scattering in the local universe. The polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is widely recognized as a potential source of information about primordial gravitational waves. The gravitational wave contribution can be separated from the dominant CMB polarization created by density perturbations at the times of recombination and reionization because it generates both E and B polarization modes, whereas the density perturbations create only E polarization. The limits of our ability to measure gravitational waves are thus determined by statistical and systematic errors from CMB experiments, foregrounds, and nonlinear evolution effects such as gravitational lensing of the CMB. Usually it is assumed that most foregrounds can be removed because of their frequency dependence, however Thomson scattering of the CMB quadrupole by electrons in the Galaxy or nearby structures shares the blackbody frequency dependence of the CMB. If the optical depth from these nearby electrons is anisotropic, the polarization generated can include B modes even if no tensor perturbations are present. We estimate this effect for the Galactic disk and nearby extragalactic structures, and find that it contributes to the B polarization at the level of similar to(1-2) x 10(-4) mu K per logarithmic interval in multipole l for l < 30. This is well below the detectability level even for a future CMB polarization satellite and hence is negligible. Depending on its structure and extent, the Galactic corona may be a source of B-modes comparable to the residual large-scale lensing B-mode after the latter has been cleaned using lensing reconstruction techniques. For an extremely ambitious post-Planck CMB experiment, Thomson scattering in the Galactic corona is thus a potential contaminant of the gravitational wave signal; conversely, if the other foregrounds can be cleaned out, such an experiment might be able to constrain models of the corona.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
+{"token": "How threatened are large branchiopods (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) in the Iberian Peninsula?. The Iberian Peninsula harbours 24 taxa of native large branchiopods (LBs). Most of them inhabit Mediterranean temporary ponds, which are priority habitats under the EU Habitats Directive. In this work, Iberian LBs were evaluated using IUCN Red List criteria based on geographic range (extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, number of locations, habitat fragmentation and expected decline). Our results show that 46% of the Iberian LBs are threatened: four taxa should be considered as Critically Endangered (Linderiella baetica, Triops emeritensis, Cyzicus tetracerus and Leptestheria mayeti), three taxa fall under the category Endangered (Artemia salina, Tanymastigites lusitanica and Triops vicentinus) and four species (Artemia sp. parthenogenetic strains, Branchinecta orientalis, Lepidurus apus and Triops gadensis) are Vulnerable. Two species (Phallocryptus spinosus, and Maghrebestheria maroccana) are considered Near Threatened. Our results highlight the worrying risk of extinction of Iberian LBs at the regional level, mainly related to the disappearance and degradation of their habitats and the relatively low degree of habitat protection. For Iberian endemic species, this evaluation is also valid at the global level and gives strong support for their inclusion in the IUCN Red List.", "label": [4, 45]}
+{"token": "A new antifungal and antiprotozoal depside from the Andean lichen Protousnea poeppigii. The activity of the new compound decreased on acetylation of the hydroxy groups as well as on methylation of the acid function. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic means. The spectroscopic data of isodivaricatic acid are presented here for the first time. Copyright (C) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Extracts from the Andean lichens Protousnea poeppigii and Usnea florida displayed antimicrobial activity against the pathogenic fungi Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. rubrum with MIC values between 50 and 100 mu g/mL. From the active extracts, four main metabolites were isolated and identified as the new depside, isodivaricatic acid, and the known metabolites 5-propylresorcinol, divaricatinic acid and usnic acid. Isodivaricatic acid and divaricatinic acid presented antifungal effect towards M. gypseum with a MIC of 50 mu g/mL and against T. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum and with MIC values of 50 and 100 mu g/mL, respectively. The new isodivaricatic acid was active towards Leishmania amazonensis, Leishmania brasiliensis and Leishmania infantum promastigotes with 100% lysis at 100 mu g/mL.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
+{"token": "The Salonitan sepulchral altars with the motif of tree decorating their lateral sides. The paper deals with a smaller fragment of a sepulchral altar (ara) of the Salonitan provenience that has not been comprehensively studied yet (Fig. 1), in particular with the motif of tree at its right hand lateral side which makes a decorative pattern at the altars and sarcophagi of Salona (Figs. 2-3). From the epigraphic point of view, this monument is of a marginal importance (CIL 3, 8784a), but from the point of view of the history of art it is important as it documents a less known stage in the development of the sepulchral altars and sarcophagi of Salona and in standardisation of decorative patterns at their lateral sides.These three altars significantly contribute to the current knowledge of the development of the Salonitan altars and of the introduction, changes and standardisation of decoration at their lateral sides. Until the Claudian epoque the tree was unknown as a decorative pattern at altars or any other kind of local sepulchral monuments. Hence it is logical to assume that this is imported from somewhere. The most realistic possibility is that this is imported from Rome, because at the time the motif of tree in the northern Italy appears not to be present that much, and an influence from another region is logically hardly possible. Furthermore, Lochus was an imperial slave, and it is not impossible that the owner of the fragment was an imperial slave (because of the possible name C. Iulius). The motif of the tree appeared at the time of the Salonitan workshops searching for solutions of appearances of the altars' lateral sides, hence the erotes as the geniuses of the death in this function did not prevail yet. Its appearance at the Lochus' altar (Figs. 6-7) indicates that it was accepted to a degree, but not as a standard and not for long. The appearance of laurel at the Secundina's altar (Figs. 9-10) may have a different genesis. Her monument is the youngest one, and by the presentation of the laurel its direct analogy is the Corinthus' altar from the vicinity of Aquileia. The links between this town and Salona can also be assumed in the field of production of grave monuments, including the altars. Most probably, the motif of tree did not survive the mid 2nd century. The last echo of this motif is at two Salonitan sarcophagi, of which particularly interesting is the one the two fragments of the front side of which are kept at Tusculum in Solin (Fig. 14). It is hard to say whether this is a particular fruit (fig?) or a generic image. Although this sarcophagus is dated to the send half of the 3rd century, some details may call for a somewhat earlier dating and, thereby, a link to the altars. The second altar (Fig. 15) in its preserved right side field shows a pine tree (Pinus).The Salonitan sepulchral altars with the motifs of trees or bushes perfectly match the chronological image of the motif at the altars of Rome and the northern Italy. The inscriptions do not begin with dedications to Manes, which detail dates them to the early Principate. The oldest one is the fragment dealt with here, that by the combination of epigraphic and stylistic criteria can be dated to the Claudian epoque. By the epigraphic, palaeographic and iconographic details, the altar of Magia Secunda belongs to the period of time from the very end of the 1st to the mid 2nd centuries. The altar of Lochus can be dated to the Flavian epoque (before the year 86), this because the name Moesia is given in its integral form and the local province is named Dalmatia and not Illyricum, this being also supported by the iconographic details.According to the author, the presentation of tree at the lateral sides of the Secundina's altar is to be recognised as a laurel, perhaps presented as an offshoot or a fragment of a hedge (Figs. 9-10). A close analogy is found at the lateral sides of the altar of T. Mollicius Corinthus of Aquileia, dated to the early 2nd century AD. In the CIL, the trees at the Lochus' altar (Figs. 6-7) are interpreted as olive trees (Ramus oleae), but the author deems this interpretation to be based on instinctive reasons rather than a clear and differential iconography. This is a sort of fruit tree indeed (olive is a fruit as well), but the question remains what species this is. Analogous and also doubtful presentation of similar trees and animal elements is found, for instance, at the lateral sides of the altars of Iulia Saturnina and C. Sulpicius Clytus of Rome (NCG), which portraits of the deceased are dated to the early 2nd century AD (probably the time of Hadrian). D. E. E. Kleiner recognised the tree to be a fruit tree, and D. Boschung says about the same (Baum mit Fruchten und Vogeln). Information useful for discussion also brings the above mentioned altar of Narona, at which lateral sides the trees are presented clearly showing the sort of the fruit (Figs. 12-13). The author deems this to be a tree of pomegranate (Punica granatum). This is calling for carefulness about recognising the trees in this fragment and in the Lochus' altar.There are two important groups of altars as comparison materials of the first order and resulting from that the information for studying the motif of tree at the altars of the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea: the first one are around a thousand of altars of the city of Rome synthesized by D. Boschung, the other around two hundred altars of the northern Italy studied by D. Dexheimer. At the altars from the city of Rome the tree appears often as a decorative pattern from the time of Claudius till that of Hadrian, dominated by the motif of laurel. At the altars of the northern Italy these appear only at two monuments from the late 1st or the early 2nd centuries, at one each this being a fig and a laurel (the author's interpretation).The altar of Magia Secundina is published for the first time, and at its lateral sides there are similar images of a tree or perhaps rather a large bush, with several strong roots, wider trunk and large fleshy leaves (Figs. 9-10). At the top of each trees there is a bird with its head turned towards the front side of the monument. It appears that the bird at the right lateral side in its claws holds a smaller snake or another reptile (Fig. 9). This detail does not appear at the left lateral side or here there is a smaller insect below the bird's right claw (Fig. 10). Of the altar of the imperial dispensator Lochus only a part of the inscription has been published, but not its iconography, of which interesting for a discussion are the images of the trees at its lateral areas (Figs. 6-7). The right side is preserved higher hence the entire tree is preserved (Fig. 6). It has an elegant trunk and just a few branches that form a thin treetop. At its top there is a bird pecking something, and from the left lower branch hangs a small snake, as if descending from the tree escaping from a danger. The fruits and the leaves are hard to tell and recognise. At its left side remains only the top of the treetop with the bird (Fig. 7). Under the tree could have been more images.The decorative patterns consist of the inscription field bordering stripes, similar, but somewhat narrower, stripes of the lateral sides and the fields within these (Figs. 2-3). The preserved areas of the two strips in the top right corner indicate they were designed to make pairs: a pair of vertical and a pair of horizontal stripes. The symmetrically positioned vertical stripes are perpendicular to the rows of small acanthus bushes and calices making the impression of stylised plants. The upper horizontal stripe shows the central acanthus bush from which grow the acanthus tendrils at both sides forming medallions (two or three) (compare Fig. 1). This also affects the reconstruction of the names in the first line of the inscription. The lateral stripes were designed different than those at the front side, that is, only the vertical ones were paired. The remaining left stripe contains the motif of an elegant ivy with buds, flowers or berry fruits, but shown in a stylised way (Fig. 2). Of the upper stripe has remained the left part, containing a garland made of laurel leaves. From its left end appear two decorative stripes (Fig. 2). The garland arch gradually rises to the place of the break, and since in the field below it visible is a tree that, logically, must make a centre of the motif, it may be concluded that within the upper stripe there were two garlands. The lower horizontal stripe most certainly did not contain the same motif because there is no logic in superposing the garlands. The lateral side lowered area brings the rest of the image of the tree, that is, three branches of the left side of the treetop (Figs. 2-3). This is only the third example of presentation of tree at the Salonitan sepulchral altars. The other two are seen at the altar of the dispensator Lochus and that of Magia Secundina (Figs. 8-10). The literature may create the impression that there is yet another (the fourth) such example (CIL 3, 8739; Figs. 11-13), but information that this monument was excavated in Narona has been discovered recently.Of its epitaph preserved is the right side edge only, but its contents may be reconstructed quite precisely. The reconstruction is helped also by the decoration of the upper bordering stripe. The differing length of the text lines shows that the text was centred. The first line contained the owner's name almost certainly in the characteristic three-name formula (tria nomina). An ideal, but not reliable, name reconstruction would include at the first two places the names Caius and Iulius. From the second line we learn that the deceased belonged to the Salonitan order of sevirs and augustals, and that he erected the monument during his lifetime. The third line states the name of a woman, probably his wife, of which preserved is the name Arbuscula. The next line contains the name of yet another co-user of the grave and the monument, Caius Iulius, possibly their son. The inscription is lacking one more line that contained the cognomen of the latter man and the expression that explained his relationship to the owner (filio?). Existence of one or even two more epitaph line should not be excluded.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Floral Mass per Area and Water Maintenance Traits Are Correlated with Floral Longevity in Paphiopedilum (Orchidaceae). Floral longevity (FL) determines the balance between pollination success and flower maintenance. While a longer floral duration enhances the ability of plants to attract pollinators, it can be detrimental if it negatively affects overall plant fitness. Longerlived leaves display a positive correlation with their dry mass per unit area, which influences leaf construction costs and physiological functions. However, little is known about the association among FL and floral dry mass per unit area (FMA) and water maintenance traits. We investigated whether increased FL might incur similar costs. Our assessment of 11 species of Paphiopedilum (slipper orchids) considered the impact of FMA and flower water- maintenance characteristics on FL. We found a positive relationship between FL and FMA. Floral longevity showed significant correlations with osmotic potential at the turgor loss and bulk modulus of elasticity but not with FA. Neither the size nor the mass per area was correlated between leaves and flowers, indicating that flower and leaf economic traits evolved independently. Therefore, our findings demonstrate a clear relationship between FL and the capacity to maintain water status in the flower. These economic constraints also indicate that extending the flower life span can have a high physiological cost in Paphiopedilum.", "label": [0, 9]}
+{"token": "Herbicide-Resistant Weeds in the United States and Their Impact on Extension. Herbicide-resistant weeds have impacted crop production throughout the United States, but the effect they have on extension programming has not been evaluated. In June 2007, 38 extension weed specialists throughout the United States, responded to a survey on herbicide-resistant (HR) weeds and the impact the), are having on extension education programming. Survey results revealed that HR weeds have had a significant impact on extension programming particularly for agronomic crops. In the last 10 yr, agronomic weed specialists' extension programming was almost twice as likely to be impacted by the presence of HR weeds as compared to horticultural programming. In the next 5 yr, agronomic extension programming is twice as likely to be altered. Of 37 weed species reported, seven genera or species of weeds represented 80% of the major HR biotypes reported. These include Amaranthus species, horseweed, Setaria species, common lambsquarters, kochia, giant rag-weed, and Lolium species. Five weed species (common ragweed, common lambsquarters, horseweed, kochia, and three foxtail species) exhibited weed by mode of action (MOA) interactions when evaluated as major or minor problems. Herbicide resistance problem severity differed For weed species, herbicide MOA, and crops. The results of this survey of university extension personnel confirm that HR weeds have impacted extension programming and will continue to impact programming in the future.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
+{"token": "Multiplex TaqMan locked nucleic acid real-time PCR for the differential identification of various meat and meat products. Meat adulteration incidents have been reported frequently over the past few years, and the corresponding traceability issues attracted much more attention due to the customer's demands and administration's responsibility. Therefore, it is important to develop high-throughput and rapid detection methods to identify the specific sources from meat samples. In this study, a multiplex TaqMan locked nucleic acid real-time polymerase chain reaction assay (MLNA-RT-PCR) was developed to simultaneously detect multiple meat sources (duck, pork, beef and chicken). PCR primers and TaqMan-LNA probes were designed based on species-specific mitochondrial gene sequences, and the MLNA-RT-PCR was developed and optimized for better performance. The specificity of this assay was verified through identifying unrelated (sheep, horse, deer, donkey, rabbit, goose, goat, shrimp, salmon and maize) mitochondrial DNA as species-specific targets. The detection limit for MLNA-RT-PCR reached to the level of 0.01% of each species. The assay was then used to identify the meat sources of commercial meat and meat-derived products that were obtained from markets in Shantou, and the results were 98% consistent with that obtained from detection based on the national standard. In conclusion, this MLNA-RT-PCR is a high throughput, sensitive and specific method that can be used to identify multiple meat sources in meat and meat derived products.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Results and complications of a novel technique for primary castration with an inguinal approach in horses. Reasons for performing study: Complications associated with equine castration can have medical and financial consequences. This retrospective study investigated a novel method of castration via an inguinal approach in mature stallions and compared the incidence of complications with other methods.Conclusion: This technique of castration with an inguinal approach had a low incidence of complications at the site of surgery compared with other methods. An inguinal approach and leaving the vaginal tunic in situ may cause less soft tissue trauma than a scrotal approach.Results: Five of 238 (2.1%) horses had post operative haemorrhage and a haematoma in the scrotal region, which required additional treatment. All horses made a full recovery. Five of 238 (2.1%) of the horses had a post operative respiratory infection, which resolved with antibiotic therapy. Sixteen of 238 (8.8%) had transient signs of colic shortly after surgery.Methods: Mature stallions (n = 238) were castrated under general anaesthesia in dorsal recumbency using an inguinal approach. The vaginal process was incised, the spermatic cord ligated twice and the testis removed. After suturing, the vaginal process and one or 2 layers of fascia, the subcutis and cutis were closed in a simple continuous pattern.Hypothesis: Castration via an inguinal approach has a low complication rate at the site of surgery compared with other castration techniques.", "label": [0, 10]}
+{"token": "Use of spent mushroom substrate of Pleurotus ostreatus. Quantitative parameters. In this study, the agronomic viability of oyster mushrooms [Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm.] is studied by reusing spent mushroom substrates (SMS). For this purpose, SMS from Pleurotus ostreatus with commercial nutritional supplements (Calprozime (R), Champfood (R) and Promycel (R)) as additives and with wheat straw, calcium sulphate and calcium carbonate at different doses has been evaluated. Physical and chemical characterization of the substrates, and quantitative production parameters have been evaluated in one growing season. The mixture of wheat straw (3,000 g) and SMS (3,000 g) supplemented with 120 g of each of the commercial supplements (Promycel (R), Champfood (R) and Calprozime (R)) generated adequate substrates with an excellent unit weight of the fruiting bodies and acceptable biological efficiencies (near 50%). In the substrates with supplemented wheat straw, the biological efficiencies ranged from 65.60% to 73.28%. Consequently, the SMS from Pleurotus ostreatus could be a low-cost substrate with selective and balanced nutrients for growth and development of oyster mushrooms.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
+{"token": "Effect of laboratory oxidative aging on dynamic shear rheometer measures of asphalt binder fatigue cracking resistance. Long-term aging can significantly affect the fatigue property of asphalt pavements. The influence of aging on fatigue resistance of asphalt binder has not been fully understood and unified conclusions are lacking. In this work, the effect of laboratory oxidative aging on fatigue damage resistance and linear viscoelastic (LVE) parameters of asphalt binder is studied. Tests included the temperature-frequency sweep, linear amplitude sweep (LAS) testing and time sweep from the output of dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). Different undamaged parameters (e.g., Glover-Rowe parameter (GRP), dynamic shear modulus vertical bar G*vertical bar at 64 degrees C, vertical bar G*vertical bar center dot sin delta (delta is the phase angle)) have been proposed as the indicators of aging sensitivity of the asphalt binder and are discussed. The fatigue test results are interpreted under different aging levels by using Simplified viscoelastic continuum damage (S-VECD) analysis. The trends of LVE parameters with increasing aging levels are very intuitive and show a tendency to increase in value with aging. The number of cycles to failure (N-f) shows a less intuitive trend than the LVE parameters. The existing failure criteria G(R) works well for the N-f prediction for highly aged materials. From the results of measured and predicted N-f from time sweep and LAS tests, fatigue damage resistance appears to increase with long-term aging at low strain levels (less than 7% strain levels in this work). When the aging level continues increasing, the fatigue resistance eventually declined in most cases evaluated. The objective of this study is to evaluate the fatigue resistance of asphalt binder under different aging levels by using various parameters and failure criteria.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
+{"token": "The rise in house prices in Dublin: bubble, fad or just fundamentals. The recent dramatic rise in house prices in Dublin has been regularly discussed in the media. An obvious question is whether the seemingly ever-increasing house prices are driven by market fundamentals or by speculation? While the observed increase in house prices is due to excess demand for housing, it is the nature of this excess demand that we investigate in this paper. We decompose house prices in Dublin into fundamental and non-fundamental components using a variety of measures. A regime-switching model is estimated and tested to explore whether speculative bubbles, fads or just fundamentals drive house prices in Dublin. Our main findings suggest that there may be a speculative bubble in the Dublin house prices. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49]}
+{"token": "ANALYSIS OF THE WATER VAPOUR SORPTION ISOTHERMS OF OIL PALM TRUNK AND RUBBERWOOD. ZAIHAN J, HILL CAS, HASHIM WS, MORD DAHLAN J & SUN DY. 2011. Analysis of the water vapour sorption isotherms of oil palm trunk and rubberwood. Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) trunk and rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) were studied to determine their sorption isotherm behaviours using a dynamic vapour sorption (DVS) apparatus. Oil palm trunk (OPT) was separated into six parts: two cross-sectional zones (inner and outer), vertical zones (top and bottom) and three types of tissues (parenchyma + vascular bundle, parenchyma and vascular bundle). The different parts of OPT and rubberwood showed differences in equilibrium moisture content (EMC) at each target relative humidity (RH) except for those from the top and bottom. The adsorption isotherms were analysed using the Hailwood-Horrobin (H-H) model and it was found to fit well with the experimental data. The dissolution water (Ms) and the projected fibre saturation point (p-FSP) in all parts of OPT were higher than in rubberwood. However, the values of hydration water (Mh) of all parts of OPT and rubberwood were similar. In the sorption hysteresis, rubberwood was higher than OPT. This could be related to differences in stiffness of the material. The sorption behaviour of the OPT material was affected by the presence of starch.", "label": [0, 6]}
+{"token": "The Color Palette of the Mosaics in the Roman Villa of Noheda (Spain). Excavations at the Roman villa of Noheda (Spain) revealed the remains of an exceptionally elaborate fourth-century floor mosaic that contains a surprisingly large number of glass tesserae, representing a broad spectrum of colors. This paper presents the results of the chemical (LA-ICP-MS) and microstructural analyses (SEM-EDS, XRPD) of 420 glass tesserae from these mosaics. The high number of data allowed us to establish the compositional variability and to elucidate questions of supply in relation to a large-scale artistic campaign. The tesserae from Noheda were almost exclusively made from recycled mixed Roman Mn and Sb base glass, thus demonstrating that recycling of Roman base glasses was common practice in the fourth century, occurring on a near industrial scale. It also suggests that the workshops specializing in the production of mosaic tesserae might have been in the western Mediterranean. A limited number of coloring and opacifying additives (Mn, Co, Cu, Sb, Pb) were identified, which resulted in a wide range of hues. These were differentially associated with various trace elements, which implies the use of different raw materials. A sub-set of red, green, and orange tesserae reflect distinct base glass characteristics as well as coloring technologies that point to an Egyptian provenance.", "label": [1, 4, 38, 13, 39]}
+{"token": "Truth and Reconciliation as a Model for Change in Response to #MeToo. The U.S. criminal justice system is designed to handle extreme cases of sexual misconduct, but the system has not adapted well to less extreme (but no less important) sexually inappropriate behaviors. As our understanding of sexual misconduct and impropriety evolves, the need for a new system of accountability seems apparent. The authors call for a new approach to providing justice for survivors/victims: the adoption of a truth and reconciliation model. This model involves providing a public forum for survivors/victims to testify to the events of their victimization and for offenders to admit previous wrongdoing, take responsibility, and ask forgiveness. While it is not appropriate for handling illegal behaviors, a truth and reconciliation model would be ideal for incidents that are not illegal but violate our evolving social norms.", "label": [5, 51]}
+{"token": "Cytogenetical analyses in four species of the genus Astyanax (Pisces, Characidae) from Paraiba do Sul river basin. Cytogenetical data in four species of the genus Asytanax from Paraitinga river, Paraiba do Sul river basin, Brazil, are presented. Astyanax scabripinnis and Astyanax parahybae from other localities were previously cytogenetically described, however the karyotypes of Astyanax intermedius and Astyanax giton are described for the first time. A. scabripinnis, A. intermedius, and A. giton showed 2n=50 chromosomes, which are different from to A. parahybae, that presented 2n=48 chromosomes. The four species revealed multiple rDNA sites, as detected by silver nitrate staining and FISH-18S. The present data are discussed based on karyotypes and NOR peculiarities, biological aspects of the analyzed species, and their evolutionary consequences.", "label": [0, 2, 20, 9]}
+{"token": "Transgressive Female Sexuality and Desire in Contemporary Colombian Cinema: Hermida's La luciernaga and Rodriguez's Senoritas. The contemporary Colombian films made by women La luciernaga (Hermida, 2016) and Senoritas (Rodriguez, 2013) subvert patriarchal gender norms of classic Colombian film narratology through their representation of lesbianism, female sexual self-exploration, and orgasms. The cinematic techniques of these filmmakers construct a specific view of female pleasure, emphasizing the plurality and visibility in cinema of female sexuality and desire. An interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of specific sequences suggests that the aesthetics and visual strategies of these women filmmakers evince pioneering female characters and subjectivities that challenge the traditional gaze on female bodies. Their films offer liberating representations that deconstruct the dominant basis of heteronormativity that has historically characterized Colombian narrative cinema.La luciernaga (Hermida, 2016) y Senoritas (Rodriguez, 2013), dos peliculas colombianas contemporaneas realizadas por mujeres, subvierten las normas patriarcales de la narratologia clasica del cine colombiano a traves de su representacion del lesbianismo, la autoexploracion sexual femenina y los orgasmos. Las tecnicas cinematograficas empleadas construyen una vision especifica del placer femenino, haciendo hincapie en la pluralidad y visibilidad de la sexualidad y el deseo femenino. Un analisis de secuencias especificas con enfoque interdisciplinario sugiere que la estetica y las estrategias visuales de estas cineastas evidencian personajes femeninos pioneros y subjetividades que desafian la mirada tradicional sobre los cuerpos femeninos. Las peliculas muestran representaciones liberadoras que deconstruyen la base heteronormativa dominante que historicamente ha caracterizado al cine narrativo colombiano.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
+{"token": "Between heresy and humor: The rites of abuse in the 'trial' of Stephen Milne. When Mick Malthouse, a (former) AFL senior coach, was reported in 2010 to have called Stephen Milne, a player from the opposition team, a \\\\'fucking rapist\\\\' during a televised match, these words threatened football with an act of heresy that would unmask a connection between Australian football and rape. In the public \\\\'trial\\\\' of Stephen Milne, which spans a decade, the performative effect of words uttered and by whom reveals the extraordinary life of a single utterance to transform what was a dropped investigation in 2004, to rape charges some years later and, finally, a guilty plea of indecent assault. What is distinct about this case is the way in which the female victim of indecent assault continues to be displaced and erased throughout the narrative discourse. Public debate is instead reduced to the permissibility or impermissibility of abusive speech acts in Australian football. When it comes to the ritualized practices of abuse in football, the figure of Stephen Milne can be seen to represent a magical boundary between heresy and humor. Through an analysis of online football fan responses to the Malthouse-Milne episode, the symbolic relationship between verbal abuse and sexual abuse in Australian football is revealed.", "label": [5, 52]}
+{"token": "Forensically reconstructing biomedical maintenance labor: PDF metadata under the epistemic conditions of COVID-19. This study examines the documents circulated among biomedical equipment repair technicians in order to build a conceptual model that accounts for multilayered temporality in technical healthcare professional communities. A metadata analysis informed by digital forensics and trace ethnography is employed to model the overlapping temporal, format-related, and annotation characteristics present in a corpus of repair manual files crowdsourced during collaborations between volunteer archivists and professional technicians. The corpus originates within 's Medical Device Repair collection, a trove of more than 10,000 manuals contributed by working technicians in response to the strain placed on their colleagues and institutions due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The study focuses in particular on the Respiratory Analyzer subcategory of documents, which aid in the maintenance of equipment central to the care of COVID-19 patients experiencing respiratory symptoms. The 40 Respiratory Analyzer manuals in iFixit's collection are examined in terms of their original publication date, the apparent status of their original paper copies, the version of PDF used to encode them, and any additional metadata that is present. Based on these characteristics, the study advances a conceptual model accounting for circulation among multiple technicians, as well as alteration of documents during the course of their lifespans.", "label": [4, 5, 40, 52]}
+{"token": "Bicarbonate-based carbon capture and algal production system on ocean with floating inflatable-membrane photobioreactor. This study aims to develop a low-cost microalgae culture system which uses a simple closed vessel as photobioreactor to save manufacturing cost, waves for mixing to save energy cost, and high concentration of bicarbonate for carbon supply to avoid the high cost of CO2 -bubbling pipeline construction on the ocean as well as to control pH by buffering the effect of bicarbonate/carbonate. To test this idea, the alkalihalophilic cyanobacterium Euhalothece sp. was cultured with 1.0 M NaHCO3 in small-scale floating photobioreactors (PBRs) on 10-cm-high artificial waves at first. The final biomass concentration was up to 0.91 and 1.47 g L-1 for indoor and outdoor cultures, respectively. However, the recorded dissolved oxygen (DO) was occasionally over-saturated (> 500% of air saturation), indicating mass transfer problem. k(L)a in these PBRs with different culture depth was measured then, and the results showed great variation, from 0.13 to 4.87 h(-1). At the scale of 1.0 m(2). this floating PBR was made with low-cost membrane and inflatable design. It was placed on the ocean surface and mixed with natural waves. Biomass concentration of 1.63 g L-1 and productivity of 8.27 g m(-2) day(-1) were obtained in this culture. With these results, the feasibility of a low-cost microalgae culture system was proven, which could systematically reduce the cost of photobioreactor manufacturing, operating, and maintenance.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 45]}
+{"token": "How do REDD plus projects contribute to the goals of the Paris Agreement?. Hundreds of projects to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and enhance carbon stocks (REDD+) are implemented globally, many by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) or for-profit companies. Yet, at the global level, the Paris Agreement focuses on jurisdictional (national and subnational) REDD+. We ask: (1) How much can REDD+ projects contribute to achieving national and international climate objectives? (2) What are the issues in integrating REDD+ projects into national carbon accounting? Our snapshot of 377 REDD+ projects covering 53 million ha in 56 countries is based on data from the International Database on REDD+ Projects (ID-RECCO) supplemented with new data on projects' accounting methods. The number of new REDD+ projects declined steadily from 45 new projects in 2011 to five in 2019. We examined 161 certified projects that started between 2007 and 2017; 96 of these could sell carbon credits in voluntary carbon markets by 2020 and spent on average 4.7 (+/- 2.4) years between project start and sales in voluntary carbon markets. Globally, REDD+ projects claim to reduce an average of 3.67 tCO2e/ha annually. This figure - combined with projects limited coverage - implies that projects need to be upscaled more than 40x to fulfil the potential contribution of tropical and subtropical forests towards limiting global warming to well below 2oC. Compared to the national carbon accounting methods, most projects in Colombia, Indonesia and Peru (63 of 86) use at least one different carbon accounting parameter. Carbon accounting inconsistencies across levels need to be addressed. Overall, the argument for REDD+ projects lies in the emissions reductions they can achieve, diversifying participation in REDD+ and providing non-carbon benefits to local communities, potentially leading to broader support for climate action.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
+{"token": "Fast and accurate mutation detection in whole genome sequences of multiple isogenic samples with IsoMut. Methods: Using 30 isogenic samples, reliable cohorts of validated mutations were created for testing purposes. Optimal values of the filtering parameters of IsoMut were determined in a thorough and strict optimization procedure based on these test sets.Background: Detection of somatic mutations is one of the main goals of next generation DNA sequencing. A wide range of experimental systems are available for the study of spontaneous or environmentally induced mutagenic processes. However, most of the routinely used mutation calling algorithms are not optimised for the simultaneous analysis of multiple samples, or for non-human experimental model systems with no reliable databases of common genetic variations. Most standard tools either require numerous in-house post filtering steps with scarce documentation or take an unpractically long time to run. To overcome these problems, we designed the streamlined IsoMut tool which can be readily adapted to experimental scenarios where the goal is the identification of experimentally induced mutations in multiple isogenic samples.Results: We show that IsoMut, when tuned correctly, decreases the false positive rate compared to conventional tools in a 30 sample experimental setup; and detects not only single nucleotide variations, but short insertions and deletions as well. IsoMut can also be run more than a hundred times faster than the most precise state of art tool, due its straightforward and easily understandable filtering algorithm.Conclusions: IsoMut has already been successfully applied in multiple recent studies to find unique, treatment induced mutations in sets of isogenic samples with very low false positive rates. These types of studies provide an important contribution to determining the mutagenic effect of environmental agents or genetic defects, and IsoMut turned out to be an invaluable tool in the analysis of such data.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42]}
+{"token": "Comparative certification of secondary-electron multipliers within the ultrasoft X-ray range. The results of studying the band characteristics and the efficiency of recording the secondary-electron multipliers VEU-6 and VEU-GOI (manufactured by the Vavilov State Optical Institute (GOI), St. Petersburg) within the ultrasoft X-ray range are given. The measurements were carried out at the metrological station Kosmos with the use of synchrotron radiation from the storage ring VEPP-4M (Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk) in monochromatic radiation at a photon energy of 268 eV. A strong irregularity in the band characteristics of both VEU-6 and VEU-GOI has been found. Their quantum efficiencies are estimated. The measurements are a continuation of the works on calibration of the equipment of the Space Solar Patrol (developed by GOI) using synchrotron radiation from the VEPP-4M storage ring (project MNTTs no. 2500).", "label": [4, 35]}
+{"token": "Unraveling the microbial compositions, metabolic functions, and antibacterial properties of Huangshui, a byproduct of Baijiu fermentation. Huangshui (HS) is a byproduct of Chinese Baijiu production that has tremendous potential to become a high-value product in the food industry. This study comprehensively analyzed the commonalities and differences in physicochemical properties, microbial structures, metabolomes, flavor profiles, and antibacterial properties among sources of HS. The HS samples were extracted from three different pits in three different workshops within an industrial Baijiu distillery. Lactobacillus was the dominant genus of bacteria in all of them, while Kazachstania, Aspergillus, and Pichia were the dominant genera of fungi. A total of 45 volatile compounds, including ethyl hexanoate, hexanoic acid, and 1-butanol, were detected in the HS by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography mass spectrometry, suggesting HS could be used to flavor liquor. Untargeted metabolomic analysis yielded 224 nonvolatile metabolites that were common in all HS samples. These metabolites included organic acids, carbohydrates, benzenoids, nucleic acids, and fatty acids, which are mainly involved in amino acid and sugar metabolism. While the compositions of the microbiome and metabolome among HS samples were affected by workshop factors, there were essentially no differences in the bactericidal properties of the HS samples among workshops. HS exhibited potent antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and HS was effective in inactivating mature biofilms formed on polystyrene microplates, as confirmed by scanning electron micrographs. Our results provided a theoretical basis to increase the economic value of HS for applications in the food industry.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Rheological and textural properties of tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] grain flour gels. Interest in tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.)Trotter] grain in food applications has increased in recent years because of its nutritional merits and the absence of gluten. With the objective of evaluating the suitability of tef for making gel type food products, gel viscoelastic properties of three varieties of tef (one brown and two white) at different concentrations (6, 8, 10, 12 & 14% w/w) were evaluated at 25 degrees C and 90 degrees C. The texture and color evolution for 16% (w/w) gels were evaluated. Proximate compositions of the flours were quantified. Rice, refined and whole wheat flours were analyzed as reference. The minimum flour concentration required for gel formation from the three tef varieties was 6-8%, similar to wheat flour. All tef flour suspensions pre-heated to 95 degrees C led to gels with a solid-like behavior (G' > G\\\\'), both at 25 degrees C and 90 degrees C, with higher consistency than wheat gels at the same concentration. The dependence of viscoelastic moduli with concentration fulfilled the power law. The Avrami model was successfully fitted to the textural evolution of tef gels. Important differences were observed among tef and rice and wheat flours, probably contributed by their differences in protein, starch, lipid and fiber constituents. Gelling properties characterized suggest that tef flours would be suitable ingredients in gel food formulations. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
+{"token": "Thermal behavior of inosine 5'-monophosphate in acidic form and as alkali and alkaline earth salts. Inosine 5'-monophosphate in acidic form and its lithium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium were prepared from the sodium salt, characterized by elemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and submitted to thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry coupled to infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) of the volatile products evolved during heating. All the salts were hydrated containing from 4 to 7.5 H2O. After dehydration these salts decomposed releasing the nitrogenous base followed by the ribose group, and producing pyrophosphates as final residue. Evolved Gas Analysis (EGA) reveled the release of water, isocyanic acid and hydrocyanic acid during decomposition of the organic moiety. It was observed only water loss up to 200 degrees C. At temperatures above 200 degrees C, the nucleotides were unstable and decomposed, implying that foods containing those additives should be processed below this temperature. Finally, a general mechanism for the decomposition of the inosinates was proposed.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 36, 22, 8]}
+{"token": "Popular theory: Canadian feminist folklore and ethnology in the 1990s. Feminist folklore emerged in the 1970s in the United States to uncover women's past silences, expose male biases in reference tools and methodologies and document women's folk expression on its own terms. The tracks of feminist folkloristics in Canada have developed more or less independently and with fundamentally different concerns and issues. The models have developed through exchanges across disciplines and beyond academic boundaries. Collaborative works predominate in bilingual French and English formats. Theorizing and analysis have primarily come from and studied the mainstream and are Canadian in subject as well as origin. As popular theory, Canadian feminist folkloristics offers alternative, potentially transformative models.", "label": [3, 30]}
+{"token": "Changes in the physiology and feed quality of prairie grass during regrowth. Species-specific grazing management is required to maximize the potential of perennial grass species, and it follows that the optimal performance of prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii Kunth.) as a dairy pasture species is reliant on a customized optimal grazing interval. The aim of the present study was to investigate morphological and physiological changes in prairie grass during regrowth to establish a basis for optimum defoliation management of prairie grass pastures. Greenhouse treatments consisted of one preliminary harvest followed by six sequential harvests at each leaf regrowth stage from one to six fully expanded leaves per tiller. Leaf tissue, stubble tissue below 50 mm and roots were collected at each harvest event. Root and stubble samples were analyzed for water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC). Leaf samples were analyzed for P, K, Na, Mg, Ca, and N concentrations and metabolizable energy (ME) was predicted by near-infrared spectrometry (NIRS). This study confirmed that the tiller base in prairie grass is the primary storage organ for WSC and that leaf growth has the highest priority for available energy following defoliation, followed by root growth and tiller initiation. A defoliation interval based on the 4-leaf stage of regrowth enabled adequate time for prairie grass to replenish WSC reserves, resume root growth and initiate new tillers, before the onset of significant leaf senescence and consequent reduction in feed quality. At the 4-leaf stage, feed quality was relatively high (ME > 11.80 MJ kg(-1) DM), with concentrations of P, K and Na adequate to meet the needs of a high-producing dairy cow. Concentrations of Ca and Mg were insufficient to meet these requirements throughout the regrowth cycle.", "label": [0, 7]}